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Securities Act of 1933
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Securities Act of 1933
Long title
An act to provide full and fair disclosure of the character of securities sold in interstate and foreign commerce and through the mails, and to prevent frauds in the sale thereof, and for other purposes.
Nicknames
Securities Act
1933 Act
'33 Act
Enacted by
the 73rd United States Congress
Effective
May 27, 1933
Citations
Public law
Pub.L. 73–22
Statutes at Large
48 Stat. 74
Codification
U.S.C. sections created
15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq.
Legislative history
Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 27, 1933
The United States Congress enacted the Securities Act of 1933 (the 1933 Act, the Securities Act, the Truth in Securities Act, the Federal Securities Act, or the '33 Act, Title I of Pub. L. 73-22, 48 Stat. 74, enacted May 27, 1933, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq.), in the aftermath of the stock market crash of 1929 and during the ensuing Great Depression. Legislated pursuant to the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution, it requires that any offer or sale of securities using the means and instrumentalities of interstate commerce be registered with the SEC pursuant to the 1933 Act, unless an exemption from registration exists under the law. "Means and instrumentalities of interstate commerce" is extremely broad, and it is virtually impossible to avoid the operation of this statute by attempting to offer or sell a security without using an "instrumentality" of interstate commerce. Any use of a telephone, for example, or the mails, would probably be enough to subject the transaction to the statute.
The 1933 Act was the first major federal legislation to regulate the offer and sale of securities.[1] Prior to the Act, regulation of securities was chiefly governed by state laws, commonly referred to as blue sky laws. When Congress enacted the 1933 Act, it left existing state securities laws ("blue sky laws") in place. The '33 Act is based upon a philosophy of disclosure, meaning that the goal of the law is to require issuers to fully disclose all material information that a reasonable shareholder would require in order to make up his or her mind about the potential investment. This is very different from the philosophy of the blue sky laws, which generally impose so-called "merit reviews." Blue sky laws often impose very specific, qualitative requirements on offerings, and if a company does not meet the requirements in that state then it simply will not be allowed to do a registered offering there, no matter how fully its faults are disclosed in the prospectus. Recently, however, the National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 added a new Section 18 to the '33 Act which preempts blue sky law merit review of certain kinds of offerings.[further explanation needed]
Part of the New Deal, the Act was drafted by Benjamin V. Cohen, Thomas Corcoran, and James M. Landis and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 Registration process
3 Rule 144
4 Regulation S
5 Civil liability
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Purpose[edit]
The primary purpose of the '33 Act is to ensure that buyers of securities receive complete and accurate information before they invest in securities. Unlike state blue sky laws, which impose merit reviews, the '33 Act embraces a disclosure philosophy, meaning that in theory, it is not illegal to sell a bad investment, as long as all the facts are accurately disclosed. A company that is required to register under the '33 act must create a registration statement, which includes a prospectus, with copious information about the security, the company, the business, including audited financial statements. The company, the underwriter and other individuals signing the registration statement are strictly liable for any inaccurate statements in the document. This extremely high level of liability exposure drives an enormous effort, known as "due diligence", to ensure that the document is complete and accurate. The law bolsters and helps to maintain investor confidence which in turn supports the stock market.
Registration process[edit]
Unless they qualify for an exemption, securities offered or sold to a United States Person must be registered by filing a registration statement with the SEC. Although the law is written to require registration of securities, it is more useful as a practical matter to consider the requirement to be that of registering offers and sales. If person A registers a sale of securities to person B, and then person B seeks to resell those securities, person B must still either file a registration statement or find an available exemption.
The prospectus, which is the document through which an issuer's securities are marketed to a potential investor, is included as part of the registration statement. The SEC prescribes the relevant forms on which an issuer's securities must be registered. Among other things, registration forms call for:
a description of the securities to be offered for sale;
information about the management of the issuer;
information about the securities (if other than common stock); and
financial statements certified by independent accountants.
Registration statements and the incorporated prospectuses become public shortly after they are filed with the SEC. The statements can be obtained from the SEC's website using EDGAR. Registration statements are subject to SEC examination for compliance with disclosure requirements. It is illegal for an issuer to lie in, or to omit material facts from, a registration statement or prospectus. Furthermore, when some true fact is disclosed, even if disclosing the fact would not have been required, it is illegal to not provide all other information required to make the fact not misleading.
Not all offerings of securities must be registered with the SEC. Some exemptions from the registration requirements include:
private offerings to a specific type or limited number of persons or institutions;
offerings of limited size;
intrastate offerings; and
securities of municipal, state, and federal governments.
One of the key exceptions to the registration requirement, Rule 144, is discussed in greater detail below.
Regardless of whether securities must be registered, the 1933 Act makes it illegal to commit fraud in conjunction with the offer or sale of securities. A defrauded investor can sue for recovery under the 1933 Act.
Rule 144[edit]
Rule 144, promulgated by the SEC under the 1933 Act, permits, under limited circumstances, the public resale of restricted and controlled securities without registration. In addition to restrictions on the minimum length of time for which such securities must be held and the maximum volume permitted to be sold, the issuer must agree to the sale. If certain requirements are met, Form 144 must be filed with the SEC. Often, the issuer requires that a legal opinion be given indicating that the resale complies with the rule. The amount of securities sold during any subsequent 3-month period generally does not exceed any of the following limitations:
1% of the stock outstanding
the average weekly reported volume of trading in the securities on all national securities exchanges for the preceding 4 weeks
the average weekly volume of trading of the securities reported through the consolidated transactions reporting system (NASDAQ)
Notice of resale is provided to the SEC if the amount of securities sold in reliance on Rule 144 in any 3-month period exceeds 5,000 shares or if they have an aggregate sales price in excess of $50,000. After one year, Rule 144(k) allows for the permanent removal of the restriction except as to 'insiders'.[2]
In cases of mergers, buyouts or takeovers, owners of securities who had previously filed Form 144 and still wish to sell restricted and controlled securities must refile Form 144 once the merger, buyout, or takeover has been completed.
Rule 144 is not to be confused with Rule 144A which provides a safe harbor from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 for certain private (as opposed to public) resales of restricted securities to qualified institutional buyers. Rule 144A has become the principal safe harbor on which non-U.S. companies rely when accessing the U.S. capital markets.
Regulation S[edit]
Regulation S is a "safe harbor" that defines when an offering of securities is deemed to be executed in another country and therefore not be subject to the registration requirement under section 5 of the 1933 Act. The regulation includes two safe harbor provisions: an issuer safe harbor and a resale safe harbor. In each case, the regulation demands that offers and sales of the securities be made outside the United States and that no offering participant (which includes the issuer, the banks assisting with the offer and their respective affiliates) engage in "directed selling efforts". In the case of issuers for whose securities there is substantial U.S. market interest, the regulation also requires that no offers and sales be made to U.S. persons (including U.S. persons physically located outside the United States).
Section 5 of the 1933 Act is meant primarily as protection for United States investors. As such, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission had only weakly enforced regulation of foreign transactions, and had only limited constitutional authority to regulate foreign transactions.
This law applies to its own unique definition of United States person.
Civil liability[edit]
Violation of the registration requirements can lead to civil liability for the issuer and underwriters sections under §§ 11, 12(a)(1) or 12(a)(2) of the 1933 Act. Additional liability may be imposed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Rule 10b-5).
See also[edit]
Securities regulation in the United States
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Securities Commission
Chicago Stock Exchange
Financial regulation
List of financial regulatory authorities by country
NASDAQ
New York Stock Exchange
Stock exchange
Regulation D (SEC)
United States person
Related legislation
1934 – Securities Exchange Act of 1934
1938 – Temporary National Economic Committee (establishment)
1939 – Trust Indenture Act of 1939
1940 – Investment Advisers Act of 1940
1940 – Investment Company Act of 1940
1968 – Williams Act (Securities Disclosure Act)
1975 – Securities Acts Amendments of 1975
1982 – Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
1999 – Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
2000 – Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000
2002 – Sarbanes–Oxley Act
2006 – Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006
2010 – Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
References[edit]
Jump up ^ A Behavioral Framework for Securities Risk, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2040946
Jump up ^ United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Rule 144: Selling Restricted and Control Securities. October 10, 2003. Accessed Dec. 9, 2006.
Further reading[edit]
Douglas, William O.; Bates, George E. (1933). "The Federal Securities Act of 1933". Yale Law Journal. The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc. 43 (2): 171–217. JSTOR 791346. doi:10.2307/791346.
External links[edit]
Introduction to the Federal Securities Laws by seclaw.com Copyright 2010. VGIS Communications LLC accessed March 13, 2014
sec.gov SEC Proposed changes
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Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Canadian Charter
of Rights and Freedoms
Part of the Constitution Act, 1982.
Preamble
Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
1
Fundamental Freedoms
2
Democratic Rights
3, 4, 5
Mobility Rights
6
Legal Rights
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Equality Rights
15
Official Languages of Canada
16, 16.1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
Minority Language Education Rights
23
Enforcement
24
General
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31
Application of Charter
32, 33
Citation
34
v
t
e
Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section of the Constitution of Canada that guarantees minority language educational rights to French-speaking communities outside Quebec, and, to a lesser extent, English-speaking minorities in Quebec. The section may be particularly notable, in that some scholars believe that section 23 "was the only part of the Charter with which Pierre Trudeau was truly concerned."[1] Trudeau was the prime minister who fought for the inclusion of the Charter of Rights in the Constitution of Canada in 1982.
Section 23(1)(b), or section 23 as a whole, are also known as the "Canada clause."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 History
3 Application
3.1 Sufficient numbers
3.2 Manitoba
4 Notes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Text[edit]
Under the heading "Minority Language Educational Rights," the section reads,
“ 23.(1) Citizens of Canada
(a) whose first language learned and still understood is that of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province in which they reside, or
(b) who have received their primary school instruction in Canada in English or French and reside in a province where the language in which they received that instruction is the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province,
have the right to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in that language in that province.
(2) Citizens of Canada of whom any child has received or is receiving primary or secondary school instruction in English or French in Canada, have the right to have all their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in the same language.
(3) The right of citizens of Canada under subsections (1) and (2) to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of a province
(a) applies wherever in the province the number of children of citizens who have such a right is sufficient to warrant the provision to them out of public funds of minority language instruction; and
(b) includes, where the number of those children so warrants, the right to have them receive that instruction in minority language educational facilities provided out of public funds.
”
Section 23 must be read in conjunction with Section 59 of the Constitution Act, 1982:
“ 59. (1) Paragraph 23(1)(a) shall come into force in respect of Quebec on a day to be fixed by proclamation issued by the Queen or the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada.
(2) A proclamation under subsection (1) shall be issued only where authorized by the legislative assembly or government of Quebec.
(3) This section may be repealed on the day paragraph 23(1)(a) comes into force in respect of Quebec and this Act amended and renumbered, consequentially upon the repeal of this section, by proclamation issued by the Queen or the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada.
”
History[edit]
Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was a major advocate of section 23 and minority language education.
As a strong federalist, Trudeau had fought to ensure linguistic rights in the constitution to promote national unity. Section 23 (1)(b) had its origins in a unanimous agreement between the provincial leaders and Trudeau reached in 1978 in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, in which children of citizens could receive schooling in their language.[2] When this idea was brought to the Charter in the 1980s, Trudeau also successfully secured agreement from provincial leaders that section 23 could not be nullified by the section 33 notwithstanding clause.
When the government of Quebec had passed the Charter of the French Language in 1977, only parents who had gone to English schools in Quebec could have their children educated in English. Concerns for the erosion of the educational rights of English-speaking Quebeckers thus led to section 23(1)(b) being written so that that part of the Quebec law would become unconstitutional.[1] This portion of the Charter of the French Language was indeed struck down by the courts in Attorney General of Quebec v. Quebec Protestant School Boards (1984). The verdict prompted the passing of Bill 86 in 1993 which amended the Charter of the French Language, stating that any child of a Canadian citizen whose parent or sibling had received English-medium education in Canada (rather than Quebec specifically) could attend English-medium schools[3].
While there was decreased minority language education in Quebec at the time when the Charter was adopted, several other provinces (where English Canadians were the majority) had no French language schools at all. In contrast, in 2005 all provinces had minority language education schools. In 1986, 152,225 French Canadian students outside of Quebec were going to French-language schools in accordance with section 23, and in 2001 the number was 149,042.[4] There have been some roadblocks to minority-language education since the Charter came into effect, such as a need for more French-speaking teachers and decreased enrollment in English-language education in rural Quebec, as well as challenges from both francophone and anglophone minority parents that education of equal quality is not being provided by their provincial government. The relative lack of French-language post secondary education opportunities (colleges and universities) outside of Quebec influences the choice of some French Canadian students to switch English language instruction, especially as they advance towards the end of their compulsory education.[5] The rights of official language minority students remains a topic contested in provincial and federal courts, with funding for legal costs for court actions being provided by federal governments Court Challenges Program.
Application[edit]
L'Anse-au-sable, a French language school in Kelowna, British Columbia. Its school board Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique helps ensure those with section 23 rights receive minority language education.[6]
Section 23 is a positive right. It has been found that section 23 thus guards against linguistic minorities being assimilated if their educational rights are denied for a long period of time, and this has led to section 24 of the Charter, which provides remedies for rights infringements, to be applied flexibly and creatively. For example, in Doucet-Boudreau v. Nova Scotia (Minister of Education) (2003), it was found that the government could be forced to report to a judge as construction on schools progressed, in order to ensure the schools were built within a sufficient amount of time.
While much of section 23 can apply to Quebec, section 59 of the Constitution Act, 1982 states that section 23(1)(a) is of no force or effect there. This was a conciliatory gesture made by the authors of the Charter which failed to obtain Quebec's agreement to the constitutional changes in 1982. This provision will not be valid in Quebec until the provincial government chooses to ratify it.

Sufficient numbers[edit]
While section 23 guarantees its rights to Canadian citizens who are also parents, as long as they speak English or French as a minority, the ability to exercise this right to send one's child to minority language education is limited by the possibility that the minority language community in which one lives may be too small. Sections 23(3)(a) and (b) state the "number of children" must be "sufficient to warrant" government spending for either schooling or the building of school facilities.
These limits were defined by the Supreme Court of Canada in the 1990 case Mahe v. Alberta. The Court declared that section 23 guaranteed a "sliding scale." In certain circumstances, the children whose parents could exercise the right might be so few that literally no minority language education may be provided by the government. With a greater number of children, some schools might be required to provide classrooms in which the children could receive minority language education. An even greater number would require the construction of new schools dedicated solely to minority language education.
The Court also ruled that the right to "facilities" in section 23(3)(b) could include more than classrooms and schools. Namely, a large number of children could mandate that minority language schools have their own school boards. Somewhere between the right to a school and a right to a school board was a right for the minority language community to have some members on a larger school board.
In the case Arsenault-Cameron v. Prince Edward Island (2000), the Court further defined sufficient numbers. As 49 French Canadian children were ready for minority language instruction in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, it was argued by the province that a number this low would only require school buses to transport them to a nearby French language school, rather than the construction of a separate school. The Court, however, ruled that if a new school were actually built, it could draw in more people than those whose families had previously expressed interest, and thus the number could be somewhat fewer than 100. While even a school this small might struggle with providing certain educational services, protecting the culture of the minority language community was considered too important and the number of students was ruled sufficient for the building of a new school.
Manitoba[edit]
The decision to allow for Minority education rights (according to legal decisions based on Article 23) along a sliding scale had already been nascent in Manitoba and was foreshadowed by the Laurier-Greenway compromise of 1896.[citation needed] This compromise came in response to what was argued to be unconstitutional provincial school legislation (Schools Act 1890) in relation to the constitutionally entrenched Manitoba Act of 1870. In Manitoba where the Public Schools Act had been reformed along the lines of minority vs majority language rights and a changing population proportion of English to French (where English speakers out-numbered French by the 1890s), the Laurier-Greenway compromise allowed for a school district in a community by community basis to offer French language instruction if the French population was large enough and requested such instruction.
In 1916 under Premier T.C. Norris the prior compromise was rescinded and the Franco-Manitoban minority lost their right to receive instruction in French in Manitoba's public schools. Section 93 of the BNA act(1867) in the Province's opinion had been contravened with the Laurier-Greenway Compromise and no longer had legal standing. Moreover, in section 93 of the BNA the province had ultimate authority to decide on minority language instruction. The latter remained status-quo until two changes were made to Manitoba's Public School Act (PSA) in 1966 and 1970 when French language instruction was once again recognized as an official language of instruction.
Manitoba's minority French language instruction rights have developed since the introduction of the Charter and Section 23 to a point where they have allowed for the inclusion of a separate school board (La Division Scolaire Franco-Manitobaine DSFM) which is fully funded by the provincial treasury and operates throughout the Province. Significant with regards to the Province's (Manitoba) interpretation of section 23 is how the "number of Students" and not "mother tongue" is the basis upon which French language (minority) instruction rights are respected. Minority language instruction in Manitoba is in transition and still presents various legal issues and related constitutionally charged questions (see Manitoba Act 1870, Louis Riel, Manitoba Schools Question, Laurier-Greenway Compromise).
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Dyck, Rand. Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches. Third ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000), p. 442.
Jump up ^ Hogg, Peter W. Canada Act 1982 Annotated. Toronto: The Carswell Company Limited, 1982.
Jump up ^ "1993 - Projet de loi 86 - Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec - Guides thématiques". www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca (in French). Retrieved 2018-03-31.
Jump up ^ Parkinson, Rhonda Lauret (April 20, 2005). "The Impact of Official Bilingualism". Mapleleafweb, University of Lethbridge. Archived from the original on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2006. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Parkinson, Rhonda Lauret (April 10, 2005). "Bilingualism Loses Ground". Mapleleafweb, University of Lethbridge. Archived from the original on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2006.
Jump up ^ District Review Report, School District No. 93 (Conseil scolaire francophone) April 4–8, 2005, submitted to the Minister of Education, p. 2.
See also[edit]
Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy
References[edit]
Dyck, Rand. Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches. Third ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000.
Hogg, Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada. 2003 Student Ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003.
External links[edit]
Digest of court decisions relating to Section 23(1) in the Canadian Legal Information Institute's Canadian Charter of Rights Decisions Digest
Digest of court decisions relating to Section 23(2) in the Canadian Legal Information Institute's Canadian Charter of Rights Decisions Digest
Digest of court decisions relating to Section 23(3) in the Canadian Legal Information Institute's Canadian Charter of Rights Decisions Digest
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Khewra Salt Mine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Khewra Salt Mine
Khewra Salt Mine tunnel (Crystal Valley)
Location
Khewra Salt Mine
Khewra Salt Mine
Show map of Punjab, Pakistan Show map of Pakistan Show all
Location
Khewra
Province
Punjab
Country
Pakistan
Coordinates
32°38′52.58″N 73°00′30.22″E / 32.6479389°N 73.0083944°E / 32.6479389; 73.0083944Coordinates: 32°38′52.58″N 73°00′30.22″E / 32.6479389°N 73.0083944°E / 32.6479389; 73.0083944
Production
Products
Rock salt, Brine
History
Opened
1872 (1872)
Active
140 years
Owner
Company
Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation
Website
Khewra Salt Mines
The Khewra Salt Mine (or Mayo Salt Mine) is located in Khewra, north of Pind Dadan Khan,[1] an administrative subdivision of Jhelum District, Punjab Region, Pakistan, which rises from the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[2] It is Pakistan's largest, the world's 2nd largest [3] and the oldest salt mine in the world.[4][5][6] It is a major tourist attraction, drawing up to 250,000 visitors a year.[7] Its history dates back to its discovery by Alexander's troops in 320 BC, but it started trading in the Mughal era.[8] The main tunnel at ground level was developed by Dr. H. Warth, a mining engineer, in 1872 during British rule. After independence, the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation took over the mine, which still remains the largest source of salt in the country, producing more than 350,000 tons per annum[9] of about 99% pure halite.[7] Estimates of the reserves of salt in the mine vary from 82 million tons[10] to 600 million tons.[11]
Contents
1 History
2 Location
3 Production
4 Tourism
5 Other projects
6 Flooding in 2010
7 Gallery
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The Khewra Salt Mine is also known as Mayo Salt Mine, in honour of Lord Mayo, who visited it as Viceroy of India.[12] The mine is a part of a salt range that originated about 800 million years ago, when evaporation of a shallow sea followed by geological movement formed a salt range that stretched for about 300 kilometers (185 miles).[8][13]
The salt reserves at Khewra were discovered when Alexander the Great crossed the Jhelum and Mianwali region during his Indian campaign. The mine was discovered, however, not by Alexander, nor by his allies, but by his army's horses, when they were found licking the stones.[14] Ailing horses of his army also recovered after licking the rock salt stones.[15] During the Mughal era the salt was traded in various markets, as far away as Central Asia.[16] On the downfall of the Mughal empire, the mine was taken over by Sikhs. Hari Singh Nalwa, the Sikh Commander-in-Chief, shared the management of the Salt Range with Gulab Singh, the Raja of Jammu. The former controlled the Warcha mine, while the latter held Khewra. The salt quarried during Sikh rule was both eaten and used as a source of revenue.[citation needed]
In 1872, some time after they had taken over the Sikhs' territory, the British developed the mine further.[8] They found the mining to have been inefficient, with irregular and narrow tunnels and entrances that made the movement of labourers difficult and dangerous. The supply of water inside the mine was poor, and there was no storage facility for the mined salt. The only road to the mine was over difficult, rocky terrain. To address these problems the government levelled the road, built warehouses, provided a water supply, improved the entrances and tunnels, and introduced a better mechanism for excavation of salt. Penalties were introduced to control salt smuggling.[17]
While working with Geological Survey of India in the 1930s and 1940s, Birbal Sahni found evidence of angiosperms, gymnosperms and insects inside the mine which he regarded as originating from the Eocene period.[18]
Location[edit]
Entrance to the mine
Khewra Salt Mine is situated in Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil of Jhelum District. Located about 160 km (100 miles) from Islamabad and Lahore, it is accessed via the M2 motorway, about 30 kilometers (20 miles) off the Lilla interchange while going towards Pind Dadan Khan on the Lilla road.[19][20] The mine is in mountains that are part of a salt range, a mineral-rich mountain system extending about 200 km from the Jhelum river south of Pothohar Plateau to where the Jhelum river joins the Indus river.[6][8][21][22] Khewra mine is about 288 meters (945 feet) above sea level[23] and about 730 meters (2400 feet) into the mountain from the mine entrance. The underground mine covers an area of 110 km2 (43 sq. miles).[24]
Production[edit]
Display of daily salt production
Estimates of the total reserves of salt in the mines range from 82 million tons[which?][10] to 600 million tons.[11] In raw form it contains negligible amounts of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sulphates and moisture, with Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Chromium and Lead as trace elements.[25][26] Salt from Khewra, also known as Himalayan salt, is red, pink, off-white or transparent.[27] In the early years of British rule, the Khewra mine produced about 28,000 to 30,000 tons per annum; it increased to about 187,400 tons per annum for the five fiscal years ending 1946–7 and to 136,824 tons for the two years ending 1949–50 with the systematic working introduced by Dr H. Warth.[28] The mine's output was reported in 2003 to be 385,000 tons of salt per annum, which amounts to almost half of Pakistan's total production of rock salt.[29] At that rate of output, the tunnel would be expected to last for another 350 years.[9]
The mine comprises nineteen stories, of which eleven are below ground. From the entrance, the mine extends about 730 meters (2440 ft) into the mountains, and the total length of its tunnels is about 40 km (25 miles).[4][30] Quarrying is done using the room and pillar method, mining only half of the salt and leaving the remaining half to support what is above.[31] The temperature inside the mine remains about 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) throughout the year.[15] The 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge Khewra Salt Mines Railway track laid during the British era is used to bring salt out of the mine in rail cars.[13]
Himalayan salt is Pakistan's best known rock salt.[11] It is used for cooking, as bath salt, as brine[27] and as a raw material for many industries, including a soda ash plant set up by AkzoNobel in 1940.[32] Salt from Khewra mine is also used to make decorative items like lamps, vases, ashtrays and statues,[33] which are exported to the United States, India and many European countries.[13][34] The use of rock salt to make artistic and decorative items started during the Mughal era, when many craftsman made tableware and decorations from it.[35] Warth introduced the use of a lathe to cut out art pieces from the rock salt, as he found it similar to gypsum in physical characteristics.[36]
In 2008 the Government of Pakistan decided to sell off seventeen profitable organizations including Khewra salt mines,[37] but the plan was shelved. The mine is now operated by the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation, a government department.[30]
Tourism[edit]
A small Masjid made of salt bricks inside the Khewra salt mine complex
Khewra Salt Mine is a major tourist attraction, with around 250,000 visitors a year,[7] earning it considerable revenue.[23] Visitors are taken into the mine on tne Khewra Salt Mines Railway.[15] There are numerous pools of salty water inside. The Badshahi Masjid was built in the mining tunnels with multi-colored salt bricks[8][38] about fifty years ago.[20] Other artistic carvings in the mine include a replica of Minar-e-Pakistan, a statue of Allama Iqbal, an accumulation of crystals that form the name of Muhammad in Urdu script, a model of the Great Wall of China and another of the Mall Road of Murree.[15][20] In 2003 two phases of development of tourist facilities and attractions were carried out, at a total cost of 9 million rupees. A clinical ward with 20 beds was established in 2007, costing 10 million rupees,[39] for the treatment of asthma and other respiratory diseases using salt therapy.[40] The "Visit Pakistan Year 2007" event included a train safari visit of Khewra Salt Mine.[41] In February 2011 Pakistan railways started operating special trains for tourists from Lahore and Rawalpindi to Khewra. For this purpose the railway station of Khewra was refurbished with the help of a private firm.[42]
Other visitor attractions in the mine include the 75-meter-high (245 feet) Assembly Hall; Pul-Saraat, a salt bridge with no pillars over a 25-meters-deep (80-foot-deep) brine pond; Sheesh Mahal (Palace of Mirrors), where salt crystals are light pink; and a cafe.[19][20]
Other projects[edit]
Students of the Mine Survey Institute gathered inside a tunnel
The Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation established the Mine Survey Institute at Khewra in 1971.[7] The institute conducts mine surveys, organizes mining-related courses for the miners[43] and has establishes the Khewra Model High School and the Khewra Women College.[7][43] More recently the miners won an important environmental case against the mining company for the provision of unpolluted drinking water.[44] The water available to the residents of Khewra had been polluted by salt, coal and other nearby mining activity. This case is internationally recognised as important with regard to the relationship between humanity and the environment.[45][46][47]
In 2003, while the Government of Pakistan was looking for ways to increase the country's strategic store of oil to 90 days, the PMDC put forward a proposal to use the Khewra mines to store strategic oil reserves.[23] Scientific reports confirmed the feasibility of this proposal, but it was turned down.[48]
Flooding in 2010[edit]
In 2010, during torrential rain all over Pakistan, water from a nearby nullah entered the mine,[49] reaching a depth of two feet (60 cm) and blocking the exits, after which the mine was closed.[50] It was subsequently reopened and remains open.[51]
Gallery[edit]
There is a beautiful mosque that has been built inside the Khewra Salt Mines in Pakistan, known as the world's second largest salt mine.
Rock salt makes for some beautiful texture on the walls and ceiling.
It is said that these rooms were mined during the Mughal era.
Reflection in salty water at Khewra Salt Mines.
Crystal Valley, a tunnel with crystals in the wall and roof, illuminated by colorful lights.
Artistic work with rock salt.
Copy of Minaar-e-Pakistan made of rock salt.
Walls made of rock salt.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ O.H.K. Spate; Andrew T.A. Learmonth; B.H. Farmer (13 July 1972). India, Pakistan and Ceylon: The Regions. Methuen Publishing Ltd. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-416-75530-5. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Weller, J. Marvyn. "The Journal of Geology". jstor.org. Chicago Journals. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Stanley J. Lefond (1 January 1969). Handbook of World Salt Resources (1st ed.). Springer. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-306-30315-9. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Camerapix (July 1998). Spectrum Guide to Pakistan. Interlink Books. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-56656-240-9. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Masud ul Hasan (1975). Short encyclopaedia of Pakistan (1st ed.). Ferozsons. p. 118. ASIN B007EU8QHS. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Pete Heiden (August 2011). Pakistan. Essential Library. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-61783-117-1. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Khewra Salt Mines Project". Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation. Privatisation Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sarina Singh; Lindsay Brown; Lindsay Brown; Rodney Cocks; John Mock (1 May 2008). Lonely Planet Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway (7th ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-74104-542-0. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Natural Resources of Humid Tropical Asia (Natural Resources Research) (1st ed.). UNESCO. April 1974. p. 101. ISBN 978-92-3-101056-9. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khewra Salt Mines.
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Kristen Schaal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kristen Schaal
Schaal at the 2016 WonderCon in Los Angeles, California
Birth name
Kristen Joy Schaal
Born
(1978-01-24) January 24, 1978 (age 40)
Longmont, Colorado, U.S.
Medium
Stand-up, film, television
Years active
1999–present
Genres
Observational comedy, satire, political satire
Spouse
Rich Blomquist[1][2] (m. 2012)
Kristen Joy Schaal (/ʃɑːl/;[3] born January 24, 1978) is an American comedian, actress, voice actress and writer best known for current roles as Carol in The Last Man on Earth (since 2015), as well as for playing Mel in Flight of the Conchords, the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart, She Holler, Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls and Louise Belcher in Bob's Burgers.
She also provides several voices for BoJack Horseman, most notably for the character of Sarah Lynn, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance. Other roles include Amanda Simmons on The Hotwives of Orlando, Hazel Wassername on 30 Rock, Victoria Best on WordGirl, Trixie in Toy Story 3 and Anne on Wilfred. She was also an occasional commentator on The Daily Show from 2008 to 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Live comedy
2.2 Film, TV and radio
2.3 Books
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Schaal was born in Longmont, Colorado, to a Lutheran family of Dutch ancestry.[4] She was raised on her family's cattle ranch, in a rural area near Boulder.[4] Her father is a construction worker and her mother is a secretary.[5] She has a brother, David, who is three years older.[5] She graduated from Northwestern University and then moved to New York in 2000 to pursue a comedy career. In 2005, she had her first break when she was included in New York magazine's article "The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You've Never Heard Of".[6]
Career[edit]
Schaal and comedy partner Kurt Braunohler onstage in 2010
Live comedy[edit]
In 2006, Schaal performed at the 2006 HBO US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, where she won the award for "Best Alternative Comedian". She was also the winner of the second annual Andy Kaufman Award (hosted by the New York Comedy Festival), Best Female Stand-up at the 2006 Nightlife Awards in New York City, and "Best Female Stand Up Comedian" at the 2007 ECNY Awards.[7] At the 2008 Melbourne International Comedy Festival, she won the Barry Award for her show Kristen Schaal As You Have Probably Never Seen Her Before, tying with Nina Conti.[8] Also in 2006, Schaal appeared on the first season of the Comedy Central show Live at Gotham.[9] She co-hosts the weekly variety show Hot Tub in Los Angeles, which was voted “Best Variety Show of 2005” by Time-Out New York’s readers poll. She also performs at the Peoples Improv Theater on the improv team, "Big Black Car", which was awarded best improv troupe of 2005 at the Emerging Comics of New York awards. She is a founding member of the theatre company The Striking Viking Story Pirates, which adapts stories by children into sketches and songs.
Schaal performed live at the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 in Scotland, where she was one of six acts (chosen from over two hundred American productions at the Fringe) requested to perform at the US Consul General-sponsored "Fringe USA" Showcase.
On her return to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2008, Schaal was nominated for the If.comedy award for Kristen Schaal And Kurt Braunohler: Double Down Hearts.[10]
Schaal has also performed at the Royal Albert Hall, London, as part of The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008 in aid of Amnesty International, and at the Bonnaroo 2009 music festival. In 2010, Schaal appeared as a stand-up comic on John Oliver's New York Stand Up Show and at the Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art.
Film, TV and radio[edit]
Schaal at the Brooklyn Book Festival (2010)
Schaal appeared on HBO's Flight of the Conchords as the stalker-fan Mel, a role which earned her an EWwy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2009. She was also a credited consultant and writer for Season 11 of South Park, appeared on the BBC's Never Mind the Buzzcocks and played the boss in Fuse's mockumentary The Intern. She made her first appearance as a "special commentator" on Comedy Central's The Daily Show on March 13, 2008, often presented in recurring appearances as its news team's "Senior Women's Issues Correspondent". On April 13, 2008, she made an appearance on Good News Week during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and in October 2008 she appeared in Amnesty International's The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008.
Her other film and television credits include Kate and Leopold, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Snake 'n' Bacon, Norbit, Get Him to the Greek, Conviction, Cheap Seats, Freak Show, Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant, Adam and Steve, The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard, Delirious, Australian show Good News Week, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, The Education of Max Bickford, Comedy Central's Contest Searchlight, Ugly Betty, How I Met Your Mother, MTV's Human Giant and Mad Men. She was also a contributor to the sketch/music series The Nighttime Clap on the Fuse music network. She also appeared on Fuse's original comedy series The P.A. Schaal appeared in two TV pilots written and directed by Jersey City comedian Dan McNamara -- The Calderons and Redeeming Rainbow, both of which were screened as official selections at the 2006 and 2007 New York Television Festivals. She was also in television commercials for Wendy's, RadioShack, and Starburst. She made an appearance, in April 2008, on the IFC sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U' Know. On April 3, 2009 she taped an episode of Comedy Central Presents.[11] In 2010, she added her voice to the PBS Kids GO! series WordGirl as Victoria Best, a child prodigy whose parents taught her to be the best at everything that she does.[12] Schaal voiced 13-year-old Mabel Pines on Disney Channel's hit TV series Gravity Falls. She currently voices the character Louise on the FOX Network series Bob's Burgers.
She also stars in A. D. Miles' MyDamnChannel.com series Horrible People. In October 2008, Schaal appeared in an episode of Spicks and Specks. On June 10, 2009, Schaal broadcast her first radio show, High Five!!, on Sirius XM Radio's 'RawDog' channel with co-host Kurt Braunohler.[13] She played Gertha Teeth in the 2009 movie The Vampire's Assistant. Schaal stars in her own web series, Penelope Princess of Pets, one episode of which doubled as the video for the New Pornographers' "Mutiny, I Promise You".[14] She voiced Trixie the Triceratops in Toy Story 3 and Pumpkin Witch and Palace Witch in Shrek Forever After.[15] She was also in the music video for Joey Ramone's "New York City". She also guest starred in the Modern Family episode "Fifteen Percent", as well as the music video for "Conversation 16" by The National. Schaal guest starred on the MC Frontalot album Solved. She was featured with Kurt Braunohler on the Radiolab episode "Loops".[16] Schaal was in a commercial for the Xperia Play version of Minecraft.
Schaal guest starred on The Simpsons May 8, 2011 episode "Homer Scissorhands" in which she plays Taffy, a love interest of Milhouse. She is incorrectly listed in the credits as "Kristen Schall". This prompted Simpsons writers to issue her a unique apology on the next week's episode in which Bart's chalkboard joke in the intro to the show states "It’s Kristen Schaal, not Kristen Schall." Schaal also appeared in a music video for "Weird Al" Yankovic's 2014 song "Tacky", a parody of Pharrell Williams's "Happy".
In 2013, Schaal guest starred in the two part episode "Sea Tunt" of Archer, lending her voice to a character named Tiffy.[17][18]
In 2014, Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson, Danielle Schneider, Tymberlee Hill, Andrea Savage, and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando. She is currently co-starring alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth, which premiered on March 1, 2015.
Schaal also voices the character Sarah Lynn in the Netflix original animated series BoJack Horseman.[19] In 2017, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance for her performance as Sarah Lynn.
Schaal appears in A Walk in the Woods (2015) as hiker Mary Ellen.
Books[edit]
Schaal wrote a book of humor, The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex, with her future husband, former Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist. It was published in July 2010 by Chronicle Books.[1] She originally intended for them to write the book under pseudonyms, "because I don't want anyone to imagine me doing those things,"[20] but realized it would be harder to promote the book without using their real names.
Personal life[edit]
Schaal has been married to Daily Show staff writer Rich Blomquist since 2012.[1][2]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Kate & Leopold Miss Tree Film debut
2004 Poster Boy Bookstore Lady #14
2005 Adam & Steve Ruth
2006 Delirious Joelle
2007 Norbit Event Organizer
2009 The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard Stewardess Stacey
Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant Gertha Teeth
2010 When in Rome Ilona
Valentine's Day Ms. Gilroy
Shrek Forever After Pumpkin/Palace Witch Voice
Get Him to the Greek Today Show Production Assistant
Toy Story 3 Trixie Voice
Dinner for Schmucks Susana
Going the Distance Female Bartender
2011 Butter Carol Ann
Hawaiian Vacation Trixie Voice, short film
The Muppets Moderator
2012 Sleepwalk with Me Cynthia
2013 Despicable Me 2 Shannon Voice
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Barb
Welcome to the Jungle Brenda
2015 A Walk in the Woods Mary Ellen
2016 Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie Gloria/Deborah Voice
The Boss Sandy
2017 All Nighter Roberta
Literally, Right Before Aaron Talula
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie Edith Voice
Austin Found Nancy
2018 Boundaries JoJo In post-production
2019 Toy Story 4 Trixie Voice, in production
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001–02 The Education of Max Bickford Valerie Holmes 3 episodes
2004 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Abby Episode: "Brotherhood"
2005 Cheap Seats: Without Ron Parker Emily Episode: "Dog Show/World Beard and Mustache Championship"
2006 Conviction Allie Rubinoff Episode: "Madness"
Ugly Betty Nancy Episode: "Pilot"
Six Degrees Gail 2 episodes
Freak Show Various (voice) 7 episodes
2007 Scott Bateman Presents Earth's New Robot Overlord (voice)
Trixie Tangway (voice) 2 episodes
Law & Order: Criminal Intent Alana Binder Episode: "30"
Human Giant Girl in Doritos Commercial Episode: "Lil 9-11"
Mad Men Nannette Episode: "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"
How I Met Your Mother Laura Girard Episode: "The Platinum Rule"
2007–09 Flight of the Conchords Mel 21 episodes
2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Tammy Tangerine (voice) As Frannie Hood, Episode: "Bible Fruit"
The Whitest Kids U'Know Homeless Woman Episode: "2.9"
Never Mind The Buzzcocks Herself Series 21, Episode 4
2008–16 The Daily Show Herself Recurring role as commentator; 30 episodes
2009 Xavier: Renegade Angel Frantic Spectator / Old Ryan's Wife (voice) Episode: "Going Normal"
Comedy Central Presents Herself Season 13, Episode 24
Snake 'n' Bacon The Green Fairy Pilot episode[21]
Comedy Showcase Tourist Episode: "The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret"
2010 Modern Family Whitney Episode: "Fifteen Percent"
Comedy Lab Penelope Episode: "Penelope Princess of Pets"
Fact Checkers Unit Paula Episode: "One Groundhog Day Dog"
Scared Shrekless Sugar the Gingerbread Girl Voice
2010–15 WordGirl Victoria Best (voice) Episodes: "Victoria Best", "Cherish is the Word", "Crime in the Key of V", "Don't Mess
with the Best", "Victoria Is the Best ... WordGirl?", "There is no V in Team", "World's Best Dad", and "The Best of the Bests"
2011 The Simpsons Taffy (voice) Episode: "Homer Scissorhands"; credited as "Kristen Schall"[22]
The Penguins of Madagascar Muffy, Bluffy, and Fluffy the bunny rabbits (voices) Episode: "Operation: Neighbor Swap"
Soul Quest Overdrive Tammy (voice)
The Heart, She Holler Hershe Heartshe 6 episodes
2011–12 American Dad! Librarian / Girl (voices) 2 episodes
2011–present Bob's Burgers Louise Belcher (voice) Lead role
2012–13 30 Rock Hazel Wassername 11 episodes
2012–14 Adventure Time Jake Jr. (voice) 4 episodes
2012–16 Gravity Falls Mabel Pines (voice) Lead role
2013 Archer Tiffy (voice) 2 episodes
Never Mind the Buzzcocks Herself Series 27, Episode 5
Wilfred Anne 4 episodes
NTSF:SD:SUV:: Deborah Episode: "Trading Faces"
Toy Story of Terror Trixie (voice)
The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Herself Panelist
2013–14 @midnight Herself 2 episodes
2013–16 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself / Gina Guppies 2 episodes
2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Amanda Simmons Series regular
Glee Mary Halloran Episode: "The Untitled Rachel Berry Project"
Toy Story That Time Forgot Trixie (voice)
2014–17 BoJack Horseman Sarah Lynn / Various (voices) 11 episodes
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
2015 Axe Cop God (voice) Episode: "Axe Cop Saves God"
The Hotwives of Las Vegas Amanda Simmons Episode: "Old Friends, New Enemies"
2015–present The Last Man on Earth Carol Pilbasian Main role (47 episodes)
2016 Wander Over Yonder Mavis (voice) Episode: "The Cartoon"
Not Safe with Nikki Glaser Herself Episodes: "Get Her a Glass of Water" and "I Miss David Bowie"
The Big Fat Quiz of Everything Herself Panelist
Brad Neely's Harg Nallin' Sclopio Peepio Various (voice) Episode: "For Sarandon"
Great Minds with Dan Harmon Amelia Earhart Episode: "Amelia Earhart"
Transformers: Rescue Bots Chickadee (voice) Episode: "Camp Cody"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Schaal, Kristen; Blomquist, Rich (2010-07-28). The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0811871266.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedlander, Whitney (6 May 2016). "'Daily Show's' Rich Blomquist Signs Overall with Fox TV". Variety. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson: "The Science of Sex". 2013. Accessed 12 August 2013. The original Dutch pronunciation would be /sxaːl/.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson, John (2010-10-15). "Kristen Schaal: The toast of American comedy". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Kooky Monster". Melbourne: The Age. 2008-03-23. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Todd, Charlie (2005-09-26). "The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You've Never Heard Of". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "4th Annual ECNY Award Winners". ECNY Awards. 2011-02-10. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Kent, Melissa (2008-04-13). "Top comics grin and share the main prize". The Age. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Strachan, Alex (2009-10-17). "Live at Gotham a Prerequisite for the Big Time". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Edinburgh Festival If.comedy award shortlist announced". The List. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "COMEDY CENTRAL(R) Gets the New Year Rolling with Laughter!". PR Newswire. Bloomberg. 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Liu, Ed (2009-06-10). "Scholastic Media Renews "WordGirl" for 26 More Episodes". toonzone.net. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Brophy-Warren, Jamin (2009-06-10). ""Flight of the Conchords" Meets "South Park" on Satellite Radio". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Kristen Schaal (COMEDIAN)". The Believer. June 2008. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Chen, David (2009-10-12). "Lee Unkrich Announces Kristen Schaal and Blake Clark Cast in Toy Story 3; Toy Story 3D Double Feature To Stay in Theaters". slashfilm.com. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Kristen Schaal". Radiolab. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Quintana, Anna (June 13, 2016). "Danger Zone: Here Are 11 of the Best Celebrity Guest Stars to Ever Appear on 'Archer'!". Life & Style. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia (April 4, 2013). "Archer: "Sea Tunt: Part I"". A.V. Club. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Paskin, Willa (August 22, 2014). "The Longest Face". Slate. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Powers, Nicole (2008-12-10). "Kristen Schaal: Confessions of a Disappointed Hillary Supporter". SuicideGirls. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Snake'N'Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret". michaelkupperman.com. Retrieved November 16, 2017. Segments of the book were later animated, first for the Comedy Central show TV Funhouse in early 2001, then for the Adult Swim pilot Snake'N'Bacon in 2009.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (2011-05-16). "Credit Where It's Due: A 'Simpsons' Spelling Lesson". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristen Schaal.
Kristen Schaal on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 90569873
LCCN: no2009096111
ISNI: 0000 0000 6294 4462
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Schaal&oldid=825895492"
Categories:
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