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Mandible
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This article is about mammalian jawbone. For the mouthparts of arthropods, see Mandible (arthropod mouthpart). For those specifically of insects, see Mandible (insect mouthpart).
"Mandibular" redirects here. For other uses, see Mandibular (disambiguation).
Mandible
The mandible
The human skull, with the mandible shown in purple at the bottom.
Details
Precursor
1st branchial arch[1]
Identifiers
Latin
mandibula
MeSH
D008334
TA
A02.1.15.001
FMA
52748
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face.[2] It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. The mandible is the only movable bone of the skull not counting the ossicles of the middle ear.
The bone is formed from a fusion of left and right processes, and the point where these sides join, the mandibular symphysis, is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline. Like other symphyses in the body, this is a midline articulation where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage, but this articulation fuses together in early childhood.[3]
The word mandible derives from Latin mandibula "jawbone" (literally 'one used for chewing'), from mandere "to chew" and -bula (instrumental suffix).
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Components
1.1.1 Body
1.1.2 Rami
1.2 Foramina
1.3 Nerves
1.4 Variation
2 Development
2.1 Aging
3 Function
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Fracture
4.2 Forensic medicine
5 Other vertebrates
6 Society and culture
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Structure[edit]
Mandible, lateral surface, side view
Components[edit]
Mandible, medial surface, side view
The mandible consists of:
The body, found at the front
A ramus on the left and the right, the rami rise up from the body of the mandible and meet with the body at the angle of the mandible or the gonial angle.
Body[edit]
The body of the mandible is curved somewhat like a horseshoe and has two surfaces and two borders.
From the outside, the mandible is marked in the midline by a faint ridge, indicating the symphysis or line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period of life. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. On either side of the symphysis, just below the incisor teeth, is a depression, the incisive fossa, which gives origin to the mentalis and a small portion of the orbicularis oris. Below the second premolar tooth, on either side, midway between the upper and lower borders of the body, is the mental foramen, for the passage of the mental vessels and nerve. Running backward and upward from each mental tubercle is a faint ridge, the oblique line, which is continuous with the anterior border of the ramus; it affords attachment to the depressor labii Inferioris and depressor anguli oris; the platysma is attached below it.
From the inside, the mandible appears concave. Near the lower part of the symphysis is a pair of laterally placed spines, termed the mental spines, which give origin to the genioglossus. Immediately below these is a second pair of spines, or more frequently a median ridge or impression, for the origin of the geniohyoid. In some cases, the mental spines are fused to form a single eminence, in others they are absent and their position is indicated merely by an irregularity of the surface. Above the mental spines, a median foramen and furrow are sometimes seen; they mark the line of union of the halves of the bone. Below the mental spines, on either side of the middle line, is an oval depression for the attachment of the anterior belly of the digastric. Extending upward and backward on either side from the lower part of the symphysis is the mylohyoid line, which gives origin to the mylohyoid; the posterior part of this line, near the alveolar margin, gives attachment to a small part of the Constrictor pharyngis superior, and to the pterygomandibular raphé. Above the anterior part of this line is a smooth triangular area against which the sublingual gland rests, and below the hinder part, an oval fossa for the submaxillary gland.
Borders
The superior or alveolar border, wider behind than in front, is hollowed into cavities, for the reception of the teeth; these cavities are sixteen in number and vary in depth and size according to the teeth which they contain. To the outer lip of the superior border, on either side, the buccinator is attached as far forward as the first molar tooth.
The inferior border is rounded, longer than the superior, and thicker in front than behind; at the point where it joins the lower border of the ramus a shallow groove; for the facial artery, may be present.
Rami[edit]
The ramus (Latin: branch) of the human mandible has four sides, two surfaces, four borders, and two processes.
On the outside, the ramus is flat and marked by oblique ridges at its lower part; it gives attachment throughout nearly the whole of its extent to the masseter.
On the inside, the mandible presents about its center the oblique mandibular foramen, for the entrance of the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve. The margin of this opening is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the lingula mandibulae, which gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and forward, and lodges the mylohyoid vessels and nerve. Behind this groove is a rough surface, for the insertion of the internal pterygoid muscle. The mandibular canal runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by small openings. On arriving at the incisor teeth, it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off two small canals which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth. In the posterior two-thirds of the bone the canal is situated nearer the internal surface of the mandible; and in the anterior third, nearer its external surface. It contains the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve, from which branches are distributed to the teeth.
Borders
The lower border of the ramus is thick, straight, and continuous with the inferior border of the body of the bone. At its junction with the posterior border is the angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted and is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the masseter laterally, and the Pterygoideus internus medially; the stylomandibular ligament is attached to the angle between these muscles. The anterior border is thin above, thicker below, and continuous with the oblique line.
The region where the lower border meets the posterior border is the angle of the mandible, often called the gonial angle.
The posterior border is thick, smooth, rounded, and covered by the parotid gland. The upper border is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid in front and the condyloid behind, separated by a deep concavity, the mandibular notch.
Processes
The coronoid process is a thin, triangular eminence, which is flattened from side to side and varies in shape and size.
The condyloid process is thicker than the coronoid, and consists of two portions: the condyle, and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck.
The mandibular notch, separating the two processes, is a deep semilunar depression and is crossed by the masseteric vessels and nerve.
Foramina[edit]
Body of the mandible. The mandibular foramen is labeled on the right, and the mental foramen is the small unlabelled hole visible near on the left
The mandible has two main holes (foramen), found on both its right and left sides:
The mandibular foramen, above the mandibular angle in the middle of the ramus.
The mental foramen sit on either side of the mental protuberance (chin) on the body of mandible, usually inferior to the apices of the mandibular first and second premolars. As mandibular growth proceeds in young children, the mental foramen alters in direction of its opening from anterior to posterosuperior. The mental foramen allows the entrance of the mental nerve and blood vessels into the mandibular canal.[3]
Nerves[edit]
A panoramic radiographic reveals the mandible, including the heads and necks of the mandibular condyles, the coronoid processes of the mandible, as well as the nasal antrum and the maxillary sinuses.
The Inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal, supplying sensation to the teeth. At the mental foramen, the nerve divides into two terminal branches: incisive and mental nerves. The incisive nerve runs forward in the mandible and supplies the anterior teeth. The mental nerve exits the mental foramen and supplies sensation to the lower lip.
Variation[edit]
Males generally have squarer, stronger, and larger mandibles than females. The mental protuberance is more pronounced in males but can be visualized and palpated in females.[citation needed]
Rarely, a bifid inferior alveolar nerve may be present, in which case a second mandibular foramen, more inferiorly placed, exists and can be detected by noting a doubled mandibular canal on a radiograph.[3]
Development[edit]
The mandible forms as a bone (ossifies) over time from a left and right piece of cartilage called Meckel's cartilages.
These cartilages form the cartilaginous bar of the mandibular arch. Near the head, they are connected with the ear capsules, and they meet at the lower end at a symphysis, a fusion point between two bones, by mesodermal tissue. They run forward immediately below the condyles and then, bending downward, lie in a groove near the lower border of the bone; in front of the canine tooth they incline upward to the symphysis. From the proximal end of each cartilage the malleus and incus, two of the bones of the middle ear, are developed; the next succeeding portion, as far as the lingula, is replaced by fibrous tissue, which persists to form the sphenomandibular ligament.
Between the lingula and the canine tooth the cartilage disappears, while the portion of it below and behind the incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible.
About the sixth week of fetal life, ossification takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel's cartilage, and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen.
By the tenth week, the portion of Meckel's cartilage which lies below and behind the incisor teeth is surrounded and invaded by the membrane bone. Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make their appearance:
a wedge-shaped nucleus in the condyloid process and extending downward through the ramus;
a small strip along the anterior border of the coronoid process;
smaller nuclei in the front part of both alveolar walls and along the front of the lower border of the bone.
These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding membrane bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center (splenial center), is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone.
At birth the bone consists of two parts, united by a fibrous symphysis, in which ossification takes place during the first year.
Figure 3: Mandible of human embryo 24 mm. long. Outer aspect.
Figure 4: Mandible of human embryo 24 mm. long. Inner aspect.
Figure 5: Mandible of human embryo 95 mm. long. Outer aspect. Nuclei of cartilage stippled.
Figure 5: Mandible of human embryo 95 mm. long. Inner aspect. Nuclei of cartilage stippled.
Aging[edit]
At birth, the body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous molar teeth, imperfectly partitioned off from one another. The mandibular canal is of large size and runs near the lower border of the bone; the mental foramen opens beneath the socket of the first deciduous molar tooth. The angle is obtuse (175°), and the condyloid portion is nearly in line with the body. The coronoid process is of comparatively large size, and projects above the level of the condyle.
After birth, the two segments of the bone become joined at the symphysis, from below upward, in the first year; but a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning of the second year, near the alveolar margin. The body becomes elongated in its whole length, but more especially behind the mental foramen, to provide space for the three additional teeth developed in this part. The depth of the body increases owing to increased growth of the alveolar part, to afford room for the roots of the teeth, and by thickening of the subdental portion which enables the jaw to withstand the powerful action of the masticatory muscles; but, the alveolar portion is the deeper of the two, and, consequently, the chief part of the body lies above the oblique line. The mandibular canal, after the second dentition, is situated just above the level of the mylohyoid line; and the mental foramen occupies the position usual to it in the adult. The angle becomes less obtuse, owing to the separation of the jaws by the teeth; about the fourth year it is 140°.
In the adult, the alveolar and subdental portions of the body are usually of equal depth. The mental foramen opens midway between the upper and lower borders of the bone, and the mandibular canal runs nearly parallel with the mylohyoid line. The ramus is almost vertical in direction, the angle measuring from 110° to 120°, also the adult condyle is higher than the coronoid process and the sigmoid notch becomes deeper.
In old age, the bone becomes greatly reduced in volume due to the loss of teeth and consequent resorption of the alveolar processes and interalveolar septa. Consequently, the chief part of the bone is below the oblique line. The mandibular canal, with the mental foramen opening from it, is closer to the alveolar border. The ramus is oblique in direction, the angle measures about 140°, and the neck of the condyle is more or less bent backward.
Changes in the mandible with age
At birth.
In childhood.
In the adult.
In old age.
Function[edit]
The Pterygoidei; the zygomatic arch and a portion of the ramus of the mandible have been removed
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)
It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.
The mandible articulates with the left and right temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints.
Condyle, superior (upper) and posterior projection from the ramus, which makes the temporomandibular joint with the temporal bone
Coronoid process, superior and anterior projection from the ramus. This provides attachment to the temporalis muscle
Teeth sit in the upper part of the body of the mandible.
The frontmost part of teeth is more narrow and holds front teeth.
The back part holds wider and flatter teeth primarily for chewing food. These teeth also often have wide and sometimes deep grooves on the surfaces
Clinical significance[edit]
Fracture[edit]
Frequency by location [4]
One fifth of facial injuries involve mandibular fracture.[5] Mandibular fractures are often accompanied by a 'twin fracture' on the opposite side. There is no universally accepted treatment protocol, as there is no consensus on the choice of techniques in a particular anatomical shape of mandibular fracture clinic. A common treatment involves attachment of metal plates to the fracture to assist in healing.[6]
Causes of mandibular fractures[4]
Cause
Percentage
Motor vehicle accident 40%
Assault 10%
Fall 10%
Sport 5%
Other 5%
The mandible may be dislocated anteriorly (to the front) and inferiorly (downwards) but very rarely posteriorly (backwards).
The mandibular alveolar process can become resorbed when completely edentulous in the mandibular arch (occasionally noted also in partially edentulous cases). This resorption can occur to such an extent that the mental foramen is virtually on the superior border of the mandible, instead of opening on the anterior surface, changing its relative position. However, the more inferior body of the mandible is not affected and remains thick and rounded. With age and tooth loss, the alveolar process is absorbed so that the mandibular canal becomes nearer the superior border. Sometimes with excessive alveolar process absorption, the mandibular canal disappears entirely and leaves the inferior alveolar nerve without its bony protection, although it is still covered by soft tissue.[3]
Forensic medicine[edit]
When remains of humans are found, the mandible is one of the common findings, sometimes the only bone found. Skilled experts can estimate the age of the human upon death because the mandible changes over a person's life.
Other vertebrates[edit]
Sperm whale mandible
In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well.[7]
This complex primitive pattern has, however, been simplified to various degrees in the great majority of vertebrates, as bones have either fused or vanished entirely. In teleosts, only the dentary, articular, and angular bones remain, while in living amphibians, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in salamanders, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular and the periosteum.[7]
While, in birds, these various bones have fused into a single structure, in mammals most of them have disappeared, leaving an enlarged dentary as the only remaining bone in the lower jaw – the mandible. As a result of this, the primitive jaw articulation, between the articular and quadrate bones, has been lost, and replaced with an entirely new articulation between the mandible and the temporal bone. An intermediate stage can be seen in some therapsids, in which both points of articulation are present. Aside from the dentary, only few other bones of the primitive lower jaw remain in mammals; the former articular and quadrate bones survive as the malleus and the incus of the middle ear.[7]
Finally, the cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, do not have any of the bones found in the lower jaw of other vertebrates. Instead, their lower jaw is composed of a cartilagenous structure homologous with the Meckel's cartilage of other groups. This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish, such as sturgeons.[7]
Society and culture[edit]
In the Book of Judges, Samson used a donkey's jawbone to kill a thousand Philistines.[8]
Additional images[edit]
Lateral view
Gray181.png
The surgical treatment of mandibular angle fracture.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human anatomy, mandible.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Bone terminology
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Simian shelf
Terms for anatomical location
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ hednk-023—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
Jump up ^ Gray's Anatomy – The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th Edition, p. 530
^ Jump up to: a b c d Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 59
^ Jump up to: a b Marius Pricop, Horațiu Urechescu, Adrian Sîrbu (Mar 2012). "Fracture of the mandibular coronoid process – case report and review of the literature". Rev. chir. oro-maxilo-fac. implantol. (in Romanian). 3 (1): 1–4. ISSN 2069-3850. 58. Retrieved 2012-08-19. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) (webpage has a translation button)
Jump up ^ Levin L, Zadik Y, Peleg K, Bigman G, Givon A, Lin S (August 2008). "Incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries during the Second Lebanon War among Israeli soldiers and civilians". J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 66 (8): 1630–63. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2007.11.028. PMID 18634951. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
Jump up ^ Tiberiu Niță, Vasilios Panagopoulos, Laurențiu Munteanu, Alexandru Roman (Mar 2012). "Customised osteosynthesis with miniplates in anatomo-clinical forms of mandible fractures". Rev. chir. oro-maxilo-fac. implantol. (in Romanian). 3 (1): 5–15. ISSN 2069-3850. 59. Retrieved 2012-08-19. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) (webpage has a translation button)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 244–47. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Judges 15:16 on BibleHub.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mandible.
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Ex on the Beach (U.S. TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ex on the Beach
Genre
Reality game show
Presented by
Romeo Miller
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
11
Production
Production location(s)
Hilo, Hawaii
Release
Original network
MTV
Original release
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Are You the One?
The Bachelor
The Bachelorette
Bad Girls Club
Big Brother
The Challenge
Vanderpump Rules
External links
Website
Ex on the Beach is the American version of the British reality television show of the same name. It will feature cast members from various reality television shows and first time reality participants living together in Hawaii with their exes. It premiered on MTV on Thursday, April 19 at 9 p.m. EDT with a launch special airing on April 12.[1]
Contents
1 Cast
1.1 Duration of cast
1.1.1 Notes
2 The Challenge
3 Ratings
4 References
5 External links
Cast[edit]
The Singles
Age
Original Show
Exes
Alicia Wright 24 Are You the One? Derrick Henry, Cory Wharton, Andre Siemers
Angela Babicz 27 Bad Girls Club Derrick Henry
Chase McNary 28 The Bachelorette Skyler Mikkelson
Chris Pearson 21 N/A Chelsko Thompson, Haley Read
Cory Wharton 26 Real World Alicia Wright
Faith Stowers 27 Vanderpump Rules Marcus Rosenzweig, June Robinson
Jasmine Goode 29 The Bachelor Marco Delvecchio
Paulie Calafiore 29 Big Brother Lexi Marsella
Taylor Selfridge 23 Are You the One? Andre Siemers, Joe Torgerson, Cameron Kolbo
Tor’i Brooks 25 N/A
Victoria Alario 22 N/A Luis Rivera
The Exes
Original Show
Exes
Andre Siemers Are You the One? Taylor Selfridge, Alicia Wright
Cameron Kolbo Are You the One? Taylor Selfridge, Shanley McIntee
Chelsko Thompson N/A Chris Pearson
Derrick Henry Are You the One? Angela Babicz, Alicia Wright
Haley Read N/A Chris Pearson
Joe Torgerson Are You the One? Taylor Selfridge
June Robinson N/A Faith Stowers
Lexi Marsella N/A Paulie Calafiore
Marco Delvecchio N/A Jasmine Goode
Marcus Rosenzweig N/A Faith Stowers
Luis Rivera N/A Victoria Alario
Shanley McIntee Are You the One? Cameron Kolbo
Skyler Mikkelson N/A Chase McNary
Charles Davis N/A Jasmine Goode
Duration of cast[edit]
Cast members
Episodes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Alicia
Angela
Chase
Chris
Cory
Faith
Jasmine
Paulie
Taylor
Tor’i
Victoria
Derrick
Lexi
Skyler
Chelsko
Andre¹
Haley
Cameron
June
Luis
Shanley
Marcus
Marco
Charles
Joe
Notes[edit]
Key: = "Cast member" is featured in this episode.
Key: = "Cast member" arrives on the beach.
Key: = "Cast member" has an ex arrive on the beach.
Key: = "Cast member" has two exes arrive on the beach.
Key: = "Cast member" arrives on the beach and has an ex arrive during the same episode.
Key: = "Cast member" leaves the beach.
Key: = "Cast member" has an ex arrive on the beach and leaves during the same episode.
Key: = "Cast member" arrives on the beach and leaves during the same episode.
Key: = "Cast member" does not feature in this episode.
The Challenge[edit]
Cast Member
The Challenges
Challenge Spin-offs
Challenges Won
Total Money Earned
Angela Babicz Final Reckoning - None $0
Faith Stowers Final Reckoning - None $0
Challenge in bold indicates that the contestant was a finalist on The Challenge.
Alicia, Cory, and Derrick appeared on The Challenge before Ex on the Beach; their Challenge appearances are listed on their respective original show's pages. Paulie appeared on another Challenge-related show prior Ex on the Beach so his Challenge appearances are listed on his original show page.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "Welcome to Ex on the Beach" April 19, 2018 0.5 0.935[2]
2 "Exed Out" April 26, 2018 0.4 0.725[3]
3 "Two Exes Don't Make a Right" May 3, 2018 0.4 0.727[4]
4 "I Wanna Call You Babe" May 10, 2018 0.5 0.881[5]
5 "Who's Exed Next?" May 17, 2018 0.5 0.845[6]
6 "Bye Alicia Hi Alicia" May 24, 2018 0.4 0.686[7]
7 "Party Foul" May 31, 2018 0.5 0.888[8]
8 "Monster Mode" June 7, 2018 0.5 0.852[9]
9 "You Can’t Handle The Truth" June 14, 2018 0.5 0.857[10]
10 "Return of All the Exes" June 21, 2018 0.5 0.862[11]
11 "Can You Ever Get Over Your Ex?" June 28, 2018 0.5 0.840[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kinane, Ruth (March 15, 2018). "MTV's 'Ex on the Beach' cast to feature 'Bachelor,' 'Vanderpump Rules,' 'AYTO' alumni". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thursday cable ratings: 'Southern Charm' rises, 'RuPaul's Drag Race' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. April 20, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thursday cable ratings: NFL Draft leads, 'Swamp People' dips". TV by the Numbers. April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thursday cable ratings: 'Atlanta' ticks back up, 'Swamp People' rises". TV by the Numbers. May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thursday cable ratings: 'Jersey Shore Family Vacation' ticks up, 'Atlanta' finale dips". TV by the Numbers. May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thursday cable ratings: 'Ex on the Beach' and 'Siren' hold steady". TV by the Numbers. May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thursday cable ratings: 'RuPaul's Drag Race' ticks up, 'Southern Charm' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. May 25, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 1, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.31.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 8, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.7.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 15, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.14.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 22, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.21.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 29, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.28.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
show
v
t
e
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Ex on the Beach
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Ex on the Beach (U.S.)
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Life During Wartime (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Life During Wartime"
UK vinyl single
Single by Talking Heads
from the album Fear of Music and The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads
B-side
"Electric Guitar (1979)"
Released
1979, 1982 (live)
Format
7", 12"
Genre
New wave, punk-funk
Length
3:41
5:52 (live)
Label
Sire
Songwriter(s)
David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, Tina Weymouth
Producer(s)
Brian Eno, Talking Heads
Gary Goetzman (live)
Talking Heads singles chronology
"Take Me to the River"
(1978) "Life During Wartime"
(1979) "I Zimbra"
(1980)
"Take Me to the River"
(1978) "Life During Wartime"
(1979) "I Zimbra"
(1980)
"Houses in Motion" (alternate mix)
(1981) String Module Error: Match not found1981
"Life During Wartime" (Live)
(1982) String Module Error: Match not found1982
"Burning Down the House"
(1983) Burning Down the House1983
Alternative release
US vinyl single
"Life During Wartime" is a song by the American new wave band Talking Heads, released as the first single from their 1979 album Fear of Music in 1979.[1] It peaked at #80 on the US Billboard Pop Singles Chart.
The song is also performed in the 1984 film Stop Making Sense, which depicts a Talking Heads concert. The performance featured in the film prominently features aerobic exercising and jogging by David Byrne and background singers. The Stop Making Sense live version of the track is featured in the film's accompanying soundtrack album. Its official title as a single, "Life During Wartime (This Ain't No Party... This Ain't No Disco... This Ain't No Foolin' Around)", makes it one of the longest-titled singles.[2]
The song is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Lyrics
3 Charts
3.1 Chart runs
3.2 Personnel
4 Other versions
5 References
Origin[edit]
In David Bowman's book This Must Be the Place: The Adventures of Talking Heads in the Twentieth Century Byrne is quoted as describing the genesis of the song:
David wrote nine of the album's eleven tracks. Two numbers came out of jamming. The first would be called "Life During Wartime." David's lyrics describe a Walker Percy-ish post-apocalyptic landscape where a revolutionary hides out in a deserted cemetery, surviving on peanut butter. "I wrote this in my loft on Seventh and Avenue A," David later said, "I was thinking about Baader-Meinhof. Patty Hearst. Tompkins Square. This a song about living in Alphabet City."[4]
AllMusic's Bill Janowitz reviewed the song, calling attention to its nearness to funk, saying that it is a "sort of apocalyptic punk/funk merge" comparable to Prince's later hit single "1999".[5] In 2012, The New Yorker described "Life During Wartime" as, "an apocalyptic swamp-funk transmission in four-four time," adding "[it] is the band’s pinnacle, and the song is still a hell of a thing to hear."[6]
Lyrics[edit]
The lyrics are told from the point of view of someone involved in clandestine activities in the U.S. (the cities Houston, Detroit, and Pittsburgh are mentioned) during some sort of civil unrest or dystopian environment.[5]
The line "This ain't no Mudd Club or CBGB" refers to two New York music venues at which the band performed in the 1970s.[5]
"The line 'This ain't no disco' sure stuck!" remarks Byrne in the liner notes of Once in a Lifetime: The Best of Talking Heads. "Remember when they would build bonfires of Donna Summer records? Well, we liked some disco music! It's called 'dance music' now. Some of it was radical, camp, silly, transcendent and disposable. So it was funny that we were sometimes seen as the flag-bearers of the anti-disco movement."
Charts[edit]
Chart (1979)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[7] 80
Chart runs[edit]
Billboard Hot 100[8] (5 weeks, entered November 3): Reached #80
Personnel[edit]
David Byrne: vocals, guitar
Jerry Harrison: synthesizers
Tina Weymouth: bass guitar
Chris Frantz: drums
Other versions[edit]
The song was covered and is used at live shows by Welsh indie alternative band The Automatic.[9] The song is occasionally played in concert by American jam bands Widespread Panic and Umphrey's McGee. It was covered by the Brazilian band Os Paralamas do Sucesso on their MTV Unplugged show. During their 1997 Popmart Tour, the band U2 would often inject portions of the song into performances of "Discotheque."
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bershaw, Alan Exclusive: Listen to a Talking Heads Concert from 1979 Paste Magazine. December 14, 2015
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1997). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles. Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research Inc. p. 869. ISBN 0-89820-122-5.
Jump up ^ Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum. December 15, 2015
Jump up ^ Bowman, David (2001). This Must Be the Place: The Adventures of Talking Heads in the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 152. ISBN 0-380-97846-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c AllMusic - Life During Wartime
Jump up ^ Verini, James The Talking Heads Song That Explains The Talking Heads New Yorker. December 15, 2015
Jump up ^ "Talking Heads Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1997). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles. Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research Inc. p. 603. ISBN 0-89820-122-5.
Jump up ^ Pete Wentz Clones Descend, Lily Allen Warbles as SXSW Gets Under Way MTV.com. December 15, 2015
[hide]
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Fear of Music
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True Stories
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The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads
Stop Making Sense
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Once in a Lifetime
The Best of Talking Heads
Talking Heads
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Singles
"Love → Building on Fire"
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"Life During Wartime"
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"Burning Down the House"
"This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)"
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"Road to Nowhere"
"And She Was"
"Wild Wild Life"
"Blind"
"(Nothing But) Flowers"
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"Heaven"
"Born Under Punches (The Heat Goes On)"
Filmography
Stop Making Sense
True Stories
Storytelling Giant
Related articles
Discography
How Music Works
"King's Lead Hat"
My Life in the Bush of Ghosts
No Talking, Just Head
Sounds from True Stories
Tom Tom Club
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Federalism in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The United States is composed of fifty self-governing states and several territories.
Federalism in the United States is the constitutional relationship between U.S. state governments and the Federal government of the United States. Since the founding of the country, and particularly with the end of the American Civil War, power shifted away from the states and towards the national government. The progression of federalism includes dual, state-centered, and new federalism.
Contents
[hide]
1 Federalism in the early Republic
1.1 Federalist Party
2 Federalism under the Marshall Court
3 Dual Federalism
4 Between Dual Federalism and the New Deal
4.1 State government policies
4.2 Local government policies
5 Cooperative Federalism
6 New Federalism
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading and references
Federalism in the early Republic[edit]
Federalism was a political solution for the problems with the Articles of Confederation which gave little practical authority to the federal government. For example, the Articles allowed the Continental Congress the power to sign treaties and declare war, but it could not raise taxes to pay for an army and all major decisions required a unanimous vote.[1]
The movement was greatly strengthened by the reaction to Shays' Rebellion of 1786–1787, which was an armed uprising of yeoman farmers in western Massachusetts. The rebellion was fueled by a poor economy that was created, in part, by the inability of the federal government to deal effectively with the debt from the American Revolutionary War. Moreover, the federal government had proven incapable of raising an army to quell the rebellion, so that Massachusetts had been forced to raise its own.
In 1787, fifty-five delegates met at a Constitutional convention in Philadelphia and generated ideas of a bicameral legislature (United States Congress), balanced representation of small and large states (Great Compromise), and checks and balances. James Madison stated in a long pre-convention memorandum to delegates that because "one could hardly expect the state legislatures to take enlightened views on national affairs", stronger central government was necessary.[2] This convention almost immediately dropped its original mandate and instead set about constructing a new Constitution of the United States. Once the convention concluded and released the Constitution for public consumption, the Federalist movement became focused on getting the Constitution ratified.
The most forceful defense of the new Constitution was The Federalist Papers, a compilation of 85 anonymous essays published in New York City to convince the people of the state to vote for ratification. These articles, written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, with some contributed by John Jay, examined the benefits of the new, proposed Constitution, and analyzed the political theory and function behind the various articles of the Constitution. The Federalist Papers remain one of the most important sets of documents in American history and political science.[3]
Those opposed to the new Constitution became known as the Anti-Federalists. They generally were local rather than cosmopolitan in perspective, oriented to plantations and farms rather than commerce or finance, and wanted strong state governments and a weak national government. The Anti-Federalist critique soon centered on the absence of a bill of rights, which Federalists promised to provide.
Because George Washington lent his prestige to the Constitution and because of the ingenuity and organizational skills of its proponents, the Constitution was ratified by all the states. The outgoing Congress of the Confederation scheduled elections for the new government, and set March 4, 1789 as the date that the new government would take power. In 1789, Congress submitted twelve articles of amendment to the states. Ten of these articles, written by congressional committees, achieved passage on December 15, 1791 and became the United States Bill of Rights. The Tenth Amendment set the guidelines for federalism in the United States.
Federalist Party[edit]
Main article: Federalist Party
As soon as the first Federalist movement dissipated, a second one sprang up to take its place. This one was based on the policies of Alexander Hamilton and his allies for a stronger national government, a loose construction of the Constitution, and a mercantile (rather than agricultural) economy. As time progressed, the factions which adhered to these policies organized themselves into the nation's first political party, the Federalist Party, and the movement's focus and fortunes began to track those of the party it spawned.
While the Federalist movement of the 1780s and the Federalist Party were distinct entities, they were related in more than just a common name. The Democratic-Republican Party, the opposition to the Federalist Party, emphasized the fear that a strong national government was a threat to the liberties of the people. They stressed that the national debt created by the new government would bankrupt the country, and that federal bondholders were paid from taxes paid by honest farmers and workingmen. These themes resonated with the Anti-Federalists, the opposition to the Federalist movement of the 1780s. As Norman Risjord has documented for Virginia, of the supporters of the Constitution in 1788, 69% joined the Federalist party, while nearly all (94%) of the opponents joined the Republicans. 71% of Thomas Jefferson's supporters in Virginia were former anti-federalists who continued to fear centralized government, while only 29% had been proponents of the Constitution a few years before. In short, nearly all of the opponents of the Federalist movement became opponents of the Federalist Party.
The movement reached its zenith with the election of John Adams, an overtly Federalist President. However, with the defeat of Adams in the election of 1800 and the death of Hamilton, the Federalist Party began a long decline from which it never recovered. What finally finished off the Federalist party was the Hartford Convention of 1814, in which five New England states gathered to discuss several constitutional amendments necessary to protect New England's interests in regard to the blockade of their ports by the British during the War of 1812. The threat of secession also was proposed during these secret meetings. Three delegates were sent to Washington, DC to negotiate New England's terms only to discover the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war with the British. The Federalists were then seen by many as traitors to the union.[4]
Federalism under the Marshall Court[edit]
See also: John Marshall
The United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall played an important role in defining the power of the federal and state governments during the early 19th century. As the U.S. Constitution does not specifically define many dividing lines between the layers of government, the Supreme Court settled the issue in New York. The question was answered particularly in the cases, McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden, which broadly expanded the power of the national government.
Dual Federalism[edit]
Main article: Dual federalism
Despite Chief Justice Marshall's strong push for the federal government, the court of his successor, Roger B. Taney (1835–1864), decided cases that favored equally strong national and state governments. The basic philosophy during this time was that the U.S. Government ought to be limited to its enumerated powers and that all others belonged to the states. Both the sixteenth and the seventeenth amendment bolstered the power of the national government, and divided state and federal power.
Between Dual Federalism and the New Deal[edit]
Following the Taney court and the rise of Dual federalism, the division of labor between federal, state, and local governments was relatively unchanged for over a century. Political scientist Theodore J. Lowi summarized the system in place during those years in The End of the Republican Era[5]
Nevertheless, the modern federal apparatus owes its origins to changes that occurred during the period between 1861 and 1933. While banks had long been incorporated and regulated by the states, the National Bank Acts of 1863 and 1864 saw Congress establish a network of national banks that had their reserve requirements set by officials in Washington. During World War I, a system of federal banks devoted to aiding farmers was established, and a network of federal banks designed to promote home ownership came into existence in the last year of Herbert Hoover's administration. Congress used its power over interstate commerce to regulate the rates of interstate (and eventually intrastate) railroads and even regulated their stock issues and labor relations, going so far as to enact a law regulating pay rates for railroad workers on the eve of World War I. During the 1920s, Congress enacted laws bestowing collective bargaining rights on employees of interstate railroads and some observers dared to predict it would eventually bestow collective bargaining rights on persons working in all industries. Congress also used the commerce power to enact morals legislation, such as the Mann Act of 1907 barring the transfer of women across state lines for immoral purposes, even as the commerce power remained limited to interstate transportation—it did not extend to what were viewed as intrastate activities such as manufacturing and mining.
As early as 1913, there was talk of regulating stock exchanges, and the Capital Issues Committee formed to control access to credit during World War I recommended federal regulation of all stock issues and exchanges shortly before it ceased operating in 1921. With the Morrill Land-Grant Acts Congress used land sale revenues to make grants to the states for colleges during the Civil War on the theory that land sale revenues could be devoted to subjects beyond those listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. On several occasions during the 1880s, one house of Congress or the other passed bills providing land sale revenues to the states for the purpose of aiding primary schools. During the first years of twentieth century, the endeavors funded with federal grants multiplied, and Congress began using general revenues to fund them—thus utilizing the general welfare clause's broad spending power, even though it had been discredited for almost a century (Hamilton's view that a broad spending power could be derived from the clause had been all but abandoned by 1840).
During Herbert Hoover's administration, grants went to the states for the purpose of funding poor relief. The Supreme Court began applying the Bill of Rights to the states during the 1920s even though the Fourteenth Amendment had not been represented as subjecting the states to its provisions during the debates that preceded ratification of it. The 1920s also saw Washington expand its role in domestic law enforcement. Disaster relief for areas affected by floods or crop failures dated from 1874, and these appropriations began to multiply during the administration of Woodrow Wilson (1913–21). By 1933, the precedents necessary for the federal government to exercise broad regulatory power over all economic activity and spend for any purpose it saw fit were almost all in place. Virtually all that remained was for the will to be mustered in Congress and for the Supreme Court to acquiesce.[6]
State government policies[edit]
Property law
Education
Estate and inheritance law
Commerce laws of ownership and exchange
Banking and credit laws
Labor law and professional licensure
Insurance laws
Family laws
Morals laws
Public health and quarantine laws
Public works laws, including eminent domain
Building codes
Corporations law
Land use laws
Water and mineral resource laws
Judiciary and criminal procedure laws
Electoral laws, including parties
Civil service laws
Local government policies[edit]
Variances (adaptation of state law to local conditions)
Public works
Contracts for public works
Licensing of public accommodations
Assessable improvements
Basic public services[7]
Cooperative Federalism[edit]
Main article: Cooperative federalism
Although Cooperative Federalism has roots in the civil war, the Great Depression marked an abrupt end to Dual Federalism and a dramatic shift to a strong national government. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies reached into the lives of U.S. citizens like no other federal measure had. As the Supreme Court had rejected nearly all of Roosevelt's economic proposals, the president proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 to add more members. The expansion of the Court along with a Democrat-controlled Congress would tilt Court rulings in favor of Roosevelt's policies.[8] Lowi notes three Supreme Court cases that validated the shift in power:[9]
National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation,
Helvering v. Davis, and
Steward Machine Company v. Davis.
The national government was forced to cooperate with all levels of government to implement the New Deal policies; local government earned an equal standing with the other layers, as the federal government relied on political machines at a city level to bypass state legislatures. The formerly distinct division of responsibilities between state and national government had been described as a "layer cake," but, with the lines of duty blurred, cooperative federalism was likened to a "marble cake" or a "picket fence." In cooperative federalism, federal funds are distributed through grants in aid or categorical grants which gave the federal government more control over the use of the money.
New Federalism[edit]
Main article: New Federalism
Another movement calling itself "New Federalism" appeared in the late 20th century and early 21st century. New Federalism, which is characterized by a gradual return of power to the states, was initiated by President Ronald Reagan (1981–89) with his "devolution revolution" in the early 1980s and lasted until 2001. Previously, the federal government had granted money to the states categorically, limiting the states to use this funding for specific programs. Reagan's administration, however, introduced a practice of giving block grants, freeing state governments to spend the money at their own discretion.
New Federalism is sometimes called "states' rights", although its proponents usually eschew the latter term because of its associations with Jim Crow and segregation. Unlike the states' rights movement of the mid-20th century which centered on the civil rights movement, the modern federalist movement is concerned far more with expansive interpretations of the Commerce Clause, as in the areas of medical marijuana (Gonzales v. Raich), partial-birth abortion (Gonzales v. Carhart), gun possession (United States v. Lopez), federal police powers (United States v. Morrison, which struck down portions of the Violence Against Women Act), or agriculture (Wickard v. Filburn).
See also[edit]
Anti-Federalists
Federalism
Great Law of Peace: Influence on the United States Constitution
Laboratories of democracy
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gerston 2007, pp. 24–25
Jump up ^ Gerston 2007, p. 26
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. p. 194.
Jump up ^ War of 1812 Sparknotes.com
Jump up ^ Lowi, T. The End of the Republican Era (ISBN 0-8061-2887-9), University of Oklahoma Press, 1995–2006. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Zavodnyik, Peter (2011). The Rise of the Federal Colossus: The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 21–30, 186–93, 213–19, 291–93, 313–27, 363–64, 380–93, 416–19. ISBN 978-0-313-39293-1.
Jump up ^ Lowi, T. The End of the Republican Era, p. 17
Jump up ^ Gerston 2007, p. 57
Jump up ^ Lowi 1995, p. 17
Further reading and references[edit]
Gerston, Larry N. (2007), American Federalism: A Concise Introduction, Armonk, New York, United States: M.E. Sharp, ISBN 0-7656-1671-8
Hafer, Catherine; Landa, Dimitri (August 2007). "Public goods in Federal systems". Quarterly Journal of Political Science. Now Publishing Inc. 2 (3): 253–275. doi:10.1561/100.00006001. Pdf.
LaCroix, Alison L. (2010), The Ideological Origins of American Federalism, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-04886-5
Lowi, Theodore (1995), The End of the Republican Era, Norman, Oklahoma, United States: University of Oklahoma, ISBN 0-8061-2887-9
Taylor, Jeff (2013), Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism, Lanham, Maryland, United States: Lexington Books, ISBN 978-0-7391-8674-9
U.S. Constitution
Zavodnyik, Peter (2011), The Rise of the Federal Colossus: The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R., Santa Barbara, California, United States: ABC-CLIO
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