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Yalu River
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"Yalu" redirects here. For other uses, see Yalu (disambiguation).
"Amrokkang" redirects here. For other uses, see Amrokkang Sports Club.
Yalu (鸭绿江, ᠶᠠᠯᡠ
ᡠᠯᠠ)
Amrok or Amnok (압록강; 鴨綠江)
Name origin: Manchu, "the boundary between two countries"
Countries
China (PRC), North Korea (DPRK)
Provinces
Jilin (PRC), Liaoning (PRC), Ryanggang (DPRK), Chagang (DPRK), North Pyongan (DPRK), Sinuiju SAR (DPRK)
Source
South of Heaven Lake, PRC-DPRK border, Paektu Mountain
- coordinates 41°58′8″N 128°4′24″E / 41.96889°N 128.07333°E / 41.96889; 128.07333
Mouth
Korea Bay
- coordinates 39°52′N 124°19′E / 39.867°N 124.317°E / 39.867; 124.317Coordinates: 39°52′N 124°19′E / 39.867°N 124.317°E / 39.867; 124.317
Length
790 km (491 mi)
Location of the Yalu River
Yalu River
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
鴨綠江
Simplified Chinese
鸭绿江
showTranscriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Yālù Jiāng
Wade–Giles
Ya1-lu4 Chiang1
IPA
[jálû tɕjáŋ]
Wu
Romanization
Ah平 loe去 kaon平
Yue: Cantonese
IPA
[ʔáːplʊ̀kkɔ́ːŋ]
Jyutping
Aap3 luk6 gong1
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl
압록강
Hancha
鴨綠江
showTranscriptions
Revised Romanization
Amnokgang
McCune–Reischauer
Amnokkang
Manchu name
Manchu script
ᠶᠠᠯᡠ
ᡠᠯᠠ
Romanization
Yalu ula
The Yalu River, also called the Amrok River or Amnok River, is a river on the border between North Korea and China. Together with the Tumen River to its east, and a small portion of Paektu Mountain, the Yalu forms the border between North Korea and China and is notable as a site involved in military conflicts such as the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, World War II, and the Korean War.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Geography
3 History
4 Economy
5 Crossings
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Name[edit]
Two theories are given regarding the origin of the river's name. One theory is that the name derived from Yalv ula in the Manchu language. The Manchu word yalu means "the boundary between two countries". In Mandarin Chinese, yālù phonetically approximates the original Manchu word, but literally means "duck green", which was said to have been once the color of the river. The other theory is that the river was named after the combination of its two upper branches, which were called "鴨" (Yā or Ap) and "綠" (Lù or R(or n)ok)", respectively.
Revised Romanization of Korean spelled it Amnokgang (Korean pronunciation: [amnok.k͈aŋ]; "Amnok River") and Revised Romanization of Hangeul spelled it Aprokgang (Korean pronunciation: [amnok.k͈aŋ]; "Aprok River").
Geography[edit]
From 2500 m above sea level on Paektu Mountain on the China–North Korea border, the river flows south to Hyesan before sweeping 130 km northwest to Linjiang and then returning to a more southerly route for a further 300 km to empty into the Korea Bay between Dandong (China) and Sinuiju (North Korea). The bordering Chinese provinces are Jilin and Liaoning.
The river is 795 km (493 mi) long and receives water from over 30,000 km² of land. The Yalu's most significant tributaries are the Changjin (장진강; 長津江), the Hochon (허천강; 虛川江), the Tongro (독로강; 禿魯江) and the Ai (瑷河) rivers from Korea and the Hun from China. The river is not easily navigable for most of its length.[1] Most of the river freezes during winter and can be crossed on foot.[2]
The depth of the Yalu River varies from some of the more shallow parts on the eastern side in Hyesan (1 m) to the deeper parts of the river near the Yellow Sea (2.5 m).[3] The estuary is the site of the Amrok River estuary Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International.[4]
About 205 islands are on the Yalu. A 1962 border treaty between North Korea and China split the islands according to which ethnic group was living on each island. North Korea possesses 127 and China 78. Due to the division criteria, some islands such as Hwanggumpyong Island belong to North Korea, but abut the Chinese side of the river.
North Korean village in the Yalu River delta
History[edit]
Remains of bridge between Dandong and Sinuiju destroyed during the Korean War
The river basin is the site where the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo (Hangul: 고구려) rose to power. Many former fortresses are located along the river and the former capital of that kingdom was situated at what is now the medium-sized city of Ji'an, Jilin along the Yalu, a site rich in Goguryeo era relics.[citation needed]
Wihwa Island on the river is historically famous as the place where in 1388, General Yi Songgye (later Taejo of Joseon) decided to turn back his army southward to Kaesong in the first of a series of revolts that eventually led to the establishment of the House of Yi.[5]
The river has been the site of several battles because of its strategic location between Korea and China, including:
Battle of the Yalu River (1894) – First Sino-Japanese War
Battle of Yalu River (1904) – Russo-Japanese War
Battle near to the Yalu River (1950) – Korean War
The Korean side of the river was heavily industrialized during the period of Japanese rule (1910–1945), and by 1945 almost 20% of Imperial Japan's total industrial output originated in Korea. During the Korean War, the movement of United Nations troops approaching the river precipitated massive Chinese intervention from around Dandong. In the course of the conflict every bridge across the river except one was destroyed. The one remaining bridge was the Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge connecting Sinuiju, North Korea to Dandong, China. During the war the valley surrounding the western end of the river also became the focal point of a series of dogfights for air superiority over North Korea, earning the nickname "MiG Alley" in reference to the MiG-15 fighters flown by the combined North Korean, Chinese and Soviet forces.[citation needed]
It was the advance of UN forces during the Korean War toward the Yalu which allowed Chairman Mao Zedong to convince his people that China needed to intervene over fears of an American invasion, since toppling communism was one of America's stated goals and Douglas MacArthur had expressed his desire to expand the war into China.[citation needed]
The river has frequently been crossed by North Koreans fleeing to China since the early 1990s, although the Tumen River is the most used way.[6][citation needed]
The Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge across the Yalu (Amnokgang) at Sinuiju and Dandong
Economy[edit]
The river is important for hydroelectric power, and one of the largest hydroelectric dams in Asia is in Sup'ung Dam, 106 m high and over 850 m long, located upstream from Sinuiju, North Korea. The dam has created an artificial lake over a portion of the river, called Sapung Lake. In addition the river is used for transportation, particularly of lumber from its forested banks. The river provides fish for the local population. Downstream of Sup'ung is the Taipingwan Dam. Upstream of Sup'ung is the Yunfeng Dam. Both dams produce hydroelectric power, as well.
In the river delta upstream from Dandong and adjacent to Hushan are several North Korean villages. Economic conditions in these villages have been described as poor, without access to electricity.[7]
Crossings[edit]
Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge, Dandong, China – Sinŭiju, North Korea
Ji'an Yalu River Border Railway Bridge, Ji'an China – Manp'o, North Korea
New Yalu River Bridge, under construction between Dandong, China and Sinŭiju, North Korea
See also[edit]
China–North Korea border
Geography of China
Geography of North Korea
List of China-related topics
List of Korea-related topics
List of rivers of Asia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Entire paragraph taken from Earth Snapshot Website. (March 25, 2011). Sediments in Korea Bay and Incheon Bay, North and South Korea. Retrieved from http://www.eosnap.com/tag/yalu-river/
Jump up ^ "A trip to the North Korea-China border, in photos". NK News. 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. (December 5, 2011). Yalu River. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651445/Yalu-River
Jump up ^ "Amrok River estuary". Important Bird Areas factsheet. BirdLife International. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
Jump up ^ Jeong Woo-sang (10 June 2011). "What Is Hwanggumpyong Island?". Digital Chosun. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyqUw0WYwoc
Jump up ^ "We took a boatride on the Yalu River across the Sino-Korean Border. Here's what we saw". visitthedprk.org.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yalu River.
Encyclopædia Britannica
"Ya-lu-kiang". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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WorldCat Identities
NARA: 10038559
NDL: 01053874
VIAF: 253059281
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yalu_River&oldid=849012253"
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Standard wire gauge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A standard wire gauge.
British Standard Wire Gauge is a set of wire sizes given by BS 3737:1964 (now withdrawn), and is generally abbreviated to SWG. It is also known as: Imperial Wire Gauge or British Standard Gauge. Use of SWG sizes has fallen greatly in popularity, but is still used as a measure of thickness in guitar strings and some electrical wire. Cross sectional area in square millimetres is now the more usual size measurement for wires used in electrical installation cables. The current British Standard for metallic materials such as wire and sheet is BS 6722:1986, which is a solely metric standard.
SWG was fixed by Order of Council August 23, 1883. It was constructed by improving the Birmingham Wire Gauge. It was made a legal standard on March 1, 1884 by the British Board of Trade. SWG is not to be confused with American Wire Gauge which has a similar but not quite interchangeable numbering scheme.
The basis of the system is the thou (or mil in US English), or 0.001 in. No. 7/0, the largest size, is 0.50 in. (500 thou or 12.7 mm) in diameter, and the smallest, No. 50, is 0.001 in. (1 thou or about 25 µm) in diameter. The wire diameter diminishes with increasing gauge size. Between each gauge, the weight per unit length diminishes by approximately 20%. Because the weight per unit length is related to the area, and therefore the square of the diameter, the diameter diminishes by approximately 10.6%:
Diameter Ratio = 1 − 1 − 0.2 ≈ 10.6 % {\displaystyle {\mbox{Diameter Ratio}}=1-{\sqrt {1-0.2}}\approx 10.6\%}
A table of wire gauges and diameters is shown below.[1][2] The relationship of diameter to gauge is piecewise linear, only approximating a (constant-ratio) exponential curve.
British Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) diameters
SWG
(in)
(mm)
Step
7/0 0.500 12.700 0.036"/gauge
6/0 0.464 11.786 0.032"/gauge
5/0 0.432 10.973
4/0 0.400 10.160 0.028"/gauge
3/0 0.372 9.449 0.024"/gauge
2/0 0.348 8.839
0 0.324 8.230
1 0.300 7.620
2 0.276 7.010
3 0.252 6.401 0.020"/gauge
4 0.232 5.893
5 0.212 5.385
6 0.192 4.877 0.016"/gauge
7 0.176 4.470
8 0.160 4.064
9 0.144 3.658
10 0.128 3.251 0.012"/gauge
11 0.116 2.946
12 0.104 2.642
13 0.092 2.337
14 0.080 2.032 0.008"/gauge
15 0.072 1.829
16 0.064 1.626
17 0.056 1.422
18 0.048 1.219
19 0.040 1.016 0.004"/gauge
20 0.036 0.914
21 0.032 0.813
22 0.028 0.711
23 0.024 0.610 0.002"/gauge
24 0.022 0.559
25 0.020 0.5080
26 0.018 0.4572 0.0016"/gauge
27 0.0164 0.4166
28 0.0148 0.3759 0.0012"/gauge
29 0.0136 0.3454
30 0.0124 0.3150 0.0008"/gauge
31 0.0116 0.2946
32 0.0108 0.2743
33 0.0100 0.2540
34 0.0092 0.2337
35 0.0084 0.2134
36 0.0076 0.1930
37 0.0068 0.1727
38 0.0060 0.1524
39 0.0052 0.1321 0.0004"/gauge
40 0.0048 0.1219
41 0.0044 0.1118
42 0.004 0.1016
43 0.0036 0.0914
44 0.0032 0.0813
45 0.0028 0.0711
46 0.0024 0.0610
47 0.0020 0.0508
48 0.0016 0.0406
49 0.0012 0.0305 0.0002"/gauge
50 0.0010 0.0254
See also[edit]
Wire gauge comparison chart
IEC 60228, the metric wire-size standard used in most parts of the world.
Circular mil, Electrical industry standard for wires larger than 4/0.
American Wire Gauge (AWG), used primarily in the US and Canada
Stubs Iron Wire Gauge
Jewelry wire gauge
Body jewelry sizes
Electrical wiring
Number 8 wire, a term used in the New Zealand vernacular
References[edit]
Jump up ^ LewcoS Wire Tables 1962
Jump up ^ Russ Rowlett (2008), American and British Wire Gauges, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, retrieved 2011-04-06
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_wire_gauge&oldid=853910810"
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