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Ideal gas
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Specific heat capacity c = {\displaystyle c=}
T {\displaystyle T} ∂ S {\displaystyle \partial S}
N {\displaystyle N} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T}
Compressibility β = − {\displaystyle \beta =-}
1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V}
V {\displaystyle V} ∂ p {\displaystyle \partial p}
Thermal expansion α = {\displaystyle \alpha =}
1 {\displaystyle 1} ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V}
V {\displaystyle V} ∂ T {\displaystyle \partial T}
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U ( S , V ) {\displaystyle U(S,V)}
Enthalpy
H ( S , p ) = U + p V {\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
Helmholtz free energy
A ( T , V ) = U − T S {\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
Gibbs free energy
G ( T , p ) = H − T S {\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
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Book:Thermodynamics
v
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e
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics.
In most usual conditions (for instance at standard temperature and pressure), most real gases behave qualitatively like an ideal gas. Many gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, noble gases, and some heavier gases like carbon dioxide can be treated like ideal gases within reasonable tolerances.[1] Generally, a gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and lower pressure,[1] as the potential energy due to intermolecular forces becomes less significant compared with the particles' kinetic energy, and the size of the molecules becomes less significant compared to the empty space between them. One mole of an ideal gas has a volume of 22.710947(13) litres[2] at standard temperature and pressure (a temperature of 273.15 K and an absolute pressure of exactly 105 Pa) as defined by IUPAC since 1982.[note 1]
The ideal gas model tends to fail at lower temperatures or higher pressures, when intermolecular forces and molecular size becomes important. It also fails for most heavy gases, such as many refrigerants,[1] and for gases with strong intermolecular forces, notably water vapor. At high pressures, the volume of a real gas is often considerably greater than that of an ideal gas. At low temperatures, the pressure of a real gas is often considerably less than that of an ideal gas. At some point of low temperature and high pressure, real gases undergo a phase transition, such as to a liquid or a solid. The model of an ideal gas, however, does not describe or allow phase transitions. These must be modeled by more complex equations of state. The deviation from the ideal gas behaviour can be described by a dimensionless quantity, the compressibility factor, Z.
The ideal gas model has been explored in both the Newtonian dynamics (as in "kinetic theory") and in quantum mechanics (as a "gas in a box"). The ideal gas model has also been used to model the behavior of electrons in a metal (in the Drude model and the free electron model), and it is one of the most important models in statistical mechanics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of ideal gas
2 Classical thermodynamic ideal gas
2.1 Ideal gas law
2.2 Internal energy
2.3 Microscopic model
3 Heat capacity
4 Entropy
5 Thermodynamic potentials
6 Speed of sound
7 Table of ideal gas equations
8 Ideal quantum gases
8.1 Ideal Boltzmann gas
8.2 Ideal Bose and Fermi gases
9 See also
10 References
Types of ideal gas[edit]
There are three basic classes of ideal gas:[citation needed]
the classical or Maxwell–Boltzmann ideal gas,
the ideal quantum Bose gas, composed of bosons, and
the ideal quantum Fermi gas, composed of fermions.
The classical ideal gas can be separated into two types: The classical thermodynamic ideal gas and the ideal quantum Boltzmann gas. Both are essentially the same, except that the classical thermodynamic ideal gas is based on classical statistical mechanics, and certain thermodynamic parameters such as the entropy are only specified to within an undetermined additive constant. The ideal quantum Boltzmann gas overcomes this limitation by taking the limit of the quantum Bose gas and quantum Fermi gas in the limit of high temperature to specify these additive constants. The behavior of a quantum Boltzmann gas is the same as that of a classical ideal gas except for the specification of these constants. The results of the quantum Boltzmann gas are used in a number of cases including the Sackur–Tetrode equation for the entropy of an ideal gas and the Saha ionization equation for a weakly ionized plasma.
Classical thermodynamic ideal gas[edit]
The classical thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas can be described by two equations of state:[5][6]
Ideal gas law[edit]
Main article: Ideal gas law
The ideal gas law is the equation of state for an ideal gas, given by:
P V = n R T {\displaystyle PV=nRT\,}
where
P is the pressure
V is the volume
n is the amount of substance of the gas (in moles)
R is the gas constant (8.314 J·K−1·mol−1)
T is the absolute temperature.
The ideal gas law is an extension of experimentally discovered gas laws. It can also be derived from microscopic considerations.
Real fluids at low density and high temperature approximate the behavior of a classical ideal gas. However, at lower temperatures or a higher density, a real fluid deviates strongly from the behavior of an ideal gas, particularly as it condenses from a gas into a liquid or as it deposits from a gas into a solid. This deviation is expressed as a compressibility factor.
This equation is derived from
Boyle's law: V ∝ 1 P {\displaystyle V\propto {\frac {1}{P}}} ;
Charles's law: V ∝ T {\displaystyle V\propto T} ;
Avogadro's law: V ∝ n {\displaystyle V\propto n} .
After combining three laws we get
V ∝ n T P {\displaystyle V\propto {\frac {nT}{P}}}
That is:
V = R ( n T P ) {\displaystyle V=R\left({\frac {nT}{P}}\right)}
P V = n R T {\displaystyle PV=nRT} .
Internal energy[edit]
The other equation of state of an ideal gas must express Joule's law, that the internal energy of a fixed mass of ideal gas is a function only of its temperature. For the present purposes it is convenient to postulate an exemplary version of this law by writing:
U = c ^ V n R T {\displaystyle U={\hat {c}}_{V}nRT}
where
U is the internal energy
ĉV is the dimensionless specific heat capacity at constant volume, approximately 3/2 for a monatomic gas, 5/2 for diatomic gas, and 3 for non-linear molecules if we ignore quantum vibrational contribution.
Microscopic model[edit]
In order to switch from macroscopic quantities (left hand side of the following equation) to microscopic ones (right hand side), we use
n R = N k B {\displaystyle nR=Nk_{\mathrm {B} }\ }
where
N is the number of gas particles
kB is the Boltzmann constant (6977138099999999999♠1.381×10−23 J·K−1).
The probability distribution of particles by velocity or energy is given by the Maxwell speed distribution.
The ideal gas model depends on the following assumptions:
The molecules of the gas are indistinguishable, small, hard spheres
All collisions are elastic and all motion is frictionless (no energy loss in motion or collision)
Newton's laws apply
The average distance between molecules is much larger than the size of the molecules
The molecules are constantly moving in random directions with a distribution of speeds
There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the molecules apart from those that determine their point-like collisions
The only forces between the gas molecules and the surroundings are those that determine the point-like collisions of the molecules with the walls
In the simplest case, there are no long-range forces between the molecules of the gas and the surroundings.
The assumption of spherical particles is necessary so that there are no rotational modes allowed, unlike in a diatomic gas. The following three assumptions are very related: molecules are hard, collisions are elastic, and there are no inter-molecular forces. The assumption that the space between particles is much larger than the particles themselves is of paramount importance, and explains why the ideal gas approximation fails at high pressures.
Heat capacity[edit]
The heat capacity at constant volume, including an ideal gas is:
c ^ V = 1 n R T ( ∂ S ∂ T ) V = 1 n R ( ∂ U ∂ T ) V {\displaystyle {\hat {c}}_{V}={\frac {1}{nR}}T\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}={\frac {1}{nR}}\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}}
where S is the entropy. This is the dimensionless heat capacity at constant volume, which is generally a function of temperature due to intermolecular forces. For moderate temperatures, the constant for a monatomic gas is ĉV = 3/2 while for a diatomic gas it is ĉV = 5/2. It is seen that macroscopic measurements on heat capacity provide information on the microscopic structure of the molecules.
The heat capacity at constant pressure of 1/R mole of ideal gas is:
c ^ P = 1 n R T ( ∂ S ∂ T ) P = 1 n R ( ∂ H ∂ T ) P = c ^ V + 1 {\displaystyle {\hat {c}}_{P}={\frac {1}{nR}}T\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial T}}\right)_{P}={\frac {1}{nR}}\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial T}}\right)_{P}={\hat {c}}_{V}+1}
where H = U + PV is the enthalpy of the gas.
Sometimes, a distinction is made between an ideal gas, where ĉV and ĉP could vary with temperature, and a perfect gas, for which this is not the case.
The ratio of the constant volume and constant pressure heat capacity is
γ = c P c V {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {c_{P}}{c_{V}}}}
For air, which is a mixture of gases, this ratio is 1.4.
Entropy[edit]
Using the results of thermodynamics only, we can go a long way in determining the expression for the entropy of an ideal gas. This is an important step since, according to the theory of thermodynamic potentials, if we can express the entropy as a function of U (U is a thermodynamic potential), volume V and the number of particles N, then we will have a complete statement of the thermodynamic behavior of the ideal gas. We will be able to derive both the ideal gas law and the expression for internal energy from it.
Since the entropy is an exact differential, using the chain rule, the change in entropy when going from a reference state 0 to some other state with entropy S may be written as ΔS where:
Δ S = ∫ S 0 S d S = ∫ T 0 T ( ∂ S ∂ T ) V d T + ∫ V 0 V ( ∂ S ∂ V ) T d V {\displaystyle \Delta S=\int _{S_{0}}^{S}dS=\int _{T_{0}}^{T}\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}\!dT+\int _{V_{0}}^{V}\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}\!dV}
where the reference variables may be functions of the number of particles N. Using the definition of the heat capacity at constant volume for the first differential and the appropriate Maxwell relation for the second we have:
Δ S = ∫ T 0 T C V T d T + ∫ V 0 V ( ∂ P ∂ T ) V d V . {\displaystyle \Delta S=\int _{T_{0}}^{T}{\frac {C_{V}}{T}}\,dT+\int _{V_{0}}^{V}\left({\frac {\partial P}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dV.}
Expressing CV in terms of ĉV as developed in the above section, differentiating the ideal gas equation of state, and integrating yields:
Δ S = c ^ V N k ln  ( T T 0 ) + N k ln  ( V V 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta S={\hat {c}}_{V}Nk\ln \left({\frac {T}{T_{0}}}\right)+Nk\ln \left({\frac {V}{V_{0}}}\right)}
which implies that the entropy may be expressed as:
S = N k ln  ( V T c ^ V f ( N ) ) {\displaystyle S=Nk\ln \left({\frac {VT^{{\hat {c}}_{V}}}{f(N)}}\right)}
where all constants have been incorporated into the logarithm as f(N) which is some function of the particle number N having the same dimensions as VTĉV in order that the argument of the logarithm be dimensionless. We now impose the constraint that the entropy be extensive. This will mean that when the extensive parameters (V and N) are multiplied by a constant, the entropy will be multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically:
S ( T , a V , a N ) = a S ( T , V , N ) . {\displaystyle S(T,aV,aN)=aS(T,V,N).\,}
From this we find an equation for the function f(N)
a f ( N ) = f ( a N ) . {\displaystyle af(N)=f(aN).\,}
Differentiating this with respect to a, setting a equal to 1, and then solving the differential equation yields f(N):
f ( N ) = Φ N {\displaystyle f(N)=\Phi N\,}
where Φ may vary for different gases, but will be independent of the thermodynamic state of the gas. It will have the dimensions of VTĉV/N. Substituting into the equation for the entropy:
S N k = ln  ( V T c ^ V N Φ ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {S}{Nk}}=\ln \left({\frac {VT^{{\hat {c}}_{V}}}{N\Phi }}\right).\,}
and using the expression for the internal energy of an ideal gas, the entropy may be written:
S N k = ln  [ V N ( U c ^ V k N ) c ^ V 1 Φ ] {\displaystyle {\frac {S}{Nk}}=\ln \left[{\frac {V}{N}}\,\left({\frac {U}{{\hat {c}}_{V}kN}}\right)^{{\hat {c}}_{V}}\,{\frac {1}{\Phi }}\right]}
Since this is an expression for entropy in terms of U, V, and N, it is a fundamental equation from which all other properties of the ideal gas may be derived.
This is about as far as we can go using thermodynamics alone. Note that the above equation is flawed — as the temperature approaches zero, the entropy approaches negative infinity, in contradiction to the third law of thermodynamics. In the above "ideal" development, there is a critical point, not at absolute zero, at which the argument of the logarithm becomes unity, and the entropy becomes zero. This is unphysical. The above equation is a good approximation only when the argument of the logarithm is much larger than unity — the concept of an ideal gas breaks down at low values of V/N. Nevertheless, there will be a "best" value of the constant in the sense that the predicted entropy is as close as possible to the actual entropy, given the flawed assumption of ideality. A quantum-mechanical derivation of this constant is developed in the derivation of the Sackur–Tetrode equation which expresses the entropy of a monatomic (ĉV = 3/2) ideal gas. In the Sackur–Tetrode theory the constant depends only upon the mass of the gas particle. The Sackur–Tetrode equation also suffers from a divergent entropy at absolute zero, but is a good approximation for the entropy of a monatomic ideal gas for high enough temperatures.
Thermodynamic potentials[edit]
Main article: Thermodynamic potential
Expressing the entropy as a function of T, V, and N:
S k N = ln  ( V T c ^ V N Φ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {S}{kN}}=\ln \left({\frac {VT^{{\hat {c}}_{V}}}{N\Phi }}\right)}
The chemical potential of the ideal gas is calculated from the corresponding equation of state (see thermodynamic potential):
μ = ( ∂ G ∂ N ) T , P {\displaystyle \mu =\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial N}}\right)_{T,P}}
where G is the Gibbs free energy and is equal to U + PV − TS so that:
μ ( T , V , N ) = k T ( c ^ P − ln  ( V T c ^ V N Φ ) ) {\displaystyle \mu (T,V,N)=kT\left({\hat {c}}_{P}-\ln \left({\frac {VT^{{\hat {c}}_{V}}}{N\Phi }}\right)\right)}
The thermodynamic potentials for an ideal gas can now be written as functions of T, V, and N as:
U {\displaystyle U\,} = c ^ V N k T {\displaystyle ={\hat {c}}_{V}NkT\,}
A {\displaystyle A\,} = U − T S {\displaystyle =U-TS\,} = μ N − N k T {\displaystyle =\mu N-NkT\,}
H {\displaystyle H\,} = U + P V {\displaystyle =U+PV\,} = c ^ P N k T {\displaystyle ={\hat {c}}_{P}NkT\,}
G {\displaystyle G\,} = U + P V − T S {\displaystyle =U+PV-TS\,} = μ N {\displaystyle =\mu N\,}
where, as before,
c ^ P = c ^ V + 1 {\displaystyle {\hat {c}}_{P}={\hat {c}}_{V}+1} .
The most informative way of writing the potentials is in terms of their natural variables, since each of these equations can be used to derive all of the other thermodynamic variables of the system. In terms of their natural variables, the thermodynamic potentials of a single-species ideal gas are:
U ( S , V , N ) = c ^ V N k ( N Φ V e S / N k ) 1 / c ^ V {\displaystyle U(S,V,N)={\hat {c}}_{V}Nk\left({\frac {N\Phi }{V}}\,e^{S/Nk}\right)^{1/{\hat {c}}_{V}}}
A ( T , V , N ) = N k T ( c ^ V − ln  ( V T c ^ V N Φ ) ) {\displaystyle A(T,V,N)=NkT\left({\hat {c}}_{V}-\ln \left({\frac {VT^{{\hat {c}}_{V}}}{N\Phi }}\right)\right)}
H ( S , P , N ) = c ^ P N k ( P Φ k e S / N k ) 1 / c ^ P {\displaystyle H(S,P,N)={\hat {c}}_{P}Nk\left({\frac {P\Phi }{k}}\,e^{S/Nk}\right)^{1/{\hat {c}}_{P}}}
G ( T , P , N ) = N k T ( c ^ P − ln  ( k T c ^ P P Φ ) ) {\displaystyle G(T,P,N)=NkT\left({\hat {c}}_{P}-\ln \left({\frac {kT^{{\hat {c}}_{P}}}{P\Phi }}\right)\right)}
In statistical mechanics, the relationship between the Helmholtz free energy and the partition function is fundamental, and is used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of matter; see configuration integral for more details.
Speed of sound[edit]
Main article: Speed of sound
The speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by
c sound = ( ∂ P ∂ ρ ) s = γ P ρ = γ R T M {\displaystyle c_{\text{sound}}={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\partial P}{\partial \rho }}\right)_{s}}}={\sqrt {\frac {\gamma P}{\rho }}}={\sqrt {\frac {\gamma RT}{M}}}}
where
γ is the adiabatic index (ĉP/ĉV)
s is the entropy per particle of the gas.
ρ is the mass density of the gas.
P is the pressure of the gas.
R is the universal gas constant
T is the temperature
M is the molar mass of the gas.
Table of ideal gas equations[edit]
Main article: Table of thermodynamic equations § Ideal gas
Ideal quantum gases[edit]
In the above-mentioned Sackur–Tetrode equation, the best choice of the entropy constant was found to be proportional to the quantum thermal wavelength of a particle, and the point at which the argument of the logarithm becomes zero is roughly equal to the point at which the average distance between particles becomes equal to the thermal wavelength. In fact, quantum theory itself predicts the same thing. Any gas behaves as an ideal gas at high enough temperature and low enough density, but at the point where the Sackur–Tetrode equation begins to break down, the gas will begin to behave as a quantum gas, composed of either bosons or fermions. (See the gas in a box article for a derivation of the ideal quantum gases, including the ideal Boltzmann gas.)
Gases tend to behave as an ideal gas over a wider range of pressures when the temperature reaches the Boyle temperature.
Ideal Boltzmann gas[edit]
The ideal Boltzmann gas yields the same results as the classical thermodynamic gas, but makes the following identification for the undetermined constant Φ:
Φ = T 3 2 Λ 3 g {\displaystyle \Phi ={\frac {T^{\frac {3}{2}}\Lambda ^{3}}{g}}}
where Λ is the thermal de Broglie wavelength of the gas and g is the degeneracy of states.
Ideal Bose and Fermi gases[edit]
An ideal gas of bosons (e.g. a photon gas) will be governed by Bose–Einstein statistics and the distribution of energy will be in the form of a Bose–Einstein distribution. An ideal gas of fermions will be governed by Fermi–Dirac statistics and the distribution of energy will be in the form of a Fermi–Dirac distribution.
See also[edit]
Compressibility factor
Dynamical billiards – billiard balls as a model of an ideal gas
Table of thermodynamic equations
Scale-free ideal gas
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Until 1982, STP was defined as a temperature of 273.15 K and an absolute pressure of exactly 1 atm. The volume of one mole of an ideal gas at this temperature and pressure is 22.413962(13) litres.[3] IUPAC recommends that the former use of this definition should be discontinued;[4] however, some textbooks still use these old values.
References
^ Jump up to: a b c Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (4th ed.). p. 89. ISBN 0-07-238332-1.
Jump up ^ "CODATA Value: molar volume of ideal gas (273.15 K, 100 kPa)". Retrieved 2017-02-07.
Jump up ^ "CODATA Value: molar volume of ideal gas (273.15 K, 101.325 kPa)". Retrieved 2017-02-07.
Jump up ^ Calvert, J. G. (1990). "Glossary of atmospheric chemistry terms (Recommendations 1990)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 62 (11): 2167–2219. doi:10.1351/pac199062112167.
Jump up ^ Adkins, C. J. (1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–120. ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
Jump up ^ Tschoegl, N. W. (2000). Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 88. ISBN 0-444-50426-5.
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Charitie Lees Smith
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Anglicanism portal
Charitie Lees Smith (1841–1923) also known as Charitie Lees Bancroft, was an Anglican Irish American hymnwriter.
Life[edit]
Charitie was born on 21 June 1841, at Bloomfield, County Dublin, the fourth child of Rev. George Sidney Smith and Charlotte Lees. The Rev. George Smith was the minister of Colebrooke church, in the Church of Ireland parish of Aghalurcher from 1838–1867 and, during this period, the family, including Charitie, lived in Ardunshin House near Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Ireland.
In 1860, one of Charitie's first compositions O for the robes of whiteness appeared in leaflet form in the immediate aftermath of the Irish 1859 revival. In 1863 she wrote perhaps her best known hymn "Before the Throne of God Above" which she entitled The Advocate (a hymn which was revived in evangelical circles in the late Twentieth Century). In 1867 Charitie's father took the family to Tattyreagh, Omagh, County Tyrone, when he became the rector of St Columba's Church. Charitie continued with her compositions eventually publishing them in a volume entitled Within the Veil in 1867.
In 1869, a Liverpudlian Arthur Bancroft married Charitie in Edinburgh, Scotland. Records of her married life are scarce but it seems she was widowed twice. She died on 20 June 1923, in Oakland, California aged 82 bearing the name de Cheney.
Bibliography[edit]
Jack Strahan (2002) More Hymns and Their Writers Glasgow, GTP.
External links[edit]
Works by Charitie Lees Smith at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
This Anglicanism-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Face Off (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Face Off
Genre
Reality show
Game show
Presented by
McKenzie Westmore
Judges
Glenn Hetrick (2011–18)
Ve Neill (2011–18)
Patrick Tatopoulos (2011–12)
Neville Page (2012–18)
Lois Burwell (2014)
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
13[1]
No. of episodes
150 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Dwight D. Smith
Michael Agbabian
Derek Atherton
Mary Celenza
Production location(s)
Los Angeles, California
Production company(s)
Mission Control Media
Release
Original network
Syfy
Original release
January 26, 2011 (2011-01-26) – August 7, 2018 (2018-08-07)
External links
Official website
Face Off is an American reality television game show on the Syfy cable network in which a group of prosthetic makeup artists compete against each other to create prostheses such as those found in science fiction and horror films. Each episode features one or more challenges, with the work reviewed by a panel of judges and eliminating one or more artists each week until a final winner is chosen.
Actress McKenzie Westmore, known for her role as Sheridan Crane on the former NBC/DirecTV soap opera Passions and a member of the Westmore family of makeup artists, serves as the show's host. For each assignment, the contestants' work is individually evaluated by a panel of professional special effects makeup artists who serve as judges. These judges have included television and film makeup artist Glenn Hetrick, Academy Award and Emmy Award-winning makeup artist Ve Neill, creature designer and director Patrick Tatopoulos (seasons 1-3), and creature and concept designer Neville Page (seasons 3-present).[2] Industry figures and artists including Brian Grazer, Kevin Smith, Paul W. S. Anderson, Greg Nicotero, Rick Baker, Doug Jones, Len Wiseman, Gale Anne Hurd and Marcus Nispel have served as guest judges.[3]
Face Off premiered January 26, 2011 on Syfy. In August 2017, Syfy aired the first season of spin-off series Face Off: Game Face, which brings back four all-stars from previous Face Off seasons for each episode and pits them head-to-head in three rounds for a chance to win US$10,000.[4]
Contents
1 Format
2 Production and development
3 Seasons
3.1 Season 1 (2011)
3.2 Season 2 (2012)
3.3 Season 3 (2012)
3.4 Season 4 (2013)
3.5 Season 5 (2013)
3.6 Season 6 (2014)
3.7 Season 7 (2014)
3.8 Season 8 (2015)
3.9 Season 9 (2015)
3.10 Season 10 (2016)
3.11 Season 11 (2017)
3.12 Season 12 (2017)
3.13 Season 13 (2018)
4 Cast appearance chart
5 References
6 External links
Format[edit]
Face Off is presented as a progressive elimination competition between 12 and 16 make-up artists. Each week, the artists face a "Spotlight Challenge" that tests their artistry and techniques to create a full makeup character to match a theme over the course of 3 days. The first day allows for concept design and sculpting for five hours, a second day of 9½ to 10 hours for work in finishing the molding, and a final day of 4 hours in applying the makeup before a one-hour "Last Look" for touch ups. The judges then have the opportunity to look at the makeups from afar and up close, and decide a series of top and bottom looks for the week. One artist will be deemed the winner, sometimes receiving a special bonus prize such as immunity from elimination or a cash reward, and one artist will be eliminated from the running for the grand prize. Some episodes also feature a "Foundation Challenge", a smaller challenge that introduces a new technique on a smaller scale, and the winner is awarded an advantage for that week's Spotlight Challenge, ranging from immunity from elimination to receiving a first choice of theme. More recent seasons have included a "Guantlet" challenge, where the artists must complete in three rounds of challenges over two days, with either rounds scored on a point system to determine the winner and loser, or the winners of individual rounds considered safe and do not need to participate in the future rounds.
The elimination format proceeds until three or four contestants are left. At this point, they are generally given a larger assignment typically involving the makeup of two or more actors for a short film or similar setpiece to feature their work. The judges review the make-up within the context of this final setpiece to determine the winner. The Face Off winner receives US$100,000 and a year's supply of makeup from Alcone (changed to US$25,000 of makeup in season 2),[5] a "grand prize that will launch a career".[6] The second season added the 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid to its prize package. The Season 3 grand prize winner will receive the same US$25,000 of Alcone makeup and US$100,000 cash prize, in addition to the opportunity to become a guest lecturer at the "Make up for Ever Academy" in New York and Paris, and the Toyota Prius v. The prize package for season 4 remains the same with the exception of the 2013 Fiat 500 replacing the Prius V as the prize vehicle.
Production and development[edit]
Syfy began the development of Face Off in March 2010 in association with production company Mission Control Media.[7] Syfy confirmed that it had ordered the series in May,[6] and announced the host and judges in November.[2] Producers held open casting calls in Los Angeles and Orlando, Florida and accepted audition videos through September 15.[8]
Seasons[edit]
Main article: List of Face Off episodes
Season
Premiere
Finale
Winner
Runners-Up
Number of contestants
Number of episodes
1 January 26, 2011 March 16, 2011 Conor McCullagh Gage Hubbard
Tate Steinsiek 12 8
2 January 11, 2012 March 14, 2012 Rayce Bird Ian Cromer
Robert "RJ" Haddy 14 10
3 August 21, 2012 October 31, 2012 Nicole Chilelli Laura Tyler
Derek Garcia 12 12
4 January 15, 2013 March 26, 2013 Anthony Kosar Kristian "Kris" Kobzina
Wayne Anderson 14 11
5 August 13, 2013 November 5, 2013 Laura Tyler Tate Steinsiek
Roy Wooley 16 13
6 January 14, 2014 April 22, 2014 Rashaad Santiago George Schminky
Tyler Green 15 15
7 July 22, 2014 October 28, 2014 Dina Cimarusti Cig Neutron
Drew Talbot 16 14
8 January 13, 2015 April 14, 2015 Darla Edin Emily Serpico
Logan Long 15 14
9 July 28, 2015 October 27, 2015 Nora Hewitt Ben Ploughman
Evan Hedges 16 14
10 January 13, 2016 April 13, 2016 Rob Seal Melissa Ebbe
Walter Welsh 14 14
11 January 24, 2017 [9] April 25, 2017 Cig Neutron Emily Serpico
George Troester III 16 [9] 14
12 June 13, 2017 August 22, 2017 Andrew Freeman KC Mussman
Kierstin Lapatka 12 10
13[10] June 5, 2018[11] August 7, 2018 Matt Valentine Jordan Patton
Walter Welsh 12 10

Season 1 (2011)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 1)
The first season of Face Off was won by Conor McCullagh of Orlando, Florida. Face Off Season 1 drew an average audience of 1.4 million viewers per episode during season 1.[12] Contestants on season 1 were: Megan Areford, Tom Devlin, Kayla "Jo" Holland, Sergio Guerra, Frank Ippolito, Jessica Kramer, Marcel Banks, Samantha "Sam" Cobb, Tate Steinsiek, Gage Hubbard, Anthony Pepe, and Conor McCullagh (Winner).
Season 2 (2012)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 2)
The second season of Face Off was won by Rayce Bird of Shelley, Idaho. Season 2 premiere episode posted the best ratings performance for any Syfy original series since November ‘09,[13] even increasing from those ratings in subsequent episodes.[14] The finale drew over 2.4 million viewers,[15] and was SyFy's most watched unscripted telecast ever.[16] Contestants on season 2 were: Miranda Jory, Greg Lightner, Jerry Macaluso, Beki Ingram, Heather Henry, Ian Cromer, Robert "RJ" Haddy, Sue Lee, Tara Lang, Matt Valentine, Nicholas "Nix" Herrera, Brea Joseph, Athena Zhe, and Rayce Bird (Winner).
Season 3 (2012)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 3)
Syfy held open call auditions for the third season on November 19, 2011 in Los Angeles, California and Orlando, Florida. Filming began during the spring of 2012 to be ready for a summer release. The third season of Face Off premiered on August 21, 2012. The selected contestants were revealed to the public on June 29, 2012. This is the first season of the show where two relatives have been selected as contestants: fraternal twin brothers Eric and Derek Garcia were among those chosen to participate. While Neill and Hetrick remain as judges, concept designer Neville Page became a replacement judge with Tatopoulos appearing in the season premiere, a subsequent episode, and the finale.[17] The season finale was broadcast live on Halloween, October 31, 2012 and viewers voted for the winner. Halfway through the season the first five eliminated contestants (excluding Joe Castro who was the first contestant ever disqualified from the competition in the season premiere) were allowed to compete in a foundation challenge, with the victor returning to the show. This challenge was won by Nicole Chilelli of Sacramento, California, who went on to become this season's champion.[18] Contestants on season 3 were: Thomas "Tommy" Pietch, Joe Castro, Sarah Elizabeth Miller, Alana Rose Schiro, Roy Wooley, Laura Tyler, Rod Maxwell, Jason Milani, Derek Garcia, Eric Garcia, Carpucine "C.C." Childs, and Nicole Chilelli (Winner).
Season 4 (2013)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 4)
Syfy picked up Face Off for a fourth season on October 9, 2012 which premiered January 15, 2013.[19] A sneak peek of the upcoming season premiered during the live season 3 finale. Season 4 was won by Anthony Kosar of Chicago, Illinois. Contestants on season 4 were: Kristian "Kris" Kobzina, Wayne Anderson, Alexandra "Alex" McCoy, Meagan Hester, Jenna Green, Eric Zapata, Autumn Cook, Troy Rivers, Michael Faust, Alam Park, David "House' Greathouse, Eric Fox, Katie Machaiek, and Anthony Kosar (Winner).
Season 5 (2013)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 5)
Syfy picked up Face Off for a fifth season.[20] During season 4's Face-Off redemption, Eric Zapata won a place as one of the eight returning contestants who are to compete against eight new contestants. This was the second season that a contestant voluntarily left the competition, when Laney Parkhurst departed in episode 11. The season was won by Laura Tyler of Orlando, Florida, who was a finalist on season 3. Contestants on season 5 were: Alaina "Laney" Parkhurst, Rick Prince, Eddie Holecko, Steve Tolin, Samantha "Sam" Allen, Adolfo Barreto Rivera, Lyma Millot, Scott Ramp, Alana Rose Schiro, Roy Wooley, Tate Steinsiek, Miranda Jory, Frank Ippolito, Eric Zapata, Robert "RJ" Haddy, and Laura Tyler (Winner).
Season 6 (2014)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 6)
Season 6 started January 14, 2014. This season was won by Rashaad Santiago of The Bronx, New York City, New York. This season had a theme of "extremes". During this season the judges had the power to save one contestant who would have normally been eliminated. This season also featured a trip to Tokyo, Japan, where the artists competed in an Oni foundation challenge and found inspiration for an Anime spotlight challenge. Contestants on season 6 were: Margaret Caragan, Graham Schofield, Matt Silva, Tess Laeh, Tanner White, George Schminky, Daran Holt, Bethany Serpico, Niko Gonzalez, Cat Paschen, Chloe Sens, Daniel Phillips, Corinne Foster, Tyler Green, and Rashaad Santiago (Winner).
Season 7 (2014)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 7)
Season 7 was announced on April 18, 2014.[21] It premiered on July 22, 2014. This season features a fourth judge, Lois Burwell. Season 7 was won by Dina Cimarusti of Chicago, Illinois. This season also focused on the theme of "life and death" and used this theme for many of the challenges. This season employed the one-time save of an eliminated contestant that was introduced in season 6. Contestants on season 7 were: Rachael Wagner, Damien Zimmerman, Jason Hodges, David "Doc" O'Connell, Drew Talbot, Keaghlan Ashley, Gabby Leithsceal, Scott Mitchell, Cig Neautron, Vince Niebla, Stella Sensel, Sasha Glasser, Gwen Crew, George Troester III, Barry Mahoney, and Dina Cimarusti (Winner).
Season 8 (2015)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 8)
Season 8 was announced on October 22, 2014. It was premiered on January 13, 2015. During this season the 15 new artists are placed into three teams of five, each coached by a previous winner of Face Off. The coaches were Rayce Bird (Season 2 Winner), Anthony Kosar (Season 4 Winner), and Laura Tyler (Season 3 Runner Up, Season 5 Winner). If every member of a coaches team is eliminated, that coach leaves the competition as well. This season was won by Darla Edin of Minneapolis, Minnesota. She was part of Team Laura, making Laura the first person to win Face Off twice. Contestants on season 8 were: Jamie Leodones, Adam Milicevic, Logan Long, Regina Jiganti, Daniel Prado, Rob Miller, Emily Serpico, Stephanie Masco, Ben Peter, Kelly Harris, Anthony Reyes, Gregory Hewett, Alan Carnes, Julian Bonfiglio, and Darla Edin (Winner).
Season 9 (2015)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 9)
Season 9 was announced on April 8, 2015. It premiered on July 28, 2015. This season had a theme of "surprises" and featured two new challenge formats: focus challenges and The Gauntlet. In a focus challenge, the artists are given two days (as opposed to the usual three allotted for a spotlight challenge) to create a makeup that focuses on the face and strong application is emphasized. The Gauntlet is a series of three consecutive foundation challenges, each testing a different aspect of the artists' abilities. The least successful artist after the three rounds is eliminated. The season finale took place on October 27, 2015. The winner of season 9 was Nora Hewitt of Barkhamsted, Connecticut. Contestants on season 9 were: Kevon Ward, Megan "Meg" Wilbur, Jason Henricks, Libby Rose, Melissa "Missy Munster" Stell, Sidney Cumbie, Jordan Patton, Evan Hedges, Scott Fensterer, Ricky Vitus, Jasmine Ringo, Omar Sfreddo, Ben Ploughman, Stevie Calabrese, Brittany Leslie, and Nora Hewitt (Winner).
Season 10 (2016)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 10)
Season 10 was announced on October 27, 2015. It premiered on January 13, 2016. In this season the judges were allowed to save one contestant who would normally be eliminated, a device previously used in seasons 6 and 7. The winner of this season was Rob Seal of Lake View Terrace, California. Contestants on season 10 were: Jennifer Bowden, Samuel "Njoroge" Karumba, Melissa Ebbe, Anthony "Ant" Canonica, Johnny Leftwich, Greg Schrantz, Katie Kinney, Anna Cali, Kaleb Lewis, Walter Welsh, Yvonne Cox, Robert Lindsay, Melanie "Mel" Licata, and Robert "Rob" Seal (Winner).
Season 11 (2017)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 11)
Season 11 premiered on January 24, 2017. The season featured an all star cast of 16 returning contestants and had all of them working in teams of two until episode 8. From this episode 9, the competition is individual. The winner was Cig Neutron of Los Angeles, California, who was a finalist in Season 7. Contestants on season 11 were: Niko Gonzalez, Jasmine Ringo, Stella Sensel, Gage Hubbard, George Troester III, Tyler Green, Ben Ploughman, Cat Paschen, Adam Milicevic, Logan Long, Evan Hedges, Emily Serpico, Rachael Wagner, Keaghlan Ashley, Melissa Ebbe, and Cig Neutron (Winner).
Season 12 (2017)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 12)
Season 12 premiered on June 13, 2017. This season, 12 new artists were split into two competing FX shops. The winner of this season was Andrew Freeman of Glendora, California. Contestants on season 12 were: Jill Burgner, Suzanne Bostwick, Al Tuskes, Nick Fischer, KC Mussman, Phil Harrah, Nelson Cooper, Faina Rudshteyn, Laura McCormick, Joseph Drobezko, Kierstin Lapatka, and Andrew Freeman (Winner).
Season 13 (2018)[edit]
Main article: Face Off (season 13)
Season 13 was announced on January 6, 2018.[22] An all-star edition consisting of past favorites, it is to be the final season.[23] A petition to continue the show after Season 13 was created May 3, 2018, and has received 21,300 signatures, including William Shatner.[24][25] Contestants on season 13 are: Damien Zimmerman, Kelly Harris, Melanie "Mel" Licata, Yvonne Cox, Derek Garcia, Sasha Glasser, Kayla "Jo" Holland, Graham Schofield, Walter Welsh, Kevon Ward, Jordan Patton, and Matt Valentine (Winner).
Cast appearance chart[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Face Off Renewed For Season 13 By Syfy!". RenewCancelTV. January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Rice, Lynette (2011-01-28). "Syfy special effects show 'Face Off' gears up for January premiere". Insidetv.ew.com. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Syfy's New Reality Competition Series, "Face Off," Premieres Wednesday, January 26 at 10 PM ET/PT". Thefutoncritic.com. 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
Jump up ^ Dehnart, Andy (August 23, 2017). "A review of Face Off: Game Face, the Syfy show's Chopped spin-off".
Jump up ^ Thill, Scott (2011-01-26). "Review: ''Face Off'' Is ''Iron Chef'' for Makeup and VFX Artists". Wired.com. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Syfy orders new 'Paranormal Witness' and 'Face Off' reality series". Realitytvworld.com. 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Marcel Vigneron show among eight new reality shows Syfy developing". Realitytvworld.com. 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
Jump up ^ "''Face Off'' profile, MySpace". Myspace.com. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Webb Mitovich, Matt. "Face Off: All Stars Cast Revealed". TV Line. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Face Off Renewed For Season 13 By Syfy!". RenewCancelTV. January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Syfy's 'Face Off: Battle Royale' Will Be a Final All-Star Season — Relive the Best Transformations (PHOTOS)". TV Insider. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (2011-03-16). "Syfy Renews 'Face Off'". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Face Off Sets Ratings High". TVbytheNumbers. January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Face Off Series High 2nd Week Straight". TVbytheNumbers. February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "March 15th, 2012 Cable Ratings". TVbytheNumbers. March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Record Breaking Unscripted". TVbytheNumbers. April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lachonis, Jon (June 27, 2012). "Face Off Season 3 Premiere Date and New Judge Announced". TVOvermind.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 15, 2012). "Season 3 Finale of Syfy's 'Face Off' to be Broadcast Live From Los Angeles, CA on Halloween Night". TV by the Numbers. SyFy press release. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Syfy Renews Face Off For Season 4". Cinema Blend. October 9, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Seat42f. "Syfy Renews Face Off". Retrieved 2013-03-18.
Jump up ^ "'Face Off' Renewed for Season Seven by Syfy for July 2014 Premiere". TV by the Numbers. April 18, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Face Off Renewed For Season 13 By Syfy!". RenewCancelTV. January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Syfy's 'Face Off: Battle Royale' Will Be a Final All-Star Season — Relive the Best Transformations (PHOTOS)". TVinsider.com. January 6, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Help Bring Back Face Off Back to SyFy (archived)". Change.org via Archive.is. May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "William Shatner signed (archived)". Change.org via Archive.is. May 8, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
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