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Chori Chori Chupke Chupke
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Chori Chori Chupke Chupke
Movie poster
Directed by
Abbas-Mustan
Produced by
Nazim Hassan Rizvi, NH Studioz
Written by
Shyam Goel
Javed Siddiqui
Neeraj Vora
Starring
Salman Khan
Rani Mukerji
Preity Zinta
Music by
Anu Malik
Cinematography
Thomas A. Xavier
Edited by
Hussain A. Burmawala
Release date
9 March 2001
Running time
170 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Budget
₹130 million (US$1.9 million)[1]
Box office
₹375 million (US$5.6 million)[2]
Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (English: Secretly and Stealthily) is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Abbas-Mustan. It stars Salman Khan, Rani Mukerji and Preity Zinta in leading roles. The film generated heavy controversy during its release because it was one of the first Bollywood films to handle the taboo issue of surrogate childbirth. It emerged as a commercial success and was one of the highest-grossing films of 2001.[3]
This is the only movie of director duo Abbas-Mustan in which Salman Khan worked. Earlier they approached him for the 1993 movie Baazigar. However, the role was later offered to Shahrukh Khan.
Some of the scenes in the film have been borrowed from Pretty Woman (1990), and the storyline is similar to 1980 movie Avan Aval Adhu and the 1983 movie Doosri Dulhan by Lekh Tandon.[4]
In 2001, the CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) seized prints of Chori Chori Chupke Chupke, after it was discovered the movie was funded by Chhota Shakeel[5] of the Mumbai underworld, which resulted in the well publicised Bharat Shah case.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Critical reception
4 Awards
4.1 Filmfare Awards
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Raj Malhotra (Salman Khan) and Priya (Rani Mukerji) are members of high society. They meet, get married and soon afterwards Priya gets pregnant. Very early in the pregnancy, Priya trips, miscarries, and becomes permanently infertile. On the doctor's (Prem Chopra) advice, they decide to look for a surrogate mother to bear Raj's child. The surrogacy is concealed from their conservative family. Raj meets Madhubala a.k.a. Madhu (Preity Zinta), a prostitute who agrees to have Raj's baby, in exchange for money. After some much-needed behavioural grooming and an image make over, Madhu meets Priya—who will be left unaware that Madhu is a prostitute—and the three depart for Switzerland together to carry out their plan.
Soon Madhu is pregnant with Raj's child, and he happily tells his family that Priya is expecting. Meanwhile, Raj's business partner (Adi Irani) has begun sexually harassing Madhu until she's ready to leave Switzerland, upset at the thought that Raj told his friend that she is a prostitute, although he didn't. Eventually, Priya finds out about Madhu's past, but she still believes that Madhu should carry their child, and she begs her to stay. Finally, Raj's friend assaults Madhu while he thinks she's home alone, but Raj saves her. Overwhelmed by Raj's kindness, Madhu falls in love with him.
Raj's family suddenly arrives in Switzerland. While Priya reaches for pregnancy-simulating pillows, the family meet the heavily pregnant Madhu and Raj tells them that she is a friend who is staying with him and Priya while her husband is business-traveling and she has no other family. Raj's grandfather Kailashnath Malhotra (Amrish Puri) and father Ranjit Malhotra (Dalip Tahil) arrange a religious ceremony and tell Raj and Priya that they are going back to India; this also includes Madhu.
The ceremony is very important so Priya sends Madhu as herself. The emotion at the ceremony is too much for Madhu and she becomes conflicted about giving up her child. Priya finds Madhu's room empty and the money dumped on the bed, and pursues her to the train station, only to slap Madhu when she confesses that she loves Raj. By the time Raj gets there, Madhu has gone into premature labor. The doctor announces that only one—Madhu or her child—can be saved, and Priya asks him to save Madhu. However, both mother and baby survive and seem likely to thrive. Madhu gives the baby to Priya, who quickly settles into a hospital bed with "her" baby. The doctor tells Raj's family that Madhu's child was stillborn and Madhu has made a recovery.
When Madhu is ready to leave, she promises Raj that she won't go back to prostitution. When he takes her to the airport he realizes that she loves him and kisses her forehead. Madhu leaves happily, ready and able to start fresh, as Raj and Priya start their new lives as thankful and proud parents to their newborn son Rocky.
Cast[edit]
Salman Khan as Raj Malhotra, a wealthy businessman who is deeply in love with his wife.
Rani Mukerji as Priya Malhotra, Raj's extraordinarily beautiful wife who suffers a miscarriage causing her to be infertile.
Preity Zinta as Madhubala, a prostitute who is hired by Raj to be a surrogate mother for him and Priya.
Amrish Puri as Kailashnath Malhotra
Dalip Tahil as Ranjit Malhotra
Farida Jalal as Asha Malhotra
Prem Chopra as Dr. Balraj Chopra
Johnny Lever as Pappu Bhai
Adi Irani as Ajay Sharma
Ruby Bhatia as News reporter
Deepti Bhatnagar as item number
Dinyar Contractor
Critical reception[edit]
The film met with mostly mixed-positive reviews, with critics praising the uniqueness of the film which dealt with a previously untouched subject. Preity Zinta's performance in a meaty, unconventional role was especially noted by many critics alike. However, the duo of Salman Khan and Rani Mukerji faced criticism, with reviews expressing that they were nothing more but beauty fillers in the film. Film critic Sukanya Verma found Mukerji to be "handicapped with a role that doesn't give her much scope besides weeping and sobbing" and stated Khan's performance lacked substance.[6]
Awards[edit]
Filmfare Awards[edit]
Nominations
Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award - Preity Zinta
Bollywood Movie Award - Most Sensational Actor - Salman Khan
Soundtrack[edit]
Chori Chori Chupke Chupke
Soundtrack album by Anu Malik
Released
2001
Genre
Feature film soundtrack
Label
Universal Music India
Producer
Anu Malik
Anu Malik chronology
Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi
(2001) Chori Chori Chupke Chupke
(2001) Rahul
(2001)
Music by Anu Malik and lyrics by Sameer. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 20,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's sixth highest-selling.[7]
No.
Song
Singer(s)
Length
1 "Chori Chori Chupke Chupke" Alka Yagnik & Babul Supriyo 07:32
2 "Dekhne Walon Ne" Alka Yagnik & Udit Narayan 06:14
3 "Deewana Hai Yeh Mann" Alka Yagnik & Sonu Nigam 06:47
4 "Diwani Diwani" Anu Malik & Anaida 05:18
5 "Dulhan Ghar Aayi" Jaspinder Narula 01:40
6 "Love You Love You" Anu Malik, Alka Yagnik 05:48
7 "Mehndi Mehndi" Jaspinder Narula 08:45
8 "No. 1 Punjabi" Sonu Nigam & Jaspinder Narula 07:04
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=662
Jump up ^ https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=662
Jump up ^ "Top Hits 2001". Box Office India. 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Double trouble all the way". The Hindu. 25 March 2001.
Jump up ^ 0208000j.htm
Jump up ^ Verma, Sukanya (9 March 2001). "Preity Trite". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Chori Chori Chupke Chupke on IMDb
hide
v
t
e
Films directed by Abbas–Mustan
Sajan Tara Sambharna (1985)
Moti Verana Chokma (1987)
Agneekaal (1989)
Khiladi (1992)
Baazigar (1993)
Daraar (1996)
Soldier (1998)
Baadshah (1999)
Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (2001)
Ajnabee (2001)
Humraaz (2002)
Taarzan: The Wonder Car (2004)
Aitraaz (2004)
36 China Town (2006)
Naqaab (2007)
Race (2008)
Players (2012)
Race 2 (2013)
Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon (2015)
Machine (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chori_Chori_Chupke_Chupke&oldid=846290160"
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Letter from Birmingham Jail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Recreation of Martin Luther King's cell in Birmingham Jail at the National Civil Rights Museum
The Letter from Birmingham Jail, also known as the Letter from Birmingham City Jail and The Negro Is Your Brother, is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".
The letter, written during the 1963 Birmingham campaign, was widely published, and became an important text for the American Civil Rights Movement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Summary and themes
3 Publication
4 Notes
5 References
5.1 Footnotes
5.2 Bibliography
6 Further reading
Background[edit]
The Birmingham campaign began on April 3, 1963, with coordinated marches and sit-ins against racism and racial segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. The nonviolent campaign was coordinated by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) and King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). On April 10, Circuit Judge W. A. Jenkins issued a blanket injunction against "parading, demonstrating, boycotting, trespassing and picketing." Leaders of the campaign announced they would disobey the ruling.[1] On April 12, King was roughly arrested with SCLC activist Ralph Abernathy, ACMHR and SCLC official Fred Shuttlesworth and other marchers, while thousands of African Americans dressed for Good Friday looked on.[2]
King was met with unusually harsh conditions in the Birmingham jail.[3] An ally smuggled in a newspaper from April 12, which contained "A Call for Unity": a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen against King and his methods.[2] The letter provoked King, and he began to write a response on the newspaper itself. King writes in Why We Can't Wait: "Begun on the margins of the newspaper in which the statement appeared while I was in jail, the letter was continued on scraps of writing paper supplied by a friendly black trusty, and concluded on a pad my attorneys were eventually permitted to leave me."[4]
Summary and themes[edit]
The letter responded to several criticisms made by the "A Call for Unity" clergymen, who agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts, not the streets. As a minister, King responded to these criticisms on religious grounds. As an activist challenging an entrenched social system, he argued on legal, political, and historical grounds. As an African American, he spoke of the country's oppression of black people, including himself. As an orator, he used many persuasive techniques to reach the hearts and minds of his audience. Altogether, King's letter was a powerful defense of the motivations, tactics, and goals of the Birmingham campaign and the Civil Rights Movement more generally.
King began the letter by responding to the criticism that he and his fellow activists were "outsiders" causing trouble in the streets of Birmingham. To this, King referred to his responsibility as the leader of the SCLC, which had numerous affiliated organizations throughout the South. "I was invited" by our Birmingham affiliate "because injustice is here", in what is probably the most racially divided city in the country, with its brutal police, unjust courts, and many "unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches."[5] Referring to his belief that all communities and states were interrelated, King wrote, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds."[6] King also warned that if white people successfully rejected his nonviolent activists as rabble-rousing outside agitators, this could encourage millions of African Americans to "seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies, a development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare."[7]
The clergymen also disapproved of tensions created by public actions such as sit-ins and marches. To this, King confirmed that he and his fellow demonstrators were indeed using nonviolent direct action in order to create "constructive" tension.[8] This tension was intended to compel meaningful negotiation with the white power structure, without which true civil rights could never be achieved. Citing previous failed negotiations, King wrote that the black community was left with "no alternative."[8] "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed."[9]
The clergymen also disapproved of the timing of public actions. In response, King said that recent decisions by the SCLC to delay its efforts for tactical reasons showed they were behaving responsibly. He also referred to the broader scope of history, when "'Wait' has almost always meant 'Never.'"[6] Declaring that African Americans had waited for these God-given and constitutional rights long enough, King quoted Chief Justice Earl Warren, who said in 1958 that "justice too long delayed is justice denied."[6] Listing numerous ongoing injustices toward black people, including himself, King said, "Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, 'Wait.'"[10] Along similar lines, King also lamented the "myth concerning time," by which white moderates assumed that progress toward equal rights was inevitable, so assertive activism was unnecessary.[11] King called it a "tragic misconception of time" to assume that its mere passage "will inevitably cure all ills."[11] Progress takes time as well as the "tireless efforts" of dedicated people of good will.[11]
Against the clergymen's assertion that demonstrations could be illegal, King argued that not only was civil disobedience justified in the face of unjust laws, but it was necessary and even patriotic. "I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law."[12] King stated that an unjust law was a law that degraded a human personality. Citing Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, Martin Buber, and Paul Tillich—and examples from the past and present—King described what makes laws just or unjust. For example, "A law is unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that, as a result of being denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the law."[13] In terms of obedience to the law, King stated that citizens have "not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws," and at the same time "to disobey unjust laws." [13] King stated that it is not morally wrong to disobey a law that pertains to one group of people differently than another. Alabama has used "all sorts of devious methods" to deny its black citizens their right to vote and thus preserve its unjust laws and broader system of white supremacy.[13] Segregation laws are immoral and unjust "because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority."[14] Even some just laws, such as permit requirements for public marches, are unjust when used to uphold an unjust system.
King addressed the accusation that the Civil Rights Movement was "extreme", first disputing the label but then accepting it. Compared to other movements at the time, King finds himself as a moderate. However, in his devotion to his cause, King refers to himself as an extremist. Jesus and other great reformers were extremists: "So the question is not whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we will be. Will we be extremists for hate or for love?"[15] King's discussion of extremism implicitly responded to numerous "moderate" objections to the ongoing movement, such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's claim that he could not meet with civil rights leaders because doing so would require him to meet with the Ku Klux Klan.[16]
King expressed general frustration with both white moderates and certain "opposing forces in the Negro community."[17] He wrote that white moderates, including clergymen, posed a challenge comparable to that of white supremacists, in the sense that, "Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection."[18] King asserted that the white church needed to take a principled stand or risk being "dismissed as an irrelevant social club."[19] Regarding the black community, King wrote that we need not follow "the 'do-nothingism' of the complacent nor the hatred and despair of the black nationalist."[17]
In closing the letter, King criticized the clergy's praise of the Birmingham police for maintaining order nonviolently. Recent public displays of nonviolence by the police were in stark contrast to their typical treatment of black people, and, as public relations, helped "to preserve the evil system of segregation."[19] Not only is it wrong to use immoral means to achieve moral ends, but also "to use moral means to preserve immoral ends."[20] Instead of the police, King praised the nonviolent demonstrators in Birmingham, "for their sublime courage, their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation. One day the South will recognize its real heroes."[21]
Publication[edit]
King promotes Why We Can't Wait
King wrote the letter on the margins of a newspaper, which was the only paper available to him, and then gave bits and pieces of the letter to his lawyers to take back to movement headquarters, where the pastor Wyatt Tee Walker and his secretary Willie Pearl Mackey began compiling and editing the literary jigsaw puzzle.[22]
An editor at The New York Times Magazine, Harvey Shapiro, asked King to write his letter for publication in the magazine, but the Times chose not to publish it.[23] Extensive excerpts from the letter were published, without King's consent, on May 19, 1963, in the New York Post Sunday Magazine.[24] The letter was first published as "Letter from Birmingham Jail" in the June 1963 issue of Liberation,[25] the June 12, 1963, edition of The Christian Century,[26] and in the June 24, 1963, issue of The New Leader. The letter gained more popularity as summer went on, and was reprinted in the July Atlantic Monthly as "The Negro Is Your Brother".[27] King included a version of the full text in his 1964 book Why We Can't Wait.[a]
The essay was highly anthologized, and was reprinted 50 times in 325 editions of 58 readers published between 1964 and 1996 that were intended for use in college-level composition courses.[28]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In a footnote introducing this chapter of the book, King wrote, "Although the text remains in substance unaltered, I have indulged in the author's prerogative of polishing it."[4]
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Negroes To Defy Ban". The Tuscaloosa News. 145 (101). April 11, 1963. p. 21. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rieder 2013, ch. "Meet Me in Galilee".
Jump up ^ Rieder 2013, ch. "Meet Me in Galilee": "King was placed alone in a dark cell, with no mattress, and denied a phone call. Was Connor's aim, as some thought, to break him?"
^ Jump up to: a b King 1964, p. 64.
Jump up ^ King 1964, pp. 65–66.
^ Jump up to: a b c King, Martin Luther. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail". Retrieved May 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 76.
^ Jump up to: a b King 1964, p. 65.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 68.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 69.
^ Jump up to: a b c King 1964, p. 74.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b c King 1964, p. 71.
Jump up ^ King 1964, pp. 70–71.
Jump up ^ " "Letter from Birmingham Jail" (1963)", The King Center, accessed October 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ McCarthy 2010, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b King 1964, p. 75.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 73.
^ Jump up to: a b King 1964, p. 80.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 82.
Jump up ^ King 1964, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Wyatt Walker interview by Andrew Manis at New Caanan Baptist Church, New York City, April 20, 1989, p. 24. Transcription held at Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham, Alabama.
Jump up ^ Fox, Margalit (January 7, 2013). "Harvey Shapiro, Poet and Editor, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bass 2001, p. 140.
Jump up ^ King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1963). "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Liberation: An Independent Monthly. Vol. 8 no. 4. pp. 10–16, 23. ISSN 0024-189X.
Jump up ^ Reprinted in Reporting Civil Rights, Part One - (pp. 777–794) - American Journalism 1941 - 1963. The Library of America
Jump up ^ Rieder 2013, ch. "Free at Last?".
Jump up ^ Bloom 1999.
Bibliography[edit]
Bass, S. Jonathan (2001). Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Martin Luther King, Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2655-4.
Bloom, Lynn Z. (1999). "The Essay Canon" (PDF). College English. 61 (4): 401–430. doi:10.2307/378920. ISSN 0010-0994. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
Fulkerson, Richard P. (1979). "The Public Letter as a Rhetorical Form: Structure, Logic, and Style in King's 'Letter from Birmingham Jail'". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 65 (2): 121–136. doi:10.1080/00335637909383465.
Gilbreath, Edward (2013). Birmingham Revolution: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Epic Challenge to the Church. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-3769-4.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1964). Why We Can't Wait. New York: Signet Classic (published 2000). ISBN 978-0-451-52753-0.
McCarthy, Anna (2010). The Citizen Machine: Governing by Television in 1950s America. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-498-4.
Oppenheimer, David Benjamin (1993). "Martin Luther King, Walker v. City of Birmingham, and the Letter from Birmingham Jail" (PDF). U.C. Davis Law Review. 26 (4): 791–833. ISSN 0197-4564. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Rieder, Jonathan (2013). Gospel of Freedom: Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter From Birmingham Jail. New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-62040-058-6.
Snow, Malinda (1985). "Martin Luther King's 'Letter from Birmingham Jail' as Pauline Epistle". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 71 (3): 318–334. doi:10.1080/00335638509383739. ISSN 1479-5779.
Further reading[edit]
Bass, S. Jonathan (2014). "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Foundation. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Carpenter, C. C. J.; Durick, Joseph Aloysius; Grafman, Milton L.; Hardin, Paul; Harmon, Nolan Bailey; Murray, George M.; Ramage, Edward V.; Stallings, Earl (1963). Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen (PDF). Retrieved October 12, 2017 – via Quia.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1963). Letter from Birmingham Jail (PDF). Stanford, California: The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
"Letter from Birmingham Jail". Bhamwiki. 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
"Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolent Resistance". EDSITEment!. National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Walker v. Birmingham , 388 U.S. 307 (1967).
[hide]
v
t
e
Martin Luther King Jr.
[hide]
Speeches, movements, and protests
Speeches
"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
"I Have a Dream" (1963)
"How Long, Not Long" (1965)
"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" (1967)
"I've Been to the Mountaintop" (1968)
Writings
Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (1958)
The Measure of a Man (1959)
"What Is Man?"
"Second Emancipation Proclamation"
Strength to Love (1963)
Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)
Why We Can't Wait (1964)
Conscience for Change (1967)
Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (1967)
Movements
and protests
Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956)
Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957)
Albany Movement (1961–1962)
Birmingham campaign (1963)
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)
St. Augustine movement (1963–1964)
Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)
Chicago Freedom Movement (1966)
Mississippi March Against Fear (1966)
Anti-Vietnam War movement (1967)
Memphis sanitation strike (1968)
Poor People's Campaign (1968)
[show]
People
Family
Coretta Scott King (wife)
Yolanda King (daughter)
Martin Luther King III (son)
Dexter Scott King (son)
Bernice King (daughter)
Martin Luther King Sr. (father)
Alberta Williams King (mother)
Christine King Farris (sister)
A. D. King (brother)
Alveda King (niece)
Other
leaders
Ralph Abernathy (mentor and friend)
Ella Baker (colleague)
James Bevel (strategist / colleague)
Dorothy Cotton (colleague)
Jesse Jackson (protégé)
Bernard Lafayette (colleague)
James Lawson (colleague)
John Lewis (colleague)
Joseph Lowery (colleague)
Benjamin Mays (mentor)
Diane Nash (colleague)
James Orange (colleague)
Bayard Rustin (advisor)
Fred Shuttlesworth (colleague)
C. T. Vivian (colleague)
Wyatt Walker (colleague)
Hosea Williams (colleague)
Andrew Young (colleague)
[show]
Assassination
James Earl Ray
Lorraine Motel (now National Civil Rights Museum)
Funeral
MLK Records Act
Riots
Loyd Jowers trial
United States House Select Committee on Assassinations
[show]
Media
Film
King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970 documentary)
Our Friend, Martin (1999 animated)
Boycott (2001 film)
The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 (2008 documentary)
Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK (2011 documentary)
Selma (2014 film)
All the Way (2016 film)
Television
King (1978 miniseries)
"The First Store" (The Jeffersons episode, 1980)
"Great X-Pectations" (A Different World episode, 1993)
"The Promised Land" (New York Undercover episode, 1997)
"Return of the King" (The Boondocks episode, 2006)
Plays
The Meeting (1987)
The Mountaintop (2009)
I Dream (2010)
All the Way (2012)
Illustrated
Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story (1957 comic book)
Music
"Abraham, Martin and John" (Dion)
"March! For Martin Luther King" (John Fahey)
"Martin Luther King's Dream" (Strawbs)
"Happy Birthday" (Stevie Wonder)
"Pride (In the Name of Love)" (U2)
"MLK" (U2)
"King Holiday" (King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew)
"By The Time I Get To Arizona" (Public Enemy)
"Shed a Little Light" (James Taylor)
"Up to the Mountain" (Patti Griffin)
"Never Alone Martin" (Jason Upton)
"Symphony Of Brotherhood" (Miri Ben-Ari)
Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King (1995 album)
"A Dream" (Common featuring Will.i.am)
"Glory" (Common and John Legend)
[show]
Related topics
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Martin Luther King Jr. Day
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
National Historical Park
King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
National Civil Rights Museum
Authorship issues
Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
Season for Nonviolence
U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
Oval Office bust
Homage to King sculpture, Atlanta
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture, Houston
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
Landmark for Peace Memorial, Indianapolis
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue, Milwaukee
The Dream sculpture, Portland, Oregon
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library
Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
Eponymous streets
America in the King Years
Civil rights movement in popular culture
Lee–Jackson–King Day
Martin Luther King High School (disambiguation)
Lycée Martin Luther King (disambiguation)
[show]
v
t
e
Civil rights movement
Notable
events
(timeline)
Prior to 1954
Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore
1954–1959
Brown v. Board of Education
Bolling v. Sharpe
Briggs v. Elliott
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Gebhart v. Belton
White America, Inc.
Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
Emmett Till
Montgomery bus boycott
Browder v. Gayle
Tallahassee bus boycott
Mansfield school desegregation
1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
"Give Us the Ballot"
Royal Ice Cream sit-in
Little Rock Nine
National Guard blockade
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Kissing Case
Biloxi wade-ins
1960–1963
Greensboro sit-ins
Nashville sit-ins
Sit-in movement
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Boynton v. Virginia
Rock Hill sit-ins
Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
Freedom Rides
attacks
Garner v. Louisiana
Albany Movement
University of Chicago sit-ins
"Second Emancipation Proclamation"
Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
"Segregation now, segregation forever"
Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1963 Birmingham campaign
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Children's Crusade
Birmingham riot
16th Street Baptist Church bombing
John F. Kennedy's Report to the American People on Civil Rights
March on Washington
"I Have a Dream"
St. Augustine movement
1964–1968
Twenty-fourth Amendment
Bloody Tuesday
Freedom Summer
workers' murders
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
"How Long, Not Long"
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
March Against Fear
White House Conference on Civil Rights
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
Memphis sanitation strike
King assassination
funeral
riots
Poor People's Campaign
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
Activist
groups
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
Atlanta Student Movement
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
Dallas County Voters League
Deacons for Defense and Justice
Georgia Council on Human Relations
Highlander Folk School
Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
Montgomery Improvement Association
Nashville Student Movement
NAACP
Youth Council
Northern Student Movement
National Council of Negro Women
National Urban League
Operation Breadbasket
Regional Council of Negro Leadership
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Southern Regional Council
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
The Freedom Singers
Wednesdays in Mississippi
Women's Political Council
Activists
Ralph Abernathy
Victoria Gray Adams
Zev Aelony
Mathew Ahmann
William G. Anderson
Gwendolyn Armstrong
Arnold Aronson
Ella Baker
Marion Barry
Daisy Bates
Harry Belafonte
James Bevel
Claude Black
Gloria Blackwell
Randolph Blackwell
Unita Blackwell
Ezell Blair Jr.
Joanne Bland
Julian Bond
Joseph E. Boone
William Holmes Borders
Amelia Boynton
Raylawni Branch
Ruby Bridges
Aurelia Browder
H. Rap Brown
Guy Carawan
Stokely Carmichael
Johnnie Carr
James Chaney
J. L. Chestnut
Colia Lafayette Clark
Ramsey Clark
Septima Clark
Xernona Clayton
Eldridge Cleaver
Kathleen Cleaver
Charles E. Cobb Jr.
Annie Lee Cooper
Dorothy Cotton
Claudette Colvin
Vernon Dahmer
Jonathan Daniels
Joseph DeLaine
Dave Dennis
Annie Devine
Patricia Stephens Due
Joseph Ellwanger
Charles Evers
Medgar Evers
Myrlie Evers-Williams
Chuck Fager
James Farmer
Walter E. Fauntroy
James Forman
Marie Foster
Golden Frinks
Andrew Goodman
Fred Gray
Jack Greenberg
Dick Gregory
Lawrence Guyot
Prathia Hall
Fannie Lou Hamer
William E. Harbour
Vincent Harding
Dorothy Height
Lola Hendricks
Aaron Henry
Oliver Hill
Donald L. Hollowell
James Hood
Myles Horton
Zilphia Horton
T. R. M. Howard
Ruby Hurley
Jesse Jackson
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Richie Jean Jackson
T. J. Jemison
Esau Jenkins
Barbara Rose Johns
Vernon Johns
Frank Minis Johnson
Clarence Jones
J. Charles Jones
Matthew Jones
Vernon Jordan
Tom Kahn
Clyde Kennard
A. D. King
C.B. King
Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Sr.
Bernard Lafayette
James Lawson
Bernard Lee
Sanford R. Leigh
Jim Letherer
Stanley Levison
John Lewis
Viola Liuzzo
Z. Alexander Looby
Joseph Lowery
Clara Luper
Malcolm X
Mae Mallory
Vivian Malone
Thurgood Marshall
Benjamin Mays
Franklin McCain
Charles McDew
Ralph McGill
Floyd McKissick
Joseph McNeil
James Meredith
William Ming
Jack Minnis
Amzie Moore
Douglas E. Moore
Harriette Moore
Harry T. Moore
William Lewis Moore
Irene Morgan
Bob Moses
William Moyer
Elijah Muhammad
Diane Nash
Charles Neblett
Edgar Nixon
Jack O'Dell
James Orange
Rosa Parks
James Peck
Charles Person
Homer Plessy
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Fay Bellamy Powell
Al Raby
Lincoln Ragsdale
A. Philip Randolph
George Raymond Jr.
Bernice Johnson Reagon
Cordell Reagon
James Reeb
Frederick D. Reese
Gloria Richardson
David Richmond
Bernice Robinson
Jo Ann Robinson
Bayard Rustin
Bernie Sanders
Michael Schwerner
Cleveland Sellers
Charles Sherrod
Alexander D. Shimkin
Fred Shuttlesworth
Modjeska Monteith Simkins
Glenn E. Smiley
A. Maceo Smith
Kelly Miller Smith
Mary Louise Smith
Maxine Smith
Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
Charles Kenzie Steele
Hank Thomas
Dorothy Tillman
A. P. Tureaud
Hartman Turnbow
Albert Turner
C. T. Vivian
Wyatt Tee Walker
Hollis Watkins
Walter Francis White
Roy Wilkins
Hosea Williams
Kale Williams
Robert F. Williams
Andrew Young
Whitney Young
Sammy Younge Jr.
James Zwerg
Influences
Nonviolence
Padayatra
Sermon on the Mount
Mahatma Gandhi
Ahimsa
Satyagraha
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
Frederick Douglass
W. E. B. Du Bois
Mary McLeod Bethune
Related
Jim Crow laws
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but equal
Buchanan v. Warley
Hocutt v. Wilson
Sweatt v. Painter
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
Katzenbach v. McClung
Loving v. Virginia
Fifth Circuit Four
Brown Chapel
Holt Street Baptist Church
Edmund Pettus Bridge
March on Washington Movement
African-American churches attacked
Journey of Reconciliation
Freedom Songs
"Kumbaya"
"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
"Oh, Freedom"
"This Little Light of Mine"
"We Shall Not Be Moved"
"We Shall Overcome"
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence"
Watts riots
Voter Education Project
1960s counterculture
In popular culture
King Memorial
Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
Freedom Riders National Monument
Civil Rights Memorial
Noted
historians
Taylor Branch
Clayborne Carson
John Dittmer
Michael Eric Dyson
Chuck Fager
Adam Fairclough
David Garrow
David Halberstam
Vincent Harding
Steven F. Lawson
Doug McAdam
Diane McWhorter
Charles M. Payne
Timothy Tyson
Akinyele Umoja
Movement photographers
Portals
Access related topics
African American portal
Alabama portal
Discrimination portal
Social movements portal
Civil rights movement portal
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Data
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Categories:
1963 in Alabama
1963 documents
American political philosophy literature
April 1963 events
History of Birmingham, Alabama
Open letters
Prison writings
United States historical documents
Works by Martin Luther King Jr.
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