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Five-Year Plans of India
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From 1947 to 2017, the indian economyIndian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister. Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last deputy chairman of the commission (resigned on 26 May 2014). The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017.[1] Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans.[2] The new government led by Narendra Modi, elected in 2014, has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog (an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 First Plan (1951–1956)
3 Second Plan (1956–1961)
4 Third Plan (1961–1966)
5 Fourth Plan (1969–1974)
6 Fifth Plan (1974–1978)
7 Rolling Plan (1978–1980)
8 Sixth Plan (1980–1985)
9 Seventh Plan (1985–1990)
10 Annual Plans (1990–1992)
11 Eighth Plan (1992–1997)
12 Ninth Plan (1997–2002)
13 Tenth Plan (2002–2007)
14 Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)
15 Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)
16 See also
17 References
18 External links
History[edit]
Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs. Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China and India both continue to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (guihua), rather than a plan (jihua), to signify the central government’s more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[3]
The First Five-Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence. Thus, it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country (but less than the Second Plan, which focused on heavy industries). It built a particular system of mixed economy, with a great role for the public sector (with an emerging welfare state), as well as a growing private sector (represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan).
First Plan (1951–1956)[edit]
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The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five-Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications.
The total planned budget of Rs.2069 crore (2378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2%), agriculture and community development (17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry (8.4%), social services (16.6%), rehabilitation of landless farmers (4.1%), and for other sectors and services (2.5%). The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problems—deficiency of capital and low capacity to save.
The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children's health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth.
At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The University Grants Commission (UGC) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan was quasi successful for the government.
Second Plan (1956–1961)[edit]
The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods.[4][5]
Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east.
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes. In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.
The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs.48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous.
"The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.[6]"
Third Plan (1961–1966)[edit]
The Third Five-year Plan, stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat.
Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities.
State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and higher education. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.
The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.[6]
Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created.
Fourth Plan (1969–1974)[edit]
At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development. India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test (Pokhran-1) in Rajasthan on May 18, 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal. The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war.
The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.[6]
Fifth Plan (1974–1978)[edit]
The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation (Garibi Hatao), and justice. The plan also focused on self-reliance in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission.[7][citation needed]
The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic. Tourism also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1974 to 1979.
The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people.
The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%.[6]
Rolling Plan (1978–1980)[edit]
The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made.The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed. The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy. The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country’s economy. The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year, it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress.
Sixth Plan (1980–1985)[edit]
The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation. Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of Nehruvian socialism. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee. Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation. In contrast to China's strict and binding one-child policy, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force[citation needed]. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high birth rate.
The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.7%.[6] The only Five-Year Plan which was done twice.[clarification needed]
Seventh Plan (1985–1990)[edit]
The Seventh Five-Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.
The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice".
As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy.
Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year.
Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below:
Balance of payments (estimates): Export – ₹330 billion (US$5.1 billion), Imports – (-)₹540 billion (US$8.3 billion), Trade Balance – (-)₹210 billion (US$3.2 billion)
Merchandise exports (estimates): ₹606.53 billion (US$9.3 billion)
Merchandise imports (estimates): ₹954.37 billion (US$14.6 billion)
Projections for balance of payments: Export – ₹607 billion (US$9.3 billion), Imports – (-) ₹954 billion (US$14.6 billion), Trade Balance- (-) ₹347 billion (US$5.3 billion)
Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.
The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.[8] and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%.
Annual Plans (1990–1992)[edit]
The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992–1997.
Eighth Plan (1992–1997)[edit]
1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five-year plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in foreign exchange (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about US$1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh (later Prime Minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of liberalization, privatisation and globalization (LPG) in India.
Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of Panchayati rajs, Nagar Palikas, NGOs, decentralisation and people's participation.
Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay.
The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%.
To achieve the target of an average of 5.6% per annum, investment of 23.2% of the gross domestic product was required. The incremental capital ratio is 4.1. The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources, with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6% of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6% of gross domestic production.[9]
Ninth Plan (1997–2002)[edit]
The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured the states' ability to proceed on the path of faster development. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country. In addition, the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country. New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans (SAPs) were evolved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy.
Budget
The Ninth Five-Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹859,200 crore (US$130 billion). The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw a hike of 48% in terms of plan expenditure and 33% in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. In the total outlay, the share of the center was approximately 57% while it was 43% for the states and the union territories.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country. The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity. The Ninth Five-Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society.
Objectives
The main objective of the Ninth Five-Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country. Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five-Year Plan were:
Population control.
Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development.
Reduction of poverty.
Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor.
Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities.
Primary education to all children in the country.
Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes and other backward classes.
Developing self-reliance in terms of agriculture.
Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices.
Strategies
Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy.
New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country.
Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth.
Combination of public and private support to increase employment.
Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self-reliance.
Providing services like electricity, telecommunication, railways etc.
Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country.
Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions/bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process.
Performance
The Ninth Five-Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4% against a target of 6.5%
The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1% against the target of 4.2%
The industrial growth in the country was 4.5% which was higher than that of the target of 3%
The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8%.
An average annual growth rate of 6.7% was reached.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio-economic development of the country. However, for a well-planned economy of any country, there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation. A combined effort of public, private, and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India's economy.
The target growth was 7.1% and the actual growth was 6.8%.
Tenth Plan (2002–2007)[edit]
The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan:
Attain 8% GDP growth per year.
Reduction of poverty rate by 5% by 2007.
Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force.
Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.
20-point program was introduced.
Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%.
The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities.
Expenditure of ₹43,825 crore (US$6.7 billion) for tenth five years.
Out of total plan outlay, ₹921,291 crore (US$140 billion) (57.9%) was for central government and ₹691,009 crore (US$110 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories.
Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)[edit]
it was in the period of Manmohan Singh as a prime minister.
It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18-23 years of age group by 2011-12.
It focused on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and IT education institutions.
Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty reduction).
Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein.
Empowerment through education and skill development.
Reduction of gender inequality.
Environmental sustainability.
To increase the growth rate in agriculture, industry and services to 4%, 10% and 9% respectively.
Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1.
Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009.
Increase agriculture growth to 4%.
Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)[edit]
Main article: 12th Five-Year Plan (India)
The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.[10]
With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible. The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi.
"It is not possible to think of an average of 9% [in the 12th plan]. I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible,” Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the 12th Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%.
“When I say feasible... that will require major effort. If you don’t do that, there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012–13) is 6.5 to 7 percent.”
He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country’s NDC for its approval.
The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Ahluwalia said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period". Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan. The commission had said, while using the Tendulkar poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5%points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993–95 to 2004–05.[11] The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks. The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US$1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five-year plan, which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product). The UID (Unique Identification Number) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan.
The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan were:
To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non farm sector.
To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment.
To enhance access to higher education.
To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0-3 years.
To provide electricity to all villages.
To ensure that 50% of the rural population have accesses to proper drinking water.
To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year.
To provide access to banking services to 90% of households.
See also[edit]
Five-year plans of China
Five-Year Plans of Romania
Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union
Common minimum programme
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Planning Commission, Government of India : Five Year Plans. Planningcommission.nic.in. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
Jump up ^ Planning Commission (24 February 1997). "A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-09-17.
Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall "Five Year Plans" in Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Vol. 7 pp. 156–160
Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir, India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity (London and New York: Routledge 2008), Chapter 2.
Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e L. N. Dash (2000). World bank and economic development of India. APH Publishing. p. 375. ISBN 81-7648-121-1.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm
Jump up ^ Agrawal, A N (1995). Indian Economy: Problems of development and planning. pune: Wishwa Prakashan. p. 676.
Jump up ^ "National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan". Indian Express. 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
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Texas Highway Patrol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Texas Highway Patrol
Texas Highway Patrol Crest
Texas Highway Patrol Door Seal
Texas Highway Patrol Badge
Texas Highway Patrol Patch
Abbreviation
THP/TxDPS
Motto
Courtesy, Service, Protection
Agency overview
Formed
1899
Preceding agency
Texas Highway Motor Patrol
Dissolved
1999
Employees
7,611 (as of 2004)[1]
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction
Texas, U.S.
Size
261,797 square miles (678,050 km2)
Population
26,448,193 (2013)
Legal jurisdiction
State of Texas
Headquarters
Austin, Texas

Troopers
2,863 (as of 2016)
Civilians
4,174 (as of 2004)[1]
Agency executive
Ron Joy
Parent agency
Texas Department of Public Safety
Regions
7
Districts
19
Website
www.txdps.state.tx.us/tle
The Texas Highway Patrol is a division of the Texas Department of Public Safety and is the largest state-level law enforcement agency in the U.S. state of Texas. The patrol's primary duties are enforcement of state traffic laws and commercial vehicle regulation, but it is a fully empowered police agency with authority to enforce criminal law anywhere in the state. Highway patrol troopers are also responsible for patrolling the state Capitol Complex in Austin and providing security to the governor. The current Chief is Lieutenant Colonel Ron Joy.[2]
The highway patrol was founded in 1929 as the Highway Motor Patrol, the first statewide law enforcement agency in Texas since the establishment of the Texas Rangers in 1823, and the first such force to be uniformed and regularly trained. Since 1935, the agency has operated under its current name. Since its inception with just 60 officers, then known as "inspectors", the Texas Highway Patrol has grown to meet the increasing volume of vehicular traffic on Texas roads, modern security threats, and the requirements of twenty-first century policing, currently employing over 2,800 sworn troopers.
The Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS), and by extension the Highway Patrol, is Texas' de facto state police.
Contents
1 History
2 Organization
3 Training
4 Duties
4.1 Variation, Specialization, and Changes
4.1.1 General Law Enforcement
4.1.2 Special Units
4.1.3 Border Operations
5 Statistics
5.1 General
5.2 Activities
6 Uniforms
6.1 Special Uniforms
6.2 Previous Uniforms
7 Vehicles
8 Equipment
9 Salary and Promotions
9.1 Response to 2010 Audit
10 Demographics
11 Fallen officers
12 Grapevine Slayings
12.1 Aftermath
13 Rank structure
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
History[edit]
Texas Highway Patrol car, circa 1953
Early law enforcement in Texas began with the establishment of the Texas Rangers in 1823 by Stephen F. Austin. The Rangers were originally formed to protect American settlers from Indian attacks, and over the years transformed into a paramilitary force. Rangers fought in the Texas Revolution, Mexican–American War, and Civil War. They quickly developed an international reputation for their exploits and perceived fearlessness (Mexican soldiers nicknamed them "Texas Devils" for their scouting and fighting abilities). From 1823 to 1845, they were a territorial force made up of volunteers charged with fighting Native Americans, guarding the Mexican border, and capturing thieves, murderers, and other criminals, occasionally by controversial methods. Nonetheless, it was not until the latter stages of the 19th century and the Texas cattle boom that the Rangers took on a law enforcement, rather than frontier militia, role.
From 1845 (when Texas was annexed to the United States) until the early 20th century, the Rangers were the only form of state law enforcement available. The force was temporarily disbanded by the federal government after the Civil War, and replaced with the short-lived Texas State Police. This agency lasted only three years before the Texas Rangers were reorganized. Until the introduction of the automobile, they remained the only state criminal law enforcement agency in Texas.
The Texas Highway Patrol was established in 1929 as the Texas Highway Motor Patrol, tasked with enforcing traffic laws on Texas roads. The original force was made up of about 60 officers who patrolled on motorcycles, often in pairs. Because of this, it was not uncommon for troopers to drive criminals to jail in the offenders' own cars, then return later for the motorcycle left on the side of the road. When the Texas Department of Public Safety was formed in 1935, the Highway Motor Patrol was transferred into that department and was renamed the Texas Highway Patrol. The use of motorcycles was phased out after World War II, and cars became troopers' main mode of transportation. Two-way radio and teletype were also added in the late 1940s, allowing troopers to communicate with regional dispatch centers. The Aviation Unit was established in 1949 with the purchase of a single-engine aircraft based in Austin.
The 1960s saw some advances in technology, such as radar speed detection. Nevertheless, troopers' work was still mostly based on instinct and visual detection, and was often very hazardous. High-speed pursuits of bootleggers were common, and troopers were required to act as "storm chasers" for the National Weather Service because of the limited weather radar at the time. Motorcycles were introduced again in the 1970s, but the idea was quickly abandoned when the bikes proved unreliable.
Modern troopers use highly sophisticated technology to conduct their duties. GPS lets regional dispatch centers identify a patrol unit's exact location, and in-car computers (Mobile Data Terminals) allow troopers to receive knowledge of a person's background before ever approaching a vehicle. Troopers are increasingly armed with less-lethal weaponry, such as Tasers. The highway patrol was also one of the first agencies in Texas to use digital citation printers en masse. These systems, mounted in the patrol car, allow traffic citations to be largely completed by scanning an offender's identification card into the Mobile Data Terminal. This innovation allows for quicker ticket writing and more legible citations.
As of 2016, the Texas Highway Patrol employs 2,862 sworn troopers; this is an increase of 32% from the 2,162 troopers employed in 2014. Despite the size of the highway patrol and its unique name and function, however, many Texans refer to troopers simply as "DPS", referencing the THP's parent agency. Some are unaware that an entity by the name of "Texas Highway Patrol" even exists, or is distinct from its parent.
Organization[edit]
THP regions and districts
In 2013, the Texas Highway Patrol was divided into seven regions and nineteen districts.[3]
Region I: Dallas
District A: Dallas
District B: Tyler
District C: Mount Pleasant
District D: Hurst
Region II: Houston
District A: Houston
District B: Beaumont
District C: Conroe
District D: Bryan
Region III: McAllen
District A: McAllen
District B: Laredo
District C: Corpus Christi
Region IV: El Paso
District A: Midland
District B: El Paso
Region V: Lubbock
District A: Lubbock
District B: Amarillo
District C: Abilene
Region VI: San Antonio
District A: San Antonio
District B: Austin
District C: Waco
Region VII: Austin
Note: Region VII is a special region which serves as security for the Capitol Complex, Governor's Mansion, and Governor of Texas.
Further division is complex. Districts are divided into two or three sub-districts, each overseen by one or more lieutenants. These are then divided even further into patrol areas encompassing one or two counties, depending on size and population; troopers are assigned to specific counties. Sergeants are responsible for these patrol areas. Captains oversee districts, and majors oversee regions.
The Texas DPS's subdivision maps vary between service divisions, making for overlapping jurisdictional maps. The highway patrol, Texas Rangers, and Criminal Investigations divisions' jurisdictions, for example, do not coincide with one another. Further complicating matters, the DPS administrative division has its own subdivisional map. Even nomenclature used to describe jurisdiction varies—the highway patrol uses "regions" identified by numbers, while the Texas Rangers use "companies" identified by letters.
Training[edit]
Trainees are housed at DPS headquarters in Austin and receive training both there and at a driving and firing range in Williamson County, north of Austin. Academies are paramilitary in nature and are physically and mentally demanding. Academies are styled as Class A/B-(Year), and last anywhere from 18 to 28 weeks. On average, two academies are held per year; this number can be altered by the Texas DPS director as necessary. Hands-on material covered includes weapons training, accident investigation, self-defense, pursuit driving, and intense physical readiness. Classroom study, such as fraudulent document recognition and legal and ethics code study, also plays a large role in cadets' training. Due to the difficult nature of the academy, some classes have graduated fewer than 20% of the starting number. Class A-2017 graduated 122 troopers out of an original 153 trainees, a success rate of 80%.[4]
Trainees are allowed to select a duty assignment from a list of available stations throughout the state, although the Texas DPS makes the ultimate decision on troopers' stations. Priority in assigning posts is typically given to married cadets, but most trainees nonetheless receive their requested assignments. Troopers are typically allowed to request a station transfer after one year of satisfactory service.
Duties[edit]
Texas state troopers perform a number of law enforcement duties and tasks:
Enforce state traffic laws by patrolling the highways and issuing citations to violators.
Arrest drunk drivers, wanted felons, and other criminals, especially during enforcement blitzes.
Respond to, investigate, and report on traffic accidents in rural areas.
Provide security to the state capitol complex and governor.
Inspect commercial vehicles for load and driver fatigue violations.
Assist other DPS divisions with felony investigations, such as narcotics smuggling.
Educate citizens on traffic safety practices such as child safety seats and proper vehicle maintenance.
Provide statewide criminal law enforcement, especially in rural areas where local police are limited.
Participate in selective specialized units, such as regional SWAT teams, marine patrol, and dive recovery.
Variation, Specialization, and Changes[edit]
General Law Enforcement[edit]
Although the highway patrol's primary task is enforcement of state traffic laws, many remote areas of the state require troopers to serve general policing duties because of limited local law enforcement. These duties may include responding to civilian calls for service, serving warrants, patrolling the U.S.-Mexico border, conducting investigations, and other responsibilities.
In other areas, troopers provide assistance to other law enforcement agencies, such as United States Customs and Border Protection, Texas State Game Wardens, and various local and county police entities.
Notwithstanding these duties, the Texas Administrative Code (which codifies operations of state agencies) officially considers traffic patrol and accident investigation in rural, unincorporated areas the priority of the highway patrol.
Special Units[edit]
Tactical Marine: Consists of six armed patrol vessels used to interdict drug traffickers and human smugglers along the Rio Grande and combat violent Mexican drug cartels
Bicycle Patrol: Consists of about eight troopers assigned to patrol the state Capitol Complex on bicycles
Motorcycle Patrol: Unit was begun as an experiment in 2012; now a fully functioning unit including several troopers assigned to the state Capitol Complex
Mounted Horse Patrol: Including three horses and four troopers, the unit was established in 2014 to patrol the state Capitol Complex[5]
Dive Recovery: Consists of several SCUBA-certified troopers from throughout the state who specialize in recovering evidence, deceased persons, and other items from waterways and lakes
Tactical Aviation: Unit consists of numerous rotor and fixed-wing aircraft stationed throughout the state; highway patrol troopers make up only a small portion of this unit
Special Response Teams: Specially trained tactical teams based in each highway patrol region, troopers and criminal investigators serve high-risk warrants and assist in hostage and barricaded subject scenarios[6]
K-9: Consists of several troopers throughout the state who handle dogs trained to detect illegal substances and apprehend dangerous fugitives
Border Operations[edit]
Since 2014, the Texas Highway Patrol has participated in Operation Strong Safety, a program intended to increase law enforcement along the Texas-Mexico border. The patrol's role in Operation Strong Safety (OSS) is to deploy large numbers of troopers to the border in order to add an increased deterrent to drug traffickers and human smugglers. The plan calls for troopers from across the state to serve approximately one week each patrolling border counties, particularly in South Texas; deployments rotate constantly to maintain a steady presence along the border. OSS is the successor to previous similar efforts, such as Operation Border Star, and was approved by the Texas Legislature with an $800 million price tag.
These deployments of large numbers of troopers have been criticized by some. Many troopers complained about participating in the operation, and others were injured during pursuits and struggles with Mexican cartels. Between January 2005 and June 2009, Hidalgo County troopers were involved in 656 vehicle pursuits - 30 times the average for troopers in other counties - with only about 40% of suspects being apprehended.[7] Some experts also question the patrol's aggressive pursuit tactics, which often involve shooting out the tires of fleeing vehicles and performing roadblock techniques. Controversy about the role of firearms in pursuits arose in October 2012 after a THP sharpshooter in a helicopter opened fire on a suspected drug smuggler, accidentally killing two illegal immigrants who were concealed within the vehicle.[8]
In 2015, the Dallas Morning News reported that the constant rotation of troopers from across the state to the border appeared to be responsible for a significant drop in DPS productivity elsewhere in Texas. Highway Patrol troopers reportedly wrote 14% fewer traffic citations in 2014 than in 2013; this and other statistics, such as a 25% decrease in arrests made by Texas Rangers, led the newspaper to conclude that the temporary removal of troopers and other state law enforcement officers from posts around the state was having a detrimental effect on overall DPS service.[9] The agency has sought to control this issue by increasing the number of troopers and agents permanently assigned to the border.[10]
Despite some criticism, Operation Strong Safety and similar efforts have seen several large seizures of illegal drugs being trafficked from Mexico. In many cases, seizures of drug profits and weapons being transported south across the border have also been recovered, along with numerous vehicles, many of them stolen. Law enforcement presence in many border counties has dramatically increased as well. Hidalgo County, for example, tripled its DPS station from 20 to 60 permanently assigned troopers during Operation Border Star, the predecessor to OSS. No troopers or other DPS officers have been killed while participating in the operations.
Statistics[edit]
General[edit]
As of 2016, the Highway Patrol is made up of 2,863 commissioned troopers, up from 2,162 in 2014.
Among 49 state police agencies nationwide, Texas has one of the lowest proportions of troopers to population of any state. With approximately 11 troopers per 100,000 residents, the Texas Highway Patrol falls well below the national average of 23 per 100,000.
Texas DPS Academy Class A-2017 graduated 122 probationary troopers on June 16, 2017.
Of the 234 troopers commissioned between Classes C-2016 and A-2017, 95 (40%) were military veterans and 26 (11%) were former police officers.[11][12]
Activities[edit]
Between 2001 and 2013, the Highway Patrol made 35,803,978 traffic stops, resulting in 12,846,418 citations and 20,983,777 warnings issued[13]
In 2016, troopers made 42,779 misdemeanor and 11,392 felony arrests statewide
In 2014, troopers investigated 66,088 traffic accidents, accounting for roughly 14% of all accidents in the state[14][15]
Uniforms[edit]
Texas state troopers wear dark tan uniforms, known affectionately by troopers as "Texas Tan". Full-length pants with a blue stripe and red piping are worn at all times; epaulettes on the shirt are similarly patterned. A black patent leather gun belt is worn with a silver buckle, along with matching leather holsters and pouches. Badges are reminiscent of the Texas Rangers' famous "star-in-a-wheel" badge, though featuring a solid blue field behind the star. The badge number is prominently displayed in black in the center of the star. Shoulder patches, worn on either sleeve, are predominantly red in color and feature the Texas Highway Patrol crest.
Troopers' headwear is unique in that instead of the peaked caps or campaign hats popular with other agencies, cowboy hats are worn with the duty uniform. Felt hats are worn in colder weather and straw hats are worn in warmer weather. Dress uniforms are similar to the patrol uniform, with the addition of a blue tie, long-sleeved shirt and black cowboy boots. Dress for various ceremonial units adds white gloves, a white ascot, a black Sam Browne shoulder strap and a red shoulder cord.[16]
Special Uniforms[edit]
Honor Guard: Long-sleeved dress uniform, plus dark blue jacket with tan epaulettes, black Sam Browne shoulder strap, red shoulder cord, and white gloves.[17]
Pipes and Drums: Long-sleeved shirt with white ascot, black glengarry, red-and-black tartan kilt, horsehair sporran, red-and-black hose, black shoes, and white spats.[18]
Special Response Team & Tactical Marine Unit: Drab green military-style blouse, cargo pants, and utility vest, and desert combat boots. Green helmet worn by SRT, baseball cap or boonie hat by TMU.[19]
Aircraft: Drab green flight suit with desert combat boots.
Aircraft (Alternate): OCP-pattern military blouse and cargo pants, green utility vest (Tactical Flight Officers only), and desert combat boots.[20]
Bicycle Patrol: Black and royal blue high-performance shirt with "State Trooper" printed on the back in silver lettering. Worn with black bicycle shorts, athletic shoes, and a blue, white, and black bicycle helmet.[21]
Troopers working in environments which might dirty the uniform (such as performing commercial vehicle inspections) or which require constant movement or exertion may wear an altered version of the patrol uniform. This variant replaces the slacks with tan cargo pants and features a baseball cap in lieu of the cowboy hat.
Previous Uniforms[edit]
Early uniforms included a blue-grey blouse and brown pants, typically worn with black motorcycle boots. These uniforms also featured a bow tie and Sam Browne shoulder straps.[22] Troopers of this era wore peaked caps and diamond-shaped badges, with a single patch worn on the left shoulder; until the current uniform was instituted, the patch was circular. This uniform style was used until early 1959, when the current uniform was adopted. Until about 1972, the uniform continued to feature a shoulder strap, only one shoulder patch, and a black necktie, which was worn at all times; in addition, the cowboy hat featured a much smaller brim than those currently worn, so that it somewhat resembled a bowler with a creased crown.
It was not until the mid-2000s that a standardized patch design was used for all members of the patrol. Prior to this change (which is today being slowly integrated into other Texas DPS divisions), differently colored patches identified whether a trooper worked in the highway patrol, driver's license, or license and weight (commercial vehicle) units. Red patches indicated highway patrol, blue indicated driver's license, and grey indicated license and weight. Troopers assigned to the state Capitol had their own unique blue patch depicting the capitol building in yellow.
Vehicles[edit]
Texas Highway Patrol Ford Crown Victoria in Austin
The Texas Highway Patrol uses a variety of vehicles for patrol and specialized services. Early patrol units were motorcycles, but these were phased out in the 1950s. Since then, four-wheeled vehicles have been used for all patrol purposes; one trooper is assigned to each unit.
Current patrol vehicles are painted black with a white hood, roof, and trunk. Traditionally, the top of the doors were also white, but this practice is being abandoned with newer vehicles. "Texas Department Public Safety" is printed on the front door over a brown silhouette of the state of Texas. Underneath, "Texas Highway Patrol" is written in white; "State Trooper" is written on the front quarter panel and on the trunk.
The Texas Highway Patrol also utilizes helicopters, armored personnel carriers, and marine craft for specialized functions, such as search and rescue, reconnaissance/intelligence, and border patrol. The Tactical Marine Division is the newest addition to the Highway Patrol, with the acquisition of six patrol vessels intended to police the Rio Grande and international lakes between the U.S. and Mexico. Several more boats are on order.
In 2012, the Texas DPS decided to begin replacing its aging fleet of Ford Crown Victorias with Dodge Chargers. A small number of Ford's Explorer-based Police Interceptor Utility vehicles were purchased for use mainly in the Texas Panhandle.[23]
Patrol Vehicles
Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor
Dodge Charger
Chevrolet Tahoe
Ford Police Interceptor Utility
Motorcycles
Harley-Davidson Road King (Austin only)
Aircraft[24]
Eurocopter AS350 Helicopter
Eurocopter EC-145 Helicopter
Aero Commander 680V Fixed-Wing
Marine Craft
Texas Highway Patrol gunboats in the Rio Grande
Yellowfin Shallow Water Interceptor
S.R.T.
LENCO BearCat
Humvee
Recruiting
Hummer
Dodge Challenger
Other Transportation
Bicycles (Austin only)
Horses (Austin only)
Equipment[edit]
Prior to the SIG Sauer P226 chambered in .357 sig troopers carried the SIG Sauer P220 chambered in .45 auto or in 9mm. [25]
In 2013, Texas DPS officials announced that they would be switching to the Smith & Wesson M&P 9-millimeter handgun as the standard-issue sidearm for troopers, due to higher round capacity over the SIG Sauer. Troopers already issued .357 sidearms would be allowed to continue using them.[26] However, the transition was suspended after recruits at the A-2014 class, the first to train with the new weapons, reported functional concerns about the guns after repeated firing.[27]
In early 2015, the Texas Department of Public Safety completed the process of selecting a replacement for the SIG Sauer P226, selecting the SIG Sauer P320, a polymer-framed, striker-fired pistol chambered in 9-millimeter.[28] The C-2015 recruit class was the first Texas DPS class to be issued and trained on the SIG Sauer P320 and, upon graduation in December 2015, became the first Troopers to carry this pistol in the field as a duty weapon. The 9-millimeter ammunition selected for the SIG Sauer P320 was the Hornady 135 grain + P FlexLock Critical Duty. Other Texas DPS divisions, such as Aircraft and Criminal Investigations, will transition to the P320 over time.
Additional weaponry includes the Bushmaster M4 Type Carbine and the Remington 870 12-gauge shotgun, which is currently being phased out for the Mossberg 590. All firearms are state property and may not be modified by the troopers to whom they are issued. Less-lethal weapons issued to troopers includes expandable straight batons, oleoresin capsicum spray, and Tasers.
Patrol cars are equipped with Panasonic Toughbook computer terminals and digital citation printers. Mounted lights are either the Whelen Freedom lightbar, in older units, or the Whelen Liberty lightbar, in newer units; the patrol's newest Chevrolet Tahoe patrol vehicles are equipped with Whelen Legacy lightbars.[29][30] Four of the bar's eight forward-facing light modules are white "takedown" lights; these are supplemented by column-mounted LED spotlights in newer vehicles. Warning lights are also mounted on the rear deck. Primary light colors for all vehicles are red and blue.
Salary and Promotions[edit]
As of fiscal year 2010, troopers were being paid almost 20% less than officers in many municipal police departments, according to a state-conducted audit. Consequently, increased salaries for troopers were approved for 2014 by the 2013 Texas legislative session.
Troopers are automatically upgraded to different trooper classes in four-year increments. Salary increases with each class, up to Trooper VI, at which point pay becomes and remains steady (barring promotion). Troopers are eligible for promotion to sergeant after four years of service. Promotion is based on availability and completion of a civil service exam, as well as experience and disciplinary history. After two years as a sergeant, troopers are eligible for promotion to lieutenant.
In September 2015, troopers received yet another sizable raise - an academy trainee makes more now than a 3-year trooper did a year prior.[31]
Response to 2010 Audit[edit]
Many changes to salaries and promotional requirements were made in response to a 10% drop in the number of troopers between 2004 and 2010, when an audit was conducted. The audit determined that Highway Patrol troopers were being paid far less annually than officers at many metropolitan police departments and sheriff's offices. The problem had been present for many years, but had gone unresolved because the Texas State Legislature sets state employee salary, not individual agencies. Additionally, state agencies had been asked to cut approximately 10% of their budgets between 2010 and 2012, making lawmakers hesitant to approve a larger budget for DPS. However, many legislators also feared that the decrease in size of the DPS, which was predicted to worsen, would result in a gradual lapse in quality of service. As a result, a 20% pay increase in the salary of most Texas DPS officials was approved in 2012. Additional legislative measures are intended to shield DPS from most future budget cuts.
In previous years, troopers who received promotions were typically required to move to fill available posts throughout the state. However, concurrent with the legislative decision to increase trooper pay, an internal decision was made by the Texas DPS to relax this method, allowing troopers to have more say in where they are stationed upon being promoted. The decision was based on a trend of troopers being required to live hours away from their families in order to prevent their spouses from having to leave steady employment.[32]
DPS also made an effort to fill state trooper vacancies. Recruitment efforts were increased across the country, particularly focusing on military members preparing to leave active duty. Recruiters traveled as far as California, North Carolina, and Michigan in search of potential applicants.
Demographics[edit]
Source:
Male: 95%
Female: 5%
White: 66%
Hispanic: 22%
African-American/Black: 11%
Asian: 1%
Fallen officers[edit]
Since the establishment of the Texas Highway Patrol, 88 troopers have died in the line of duty.[33]
The causes of death are as follows:
Cause of death
Number of deaths
Automobile accident 27
Gunfire 26
Gunfire (Accidental) 2
Heart attack 2
Motorcycle accident 6
Struck by train 2
Struck by vehicle 10
Training accident 1
Vehicle pursuit 5
Vehicular assault 6
Weather/Natural disaster 1
All fallen Highway Patrol troopers are publicly honored at the Texas Peace Officers' Memorial in Austin, a memorial at the Texas Department of Public Safety headquarters, and by various memorial markers throughout the state.
Grapevine Slayings[edit]
The Grapevine Slayings were the murders of two Texas Highway Patrolmen on April 1, 1934 by members of the Barrow Gang, popularly known as Bonnie and Clyde.
Patrolmen Holloway Daniel "H.D." Murphy and Edward Bryan Wheeler, both stationed in Fort Worth, were on routine patrol on State Highway 114 in Grapevine when they noticed a car parked on intersecting Dove Road. Believing the vehicle's occupants were in need of assistance, the troopers approached the car. They were unaware that the car's occupants were Bonnie Parker, Clyde Barrow, and Henry Methvin, outlaws wanted in several states for a string of robberies, kidnappings, and murders - including those of multiple police officers - that began in 1932 and had brought the gang nationwide attention.
As the patrolmen approached the car, they were unexpectedly met with gunfire. Trooper Wheeler was struck first and was killed instantly, his service weapon still holstered. Upon witnessing the death of his colleague, Trooper Murphy, a recent academy graduate on one of his first patrols, attempted to retrieve a shotgun from his motorcycle. However, he was shot before he could load the weapon. A passing motorist witnessed the shooting and flagged down another trooper, who arrived to find Wheeler dead and Murphy in critical condition. Trooper Murphy died on his way to a hospital in Grapevine.[34]
Aftermath[edit]
Although the Barrow Gang had enjoyed a romantic image among many Americans before the Grapevine shootings, their popularity waned rapidly in the wake of the killings. Much of the public outcry was fueled by exaggerated media coverage of the incident, featuring erroneous claims by purported witnesses, but the shooting is nonetheless often considered the incident which turned opinions predominantly against the Barrow Gang. Although Parker was said to have fired several shots at the troopers, including the coup de grâce to Murphy, this report was later discredited. Henry Methvin, a recent prison escapee, ultimately admitted to firing the first shots, mistakenly believing Barrow wanted the troopers killed; it is believed Barrow's actual intention was to kidnap the troopers.[34] Nevertheless, Parker's name was later included on an arrest warrant for murder, along with Barrow and Methvin, the latter listed as "John Doe".
Shortly after the Grapevine Slayings, a posse of Texas Rangers, Dallas County sheriff's deputies, and Bienville Parish, Louisiana sheriff's deputies ambushed and killed Parker and Barrow in Bienville Parish, near Shreveport. The posse's leader, Frank Hamer, was a retired Texas Ranger who had been hired by the Texas Department of Corrections to track down Bonnie and Clyde. In a deal with the officers, Henry Methvin and his family had agreed to betray Parker and Barrow and arrange an ambush.
Today, a monument stone marks the location where Troopers Murphy and Wheeler were killed on Dove Road in present-day Southlake.
Rank structure[edit]
Rank
Insignia
DPS Director (Colonel)[35]
Chief (Lt. Colonel)[35]
Major
Captain
Lieutenant
Sergeant
Corporal
Trooper
Probationary Trooper
See also[edit]
Texas portal
Law enforcement/Law enforcement topics portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas Highway Patrol.
Davis class patrol boat
List of law enforcement agencies in Texas
State police
State patrol
Highway patrol
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b USDOJ Bureau of Justice Statistics Census of Law Enforcement Agencies 2004 Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ https://www.dps.texas.gov/orgchart/OrgChart.pdf
Jump up ^ THP Regional Boundaries
Jump up ^ http://www.dps.texas.gov/director_staff/media_and_communications/pr/2017/0616a
Jump up ^ DPS Launches Mounted Horse Patrol Unit at Capitol
Jump up ^ Specialized Units
Jump up ^ "Everything you need to know about DPS, police pursuits and why troopers shoot at vehicles". John Tedesco.
Jump up ^ "Guatemalan Immigrants Shot By Texas State Trooper In Helicopter Gets Referred To Grand Jury". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20150327-dps-border-surge-leaves-the-rest-of-texas-just-a-tad-bit-less-safe.ece
Jump up ^ https://www.texastribune.org/2016/01/21/dps-chief-says-rotations-and-out-rgv-will-continue/
Jump up ^ http://www.dps.texas.gov/director_staff/media_and_communications/pr/2017/0616a
Jump up ^ http://www.dps.texas.gov/director_staff/media_and_communications/pr/2016/1216a
Jump up ^ Media and Communications Office Reports
Jump up ^ http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/trf/crash-statistics/2014/12.pdf
Jump up ^ http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/trf/crash-statistics/2014/30.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.statesman.com/gallery/news/local/dps-memorial-service-051514/gCKsC/#5247117
Jump up ^ http://www.statesman.com/photo/news/local/dps-memorial-service-051215/pCd6ZQ/
Jump up ^ http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/dem/temo/archives/2011/Vol58No5/articles/article4.htm
Jump up ^ jessmerrill-photography.blogspot.com/2014/04/river-patrol-on-rio-grande.html
Jump up ^ http://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/texas-dps-aircraft-section/#texas_dps_swat-178_phatch
Jump up ^ http://www.dps.texas.gov/director_staff/media_and_communications/2014/pr091714.htm
Jump up ^ Early DPS Uniforms
Jump up ^ "2012 Michigan Vehicle Tests: Patrol Cars". Government Fleet.
Jump up ^ Aircraft History
Jump up ^ http://www.texaschlforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=12840
Jump up ^ "Texas DPS Switching Service Pistols for Troopers". NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth.
Jump up ^ "DPS Suspends Use of New Handgun Over "Concerns"". Myhighplains.com.
Jump up ^ https://eprocure.dps.texas.gov/bso/external/bidDetail.sdo?bidId=405-16-B001429&parentUrl=activeBids
Jump up ^ https://www.flickr.com/photos/120600142@N04/21986135178
Jump up ^ http://www.whelen.com/auto/product?head_id=4&cat_id=147&prod_id=617
Jump up ^ joindps.com
Jump up ^ "State Law Enforcement Lags Local Police in Pay". The Texas Tribune.
Jump up ^ http://www.odmp.org/search?name=&agency=Texas+Highway+Patrol&state=&from=1791&to=2016&cause=&filter=all
^ Jump up to: a b Phillips, John Neal (2002). Running with Bonnie and Clyde: The Ten Fast Years of Ralph Fults.
^ Jump up to: a b Texas ranger - DPS
External links[edit]
Texas Highway Patrol (Official Website)
Texas Primer: The Resistol Hat - Texas Monthly
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We Love You (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark song)
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"We Love You"
Single by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
from the album The Pacific Age
B-side
"We Love You" (Dub)
Released
3 November 1986
Format
7", 2×7", 12" single
Recorded
Studio De La Grande Armée, Paris
Genre
New wave
Length
4:10
Label
Virgin
Songwriter(s)
Humphreys, McCluskey, Stephen Hague
Producer(s)
Stephen Hague
Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark singles chronology
"(Forever) Live and Die"
(1986) "We Love You"
(1986) "Shame"
(1987)
"(Forever) Live and Die"
(1986) "We Love You"
(1986) "Shame"
(1987)
"We Love You" is a song by British band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark released as the second single taken from their 1986 album, The Pacific Age.
The track is sung from the perspective of a citizen living under a totalitarian system, who has grown fearful about his family's future while still feigning adoration for his dictator leader. The "We love you" refrain was also designed to be interpreted as an expression of gratitude to the OMD listener base; the group's fanclub was invited to appear in the single's accompanying music video.[1] The song was sampled in the early 1990s for BBC Wales's Scrum V programme.
Track listing[edit]
7"
"We Love You" – 3:59
"We Love You" (Dub) – 6:20
Limited edition 2×7"
"We Love You" – 3:59
"We Love You" (Dub) – 6:20
"If You Leave" – 4:30
"88 Seconds in Greensboro" – 4:20
Limited edition 7" + Cassette-Maxi Retro
"We Love You" – 3:59
"We Love You" (Dub) – 6:20
"Souvenir"
"Electricity"
"Enola Gay"
"Joan of Arc"
"We Love You"
"We Love You" (Dub)
12"
"We Love You" (extended) – 6:15
"We Love You" (7" version) – 3:59
"We Love You" (Dub) – 6:20
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1986–87)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[2] 18
UK Singles Chart 54
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 16
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "You're such a dictator!". Q. Bauer Media Group. November 1996.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 224. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA from mid-1983 until 19 June 1988.
[hide]
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Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
Andy McCluskey
Paul Humphreys
Martin Cooper
Stuart Kershaw
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Michael Douglas
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Neil Weir
Phil Coxon
Nigel Ipinson
Abe Juckes
Studio albums
Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark
Organisation
Architecture & Morality
Dazzle Ships
Junk Culture
Crush
The Pacific Age
Sugar Tax
Liberator
Universal
History of Modern
English Electric
The Punishment of Luxury
Compilation albums
The Best of OMD
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The OMD Remixes
Navigation: The OMD B-Sides
Messages: Greatest Hits
Live albums
Peel Sessions 1979–1983
OMD Live: Architecture & Morality & More
Singles and EPs
"Electricity"
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"Messages"
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"Souvenir"
"Joan of Arc"
"Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)"
"Genetic Engineering"
"Telegraph"
"Locomotion"
"Talking Loud and Clear"
"Tesla Girls"
"Never Turn Away"
"So in Love"
"Secret"
"La Femme Accident"
"If You Leave"
"(Forever) Live and Die"
"We Love You"
"Shame"
"Dreaming"
"Brides of Frankenstein"
"Sailing on the Seven Seas"
"Pandora's Box"
"Then You Turn Away"
"Call My Name"
"Stand Above Me"
"Dream of Me"
"Everyday"
"Walking on the Milky Way"
"Universal"
"If You Want It"
"Sister Marie Says"
"History of Modern (Part I)"
Videography
The Best of OMD
OMD Live: Architecture & Morality & More
Messages: Greatest Hits
Electricity: OMD with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra
Related articles
Discography
The Id
Dalek I Love You
The Listening Pool
Onetwo
Atomic Kitten
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Love_You_(Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark_song)&oldid=781881307"
Categories:
1986 singles
Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark songs
Song recordings produced by Stephen Hague
1986 songs
Virgin Records singles
Songs written by Paul Humphreys
Songs written by Andy McCluskey
Songs written by Stephen Hague
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Ashok Vatika
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Hanuman Encounters Sita in Ashok Vatika, bazaar art, early 1900’s.
Ashok Vatika was a garden in Lanka, that was located in the Kingdom of the Asura king, Ravana, as mentioned in the Vishnu Purana and Hindu epic, Ramayana of Valmiki, and all subsequent versions, including the Ramacharitamanas written by Tulsidas, where it finds mention in the Sundar Kand.[1] The Vatika has garden houses around it, built by Vishwakarma himself [2]
It was the location, where Sita, the wife of Rama was held captive by Ravana, after her abduction, also because she refused to stay in Ravana's palace, and preferred to stay under the Ashoka tree, hence the name.[3] It was here that Ravana's wife Mandodari came to meet her and also where Hanuman met her for the first time, and identified himself with the finger ring of Rama.
Ashoka tree (Saraca asoca) often known as Sita-Ashok owing to its connection with the Ramayana
Sita stayed at Ashokat Vatika, till the end of the epic battle between Rama and Ravana, which resulted in the destruction of Ravana himself and most of this clan. Much of the Ashoka Vatika was destroyed by Hanuman, when he first visited Lanka, searching for Sita. Also destroyed was the Pramda Van at the centre of the Ashok Vatika.[2]
Present location[edit]
Hindu Temple called "Seetha Kovil" (Hanuman Kovil) at Seeta Eliya village, close to Hakgala Botanical Garden
Its present location is believed to be the Hakgala Botanical Garden, the area is known as Seetha Eliya, close to the resort city of Nuwara Eliya. The Garden is situated at the base of the Hakgala Rock forms, has Sita Pokuna, a barren area atop the Hakgala Rock Jungle, where Sita was supposedly held captive, the Sita Amman Temple is located here. Other connected site is a spot where Sita bathed in a stream at Sita Eliya, called Sita Jharna.[4] The site has attracted media interest owing to its connection with Hindu theology, in the recent years.[5][6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sundar Kand - Arrival of Ravana at Ashoka Vatika ( English Translation) Archived October 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. .
^ Jump up to: a b Historic Rama of Valmiki: Shastragrahi Rama, by Visvanath Limaye. Published by Gyan Ganga Prakashan, 1985. Page 142, 189.
Jump up ^ Ashok Vatika Sri Ram Charit Manas, Published by Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd..ISBN 8171820719. Page 66, Page 86.
Jump up ^ Ramayana sites in Sri Lanka tourslanka.com.
Jump up ^ Tracing evidence of Lord Ram and his times Archived 2009-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. Zee News.
Jump up ^ Sita's Ashok Van awaits restoration in Lanka Sify.com.
External links[edit]
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