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Caucasus
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This article is about the geographic region in Eurasia. For other uses, see Caucasus (disambiguation) and Caucasia (disambiguation).
Caucasus
Topography of the Caucasus
Countries[1]
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Russia
Partially recognized countries
Abkhazia
Artsakh
South Ossetia
Autonomous republics and federal regions
Russia
Adygea
Chechnya
Dagestan
Ingushetia
Kabardino-Balkaria
Karachay-Cherkessia
Krasnodar Krai
North Ossetia-Alania
Stavropol Krai
Georgia
Adjara
Abkhazia
(since 2008, in exile)
Azerbaijan
Nakhchivan
Demonym
Caucasian
Time Zones
UTC+02:00, UTC+03:00, UTC+03:30, UTC+4:00, UTC+04:30
The Caucasus /ˈkɔːkəsəs/ or Caucasia /kɔːˈkeɪʒə/ is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.[1] A less common definition includes also portions of northwestern Iran and northeastern Turkey.[1][2][3]
It is home to the Caucasus Mountains including the Greater Caucasus mountain range, which acts as a natural barrier separating Eastern Europe from Western Asia, the latter including the Transcaucasia, Armenian Highland and Anatolia regions. Europe's highest mountain, Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 metres (18,510 ft) is located in the west part of the Greater Caucasus mountain range.
The Caucasus region is separated between northern and southern parts – the North Caucasus (Ciscaucasus) and Transcaucasus (South Caucasus), respectively. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is within the Russian Federation, while the Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states, namely Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and partially recognized Republic of Artsakh.
The region is known for its linguistic diversity: aside from Indo-European and Turkic languages, the Kartvelian, Northwest Caucasian, and Northeast Caucasian families are indigenous to the area.
Contents
[hide]
1 Toponymy
1.1 Endonyms and exonyms
2 Political geography
3 Demographics
4 History
4.1 Prehistory
4.2 Antiquity
4.3 Middle Ages
4.4 Modern period
4.5 Mythology
5 Ecology
6 Energy and mineral resources
7 Tourism
8 Sport
9 Cuisine
10 See also
11 References
12 Sources
13 Further reading
14 External links
Toponymy[edit]
Pliny the Elder's Natural History (77–79 AD) derives the name of the Caucasus from Scythian kroy-khasis ("ice-shining, white with snow").[4] German linguist Paul Kretschmer notes that the Latvian word Kruvesis also means "ice".[5][6]
In the Tale of Past Years (1113 AD), it is stated that Old East Slavic Кавкасийскыѣ горы (Kavkasijskyě gory) came from Ancient Greek Καύκασος (Kafkasos),[7] which, according to M. A. Yuyukin, is a compound word that can be interpreted as the "Seagull's Mountain" (καύ-: καύαξ, καύηξ, ηκος ο, κήξ, κηϋξ "a kind of seagull" + the reconstructed *κάσος η "mountain" or "rock" richly attested both in place and personal names.)[8]
According to German philologists Otto Schrader and Alfons A. Nehring, the Ancient Greek word Καύκασος (Kafkasos) is connected to Gothic Hauhs ("high") as well as Lithuanian Kaũkas ("hillock") and Kaukarà ("hill, top").[7][9] British linguist Adrian Room points out that Kau- also means "mountain" in Pelasgian.[10]
The Transcaucasus region and southern Dagestan were the furthest points of Parthian and later Sasanian expansions, with areas to the north of the Greater Caucasus range practically impregnable. The mythological Mount Qaf, the world's highest mountain that ancient Iranian lore shrouded in mystery, was said to be situated in this region, making the Caucasus the highest limit of the world.[according to whom?][citation needed]
It was also noted that in Nakh Ков гас (Kov gas) means "gateway to steppe"[11]
Mount Elbrus
Endonyms and exonyms[edit]
The modern name for the region is usually similar in the many languages, and is generally between Kavkaz and Kawkaz.
Abkhazian: Кавказ Kavkaz
Adyghe: Къаукъаз/с Kʺaukʺaz/s
Azerbaijani: Qafqaz
Arabic: القوقاز al-Qawqāz
Armenian: Կովկաս Kovkas
Avar: Кавказ Kawkaz
Chechen: Кавказ Kavkaz
Georgian: კავკასია K'avk'asia
German: Kaukasien
Greek: Καύκασος Káfkasos
Hebrew: קווקז Qavqaz
Ingush: Кавказ Kawkaz
Karachay-Balkar: Кавказ Kavkaz
Kurdish: Qefqasya/Qefqas
Lak: Ккавкказ Kkawkkaz
Lezgian: Къавкъаз K'awk'az
Mingrelian: კავკაცია K'avk'acia
Ossetian: Кавказ Kavkaz
Persian: قفقاز Qafqāz
Russian: Кавказ Kavkaz
Rutul: Qawqaz Kavkaz
Turkish: Kafkaslar/Kafkasya
Ukrainian: Кавказ Kavkaz
Political geography[edit]
The North Caucasus region is known as the Ciscaucasus, whereas the South Caucasus region is commonly known as the Transcaucasus.
Political map of the Caucasus region (2008)
The Ciscaucasus contains most of the Greater Caucasus mountain range. It consists of Southern Russia, mainly the North Caucasian Federal District's autonomous republics, and the northernmost parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan. The Ciscaucasus lies between the Black Sea to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and borders the Southern Federal District to its north. The two Federal Districts are collectively referred to as "Southern Russia."
The Transcaucasus borders the Greater Caucasus range and Southern Russia to its north, the Black Sea and Turkey to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and Iran to its south. It contains the Lesser Caucasus mountain range and surrounding lowlands. All of Armenia, Azerbaijan (excluding the northernmost parts) and Georgia (excluding the northernmost parts) are in the South Caucasus.
The watershed along the Greater Caucasus range is generally perceived to be the dividing line between Europe and Southwest Asia. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 meters) located in western Ciscaucasus, and is considered as the highest point in Europe.
The Caucasus is one of the most linguistically and culturally diverse regions on Earth.[citation needed] The nation states that comprise the Caucasus today are the post-Soviet states Georgia (including Adjara), Azerbaijan (including Nakhchivan), Armenia, and the Russian Federation. The Russian divisions include Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia–Alania, Kabardino–Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, Adygea, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai, in clockwise order.
Three territories in the region claim independence but are recognised as such by only a handful or by no independent UN countries: Artsakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Abkhazia and South Ossetia are recognised by the majority of countries as part of Georgia, and Artsakh as part of Azerbaijan.
Chechnya's capital Grozny
Armenia's capital Yerevan
Georgia's capital Tbilisi
Azerbaijan's capital Baku
Demographics[edit]
Ethno-linguistic groups in the Caucasus region[12]
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Main article: Peoples of the Caucasus
Further information: Languages of the Caucasus
The region has many different languages and language families. There are more than 50 ethnic groups living in the region.[13] No fewer than three language families are unique to the area. In addition, Indo-European languages, such as Armenian and Ossetian, and Turkic languages, such as Azerbaijani and Karachay–Balkar, are spoken in the area. Russian is used as a lingua franca most notably in the North Caucasus.
The peoples of the northern and southern Caucasus tend to be either Sunni Muslims, Eastern Orthodox Christians and Armenian Christians. Twelver Shi'ism has many adherents in the southeastern part of the region, in Azerbaijan which extends into Iran.
History[edit]
Further information: History of the Caucasus
Located on the peripheries of Turkey, Iran, and Russia, the region has been an arena for political, military, religious, and cultural rivalries and expansionism for centuries. Throughout its history, the Caucasus was usually incorporated into the Iranian world.[14] At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire conquered the territory from Qajar Iran.[14]
Prehistory[edit]
Petroglyphs in Gobustan, Azerbaijan, dating back to 10,000 BC. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The territory of the Caucasus region was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era.[citation needed] In 1991, early human (that is, hominin) fossils dating back 1.8 million years were found at the Dmanisi archaeological site in Georgia. Scientists now classify the assemblage of fossil skeletons as the subspecies Homo erectus georgicus.[15]
The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for presence of early humans outside the African continent;[16] and the Dmanisi skulls are the five oldest hominins ever found outside Africa, thereby doubling the presumed age of the human migration outside the continent.[17]
Antiquity[edit]
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Kura–Araxes culture from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC enveloped a vast area approximately 1,000 km by 500 km, and mostly encompassed, on modern-day territories, the Southern Caucasus (except western Georgia), northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and as far as Syria.
Under Ashurbanipal (669–627 BC) the boundaries of the Assyrian Empire reached as far as the Caucasus Mountains. Later ancient kingdoms of the region included Armenia, Albania, Colchis and Iberia, among others. These kingdoms were later incorporated into various Iranian empires, including Media, the Achaemenid Empire, Parthia, and the Sassanid Empire, who would altogether rule the Caucasus for many hundreds of years. In 95–55 BC under the reign of Armenian king Tigranes the Great, the Kingdom of Armenia included Kingdom of Armenia, vassals Iberia, Albania, Parthia, Atropatene, Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Syria, Nabataean kingdom, and Judea. By the time of the first century BC, Zoroastrianism had become the dominant religion of the region; however, the region would go through two other religious transformations. Owing to the strong rivalry between Persia and Rome, and later Byzantium, the latter would invade the region several times, although it was never able to hold the region.
Middle Ages[edit]
Kingdom of Georgia at the peak of its might, early 13th century.
As the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia (an eponymous branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia) was the first nation to adopt Christianity as state religion (in 301 AD), and Caucasian Albania and Georgia had become Christian entities, Christianity began to overtake Zoroastrianism and pagan beliefs. With the Muslim conquest of Persia, large parts of the region came under the rule of the Arabs, and Islam penetrated into the region.[18]
In the 10th century, the Alans (proto-Ossetians)[19] founded the Kingdom of Alania, that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia and modern North Ossetia–Alania, until its destruction by the Mongol invasion in 1238–39.
During the Middle Ages Bagratid Armenia, Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget, Kingdom of Syunik and Principality of Khachen organized local Armenian population facing multiple threats after the fall of antique Kingdom of Armenia. Caucasian Albania maintained close ties with Armenia and the Church of Caucasian Albania shared same Christian dogmas with the Armenian Apostolic Church and had a tradition of their Catholicos being ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia.[20]
In the 12th century, the Georgian king David the Builder drove the Muslims out from Caucasus and made the Kingdom of Georgia a strong regional power. In 1194–1204 Georgian Queen Tamar's armies crushed new Seljuk Turkish invasions from the south-east and south and launched several successful campaigns into Seljuk Turkish-controlled Southern Armenia. The Georgian Kingdom continued military campaigns in the Caucasus region. As a result of her military campaigns and the temporary fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, Georgia became the strongest Christian state in the whole Near East area, encompassing most of the Caucasus stretching from Northern Iran and Northeastern Turkey to the North Caucasus.
The Caucasus region was conquered by the Ottomans, Mongols, local kingdoms and khanates, as well as, once again, Iran.
Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia, original building completed in 303 AD, a religious centre of Armenia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Georgia, original building completed in the 4th century. It was a religious centre of monarchical Georgia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Northwest Caucasus caftan, 8-10th century, from the region of Alania.
Modern period[edit]
Up to including the early 19th century, the Southern Caucasus and southern Dagestan all formed part of the Persian Empire. In 1813 and 1828 by the Treaty of Gulistan and the Treaty of Turkmenchay respectively, the Persians were forced to irrevocably cede the Southern Caucasus and Dagestan to Imperial Russia.[21] In the ensuing years after these gains, the Russians took the remaining part of the Southern Caucasus, comprising western Georgia, through several wars from the Ottoman Empire.[22][23]
In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire also conquered the Northern Caucasus. In the aftermath of the Caucasian Wars, an ethnic cleansing of Circassians was performed by Russia in which the indigenous peoples of this region, mostly Circassians, were expelled from their homeland and forced to move primarily to the Ottoman Empire.[24][25]
In the 1940s, around 480,000 Chechens and Ingush, 120,000 Karachay–Balkars and Meskhetian Turks, thousands of Kalmyks, and 200,000 Kurds in Nakchivan and Caucasus Germans were deported en masse to Central Asia and Siberia. About a quarter of them died.[26]
The Southern Caucasus region was unified as a single political entity twice – during the Russian Civil War (Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule (Transcaucasian SFSR) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia became independent nations.
The region has been subject to various territorial disputes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to the Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994), the East Prigorodny Conflict (1989–1991), the War in Abkhazia (1992–93), the First Chechen War (1994–1996), the Second Chechen War (1999–2009), and the 2008 South Ossetia War.
Mythology[edit]
In Greek mythology the Caucasus, or Kaukasos, was one of the pillars supporting the world. After presenting man with the gift of fire, Prometheus (or Amirani in Georgian version) was chained there by Zeus, to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle as punishment for defying Zeus' wish to keep the "secret of fire" from humans.
In Persian mythology the Caucasus might be associated with the mythic Mount Qaf which is believed to surround the known world. It is the battlefield of Saoshyant and the nest of the Simurgh.
The Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and depicted it as a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger. The Greek hero Jason sailed to the west coast of the Caucasus in pursuit of the Golden Fleece, and there met Medea, a daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis.
Ecology[edit]
View of the Caucasus Mountains in Dagestan, Russia
The Caucasus is an area of great ecological importance. The region is included in the list of 34 world biodiversity hotspots.[27][28] It harbors some 6400 species of higher plants, 1600 of which are endemic to the region.[29] Its wildlife includes Persian leopards, brown bears, wolves, bison, marals, golden eagles and hooded crows. Among invertebrates, some 1000 spider species are recorded in the Caucasus.[30][31] Most of Arthropod biodiversity is concentrated on Great and Lesser Caucasus ranges.[31]
The region has a high level of endemism and a number of relict animals and plants, the fact reflecting presence of refugial forests, which survived the Ice Age in the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus forest refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian (near Eastern) region.[32][33] The area has multiple representatives of disjunct relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America.[34][35][36] Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic.[37] Some relict species of vertebrates are Caucasian parsley frog, Caucasian salamander, Robert's snow vole, and Caucasian grouse, and there are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus Darevskia. In general, species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia.[33]
The natural landscape is one of mixed forest, with substantial areas of rocky ground above the treeline. The Caucasus Mountains are also noted for a dog breed, the Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Rus. Kavkazskaya Ovcharka, Geo. Nagazi). Vincent Evans noted that minke whales have been recorded from the Black Sea.[38][39][40]
Energy and mineral resources[edit]
Caucasus has many economically important minerals and energy resources, such as alunite, gold, chromium, copper, iron ore, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, lead, tungsten, uranium, zinc, oil, natural gas, and coal (both hard and brown).
Tourism[edit]
Main articles: Caucasian Riviera, Sochi, and Derbent
Sport[edit]
RusSki Gorki Jumping Center in Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi
2014 Winter Olympics venue, Sochi, Russia. Krasnaya Polyana — a popular centre of mountain skiing and a 2015 European Games snowboard venue. The first in the history of the European Games to be held in Azerbaijan.
Mountain-skiing complexes:
Alpika-Service
Mountain roundabout
Rosa Hutor
Tsaghkadzor Ski Resort in Armenia
Shahdag Winter Complex in Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijan Grand Prix (motor racing) venue was the first in the history of Formula One to be held in Azerbaijan The Rugby World Cup U20 (rugby) was in Georgia (country) 2017
Cuisine[edit]
Main article: Caucasian cuisine
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Asia portal
Europe portal
Book: Caucasus
Khanates of the Caucasus
Culture of Armenia
Culture of Azerbaijan
Culture of Georgia (country)
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
Eastern Europe
Eastern Partnership
Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
Eurasian Economic Union
Islam in Russia
Prometheism
Regions of Europe
Transcontinental nations
Transcaucasia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Caucasus in Encyclopedia Britannica
Jump up ^ "Where Is the Caucasus?"
Jump up ^ "The South Caucasus Region by the Caspian Sea"
Jump up ^ "Natural History," book six, chap. XVII
Jump up ^ Kretschmer, Paul (1928). "Weiteres zur Urgeschichte der Inder" [More about the Pre-History of the Indians]. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen [Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research into Indo-European Philology] (in German). 55: 75–103.
Jump up ^ Kretschmer, Paul (1930). "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen [Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research into Indo-European Philology]". 57: 251–255.
^ Jump up to: a b Vasmer, Max Julius Friedrich (1953–1958). "Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch" [Russian Etymological Dictionary]. Indogermanische Bibliothek herausgegeben von Hans Krahe. Reihe 2: Wörterbüche [Indo-European Library Edited by Hans Krahe. Series 2: Dictionaries] (in German). 1. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Jump up ^ Yuyukin, M. A. (18–20 June 2012). "О происхождении названия Кавказ" [On the Origin of the Name of the Caucasus]. Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология – XVI (материалы чтений, посвященных памяти профессора И. М. Тронского) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. pp. 893–899 and 919. ISBN 978-5-02-038298-5. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Schrader, Otto (1901). Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde: Grundzüge einer Kultur- und Völkergeschichte Alteuropas [Real Lexicon of the Indo-Germanic Antiquity Studies: Basic Principles of a Cultural and People's History of Ancient Europe] (in German). Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner.
Jump up ^ Room, Adrian (1997). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities, and Historic Sites. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-0172-7.
Jump up ^ Bolatojha J. "Древняя родина Кавкасов [The Ancient Homeland of the Caucasus]", p. 49, 2006.
Jump up ^ "ECMI – European Centre For Minority Issues Georgia". ecmicaucasus.org.
Jump up ^ "Caucasian peoples". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Jump up to: a b Multiple Authors. "Caucasus and Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
Jump up ^ Derbyshire, David (9 September 2009). "Ancient Skeletons Discovered in Georgia Threaten to Overturn the Theory of Human Evolution". Mail Online. Georgia may have been the cradle of the first Europeans...Archaeologists now believe that our ancestors left for Europe at least 1.8 million years ago, before returning to Africa and developing into Homo Sapiens...The Dmanisi bones may have belonged to an early Homo erectus which lived in Georgia before moving on to the rest of Europe.
Jump up ^ Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Rightmire, G. P., Agusti, J., Ferring, R., Maisuradze, G., et al. (2002). A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Science, 297:85–9.
Jump up ^ Perkins, Sid (2013). "Skull suggests three early human species were one". nature.com. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13972.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004). Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. (..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire.
Jump up ^ "Яндекс.Словари". yandex.ru.
Jump up ^ "Caucasian Albanian Church celebrates its 1700th Anniversary". The Georgian Church for English Speakers. 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
Jump up ^ Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014. ISBN 978-1598849486
Jump up ^ Suny, page 64
Jump up ^ Allen F. Chew. "An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders", Yale University Press, 1970, p. 74
Jump up ^ Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. Caucasus Survey, April 2014. p. 3
Jump up ^ Memoirs of Miliutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population", per Richmond, W. The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. 2008.
Jump up ^ Weitz, Eric D. (2003). A century of genocide: utopias of race and nation. Princeton University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-691-00913-9.
Jump up ^ Zazanashvili N, Sanadiradze G, Bukhnikashvili A, Kandaurov A, Tarkhnishvili D. 2004. Caucasus. In: Mittermaier RA, Gil PG, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermaier CG, Lamoreux J, da Fonseca GAB, eds. Hotspots revisited, Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. Sierra Madre: CEMEX/Agrupacion Sierra Madre, 148–153
Jump up ^ "WWF – The Caucasus: A biodiversity hotspot". panda.org.
Jump up ^ "Endemic Species of the Caucasus".
Jump up ^ "A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus". Caucasian Spiders. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Chaladze, G.; Otto, S.; Tramp, S. (2014). "A spider diversity model for the Caucasus Ecoregion". Journal of Insect Conservation. 18 (3): 407–416. doi:10.1007/s10841-014-9649-1.
Jump up ^ van Zeist W, Bottema S. 1991. Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
^ Jump up to: a b Tarkhnishvili, D.; Gavashelishvili, A.; Mumladze, L. (2012). "Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 105: 231. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01788.x.
Jump up ^ Milne RI. 2004. "Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhododendron subsection Pontica, a group with a Tertiary relict distribution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 389–401.
Jump up ^ Kikvidze Z, Ohsawa M. 1999. "Adjara, East Mediterranean refuge of Tertiary vegetation". In: Ohsawa M, Wildpret W, Arco MD, eds. Anaga Cloud Forest, a comparative study on evergreen broad-leaved forests and trees of the Canary Islands and Japan. Chiba: Chiba University Publications, 297–315.
Jump up ^ Denk T, Frotzler N, Davitashvili N. 2001. "Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia Transcaucasia". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72: 287–332.
Jump up ^ Pokryszko B, Cameron R, Mumladze L, Tarkhnishvili D. 2011. "Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia: patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102: 239–250
Jump up ^ The Status of Cetaceans in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea
Jump up ^ Horwood, Joseph (1989). Biology and Exploitation of the Minke Whale. p. 27.
Jump up ^ "Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas" (pdf). 2003: 219–232. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
http://site.rugby.ge/ka-ge/news-view/?newsid=4416&callerModID=17364
Sources[edit]
Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam, by Nicholas Griffin
Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, by Svante E. Cornell
The Caucasus, by Ivan Golovin
Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20915-3.
de Waal, Thomas (2010). The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-539977-3
Coene, Frederick (2009). The Caucasus: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-48660-6
Further reading[edit]
Nikolai F. Dubrovin. The history of wars and Russian domination in the Caucasus (История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе). Sankt-Petersburg, 1871–1888, at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats.
Gagarin, G. G. Costumes Caucasus (Костюмы Кавказа). Paris, 1840, at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats.
Gasimov, Zaur: The Caucasus, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 18, 2011.
Rostislav A. Fadeev. Sixty years of the Caucasian War (Шестьдесят лет Кавказской войны). Tiflis, 1860, at Runivers.ru in DjVu format.
Kaziev Shapi. Caucasian highlanders (Повседневная жизнь горцев Северного Кавказа в XIX в.). Everyday life of the Caucasian Highlanders. The 19th Century (In the co-authorship with I. Karpeev). "Molodaya Gvardiy" publishers. Moscow, 2003. ISBN 5-235-02585-7
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caucasus.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Caucasus.
Articles and Photography on Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) from UK Photojournalist Russell Pollard
Information for travellers and others about Caucasus and Georgia
Caucasian Review of International Affairs—an academic journal on the South Caucasus
BBC News: North Caucasus at a glance, 8 September 2005
United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus
United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus
Food Security in Caucasus (FAO)
Caucasus and Iran entry in Encyclopædia Iranica
University of Turin-Observatory on Caucasus
Circassians Caucasus Web (Turkish)
Georgian Biodiversity Database (checklists for ca. 11,000 plant and animal species)
Coordinates: 42°15′40″N 44°07′16″E / 42.26111°N 44.12111°E / 42.26111; 44.12111
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Countries and regions of the Caucasus
Abkhazia1
Adjara
Adygea
Armenia
Artsakh1
Azerbaijan
Chechnya
Dagestan
Georgia
Ingushetia
Kabardino-Balkaria
Karachay-Cherkessia
Krasnodar Krai
Nakhchivan
North Ossetia-Alania
South Ossetia1
Stavropol Krai
1 Partially-recognized states
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NDL: 00566259
VIAF: 255510449
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caucasus&oldid=843454780"
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text:
The One and Only Ivan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The One and Only Ivan
First edition
Author
K.A. Applegate
Illustrator
Patricia Castelao
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's Literature
Publisher
HarperCollins
Publication date
2012
Media type
Print (hardcover)
The One and Only Ivan is a children's novel written by K. A. Applegate and illustrated by Patricia Castelao. The book is about a silverback gorilla named Ivan who lived in a cage at a mall. The novel is written in first person from the point of view of Ivan, a silverback gorilla. In 2013 it was named the winner of the Newbery Medal.[1] It has won several other awards and is currently nominated to several reading lists.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Inspiration
4 Reception
5 Adaptation
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The story is placed at the Exit 8 Big Top Mall and Video Arcade. Ivan, the silverback gorilla, has lived in captivity at the Big Top Mall for 214 days by his own tally.[3] He lives in his domain, and is generally content with his life. He watches television, eats bananas and makes artwork that is sold by the owner. Along with Ivan, Stella the elephant and Bob a stray dog, live at the mall. Stella is an older elephant who has a chronic injury in one leg and regularly performs in the daily shows. Unlike Ivan, Stella has a long memory, and can remember living other places, like the circus where she was taught many of her tricks. However, Stella would like to live at a zoo, because they have much wider spaces for their domains. Stella believes that zoos are how humans make amends.[4]
When Ruby, a baby elephant is brought to the Big Top Mall to live with Stella and learn new tricks, things begin to change. Stella's old injury causes her to get sick. Just before Stella succumbs to her illness and passes away, she asks Ivan to take care of Ruby and find her a better place. Ivan promises he will take care of Ruby, even though he does not know how he will manage to do it.[5] After Stella's death, Ivan begins to remember his life before the Big Top Mall, and what it was like to have freedom, if only to have stories to tell to Ruby. While Mack, the owner of the Big Top Mall is trying to train Ruby to do tricks, Ivan witnesses first hand the abuse to which she is subjected and starts to decide how to keep his promise to Stella.
When Julia, the custodian's daughter gives Ivan some finger paints, he begins to get an idea of how to help Ruby. He also changes his opinion of the Big Top Mall. He no longer thinks of his area as his domain, but as a cage.[6] Ivan uses his art to make a large picture of a zoo. George and Julia help him by putting it on the billboard outside of the Big Top Mall. When people see the new signs, they begin to protest the treatment of the animals. Investigators are sent to the Big Top Mall, and eventually it is closed down, and Ivan, Ruby and the other animals are taken away to a zoo. Ivan and Ruby are both adopted by the same zoo. Ivan was tested if he really was a silverback at the new zoo. The story ends with Ivan and Ruby adapting to their new habitats and the other animals they will live with.
Characters[edit]
Ivan: An easygoing , Great ape and Silverback gorilla who has lived in the Big Top Mall and Video Arcade for 24 years and 3 years living with Mack; the main character. Ivan has spent most of his life in captivity, either living in a human home or at the Exit 8 Big Top Mall and Video Arcade. He remembers little about his life before captivity and has grown content with his life at the mall. As the story progresses, Ivan determines that his life is not satisfactory and he works to save Ruby by having her removed to a zoo.
Stella: a senior elephant who used to live in circuses before coming to the mall. Stella has a long memory, and would much prefer to live in a zoo. She extracts a promise from Ivan to take care of Ruby if she cannot.
Bob: a stray dog who lives with Ivan in his domain. Bob is satisfied to be a stray dog and has no desire to be adopted into a human home.
Mack: the owner of the mall and part-time circus clown; purchased Ivan from poachers who captured him in his home in Africa. Mack is not seen often on screen. He appears to be a generally good man. However, his business is failing and he cannot afford to keep up the mall the way he used to. His actions regarding Stella and Ruby are what finally spur Ivan to try to have Ruby moved to a zoo.
George: The mall custodian. George is a good man who cares for the animals and the mall. However, he is conflicted about helping them because he is afraid of losing his job.
Julia: George's daughter; inspires Ivan to love drawing. Julia works to help Ivan in his quest to move Ruby and the other animals to a zoo.
Ruby: a baby elephant who is new to the mall. Ruby has only recently lost her mother and has never previously been trained in circus tricks. Ruby's treatment at the hands of Mack is what ultimately drives Ivan to try to find a way to save her.
Inspiration[edit]
Although The One and Only Ivan is an entirely fictional story, it is inspired by the true story of Ivan,[7] who lived in a similar situation for 27 years.[8] Eventually Ivan was adopted by Zoo Atlanta in 1994.[9]
Reception[edit]
According to Kirkus Reviews, "Fittingly, Ivan narrates his tale in short, image-rich sentences and acute, sometimes humorous observations that are all the more heartbreaking for their simple delivery... Utterly believable, this bittersweet story... will inspire a new generation of advocates."[10] Jonathan Hunt wrote in The Horn Book Magazine, "The choice to tell this story in the first person and to personify the gorilla with an entire range of human thoughts, feelings, and emotions poses important questions to the reader, not only about what it means to be human but also about what it means to be a living creature, and what kind of kinship we all share."[11] Carolyn Phelan wrote in Booklist that "The text, written in first person from Ivan's point of view, does a good job of vividly conveying his personality, emotions, and intelligence as well as creating a sense of otherness in his point of view."[12] Writing for School Library Journal, Elizabeth Bird said, "There's nothing twee or precious about it. Just good crisp writing, complex characters, and a story that will make animal rights activists out of the most lethargic of readers. Applegate has penned a real doozy of a book that speaks to the best and worst in all of us."[13]
Adaptation[edit]
On April 9, 2014, it was announced that Disney may adapt the book with Allison Shearmur to produce.[14] On May 6, 2016, it was announced that Mike Newell would direct the film, but on March 1, 2018 he was replaced by Thea Sharrock. The script will be written by Mike White.[15] The cast for the film include Sam Rockwell as Ivan, Angelina Jolie as Stella, Bryan Cranston as Mack, Ariana Greenblatt as Julia, and Ramón Rodríguez as Mack's assistant. With Brooklynn Prince in undisclosed role, Shearmur, who died on January 19, 2018, will still have a producing credit along with Jolie and Brigham Taylor.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ LSCHULTE (2014-01-27). "2013 Newbery Medal and Honor Books". Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). Retrieved 2018-01-23.
Jump up ^ "The One and Only Ivan". Children's Literature Comprehensive Database. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Applegate, Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao (2012). The one and only Ivan (1st ed.). New York: Harper. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-06-199225-4.
Jump up ^ Applegate, Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao (2012). The one and only Ivan (1st ed.). New York: Harper. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-06-199225-4.
Jump up ^ Applegate, Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao (2011). The One and Only Ivan. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-06-199225-4.
Jump up ^ Applegate, Katherine ; illustrations by Patricia Castelao (2011). The One and Only Ivan. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-06-199225-4.
Jump up ^ "Q & A with Katherine Applegate". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Aged, beloved Ivan the gorilla from Tacoma dies at Atlanta zoo". The Seattle Times. 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Celebrating Ivan". Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE ONE AND ONLY IVAN by Katherine Applegate, Patricia Castelao". Kirkus Reviews. September 28, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Jonathan (January 25, 2012). "Review of The One and Only Ivan". The Horn Book Magazine. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Phelan, Carolyn (February 15, 2012). "One and Only Ivan, by Katherine Applegate". Booklist. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (March 7, 2012). "Review of the Day: The One and Only Ivan by Katherine Applegate". School Library Journal. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Disney to Adapt Newbery Medal-Winning 'The One and Only Ivan'". firstshowing.net. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/harry-potter-director-mike-newell-891491
External links[edit]
The One and Only Ivan at Goodreads
Obituary of Ivan on npr.org blog
Awards
Preceded by
Dead End in Norvelt Newbery Medal recipient
2013 Succeeded by
Flora & Ulysses
Preceded by
Hooper Finds a Family Christopher Award
2013 Succeeded by
Flora & Ulysses
Preceded by
Won Ton - A Cat Tale Told in Haiku Crystal Kite Member Choice Award for California/Hawaii
2013 Succeeded by
Better Nate Than Ever
Preceded by
The Pup Who Cried Wolf Flicker Tale Children's Book Award for Intermediate Books
2013 Succeeded by
I Survived the Battle of the Gettysburg, 1863
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