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Placenta
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This article is about the human trophoblast. For general information about the placenta as an organ in biology, see placentation. For the ancient Roman Bread, see placenta (food).
placenta
Placenta
Human placenta from just after birth with the umbilical cord in place
Details
Precursor
decidua basalis, chorion frondosum
Identifiers
Latin
Placento
TE
E5.11.3.1.1.0.5
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing fetuses and removes waste products from the fetus's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the fetus's umbilical cord develops from the placenta. These organs connect the mother and the fetus. Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in marsupials and some non-mammals with varying levels of development.[1] The homology of such structures in various viviparous organisms is debatable, and in invertebrates such as Arthropoda, is analogous at best.
The word placenta comes from the Latin word for a type of cake, from Greek πλακόεντα/πλακοῦντα plakóenta/plakoúnta, accusative of πλακόεις/πλακούς plakóeis/plakoús, "flat, slab-like",[2][3] in reference to its round, flat appearance in humans. The classical plural is placentae, but the form placentas is common in modern English and probably has the wider currency at present.
The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components:[4] the fetal placenta (Chorion frondosum), which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta (Decidua basalis), which develops from the maternal uterine tissue.[5] It metabolises a number of substances and can release metabolic products into maternal or fetal circulations.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Gene and protein expression
2 Physiology
2.1 Development
2.2 Placental circulation
2.2.1 Maternal placental circulation
2.2.2 Fetoplacental circulation
2.3 Birth
2.4 Microbiome
3 Functions
3.1 Nutrition
3.2 Excretion
3.3 Immunity
3.4 Endocrine function
3.5 Cloaking from immune system of mother
3.6 Other
4 Clinical significance
5 Society and culture
6 Additional images
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Placental mammals, such as humans, have a chorioallantoic placenta that forms from the chorion and allantois. In humans, the placenta averages 22 cm (9 inch) in length and 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1 inch) in thickness, with the center being the thickest, and the edges being the thinnest. It typically weighs approximately 500 grams (just over 1 lb). It has a dark reddish-blue or crimson color. It connects to the fetus by an umbilical cord of approximately 55–60 cm (22–24 inch) in length, which contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.[6] The umbilical cord inserts into the chorionic plate (has an eccentric attachment). Vessels branch out over the surface of the placenta and further divide to form a network covered by a thin layer of cells. This results in the formation of villous tree structures. On the maternal side, these villous tree structures are grouped into lobules called cotyledons. In humans, the placenta usually has a disc shape, but size varies vastly between different mammalian species.[7]
The placenta occasionally takes a form in which it comprises several distinct parts connected by blood vessels.[8] The parts, called lobes, may number two, three, four, or more. Such placentas are described as bilobed/bilobular/bipartite, trilobed/trilobular/tripartite, and so on. If there is a clearly discernible main lobe and auxiliary lobe, the latter is called a succenturiate placenta. Sometimes the blood vessels connecting the lobes get in the way of fetal presentation during labor, which is called vasa previa.
Gene and protein expression[edit]
Further information: Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal mature placenta.[9][10] Some 350 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the placenta and fewer than 100 genes are highly placenta specific. The corresponding specific proteins are mainly expressed in trophoblasts and have functions related to female pregnancy. Examples of proteins with elevated expression in placenta compared to other organs and tissues are PEG10 and the cancer testis antigen PAGE4 expressed in cytotrophoblasts, CSH1and KISS1 expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts, and PAPPA2 and PRG2 expressed in extravillous trophoblasts.
Physiology[edit]
Development[edit]
Placenta
The initial stages of human embryogenesis.
Further information: Placentation
The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium. The outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast, which forms the outer layer of the placenta. This outer layer is divided into two further layers: the underlying cytotrophoblast layer and the overlying syncytiotrophoblast layer. The syncytiotrophoblast is a multinucleated continuous cell layer that covers the surface of the placenta. It forms as a result of differentiation and fusion of the underlying cytotrophoblast cells, a process that continues throughout placental development. The syncytiotrophoblast (otherwise known as syncytium), thereby contributes to the barrier function of the placenta.
The placenta grows throughout pregnancy. Development of the maternal blood supply to the placenta is complete by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy week 14 (DM).
Placental circulation[edit]
Maternal blood fills the intervillous space, nutrients, water, and gases are actively and passively exchanged, then deoxygenated blood is displaced by the next maternal pulse.
Maternal placental circulation[edit]
In preparation for implantation of the blastocyst, the uterine endometrium undergoes "decidualisation". Spiral arteries in decidua are remodeled so that they become less convoluted and their diameter is increased. The increased diameter and straighter flow path both act to increase maternal blood flow to the placenta. There is relatively high pressure as the maternal blood fills intervillous space through these spiral arteries bathes the fetal villi in blood, allowing an exchange of gases to take place. In humans and other hemochorial placentals, the maternal blood comes into direct contact with the fetal chorion, though no fluid is exchanged. As the pressure decreases between pulses, the deoxygenated blood flows back through the endometrial veins.
Maternal blood flow is approximately 600–700 ml/min at term.
This begins at day 5 - day 12 [11]
Fetoplacental circulation[edit]
Further information: Fetal circulation
Deoxygenated fetal blood passes through umbilical arteries to the placenta. At the junction of umbilical cord and placenta, the umbilical arteries branch radially to form chorionic arteries. Chorionic arteries, in turn, branch into cotyledon arteries. In the villi, these vessels eventually branch to form an extensive arterio-capillary-venous system, bringing the fetal blood extremely close to the maternal blood; but no intermingling of fetal and maternal blood occurs ("placental barrier").[12]
Endothelin and prostanoids cause vasoconstriction in placental arteries, while nitric oxide causes vasodilation.[13] On the other hand, there is no neural vascular regulation, and catecholamines have only little effect.[13]
The fetoplacental circulation is vulnerable to persistent hypoxia or intermittent hypoxia and reoxygenation, which can lead to generation of excessive free radicals. This may contribute to pre-eclampsia and other pregnancy complications.[14] It is proposed that melatonin plays a role as an antioxidant in the placenta.[14]
This begins at day 17 - day 22 [15]
Birth[edit]
Main article: Placental expulsion
Placental expulsion begins as a physiological separation from the wall of the uterus. The period from just after the child is born until just after the placenta is expelled is called the "third stage of labor". The placenta is usually expelled within 15–30 minutes of birth.
Placental expulsion can be managed actively, for example by giving oxytocin via intramuscular injection followed by cord traction to assist in delivering the placenta. Alternatively, it can be managed expectantly, allowing the placenta to be expelled without medical assistance. Blood loss and the risk of postpartum bleeding may be reduced in women offered active management of the third stage of labour, however there may be adverse effects and more research is necessary.[16]
The habit is to cut the cord immediately after birth, but it is theorised that there is no medical reason to do this; on the contrary, it is theorized that not cutting the cord helps the baby in its adaptation to extrauterine life, especially in preterm infants.[17]
Microbiome[edit]
Main article: Placental microbiome
The placenta is traditionally thought to be sterile, but recent research suggests that a resident, non-pathogenic, and diverse population of microorganisms may be present in healthy tissue. However, whether these microbes exist or are clinically important is highly controversial and is the subject of active research.[18][19][20][21]
Functions[edit]
Nutrition[edit]
Maternal side of a placenta shortly after birth.
The placenta intermediates the transfer of nutrients between mother and fetus. The perfusion of the intervillous spaces of the placenta with maternal blood allows the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and the transfer of waste products and carbon dioxide back from the fetus to the maternal blood. Nutrient transfer to the fetus can occur via both active and passive transport.[22] Placental nutrient metabolism was found to play a key role in limiting the transfer of some nutrients.[23] Adverse pregnancy situations, such as those involving maternal diabetes or obesity, can increase or decrease levels of nutrient transporters in the placenta potentially resulting in overgrowth or restricted growth of the fetus.[24]
Excretion[edit]
Waste products excreted from the fetus such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine are transferred to the maternal blood by diffusion across the placenta.
Immunity[edit]
IgG antibodies can pass through the human placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in utero.[25] This transfer of antibodies begins as early as the 20th week of gestational age, and certainly by the 24th week.[26] This passive immunity lingers for several months after birth, thus providing the newborn with a carbon copy of the mother's long-term humoral immunity to see the infant through the crucial first months of extrauterine life. IgM, however, cannot cross the placenta, which is why some infections acquired during pregnancy can be hazardous for the fetus.
Furthermore, the placenta functions as a selective maternal-fetal barrier against transmission of microbes. However, insufficiency in this function may still cause mother-to-child transmission of infectious diseases.
Endocrine function[edit]
The first hormone released by the placenta is called the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone. This is responsible for stopping the process at the end of menses when the Corpus luteum ceases activity and atrophies. If hCG did not interrupt this process, it would lead to spontaneous abortion of the fetus. The corpus luteum also produces and releases progesterone and estrogen, and hCG stimulates it to increase the amount that it releases. hCG is the indicator of pregnancy that pregnancy tests look for. These tests will work when menses has not occurred or after implantation has happened on days seven to ten. hCG may also have an anti-antibody effect, protecting it from being rejected by the mother’s body. hCG also assists the male fetus by stimulating the testes to produce testosterone, which is the hormone needed to allow the sex organs of the male to grow.
Progesterone helps the embryo implant by assisting passage through the fallopian tubes. It also affects the fallopian tubes and the uterus by stimulating an increase in secretions necessary for fetal nutrition. Progesterone, like hCG, is necessary to prevent spontaneous abortion because it prevents contractions of the uterus, and is necessary for implantation.
Estrogen is a crucial hormone in the process of proliferation. This involves the enlargement of the breasts and uterus, allowing for growth of the fetus and production of milk. Estrogen is also responsible for increased blood supply towards the end of pregnancy through vasodilation. The levels of estrogen during pregnancy can increase so that they are thirty times what a non-pregnant woman mid-cycles estrogen level would be.
Human placental lactogen is a hormone used in pregnancy to develop fetal metabolism and general growth and development. Human placental lactogen works with Growth hormone to stimulate Insulin-like growth factor production and regulating intermediary metabolism. In the fetus, hPL acts on lactogenic receptors to modulate embryonic development, metabolism and stimulate production of IGF, insulin, surfactant and adrenocortical hormones. hPL values increase with multiple pregnancies, intact molar pregnancy, diabetes and Rh incompatibility. They are decreased with toxemia, choriocarcinoma, and Placental insufficiency.[27][28]
Cloaking from immune system of mother[edit]
Further information: Immune tolerance in pregnancy
The placenta and fetus may be regarded as a foreign allograft inside the mother, and thus must evade from attack by the mother's immune system.
For this purpose, the placenta uses several mechanisms:
It secretes Neurokinin B-containing phosphocholine molecules. This is the same mechanism used by parasitic nematodes to avoid detection by the immune system of their host.[29]
There is presence of small lymphocytic suppressor cells in the fetus that inhibit maternal cytotoxic T cells by inhibiting the response to interleukin 2.[30]
However, the Placental barrier is not the sole means to evade the immune system, as foreign fetal cells also persist in the maternal circulation, on the other side of the placental barrier.[31]
Other[edit]
The placenta also provides a reservoir of blood for the fetus, delivering blood to it in case of hypotension and vice versa, comparable to a capacitor.[32]
Ultrasound image of human placenta and umbilical cord (color Doppler rendering) with central cord insertion and three umbilical vessels, at 20 weeks of pregnancy
Clinical significance[edit]
Main article: Placental disease
Micrograph of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the placenta (CMV placentitis). The characteristic large nucleus of a CMV-infected cell is seen off-centre at the bottom-right of the image. H&E stain.
Numerous pathologies can affect the placenta.
Placenta accreta, when the placenta implants too deeply, all the way to the actual muscle of uterine wall (without penetrating it)
Placenta praevia, when the placement of the placenta is too close to or blocks the cervix
Placental abruption/abruptio placentae
Infections involving the placenta:
Placentitis, such as the TORCH infections.
Chorioamnionitis.
Society and culture[edit]
The placenta often plays an important role in various cultures, with many societies conducting rituals regarding its disposal. In the Western world, the placenta is most often incinerated.[33]
Some cultures bury the placenta for various reasons. The Māori of New Zealand traditionally bury the placenta from a newborn child to emphasize the relationship between humans and the earth.[34] Likewise, the Navajo bury the placenta and umbilical cord at a specially chosen site,[35] particularly if the baby dies during birth.[36] In Cambodia and Costa Rica, burial of the placenta is believed to protect and ensure the health of the baby and the mother.[37] If a mother dies in childbirth, the Aymara of Bolivia bury the placenta in a secret place so that the mother's spirit will not return to claim her baby's life.[38]
The placenta is believed by some communities to have power over the lives of the baby or its parents. The Kwakiutl of British Columbia bury girls' placentas to give the girl skill in digging clams, and expose boys' placentas to ravens to encourage future prophetic visions. In Turkey, the proper disposal of the placenta and umbilical cord is believed to promote devoutness in the child later in life. In Ukraine, Transylvania, and Japan, interaction with a disposed placenta is thought to influence the parents' future fertility.
Several cultures believe the placenta to be or have been alive, often a relative of the baby. Nepalese think of the placenta as a friend of the baby; Malaysian Orang Asli regard it as the baby's older sibling.[37] Native Hawaiians believe that the placenta is a part of the baby, and traditionally plant it with a tree that can then grow alongside the child.[33] Various cultures in Indonesia, such as Javanese, believe that the placenta has a spirit and needs to be buried outside the family house.
In some cultures, the placenta is eaten, a practice known as placentophagy. In some eastern cultures, such as China, the dried placenta (ziheche 紫河車, literally "purple river cart") is thought to be a healthful restorative and is sometimes used in preparations of traditional Chinese medicine and various health products.[39] The practice of human placentophagy has become a more recent trend in western cultures and is not without controversy; its practice being considered cannibalism is debated.
Some cultures have alternative uses for placenta that include the manufacturing of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food.
Additional images[edit]
Fetus of about 8 weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters.
Picture of freshly delivered placenta and umbilical cord wrapped around Kelly clamps
Fresh human placenta
Micrograph of a placental infection (CMV placentitis).
Micrograph of CMV placentitis.
A 3D Power doppler image of vasculature in 20-week placenta
Placenta held.
Schematic view of the placenta
Maternal side of a whole human placenta, just after birth
Fetal side of same placenta
Close-up of umbilical attachment to fetal side of freshly delivered placenta
Ziheche (紫河车), dried human placenta used in traditional Chinese medicine
See also[edit]
Choriovitelline placenta
Caul
Embryo
Uterus
Zygote
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Placenta.
Look up placenta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Placenta at the Human Protein Atlas
Additional Human placenta photography
The Placenta, gynob.com, with quotes from Williams Obstetrics, 18th Edition, F. Gary Cunningham, M.D., Paul C. MacDonald, M.D., Norman F. Grant, M.D., Appleton & Lange, Publishers.
Evaluation of Hydropic Placentas, by Miller RT, (PDF), ProPath.
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text:
List of FA Cup Finals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Further information: FA Cup Final
The Blackburn Rovers team which won the FA Cup in 1884. Team captain James Brown (front row, centre) holds the trophy.
The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout competition in English football, organised by and named after The Football Association (the FA). It is the oldest existing football competition in the world,[1] having commenced in the 1871–72 season.[2] The tournament is open to all clubs in the top 10 levels of the English football league system, although a club's home stadium must meet certain requirements prior to entering the tournament.[3] The competition culminates at the end of the league season usually in May with the FA Cup Final, officially named The Football Association Challenge Cup Final Tie, which has traditionally been regarded as the showpiece finale of the English football season.[4]
All of the final venues, apart from four, have been in London with most being played at the original Wembley Stadium, which was used from 1923 until the stadium closed in 2000. The other venues that were used for the final prior to 1923 were Kennington Oval, Crystal Palace, Stamford Bridge and Lillie Bridge, all in London, Goodison Park in Liverpool and Fallowfield Stadium and Old Trafford in Manchester. The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final for six years (2001–2006), while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction. Other grounds have been used for replays, which until 1999 took place if the initial match ended in a draw. The new Wembley Stadium has been the permanent venue of the final since 2007.
As of 2018, the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories.[2] The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions, and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once: Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal.[2] The cup has been won by a non-English team once. The cup is currently held by Chelsea, who defeated Manchester United in the 2018 final.
Contents
1 History
2 Finals
2.1 Key
2.2 Results
3 Results by team
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Further information: History of the FA Cup
Tottenham Hotspur captain Arthur Grimsdell displays the cup to fans on the Tottenham High Road after Spurs' victory in the 1921 final, the first win by a London-based team for 20 years.
The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers, a team of former public schoolboys based in London, who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons. The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England,[5] but in 1883, Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup, defeating Old Etonians. Upon his team's return to Blackburn, Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed: "The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire. It'll have a good home and it'll never go back to London."[6]
With the advent of professionalism at around the same time, the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition.[5] The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888.[7] Since then, one non-league team has won the cup. Tottenham Hotspur, then of the Southern League, defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final.[8] A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup, which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921.[2] In 1927, Cardiff City, a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales, won the cup, the only non-English club to do so.[9] Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition.[2]
Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s, winning the trophy three times in five years,[2] and in the 1960s, Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success, with three wins in seven seasons. This marked the start of a successful period for London-based clubs, with 11 wins in 22 seasons.[10] Teams from the second tier of English football, at the time called the Second Division, experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980.[10] Sunderland won the cup in 1973, Southampton repeated the feat in 1976, and West Ham United won in 1980, the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division.[2][8]
Finals[edit]
Until 1999, a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date;[11] since then the final has always been decided on the day, with a penalty shootout as required.[12] As of 2018 a penalty shoot-out has been required on only two occasions, in the 2005 and 2006 finals. The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars, other than in the 1914–15 season, when it was completed, and the 1939–40 season, when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds.[2]
Key[edit]
Key to list of winners
(R) Replay
* Match went to extra time
Match decided by a penalty shoot-out after extra time
Winning team won the Double
Italics Team from outside the top level of English football
(since the formation of The Football League in 1888)
All teams are English, except where marked (Scottish) or (Welsh).
Results[edit]
FA Cup winners
Season
Winners[2]
Score[2]
Runners–up[2]
Venue[13]
Attendance[13]
1871–72
Wanderers
1–0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000
1872–73
Wanderers
2–0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000
1873–74
Oxford University
2–0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000
1874–75
Royal Engineers
* 1–1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000
1874–75 (R)
Royal Engineers
2–0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000
1875–76
Wanderers
* 1–1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500
1875–76 (R)
Wanderers
3–0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500
1876–77
Wanderers
* 2–1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000
1877–78
Wanderers
3–1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500
1878–79
Old Etonians
1–0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000
1879–80
Clapham Rovers
1–0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000
1880–81
Old Carthusians
3–0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000
1881–82
Old Etonians
1–0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500
1882–83
Blackburn Olympic
* 2–1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000
1883–84
Blackburn Rovers
2–1 Queen's Park Kennington Oval 4,000
1884–85
Blackburn Rovers
2–0 Queen's Park Kennington Oval 12,500
1885–86
Blackburn Rovers
0–0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000
1885–86 (R)
Blackburn Rovers
2–0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground 12,000
1886–87
Aston Villa
2–0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500
1887–88
West Bromwich Albion
2–1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000
1888–89
Preston North End
3–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000
1889–90
Blackburn Rovers
6–1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000
1890–91
Blackburn Rovers
3–1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000
1891–92
West Bromwich Albion
3–0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810
1892–93
Wolverhampton Wanderers
1–0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000
1893–94
Notts County
4–1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000
1894–95
Aston Villa
1–0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560
1895–96
The Wednesday
2–1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836
1896–97
Aston Villa
3–2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891
1897–98
Nottingham Forest
3–1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017
1898–99
Sheffield United
4–1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833
1899–1900
Bury
4–0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945
1900–01
Tottenham Hotspur
2–2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820
1900–01 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
3–1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470
1901–02
Sheffield United
1–1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914
1901–02 (R)
Sheffield United
2–1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068
1902–03
Bury
6–0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102
1903–04
Manchester City
1–0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374
1904–05
Aston Villa
2–0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117
1905–06
Everton
1–0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609
1906–07
The Wednesday
2–1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594
1907–08
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697
1908–09
Manchester United
1–0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401
1909–10
Newcastle United
1–1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747
1909–10 (R)
Newcastle United
2–0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000
1910–11
Bradford City
0–0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068
1910–11 (R)
Bradford City
1–0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000
1911–12
Barnsley
0–0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556
1911–12 (R)
Barnsley
* 1–0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555
1912–13
Aston Villa
1–0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919
1913–14
Burnley
1–0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778
1914–15
Sheffield United
3–0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557
1919–20
Aston Villa
* 1–0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018
1920–21
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805
1921–22
Huddersfield Town
1–0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000
1922–23
Bolton Wanderers
2–0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium (original) 126,047[A]
1923–24
Newcastle United
2–0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium (original) 91,695
1924–25
Sheffield United
1–0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium (original) 91,763
1925–26
Bolton Wanderers
1–0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 91,447
1926–27
Cardiff City
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 91,206
1927–28
Blackburn Rovers
3–1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium (original) 92,041
1928–29
Bolton Wanderers
2–0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium (original) 92,576
1929–30
Arsenal
2–0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium (original) 92,488
1930–31
West Bromwich Albion
2–1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium (original) 92,406
1931–32
Newcastle United
2–1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 92,298
1932–33
Everton
3–0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 92,950
1933–34
Manchester City
2–1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium (original) 93,258
1934–35
Sheffield Wednesday
4–2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium (original) 93,204
1935–36
Arsenal
1–0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium (original) 93,384
1936–37
Sunderland
3–1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium (original) 93,495
1937–38
Preston North End
* 1–0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium (original) 93,497
1938–39
Portsmouth
4–1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium (original) 99,370
1945–46
Derby County
* 4–1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium (original) 98,000
1946–47
Charlton Athletic
* 1–0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium (original) 99,000
1947–48
Manchester United
4–2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium (original) 99,000
1948–49
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium (original) 99,500
1949–50
Arsenal
2–0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1950–51
Newcastle United
2–0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1951–52
Newcastle United
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1952–53
Blackpool
4–3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1953–54
West Bromwich Albion
3–2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1954–55
Newcastle United
3–1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1955–56
Manchester City
3–1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1956–57
Aston Villa
2–1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1957–58
Bolton Wanderers
2–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1958–59
Nottingham Forest
2–1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1959–60
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1960–61
Tottenham Hotspur
2–0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1961–62
Tottenham Hotspur
3–1 Burnley Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1962–63
Manchester United
3–1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1963–64
West Ham United
3–2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1964–65
Liverpool
* 2–1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1965–66
Everton
3–2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1966–67
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1967–68
West Bromwich Albion
* 1–0 * Everton Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1968–69
Manchester City
1–0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1969–70
Chelsea
* 2–2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1969–70 (R)
Chelsea
* 2–1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078
1970–71
Arsenal
* 2–1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1971–72
Leeds United
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1972–73
Sunderland
1–0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1973–74
Liverpool
3–0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1974–75
West Ham United
2–0 Fulham Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1975–76
Southampton
1–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1976–77
Manchester United
2–1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1977–78
Ipswich Town
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1978–79
Arsenal
3–2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1979–80
West Ham United
1–0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1980–81
Tottenham Hotspur
* 1–1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1980–81 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
3–2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (original) 92,000
1981–82
Tottenham Hotspur
* 1–1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1981–82 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium (original) 90,000
1982–83
Manchester United
* 2–2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1982–83 (R)
Manchester United
4–0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1983–84
Everton
2–0 Watford Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1984–85
Manchester United
* 1–0 * Everton Wembley Stadium (original) 100,000
1985–86
Liverpool
3–1 Everton Wembley Stadium (original) 98,000
1986–87
Coventry City
* 3–2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium (original) 98,000
1987–88
Wimbledon
1–0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 98,203
1988–89
Liverpool
* 3–2 * Everton Wembley Stadium (original) 82,500
1989–90
Manchester United
* 3–3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium (original) 80,000
1989–90 (R)
Manchester United
1–0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium (original) 80,000
1990–91
Tottenham Hotspur
* 2–1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium (original) 80,000
1991–92
Liverpool
2–0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium (original) 80,000
1992–93
Arsenal
* 1–1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium (original) 79,347
1992–93 (R)
Arsenal
* 2–1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium (original) 62,267
1993–94
Manchester United
4–0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium (original) 79,634
1994–95
Everton
1–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (original) 79,592
1995–96
Manchester United
1–0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (original) 79,007
1996–97
Chelsea
2–0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium (original) 79,160
1997–98
Arsenal
2–0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium (original) 79,183
1998–99
Manchester United
2–0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium (original) 79,101
1999–2000
Chelsea
1–0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium (original) 78,217
2000–01
Liverpool
2–1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500
2001–02
Arsenal
2–0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963
2002–03
Arsenal
1–0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726
2003–04
Manchester United
3–0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350
2004–05
Arsenal
0–0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876
2005–06
Liverpool
3–3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140
2006–07
Chelsea
* 1–0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium (new) 89,826
2007–08
Portsmouth
1–0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium (new) 89,874
2008–09
Chelsea
2–1 Everton Wembley Stadium (new) 89,391
2009–10
Chelsea
1–0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium (new) 88,335
2010–11
Manchester City
1–0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium (new) 88,643
2011–12
Chelsea
2–1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium (new) 89,041
2012–13
Wigan Athletic
1–0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium (new) 86,254
2013–14
Arsenal
* 3–2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium (new) 89,345
2014–15
Arsenal
4–0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium (new) 89,283
2015–16
Manchester United
* 2–1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium (new) 88,619
2016–17
Arsenal
2–1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium (new) 89,472
2017–18
Chelsea
1–0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium (new) 87,647
A. ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047, but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000.[14][15]
Results by team[edit]
Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence. Additionally, Queen's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887.[16]
Results by team
Club
Wins
First final won
Last final won
Runners-up
Last final lost
Total final appearances
Arsenal
13 1930 2017 7 2001 20
Manchester United
12 1909 2016 8 2018 20
Chelsea
8 1970 2018 5 2017 13
Tottenham Hotspur
8 1901 1991 1 1987 9
Liverpool
7 1965 2006 7 2012 14
Aston Villa
7 1887 1957 4 2015 11
Newcastle United
6 1910 1955 7 1999 13
Blackburn Rovers
6 1884 1928 2 1960 8
Everton
5 1906 1995 8 2009 13
Manchester City
5 1904 2011 5 2013 10
West Bromwich Albion
5 1888 1968 5 1935 10
Wanderers
5 1872 1878 0 – 5
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4 1893 1960 4 1939 8
Bolton Wanderers
4 1923 1958 3 1953 7
Sheffield United
4 1899 1925 2 1936 6
Sheffield Wednesday[A]
3 1896 1935 3 1993 6
West Ham United
3 1964 1980 2 2006 5
Preston North End
2 1889 1938 5 1964 7
Old Etonians
2 1879 1882 4 1883 6
Portsmouth
2 1939 2008 3 2010 5
Sunderland
2 1937 1973 2 1992 4
Nottingham Forest
2 1898 1959 1 1991 3
Bury
2 1900 1903 0 – 2
Huddersfield Town
1 1922 1922 4 1938 5
Derby County
1 1946 1946 3 1903 4
Leeds United
1 1972 1972 3 1973 4
Oxford University
1 1874 1874 3 1880 4
Royal Engineers
1 1875 1875 3 1878 4
Southampton
1 1976 1976 3 2003 4
Blackpool
1 1953 1953 2 1951 3
Burnley
1 1914 1914 2 1962 3
Cardiff City
1 1927 1927 2 2008 3
Charlton Athletic
1 1947 1947 1 1946 2
Barnsley
1 1912 1912 1 1910 2
Clapham Rovers
1 1880 1880 1 1879 2
Notts County
1 1894 1894 1 1891 2
Blackburn Olympic
1 1883 1883 0 – 1
Bradford City
1 1911 1911 0 – 1
Coventry City
1 1987 1987 0 – 1
Ipswich Town
1 1978 1978 0 – 1
Old Carthusians
1 1881 1881 0 – 1
Wigan Athletic
1 2013 2013 0 – 1
Wimbledon[B]
1 1988 1988 0 – 1
Leicester City
0 4 1969 4
Birmingham City
0 2 1956 2
Crystal Palace
0 2 2016 2
Queen's Park
0 2 1885 2
Brighton & Hove Albion
0 1 1983 1
Bristol City
0 1 1909 1
Fulham
0 1 1975 1
Hull City
0 1 2014 1
Luton Town
0 1 1959 1
Middlesbrough
0 1 1997 1
Millwall
0 1 2004 1
Queens Park Rangers
0 1 1982 1
Stoke City
0 1 2011 1
Watford
0 1 1984 1
Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday.
Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons, but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours (including the FA Cup win) of Wimbledon.[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jury, Louise (7 January 2005). "FA Cup trophy's sale to set football memorabilia record". The Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "F A Cup Summary – Contents". The Football Club History Database. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "FA Competition Administration". The Football Association. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Townsend, Nick (21 May 2000). "Football: FA Cup Final: Calamity for James as Di Matteo makes history". The Independent. Independent News & Media. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin (1983). Encyclopedia of British Football. Willow Books. p. 19. ISBN 0-00-218049-9.
Jump up ^ Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin. Encyclopedia of British Football. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin. Encyclopedia of British Football. pp. 16–17.
^ Jump up to: a b Lyles, Christopher (5 January 2008). "FA Cup by numbers". Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Shuttleworth, Peter (9 May 2008). "Cardiff in footsteps of FA Cup giants". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Soar, Phil; Tyler, Martin. Encyclopedia of British Football. p. 27.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (4 February 2005). "FA Cup in danger of losing lustre". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rules of The FA Challenge Cup". The Football Association. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnes, Stuart (2008). Nationwide Football Annual 2008–2009. SportsBooks Ltd. pp. 132, 134–143. ISBN 1-899807-72-1.
Jump up ^ Bateson, Bill; Sewell, Albert (1992). News of the World Football Annual 1992–93. Harper Collins. p. 219. ISBN 0-85543-188-1.
Jump up ^ "The F.A. Cup – Bolton's Victory – Record Crowds". The Times. News International. 30 May 1923. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ask Albert – Number 5". BBC Sport. 19 February 2001. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Merton to be given Dons trophies". BBC Sport. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
External links[edit]
The FA Cup Archive at TheFA.com
England FA Challenge Cup Finals at RSSSF.com
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values: Non-English football clubs in the FA Cup

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