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Great Sphinx of Giza
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Great Sphinx of Giza
Shown within Egypt
Location
Giza, Egypt
Region
Egypt
Coordinates
29°58′31″N 31°08′16″E / 29.97528°N 31.13778°E / 29.97528; 31.13778Coordinates: 29°58′31″N 31°08′16″E / 29.97528°N 31.13778°E / 29.97528; 31.13778
History
Material
limestone
Views, Objects: Egypt. Gizeh [selected images]. View 06: Sphinx and Pyramid., n.d. Brooklyn Museum Archives
The Great Sphinx of Giza (Arabic: أبو الهول Abū al-Haul, English: The Terrifying One; literally: Father of Dread), commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human.[1] Facing directly from West to East, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre.[2]
Cut from the bedrock, the original shape of the Sphinx has been restored with layers of blocks.[3] It measures 238 feet (73 m) long from paw to tail, 66.3 ft (20.21 m) high from the base to the top of the head and 62.6 feet (19 m) wide at its rear haunches.[4] It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (c. 2558–2532 BC).[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Construction
2 Origin and identity
2.1 Names of the Sphinx
2.2 Builder and timeframe
2.3 Dissenting hypotheses
2.3.1 Early Egyptologists
2.3.2 Modern dissenting hypotheses
2.4 Fringe hypotheses
2.4.1 Orion correlation theory
2.4.2 Water erosion hypothesis
2.4.3 The Great Sphinx as Anubis
2.4.4 Racial characteristics
3 Restoration
4 Missing nose and beard
5 Mythology
6 Reception
6.1 Legacy
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Construction
The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area.[6] The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion (mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body.[6][7] The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock.[1] The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration.[8] The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder.[8][9]
Origin and identity
The Great Sphinx partly under the sand, ca. 1870s
Auguste Mariette (seated, far left) and Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (seated, far right) with others in front of the Sphinx, 1871
The Great Sphinx partially excavated, ca. 1878.
The Spinx circa 1880s, by Beniamino Facchinelli.
The Sphinx against the Pyramid of Khafre, 2005.
The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose.
Names of the Sphinx
It is impossible to identify what name the creators called their statue, as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose. In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was called Hor-em-akhet (English: Horus of the Horizon; Hellenized: Harmachis), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC)[10] specifically referred to it as such in his "Dream Stele."
The commonly used name "Sphinx" was given to it in classical antiquity, about 2000 years after the commonly accepted date of its construction by reference to a Greek mythological beast with a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings).[11] The English word sphinx comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ (transliterated: sphinx) apparently from the verb σφίγγω (transliterated: sphingo / English: to squeeze), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle.
The name may alternatively be a linguistic corruption of the phonetically different ancient Egyptian word Ssp-anx (in Manuel de Codage). This name is given to royal statues of the Fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt (2575–2467 BC) and later in the New Kingdom (c. 1570–1070 BC) to the Great Sphinx more specifically.[original research?]
Medieval Arab writers, including al-Maqrīzī, call the Sphinx balhib and bilhaw, which suggest a Coptic influence. The modern Egyptian Arabic name is أبو الهول (Abū al Hūl, English: The Terrifying One).
Builder and timeframe
Though there have been conflicting evidence and viewpoints over the years, the view held by modern Egyptology at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafra, the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza.[12]
Selim Hassan, writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure, summed up the problem:
Taking all things into consideration, it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this, the world's most wonderful statue, to Khafre, but always with this reservation: that there is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre; so, sound as it may appear, we must treat the evidence as circumstantial, until such time as a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to the erection of the Sphinx.[13]
The "circumstantial" evidence mentioned by Hassan includes the Sphinx's location in the context of the funerary complex surrounding the Second Pyramid, which is traditionally connected with Khafra.[14] Apart from the Causeway, the Pyramid and the Sphinx, the complex also includes the Sphinx Temple and Valley Temple, both of which display similar design of their inner courts. The Sphinx Temple was built using blocks cut from the Sphinx enclosure, while those of the Valley Temple were quarried from the plateau, some of the largest weighing upwards of 100 tons.[15]
A diorite statue of Khafre, which was discovered buried upside down along with other debris in the Valley Temple, is claimed as support for the Khafra theory.
The Dream Stele, erected much later by the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC), associates the Sphinx with Khafra. When the stele was discovered, its lines of text were already damaged and incomplete, and only referred to Khaf, not Khafra. An extract was translated:
which we bring for him: oxen ... and all the young vegetables; and we shall give praise to Wenofer ... Khaf ... the statue made for Atum-Hor-em-Akhet.[16]
The Egyptologist Thomas Young, finding the Khaf hieroglyphs in a damaged cartouche used to surround a royal name, inserted the glyph ra to complete Khafra's name. When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to Khaf flaked off and were destroyed.
Dissenting hypotheses
Theories held by academic Egyptologists regarding the builder of the Sphinx and the date of its construction are not universally accepted, and various persons have proposed alternative hypotheses about both the builder and dating.
Early Egyptologists
Some early Egyptologists and excavators of the Giza pyramid complex believed the Great Sphinx and associated temples to predate the fourth dynasty rule of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. Petrie wrote in 1883 regarding the state of opinion regarding the age of the nearby temples, and by extension the Sphinx: "The date of the Granite Temple [Valley Temple] has been so positively asserted to be earlier than the fourth dynasty, that it may seem rash to dispute the point".[17]
In 1857, Auguste Mariette, founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, unearthed the much later Inventory Stela (estimated Dynasty XXVI, c. 678–525 BC), which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the Stela are considered good evidence,[18] this passage is widely dismissed as Late Period historical revisionism,[19] a purposeful fake, created by the local priests with the attempt to certify the contemporary Isis temple an ancient history it never had. Such an act became common when religious institutions such as temples, shrines and priest's domains were fighting for political attention and for financial and economic donations.[20][21]
Gaston Maspero, the French Egyptologist and second director of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, conducted a survey of the Sphinx in 1886. He concluded that because the Dream stela showed the cartouche of Khafre in line thirteen, it was he who was responsible for the excavation and therefore the Sphinx must predate Khafre and his predecessors—possibly Dynasty IV, c. 2575–2467 BC.[22] English Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge agreed that the Sphinx predated Khafre's reign, writing in The Gods of the Egyptians (1914): "This marvelous object [the Great Sphinx] was in existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren,[a] and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period [c. 2686 BC]."[23] Maspero believed the Sphinx to be "the most ancient monument in Egypt".[24]
Modern dissenting hypotheses
Rainer Stadelmann, former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, examined the distinct iconography of the nemes (headdress) and the now-detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589–2566 BC), builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and Khafra's father.[25] He supports this by suggesting Khafra's Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure, which, he concludes, given its location, could only have been the Sphinx.[19]
Colin Reader, an English geologist who independently conducted a more recent survey of the enclosure, agrees the various quarries on the site have been excavated around the Causeway. Because these quarries are known to have been used by Khufu, Reader concludes that the Causeway (and the temples on either end thereof) must predate Khufu, thereby casting doubt on the conventional Egyptian chronology.[19]
Frank Domingo, a forensic scientist in the New York City Police Department and an expert forensic anthropologist,[26] used detailed measurements of the Sphinx, forensic drawings and computer imaging to conclude the face depicted on the Sphinx is not the same face as is depicted on a statue attributed to Khafra.[27]
In 2004, Vassil Dobrev of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo announced he had uncovered new evidence the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little-known Pharaoh Djedefre (2528–2520 BC), Khafra's half brother and a son of Khufu.[28] Dobrev suggests Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu, identifying him with the sun god Ra in order to restore respect for their dynasty. Dobrev also notes, like Stadelmann and others, the causeway connecting Khafre's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx suggesting it was already in existence at the time.[25]
Fringe hypotheses
Orion correlation theory
Main article: Orion correlation theory
The Orion correlation theory, as expounded by popular authors Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval,[29] is based on the proposed exact correlation of the three pyramids at Giza with the three stars ζ Ori, ε Ori and δ Ori, the stars forming Orion's Belt, in the relative positions occupied by these stars in 10500 BC. The authors argue that the geographic relationship of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramids and the Nile directly corresponds with Leo, Orion and the Milky Way respectively. Sometimes cited as an example of pseudoarchaeology, the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship.[30][31][32]
Water erosion hypothesis
Main article: Sphinx water erosion hypothesis
The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall,[33] and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafra. The hypothesis is championed primarily by Robert M. Schoch, a geologist and associate professor of natural science at the College of General Studies at Boston University, and John Anthony West, an author and alternative Egyptologist.
Colin Reader, a British geologist, studied the erosion patterns and noticed that they are found predominantly on the western enclosure wall and not on the Sphinx itself. He proposed the rainfall water runoff hypothesis, which also recognizes climate change transitions in the area.[34][35]
The Great Sphinx as Anubis
Author Robert K. G. Temple proposes that the Sphinx was originally a statue of the Jackal-Dog Anubis, the God of the Necropolis, and that its face was recarved in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress.[36]
Racial characteristics
Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as "Negroid" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx.[37] This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole.[38] The face of the Sphinx has been damaged over the millennia.
Restoration
At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to c. 1400 BC, when the young Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) gathered a team and, after much effort, managed to dig out the front paws, between which he placed a granite slab, known as the Dream Stele, inscribed with the following excerpt:
... the royal son, Thothmos, being arrived, while walking at midday and seating himself under the shadow of this mighty god, was overcome by slumber and slept at the very moment when Ra is at the summit [of heaven]. He found that the Majesty of this august god spoke to him with his own mouth, as a father speaks to his son, saying: Look upon me, contemplate me, O my son Thothmos; I am thy father, Harmakhis-Khopri-Ra-Tum; I bestow upon thee the sovereignty over my domain, the supremacy over the living ... Behold my actual condition that thou mayest protect all my perfect limbs. The sand of the desert whereon I am laid has covered me. Save me, causing all that is in my heart to be executed.[39]
Later, Ramesses II the Great (1279–1213 BC) may have undertaken a second excavation.
Mark Lehner, an Egyptologist who has excavated and mapped the Giza plateau, originally asserted that there had been a far earlier renovation during the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2184 BC),[40] although he has subsequently recanted this "heretical" viewpoint.[41]
In AD 1817 the first modern archaeological dig, supervised by the Italian Giovanni Battista Caviglia, uncovered the Sphinx's chest completely.
One of the people working on clearing the sands from around the Great Sphinx was Eugène Grébaut, a French Director of the Antiquities Service[42]
In the beginning of the year 1887, the chest, the paws, the altar, and plateau were all made visible. Flights of steps were unearthed, and finally accurate measurements were taken of the great figures. The height from the lowest of the steps was found to be one hundred feet, and the space between the paws was found to be thirty-five feet long and ten feet wide. Here there was formerly an altar; and a stele of Thûtmosis IV was discovered, recording a dream in which he was ordered to clear away the sand that even then was gathering round the site of the Sphinx.[43]
The entire Sphinx was finally excavated in 1925 to 1936, in digs led by Émile Baraize.[citation needed]
In 1931 engineers of the Egyptian government repaired the head of the Sphinx. Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion, which had also cut deeply into its neck.[44] This questionable repair was by the addition of a concrete collar between the headdress and the neck, creating an altered profie.[45] Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980s, and then redone in the 1990s.[46]
Panoramic view of the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza, 2010
Missing nose and beard
The Sphinx profile in 2010
Limestone fragments of the Sphinx's beard in the British Museum, 14th Century BC.[47]
The one-metre-wide nose on the face is missing. Examination of the Sphinx's face shows that long rods or chisels were hammered into the nose, one down from the bridge and one beneath the nostril, then used to pry the nose off towards the south.[48]
The Arab historian al-Maqrīzī, writing in the 15th century, attributes the loss of the nose to iconoclasm by Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr—a Sufi Muslim from the khanqah of Sa'id al-Su'ada—in AD 1378, upon finding the local peasants making offerings to the Sphinx in the hope of increasing their harvest. Enraged, he destroyed the nose, and was later hanged for vandalism.[49] Al-Maqrīzī describes the Sphinx as the "talisman of the Nile" on which the locals believed the flood cycle depended.[50]
There is a story that the nose was broken off by a cannonball fired by Napoleon's soldiers. Other variants indict British troops, the Mamluks, and others. Sketches of the Sphinx by the Dane Frederic Louis Norden, made in 1738 and published in 1757, show the Sphinx missing its nose.[51] This predates Napoleon's birth in 1769.
In addition to the lost nose, a ceremonial pharaonic beard is thought to have been attached, although this may have been added in later periods after the original construction. Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev has suggested that had the beard been an original part of the Sphinx, it would have damaged the chin of the statue upon falling.[25] The lack of visible damage supports his theory that the beard was a later addition.
Residues of red pigment are visible on areas of the Sphinx's face. Traces of yellow and blue pigment have been found elsewhere on the Sphinx, leading Mark Lehner to suggest that the monument "was once decked out in gaudy comic book colors".[52]
Mythology
Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period, before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2134 BC).[53] He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx, the Sphinx temple, the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV (c. 2613–2494 BC). The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations. Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period.
In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god Hor-em-akhet (Hellenized: Harmachis) or "Horus-at-the-Horizon", which represented the pharaoh in his role as the Shesep-ankh (English: Living Image) of the god Atum. Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1427–1401 or 1397 BC) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction, and dedicated it to the cult of Hor-em-akhet.
Reception
In the last 700 years, there has been a proliferation of travellers and reports from Lower Egypt, unlike Upper Egypt, which was seldom reported from prior to the mid-18th century. Alexandria, Rosetta, Damietta, Cairo and the Giza Pyramids are described repeatedly, but not necessarily comprehensively. Many accounts were published and widely read. These include those of George Sandys, André Thévet, Athanasius Kircher, Balthasar de Monconys, Jean de Thévenot, John Greaves, Johann Michael Vansleb, Benoît de Maillet, Cornelis de Bruijn, Paul Lucas, Richard Pococke, Frederic Louis Norden and others. But there is an even larger set of more anonymous people who wrote obscure and little-read works, sometimes only unpublished manuscripts in libraries or private collections, including Henry Castela, Hans Ludwig von Lichtenstein, Michael Heberer von Bretten, Wilhelm von Boldensele, Pierre Belon du Mans, Vincent Stochove, Christophe Harant, Gilles Fermanel, Robert Fauvel, Jean Palerne Foresien, Willian Lithgow, Joos van Ghistele, etc.
Over the centuries, writers and scholars have recorded their impressions and reactions upon seeing the Sphinx. The vast majority were concerned with a general description, often including a mixture of science, romance and mystique. A typical description of the Sphinx by tourists and leisure travelers throughout the 19th and 20th century was made by John Lawson Stoddard:
It is the antiquity of the Sphinx which thrills us as we look upon it, for in itself it has no charms. The desert's waves have risen to its breast, as if to wrap the monster in a winding-sheet of gold. The face and head have been mutilated by Moslem fanatics. The mouth, the beauty of whose lips was once admired, is now expressionless. Yet grand in its loneliness, – veiled in the mystery of unnamed ages, – the relic of Egyptian antiquity stands solemn and silent in the presence of the awful desert – symbol of eternity. Here it disputes with Time the empire of the past; forever gazing on and on into a future which will still be distant when we, like all who have preceded us and looked upon its face, have lived our little lives and disappeared.[54]
From the 16th century far into the 19th century, observers repeatedly noted that the Sphinx has the face, neck and breast of a woman. Examples included Johannes Helferich (1579), George Sandys (1615), Johann Michael Vansleb (1677), Benoît de Maillet (1735) and Elliot Warburton (1844).
Most early Western images were book illustrations in print form, elaborated by a professional engraver from either previous images available or some original drawing or sketch supplied by an author, and usually now lost. Seven years after visiting Giza, André Thévet (Cosmographie de Levant, 1556) described the Sphinx as "the head of a colossus, caused to be made by Isis, daughter of Inachus, then so beloved of Jupiter". He, or his artist and engraver, pictured it as a curly-haired monster with a grassy dog collar. Athanasius Kircher (who never visited Egypt) depicted the Sphinx as a Roman statue, reflecting his ability to conceptualize (Turris Babel, 1679). Johannes Helferich's (1579) Sphinx is a pinched-face, round-breasted woman with a straight haired wig; the only edge over Thevet is that the hair suggests the flaring lappets of the headdress. George Sandys stated that the Sphinx was a harlot; Balthasar de Monconys interpreted the headdress as a kind of hairnet, while François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz's Sphinx had a rounded hairdo with bulky collar.
Richard Pococke's Sphinx was an adoption of Cornelis de Bruijn's drawing of 1698, featuring only minor changes, but is closer to the actual appearance of the Sphinx than anything previous. The print versions of Norden's careful drawings for his Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie, 1755 are the first to clearly show that the nose was missing. However, from the time of the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt onwards, a number of accurate images were widely available in Europe, and copied by others.
Legacy
Mystery of the Sphinx, narrated by Charlton Heston, a documentary presenting the theories of John Anthony West, was shown as an NBC Special on 10 November 1993 (winning an Emmy award for Best Research[citation needed]) A 95-minute DVD, Mystery of the Sphinx: Expanded Edition, was released in 2007. Age of the Sphinx, a BBC Two Timewatch documentary presenting the theories of John Anthony West and critical to both sides of the argument, was shown on 27 November 1994. In 2008, the film 10,000 BC showed a supposed original Sphinx with a lion's head. Before this film, this lion head theory had been published in documentary films about the origin of the Sphinx.
Gallery
André Thévet, Cosmographie de Levant (1556)
Hogenberg and Braun (map), Cairus, quae olim Babylon (1572), exists in various editions, from various authors, with the Sphinx looking different.
Jan Sommer, (unpublished) Voyages en Egypte des annees 1589, 1590 & 1591, Institut de France, 1971 (Voyageurs occidentaux en Égypte 3)
George Sandys, A relation of a journey begun an dom. 1610 (1615)
François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz, Les Voyages et Observations (1653)
Balthasar de Monconys, Journal des voyages (1665)
Olfert Dapper, Description de l'Afrique (1665), note the two different displays of the Sphinx.
Cornelis de Bruijn, Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn door de vermaardste Deelen van Klein Asia (1698)
The Sphinx as seen by Frederic Louis Norden (1755)
Frederic Louis Norden, Voyage d'Égypte et de Nubie (1755)
Description de l'Egypte (Panckoucke edition), Planches, Antiquités, volume V (1823), also published in the Imperial edition of 1822.
Description de l'Egypte (Panckoucke edition), Planches, Antiquités, volume V (1823), also published in the Imperial edition of 1822.
Members of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe (1863) in front of the Sphinx, 1864.
Jean-Léon Gérôme's Bonaparte Before the Sphinx, 1867–1868.
Johanne Baptista Homann (map), Aegyptus hodierna (1724)
Lantern Slide Collection: Views, Objects: Egypt. Gizeh [selected images]. View 04: Pyramids and Sphinx., n.d., Kay C. Lenskold. Floral Park, N.Y. Brooklyn Museum Archives
See also
Giza
Lion (heraldry)
List of colossal sculpture in situ
List of statues by height
Notes
Jump up ^ Early Egyptologists were inconsistent in their transliteration of pharaonic names: Khafre and Khephren are both references to Khafra.
References
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Jump up ^ "Saving the Sphinx — NOVA | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
Jump up ^ Rigano, Charles (2014). Pyramids of the Giza Plateau. p. 148.
Jump up ^ Dunford, Jane; Fletcher, Joann; French, Carole (ed., 2007). Egypt: Eyewitness Travel Guide Archived 2009-02-18 at the Wayback Machine.. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7566-2875-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Zuberbühler, Franz Löhner, Teresa. "Stone quarries in ancient Egypt. Details about the Giza quarries, the granite quarries in Assuan and the Tura limestone quarries". www.cheops-pyramide.ch. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
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Jump up ^ Christiane Zivie-Coche, Sphinx: History of a Monument, pages 99–100 (Cornell University Press, 2002). ISBN 0-8014-3962-0
Jump up ^ See Thutmose IV#Dates and length of reign
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Jump up ^ "Giza Sphinx & Temples Page 3 - The Great Sphinx - Spirit & Stone". Theglobaleducationproject.org. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wallis Budge, E. A. (1904). The Gods of the Egyptians: Studies in Egyptian Mythology. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-22055-9.
Jump up ^ The Sphinx Its History in the Light of Recent Excavations, Selim Hassan Government Press Cairo 1949, p17
^ Jump up to: a b c Fleming, Nic (2004-12-14). "I have solved riddle of the Sphinx, says Frenchman" in The Daily Telegraph. Updated 14 December 2004. Retrieved 28 June 2005.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Karen T., History of the IAI Forensic Art Discipline at the International Association for Identification. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
Jump up ^ West, John Anthony (1993). Serpent in the Sky: The High Wisdom of Ancient Egypt, 232. Wheaton: Quest Books, 1993. ISBN 0-8356-0691-0.
Jump up ^ Riddle of the Sphinx Retrieved 6 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Graham; Bauval, Robert (2000-12-14). Atlantis Reborn Again. Horizon. BBC. Aired 2000-12-14.
Jump up ^ Orser, Charles E. (2003). Race and practice in archaeological interpretation. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8122-3750-4.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Graham; Bauval, Robert (1997). The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind. Three Rivers Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-517-88852-0.
Jump up ^ Fagan, Garrett G. (ed.) (2006). Archaeological fantasies: how pseudoarchaeology misrepresents the past and misleads the public. Routledge. pp. 20, 38–40, 100–103, 127, 197–201, 238, 241–255. ISBN 978-0-415-30593-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Schoch, Robert M. (1992). Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza. Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ White, Chris "The Age of the Sphinx? Reader versus Schoch," http://ancientaliensdebunked.com/how-old-is-the-sphinx-colin-reader-vs-robert-schoch/
Jump up ^ Reader, C. D. (February 2001). A Geomorphological Study of the Giza Necropolis, with Implications for the Development of the Site. 43. pp. 149–165. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Robert K. G. Temple, The Sphinx Mystery: The Forgotten Origins of The Sanctuary of Anubis (Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 2009). ISBN 978-1-59477-271-9
Jump up ^ Regier, Willis G. (ed.) (2004). Book of the Sphinx. U of Nebraska Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-8032-3956-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Irwin, Graham W. (1977). Africans abroad, Columbia University Press, p. 11
Jump up ^ Mallet, Dominique, The Stele of Thothmes IV: A Translation, at harmakhis.org. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "The ARCE Sphinx Project—A Preliminary Report". Hall of Maat. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Khufu Knew the Sphinx' by Colin Reader". Ianlawton.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA): 1858 to present". SCA - Egypt. Archived from the original on 2016-10-17.
Jump up ^ Rappoport, S. The Project Gutenberg EBook of History Of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present Time, Volume 12 (of 12), by S. Rappoport. The Grolier Society Publishers, London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Popular Science Monthly, July 1931, page 56.
Jump up ^ "Filmed in 1897, THIS is the OLDEST footage of the Great Sphinx of Giza - Ancient Code". www.ancient-code.com. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Hawass, Zahi. "HISTORY OF THE CONSERVATION OF THE SPHINX". Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "British Museum - Fragment of the beard of the Great Sphinx". britishmuseum.org.
Jump up ^ Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. Thames & Hudson. p. 41. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
Jump up ^ "Faq#11: Who shot off the nose of the Sphinx?". napoleon-series.org. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Joseph E Lowry; Shawkat M Toorawa; Everett K Rowson (2017). Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson. Boston Brill. p. 263. ISBN 9789004343245. OCLC 992515269. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "F.L. Norden. Travels in Egypt and Nubia, 1757. Plate 47, Profil de la tête colossale du Sphinx". Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Evan Hadingham (February 2010). "Uncovering Secrets of the Sphinx". Smithsonian Magazine.
Jump up ^ Reader, Colin (2000-03-17). Further considerations on the Age of the Sphinx Archived 2015-06-02 at the Wayback Machine. at Rational Spirituality. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "John L. Stoddard's Lectures". 2. 1898: 111.
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Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)
Home media cover art
Starring
Kim Dickens
Cliff Curtis
Frank Dillane
Alycia Debnam-Carey
Colman Domingo
Mercedes Mason
Danay García
Daniel Sharman
Sam Underwood
Dayton Callie
Lisandra Tena
Rubén Blades
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
16
Release
Original network
AMC
Original release
June 4 (2017-06-04) – October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
Next →
Season 4
List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes
The third season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017 and consisted of 16 episodes.[1] The season is split into two eight-episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017.[2] The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead.
This season follows the Clark family as they reach the U.S.-Mexico border and find refuge on a ranch owned by the Otto family.
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Supporting cast
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Ratings
5 Home media
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Kim Dickens and Cliff Curtis play Madison Clark and Travis Manawa, respectively.
Main cast[edit]
Kim Dickens as Madison Clark: An intelligent and domineering high school guidance counselor, the mother of Nick and Alicia, and Travis' fiancée.
Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa: A resolute and peacekeeping high school teacher and Madison's fiancé who is struggling to cope with the death of his son Chris.
Frank Dillane as Nick Clark: A brave and selfless recovering heroin addict, Madison's son, and Alicia's brother.
Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark: The fiery yet compassionate daughter of Madison, and the sister of Nick.
Colman Domingo as Victor Strand: A smart and sophisticated conman-turned-businessman, who forms friendships with Nick and Madison.
Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar: The strong-willed and very capable daughter of Daniel.
Danay García as Luciana Galvez: A strong and cautious former member of the La Colonia community in Tijuana, Mexico, and Nick's girlfriend.
Daniel Sharman as Troy Otto: The charismatic and impulsive son of Jeremiah, and Jake's half-brother.
Sam Underwood as Jake Otto: Jeremiah's moralistic and wiser son, Troy's half-brother, and Alicia's love interest.
Dayton Callie as Jeremiah Otto: The racist and candid leader of Broke Jaw Ranch, and Jake and Troy's father.
Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero: The generous and empathic leader of a community stationed at a dam located in Tijuana, who is responsible for supplying water.
Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar: A courageous and practical former Sombra Negra member, a barber, and Ofelia's father.
Supporting cast[edit]
Michael Greyeyes as Qaletaqa Walker: A Native American in a war with Jeremiah Otto, who he claims occupies his lands.
Justin Rain as Lee "Crazy Dog": The right-hand man of Qaletaqa.
Karen Bethzabe as Elena Reyes: The Rosario Beach hotel manager.
Ramses Jimenez as Hector Reyes: Elena's nephew.
Rae Gray as Gretchen Trimbol: A resident of Broke Jaw Ranch who becomes friends with Alicia.
Michael William Freeman as Blake Sarno: A member of the militia.
Jason Manuel Olazabal as Dante Esquivel: The leader of Gonzalez Dam.
Linda Gehringer as Christine: A resident of Broke Jaw Ranch who forms a bond with Alicia.
Jesse Borrego as Efrain Morales: A man who saves Daniel after he is injured in a fire.
Edwina Findley as Diana: A pragmatic survivor who becomes friends with Alicia.
Ray McKinnon as Proctor John: The leader of a gang known as the Proctors.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
22
1 "Eye of the Beholder" Andrew Bernstein Dave Erickson June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04) 3.11[3]
Travis, Madison and Alicia are captured by an armed group and taken to a military compound, where Travis is separated from them and is taken to a basement while Madison and Alicia are taken to an office. At the basement, Travis finds himself with Nick, an injured Luciana and other captives. The captives are shot to see how long it takes for them to turn. Travis, Luciana, and Nick attempt to escape, Travis and Luciana descending into a sewer but Travis is re-captured and made to fight the dead in a pit. Meanwhile, Madison and Alicia attack Troy, impaling one of his eyes with a spoon and taking him hostage. Madison demands her family released. Nick finds a horde of walkers at the end of the sewer and makes his way back. The family is reunited but the compound is overrun with walkers, forcing everyone to leave. Travis, Luciana and Alicia escape aboard a helicopter while Madison and Nick leave in a truck with Troy.
23
2 "The New Frontier" Stefan Schwartz Mark Richard June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04) 2.70[3]
The helicopter is attacked and Travis is shot and bleeding out; he falls to his death rather than dying and turning as it crash lands. At the hotel, Strand allows many angry refugees inside the gates, falsely claiming he is a doctor to calm them. Madison, Troy, and Nick reach Broke Jaw Ranch, owned by Troy's father Jeremiah, and are informed that the helicopter has not arrived. Jeremiah welcomes Madison and Nick, who are suspicious but decide to stay. Back at the hotel, Elena orders Strand to leave before his lie enrages the survivors. After the helicopter crash, Alicia and Jake carry Luciana to the ranch, where they reunite with Madison and Nick. Madison breaks down after being informed of the death of Travis, while Nick forces the others to aid Luciana. Prior to leaping to her death from a hotel balcony, IIene gifts Strand the keys to a brand new Jaguar.
24
3 "TEOTWAWKI" Deborah Chow Ryan Scott June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11) 2.50[4]
In a pre-apocalypse television commercial, Jeremiah Otto and his family promote a video series on the key to surviving TEOTWAWKI (the end of the world as we know it). The ranch holds a meeting in the wake of the helicopter pilot's death, where Troy, Jake, and Jeremiah vow justice. Other residents express contempt for Madison and her family. A recovering Luciana informs Nick that they must leave the ranch as soon as possible. Back in her cabin, Madison discovers Troy laying in Nick's bed, and he expresses contempt for her son; Madison tells Troy that Nick will learn to fit in. While boar hunting, Nick discovers he and Troy have similar worldviews. The team investigating the helicopter shooting are overdue; Troy is to lead a second team and Madison volunteers to accompany them. Elsewhere, Strand arrives at the Gonzalez Dam, where he is reunited with old friend Dante Esquevil, offering him a partnership in controlling the dam's dwindling water supplies, but Dante instead has Strand imprisoned; while in his cell, Strand is reunited with Daniel.
25
4 "100" Alex Garcia Lopez Alan Page June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18) 2.40[5]
Through flashbacks, Daniel had survived the fire and escaped into Tijuana, where he was saved from death by a band of refugees headed by Efrain Morales, who consoles Daniel's grief for losing Ofelia. While fending off Walkers, Daniel falls into the sewers leading to the Gonzalez Dam, where he is spared death by Lola Guerrero, one of Dante's workers. Daniel's military expertise has him made one of Dante's operatives, and he betrays Efrain and later tortures him – but Lola exposes her complicity in water thefts to stop it. Strand is also awaiting execution, and offers to take Daniel to Ofelia at the hotel. Although Daniel helps execute one of Lola's workers, rather than kill Lola he kills Dante and his bodyguards, handing the dam over to Lola. (The title is the number of people Daniel has killed by the end of the episode.)
26
5 "Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame" Daniel Stamm Suzanne Heathcote June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25) 2.50[6]
After a fire kills one of the founders of Broke Jaw, Nick and Jeremiah bond by cleaning up the wreck, locating Jeremiah's prized antique revolver. Nick hopes Luciana will like the house but she leaves in the night. Madison, Troy and their squad set out for the Black Hat Reserve, led by Qaletaqa Walker, on whose ancestral land Broke Jaw was built. Walker ambushes the squad who are forced to return in sock feet with a warning of an impending invasion. During the trek back, Troy contemplates killing Madison. Alicia and Jake begin a relationship. Elsewhere, Strand leads Daniel to the hotel, but upon finding Ofelia was not present, Daniel abandons Strand to the dead.
27
6 "Red Dirt" Courtney Hunt Wes Brown July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02) 2.19[7]
Troy's patrol return with news of Walker's ultimatum; that night bonfires ring Broke Jaw, unnerving the sheltered people. Gretchen's family leaves despite Troy's threatening efforts to keep them for security measures. Madison sides with Troy and urges Jeremiah to keep his community together. Jake journeys to Black Hat to negotiate peace terms with Walker. Madison, Nick and Jeremiah later find Gretchen and her family murdered and turned; they all realize Troy was responsible but Madison informs the community that Walker did it to prepare them for the upcoming conflict. Alicia buys their story and runs after Jake to warn him.
28
7 "The Unveiling" Jeremy Webb Mark Richard July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09) 2.62[8]
Jake and Alicia arrive at Black Hat, where Alicia discovers Ofelia to be alive and allied with Walker's tribe. Jake and Walker agree to a parley with an exchange of hostages to guarantee the truce; Alicia remains at Black Hat while Jake returns to Broke Jaw with Ofelia. While at Black Hat, Alicia learns that Walker's people have a water shortage and a prophecy of the apocalypse, seeing it as a sign to reclaim their former lands. Madison blackmails Troy to lead a team to rescue Alicia from Black Hat, breaking the truce and killing several of Walker's men. Jake attempts to mend ways by delivering Ofelia and a truckload of water, but he is beaten and nearly scalped. Later, Ofelia arrives at Broke Jaw, seemingly cast out. A crippling illness suddenly strikes the community and many of the militia die and reanimate as walkers, massacring the residents; Nick sees Ofelia running and realizes she was responsible before he also falls sick.
29
8 "Children of Wrath" Andrew Bernstein Jami O'Brien July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09) 2.40[8]
Through flashbacks, Ofelia crossed the border and was denied help from Jeremiah but taken in by Walker. Madison beats Ofelia and takes her to Black Hat where Walker reveals the poison was anthrax. Ofelia later confronts Walker over making her a killer. The militia attack Black Hat and, at the cost of lives on both sides, Madison and Alicia steal Walker's trailer of spiritual relics. Nick digs under the old cabin and learns Jeremiah and the founders killed three braves who were attacking their cattle, plus Walker's father. Madison offers the reliquary and Walker's father's remains but Walker refuses peace. Alicia is incensed at Troy's crimes and Madison reveals that she'd killed her abusive father to protect her mother. Madison urges Jeremiah to kill himself, saying this will appease Walker and preserve Jeremiah's legacy; Nick kills him instead and they stage it as a suicide. Madison secretly delivers Jeremiah's head to Walker. Meanwhile, Strand finds the Abigail run aground; he speaks on the radio with an alleged Russian cosmonaut who tells him his life is not over then sets fire to the Abigail and leaves with a pack of weapons and supplies.
30
9 "Minotaur" Stefan Schwartz Dave Erickson & Mike Zunic September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) 2.14[9]
Walker's group move onto the ranch; the new community share a meal after which Jake and Walker speak of building a peace together. However, tensions remain and a drunk youth tries to avenge Gretchen; although the young man is killed Walker is given control of the armory and raids every rancher for their weapons. When Troy refuses, Walker sends in an armed assault. Troy is injured protecting Nick who admits to killing Jeremiah, getting Troy to stand down. Walker demands justice so exiles Troy while Nick is put in a hotbox. Troy overpowers the native sent with him and confronts Madison over Jeremiah's death. At the damn, Daniel tells Lola that she's the new boss, to be loved or despised. While distributing water the crowd turns on her and she is attacked.
31
10 "The Diviner" Paco Cabezas Ryan Scott September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) 2.14[9]
Madison informs Walker that the ranch's aquifer is running dry, and they take a tanker to a bazaar in Mexicali to negotiate for water. They find Strand who owes debts to the authorities. Madison uses Walker's gold to buy his freedom. At the ranch, the natives are overseeing the water distribution, leading to tensions. The militia see Nick as Troy's successor and he cautions them to bide their time. Alicia tries to head-off water disputes but ends up starting a riot by revealing that they have only six weeks of water. The natives try to take possession of the main well but Nick, armed with the ranchers' last pistol, leads a sit-in. There is a run for water, draining the aquifer. The militia move on the native guards but at the last moment are inspired by efforts to tap a new well.
32
11 "La Serpiente" Josef Wladyka Mark Richard & Lauren Signorino September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) 1.99[10]
Madison, Strand and Walker drive the tanker to Mexico, then crawl through tunnels to the dam. Madison tells Daniel that Ofelia is alive at the ranch but they need water. Lola refuses a trade, but invites Madison to bring her family and work for her. Daniel thinks it better that Ofelia not know he's alive, though he is displeased to learn that Walker turned her into a murderer. Daniel and Efrain propose different courses to Lola. Walker leaves on foot, intending to force the ranchers out. Daniel fears the dissatisfied people will rise against Lola, and sanctions Strand to act if their interests align. A water truck explodes, punching a hole in the gate, and a slogan-chanting mob soon appear. Lola is convinced to trade 10,000 gallons of water per week for weapons, with the first exchange at the bazaar in 5 days. Lola wants Ofelia to be there. Strand and Madison drive back, picking up Walker on the road.
33
12 "Brother's Keeper" Alrick Riley Wes Brown September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24) 2.08[11]
Troy lives off the land while continuing to write in his journal. He revisits the scene of the helicopter crash, finds a grenade launcher and buries the rancher Walker had disfigured. Troy visits Nick in the night and warns him that the ranch will be destroyed. Jake asks Alicia to leave with him and questions their relationship when she refuses. Nick and Jake set out to find Troy and discover him using the grenade launcher to guide a herd of walking dead toward the ranch. Troy explains that the herd will force the people into the desert, as he was, and only the fittest will survive. Jake holds Troy at gunpoint but hesitates on learning that Nick killed their father and Alicia kept it secret. Jake is bitten and dies following an amputation, and Troy mourns his brother, saying he brought the herd to regain their legacy. A wall of trailers and RVs is hoped to turn the herd but if fails and the ranchers and natives evacuate to the bunker-like pantry.
34
13 "This Land Is Your Land" Meera Menon Suzanne Heathcote October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) 2.36[12]
The pantry Alicia evacuated everyone into doesn't have enough air for them all; she asks for those bitten to come forward. A dozen people are given morphine and euthanized. Distraught as their executioner, Alicia bonds with 9-11 widow Christine. People begin passing out and rising as the dead; Alicia kills one in a fall before passing out. While crawling through a convoluted vent system Crazy Dog panics and hyperventilates until he is calmed by Ofelia. Later, Crazy Dog collapses while Ofelia is clearing a zombie from a fan, and she barely survives. Nick and Troy drive through the herd and become trapped in the helicopter. Ofelia and Crazy Dog ignite the ranch's fuel depot. Madison, Strand and Walker return and rescue Nick, Troy and Alicia ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } the only survivor of the pantry. They prepare to return to the dam but Alicia refuses to go, wanting to go alone to Jake's cabin and find her own way to live in the world.
35
14 "El Matadero" Stefan Schwartz Alan Page October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08) 2.23[13]
Ofelia falls off the water truck and the others see she has been bitten. Madison promises that she'll see her father, sells half their weapons so she can rest in the bazaar and spends more to keep her comfortable. Strand criticizes her for wasting resources while grieving Walker finds honor in observing her last wish. Ofelia dies just as Daniel arrives. Nick goes on a binge of drugs and drinking, wrangling Troy into joining him, eventually wading through a group of walking dead when Nick confesses that he can't go with Madison. The next morning, Daniel agrees to let Madison's group come to the dam but Nick and Troy decide to stay at the bazaar. Elsewhere, Alicia's scavenging attracts the dead who are killed by Diana. The two women initially threaten each other but decide to share the food Alicia found.
36
15 "Things Bad Begun" Andrew Bernstein Jami O'Brien October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) 2.23[14]
Alicia brings Diana to the bazaar for treatment and is enlisted to assist a life-saving surgery. The patient is John, the President of the Proctors, an outlaw motorcycle gang which is opening a trade route from the Texas gulf coast to San Diego. Meanwhile, Troy learns that the Proctors intend to attack the dam and rushes with Nick to warn them. It is decided to hold out but if defeat is certain to blow the dam with explosives to prevent the Proctors from having a water monopoly. Walker and Crazy Dog leave to search for survivors from their nation. Strand tells Nick to get his family out, having made a deal with the Proctors but no longer being able to guarantee anyone's safety. Nick is then questioned by Daniel about the herd, giving Nick another reason to get them out. However, when Madison learns that Troy led the herd she murders him in front of Nick. Strand opens a gate for the Proctors and in a struggle shoots Daniel in the face. As the Proctors overrun the dam, Strand takes the detonator and hides Madison and Nick.
37
16 "Sleigh Ride" Andrew Bernstein Dave Erickson & Mark Richard October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) 2.23[14]
Hiding together, tensions rise between Nick and Madison over Troy's murder and her growing ruthlessness. Proctor John arrives at the dam with Alicia, displeased that Strand wasn't fully able to deliver on their deal, and Alicia bargains for Madison's safety. Strand is helping Madison and Nick escape when Lola attacks the Proctors and is killed. For the duplicity John decides to kill all four, starting with Alicia as a mercy. However, Nick uses the detonator in a standoff, threatening to blow up the dam. Madison, Alicia and Strand escape on a boat. The Proctors begin to move on Nick who receives unexpected help from Walker and Crazy Dog who snipe from a nearby hilltop, and Daniel who fights his way across the dam. Nick detonates the explosives, blowing a hole in the dam, and the boat is carried through by the current. Nick and Daniel escape while Madison swims to shore alone.
Production[edit]
AMC renewed the series for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016.[15] Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico.[16] This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season.[17] In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season.[18] In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular.[19] In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Sharman play members of the Otto family; and Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero.[20]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 80%, based on 9 reviews, whose average rating is 7.45/10.[21]
Fear the Walking Dead (season 3): Critical reception by episode
Season 3 (2017): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[21]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Eye of the Beholder" June 4, 2017 1.2 3.11[3] 0.9 1.97 2.1 5.08[22]
2 "The New Frontier" June 4, 2017 1.0 2.70[3] 1.0 1.93 2.0 4.63[22]
3 "TEOTWAWKI" June 11, 2017 1.0 2.50[4] 0.8 1.72 1.8 4.22[23]
4 "100" June 18, 2017 0.9 2.40[5] 0.8 1.67 1.7 4.07[24]
5 "Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame" June 25, 2017 1.0 2.50[6] 0.8 1.68 1.8 4.18[25]
6 "Red Dirt" July 2, 2017 0.8 2.19[7] 0.7 1.50 1.5 3.70[26][a]
7 "The Unveiling" July 9, 2017 0.9 2.62[8] 0.6 1.20 1.5 3.82[27][a]
8 "Children of Wrath" July 9, 2017 0.8 2.40[8] 0.7 1.35 1.5 3.75[27][a]
9 "Minotaur" September 10, 2017 0.8 2.14[9] N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 "The Diviner" September 10, 2017 0.8 2.14[9] N/A N/A N/A N/A
11 "La Serpiente" September 17, 2017 0.7 1.99[10] 0.6 1.35 1.3 3.34[28]
12 "Brother's Keeper" September 24, 2017 0.8 2.08[11] N/A N/A N/A N/A
13 "This Land Is Your Land" October 1, 2017 0.9 2.36[12] 0.6 1.40 1.5 3.77[29]
14 "El Matadero" October 8, 2017 0.8 2.23[13] 0.6 1.51 1.4 3.74[30]
15 "Things Bad Begun" October 15, 2017 0.8 2.23[14] 0.7 1.60 1.5 3.83[31]
16 "Sleigh Ride" October 15, 2017 0.8 2.23[14] 0.7 1.60 1.5 3.83[31]
^ Jump up to: a b c Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.
Home media[edit]
The third season, featuring audio commentaries and deleted scenes, was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018.[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ridgley, Charlie (April 3, 2017). "Season 3 Premiere Date For Fear The Walking Dead Revealed". Comicbook.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (July 9, 2017). "Fear The Walking Dead Season 3B Premiere Date Revealed". Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (June 6, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Leftovers' ends on up note, 'Fear the Walking Dead' premieres to series low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' ties low, 'Claws' has decent premiere". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 20, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'American Gods' finale improves, 'Fear the Walking Dead' hits another low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 27, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: BET Awards fall, 'Power' and 'Preacher' have solid premieres". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (July 5, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' and 'Power' dip". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (July 11, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: Amelia Earhart documentary scores big for History". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (September 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Deuce' starts off on par with 'The Night Of'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 19, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' and 'The Deuce' steady with second episodes". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 26, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' hits total-viewer high, 'Fear the Walking Dead' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 3, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Curb Your Enthusiasm' returns, 'Outlander' ticks up again". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 10, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Outlander' keeps improving, MLB playoffs on top". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (October 17, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' finale steady (but also down), NCLS on top again". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (April 15, 2016). "Fear the Walking Dead renewed for season 3". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (January 6, 2017). "Fear The Walking Dead Season 3 Begins Production In Baja". Comicbook.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nemetz, Dave (March 24, 2017). "Fear the Walking Dead Showrunner to Step Down After Season 3". TVLine. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mason, Charlie (February 2, 2017). "Buffy Alumna Emma Caulfield Set to Raise Hellmouth on Fear TWD". TVLine. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ge, Linda (March 23, 2017). "'Fear the Walking Dead' Adds 'Teen Wolf' Alum Daniel Sharman as Series Regular (Exclusive)". The Wrap. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AMC Releases "Fear the Walking Dead" Season 3 Key Art". The Futon Critic. April 18, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fear the Walking Dead: Season 3". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 14, 2017). "'Nashville' return makes solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for May 29-June 4". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 23, 2017). "'Better Call Saul' triples in cable Live +7 ratings for June 5-11". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 29, 2017). "'Better Call Saul' on top again: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 12-18". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 7, 2017). "'Doctor Who' quadruples in 18-49: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 19-25". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 9, 2017). "'Pretty Little Liars' finale makes a leap in cable Live +3 ratings for June 26-July 2". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 16, 2017). "'Fear the Walking Dead' ends summer on steady note: Cable Live +3 ratings for July 3-9". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 27, 2017). "'South Park' premiere makes big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Sept. 11-17". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). "'AHS: Cult' outgains everything in cable Live +7 ratings for Sept. 25-Oct. 1". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 19, 2017). "'American Horror Story: Cult' on top again in cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 2-8". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 26, 2017). "'Gold Rush' still striking it rich for Discovery: Cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 9-15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (February 16, 2018). "Fear the Walking Dead - Official Lionsgate Press Release for 'The Complete 3rd Season' on DVD and Blu-ray". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes on IMDb
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Standing in the Dark (song)
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"Standing in the Dark"
Single by Lawson
from the album Chapman Square
Released
14 October 2012
Format
Digital download
CD single
Recorded
2012
Genre
Pop rock
Length
3:23
Label
Polydor Records
Global Talent Records
Songwriter(s)
Andy Brown
Ryan Fletcher
Ki Fitzgerald
Dave Morgan
Producer(s)
John Shanks
Jeremy Wheatley
Ki Fitzgerald
Lawson singles chronology
"Taking Over Me"
(2012) "Standing in the Dark"
(2012) "Learn to Love Again"
(2013)
"Taking Over Me"
(2012) "Standing in the Dark"
(2012) "Learn to Love Again"
(2013)
"Standing in the Dark" is the third single by British pop rock band Lawson, from their debut studio album, Chapman Square. The song was released in the United Kingdom on 14 October 2012, via Polydor Records. The song first premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 1 September.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music video
3 Track listing
4 Charts
5 Release history
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
In an interview with Capital FM, Lawson frontman Andy Brown revealed that "Standing in the Dark" is about his ex-girlfriend, the Saturdays member Mollie King and that he wrote the song with bandmate Ryan Fletcher after seeing photographs of her with someone else. He said: "What happened was, we split up and I wrote quite a few songs about it. It was hard because she just started going out with a ridiculously good looking guy after me. 'When She Was Mine' was a song about that, but 'Standing in the Dark' was the first song – I wrote it with Ryan on the day we saw her with this new guy in the paper and stuff. It did hurt me hard."[1]
Music video[edit]
On 2 September 2012, a lyric video for the song was released via the band's Vevo channel on YouTube. The full music video premiered on ChartShowTV on 14 September, however, the band announced that the YouTube premiere would be delayed by ten days so that it could follow an important announcement. A teaser for the video was published to Vevo on 16 September. A second teaser was published on 18 September. On 20 September, a behind the scenes video for the song was released. Directed by Nick Bartleet, the official video was released on 24 September, at a total length of three minutes and forty-eight seconds.[2] The video features band member Andy performing the track in his flat, while the rest of the band perform in a deserted car park, in the pouring rain.
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[3]
"Standing in the Dark" - 3:23
"Die for You" - 3:23 (Written By: Andy Brown, Ki Fitzgerald, Gary Clark)
"Getting Nowhere" - 4:39 (Written By: Andy Brown, Ki Fitzgerald, Harry Sommerdahl)
"Standing in the Dark" (Acoustic) - 3:16
"The A Team" (Pre-Order Only)- 2:36
CD single[4]
"Standing in the Dark" - 3:23
"Die for You" - 3:23
7" vinyl[5]
"Standing in the Dark" - 3:23
"Standing in the Dark" (Andi Durrant & Steve More Remix) - 3:42
Charts[edit]
Charts (2012)
Peak
position
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[6]
11
Ireland (IRMA)[7]
50
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[8]
5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[9]
6
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom 14 October 2012 Digital download, CD single Polydor Records, Global Talent Records
Malaysia 28 October 2012 Digital download Universal, Geffen Records
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lawson's Andy Brown: "'Standing in the Dark' Is Also About The Saturdays'..." Capital. Global Radio. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Lawson - Standing In The Dark. YouTube. 23 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Standing in the Dark - EP". iTunes.
Jump up ^ "Great Offer Store". universal-music.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Great Offer Store". universal-music.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Chart Search Results - Euro Digital Songs 2012-11-03". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 42, 2012". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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