text:
Abdominal external oblique muscle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Abdominal external oblique muscle
Muscles of the trunk.
The obliquus externus abdominis
Details
Origin
Ribs 5-12
Insertion
Xiphoid Process, Outer Lip of the Iliac crest, Pubic Crest, Pubic tubercle, Linea alba, Inguinal Ligament, Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Nerve
Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-11) and Subcostal nerve (T12)
Actions
Flexion of the torso and Contralateral rotation of torso
Identifiers
Latin
Musculus obliquus externus abdominis
TA
A04.5.01.008
FMA
13335
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
The external oblique muscle (of the abdomen) (also external abdominal oblique muscle) is the largest and the outermost of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Nerve supply
1.2 Blood supply
2 Function
3 Society and culture
3.1 Oblique strain
3.2 Training
4 Additional images
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
The external oblique is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen. It is broad, thin, and irregularly quadrilateral, its muscular portion occupying the side, its aponeurosis the anterior wall of the abdomen. In most humans (especially females), the oblique is not visible, due to subcutaneous fat deposits and the small size of the muscle.
It arises from eight fleshy digitations, each from the external surfaces and inferior borders of the fifth to twelfth ribs (lower eight ribs). These digitations are arranged in an oblique line which runs inferiorly and anteriorly, with the upper digitations being attached close to the cartilages of the corresponding ribs, the lowest to the apex of the cartilage of the last rib, the intermediate ones to the ribs at some distance from their cartilages.
The five superior serrations increase in size from above downward, and are received between corresponding processes of the serratus anterior muscle; the three lower ones diminish in size from above downward and receive between them corresponding processes from the latissimus dorsi. From these attachments the fleshy fibers proceed in various directions. Its posterior fibers from the ribs to the iliac crest form a free posterior border.
Those from the lowest ribs pass nearly vertically downward, and are inserted into the anterior half of the outer lip of the iliac crest; the middle and upper fibers, directed downward (inferiorly) and forward (anteriorly), become aponeurotic at approximately the midclavicular line and forms the anterior layer of the rectus sheath. This aponeurosis formed from fibres from either side of the external oblique decussates at the linea alba.
The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms the inguinal ligament. The muscle also contributes to the inguinal canal.
Just deep to the external oblique is the internal oblique muscle. These muscles are in the deepest layer of the abdominal wall.
Nerve supply[edit]
The external oblique muscle is supplied by ventral branches of the lower six thoracoabdominal nerves and the subcostal nerve on each side.
Blood supply[edit]
The cranial portion of the muscle is supplied by the lower intercostal arteries, whereas the caudal portion is supplied by a branches of either the deep circumflex iliac artery or the iliolumbar artery.
Function[edit]
The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a valsalva maneuver. It also performs ipsilateral (same side) side-bending and contralateral (opposite side) rotation. So the right external oblique would side bend to the right and rotate to the left. The internal oblique muscle functions similarly except it rotates ipsilaterally.
Society and culture[edit]
Oblique strain[edit]
The oblique strain is a common baseball injury, particularly in pitchers. In both batters and pitchers it can affect the contralateral (leading) side external oblique, or the trailing internal oblique.[1]
Training[edit]
See also: Abdominal exercise
Crunch (exercise)
Side plank
Sit-up (exercise)
Additional images[edit]
Posterior view of muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column. Posterior part of abdominal external oblique muscle labeled.
The subcutaneous inguinal ring.
Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the relations of the pancreas.
The left side of the thorax.
Surface anatomy of the front of the thorax and abdomen.
Lumbar triangle
External abdominal oblique muscle. Anterior abdominal wall. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 409 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Conte, SA; Thompson, MM; Marks, MA; Dines, JS (March 2012). "Abdominal muscle strains in professional baseball: 1991-2010". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 40 (3): 650–6. doi:10.1177/0363546511433030. PMID 22268233.
External links[edit]
Anatomy image:7061 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Cross section image: pembody/body8a—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
hide
v
t
e
Muscles and ligaments of abdomen and pelvis
Abdominal wall
Anterior/
lateral
Muscle
Abdominal external oblique
Transverse abdominal
Conjoint tendon
Rectus sheath
rectus abdominis
pyramidalis
Arcuate line
Tendinous intersection
Cremaster
Abdominal internal oblique
Fascia
Abdominal fascia
panniculus adiposus
Fascia of Camper
Membranous layer
Fascia of Scarpa
Transverse fascia
Interfoveolar ligament
Linea alba
Linea semilunaris
Inguinal
Inguinal triangle
Inguinal canal
Deep inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring
Intercrural fibers
Crura of superficial inguinal ring
Inguinal ligament
Pectineal ligament
Lacunar ligament
Reflected ligament
Posterior
Muscle
quadratus lumborum
Iliopsoas
psoas major
psoas minor
iliacus
Fascia
Iliac fascia
Iliopectineal arch
Pelvis
Muscle
levator ani
iliococcygeus
pubococcygeus
puborectalis
coccygeus
rectococcygeus
Fascia
pelvic fascia
Visceral
Rectovaginal fascia
Rectoprostatic fascia
Parietal
Obturator fascia
Tendinous arch
Piriformis fascia
floor
superior fascia
Pubovesical ligament
Puboprostatic ligament
inferior fascia
Anococcygeal body
Anatomy portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle&oldid=865699490"
Categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Abdomen
Muscles of the torso
Spine flexors
Spine lateral flexors
Spine rotators
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
中文
18 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 October 2018, at 15:59 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Xiphoid_Process
mw-redirect
Xiphoid Process

values:
/wiki/Intercostal_nerve
mw-redirect
Intercostal nerve

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Serratus_anterior
mw-redirect
Serratus anterior

values:
/wiki/Latissimus_dorsi
mw-redirect
Latissimus dorsi

values:
/wiki/Midclavicular_line
mw-redirect
Midclavicular line

values: Aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

values:
/wiki/Internal_oblique_muscle
mw-redirect
Internal oblique muscle

values:
/wiki/Sit-up_(exercise)
mw-redirect
Sit-up (exercise)

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268233

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Transverse_fascia
mw-redirect
Transverse fascia

values: Intercrural fibres of superficial inguinal ring

values:
/wiki/Human_pelvis
mw-redirect
Human pelvis

values:
/wiki/Iliococcygeus_muscle
mw-redirect
Iliococcygeus muscle

values:
/wiki/Pubococcygeus_muscle
mw-redirect
Pubococcygeus muscle

values:
/wiki/Puborectalis_muscle
mw-redirect
Puborectalis muscle

values:
/wiki/Puboprostatic_ligament
mw-redirect
Puboprostatic ligament

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Anatomy posture and body mechanics 08.web.jpg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: عضلة مائلة خارجية – Arabic

values: Външен кос коремен мускул – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: Múscul oblic major de l'abdomen – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Musculus obliquus externus abdominis – German

values: Músculo oblicuo externo del abdomen – Spanish

values: Abdomeneko kanpoko muskulu laprana – Basque

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ماهیچه مایل بیرونی شکم – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Muscle oblique externe de l'abdomen – French

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: שריר הבטן המלוכסן החיצוני – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Musculus obliquus externus abdominis – Latin

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values: Musculus obliquus externus abdominis – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Mięsień skośny zewnętrzny brzucha – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Músculo oblíquo externo do abdome – Portuguese

values: Наружная косая мышца живота – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Zunanja poševna trebušna mišica – Slovenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Зовнішній косий м'яз живота – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle rootpage-Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle skin-vector action-view


text:
Ford Model T
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ford Model T
1925 Ford Model T Touring
Overview
Manufacturer
Ford Motor Company
Production
1908–1927
Assembly
List[show]
United States:
Detroit, Michigan
Highland Park, Michigan
Dothan, Alabama
Los Angeles, California
San Francisco, California[1]
Minneapolis, Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
St. Louis, Missouri
Omaha, Nebraska
Buffalo, New York
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio[2]
Columbus, Ohio[3]
Dallas, Texas[4]
Argentina: Buenos Aires
Australia: Geelong, Victoria
Brazil: São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo
Canada: Toronto, Ontario, Walkerville, Ontario
Chile: Santiago
Denmark: Copenhagen
Germany: Berlin
Ireland: Cork
Japan: Yokohama[5]
Norway: Bergen
Spain: Cádiz
United Kingdom: Manchester
Designer
Henry Ford, Childe Harold Wills, Joseph A. Galamb and Eugene Farkas
Body and chassis
Class
Full-size Ford, economy car
Body style
List[show]
2-door touring (1909–11)
3-door touring (1912–25)
4-door touring (1926–27)
no door roadster (1909–11)
1-door roadster(1912–25)
2-door roadster (1926–27)
roadster pickup (1925–27)
2-door coupé (1909–12, 1917–27)
2-door Coupelet (1915–17)
Town car (1909–18)
C-cab wagon (1912)
2-(Center) door sedan (1915–23)
2-door sedan (1924–27)
4-door sedan (1923–27)
Separate chassis were available all years from independent coachbuilders
Layout
FR layout
Powertrain
Engine
177 C.I.D. (2.9 L) 20 hp I4
Transmission
2-speed planetary gear
Dimensions
Wheelbase
100.0 in (2,540 mm)
Length
134 in (3,404 mm)
Curb weight
1,200–1,650 lb (540–750 kg)
Chronology
Predecessor
Ford Model S
Successor
Ford Model A
The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Leaping Lena, or flivver) is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927.[6][7] It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford's efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting.[8]
The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, ahead of the BMC Mini, Citroën DS, and Volkswagen Type 1.[9] Ford's Model T was successful not only because it provided inexpensive transportation on a massive scale, but also because the car signified innovation for the rising middle class and became a powerful symbol of America's age of modernization.[10] With 16.5 million sold it stands eighth on the top ten list of most sold cars of all time as of 2012[update].[11]
Although automobiles had already existed for decades, they were still mostly scarce, expensive, and unreliable at the Model T's introduction in 1908. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained, mass-market transportation, it was a runaway success. In a matter of days after the release, 15,000 orders were placed.[12] The first production Model T was produced on August 12, 1908[13] and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line at his factory in Highland Park, Michigan.[14]
Several cars were conceived by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 before the Model T was introduced. Although he started with the Model A, there were not 20 production models (A through T); some were only prototypes. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S,[15] an upgraded version of the company's largest success to that point, the Model N. The follow-up was the Ford Model A (rather than any Model U). The company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A.
The Model T was Ford's first automobile mass-produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, marketed to the middle class.[16] Henry Ford said of the vehicle:
I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be large enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one – and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces.[17]
Although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to Ransom E. Olds with the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash, beginning in 1901, the tremendous advancements in the efficiency of the system over the life of the Model T can be credited almost entirely to the vision of Ford and his engineers.[18]
Contents
1 Characteristics
1.1 Engine
1.2 Transmission and drive train
1.2.1 Transmission bands and linings
1.3 Suspension and wheels
1.4 Colors
1.5 Body
1.6 Diverse applications
2 Production
2.1 Mass production
2.2 Price and production
2.3 Recycling
2.4 First global car
3 Advertising and marketing
4 Car clubs
5 In popular media
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Characteristics[edit]
1908 Ford Model T advertisement
The Model T was designed by Childe Harold Wills, and Hungarian immigrants Joseph A. Galamb[19] and Eugene Farkas.[20] Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin were also part of the team.[21] Production of the Model T began in the third quarter of 1908.[22] Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as "model years", thus labeling the first Model Ts as 1909 models. This is a retroactive classification scheme; the concept of model years as understood today did not exist at the time. The nominal model designation was "Model T", although design revisions did occur during the car's two decades of production.
Engine[edit]
Main article: Ford Model T engine
Model T engine
The Model T had a front-mounted 177-cubic-inch (2.9 L) inline four-cylinder engine, producing 20 hp (15 kW), for a top speed of 40–45 mph (64–72 km/h).[23] According to Ford Motor Company, the Model T had fuel economy on the order of 13–21 mpg‑US (16–25 mpg‑imp; 18–11 L/100 km).[24] The engine was capable of running on gasoline, kerosene, or ethanol,[25][26] although the decreasing cost of gasoline and the later introduction of Prohibition made ethanol an impractical fuel for most users. The engines of the first 2,447 units were cooled with water pumps; the engines of unit 2,448 and onward, with a few exceptions prior to around unit 2,500, were cooled by thermosiphon action.[27]
The ignition system used in the Model T was an unusual one, with a low-voltage magneto incorporated in the flywheel, supplying alternating current to trembler coils to drive the spark plugs. This was closer to that used for stationary gas engines than the expensive high-voltage ignition magnetos that were used on some other cars. This ignition also made the Model T more flexible as to the quality or type of fuel it used. The system did not need a starting battery, since proper hand-cranking would generate enough current for starting. Electric lighting powered by the magneto was adopted in 1915, replacing acetylene and oil lamps, but electric starting was not offered until 1919.[28]
The Model T engine was produced for replacement needs, as well as stationary and marine applications until 1941, well after production of the Model T had ended. It was also utilized in the drivetrain of the Fordson tractor, which was produced in the US until 1928, and in Ireland until 1964.[citation needed]
Transmission and drive train[edit]
The three pedal controls of the Model T
View from driver's seat, 1920 Model T
The Model T was a rear-wheel drive vehicle. Its transmission was a planetary gear type billed as "three speed". In today's terms it would be considered a two-speed, because one of the three speeds was reverse.
The Model T's transmission was controlled with three-foot pedals and a lever mounted to the road side of the driver's seat. The throttle was controlled with a lever on the steering wheel. The left pedal was used to engage the transmission. With the floor lever in either the mid position or fully forward and the pedal pressed and held forward, the car entered low gear. When held in an intermediate position, the car was in neutral. If the left pedal was released, the Model T entered high gear, but only when the lever was fully forward – in any other position, the pedal would only move up as far as the central neutral position. This allowed the car to be held in neutral while the driver cranked the engine by hand. The car could thus cruise without the driver having to press any of the pedals.
The first 800 units were sent in reverse with a lever; all units after that were sent in reverse with a pedal between the clutch and brake pedals.[27] The middle pedal was used to engage reverse gear when the car was in neutral. The right pedal operated the transmission brake – there were no brakes on the wheels. The floor lever also controlled the parking brake, which was activated by pulling the lever all the way back. This doubled as an emergency brake.
Although it was uncommon, the drive bands could fall out of adjustment, allowing the car to creep, particularly when cold, adding another hazard to attempting to start the car: a person cranking the engine could be forced backward while still holding the crank as the car crept forward, although it was nominally in neutral. As the car utilized a wet clutch, this condition could also occur in cold weather, when the thickened oil prevents the clutch discs from slipping freely. Power reached the differential through a single universal joint attached to a torque tube which drove the rear axle; some models (typically trucks, but available for cars, as well) could be equipped with an optional two-speed Ruckstell rear axle shifted by a floor-mounted lever which provided an underdrive gear for easier hill climbing. All gears were vanadium steel running in an oil bath.
Transmission bands and linings[edit]
Two main types of band lining material were used:[29]
Cotton – Cotton woven linings were the original type fitted and specified by Ford. Generally, the cotton lining is "kinder" to the drum surface, with damage to the drum caused only by the retaining rivets scoring the drum surface. Although this in itself did not pose a problem, a dragging band resulting from improper adjustment caused overheating transmission and engine, diminished power, and – in the case of cotton linings – rapid destruction of the band lining.
Wood – Wooden linings were originally offered as a "longer life" accessory part during the life of the Model T. They were a single piece of steam bent wood and metal wire, fitted to the normal Model T transmission band.[30] These bands give a very different feel to the pedals, with much more of a "bite" feel. The sensation is of a definite "grip" of the drum and seemed to noticeably increase the feel, in particular of the brake drum.
Suspension and wheels[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The suspension components of a Ford Model T: The coil-spring device is an aftermarket accessory, the "Hassler shock absorber".
Model T suspension employed a transversely mounted semi-elliptical spring for each of the front and rear beam axles which allowed a great deal of wheel movement to cope with the dirt roads of the time.
The front axle was drop forged as a single piece of vanadium steel. Ford twisted many axles through eight full rotations (2880 degrees) and sent them to dealers to be put on display to demonstrate its superiority. The Model T did not have a modern service brake. The right foot pedal applied a band around a drum in the transmission, thus stopping the rear wheels from turning. The previously mentioned parking brake lever operated band brakes acting on the inside of the rear brake drums, which were an integral part of the rear wheel hubs. Optional brakes that acted on the outside of the brake drums were available from aftermarket suppliers.
Wheels were wooden artillery wheels, with steel welded-spoke wheels available in 1926 and 1927.
Tires were pneumatic clincher type, 30 in (76 cm) in diameter, 3.5 in (8.9 cm) wide in the rear, 3 in (7.6 cm) in the front. Clinchers needed much higher pressure than today's tires, typically 60 psi (410 kPa), to prevent them from leaving the rim at speed. Horseshoe nails on the roads, together with the high pressure, made flat tires a common problem.
Balloon tires became available in 1925. They were 21 in × 4.5 in (53 cm × 11 cm) all around. Balloon tires were closer in design to today's tires, with steel wires reinforcing the tire bead, making lower pressure possible – typically 35 psi (240 kPa) – giving a softer ride. The old nomenclature for tire size changed from measuring the outer diameter to measuring the rim diameter so 21 in (530 mm) (rim diameter) × 4.5 in (110 mm) (tire width) wheels has about the same outer diameter as 30 in (76 cm) clincher tires. All tires in this time period used an inner tube to hold the pressurized air; tubeless tires were not generally in use until much later.
Wheelbase was 100 inches (254 cm) and standard track width was 56 in (142 cm); 60 in (152 cm) track could be obtained on special order, "for Southern roads", identical to the pre-Civil War track gauge for many railroads in the former Confederacy.
Colors[edit]
By 1918, half of all the cars in the U.S. were Model Ts. In his autobiography, Ford reports that in 1909 he told his management team, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black."[31]
However, in the first years of production from 1908 to 1913, the Model T was not available in black[32] but rather only gray, green, blue, and red. Green was available for the touring cars, town cars, coupes, and Landaulets. Gray was only available for the town cars, and red only for the touring cars. By 1912, all cars were being painted midnight blue with black fenders. Only in 1914 was the "any color so long as it is black" policy finally implemented. It is often stated Ford suggested the use of black from 1914 to 1926 due to the low cost, durability, and faster drying time of black paint in that era. Paint choices in the American automotive industry, as well as in others (including locomotives, furniture, bicycles, and the rapidly expanding field of electrical appliances), were shaped by the development of the chemical industry. These included the disruption of dye sources during World War I and the advent, in the mid-1920s, of new nitrocellulose lacquers that were faster-drying and more scratch-resistant, and obviated the need for multiple coats;[33]:261–301 understanding the choice of paints for the Model T era and the years immediately following requires an understanding of the contemporary chemical industry.[33]
During the lifetime production of the Model T, over 30 types of black paint were used on various parts of the car.[32] These were formulated to satisfy the different means of applying the paint to the various parts, and had distinct drying times, depending on the part, paint, and method of drying.
Body[edit]
1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City
T Speedster
1925 Ford "New Model" T Tudor Sedan
Although Ford classified the Model T with a single letter designation throughout its entire life and made no distinction by model years, enough significant changes to the body were made over the production life that the car may be classified into several style generations. Among the most immediately visible and identifiable changes were in the hood and cowl areas, although many other modifications were made to the vehicle.
1909–1914 – Characterized by a nearly straight, five-sided hood, with a flat top containing a center hinge and two side sloping sections containing the folding hinges. The firewall was flat from the windshield down with no distinct cowl.
1915–1916 – The hood design was nearly the same five-sided design with the only obvious change being the addition of louvers to the vertical sides. A significant change to the cowl area occurred with the windshield relocated significantly behind the firewall and joined with a compound-contoured cowl panel.
1917–1923 – The hood design was changed to a tapered design with a curved top. The folding hinges were now located at the joint between the flat sides and the curved top. This is sometime referred to as the "low hood" to distinguish it from the later hoods. The back edge of the hood now met the front edge of the cowl panel so that no part of the flat firewall was visible outside of the hood. This design was used the longest and during the highest production years, accounting for about half of the total number of Model Ts built.
1923–1925 – This change was made during the 1923 calendar year, so models built earlier in the year have the older design, while later vehicles have the newer design. The taper of the hood was increased and the rear section at the firewall is about an inch taller and several inches wider than the previous design. While this is a relatively minor change, the parts between the third and fourth generations are not interchangeable.
1926–1927 – This design change made the greatest difference in the appearance of the car. The hood was again enlarged, with the cowl panel no longer a compound curve and blended much more with the line of the hood. The distance between the firewall and the windshield was also increased significantly. This style is sometimes referred to as the "high hood".
The styling on the last "generation" was a preview for the following Model A, but the two models are visually quite different, as the body on the A was much wider and had curved doors as opposed to the flat doors on the T.
Diverse applications[edit]
A Model T homemade tractor pulling a plow
Pullford auto-to-tractor conversion advertisement, 1918
The American LaFrance company modified more than 900 Ford Model-T's to serve fire fighters
When the Model T was designed and introduced, the infrastructure of the world was quite different from today's. Pavement was a rarity except for sidewalks and a few big-city streets. (The sense of the term "pavement" as equivalent with "sidewalk" comes from that era, when streets and roads were generally dirt and sidewalks were a paved way to walk along them.) Agriculture was the occupation of many people. Power tools were scarce outside factories, as were power sources for them; electrification, like pavement, was found usually only in larger towns. Rural electrification and motorized mechanization were embryonic in some regions and nonexistent in most. Henry Ford oversaw the requirements and design of the Model T based on contemporary realities. Consequently, the Model T was (intentionally) almost as much a tractor and portable engine as it was an automobile. It has always been well regarded for its all-terrain abilities and ruggedness. It could travel a rocky, muddy farm lane, cross a shallow stream, climb a steep hill, and be parked on the other side to have one of its wheels removed and a pulley fastened to the hub for a flat belt to drive a bucksaw, thresher, silo blower, conveyor for filling corn cribs or haylofts, baler, water pump, electrical generator, and many other applications. One unique application of the Model T was shown in the October 1922 issue of Fordson Farmer magazine. It showed a minister who had transformed his Model T into a mobile church, complete with small organ.[34]
During this era, entire automobiles (including thousands of Model Ts) were even hacked apart by their owners and reconfigured into custom machinery permanently dedicated to a purpose, such as homemade tractors and ice saws.[35] Dozens of aftermarket companies sold prefab kits to facilitate the T's conversion from car to tractor.[36] The Model T had been around for a decade before the Fordson tractor became available (1917–18), and many Ts had been converted for field use. (For example, Harry Ferguson, later famous for his hitches and tractors, worked on Eros Model T tractor conversions before he worked with Fordsons and others.) During the next decade, Model T tractor conversion kits were harder to sell, as the Fordson and then the Farmall (1924), as well as other light and affordable tractors, served the farm market. But during the Depression (1930s), Model T tractor conversion kits had a resurgence, because by then used Model Ts and junkyard parts for them were plentiful and cheap.[37]
Like many popular car engines of the era, the Model T engine was also used on home-built aircraft (such as the Pietenpol Sky Scout) and motorboats.
An armored-car variant (called the FT-B) was developed in Poland in 1920 due to the high demand during the Polish-Soviet war in 1920.
Many Model Ts were converted into vehicles which could travel across heavy snows with kits on the rear wheels (sometimes with an extra pair of rear-mounted wheels and two sets of continuous track to mount on the now-tandemed rear wheels, essentially making it a half-track) and skis replacing the front wheels. They were popular for rural mail delivery for a time. The common name for these conversions of cars and small trucks was "snowflyers". These vehicles were extremely popular in the northern reaches of Canada, where factories were set up to produce them.[38]
A number of companies built Model T–based railcars.[39] In The Great Railway Bazaar, Paul Theroux mentions a rail journey in India on such a railcar. The New Zealand Railways Department's RM class included a few.
The American LaFrance company modified more than 900 Model-T's for use in firefighting adding tanks, hoses, tools and a bell. [40]. Model T fire engines were in service in North America, Europe, and Australia[41].[40] A 1919 Model T equipped to fight chemical fire has been restored and is on display at the North Charleston Fire Museum in South Carolina.[42]
Production[edit]
Mass production[edit]
Ford assembly line, 1913
The knowledge and skills needed by a factory worker were reduced to 84 areas. When introduced, the T used the building methods typical at the time, assembly by hand, and production was small. The Ford Piquette Avenue Plant could not keep up with demand for the Model T, and only 11 cars were built there during the first full month of production. More and more machines were used to reduce the complexity within the 84 defined areas. In 1910, after assembling nearly 12,000 Model Ts, Henry Ford moved the company to the new Highland Park complex. During this time the Model T production system transitioned into an iconic example of assembly line production;[16] in subsequent decades it would also come to be viewed as the classic example of the rigid, first-generation version of assembly line production, as opposed to flexible mass production.[16]
As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in three-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, reducing production time from 12.5 hours before to 93 minutes by 1914, while using less manpower.[43] In 1914, Ford produced more cars than all other automakers combined. The Model T was a great commercial success, and by the time Henry made his 10 millionth car, half of all cars in the world were Fords. It was so successful Ford did not purchase any advertising between 1917 and 1923; instead, the Model T became so famous, people considered it a norm. More than 15 million Model Ts were manufactured in all, reaching a rate of 9,000 to 10,000 cars a day in 1925, or 2 million annually,[44][45][46] more than any other model of its day, at a price of just $260. Total Model T production was finally surpassed by the Volkswagen Beetle on February 17, 1972.
Henry Ford's ideological approach to Model T design was one of getting it right and then keeping it the same; he believed the Model T was all the car a person would, or could, ever need. As other companies offered comfort and styling advantages, at competitive prices, the Model T lost market share. Design changes were not as few as the public perceived, but the idea of an unchanging model was kept intact. Eventually, on May 26, 1927, Ford Motor Company ceased US production[47][48][49] and began the changeovers required to produce the Model A.[50] Some of the other Model T factories in the world continued a short while.[51]
Model T engines continued to be produced until August 4, 1941. Almost 170,000 were built after car production stopped, as replacement engines were required to service already produced vehicles. Racers and enthusiasts, forerunners of modern hot rodders, used the Model T's block to build popular and cheap racing engines, including Cragar, Navarro, and famously the Frontenacs ("Fronty Fords")[48] of the Chevrolet brothers, among many others.
The Model T employed some advanced technology, for example, its use of vanadium steel alloy. Its durability was phenomenal, and some Model Ts and their parts are in running order over a century later. Although Henry Ford resisted some kinds of change, he always championed the advancement of materials engineering, and often mechanical engineering and industrial engineering.
In 2002, Ford built a final batch of six Model Ts as part of their 2003 centenary celebrations. These cars were assembled from remaining new components and other parts produced from the original drawings. The last of the six was used for publicity purposes in the UK.
Although Ford no longer manufactures parts for the Model T, many parts are still manufactured through private companies as replicas to service the thousands of Model Ts still in operation today.
On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford and his son Edsel, drove the 15-millionth Model T out of the factory. This marked the famous automobile's official last day of production at the main factory.
Price and production[edit]
The moving assembly line system, which started on October 7, 1913, allowed Ford to sell his cars at a price lower than his competitors.[52] As he continued to fine-tune the system, Ford was able to keep reducing costs significantly.[53] As volume increased, he was able to also lower the prices due to fixed costs being spread over a larger number of vehicles. Other factors affected the price such as material costs and design changes.
In current equivalent dollars, the cost of the Runabout started at $22,471 in 1909 and bottomed out at $3,628 in 1925.
The figures below are US production numbers compiled by R.E. Houston, Ford Production Department, August 3, 1927. The figures between 1909 and 1920 are for Ford's fiscal year. From 1909 to 1913, the fiscal year was from October 1 to September 30 the following calendar year with the year number being the year in which it ended. For the 1914 fiscal year, the year was October 1, 1913, through July 31, 1914. Starting in August 1914, and through the end of the Model T era, the fiscal year was August 1 through July 31. Beginning with January 1920, the figures are for the calendar year.
Year
Production
Price for
Runabout
Current
Equivalent
Cost
Notes
1909 10,666 $825 $22,471 Touring car was $850.
1910 19,050 $900 $23,638
1911 34,858 $680 $17,860
1912 68,773 $590 $14,962
1913 170,211 $525 $12,999
1914 202,667 $440 $10,750 Fiscal year was only 10 months long due to change in end date from September 30 to July 31
1915 308,162 $390 $9,434
1916 501,462 $345 $7,759 [54]
1917 735,020 $500 $9,551
1918 664,076 $500 $8,135
1919 498,342 $500 $7,058
1920 941,042 $395 $4,825 Production for fiscal year 1920, (August 1, 1919 through July 31, 1920). Price was $550 in March but dropped by September
1920 463,451 $395 $4,825 Production for balance of calendar year, August 1 through December 31. Total '1920' production (17 months) = 1,404,493
1921 971,610 $325 $4,459 Price was $370 in June but dropped by September
1922 1,301,067 $319 $4,664
1923 2,011,125 $364 $5,228
1924 1,922,048 $265 $3,784
1925 1,911,705 $260 $3,628 Touring car was $290
1926 1,554,465 $360 $4,976
1927 399,725 $360 $5,072 Production ended before mid-year to allow retooling for the Model A
Overall a total of 14,689,525 were produced.
Recycling[edit]
Henry Ford used wood scraps from the production of Model Ts to make charcoal briquettes. Originally named Ford Charcoal, the name was changed to Kingsford Charcoal after the Iron Mountain Ford Plant closed in 1951 and the Kingsford Chemical Company was formed and continued the wood distillation process. E. G. Kingsford, Ford's cousin by marriage, brokered the selection of the new sawmill and wood distillation plant site.[55] Lumber for production of the Model T came from the same location, built in 1920 called the Iron Mountain Ford which incorporated a sawmill where lumber from Ford purchased land in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was cut and dried. Scrap wood was distilled at the Iron Mountain plant for its wood chemicals, with the end by product being lump charcoal. This lump charcoal was modified and pressed into briquettes and mass marketed by Ford[56]
First global car[edit]
The first Ford assembly plant in La Boca, Buenos Aires, c. 1921
A 1923 Ford T in Canada
The Ford Model T was the first automobile built by various countries simultaneously, since they were being produced in Walkerville, Canada, and in Trafford Park, Greater Manchester, England, starting in 1911 and were later assembled in Germany, Argentina,[57] France, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, and Japan, as well as several locations throughout the US.[58] Ford made use of the knock-down kit concept almost from the beginning of the company as freight and production costs from Detroit had Ford assembling vehicles in major metropolitan centers of the US.
The Aeroford was an English automobile manufactured in Bayswater, London, from 1920 to 1925. It was a Model T with distinct hood and grille to make it appear to be a totally different design, what later would have been called badge engineering. The Aeroford sold from £288 in 1920, dropping to £168–214 by 1925. It was available as a two-seater, four-seater, or coupé.[59][page needed]
Advertising and marketing[edit]
Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and advertisements about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. A large part of the success of Ford's Model T stems from the innovative strategy which introduced a large network of sales hubs making it easy to purchase the car.[10] As independent dealers, the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed – several years posted around 100 percent gains on the previous year.
Car clubs[edit]
1919 Model T stakebed
Cars built before 1919 are classed as veteran cars and later models as vintage cars. Today, four main clubs exist to support the preservation and restoration of these cars: the Model T Ford Club International,[60] the Model T Ford Club of America[61] and the combined clubs of Australia. With many chapters of clubs around the world, the Model T Ford Club of Victoria[62] has a membership with a considerable number of uniquely Australian cars. (Australia produced its own car bodies, and therefore many differences occurred between the Australian bodied tourers[63] and the US/Canadian cars.) In the UK, the Model T Ford Register of Great Britain celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2010. Many steel Model T parts are still manufactured today, and even fiberglass replicas of their distinctive bodies are produced, which are popular for T-bucket style hot rods (as immortalized in the Jan and Dean surf music song "Bucket T", which was later recorded by The Who).[citation needed] In 1949, more than twenty years after the end of production, 200,000 Model Ts were registered in the United States.[64] In 2008, it was estimated that about 50,000 to 60,000 Ford Model Ts remain roadworthy.[65]
In popular media[edit]
A 1920 Ford Model T is featured in the 1920 Harold Lloyd comedy short Get Out and Get Under.
The Ford Model T was the car of choice for comedy duo Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy. It was used in most of their short and feature films.
In 1966, Belgian comic book authors Maurice Tillieux and Francis created the comic adventures of a character named Marc Lebut and his Model T.
The phrase to "go the way of the Tin Lizzie" is a colloquialism referring to the decline and elimination of a popular product, habit, belief, or behavior as a now outdated historical relic which has been replaced by something new.[66][67][68]
In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, Henry Ford is regarded as a messianic figure, Christian crosses have been truncated to Ts, and vehicles are called "flivvers" (from a slang reference to the Model T). Moreover, the calendar is converted to an A.F. ("After Ford") system, wherein the calendar begins (AF 1) with the introduction of the Model T (AD 1908).
The Model T has a featured role in the Walt Disney sci-fi comedy The Absent-Minded Professor, in which the classic car flies.
In a 1964 episode of Hazel (TV series), sponsored by Ford and featuring the company's current models in the stories, Hazel acquires a 1920 Model T.
Lizzie from the Cars franchise is based on a 1923 Ford Model T Coupe[69].
In the alternate history series Southern Victory by Harry Turtledove, the Model T was most popular car in the United States before the Great War. It was so desirable that it was even exported to the Confederate States, which won the American Civil War in 1862. However, Model T's in the Confederacy proved difficult to maintain as none had been built locally. During the Great War, many Model T's served as Staff Cars for US generals and officers.
Gallery[edit]
Model T chronology
1909 Touring – Second-oldest Ford Model T still in existence
1910 Runabout
1911 Touring
1913 Runabout
1914 Touring
1915 Runabout – Note curved cowl panel
1916 Touring
1917 Runabout – Note new curved hood matches cowl panel
1919 Runabout
1920 Touring
1921 Touring
1922 Runabout
1922 flatbed truck
1923 Ford Model T Depot Hack
1923 Runabout (early '23 model)
1924 Touring – Note higher hood and slightly shorter cowl panel – late '23 models were similar
1924–1925 Runabout
1925 Touring – Note the balloon tires and split rims, optional extras of the period.
1925 Touring
1926 Runabout – Note higher hood and longer cowl panel
1927 Runabout
1927 Touring – Last Ford Model T built at Highland Park Ford Plant
1928 Ford Model A Tudor Sedan – Shown for comparison, note wider body and curved doors
See also[edit]
Cars portal
New Zealand RM class (Model T Ford) – a 1925 experimental railcar based on a Model T powertrain
Piper J-3 Cub, the 1930s/40s American light aircraft that developed a similar degree of ubiquity in general aviation circles to the Model T
Lakeside Foundry
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Boyer, Mike (1998-05-10). "Ford motored into Cincinnati long ago". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Ford Model T Plant". Cleveland Historical. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
Jump up ^ Darbee, Jeff (July 2014). "City Quotient: I often smell something like vanilla cookies or cake when walking Downtown. Am I just hungry, or is that for real?". Columbus Monthly. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Ford Model T Assembly Building". MotorTexas. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Ford's System of Branch Assembly Plants". Retrieved 2015-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Model T Facts" (Press release). US: Forid. Archived from the original on 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
Jump up ^ Gordon, John Steele. "10 Moments That Made American Business". American Heritage (February/March 2007). Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
Jump up ^ Price, R. G. (2004-01-29). "Division of Labor, Assembly Line Thought – The Paradox of Democratic Capitalism". RationalRevolution.net. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
Jump up ^ Cobb, James G. (1999-12-24). "This Just In: Model T Gets Award". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Folkmann, Mads Nygaard (2011). "Encoding Symbolism: Immateriality and Possibility in Design". Design and Culture. 3 (1).
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Best Selling Cars of All Time". Autoguide.com. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Jump up ^ Curcio, Vincent (2013). Henry Ford. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195316926.
Jump up ^ "Chronicle of 1908". Library.thinkquest.org. 1908. Archived from the original on 2013-02-11. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Henry Ford and the Model T". John Wiley & Sons. 1996. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
Jump up ^ Ritzinger, André. "Early Ford-models from the years 1903–1908". p. 5. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8, LCCN 83016269
Jump up ^ Ford & Crowther 1922, p. 73.
Jump up ^ Domm, Robert W. (2009). Michigan Yesterday & Today. Minneapolis: Voyageur Press.
Jump up ^ "University students compete to create 21st century Model T". Ford. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
Jump up ^ "History Lesson: Hungary Celebrates the Ford Model T". India: Federation of Automobile Dealers Associations of India. 2006-02-27. Retrieved 2012-12-24. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Wik 1972.
Jump up ^ Clymer 1950, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Boggess, Trent E.; Patterson, Ronald. "The Model T Ignition Coil". US: Plymouth State College. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Model T Facts". Ford. Archived from the original on 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
Jump up ^ English, Andrew (2008-07-25). "Ford Model T reaches 100". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
Jump up ^ Addison, Keith. "Ethanol fuel: Journey to Forever". Journey to Forever. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Kimes & Clark Jr. (1989), p. 551.
Jump up ^ "History of the Ford Motor Company – Fast Facts". The Frontenac Motor Company & The Ford Model T. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Ford Model T Transmission". FordModelT.net. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ Pagé, Victor Wilfred (1917). The Model T Ford Car, Its Construction, Operation and Repair: A Complete Practical Treatise Explaining the Operating Principles of All Parts of the Ford Automobile, with Complete Instructions for Driving and Maintenance. Norman W. Henley Publishing Co. p. 241.
Jump up ^ Ford & Crowther 1922, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b McCalley 1994.
^ Jump up to: a b Dutton 1942.
Jump up ^ Casey, Robert (2008). The Model T A Centennial History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-8018-8850-2.
Jump up ^ "1926 Ford Model T Ice Saw". Owl's Head Transportation Museum. Retrieved 2012-12-24. Used for harvesting winter ice from ponds in Maine.
Jump up ^ Pripps & Morland 1993, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Leffingwell 2002, pp. 43–51.
Jump up ^ "Snowflyers Replace Dogs in Frozen North". Popular Mechanics (December): 878. 1934. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Model T Ford Forum: Forum 2011: Old Photo – Model T Rail Car". Model T Ford Club of America. 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "1926 Ford Model T Fire Truck - The Henry Ford". www.thehenryford.org. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
Jump up ^ Killen, William D. (2008). Firefighting with Henry's Model T (1st ed.). Church Hill, TN: W.D. Killen. ISBN 9780615223032. OCLC 318191997.
Jump up ^ "North Charleston Fire Museum". www.northcharlestonfiremuseum.org. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
Jump up ^ Georgano 1985.
Jump up ^ Sandler, Martin (2003). Driving Around the USA: Automobiles in American Life. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
Jump up ^ Brinkley, Douglas (2003). Wheels for the world: Henry Ford, his company, and a century of progress, 1903–2003. Viking. p. 475.
Jump up ^ Sorensen, Charles E.; Lewis, David Lanier; Williamson, Samuel T. My forty years with Ford. Wayne State University Press. p. 4.
Jump up ^ "Last day of Model T production at Ford". History. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Model T Ford". Frontenac Motor Company. Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Last Model T Produced in 1927". Cape Girardeau History and Photos. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Michigan History". Detroit News. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10.
Jump up ^ Wagner, Michael F. (2009). Domesticeringen af Ford i Danmark [The domestication of Ford in Denmark]. Denmark: Aalborg University. p. 14. Retrieved 2014-09-06. Model T production in Denmark stopped in August 1927 for factory recondition.
Jump up ^ $ "Ford's Assembly Line Turns 100: How It Changed Manufacturing and Society". New York Daily News. 2013-10-07. Archived from the original on 2013-11-30. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ Cherif, Reda; Hasanov, Fuad; Pande, Aditya (2017-05-22). "Riding the Energy Transition : Oil Beyond 2040". International Monetary Fund. p. 13. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
Jump up ^ $Lewis 1976, pp. 41–59.
Jump up ^ "Our Heritage". Kingsford. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
Jump up ^ Forstrom, Guy (Summer 2017). "The Burning History of the Charcoal Briquette". Historical Society of Michigan. 40 (2): 13–15.
Jump up ^ "Historia de Ford en Argentina" [History of Ford in Argentina] (in Spanish). Auto Historia. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Celebrating the Ford Model T, only 100 years young!". Auto Atlantic. 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
Jump up ^ David Culshaw & Peter Horrobin: The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895–1975. Veloce Publishing plc. Dorchester (1999). ISBN 1-874105-93-6
Jump up ^ "The Model T Ford Club International". Modelt.org. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Model T Ford Club of America". Mtfca.com. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Model T Ford Club of Victoria". Modeltfordclubvic.org.au. Archived from the original on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Model T Ford Australian Tourers". Model T Central. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
Jump up ^ Sedgwick 1972, pp. 50–51.
Jump up ^ Brooke, Lindsay (2008). Ford Model T: The Car that Put the World on Wheels. MBI Publishing Company. p. 188. ISBN 9780760327289.
Jump up ^ McColl, Catherine (2003). Happy as the Grass was Green: A Memoir. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 9781412216579.
Jump up ^ U.S. News & World Report, Volume 105 p. 52 (1988)
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Margot Biblical Literalism is Headed for a Showdown Which it Will Lose Examiner, March 30, 2011
Jump up ^ Disney Pixar's The World of Cars: Meet the Cars. Disney Press. 2008. p. 15. ISBN 978-142311925-8.
Bibliography[edit]
Clymer, Floyd (1955). "Henry's wonderful Model T, 1908–1927". New York, NY, U.S.: McGraw-Hill. LCCN 55010405.
Clymer, Floyd (1950). "Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925". New York, NY, U.S.: McGraw-Hill. LCCN 50010680.
Dutton, William S. (1942), Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years, Charles Scribner's Sons, LCCN 42011897.
Ford, Henry; Crowther, Samuel (1922), My Life and Work, Garden City, New York, USA: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc. Various republications, including ISBN 9781406500189. Original is public domain in U.S. Also available at Google Books.
Georgano, G. N. (1985). "Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930". London, UK: Grange-Universal.
Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8, LCCN 83016269
Kimes, Beverly Rae; Clark Jr., Henry Austin (1989). Standard Catalog of America Cars: 1805–1942 (2nd ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 9780873411110.
Lacey, Robert (1986). Ford: The Men and the Machine. Boston, MA, U.S.: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-51166-7.
Leffingwell, Randy (2002) [1998], Ford Tractors, Borders, ISBN 0-681-87878-9.
Lewis, David (1976). The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company. Detroit, MI, U.S.: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1553-8.
McCalley, Bruce W. (1994). Model T Ford: The Car That Changed the World. Iola, WI, U.S.: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-293-1.
Pripps, Robert N.; Morland, Andrew (photographer) (1993). Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors. Farm Tractor Color History Series. Osceola, WI, U.S.: MBI. ISBN 978-0-87938-763-1.
Reynolds, David (2009). America, Empire of Liberty: A New History of the United States. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-84614-056-3.
Ross, Irwin (November 1974). "Ford's Fabulous Flivver". Gas Engine Magazine. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
Sedgwick, Michael (1972) [1962]. Early Cars. Octopus Books. ISBN 0-7064-0058-5.
Ward, Ian, ed. (1974). "The World of Automobiles". 13. London, UK: Orbis.
Wik, Reynold M. (1972). Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America. Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-97200-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Model T.
FordModelT.net – Resource for Model T Owners and Enthusiasts
Model T Ford Club of America (USA)
Model T Ford Club International
Ford Model T at the Internet Movie Cars Database
First and second web pages of Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's vintage vehicle collection, featuring five Model T-based vehicles
show
v
t
e
Henry Ford
Life and history
Ford Motor Company (History)
Model T
The Dearborn Independent
Residences
Fair Lane
Edison and Ford Winter Estates
Family
William Ford (father)
Edsel Ford (son)
Henry Ford II (grandson)
William Clay Ford, Sr. (grandson)
Edsel Ford II (great-grandson)
William Clay Ford, Jr. (great-grandson)
Elena Ford (great-granddaughter)
Other
Fordism
Car Entrepreneur of the Century
The Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village
Commons
Wikibooks
Wikiquote
Wikisource
show
v
t
e
Ford Motor Company vehicle timeline, North American market, 1903–1942 — next »
Type 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
Chassis Various Model T Model A 1932 Ford 1935 Ford 1937 Ford 1941 Ford
Runabout Model A
Model AC
Model C

Touring Model B Model F
Model K Model T
Model N
Model R
Model S
Full-size Model T Model A Model B Model 18 Model 40 Model 48 Standard Standard
De Luxe Deluxe
Pickup Truck Model TT Model AA Model BB Model 48 Standard Standard
Model T Model A Model B Model 18 Model 40 De Luxe Deluxe
Bus Transit Bus
show
v
t
e
Ford vehicles
Ford Motor Company
Current
production
models
Cars
C-Max/Grand C-Max
Fiesta
Figo
Fusion / Mondeo
Focus
GT
Ka
Mustang
Taurus
SHO
Police Interceptor Sedan
China
Pickup trucks
F-Series
Raptor
Ranger
Super Duty
SUVs/Crossovers
EcoSport
Edge
Escape / Kuga
Expedition/Expedition EL/Max
Explorer
Police Interceptor Utility
Everest/Endeavour
Flex
Vans
E-Series
Galaxy
S-Max
Tourneo/Transit
Courier
Connect
Custom
Commercial trucks
Cargo
Super Duty
F-350/F-450/F-550
F-650/F-750
Former
production
models
(by date of
introduction)
1900s
Model A/AC
Model B
Model C
Model F
Model K
Model N
Model R
Model S
Model T
1910s–1920s
Model TT
Model A
Model AA
1930s–1940s
Model B
Model BB
Model 18
Model 40
Model Y
Köln
Rheinland
Model 48
Model C Ten
Eifel
Model CX
1937 Ford
Model 7W
Model 7Y
E83W
Prefect
Anglia
1941 Ford
Vedette
Pilot
Pygmy
1949 Ford
Custom
Transit Bus
1950s
1952 Ford
1955 Ford
1957 Ford
C-Series Trucks
Consul
Country Sedan
Country Squire
Courier
Crestline
Del Rio
Edsel (Brand)
Fairlane
FK
Galaxie
Mainline
Parklane
Popular
Ranchero
Squire
Taunus
Thunderbird
Versailles
Zephyr
1960s
1960 Ford
Bronco
Capri
Corcel
Corsair
Cortina
Escort (Europe)
Executive
Fairlane (Australia)
Fairlane Thunderbolt
Falcon (Americas)
Falcon (Australia)
GT40
H-Series Trucks
LTD
N-Series Trucks
Torino
W-Series Trucks
XL
1970s
Courier
Econovan
Econowagon
Elite
Fairmont
Granada (Europe)
Granada (North America)
L-Series Trucks
Landau (Australia)
Maverick (North America)
P100
Pinto
1980s
Aerostar
Bantam
Bronco II
Del Rey
Durango
Escort (North America)
EXP
Festiva
Laser/Lynx/Meteor/Tierra
LTD Crown Victoria
Orion
Probe
Pronto
Ranger (North America)
RS200
Scorpio
Sierra
Telstar
Tempo
Verona
1990s
Aspire
Contour
Cougar
Crown Victoria
Police Interceptor
Freda
Maverick (Europe)
Puma
Windstar
ZX2
2000s
Activa
Excursion
Explorer Sport Trac
Five Hundred
Freestar
Fusion (Europe)
Freestyle/Taurus X
Ikon
i-Max (Taiwan)
Maverick (Europe)
Sportka/Streetka
Territory
2010s
B-Max
Other
Concept vehicles
List of Mercury vehicles
List of Lincoln vehicles
Tractors
Trucks
Category
Commons
Authority control
GND: 4398153-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T&oldid=857129030"
Categories:
1900s automobiles
1910s automobiles
1920s automobiles
Brass Era vehicles
Cars introduced in 1908
Cars of the United States
Convertibles
Ford vehicles
Full-size vehicles
History of Detroit
History of the United States (1865–1918)
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Pickup trucks
Vintage vehicles
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from February 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Use mdy dates from June 2018
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
All articles containing potentially dated statements
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Articles needing additional references from September 2017
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中文
39 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 19:07 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

values: font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values:
/wiki/Childe_Harold_Wills
mw-redirect
Childe Harold Wills

values:
/wiki/Joseph_A._Galamb
mw-redirect
Joseph A. Galamb

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame2

values:
/wiki/Planetary_gear
mw-redirect
Planetary gear

values:
/wiki/Ford_Model_S
mw-redirect
Ford Model S

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1903%E2%80%931904)
mw-redirect
Ford Model A (1903–1904)

values:
/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%931931)
mw-redirect
Ford Model A (1927–1931)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Hungarian_people
mw-redirect
Hungarian people

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Transmission and drive train

values:
/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive
mw-redirect
Rear-wheel drive

values:
/wiki/Vanadium_steel
mw-redirect
Vanadium steel

values: Edit section: Transmission bands and linings

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Drop_forged
mw-redirect
Drop forged

values:
/wiki/Pneumatic_tire
mw-redirect
Pneumatic tire

values:
/wiki/Clincher_tire
mw-redirect
Clincher tire

values:
/wiki/Fordson_tractor
mw-redirect
Fordson tractor

values:
/wiki/Polish-Soviet_war
mw-redirect
Polish-Soviet war

values: Navarro (hot rodder) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Frontenac_(racing_car)
mw-redirect
Frontenac (racing car)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/La_Boca,_Buenos_Aires
mw-redirect
La Boca, Buenos Aires

values:
/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_of_Argentina
mw-redirect
Ford Motor Company of Argentina

values:
/wiki/Badge_engineering
mw-redirect
Badge engineering

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2011)

values:
/wiki/Veteran_car
mw-redirect
Veteran car

values:
/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic
mw-redirect
Glass-reinforced plastic

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)

values:
/wiki/Confederate_States
mw-redirect
Confederate States

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/83016269

values: Federation of Automobile Dealers Associations of India

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mtfca.com/coils/Coils.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.modelt.ca/history

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/318191997

values:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.modelt.ca/background.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.kingsford.com/our-heritage/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.modelt.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mtfca.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.modeltfordclubvic.org.au

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/55010405

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/50010680

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/42011897

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7213

values:
/wiki/G.N._Georgano
mw-redirect
G.N. Georgano

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fordmodelt.net

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.modelt.org

values:
/wiki/File:Henry_ford_1919.jpg
image
Henry Ford in 1919

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/William_Clay_Ford,_Sr.
mw-redirect
William Clay Ford, Sr.

values:
/wiki/William_Clay_Ford,_Jr.
mw-redirect
William Clay Ford, Jr.

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float:left; text-align:left

values: Template:Ford North America timeline 1946 to 1979

values: display: none; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240);

values: display: none; background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);

values:
/wiki/Pickup_Truck
mw-redirect
Pickup Truck

values: navbox collapsible autocollapse mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Ford_E-Series
mw-redirect
Ford E-Series

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Ford_C-Series
mw-redirect
Ford C-Series

values:
/wiki/Ford_L-Series
mw-redirect
Ford L-Series

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4398153-7

values: Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)

values: Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ford_Model_T
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: فورد موديل تي – Arabic

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: فورد مدل تی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פורד מודל T – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Ford
T-Ford – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values: フォード・モデルT – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_T
Ford T – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Ford
T-Ford – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ฟอร์ด โมเดลที – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ford_Model_T rootpage-Ford_Model_T skin-vector action-view