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Fourth-generation programming language
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A fourth-generation programming language (4GL) is any computer programming language that belongs to a class of languages envisioned as an advancement upon third-generation programming languages (3GL). Each of the programming language generations aims to provide a higher level of abstraction of the internal computer hardware details, making the language more programmer-friendly, powerful and versatile. While the definition of 4GL has changed over time, it can be typified by operating more with large collections of information at once rather than focusing on just bits and bytes. Languages claimed to be 4GL may include support for database management, report generation, mathematical optimization, GUI development, or web development. Some researchers state that 4GLs are a subset of domain-specific languages.[1][2]
The concept of 4GL was developed from the 1970s through the 1990s, overlapping most of the development of 3GL. While 3GLs like C, C++, C#, Java, and JavaScript remain popular for a wide variety of uses, 4GLs as originally defined found narrower uses.[citation needed] Some advanced 3GLs like Python, Ruby, and Perl combine some 4GL abilities within a general-purpose 3GL environment. Also, libraries with 4GL-like features have been developed as add-ons for most popular 3GLs. This has blurred the distinction of 4GL and 3GL.
In the 1980s and 1990s, there were efforts to develop fifth-generation programming languages (5GL).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types
3 Low code environments
4 Examples
4.1 General use / versatile
4.2 Database query languages
4.3 Report generators
4.4 Data manipulation, analysis, and reporting languages
4.5 GUI creators
4.6 Mathematical optimization
4.7 Database-driven GUI application development
4.8 Low code development platforms[9][10][11]
4.9 Screen painters and generators
4.10 Web development languages
5 What's previous
6 What's next
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Though used earlier in papers and discussions, the term 4GL was first used formally by James Martin in his 1981 book Applications Development Without Programmers[3] to refer to non-procedural, high-level specification languages. In some primitive way, early 4GLs were included in the Informatics MARK-IV (1967) product and Sperry's MAPPER (1969 internal use, 1979 release).
The motivations for the '4GL' inception and continued interest are several. The term can apply to a large set of software products. It can also apply to an approach that looks for greater semantic properties and implementation power. Just as the 3GL offered greater power to the programmer, so too did the 4GL open up the development environment to a wider population.
The early input scheme for the 4GL supported entry of data within the 72-character limit of the punched card (8 bytes used for sequencing) where a card's tag would identify the type or function. With judicious use of a few cards, the 4GL deck could offer a wide variety of processing and reporting capability whereas the equivalent functionality coded in a 3GL could subsume, perhaps, a whole box or more of cards.[4]
The 72-character metaphor continued for a while as hardware progressed to larger memory and terminal interfaces. Even with its limitations, this approach supported highly sophisticated applications.
As interfaces improved and allowed longer statement lengths and grammar-driven input handling, greater power ensued. An example of this is described on the Nomad page.
Another example of Nomad's power is illustrated by Nicholas Rawlings in his comments for the Computer History Museum about NCSS (see citation below). He reports that James Martin asked Rawlings for a Nomad solution to a standard problem Martin called the Engineer's Problem: "give 6% raises to engineers whose job ratings had an average of 7 or better." Martin provided a "dozen pages of COBOL, and then just a page or two of Mark IV, from Informatics." Rawlings offered the following single statement, performing a set-at-a-time operation...
The development of the 4GL was influenced by several factors, with the hardware and operating system constraints having a large weight. When the 4GL was first introduced, a disparate mix of hardware and operating systems mandated custom application development support that was specific to the system in order to ensure sales. One example is the MAPPER system developed by Sperry. Though it has roots back to the beginning, the system has proven successful in many applications and has been ported to modern platforms. The latest variant is embedded in the BIS[5] offering of Unisys. MARK-IV is now known as VISION:BUILDER and is offered by Computer Associates.
Santa Fe railroad used MAPPER to develop a system, in a project that was an early example of 4GL, rapid prototyping, and programming by users.[6] The idea was that it was easier to teach railroad experts to use MAPPER than to teach programmers the "intricacies of railroad operations".[7]
One of the early (and portable) languages that had 4GL properties was Ramis developed by Gerald C. Cohen at Mathematica, a mathematical software company. Cohen left Mathematica and founded Information Builders to create a similar reporting-oriented 4GL, called FOCUS.
Later 4GL types are tied to a database system and are far different from the earlier types in their use of techniques and resources that have resulted from the general improvement of computing with time.
An interesting twist to the 4GL scene is realization that graphical interfaces and the related reasoning done by the user form a 'language' that is poorly understood.
Types[edit]
A number of different types of 4GLs exist:
Table-driven (codeless) programming, usually running with a runtime framework and libraries. Instead of using code, the developer defines their logic by selecting an operation in a pre-defined list of memory or data table manipulation commands. In other words, instead of coding, the developer uses table-driven algorithm programming (see also control tables that can be used for this purpose). A good example of this type of 4GL language is PowerBuilder. These types of tools can be used for business application development usually consisting in a package allowing for both business data manipulation and reporting, therefore they come with GUI screens and report editors. They usually offer integration with lower level DLLs generated from a typical 3GL for when the need arise for more hardware/OS specific operations.
Report-generator programming languages take a description of the data format and the report to generate and from that they either generate the required report directly or they generate a program to generate the report. See also RPG
Similarly, forms generators manage online interactions with the application system users or generate programs to do so.
More ambitious 4GLs (sometimes termed fourth generation environments) attempt to automatically generate whole systems from the outputs of CASE tools, specifications of screens and reports, and possibly also the specification of some additional processing logic.
Data management 4GLs such as SAS, SPSS and Stata provide sophisticated coding commands for data manipulation, file reshaping, case selection and data documentation in the preparation of data for statistical analysis and reporting.
Some 4GLs have integrated tools which allow for the easy specification of all the required information:
James Martin's version of Information Engineering systems development methodology was automated to allow the input of the results of system analysis and design in the form of data flow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, entity life history diagrams etc. from which hundreds of thousands of lines of COBOL would be generated overnight.
More recently Oracle Corporation's Oracle Designer and Oracle Developer Suite 4GL products could be integrated to produce database definitions and the forms and reports programs.
Low code environments[edit]
In the twenty first century, 4GL systems have emerged as "low code" environments or platforms for the problem of rapid application development in short periods of time. Vendors often provide sample systems such as CRM, contract management, bug tracking from which development can occur with little programming.[8]
Examples[edit]
General use / versatile[edit]
Accelerator (Productivity)
Accell/SQL (4GL) from Unify Corporation.
Clarion
Clipper
CA-Telon 4GL Cobol/PLI generator
Cognos PowerHouse 4GL
DataFlex
Forté TOOL (transactional object-oriented language)
FOCUS
Visual FoxPro
GeneXus
IBM Rational EGL (Enterprise Generation Language)
LabVIEW
LANSA
LINC
Omnis Studio SDK
OutSystems (Productivity/PaaS)
PowerBuilder
Oracle Application Development Framework
DEC RALLY
SheerPower4GL (Microsoft Windows only)
SQLWindows/Team Developer
Uniface
Visual DataFlex (Microsoft Windows only)
Unix Shell
XBase++
Harbour
Database query languages[edit]
FOCUS
4D QL
Informix-4GL
OpenEdge ABL
OpenROAD (Ingres 4GL)
Ramis
SQL
Report generators[edit]
LIRC
Oracle Reports
Progress 4GL Query/Results
RPG-II
Extract data from files or database to create reports in a wide range of formats is done by the report generator tools.
Data manipulation, analysis, and reporting languages[edit]
Ab Initio
ABAP
Audit Command Language
Clarion Programming Language
CorVision
Culprit
ADS/Online (plus transaction processing)
Easytrieve
FOCUS
GraphTalk
IDL
IGOR Pro
Informix-4GL
JSL
LANSA
LabVIEW
MANTIS
MAPPER (Unisys/Sperry) now part of BIS
MARK-IV (Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
Simulink a component of MATLAB
Nomad
PL/SQL
Progress 4GL
PROIV
R
Ramis
S
Scilab
SAS
SPSS
SQL PL
SQR
Stata
Synon
Wolfram Language
XBase++
Xquery
GUI creators[edit]
4th Dimension (Software)
MATLAB's GUIDE
Omnis Studio
OpenROAD
Progress 4GL AppBuilder
SuperTalk
LiveCode
XUL Can be used with Xquery
Visual DataFlex
Mathematical optimization[edit]
AIMMS
AMPL
GAMS
MathProg
Database-driven GUI application development[edit]
C/AL
Genexus
SB+/SystemBuilder
Unify VISION
Low code development platforms[9][10][11][edit]
Appcelerator
Appian
Bizagi
K2[12]
Kony[13]
Mendix
OutSystems
PNMsoft
Progress
ServiceNow
ViziApps
Screen painters and generators[edit]
SB+/SystemBuilder
Oracle Forms
Progress 4GL ProVision
Web development languages[edit]
ActiveVFP
CFML
LANSA
Wavemaker
OutSystems
What's previous[edit]
First-generation programming language
Second-generation programming language
Third-generation programming language
What's next[edit]
Fifth-generation programming language
See also[edit]
List of fourth-generation programming languages
Domain-specific programming language
Rapid application development
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1002 Domain-Specific Languages for Software Engineering Archived May 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Arie van Deursen; Paul Klint; Joost Visser (1998). "Domain-Specific Languages:An Annotated Bibliography". Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
Jump up ^ Martin, James. Application Development Without Programmers. Prentice-Hall, 1981. ISBN 0-13-038943-9.
Jump up ^ Columbia University Computing History: IBM Cards
Jump up ^ Unisys. Business Information Server Archived 2006-08-21 at the Wayback Machine. (BIS).
Jump up ^ Louis Schlueter, User-Designed Computing: The Next Generation, 1988. [book on report generator and MAPPER systems]
Jump up ^ McNurlin & Sprague. Technologies for Developing Systems[permanent dead link] Information Systems Management in Practice. Prentice Hall, 2003. ISBN 0-13-101139-1
Jump up ^ http://www.zdnet.com/article/how-salesforce-is-using-low-code-orchestration-to-save-floundering-iot-projects/
Jump up ^ https://www.pcmag.com/roundup/353252/the-best-low-code-development-platforms?source=autosuggest
Jump up ^ https://www.computerworld.com/article/3235985/apple-ios/10-wireless-chargers-for-apples-new-iphone-x.html#slide11
Jump up ^ https://www.infoworld.com/article/3214637/mobile-development/25-simple-tools-for-building-mobile-apps-fast.html#slide1
Jump up ^ https://www.k2.com/
Jump up ^ https://www.kony.com/
External links[edit]
FourGen CASE Tools - Rapid Application Development Environment
Four J's Development Tools Genero, Genero Studio
IBM Informix Genero
4GL GPL/GNU OpenSource development tools project
Domain-Specific Languages for Software Engineering (Compares 4GLs to DSLs)
The fourgen site
The Gillani fourgen site
Up ! 5GL to consolidate or to build component-based applications
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
[show]
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text:
iPhone 6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
iPhone 6
iPhone 6 Plus
iPhone 6 in Silver
Codename
N61
Brand
Apple Inc.
Manufacturer
Foxconn, Pegatron (on contract)[1]
Slogan
"Bigger than bigger"[2]
"The two and only"
Generation
8th
Model
6: A1549, A1586, A1589
6 Plus: A1522, A1524, A1593
Compatible networks
GSM, CDMA, 3G, EVDO, HSPA+, 4G, LTE
First released
September 19, 2014; 4 years ago (2014-09-19) (16, 64 and 128GB models)
March 2017 (32GB model)[3]
Availability by Region
September 19, 2014[4][show]
United States
Italy
United Kingdom
Canada
France
Germany
Australia
Hong Kong
Singapore
Japan
Puerto Rico
Nigeria
September 26, 2014[4][show]
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Taiwan
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
October 17, 2014[5][6][show]
China
India
Monaco
October 23, 2014[6][show]
Israel
Tanzania
October 24, 2014[6][show]
Czech Republic
French West Indies
Greenland
Kenya
Malta
Poland
Reunion Island
South Africa
October 30, 2014[6][show]
Bahrain
Kuwait
October 31, 2014[6][show]
Albania
Bosnia
Croatia
Egypt
Estonia
Greece
Guam
Hungary
Iceland
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Macau
Macedonia
Mexico
Moldova
Montenegro
Palestinian territories
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Thailand
Ukraine
November 6, 2014[show]
Brunei
Malaysia
November 14, 2014[show]
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Lebanon
Philippines
Vietnam
February 6, 2015[show]
Indonesia
Mauritius
Discontinued
September 9, 2015 (128 GB models); September 7, 2016 (16 and 64 GB models); September 12, 2018 (32 GB models)
Units sold
Over 10 million in opening weekend; 220+ million total
Predecessor
iPhone 5C
iPhone 5S
Successor
iPhone 6S / iPhone 6S Plus
Type
6: Smartphone
6 Plus: Phablet
Form factor
Slate
Dimensions
6:
H 138.1 mm (5.44 in)
W 67.0 mm (2.64 in)
D 6.9 mm (0.27 in) (inc. lens, 7.5 mm, 0.30 in)[7][8]

6 Plus:
H 158.1 mm (6.22 in)
W 77.8 mm (3.06 in)
D 7.1 mm (0.28 in) (inc. lens, 7.67 mm, 0.302 in[7][9]
Weight
6: 129 g (4.6 oz)
6 Plus: 172 g (6.1 oz)
Operating system
Original: iOS 8.0 (16/64/128GB versions)
iOS 10.2.1 (32 GB version)
Current: iOS 12.0.1, released October 8, 2018 (2018-10-08)
System on chip
Apple A8
CPU
1.4 GHz dual-core 64-bit ARMv8-A "Typhoon"
GPU
PowerVR Series 6 GX6450 (quad-core)[10]
Memory
1 GB LPDDR3 RAM
Storage
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
Battery
6: 3.82 V 6.91 W·h (1,810 mA·h) Lithium polymer battery[11]
6 Plus: 3.82 V 11.1 W·h (2,915 mA·h) Lithium polymer battery[12]
Data inputs
Multi-touch touchscreen display, triple microphone, Apple M8 motion coprocessor, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, digital compass, iBeacon, proximity sensor, ambient light sensor, Touch ID fingerprint reader, barometer
Display
6: 4.7 in (120 mm) Retina HD: LED-backlit IPS LCD, 1334×750 px resolution (326 ppi) (128 px/cm) pixel density, 16:9 aspect ratio, 1400:1 typ. contrast ratio[13]
6 Plus: 5.5 in (140 mm) Retina HD: LED-backlit IPS LCD 1920×1080 (401 ppi) (158 px/cm) pixel density, 16:9 aspect ratio, 1300:1 typ. contrast ratio[13]
All models: 500 cd/m² max. brightness (typical), with dual-ion exchange-strengthened glass
Rear camera
6: 8 MP with 1.5 focus pixels, True Tone Flash, autofocus, IR filter, burst mode, f/2.2 aperture, 1080p HD video recording (30 fps or 60 fps), slow-motion video (720p 120 fps or 240 fps), timelapse, panorama (up to 43 megapixels), facial recognition, stills from video, auto-HDR,
digital image stabilization
6 Plus: In addition to above: optical image stabilization
Front camera
1.2 MP (1280×960 px max.), 720p video recording (30 fps), burst mode, f/2.2 aperture, exposure control, face detection, auto-HDR
Sound
Mono speaker, 3.5 mm stereo audio jack
Connectivity
All models:[show]
UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz), CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz), GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), Wi-Fi (802.11 a/b/g/n/ac) (802.11n: 2.4 and 5 GHz), Bluetooth 4.2, NFC, GPS & GLONASS
models A1549 & A1522:[show]
LTE (bands 1 to 5, 7, 8, 13, 17 to 20, 25, 26, 28, 29)[14]
models A1586 & A1524[show]
LTE (bands 1 to 5, 7, 8, 13, 17 to 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38 to 41), TD-SCDMA 1900 (F), 2000 (A)[14]
SAR
6[15][show]
Model A1549
Head: 1.08 W/kg
Body: 1.14 W/kg
Model A1586
Head: 1.08 W/kg
Body: 1.14 W/kg
Model A1589
Head: 0.38 W/kg
6 Plus[16][show]
Model A1522
Head: 1.14 W/kg
Body: 1.16 W/kg
Model A1524
Head: 1.19 W/kg
Body: 1.19 W/kg
Model A1593
Head: 0.37 W/kg
Hearing aid compatibility
M3, T4
Website
Apple - iPhone 6 at the Wayback Machine (archived December 2, 2014)
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The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the eighth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5S that were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014.[17] The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly were themselves replaced as the flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus on September 9, 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus include larger 4.7 and 5.5 inches (120 and 140 mm) displays, a faster processor, upgraded cameras, improved LTE and Wi-Fi connectivity and support for a near field communications-based mobile payments offering.[18][19]
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their improved design, specifications, camera, and battery life as being improvements over previous iPhone models. However, aspects of the design of iPhone 6 were also panned, including plastic strips on the rear of the device for its antenna that disrupted the otherwise metal exterior, and the screen resolution of the standard-sized iPhone 6 being lower than other devices in its class. Pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus exceeded four million within its first 24 hours of availability—an Apple record.[20] More than ten million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days, another Apple record.[21] During its lifespan, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus sold 220 million in total, making them the best selling iPhone models, so far, and one of the most successful phones to date.
Despite their positive reception, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus have been the subject of several hardware issues, including most prominently, being susceptible to bending under pressure, such as in a pocket. The iPhone 6s and 6s Plus were made with 7000 series aluminum (a design flaw nicknamed "Bendgate"), and as a byproduct of this lack of rigidity, the touchscreen's internal hardware being susceptible to losing its connection to the phone's logic board (nicknamed "Touch Disease"). The iPhone 6 Plus was also the subject of camera issues, including some devices with malfunctioning optical image stabilization or otherwise defects on rear cameras.
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the midrange spot in Apple's iPhone lineup when the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in September 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued in most countries on September 7, 2016 when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. Their spot as the entry-level iPhone was replaced by the iPhone SE, which was released earlier on March 31, 2016. The iPhone 6 was relaunched with 32 GB of storage in Asian markets in February 2017 as a midrange/budget iPhone. It was later expanded to Europe,[3][22] before hitting the US markets in May 2017,[23] and Canada in July 2017.[24] The 32 GB model of the iPhone 6 was discontinued on September 12, 2018, with the announcement of the iPhone XR.
Contents
1 History
2 Specifications
2.1 Hardware
2.2 Software
3 Reception
4 Hardware issues
4.1 Chassis bending
4.2 Hair ripping
4.3 Flash storage performance
4.4 iPhone 6 Plus camera issues
4.5 "Error 53"
4.6 Touchscreen failure
5 Sales
6 Timeline of models
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History
From the launch of the original iPhone to the iPhone 4S, iPhones used 3.5-inch displays—which are smaller than screens used by flagship phones from competitors. The iPhone 5 and its immediate successors featured a display that was taller, but the same width as prior models, measuring at 4 inches diagonally. Following Apple's loss in smartphone market share to companies producing phones with larger displays, reports as early as January 2014 suggested that Apple was preparing to launch new iPhone models with larger, 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch displays.[25][26][27] Reports prior to its unveiling also speculated that Apple might use a new iPhone model to introduce a mobile payments platform using near-field communications—a technology that has been incorporated into many Android phones, but has experienced a low adoption rate among users.[28]
The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were officially unveiled during a press event at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino, California on September 9, 2014 and released on September 19, 2014; pre-orders began on September 12, 2014, with the iPhone 6 starting at US$649 and the iPhone 6 Plus starting at US$749.[29] In China, where the iPhone 5c and 5s were the first models in the iPhone series to be released in the country on the same day as their international launch, Apple notified local wireless carriers that it would be unable to release the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on the 19th because there were "details which are not ready"; local media reported that the devices had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and earlier in the year, a news report by state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhone devices were a threat to national security because iOS 7's "frequent locations" function could expose "state secrets."[30][31]
In August 2015, Apple admitted that some iPhone 6 Plus models may have faulty cameras that could be causing photos to look blurry and initiated a replacement program.[32][33][34]
On September 9, 2015, with the release of the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the mid-range of the iPhone lineup. The 128 GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus was discontinued along with the gold version of both phones, but the 16 GB and 64 GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus in silver and space gray remain available for sale at a reduced price.[35]
In June 2016, Apple faced a potential sales ban in China, as Shenzhen Baili, a Chinese device maker, alleged that the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus infringed on its design patent.[36]
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued on September 7, 2016, when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, and the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus's spot as the entry-level iPhone has since been taken by the iPhone SE. As the iPhone SE has more powerful internal hardware than the midrange iPhone 6 (largely the same as the 6S) and had been released earlier on March 31, 2016, this created an unusual situation when it was sold alongside the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus until September 7 despite being marketed as a lower-tier iPhone.
In February 2017, the iPhone 6 was quietly relaunched in carrier stores and online, this time the storage has been changed to 32 GB. In India it was sold on Amazon's website in Space Grey. In Taiwan, it was sold through Taiwan Mobile on March 10 in gold colour. In mid-March, it was released in the EU to Belarus via the i-Store web shop. It also makes an appearance in North America with Sprint based US prepaid carriers Boost Mobile and Virgin Mobile, along with AT&T GoPhone. These are not being distributed by Apple on their website or their retail stores.
Specifications
Hardware
The design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus is influenced by that of the iPad Air with a glass front that is curved around the edges of the display, and an aluminum rear that contains two plastic strips for the antenna.[37] Both models come in gold, silver, and "space gray" finishes. The iPhone 6 has a thickness of 6.9 millimetres (0.27 in), while the iPhone 6 Plus is 7.1 mm (0.28 in) in thickness; both are thinner than the iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s, with the iPhone 6 being Apple's thinnest phone to date. The most significant changes to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are its displays; both branded as "Retina HD Display" and "ion-strengthened", the iPhone 6 display is 4.7 inches in size with a 16:9 resolution of 1334x750 (326 ppi, minus one row of pixels), while the iPhone 6 Plus includes a 5.5-inch 1920x1080 (1080p) display (401 PPI). The displays use a multiple-domain LCD panel, dubbed "dual-domain pixels"; the RGB pixels themselves are skewed in pattern, so that every pixel is seen from a different angle. This technique helps improve the viewing angles of the display.[38]
To accommodate the larger physical size of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, the power button was moved to the side of the phone instead of the top to improve its accessibility.[18][19] The iPhone 6 features a 6.91 Wh (1810 mAh) battery, while the iPhone 6 Plus features an 11.1 Wh (2915 mAh) battery. Unlike the previous model, the rear-facing camera is not flush with the rear of the device, but instead protrudes slightly.[39]
Both models include an Apple A8 system-on-chip, and an M8 motion co-processor—an update of the M7 chip from the iPhone 5s. The primary difference between the M8 and the original M7 coprocessor is that the M8 also includes a barometer to measure altitude changes. Phil Schiller touted that the A8 chip would provide, in comparison to the 5s, a 25% increase in CPU performance, a 50% increase in graphics performance, and less heat output. Early hands-on reports suggested that the A8's GPU performance might indeed break away from previous generations doubling of performance at each yearly release, scoring 21204.26 in Base mark X compared to 20253.80, 10973.36 and 5034.75 on respectively the 5s, 5 and 4s.[40]
The expanded LTE connectivity on the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus is improved to LTE Advanced, with support for over 20 LTE bands (7 more than the iPhone 5s),[41] for up to 150 Mbit/s download speed, and VoLTE support. Wi-Fi performance has been improved with support for 802.11ac specifications, providing speeds up to 433.0581 Mbit/s—which is up to 3 times faster than 802.11n,[41] along with Wi-Fi Calling support where available. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus add support for near-field communications (NFC). It is initially used exclusively for Apple Pay—a new mobile payments system which allows users to store their credit cards in Passbook for use with online payments and retail purchases over NFC.[42][43] iOS 11 will provide support for uses of near-field communications besides Apple Pay.[44]
The iPhone 6's rear-facing camera now has the ability to shoot 1080p video at either 30 or 60 frames per second and slow-motion video at either 120 or 240 frames per second. The camera also includes phase detection autofocus.[45] It can also record . The iPhone 6 Plus camera is nearly identical, but also includes optical image stabilization.[18][19] The front-facing camera was also updated with a new sensor and f/2.2 aperture, along with support for burst and HDR modes.[18][19]
Software
See also: iOS version history, iOS 8, iOS 9, iOS 10, iOS 11, and iOS 12
When first released, the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were supplied pre-loaded with iOS 8, while the iPhone 5S was supplied pre-loaded with iOS 7. Apps are able to take advantage of the increased screen size in the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus to display more information on-screen; for example, the Mail app uses a dual-pane layout similar to its iPad version when the device is in landscape mode on the iPhone 6 Plus. As it uses an identical aspect ratio, apps designed for the iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and 5S can be upscaled for use on the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus. To improve the usability of the devices' larger screens, an additional "Reachability" gesture was added; double-tapping the Home button will slide the top half of the screen's contents down to the bottom half of the screen. This function allows users to reach buttons located near the top of the screen, such as a "Back" button in the top-left corner.[18][19]
Reception
Both iPhone 6 models received generally positive reviews. Re/code called it "the best smartphone you can buy".[46] TechRadar praised the iPhone 6's "brilliant" design, improved battery life over the 5s, iOS 8 for being "smarter and more intuitive than ever", along with the quality of its camera. However, the plastic antenna strips on the rear of the phone were criticized for resulting in poor aesthetics, the display for having lower resolution and pixel density in comparison to other recent smartphones – including those with the same physical screen size as the iPhone 6, such as the HTC One, and for not having a sufficient justification for its significantly higher price in comparison to similar devices running Android or Windows Phone.[47] The Verge considered the iPhone 6 to be "simply and cleanly designed" in comparison to the 5s, noting that the phone still felt usable despite its larger size, but criticized the antenna plastic, the protruding camera lens (which prevents the device from sitting flat without a case), and the lack of additional optimization in the operating system for the bigger screen. Improvements such as performance, battery life, VoLTE support, and other tweaks were also noted. In conclusion, the iPhone 6 was considered "good, even great, but there’s little about it that’s truly ambitious or truly moving the needle. It’s just a refinement of a lot of existing ideas into a much more pleasant package".[37]
In regards to the 6 Plus, Engadget panned its design for being uncomfortable to hold and harder to grip in comparison to other devices such as the Galaxy Note 3 and LG G3, but praised its inclusion of optical image stabilization and slightly better battery life than the 6.[45]
Hardware issues
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were affected by a number of notable hardware-related issues, including but not limited to concerns surrounding their rigidity (which led to incidents surrounding chassis bending, as well as degradation or outright loss of touchscreen functionality), performance issues on models with larger storage capacity, camera problems on the 6 Plus model, as well as an initially undocumented "error 53" that appeared under certain circumstances.
Chassis bending
Shortly after its public release, it was reported that the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus chassis was susceptible to bending under pressure, such as when carried tightly in a user's pocket. While such issues are not exclusive to the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, the design flaw came to be known among users and the media as "Bendgate".[48][49]
Apple responded to the bending allegations, stating that they had only received nine complaints of bent devices, and that the damage occurring due to regular use is "extremely rare." The company maintained that the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus went through durability testing to ensure they would stand up to daily use.[50] The company offered to replace phones that were bent, if it is determined that the bending was unintentional.[48]
On October 1, 2014, it was reported by Axel Telzerow, editor-in-chief of the German technology magazine Computer Bild, that following the posting of a video where a presenter was able to bend an iPhone 6 Plus, an Apple Germany representative informed the publication that it had been banned from future Apple events and that it would no longer receive devices directly from Apple for testing. Telzerow responded by saying that "we congratulate you to your fine new generation of iPhones, even if one of them has a minor weakness with its casing. But we are deeply disappointed about the lack of respect of your company."[51]
Hair ripping
On October 3, 2014 9to5Mac released a post claiming that certain iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus users complained on social networking sites that the phone ripped off their hair when they held the phone close to their ears when making phone calls.[52] Twitter users claimed that the seam between the glass screen and aluminum back of the iPhone 6 is to blame, with hair becoming caught within it.[53][54]
Flash storage performance
Some users reported that 64 and 128 GB iPhone 6 models had experienced performance issues, and that some 128 GB iPhone 6 Plus models would, in rare cases, randomly crash and reboot. Business Korea reported that the issues were connected to the triple-layer cell NAND storage of the affected models. Triple-layer cells can store three bits of data per cell of flash, and are cheaper than dual-layer cell solutions, but at the cost of performance. It was reported that Apple had planned to switch the affected model lines back to multi-layer cell flash, and address the performance issues on existing devices in a future iOS update.[55][56][57]
iPhone 6 Plus camera issues
It was reported that the optical image stabilization systems on some iPhone 6 Plus models were faulty, failing to properly stabilize when the phone is being held perfectly still, leading to blurry photos and "wavy"-looking videos.[58] The optical image stabilization system was also found to have been affected by accessories that use magnets, such as third-party lens attachments; Apple issued advisories to users and its licensed accessory makers, warning that magnetic or metallic accessories can cause the OIS to malfunction.[59]
On August 21, 2015, Apple instituted a repair program for iPhone 6 Plus models released between September 2014 and January 2015, citing that faulty rear cameras on affected models may produce blurry pictures.[32][33][34]
Some iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus models have an issue in which the front-facing camera is somehow "shifted", or out of place. Apple stated that they would replace most affected iPhone 6 models with this issue, free of charge. Despite numerous complaints regarding this issue, it does not seem to actually affect the camera itself. It is said that the camera is not what has shifted, but a piece of protective foam around the camera module itself that has gone out of place.[60]
"Error 53"
If the iPhone 6 home button is repaired or modified by a third party, the device will fail security checks related to Touch ID as the components have not been "re-validated" for security reasons—a process which can only be performed by an authorized Apple outlet. Failing these checks disables all features related to Touch ID. Such effects have sometimes happened as a result of damage as well.[61][62]
It was reported these same hardware integrity checks would trigger an unrecoverable loop into "Recovery Mode" if iOS is updated or restored, with attempts to restore the device via iTunes software resulting in an "error 53" message. Beyond the explanation that this is related to hardware integrity errors regarding Touch ID components, Apple provided no official explanation of what specifically triggers error 53 or how it can be fixed without replacing the entire device.[61][62]
On February 18, 2016, Apple released an iOS 9.2.1 patch through iTunes which addresses this issue, and admitted that error 53 was actually related to a diagnostic check for inspecting the Touch ID hardware before an iPhone is shipped from its factories.[63]
Touchscreen failure
Touchscreen control components on iPhone 6 logic boards have insufficient support, including a lack of underfill—which strengthens and stabilizes integrated circuits, and a lack of rigid metal shielding on the logic board unlike previous iPhone models; the touchscreen controller is instead shielded by a flexible "sticker". Normal use of the device can cause the logic board to flex internally, which strains the touchscreen IC connectors and leads to a degradation or outright loss of touchscreen functionality. A symptom that has been associated with this type of failure is a flickering grey bar near the top of the display.[64][65] iFixit reported that this issue, nicknamed "touch disease",[64][66][67] was a byproduct of the previous "Bendgate" design flaw because of the device's demonstrated lack of rigidity. As such, the larger iPhone 6 Plus is more susceptible to the flaw, but it has also been reported on a small percentage of iPhone 6 models.[67][68][69] The devices' successor, the iPhone 6S, is not afflicted by this flaw due to changes to their internal design, which included the strengthening of "key points" in the rear casing, and the re-location of the touchscreen controllers to the display assembly from the logic board.[68]
Initially, Apple did not officially acknowledge this issue. The issue was widely discussed on Apple's support forum—where posts discussing the issue have been subject to censorship.[65] The touchscreen can be repaired via microsoldering: Apple Stores are not equipped with the tools needed to perform the logic board repair, which had led to affected users sending their devices to unofficial, third-party repair services. An Apple Store employee interviewed by Apple Insider reported that six months after they first started noticing the problem, Apple had issued guidance instructing them to tell affected users that this was a hardware issue which could not be repaired, and that their iPhone had to be replaced. However, some in-stock units have also been afflicted with this issue out of the box, leading to an employee stating that they were "tired of pulling service stock out of the box, and seeing the exact same problem that the customer has on the replacement".[69][70] The issue received mainstream attention in August 2016 when reported by iFixit.[64][67][69] On August 26, 2016, Apple Insider reported that based on data from four "high-traffic" Apple Store locations, there was a spike in the number of iPhone 6 devices brought into them for repairs following mainstream reports of the "touch disease" problem.[70]
On August 30, 2016, a group of three iPhone 6 owners sued Apple Inc. in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and filed for a proposed class action lawsuit, alleging that Apple was engaging in unfair business practices by having "long been aware" of the defective design, yet actively refusing to acknowledge or repair it.[66][71][72]
On November 17, 2016, Apple officially acknowledged the issue and announced a paid repair program for affected iPhone 6 Plus models, stating that "some iPhone 6 Plus devices may exhibit display flickering or Multi-Touch issues after being dropped multiple times on a hard surface and then incurring further stress on the device".[73]
Sales
Apple Inc. announced that, within 24 hours of availability, over 4 million pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were made, exceeding the supply available.[74] More than 10 million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days.[75]
Timeline of models
Sources: Apple Newsroom Archive[76]

See also
Apple Inc. portal
List of iOS devices
History of iPhone
Comparison of smartphones
iPhone 6 with coffee cup
References
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to iPhone 6.
iPhone 6 / iPhone 6 Plus – official site
Mac Rumors iPhone 6 Review
Preceded by
iPhone 5C / iPhone 5S iPhone 6/Plus
8th generation Succeeded by
iPhone 6S/Plus
show
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone_6&oldid=863094249"
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IPhone 6 – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: آیفون ۶ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Armenian
hy
hy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: आईफ़ोन 6 – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: אייפון 6 – Hebrew

values:
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Kazakh
kk
kk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: आईफोन सिक्स – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphone_6
Iphone 6 – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Tatar
tt
tt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: ไอโฟน 6 – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Tajik
tg
tg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_6
IPhone 6 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-IPhone_6 rootpage-IPhone_6 skin-vector action-view