text:
Two Swords (Game of Thrones)
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"Two Swords"
Game of Thrones episode
The muscle and wing movements of the show's dragons, created by Pixomondo, were based largely on those of a chicken.
Episode no.
Season 4
Episode 1
Directed by
D. B. Weiss
Written by
David Benioff
D. B. Weiss
Featured music
Ramin Djawadi
Cinematography by
Jonathan Freeman
Editing by
Katie Weiland
Original air date
April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06)
Running time
58 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell
Pedro Pascal as Oberyn Martell
Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand
Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis
Ian McElhinney as Barristan Selmy
Peter Vaughan as Maester Aemon
Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne
Anton Lesser as Qyburn
Yuri Kolokolnikov as Styr
Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm
Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei
Dominic Carter as Janos Slynt
Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne
Ian Beattie as Meryn Trant
Tony Way as Dontos Hollard
Will Tudor as Olyvar
Andy Kellegher as Polliver
Joseph Gatt as a Thenn
Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck
Stuart Martin as a Lannister soldier
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Mhysa" Next →
"The Lion and the Rose"
Game of Thrones (season 4)
List of Game of Thrones episodes
"Two Swords" is the first episode of the fourth season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 31st overall. The episode was written by series co-creators and showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss,[1] and directed by Weiss.[2] It premiered on April 6, 2014.[3]
The title of the episode refers to the two swords Tywin Lannister (Charles Dance) forges from Ice, Ned Stark's large Valyrian steel sword, in the opening sequence.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 In King's Landing
1.2 In the North
1.3 At Castle Black
1.4 In Slaver's Bay
1.5 In the Riverlands
2 Production
2.1 Writing
2.2 Casting
3 Reception
3.1 Television ratings
3.2 Critical reception
3.3 Accolades
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
In King's Landing[edit]
Tywin Lannister has the Stark family's ancestral greatsword, Ice, melted down and reforged into two new swords. One is given to his son Jaime, who, as the new Lord Commander of the Kingsguard, hopes to learn to use the sword with his left hand. Tywin informs Jaime that he is to be dismissed from the Kingsguard and sent to Casterly Rock to rule in his place, but Jaime refuses and leaves. He attempts to return the sword, but Tywin tells him to keep it, as he will need every advantage he can find now that he has been disowned.
Outside the city walls, Tyrion, his squire Podrick, and his bodyguard Bronn await the arrival of Prince Doran Martell and his entourage, but are informed that his younger brother, Prince Oberyn, will be attending in his stead. Oberyn, having already arrived, maims a Lannister soldier at one of Lord Baelish's whorehouses before Tyrion arrives. Oberyn reveals to Tyrion that he is in King's Landing to seek vengeance for the death of his sister, Elia, and her two children. Elia had been married to Prince Rhaegar Targaryen, who was next in line to the throne before Robert Baratheon killed him, and King's Landing fell to Tywin's army. Oberyn wants to kill Ser Gregor "The Mountain" Clegane, who is rumored to have raped and murdered Elia during the siege, and suggests that Ser Gregor was acting upon orders from Tywin himself.
At lunch, Shae tries in vain to get Sansa to eat. Sansa reveals to Tyrion that she cannot eat or sleep since hearing of how Robb and Catelyn Stark's bodies were desecrated after their murders ("The Rains of Castamere"). Sansa leaves for the godswood, where she is approached by Dontos Hollard, the former knight turned king's fool. Dontos thanks Sansa for saving his life on Joffrey's name-day celebration ("The North Remembers"), and gives her his mother's necklace as a token of his gratitude.
Tyrion returns to his chamber where he rebuffs Shae's attempts to rekindle their romance, and their argument is overheard by another of Sansa's handmaidens. Meanwhile, Jaime is fitted with a gilded steel hand by Qyburn. When he departs, Jaime and his twin sister, Cersei, discuss the state of their relationship before being interrupted by Sansa's handmaiden, with information for the Queen. Later, King Joffrey chastises Jaime for his absence during the Battle of the Blackwater and also makes fun of his age, the loss of his sword hand, and his lack of accomplishment as a member of the Kingsguard. Afterwards, Brienne tries to convince Jaime to follow through on his vow to return the Stark girls to safety, though Jaime argues the matter is now complicated by Catelyn Stark's death, Sansa's marriage to Tyrion and that Arya Stark has been missing ever since Ned Stark was executed ("Baelor").
In the gardens, Lady Olenna Tyrell and her granddaughter, Margaery, plan the royal wedding before Brienne of Tarth asks for a word with Margaery to discuss how Lord Renly was killed ("The Ghost of Harrenhal"). Brienne explains how she was not responsible for Renly's death, and vows to have revenge on his true killer, Stannis Baratheon.
In the North[edit]
Awaiting orders from Mance Rayder, Ygritte argues with Tormund Giantsbane about their next move before they are interrupted by the arrival of Styr and his group of cannibal Thenns.
At Castle Black[edit]
Having learned of Robb's death, Jon Snow recalls to Samwell Tarly how he envied Robb in their youth, before being summoned to testify to his sworn brothers, including Ser Alliser Thorne, Janos Slynt, and Maester Aemon Targaryen. Jon admits to killing Qhorin Halfhand and sleeping with Ygritte, but also reveals what he has learned of the wildlings' plans. Slynt calls for Jon to be executed as a traitor, and Thorne, who is acting Lord Commander of the Night's Watch following the death of Commander Jeor Mormont, is inclined to agree with him. However, Maester Aemon is convinced of Jon's ultimate loyalty to the Night's Watch and has him released.
In Slaver's Bay[edit]
Daenerys Targaryen leads her army on the march to Meereen, the third slaving city of Slaver's Bay. Daenerys becomes disturbed at how her dragons are growing less tame as they grow larger. As they march, Daario Naharis attempts to romance Daenerys, and warns her that if she plans to rule the land, she must learn more about the lifestyle and the culture of the slaves she is freeing. The march is halted by the discovery of a dead slave girl nailed to a mile-post pointing the route to Meereen. Ser Jorah explains that there is one dead child slave nailed to every mile marker on the road to Meereen. Ser Barristan offers to send men ahead to bury them, but Daenerys coldly informs him that she will look upon every dead child's face during the march.
In the Riverlands[edit]
Sandor "The Hound" Clegane tells the captive Arya Stark that he intends to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa in the Vale, before they come across an inn hosting several of the Mountain's men, Lannister soldiers. Among them, Arya recognises Polliver, the man who stole her sword, Needle, and killed Lommy Greenhands. She makes for the entrance before being stopped by the Hound, but they are discovered by one of the soldiers and enter the inn. Though several of the soldiers are fearful of the Hound, Polliver makes conversation with him and offers him a place in their band. After Sandor refuses and the two men trade insults, they engage in a fight. The Hound kills many of the soldiers, while Arya reclaims Needle from Polliver and uses it to kill him the same way he murdered Lommy ("What Is Dead May Never Die"). The two then depart from the tavern, Arya now in possession of a stolen pony. The camera pans out to reveal the Riverlands, now left black and desolate by the Mountain and his men.
Production[edit]
"Two Swords" was written and directed by producers D.B. Weiss and David Benioff.
The episode was directed by the writing team itself,[2] although to comply with the rules of the Directors Guild of America only Weiss is credited for directing.[3] They previously co-directed the season three episode "Walk of Punishment", in which Benioff received sole directing credit.[4]
Writing[edit]
"Two Swords" was written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, based on George R. R. Martin's original work from his novel A Clash of Kings, chapters Sansa II and Sansa VIII, and A Storm of Swords, chapters Jaime VII, Tyrion V, Tyrion IV, Jon VI, Jon IX, Daenerys V, and Arya XIII.[5] Arya's revenge against Lommy's murderer using the same method of killing was depicted in The Winds of Winter chapter Mercy.
Casting[edit]
With this episode, Gwendoline Christie (Brienne of Tarth) and Kristofer Hivju (Tormund Giantsbane) are promoted to series regulars. The episode has the introduction of new recurring cast members Pedro Pascal (Oberyn Martell) and Indira Varma (Ellaria Sand), while Michiel Huisman replaces Ed Skrein as the recurring character Daario Naharis. Owen Teale (Alliser Thorne), Dominic Carter (Janos Slynt) and Tony Way (Ser Dontos Hollard) make return appearances after an absence of several years (Teale in the first season, Carter and Way in the second).
Reception[edit]
Television ratings[edit]
"Two Swords" broke the viewership record for Game of Thrones, which was set by episode six the previous season. 6.64 million people watched the premiere airing,[6] and when coupled with encore airings, that number rose to 8.2 million total viewers.[7] This was at the time HBO's highest ratings for any show since the finale episode of The Sopranos, though it was shortly exceeded.[8][9] In the UK on Sky Atlantic, "Two Swords" was top in the week with a viewership of 1.21 million.[10]
Critical reception[edit]
The season premiere obtained a 97% rating from 25 reviews with an average score of 9 out of 10 according to Rotten Tomatoes.[11]
Reviewing it for IGN, Matt Fowler gave the episode a mark of 8.5 out of 10, and wrote that "'Two Swords' was a solid GoT premiere, though it certainly didn't hide the fact that the show, post-Red Wedding, is going to possibly meander more than people might enjoy or expect."[12] Two reviews from The A.V. Club were written, with one intended for those who have read the novels and one for those who have not. Reviewing for the novel readers, Todd VanDerWerff gave the episode an "A-",[13] while Erik Adams, who reviewed for the non-readers, rated the episode a "B+".[14] Myles McNutt at Cultural Learnings also gave the episode a positive review, singling out the final scene with Arya and Sandor as the episode's best sequence.[15]
Accolades[edit]
The episode was nominated for Outstanding Cinematography for A Single-Camera Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Here is your season 4 writers breakdown". WinterIsComing.net. February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Hibberd, James (July 16, 2013). "'Game of Thrones' season 4 directors chosen". EW.com. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "(#31/401) "Two Swords"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lash, Jolie. "Game of Thrones: Producers David Benioff & D.B. Weiss To Direct During Season 3". Access Hollywood. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Elio; Antonsson, Linda (May 3, 2013). "EP401: Two Swords". Westeros.org. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 8, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night + 'The Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'Silicon Valley', 'Married to Medicine' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 7, 2014). "'Game Of Thrones' Season Four Premiere Sets New Series Record". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Koblin, John (June 16, 2015). "‘Game of Thrones’ Finale Sets a Record". New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (April 7, 2014). "'Game of Thrones' gets record ratings: Biggest audience since 'Sopranos' finale". EW.com. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Programmes for Sky Atlantic". BARB. April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones: Season 4: Episode 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt (April 6, 2014). "Game of Thrones: "Two Swords" Review". IGN. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd (April 6, 2014). "Game Of Thrones (Experts): 'Two Swords'". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik (April 6, 2014). "Game of Thrones (newbies): "Two Swords"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles (April 6, 2014). "Season Premiere: Game of Thrones – 'Two Swords'". Cultural Learnings. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Moraes, Lisa de (16 August 2014). "Creative Arts Emmy Awards: ‘Saturday Night Live’, HBO Grab Most Trophies — Full List Of Winners".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Two Swords
"Two Swords" at HBO.com
"Two Swords" on IMDb
"Two Swords" at TV.com
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Game of Thrones episodes
Seasons: 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Season 4
"Two Swords"
"The Lion and the Rose"
"Breaker of Chains"
"Oathkeeper"
"First of His Name"
"The Laws of Gods and Men"
"Mockingbird"
"The Mountain and the Viper"
"The Watchers on the Wall"
"The Children"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two_Swords_(Game_of_Thrones)&oldid=799962897"
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text:
Greenwich Mean Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"GMT" redirects here. For other uses, see GMT (disambiguation).
"Greenwich Time" redirects here. For the Greenwich, Connecticut, newspaper, see Greenwich Time (newspaper).
Greenwich Mean Time
Green in the middle
UTC offset
GMT
UTC±0:00
Current time
21:01, 29 August 2018 GMT [refresh]
Time in Europe:
light blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
blue Western European Time / Greenwich Mean Time (UTC)
Western European Summer Time / British Summer Time / Irish Standard Time (UTC+1)
red Central European Time (UTC+1)
Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)
yellow Eastern European Time / Kaliningrad Time (UTC+2)
golden Eastern European Time (UTC+2)
Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3)
light green Further-eastern European Time / Moscow Time / Turkey Time (UTC+3)
Light colours indicate where standard time is observed all year; dark colours indicate where a summer time is observed.
Time in Africa
UTC−01:00 Cape Verde Time
UTC±00:00 Greenwich Mean Time
UTC±00:00
UTC+01:00 Greenwich Mean Time
Moroccan daylight saving time
UTC+01:00 West Africa Time /
Central European Time
UTC+02:00 Central Africa Time /
South African Standard Time /
Eastern European Time
UTC+03:00 East Africa Time
UTC+04:00 Mauritius Time / Seychelles Time
Light colours indicate where standard time is observed all year; dark colours indicate where daylight saving is observed.

Note: The islands of Cape Verde are to the west of the African mainland.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, reckoned from midnight. At different times in the past, it has been calculated in different ways, including being calculated from noon;[1] as a consequence, it cannot be used to specify a precise time unless a context is given.
English speakers often use GMT as a synonym for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).[2] For navigation, it is considered equivalent to UT1 (the modern form of mean solar time at 0° longitude); but this meaning can differ from UTC by up to 0.9 s. The term GMT should not thus be used for technical purposes.[3]
Because of Earth's uneven speed in its elliptical orbit and its axial tilt, noon (12:00:00) GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian and reaches its highest point in the sky there. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, a discrepancy calculated by the equation of time. Noon GMT is the annual average (i.e. "mean") moment of this event, which accounts for the word "mean" in "Greenwich Mean Time".
Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight. To avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight.[4] Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so that each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1.[5]
The term "GMT" is especially used by bodies connected with the United Kingdom, such as the BBC World Service, the Royal Navy, the Met Office and others particularly in Arab countries, such as the Middle East Broadcasting Centre and OSN. It is a term commonly used in the United Kingdom and countries of the Commonwealth, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Malaysia; and in many other countries of the eastern hemisphere. In some countries (the United Kingdom for example) Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. See GMT in legislation, below, for further explanation.
Contents
1 History
2 Ambiguity in the definition of GMT
3 GMT in legislation
3.1 United Kingdom
3.2 Other countries
4 Time zone
5 Discrepancies between legal GMT and geographical GMT
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of longitude
Greenwich clock with standard measurements
As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees, internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884. Synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. But this practice, combined with mariners from other nations drawing from Nevil Maskelyne's method of lunar distances based on observations at Greenwich, led to GMT being used worldwide as a standard time independent of location. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours (and possibly half or quarter hours) "ahead of GMT" or "behind GMT".
Greenwich Mean Time was adopted across the island of Great Britain by the Railway Clearing House in 1847, and by almost all railway companies by the following year, from which the term "railway time" is derived. It was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held "local mean time" to be the official time.[6] On 14 May 1880, a letter signed by 'Clerk to Justices' appeared in 'The Times', stating that "Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England, but it appears that Greenwich time is not legal time. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 8 13 and closed at 4 13 p.m."[7][8] This was changed later in 1880, when Greenwich Mean Time was legally adopted throughout the island of Great Britain. GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time.[9] Hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant.
The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular (see ΔT) and constantly slows; therefore the atomic clocks constitute a much more stable timebase. On 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Universal Time (UT), a term introduced in 1928, initially represented mean time at Greenwich determined in the traditional way to accord with the originally defined universal day; from 1 January 1956 (as decided by the IAU at Dublin, 1955, at the initiative of William Markowitz) this "raw" form of UT was re-labelled UT0 and effectively superseded by refined forms UT1 (UT0 equalised for the effects of polar wandering)[10] and UT2 (UT1 further equalised for annual seasonal variations in earth rotation rate).
Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by "the centre of the transit instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich". Although that instrument still survives in working order, it is no longer in use and now the meridian of origin of the world's longitude and time is not strictly defined in material form but from a statistical solution resulting from observations of all time-determination stations which the BIPM takes into account when co-ordinating the world's time signals. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatory's courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that imaginary line which is now the prime meridian of the world.
—  Howse, D. (1997). Greenwich time and the longitude. London: Philip Wilson.
Ambiguity in the definition of GMT[edit]
Historically GMT has been used with two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours (see Julian day). This contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans. The latter convention was adopted on and after 1 January 1925 for astronomical purposes, resulting in a discontinuity of 12 hours, or half a day. The instant that was designated 'December 31.5 GMT' in 1924 almanacs became 'January 1.0 GMT' in 1925 almanacs. The term Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time (GMAT) was introduced to unambiguously refer to the previous noon-based astronomical convention for GMT.[11] The more specific terms UT and UTC do not share this ambiguity, always referring to midnight as zero hours.
GMT in legislation[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Legally, the civil time used in the UK is called still "Greenwich mean time" (without capitalisation), according to the Interpretation Act 1978, with an exception made for those periods when the Summer Time Act 1972 orders an hour's shift for daylight saving. The Interpretation Act 1978, section 9, provides that whenever an expression of time occurs in an Act, the time referred to shall (unless otherwise specifically stated) be held to be Greenwich mean time. Under subsection 23(3), the same rule applies to deeds and other instruments.[9]
During the experiment of 1968-1971, when the British Isles did not revert to Greenwich Mean Time during the winter, the all-year British Summer Time was called British Standard Time (BST).
In the UK, UTC+0 is disseminated to the general public in winter and UTC+1 in summer.[12][4]
BBC radio stations broadcast the "six pips" of the Greenwich Time Signal. It is named from its original generation at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and is aligned to either Greenwich Mean Time or British Summer Time as appropriate for the time of year.
Other countries[edit]
Several countries define their local time by reference to Greenwich Mean Time.[13][14] Some examples are:
Belgium: Decrees of 1946 and 1947 set legal time as one hour ahead of GMT.[13]
Ireland: Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971, section 1, and Interpretation Act 2005, part iv, section 18(i).
Canada: Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, section 35(1). This refers to 'standard time' for the several provinces, defining each in relation to 'Greenwich time', but does not use the expression 'Greenwich mean time'. Several provinces, such as Nova Scotia (Time Definition Act. R.S., c. 469, s. 1), have their own legislation which specifically mentions either "Greenwich Mean Time" or "Greenwich mean solar time".
Time zone[edit]
See also: UTC±00:00
Greenwich Mean Time is used as standard time in the following countries, which also advance their clock one hour (GMT+1) in summer.
United Kingdom, where the summer time is called British Summer Time (BST)
Republic of Ireland, where it is called Irish Standard Time (IST)[15]—officially changing to GMT in winter.
Portugal (with the exception of the Azores)
Morocco
Western Sahara
Country subdivisions or dependent territories:
Canary Islands (Spain)
Faroe Islands
Greenwich Mean Time is used as standard time year around in the following countries and areas:
Iceland
Burkina Faso
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (to UK)
Discrepancies between legal GMT and geographical GMT[edit]
Colour
Legal time vs local mean time
1 h ± 30 m behind
0 h ± 30 m
1 h ± 30 m ahead
2 h ± 30 m ahead
3 h ± 30 m ahead
European winter
European summer
Since legal, political, social and economic criteria in addition to physical or geographical criteria are used in the drawing of time zones, actual time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The 'GMT' time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of the area between meridians 7°30'W and 7°30'E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a 'physical' UTC time use another time zone (UTC+1 in particular); conversely, there are European areas that use UTC, even though their 'physical' time zone is UTC−1 (e.g., most of Portugal), or UTC−2 (the westernmost part of Iceland). Because the UTC time zone in Europe is 'shifted' to the west, Lowestoft in the United Kingdom at only 1°45'E is the easternmost settlement in Europe in which UTC is applied. Following is a list of the 'incongruencies':
Countries (or parts thereof) west of 22°30'W ("physical" UTC−2) that use UTC
The westernmost part of Iceland, including the northwest peninsula and its main town of Ísafjörður, which is west of 22°30'W, uses UTC. Bjargtangar, Iceland is the westernmost point in which UTC is applied.
Countries (or parts thereof) west of 7°30'W ("physical" UTC−1) that use UTC
Canary Islands (Spain)
Most of Portugal, including Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Aveiro, and Coimbra. (Only the easternmost part, including cities such as Bragança and Guarda, lies east of 7°30'W.) Since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386 (the world's oldest diplomatic alliance), Portugal has maintained close ties to the UK, which possibly explains its choice of UTC. Madeira, even further to the west, also employs UTC. A more likely explanation is that during the mid-1970s, when Portugal was on Central European Time all year round, it did not begin to get light in Lisbon in winter until 08:30.
Western part of Ireland, including the cities of Cork, Limerick, and Galway.
Westernmost tip of Northern Ireland, including the county town of County Fermanagh, Enniskillen
Extreme westerly portion of the Outer Hebrides, west of Scotland; for instance, Vatersay, an inhabited island and the westernmost settlement of the island of Great Britain, lies at 7°54'W. If uninhabited islands or rocks are taken into account St Kilda, west of the Outer Hebrides, at 8°58'W, and Rockall, at 13°41'W, should be included.
Westernmost island of the Faroe Islands (autonomous region of the Danish Kingdom), Mykines
Iceland, including Reykjavík
Northeastern part of Greenland, including Danmarkshavn
This arch that stretches over a highway indicates the prime meridian in Spain.
Countries (mostly) between meridians 7°30'W and 7°30'E ("physical" UTC) that use UTC+1
Spain (except for the Canary Islands, which use UTC). Parts of Galicia lie west of 7°30'W ('physical' UTC−1), whereas there is no Spanish territory east of 7°30'E ('physical' UTC+1). Spain's time is the direct result of Franco's presidential order (published in Boletín Oficial del Estado of 8 March 1940)[16] abandoning Greenwich Mean Time and advancing clocks one hour effective 23:00 16 March 1940. This is an excellent example of political criteria used in the drawing of time zones: the time change was passed "in consideration of the convenience from the national time marching in step according to that of other European countries".[17][18] The presidential order (most likely enacted to be in synchrony with Germany and Italy, with which the Franco regime was unofficially allied) included in its 5th article a provision for its future phase out,[18] which never took place. Due to this political decision Spain is two hours ahead of its local mean time during the summer, one hour ahead in winter, which possibly explains the notoriously late schedule for which the country is known.[19] In Portugal, which is a mere one hour behind Spain, the timetable is quite different.
Most of France, including the cities of Paris, Marseille and Lyon. Only small parts of Alsace, Lorraine and Provence are east of 7°30'E ("physical" UTC+1).
Monaco
Andorra
Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg
See also[edit]
Coordinated Universal Time
Greenwich Time Signal
Ruth Belville – the Greenwich Time Lady, daughter of John Henry Belville, who was in business of daily personal distribution of Greenwich Mean Time via a watch
24-hour watch – 24-hour wristwatch
Radio clock
Marine chronometer – synchronised with GMT, and used by ships to calculate their longitude
Time in the United Kingdom
Swatch Internet Time – alternative, decimal measure of time
Western European Summer Time
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Time scales". UCO Lick. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Coordinated Universal Time". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Hilton and McCarthy 2013, p. 231–2.
^ Jump up to: a b McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Astronomical Almanac Online 2015, Glossary s.v. "Universal Time".
Jump up ^ Howse 1997, p. 114.
Jump up ^ CLERK TO JUSTICES. "Time, Actual And Legal". Times, London, England, 14 May 1880: 10. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 18 Aug. 2015.
Jump up ^ Bartky, Ian R. (2007). One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity. Stanford University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0804756422. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Myers (2007).
Jump up ^ UT1 as explained on IERS page
Jump up ^ Astronomical Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. 1992. p. 76. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Jump up ^ Howse 1997, p. 157.
^ Jump up to: a b Dumortier, Hannelore, & Loncke (n.d.)
Jump up ^ Seago & Seidelmann (2011).
Jump up ^ Standard Time Act, 1968.
Jump up ^ "BOE Orden sobre adelanto de la hora legal en 60 minutos". Retrieved 2 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "B.O.E. #68 03/08/1940 p.1675". Retrieved 2 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "B.O.E. #68 03/08/1940 p.1676". Retrieved 2 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hábitos y horarios españoles". Retrieved 27 November 2008.
References[edit]
Astronomical Almanac Online. (2015). United States Naval Observatory and Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office.
Dumortier, J, Hannelore, D, & Loncke, M. (n.d.). "Legal Aspects of Trusted Time services in Europe". AMANO. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
Guinot, Bernard (August 2011). "Solar time, legal time, time in use". Metrologica 48 (4): S181–185. Bibcode: 2011Metro..48S.181G. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/48/4/S08.
Hilton, James L and McCarthy, Dennis D.. (2013). "Precession, Nutation, Polar Motion, and Earth Rotation." In Sean Urban and P. Kenneth Seidelmann (Eds.), Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac 3rd ed. Mill Valley CA: University Science Books.
Howse, D. (1997). Greenwich time and the longitude. London: Philip Wilson.
Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21. (2005). CanLII. (Canadian statute)
Interpretation Act 1978. UK Law Statute Database. (UK statute)
Interpretation Act 2005. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (Irish statute)
McCarthy, D., and Seidelmann, P. K. (2009). TIME—From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Myers, J. (2007). History of legal time in Britain. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
Seago, J.H., & Seidelmann, P. K. (2011). National Legal Requirements for Coordinating with Universal Time. Steve Allen of University of California Observatories. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
"Six pip salute". BBC News. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
Standard Time Act, 1968. Irish Statute Book. Office of the Attorney General. (Irish statute)
Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (Irish statute)
External links[edit]
Greenwich Mean Time
Interactive World Clock Map in Flash
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
The original BBC World Service GMT time signal in mp3 format
Rodgers, Lucy (20 October 2009). "At the centre of time". BBC News. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
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