text:
The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)
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The Man from Snowy River
Australian DVD cover
Directed by
George T. Miller
Produced by
Geoff Burrowes
Michael Edgley
Simon Wincer
Screenplay by
John Dixon
Story by
Fred Cul Cullen
Based on
The Man from Snowy River
by Banjo Paterson
Starring
Kirk Douglas
Jack Thompson
Tom Burlinson
Sigrid Thornton
Lorraine Bayly
Music by
Bruce Rowland
Cinematography
Keith Wagstaff
Edited by
Adrian Carr
Production
company
Cambridge Productions
Edgley International
Snowy River Investment Pty. Ltd.
The Hoyts Group
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
5 November 1982 (1982-11-05)
Running time
102 minutes
Country
Australia
Language
English
Budget
A$3 million (est.)[1] or $3.5 million[2]
Box office
A$17,228,160 (Australia)
The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem "The Man from Snowy River". The film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison (a character who appeared frequently in Paterson's poems) and Spur, Jack Thompson as Clancy, Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig, Sigrid Thornton as Harrison's daughter Jessica, Terence Donovan as Jim's father Henry Craig, and Chris Haywood as Curly. Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel, The Man from Snowy River II, which was released by Walt Disney Pictures.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Soundtrack
6 Box office
7 Awards and nominations
8 Legacy
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
When Jim Craig and his father Henry are discussing their finances, a herd of wild horses called the Brumby mob passes by, and Henry wants to shoot the black stallion leader, but Jim convinces his father to capture and sell them. The next morning the mob reappears and Henry is accidentally killed. Before Jim can inherit the station, a group of mountain men tell him that he must first earn the right – and to do so he must go to the lowlands and work. Jim meets an old friend called Spur, a one-legged miner. Jim then gets a job on a station owned by Harrison, Spur's brother, on a recommendation by Harrison's friend. Meanwhile, Clancy appears at Spur's mine and the two discuss their pasts and futures. Clancy goes to Harrison's station to lead a cattle muster. At dinner, Harrison tells Clancy that "he has no brother" when referring to Spur.
Harrison organizes a round-up of his cattle, but Jim is not allowed to go. While the others are gone, Harrison's daughter Jessica asks Jim to help her break in a prize colt. The mob appears again, and Jim unsuccessfully gives chase to the valuable horse. When Harrison returns, he sends Jim to bring back 20 strays. Later, Harrison learns of Jim's actions and tells Jessica that Jim will be fired and that she will be sent to a women's college. Impulsively, she rides off into the mountains where she is caught in a storm.
Spur, meanwhile, finally strikes a large gold deposit. Jim finds Jessica's horse and rescues her. She tells him that he's going to be fired, but he still leaves to return the cattle. Jessica is surprised at meeting Spur, her uncle, whom she had never been told about. She is also confused when Spur mistakes her for her dead mother and refuses to tell her anything about his past. After returning, Jessica learns that Spur and Harrison both fell in love with her mother, Matilda. Matilda declared that the first to make his fortune would be her husband. Spur went looking for gold, while Harrison bet his life savings on a horse race. Harrison became rich overnight when the horse he bet on won. Having made his fortune, Harrison wed Matilda, but she died while delivering Jessica. Harrison is grateful to Jim for returning his daughter, but he becomes angry when Jim says he loves her. As Jim leaves, a prized colt is let loose by a farmhand in the hope that Jim will be blamed.
Later, while camping out, Spur tells Jim that he will inherit his father's share of the mine. Clancy joins them and informs them of the colt, but Jim refuses to retrieve the animal. Meanwhile, Harrison offers a reward of ₤100, attracting riders and fortune-hunters from every station in the area. Clancy does eventually show, accompanied by Jim, whom Harrison finally allows to join the hunt. Several riders have accidents in pursuit and even Clancy is unable to contain the Brumby mob. The riders give up when the mob descends a seemingly impassable grade. However, Jim goes forward and returns the horses to Harrison's farm. Harrison offers him the reward but he refuses. Having cleared his name, Jim would like to return some day for the horses and, looking at Jessica, "anything else that's mine." He rides back up to the mountain country, knowing that he has earned his right to live there.
Cast[edit]
Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig
Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison
Kirk Douglas as Harrison / Spur
Terence Donovan as Henry Craig
Tommy Dysart as Mountain Man
Bruce Kerr as Man in Street
David Bradshaw as Banjo Paterson
Jack Thompson as Clancy
Tony Bonner as Kane
June Jago as Mrs. Bailey
Chris Haywood as Curly
Kristopher Steele as Moss
Gus Mercurio as Frew
Howard Eynon as Shorry
Lorraine Bayly as Rosemary Hume
Production[edit]
Craig's Hut undergoing reconstruction in 2007
According to Geoff Burrowes, the idea to make the film came at a dinner party when someone suggested the poem would make a good movie. Burrowes developed a treatment with George Miller then hired John Dixon to write a screenplay. All three men had worked together in television; another former TV colleague, Simon Wincer, became involved as executive producer with Michael Edgley and succeeded in raising the budget.[1][3][4]
The screenplay contains numerous references to Banjo Paterson, aside from using his poem "The Man from Snowy River" as the source material and his inclusion as a character in the film. For example, the numerous references to the late Matilda are likely a reference to the song "Waltzing Matilda", which was written by Paterson. In addition, the melody for "Waltzing Matilda" can be heard near the end of the film. A Bible Passage from Genesis 30:27, which talks about cattle, goats, and sheep is read aloud in a scene in the middle of the film.
The movie was not shot in the actual Snowy Mountains but in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield, Victoria, where Burrowes' wife's family had lived for several generations, which was logistically easier.[1][5]Burt Lancaster and Robert Mitchum were considered for the dual role of Harrison and Spur before Kirk Douglas was cast in the roles.
Tom Burlinson has confirmed that it was definitely him who rode the horse over the side of the mountain for the "terrible descent" during the dangerous ride—commenting that he had been asked about this numerous times, and that he became known as "The Man from Snowy River" because of his ride.[6] Remarkably, Burlinson had never ridden a horse before being cast in the film and the "terrible descent" was a one-take shot at full gallop down the cliff face. Burlinson performed all of his own stunts in the film.
Reception[edit]
The film "was released to a fair degree of critical acclaim" and "moviegoers found it to be a likable and highly entertaining piece of filmmaking that made no effort to hide its Australian roots, despite the presence of American star Kirk Douglas in one of the principal roles."[7] The film has a rating of 80% on film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.[8] One review of the movie comments:[9] The Australian film industry has been responsible for many decent films for decades (and some utter crap, of course), but the percentage with international appeal is quite small. That is changing, and it is films such as The Man From Snowy River that have ensured ongoing interest. The film was inspired by the ‘Banjo’ Paterson poem of the same name, and stars numerous respected local talents and a Hollywood big name star in Kirk Douglas, playing two roles.'' The two standouts of this film are the majestic mountain scenery, and the final chase scenes with that awe-inspiring horse ride down the mountainside. The film stars many big names and familiar faces including Gus Mercurio (Paul's father), Lorraine Bayley (The Sullivans), Tony Bonner (Skippy) and Chris Haywood. The sets and costumes are also great, the script is strong, and the various threads that run through the film are well handled.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Man from Snowy River (soundtrack)
Bruce Rowland composed the music for both the film and the sequel.
Box office[edit]
The Man from Snowy River grossed $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia.[10] Kirk Douglas later sued Burrowes for a share of the profits.[11]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Won 1982 AFI Award for Best Original Music Score—(awarded to Bruce Rowland)
Won 1982 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Most Popular Film—(awarded to George T. Miller)
Won 1984 APRA Award for Best Original Music Score—(awarded to Bruce Rowland)
Nominated for 1982 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound
Nominated for 1983 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Australia
Legacy[edit]
As indicated by its box office takings, The Man from Snowy River gained a very large audience, popularising the story and Banjo Paterson's poem. Since 1995 the story has been re-enacted at The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival in Corryong, Victoria.[12] Jack Thompson who played Clancy in the film has released recordings of a number of Banjo Paterson poems including Clancy of the Overflow and The Man from Snowy River on the album The Bush Poems of A.B. (Banjo) Paterson.[13]
The Craigs' Hut building was a permanent fixture created for the film. Located in Clear Hills, east of Mount Stirling, Victoria, the popular 4WD and hiking landmark was destroyed on 11 December 2006 in bushfires.[14] The hut has since been rebuilt. The film was selected for preservation as part of the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's Kodak/Atlab Cinema Collection Restoration Project.
For the 2000 Summer Olympics Rowland composed a special Olympics version of The Man from Snowy River "Main Title" for the Olympic Games, which were held in Sydney. The CD of the music for the Sydney Olympics includes the Bruce Rowland's special Olympic version of the main title. Rowland composed special arrangements of some of the film soundtrack music for the 2002 musical version of The Man from Snowy River, The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c David Stratton, The Avocado Plantation: Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry, Pan MacMillan, 1990, pp. 64–66
Jump up ^ "LIFE STYLE Man From Snowy River — 'a remarkable movie'.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 26 January 1983. p. 20. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Young actors tipped for plum roles.". The Australian Women's Weekly (1933–1982). National Library of Australia. 19 November 1980. p. 32 Supplement: FREE Your TV Magazine. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "RIDE THE HIGH COUNTRY.". Filmnews (Sydney, NSW : 1975–1995). Sydney, NSW: National Library of Australia. 1 September 1982. p. 8. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "ON THE SET OF 'THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER [?].". The Australian Women's Weekly (1933 - 1982). 1933 - 1982: National Library of Australia. 6 May 1981. p. 16. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ How The Hell Did We Get Here?—The Baby Boomers Guide to the Movies
Jump up ^ http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/manfromsnowyriver.php
Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River, retrieved 2017-09-29
Jump up ^ Design, Steve Koukoulas - RED5 Web. "DVD.net : The Man From Snowy River (1982) - DVD Review". www.dvd.net.au. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
Jump up ^ Film Victoria - Australian Films at the Australian Box Office
Jump up ^ "Douglas has been paid, says producer.". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). ACT: National Library of Australia. 30 August 1983. p. 15. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival
Jump up ^ "The Bush Poems of A.B. (Banjo) Paterson at Fine Poets"
Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald, 11 December 2006, Bushfires ravage iconic Craig's Hut
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)
The Man from Snowy River on IMDb
The Man from Snowy River at the TCM Movie Database
The Man from Snowy River at AllMovie
The Man from Snowy River on australianscreen online
The Man from Snowy River at the National Film and Sound Archive
The Man from Snowy River Fan Site at manfromsnowyriver.net
The Man from Snowy River at Oz movies
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AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score
1975–2000
The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy – Bruce Smeaton (1975)
Not awarded (1976)
The Picture Show Man – Peter Best (1977)
The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith – Bruce Smeaton (1978)
Mad Max – Brian May (1979)
Manganinnie – Peter Sculthorpe (1980)
Fatty Finn – Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond (1981)
The Man from Snowy River – Bruce Rowland (1982)
Phar Lap – Bruce Rowland (1983)
Street Hero – Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton (1984)
Rebel – Ray Cook, Chris Neal, Peter Best, Billy Byers, Bruce Rowland (1985)
Young Einstein – William Motzing and Martin Armiger (1986)
The Tale of Ruby Rose – Paul Schütze (1987)
The Lighthorsemen – Mario Millo (1988)
Dead Calm – Graeme Revell (1989)
The Big Steal – Phil Judd (1990)
Dingo – Michel Legrand and Miles Davis (1991)
Romper Stomper – John Clifford White (1992)
The Piano – Michael Nyman (1993)
Traps – Douglas Stephen Rae (1994)
Hotel Sorrento – Nerida Tyson-Chew (1995)
Shine – David Hirschfelder (1996)
Doing Time for Patsy Cline – Peter Best (1997)
Oscar and Lucinda – Thomas Newman (1998)
In a Savage Land – David Bridie (1999)
Bootmen – Cezary Skubiszewski (2000)
2001–present
The Dish – Edmund Choi (2001)
Rabbit-Proof Fence – Peter Gabriel (2002)
Japanese Story – Elizabeth Drake (2003)
Somersault – Decoder Ring (2004)
The Proposition – Nick Cave and Warren Ellis (2005)
Suburban Mayhem – Mick Harvey (2006)
The Home Song Stories – Antony Partos (2007)
Unfinished Sky – Antony Partos (2008)
Mao's Last Dancer – Christopher Gordon (2009)
Animal Kingdom – Antony Partos and Sam Petty (2010)
The Hunter – Andrew Lancaster, Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales (2011)
Not Suitable for Children – Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma (2012)
The Great Gatsby – Craig Armstrong (2013)
The Railwayman – David Hirschfelder (2014)
Mad Max: Fury Road – Tom Holkenborg (2015)
Tanna – Antony Partos (2016)
[show]
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Banjo Paterson's "The Man from Snowy River" - the Poem and its adaptations
Films
The Man from Snowy River (1920 silent)
The Man from Snowy River (1982)
The Man from Snowy River II (1988 sequel)
Stage Musical
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (2002 musical)
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (2002 DVD film of the musical)
CD Recordings
The Man from Snowy River (1982 film soundtrack)
Return to Snowy River (1988 film soundtrack)
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (2002 original cast recording)
Television
The Man from Snowy River (1993 TV series)
[show]
v
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Films directed by George T. Miller
The Man from Snowy River (1982)
The Aviator (1985)
Cool Change (1986)
Les Patterson Saves the World (1987)
The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter (1990)
A Mom for Christmas (1990)
In the Nick of Time (1991)
Over the Hill (1992)
Frozen Assets (1992)
Gross Misconduct (1993)
Andre (1994)
Zeus and Roxanne (1997)
Tidal Wave: No Escape (1997)
Robinson Crusoe (1997)
Cybermutt (2002)
Attack of the Sabretooth (2005)
Prey (2009)
[show]
v
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The Films of Geoff Burrowes
The Man from Snowy River (1982)
Anzacs (1985) (TV mini series)
Cool Change (1985)
Running from the Guns (1987)
Backstage (1988)
The Man from Snowy River II (1988)
Run (1991)
[show]
v
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Bruce Rowland
The Man from Snowy River
(soundtracks and music)
The Man from Snowy River (soundtrack of the 1982 film)
Return to Snowy River (soundtrack of the 1988 sequel film The Man from Snowy River II)
Special Olympics version of the main theme from The Man from Snowy River (1982 film) for the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (soundtrack of the 2002 stage musical)
Other soundtracks
Phar Lap (soundtrack)
All the Rivers Run (soundtrack)
The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello (soundtrack)
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List of FA Cup broadcasters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The FA Cup is broadcast live around the world. The below list details what channels show live coverage and in what country.[1]
Summary of FA Cup broadcasters[edit]
FA Cup Broadcasters
Country
Flag
Broadcaster(s)
United Kingdom BT Sport
BBC Sport
Argentina Etv
Armenia Armenina Second TV Channel
Australia Nine Network
Austria ORF (Final only)
Azerbaijan AzTV
Belgium Eleven Sports
Bolivia ESPN
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sport Klub
Brazil ESPN
Bulgaria Nova Sport
Chile ESPN
China GDTV
Tencent (online)
Sohu (online)
PPTV (online)
Sina (online)
Colombia ESPN
Croatia Sport Klub
Czech Republic Nova Sport
Denmark SBS Media
Ecuador ESPN
France TF1
Georgia Setanta Sports
Germany Eurosport
Greece Nova Sports
Hong Kong Now TV
Viu TV
Hungary TV2 Group
Iceland 365 Media
India (Sub-continent) Sony network(STAR)
Indonesia beIN Sports (all matches)
SCTV (Semi-Final + Final)
Israel Charlton
Italy Fox Sports
Japan STAR Sports
Korea (South)
Bein sports tv
Macedonia Sport Klub
Malaysia Astro
Mexico Sky Mexico
Middle East & North Africa beIN Sports
Montenegro Sport Klub
Myanmar Shwe Lan Thin Sky Net
Netherlands Fox Sports Eredivisie
Norway Viasat 4 (MTG)
Paraguay ESPN
Peru ESPN
Philippines beIN Sports
Portugal Sport TV
Republic of Ireland Eir Sport
TV3 (Final only)
Romania Pro TV
Russia RTR
Serbia Sport Klub
Singapore SingTel
Slovenia Sport Klub
Spain Teledeporte
Sub-Saharan Africa Supersport
Sweden Viasat
Turkey TRT
TT Net
United States FOX Sports
Uruguay ESPN
Vietnam SCTV
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Emirates FA Cup on TV thefa.com
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Taxonomic rank
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This graph shows the mainranks: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Here it demonstrates how taxonomic ranking is used to classify the red fox, Vulpes vulpes.[1]
The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc.
A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank of any species and the description of its genus is basic; which means that to identify a particular organism, it is usually not necessary to specify ranks other than these first two.[2]
Consider a particular species, the red fox, Vulpes vulpes: the next rank above, the genus Vulpes, comprises all the "true" foxes. Their closest relatives are in the immediately higher rank, the family Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, jackals, and all foxes; the next higher rank, the order Carnivora, includes caniforms (bears, seals, weasels, skunks, raccoons and all those mentioned above), and feliforms (cats, civets, hyenas, mongooses). As one group of the hairy, warm-blooded, nursing members of the class Mammalia, all of the above are classified among animals with backbones in the phylum Chordata, and with them among all animals in the kingdom Animalia. Finally, at the highest rank all of these are grouped together with all other organisms possessing cell nuclei in the domain Eukarya.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature defines rank as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Main ranks
2 Ranks in zoology
2.1 Names of zoological taxa
3 Ranks in botany
3.1 Names of botanical taxa
3.1.1 Outdated names for botanical ranks
4 Examples
5 Terminations of names
6 All ranks
7 Significance and problems
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
Main ranks[edit]
In his landmark publications, such as the Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated by the nomenclature codes. There are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In addition, the domain (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used as one of the fundamental ranks, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes. Also, this term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974.[4] Unlike Moore, Whoese et al. (1990) did not suggest a Latin term for this category, which represents a further argument supporting the accurately introduced term dominion.[5]
Main taxonomic ranks
Latin English
vitae life
regio domain
regnum kingdom
phylum phylum (in zoology)
classis class
ordo order
familia family
genus genus
species species
A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and genus. When an organism is given a species name it is assigned to a genus, and the genus name is part of the species name.
The species name is also called a binomial, that is, a two-term name. For example, the zoological name for the human species is Homo sapiens. This is usually italicized in print and underlined when italics are not available. In this case, Homo is the generic name and it is capitalized; sapiens indicates the species and it is not capitalized.
Ranks in zoology[edit]
There are definitions of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature divides names into "family-group names", "genus-group names" and "species-group names". The Code explicitly mentions:
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Tribe
Subtribe
Genus
Subgenus
Species
Subspecies
The rules in the Code apply to the ranks of superfamily to subspecies, and only to some extent to those above the rank of superfamily. In the "genus group" and "species group" no further ranks are allowed. Among zoologists, additional terms such as species group, species subgroup, species complex and superspecies are sometimes used for convenience as extra, but unofficial, ranks between the subgenus and species levels in taxa with many species (e.g. the genus Drosophila).
At higher ranks (family and above) a lower level may be denoted by adding the prefix "infra", meaning lower, to the rank. For example, infraorder (below suborder) or infrafamily (below subfamily).
Names of zoological taxa[edit]
A taxon above the rank of species has a scientific name in one part (a uninominal name).
A species has a name composed of two parts (a binomial name or binomen): generic name + specific name; for example Canis lupus.
A subspecies has a name composed of three parts (a trinomial name or trinomen): generic name + specific name + subspecific name; for example Canis lupus familiaris. As there is only one possible rank below that of species, no connecting term to indicate rank is needed or used.
Ranks in botany[edit]
According to Art 3.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) the most important ranks of taxa are: kingdom, division or phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. According to Art 4.1 the secondary ranks of taxa are tribe, section, series, variety and form. There is an indeterminate number of ranks. The ICN explicitly mentions:[6]
primary ranks
secondary ranks
further ranks
kingdom (regnum)
subregnum
division or phylum (divisio, phylum)
subdivisio or subphylum
class (classis)
subclassis
order (ordo)
subordo
family (familia)
subfamilia
tribe (tribus)
subtribus
genus (genus)
subgenus
section (sectio)
subsection
series (series)
subseries
species (species)
subspecies
variety (varietas)
subvarietas
form (forma)
subforma
There are definitions of the following taxonomic categories in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: cultivar group, cultivar, grex.
The rules in the ICN apply primarily to the ranks of family and below, and only to some extent to those above the rank of family. Also see descriptive botanical names.
Names of botanical taxa[edit]
Taxa at the rank of genus and above have a botanical name in one part (unitary name); those at the rank of species and above (but below genus) have a botanical name in two parts (binary name); all taxa below the rank of species have a botanical name in three parts (an infraspecific name). To indicate the rank of the infraspecific name, a "connecting term" is needed. Thus Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia, where "subsp." is an abbreviation for "subspecies", is the name of a subspecies of Poa secunda.[7]
Hybrids can be specified either by a "hybrid formula" that specifies the parentage, or may be given a name. For hybrids receiving a hybrid name, the same ranks apply, prefixed with notho (Greek: 'bastard'), with nothogenus as the highest permitted rank.[8]
Outdated names for botanical ranks[edit]
If a different term for the rank was used in an old publication, but the intention is clear, botanical nomenclature specifies certain substitutions:[citation needed]
If names were "intended as names of orders, but published with their rank denoted by a term such as": "cohors" [Latin for "cohort";[9] see also cohort study for the use of the term in ecology], "nixus", "alliance", or "Reihe" instead of "order" (Article 17.2), they are treated as names of orders.
"Family" is substituted for "order" (ordo) or "natural order" (ordo naturalis) under certain conditions where the modern meaning of "order" was not intended. (Article 18.2)
"Subfamily is substituted for "suborder" (subordo) under certain conditions where the modern meaning of "suborder" was not intended. (Article 19.2)
In a publication prior to 1 January 1890, if only one infraspecific rank is used, it is considered to be that of variety. (Article 37.4) This commonly applies to publications that labelled infraspecific taxa with Greek letters, α, β, γ, ...
Examples[edit]
Classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Homo sapiens), the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The eight major ranks are given in bold; a selection of minor ranks are given as well.
Rank
Fruit fly
Human
Pea
Fly agaric
E. coli
Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Bacteria
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Fungi
Phylum or Division Arthropoda Chordata Magnoliophyta (Tracheophyta) Basidiomycota Proteobacteria
Subphylum or subdivision Hexapoda Vertebrata Magnoliophytina (Euphyllophytina) Agaricomycotina
Class Insecta Mammalia Magnoliopsida (Equisetopsida) Agaricomycetes Gammaproteobacteria
Subclass Pterygota Theria Rosidae (Magnoliidae) Agaricomycetidae
Superorder Euarchontoglires Rosanae
Order Diptera Primates Fabales Agaricales Enterobacteriales
Suborder Brachycera Haplorrhini Fabineae Agaricineae
Family Drosophilidae Hominidae Fabaceae Amanitaceae Enterobacteriaceae
Subfamily Drosophilinae Homininae Faboideae Amanitoideae
Genus Drosophila Homo Pisum Amanita Escherichia
Species D. melanogaster H. sapiens P. sativum A. muscaria E. coli
Table notes
The ranks of higher taxa, especially intermediate ranks, are prone to revision as new information about relationships is discovered. For example, the flowering plants have been downgraded from a division (Magnoliophyta) to a subclass (Magnoliidae), and the superorder has become the rank that distinguishes the major groups of flowering plants.[10] The traditional classification of primates (class Mammalia—subclass Theria—infraclass Eutheria—order Primates) has been modified by new classifications such as McKenna and Bell (class Mammalia—subclass Theriformes—infraclass Holotheria) with Theria and Eutheria assigned lower ranks between infraclass and the order Primates. See mammal classification for a discussion. These differences arise because there are only a small number of ranks available and a large number of branching points in the fossil record.
Within species further units may be recognised. Animals may be classified into subspecies (for example, Homo sapiens sapiens, modern humans) or morphs (for example Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus, the pied raven). Plants may be classified into subspecies (for example, Pisum sativum subsp. sativum, the garden pea) or varieties (for example, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon, snow pea), with cultivated plants getting a cultivar name (for example, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon 'Snowbird'). Bacteria may be classified by strains (for example Escherichia coli O157:H7, a strain that can cause food poisoning).
Mnemonics are available at mnemonic-device.eu and thefreedictionary.com.
Terminations of names[edit]
Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on the type genus, with a standard termination. The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom (and sometimes the phylum and class) as set out in the table below.
Pronunciations given are the most Anglicized. More Latinate pronunciations are also common, particularly /ɑː/ rather than /eɪ/ for stressed a.
Rank
Bacteria[11]
Plants
Algae
Fungi
Animals
Division/Phylum -phyta /ˈfaɪtə/ -phycota /ˈfaɪkoʊtə/ -mycota /maɪˈkoʊtə/
Subdivision/Subphylum -phytina /fɪˈtaɪnə/ -phycotina /fɪkoʊˈtaɪnə/ -mycotina /maɪkoʊˈtaɪnə/
Class -ia /iə/ -opsida /ˈɒpsɪdə/ -phyceae /ˈfaɪʃiː/ -mycetes /maɪˈsiːtiːz/
Subclass -idae /ɪdiː/ -phycidae /ˈfɪsɪdiː/ -mycetidae /maɪˈsɛtɪdiː/
Superorder -anae /ˈeɪniː/
Order -ales /ˈeɪliːz/
Suborder -ineae /ˈɪnɪ.iː/
Infraorder -aria /ˈɛəriə/
Superfamily -acea /ˈeɪʃə/ -oidea /ˈɔɪdiə/
Epifamily -oidae /ˈɔɪdiː/
Family -aceae /ˈeɪʃiː/ -idae /ɪdiː/
Subfamily -oideae /ˈɔɪdɪiː/ -inae /ˈaɪniː/
Infrafamily -odd /ɒd/[12]
Tribe -eae /ɪiː/ -ini /ˈaɪnaɪ/
Subtribe -inae /ˈaɪniː/ -ina /ˈaɪnə/
Infratribe -ad /æd/ or -iti /ˈaɪti/
Table notes
In botany and mycology names at the rank of family and below are based on the name of a genus, sometimes called the type genus of that taxon, with a standard ending. For example, the rose family, Rosaceae, is named after the genus Rosa, with the standard ending "-aceae" for a family. Names above the rank of family are also formed from a generic name, or are descriptive (like Gymnospermae or Fungi).
For animals, there are standard suffixes for taxa only up to the rank of superfamily.[13]
Forming a name based on a generic name may be not straightforward. For example, the Latin homo has the genitive hominis, thus the genus Homo (human) is in the Hominidae, not "Homidae".
The ranks of epifamily, infrafamily and infratribe (in animals) are used where the complexities of phyletic branching require finer-than-usual distinctions. Although they fall below the rank of superfamily, they are not regulated under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and hence do not have formal standard endings. The suffixes listed here are regular, but informal.[14]
Many animal orders have the informal suffix -ida /ɪdə/, e.g. Hyolithida and Nectaspida (Naraoiida)
All ranks[edit]
There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at any time, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which will vary with the nomenclature code which applies.
The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (but see notes), from most general to most specific:[15]
Domain or Empire
Subdomain (biology)
Hyperkingdom
Superkingdom
Kingdom
Subkingdom
Infrakingdom
Parvkingdom
Superphylum, or superdivision (in botany)
Phylum, or division (in botany)
Subphylum, or subdivision (in botany)
Infraphylum, or infradivision (in botany)
Microphylum
Superclass
Class
Subclass
Infraclass
Parvclass
Superdivision (in zoology)[16]
Division (in zoology)[16]
Subdivision (in zoology)[16]
Infradivision (in zoology)[16]
Superlegion (in zoology)
Legion (in zoology)
Sublegion (in zoology)
Infralegion (in zoology)
Supercohort (in zoology)[17]
Cohort (in zoology)[17]
Subcohort (in zoology)[17]
Infracohort (in zoology)[17]
Gigaorder (in zoology)[18]
Magnorder or megaorder (in zoology)[18]
Grandorder or capaxorder (in zoology)[18]
Mirorder or hyperorder (in zoology)[18]
Superorder
Series (for fish)
Order
Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
Nanorder (in zoology)
Hypoorder (in zoology)
Minorder (in zoology)
Suborder
Infraorder
Parvorder (usual position), or microorder (in zoology)[18]
Section (in zoology)
Subsection (in zoology)
Gigafamily (in zoology)
Megafamily (in zoology)
Grandfamily (in zoology)
Hyperfamily (in zoology)
Superfamily
Epifamily (in zoology)
Series (for Lepidoptera)
Group (for Lepidoptera)
Family
Subfamily
Infrafamily
Supertribe
Tribe
Subtribe
Infratribe
Genus
Subgenus
Section (in botany)
Subsection (in botany)
Series (in botany)
Subseries (in botany)
Superspecies or Species-group
Species
Subspecies, or forma specialis (for fungi), or pathovar (for bacteria)[19])
Variety or varietas (in botany); or form or morph (in zoology) or aberration (in lepidopterology)
Subvariety (in botany)
Form or forma (in botany)
Subform (in botany)
Significance and problems[edit]
Ranks are assigned based on subjective dissimilarity, and do not fully reflect the gradational nature of variation within nature. In most cases, higher taxonomic groupings arise further back in time: not because the rate of diversification was higher in the past, but because each subsequent diversification event results in an increase of diversity and thus increases the taxonomic rank assigned by present-day taxonomists.[20] Furthermore, some groups have many described species not because they are more diverse than other species, but because they are more easily sampled and studied than other group.[citation needed]
Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. However, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined, or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from case to case. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion, but this is not a requirement.[citation needed]
Classification, in which all taxa have formal ranks, cannot adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny; at the same time, if taxon names are dependent on ranks, rank-free taxa can't be supplied with names. This problem is dissolved in cladoendesis, where the specially elaborated rank-free nomenclatures are used.[21][22]
There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or any other higher taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level).[23][24] It should be a natural group (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the information available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.g., it is incorrect to assume that families of insects are in some way evolutionarily comparable to families of mollusks).[24] For animals, at least the phylum rank is usually associated with a certain body plan, which is also, however, an arbitrary criterion.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Breed
Catalogue of Life
Cladistics
Landrace
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.123rf.com /clipart-vector/vulpes_vulpes.html
Jump up ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Melbourne Code, 2012, articles 2 and 3
Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature
Jump up ^ Moore R.T. (1974). "Proposal for the recognition of super ranks" (PDF). Taxon. 23 (4): 650–652.
Jump up ^ Luketa S. (2012). "New views on the megaclassification of life" (PDF). Protistology. 7 (4): 218–237.
Jump up ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Melbourne Code, 2012, articles 3 and 4
Jump up ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Melbourne Code, 2012, articles 4.2 and 24.1
Jump up ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Melbourne Code, 2012, articles 3.2 and Appendix 1, articles H.1 to H.3
Jump up ^ Stearn, W.T. 1992. Botanical Latin: History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition. David and Charles.
Jump up ^ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. (2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
Jump up ^ Bacteriologocal Code (1990 Revision)
Jump up ^ For example, the chelonian infrafamilies Chelodd (Gaffney & Meylan 1988: 169) and Baenodd (ibid., 176).
Jump up ^ ICZN article 29.2
Jump up ^ As supplied by Gaffney & Meylan (1988).
Jump up ^ For the general usage and coordination of zoological ranks between the phylum and family levels, including many intercalary ranks, see Carroll (1988). For additional intercalary ranks in zoology, see especially Gaffney & Meylan (1988); McKenna & Bell (1997); Milner (1988); Novacek (1986, cit. in Carroll 1988: 499, 629); and Paul Sereno's 1986 classification of ornithischian dinosaurs as reported in Lambert (1990: 149, 159). For botanical ranks, including many intercalary ranks, see Willis & McElwain (2002).
^ Jump up to: a b c d These are movable ranks, most often inserted between the class and the legion or cohort. Nevertheless, their positioning in the zoological hierarchy may be subject to wide variation. For examples, see the Benton classification of vertebrates (2005).
^ Jump up to: a b c d In zoological classification, the cohort and its associated group of ranks are inserted between the class group and the ordinal group. The cohort has also been used between infraorder and family in saurischian dinosaurs (Benton 2005). In botanical classification, the cohort group has sometimes been inserted between the division (phylum) group and the class group: see Willis & McElwain (2002: 100–101), or has sometimes been used at the rank of order, and is now considered to be an obsolete name for order: See International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Melbourne Code 2012, Article 17.2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The supra-ordinal sequence gigaorder–megaorder–capaxorder–hyperorder (and the microorder, in roughly the position most often assigned to the parvorder) has been employed in turtles at least (Gaffney & Meylan 1988), while the parallel sequence magnorder–grandorder–mirorder figures in recently influential classifications of mammals. It is unclear from the sources how these two sequences are to be coordinated (or interwoven) within a unitary zoological hierarchy of ranks. Previously, Novacek (1986) and McKenna-Bell (1997) had inserted mirorders and grandorders between the order and superorder, but Benton (2005) now positions both of these ranks above the superorder.
Jump up ^ Additionally, the terms biovar, morphovar, phagovar, and serovar designate bacterial strains (genetic variants) that are physiologically or biochemically distinctive. These are not taxonomic ranks, but are groupings of various sorts which may define a bacterial subspecies.
Jump up ^ Gingerich, P. D. (1987). "Evolution and the fossil record: patterns, rates, and processes". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 65 (5): 1053–1060. doi:10.1139/z87-169.
Jump up ^ Kluge N.J. 1999. A system of alternative nomenclatures of supra-species taxa. Linnaean and post-Linnaean principles of systematics. // Entomological Review 79(2): 133-147
Jump up ^ Kluge N.J. 2010. Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda. // Bionomina 1: 15–55
Jump up ^ Stuessy, T.F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data. 2nd ed. Columbia University Press, p. 175.
^ Jump up to: a b Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2003). Invertebrates. 2nd ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, pp. 26–27.
Bibliography[edit]
Benton, Michael J. 2005. Vertebrate Palaeontology, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8
Brummitt, R.K., and C.E. Powell. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0-947643-44-3
Carroll, Robert L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-1822-7
Gaffney, Eugene S., and Peter A. Meylan. 1988. "A phylogeny of turtles". In M.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 157–219. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Haris Abba Kabara. 2001. Karmos hand book for botanical names.
Lambert, David. 1990. Dinosaur Data Book. Oxford: Facts On File & British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-8160-2431-6
McKenna, Malcolm C., and Susan K. Bell (editors). 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
Milner, Andrew. 1988. "The relationships and origin of living amphibians". In M.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 59–102. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Novacek, Michael J. 1986. "The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher-level classification of eutherian mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 183: 1–112.
Sereno, Paul C. 1986. "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Research 2: 234–56.
Willis, K.J., and J.C. McElwain. 2002. The Evolution of Plants. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3
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Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2005 film adaptation, see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film). For the book, see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mel Stuart
Produced by
Stan Margulies
David L. Wolper
Screenplay by
Roald Dahl
Based on
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
by Roald Dahl
Starring
Gene Wilder
Jack Albertson
Peter Ostrum
Roy Kinnear
Julie Dawn Cole
Leonard Stone
Denise Nickerson
Dodo Denney
Paris Themmen
Music by
Leslie Bricusse
Anthony Newley
Walter Scharf
Cinematography
Arthur Ibbetson
Edited by
David Saxon
Production
company
Wolper Pictures, Ltd
The Quaker Oats Company
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures[a]
Release date
June 30, 1971 (1971-06-30) (United States)
Running time
99 minutes[1]
Country
United States[2]
Language
English
Budget
$3 million[3]
Box office
$4 million[3]
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart, and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka. It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl. Dahl was credited with writing the film's screenplay; however, David Seltzer, who went uncredited in the film, was brought in to re-work Dahl's screenplay against his wishes, making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers. These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film.[4][5]
The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket (Peter Ostrum) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30, 1971. With a budget of just $3 million, the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run. Paramount distributed the film until 1977, and beginning in the 1980s, Warner Bros. assumed control of the rights for home entertainment purposes. The film then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment banner in 1996. The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales.[6] In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof. The film also introduced the song "The Candy Man", which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Main cast
2.1 Oompa Loompas
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Promotion
4 Reception
4.1 Dahl's reaction
5 Television
6 Adaptation
7 Home media
8 Music
9 Soundtrack
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Plot[edit]
In an unnamed town, children visit a candy shop. Charlie Bucket, a poor paperboy, stares through the window as the shop owner sings "The Candy Man". Walking home, he passes Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham's poem "The Fairies", and tells Charlie, "Nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out." Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents. After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker, Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers, including rival Arthur Slugworth, sent in spies to steal his recipes. Wonka disappeared, but for three years resumed selling candy; the origin of Wonka's labor force is unknown.
The next day, Wonka announces that he hid five "Golden Tickets" in chocolate Wonka Bars. Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. Four of the tickets are found by Augustus Gloop, a gluttonous boy; Veruca Salt, a spoiled girl; Violet Beauregarde, a gum-chewing girl; and Mike Teavee, a television-obsessed boy. As each winner's announced on TV, a man whispers to them. Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket and loses hope. The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay. Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar. With the change, he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe. Walking home, as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire's ticket is a forgery, he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket. While rushing home, he is confronted by the same man seen whispering to the other winners, who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka's latest creation, the Everlasting Gobstopper.
Charlie returns home with the Golden Ticket and chooses Grandpa Joe as his chaperone and they sing "I've Got A Golden Ticket". The next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a river of chocolate, edible mushrooms, lickable wallpaper, and other sweets and inventions. As the visitors sample these, Wonka sings "Pure Imagination". The visitors see Wonka's workers, small men known as Oompa-Loompas, who sing their song whenever a ticket holder falls into a trap. Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room. In the Inventing Room, everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper. Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three-course meal, despite Wonka's warnings. The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room, where Charlie and Grandpa Joe ignore Wonka's warning and sample the drinks. They float and have a near-fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground. In the Chocolate Eggs Room, Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace, with her father falling in trying to rescue her. The group tests out Wonka's Wonkavision, only to have Mike teleport himself and become only a few inches tall.
Only Charlie and Grandpa Joe remain, but Wonka dismisses them without the promised chocolate. When Grandpa Joe asks him why, Wonka angrily explains that they violated the contract by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and will receive nothing. An angered Grandpa Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge, but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka. With this selfless act, Wonka declares Charlie as the winner. He reveals that Slugworth is actually "Mr. Wilkinson", an employee of his, and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test which only Charlie passed. The trio enter the "Wonkavator", a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory. Soaring over the city, Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory; Wonka created the contest to find a worthy heir enough, and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in. Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted. Charlie asks, "What happened?" to which Wonka replies, "He lived happily ever after."

Main cast[edit]
The main cast.
Back row (left to right): Michael Bollner, Ursula Reit, Gene Wilder
Front row (left to right): Leonard Stone, Denise Nickerson, Roy Kinnear, Julie Dawn Cole, Dodo Denny, Paris Themmen, Peter Ostrum, Jack Albertson
Main article: List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters
Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka
Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe
Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket
Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt
Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt
Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde
Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde
Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee
Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee
Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop
Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop
Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket
Aubrey Woods as Bill, the Candy Shop owner
David Battley as Mr. Turkentine
Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth/Mr. Wilkinson
Peter Capell as The Tinker
Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck
Peter Stuart as Winkelmann
Oompa Loompas[edit]
Rusty Goffe
Rudy Borgstaller
George Claydon
Malcolm Dixon
Ismed Hassan
Norman McGlen
Angelo Muscat
Pepe Poupee
Marcus Powell
Albert Wilkinson
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart's ten-year-old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it, with "Uncle Dave" (producer David L. Wolper) producing it. Stuart showed the book to Wolper, who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago-based Breaker Confections subsidiary (since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé). Wolper persuaded the company, which had no previous experience in the film industry, to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar.[7]
It was agreed that the film would be a children's musical, and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay.[7] However, the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.
Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources, such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Seltzer also worked Slugworth (only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book) into the plot as an actual character (only to be revealed to be Wilkinson, one of Wonka's agents, at the end of the film).[7]
Casting[edit]
All six members of Monty Python: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, expressed interest in playing Wonka, but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience. Three of the members, Cleese, Idle and Palin, were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton's version.[8][9]
Before Wilder was officially cast for the role, producers considered Fred Astaire, Joel Grey, Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee.[9][10] Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl's original choice to play Willy Wonka.[9] Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role.[11]
When Wilder was cast for the role, he accepted it on one condition:
When I make my first entrance, I'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp. After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple, they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet. As I walk toward them, my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I'm walking on and stands straight up, by itself; but I keep on walking, until I realize that I no longer have my cane. I start to fall forward, and just before I hit the ground, I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up, to great applause.
— Gene Wilder[12]
The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that "from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth."[12]
Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee.[13][14] Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde.[15] Sammy Davis, Jr. wanted to play Bill, the candy store owner, but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality.[8] Nevertheless, Davis' recording of the film's opening musical number, "The Candy Man," would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972, despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song. Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill, but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason.[15]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography commenced on April 30, 1970, and ended on November 19, 1970. The primary shooting location was Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka's factory; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location. External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München (Emmy-Noether-Straße 10); the entrance and side buildings still exist. The exterior of Charlie Bucket's house, which was only a set constructed for the film, was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich, Bavaria. Charlie's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester, Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich. Bill's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße, Munich. The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria.
Munich Gasworks as it appears today (building on the left)
Munich Gasworks as it appears today
Nördlingen, the town seen from above at the end of the film
Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room. According to Paris Themmen, who played Mike Teevee, "The river was made of water with food coloring. At one point, they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it didn't really work. When asked this question, Michael Böllner, who played Augustus Gloop, answers, 'It vas dirty, stinking vater.'"[16]
When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition, Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors, but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen, claiming that he was "a handful".[17]
Promotion[edit]
Before its release, the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a "Willy Wonka candy factory kit" for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman, Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands.[18]
Reception[edit]
Willy Wonka was released on June 30, 1971. The film was not a big success, being the fifty-third highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S., earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend,[19] although it received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert, who compared it to The Wizard of Oz, rating the film a 4 out of 4 stars stating "All of this is preface to a simple statement: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz. It is everything that family movies usually claim to be, but aren't: Delightful, funny, scary, exciting, and, most of all, a genuine work of imagination. “Willy Wonka” is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds, and it is fascinating because, like all classic fantasy, it is fascinated with itself."[20]
By the mid-1980s, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales. Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996, it was released on DVD the next year, allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers. The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the "Top 50 Cult Movies" of all time.
As of 2017[update], the film holds a 90% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting, full of narrative detours that don't always work but express the film's uniqueness".[21]
Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments[22] for the "scary tunnel" scene.
Dahl's reaction[edit]
Dahl disowned the film, the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines. Dahl said he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie", as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan.[23] Dahl was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay, including the conversion of Slugworth, a minor character in the book, into a spy (so that the movie could have a villain) and the "fizzy lifting drinks" scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including "Pure Imagination" and "The Candy Man"), and the ending dialogue for the movie.[24] In 1996, Dahl's second wife Felicity commented on her husband's objections towards the film saying "they always want to change a book's storyline. What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film, when they accept it in a book?"[23]
Television[edit]
The film made its television debut on November 23, 1975 on NBC. There was some controversy with the showing as the Oakland Raiders vs Washington Redskins (26-23) football game went into overtime, and the first 40 minutes of the movie were cut.[25] The film placed 19th in the TV Ratings for the week ending Nov 23, beating out The Streets of San Francisco and Little House on the Prairie.[26] The next TV showing of the film was on May 2, 1976,[27] where it placed 46th in the ratings.[28] Some TV listings indicate the showing was part of the World of Disney time slot.
Adaptation[edit]
Main article: Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
In 2017, an adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released. Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder, who died under a year before the release.
Home media[edit]
The film was first released on DVD in 1997/1999 in a "25th anniversary edition"[29] as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and "standard" version. The "standard" version is an open matte print, where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed, revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers.[30] VHS copies were also available, but only containing the "standard" version.
A special edition DVD was released, celebrating the film's 30th anniversary, on August 28, 2001, but in fullscreen only. Due to the lack of a letterboxed release, fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13, 2001. It was also released on VHS, with only one of the special features (a making-of feature). Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release. The two editions featured restored sound, and better picture quality. In addition to the documentary, the DVD included a trailer, a gallery, and audio commentary by the cast.
In 2007, Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD.[31] The film was released on Blu-ray on October 20, 2009.[32] It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD-DVD as well as a 38-page book.
In 2011, a new deluxe-40th-anniversary edition Blu-ray/DVD set was released on November 1, consisting of the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc. The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar-designed tin, four scented pencils, a scented eraser, a book detailing the making of the film, original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles. The set is now out of print.[33]
Music[edit]
The Academy Award-nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, and musical direction was by Walter Scharf. The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971. On October 8, 1996, Hip-O Records (in conjunction with MCA Records, which by then owned the Paramount catalog), released the soundtrack on CD as a "25th Anniversary Edition".
The music and songs, in order of appearance, are:
"Main Title" – Instrumental medley of "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" and "Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man" – Aubrey Woods
"Cheer Up, Charlie" – Diana Lee (dubbing over Diana Sowle)
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" – Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum
"Pure Imagination" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Augustus)" – The Oompa Loompas
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"/"The Rowing Song" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Violet)" – The Oompa Loompas
"I Want It Now!" – Julie Dawn Cole
"Oompa Loompa (Veruca)" – The Oompa Loompas
"Ach, so fromm" (alternately titled "M'appari", from Martha) – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Mike)" – The Oompa Loompas
"End Credits" – "Pure Imagination"
Soundtrack[edit]
The track listing for the soundtrack's as follows:
"Main Title" ("Golden Ticket"/"Pure Imagination")
"The Candy Man"
"Charlie's Paper Run"
"Cheer Up Charlie"
"Lucky Charlie"
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket"
"Pure Imagination"
"Oompa Loompa"
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"
"Everlasting Gobstoppers/Oompa Loompa"
"The Bubble Machine"
"I Want It Now/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkamobile, Wonkavision/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkavator/End Title" ("Pure Imagination")
See also[edit]
Film portal
1970s portal
List of American films of 1971
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights, the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977, when Wolper Pictures, Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (U)". British Board of Film Classification. August 20, 1971. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)".
^ Jump up to: a b "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) - Financial Information". The-numbers.com. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film". yahoo. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham, trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum, quoted in Tom Bishop: "Willy Wonka's Everlasting Film Plot", BBC News, July 2005
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c J.M. Kenny (Writer, Director, Producer) (2001). Pure Imagination: The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (DVD). USA: Warner Home Video. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Paur, Joey. "25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Retrieved July 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Honeybone, Nigel (April 25, 2012). "Film Review: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971)". Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Segal, David (March 28, 2005). "Gene Wilder: It Hurts to Laugh". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Evans, Bradford (January 31, 2013). "The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers". Splitsider. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Perkins, Will. "Gene Wilder's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed". Yahoo.com. Yahoo. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jean Stapleton Dies: Top 10 Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. June 1, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chandler, Ed (June 3, 2013). "Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton". Retrieved July 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971): Notes". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen. I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka. AMA!". Reddit.com. September 2, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Mel; Young, Josh (November 1, 2001). Pure Imagination: The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312287771.
Jump up ^ robatsea2009 (December 19, 2011). "Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory: Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The-numbers.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1971). "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Chicago Sun-Times.
Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ "Bravo's 'The 100 Scariest Movie Moments'". Archived from the original on August 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Bishop, Tom (July 11, 2005). "Willy Wonka's Everlasting Film Plot". BBC News. Retrieved January 29, 2014. He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie," said Liz Attenborough, trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire. "For him the book was about Charlie.
Jump up ^ Pure Imagination: The Story of "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001.
Jump up ^ "Raiders, NBC 0–2 in N.Y.; First Heidi, Now Willy Wonka". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 1975. p. C2.
Jump up ^ "4 Movies Shake Up Week's Nielsen List". Los Angeles Times. November 26, 1975. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "TV Guide Listings". Los Angeles Times. May 2, 1976. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Williams, Ken (May 11, 1976). "Among Other Things". Journal-News. Hamilton, OH. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)". Dvdmg.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory: 30th Anniversary Edition (1971)". Dvdmg.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (HD DVD) - IGN". Dvd.ign.com. June 6, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "News: Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory (US-BD)". DVDActive.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cook, Tommy (November 1, 2011). "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu-ray Review". Collider.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes
The AFI Catalog of Feature Films..Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
[show]
v
t
e
Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Books
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator
Films
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
soundtrack
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
Characters
Willy Wonka
Theater
Roald Dahl's Willy Wonka (2004 musical)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013 musical)
The Golden Ticket
Music
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man"
Miscellaneous
The Ride
Video games
Wonka Bar
Everlasting Gobstopper
Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble
The Willy Wonka Candy Company
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Mel Stuart
Four Days in November (1964)
If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969)
I Love My Wife (1970)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
One Is a Lonely Number (1972)
Wattstax (1973)
Mean Dog Blues (1978)
The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979)
The White Lions (1981)
[show]
v
t
e
Roald Dahl
Children's fiction
The Gremlins (1943)
James and the Giant Peach (1961)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964)
The Magic Finger (1966)
Fantastic Mr Fox (1970)
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1972)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1975)
The Enormous Crocodile (1978)
The Twits (1980)
George's Marvellous Medicine (1981)
The BFG (1982)
The Witches (1983)
The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (1985)
Matilda (1988)
Esio Trot (1990)
The Vicar of Nibbleswicke (1991)
The Minpins (1991)
Children's poetry
Revolting Rhymes (1982)
Dirty Beasts (1983)
Rhyme Stew (1989)
Adult novels
Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen (1948)
My Uncle Oswald (1979)
Adult short story
collections
Over to You: Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying (1946)
Someone Like You (1953)
Kiss Kiss (1960)
Lamb to the Slaughter (1953)
Switch Bitch (1974)
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More (1977)
The Best of Roald Dahl (1978)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979)
More Tales of the Unexpected (1980)
The Roald Dahl Omnibus (1986)
Two Fables (1986)
Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life: The Country Stories of Roald Dahl (1989)
The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl (1991)
The Roald Dahl Treasury (1997)
The Great Automatic Grammatizator (1998)
Skin and Other Stories (2000)
Roald Dahl: Collected Stories (2006)
Non-fiction
The Mildenhall Treasure (1946)
Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984)
Going Solo (1986)
Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
Roald Dahl's Guide to Railway Safety (1991)
My Year (1993)
Film adaptations
36 Hours (1965)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1989)
The BFG (1989)
The Witches (1990)
Four Rooms (1995)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Matilda (1996)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
Roald Dahl's Esio Trot (2015)
The BFG (2016)
Revolting Rhymes (2016)
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017)
Film scripts
The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling (1966, unfinished)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
The Night Digger (1971)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Television series
'Way Out (1961)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979–88)
Musicals and plays
The Honeys (1955)
Matilda (2010)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013)
Fantastic Mr Fox (2016)
See also
Quentin Blake
Roald Dahl bibliography
Roald Dahl short stories bibliography
Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983)
List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes
Related
Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre
Roald Dahl Children's Gallery
Patricia Neal (wife)
Tessa Dahl (daughter)
Ophelia Dahl (daughter)
Lucy Dahl (daughter)
Sophie Dahl (granddaughter)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=802190776"
Categories:
1971 films
English-language films
Willy Wonka
American films
1970s musical films
1970s fantasy films
American children's fantasy films
American musical films
Compositions by Leslie Bricusse
Films about children
Films about food and drink
Films based on British novels
Films based on children's books
Films based on fantasy novels
Films based on works by Roald Dahl
Films directed by Mel Stuart
Films set in Europe
Films shot in Bavaria
Musical fantasy films
Quaker Oats Company
Screenplays by Roald Dahl
Size change in fiction
United States National Film Registry films
The Wolper Organization films
Paramount Pictures films
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