text:
Battle of Hampton Roads
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Battle of Hampton Roads
(Battle of Ironclads)

Chromolithograph depicting the Battle of Hampton Roads.
Date
March 8, 1862 (1862-03-08) – March 9, 1862 (1862-03-09)
Location
Off Sewell's Point (modern-day Norfolk), near the mouth of Hampton Roads, Virginia
36°59′0″N 76°19′11″W / 36.98333°N 76.31972°W / 36.98333; -76.31972Coordinates: 36°59′0″N 76°19′11″W / 36.98333°N 76.31972°W / 36.98333; -76.31972
Result
Strategic Union Victory
Tactical Confederate Victory*
Union blockade maintained*
Confederate James River squadron remains a fleet in being
Belligerents
United States (Union) Confederate States
Commanders and leaders
John Marston (senior officer present)
John L. Worden (USS Monitor)[1] Franklin Buchanan
Catesby ap Roger Jones
Strength
1 ironclad
5 wooden frigates 1 ironclad
2 wooden warships
1 gunboat
2 tenders
Casualties and losses
261 killed
108 wounded
2 frigates sunk
*USS Cumberland
*USS Congress
1 frigate damaged
*USS Minnesota 78 killed
17 wounded
1 ironclad damaged
[show]
v
t
e
Peninsula Campaign
Hampton Roads
Yorktown
Williamsburg
Eltham's Landing
Drewry's Bluff
Hanover Court House
Seven Pines
Seven Days Battles
Oak Grove
Beaver Dam Creek
Gaines's Mill
Garnett's & Golding's Farm
Savage's Station
White Oak Swamp
Glendale
Malvern Hill
The Battle of Hampton Roads, often referred to as either the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack (or Virginia) or the Battle of Ironclads, was the most noted and arguably most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint of the development of navies. It was fought over two days, March 8–9, 1862, in Hampton Roads, a roadstead in Virginia where the Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers meet the James River just before it enters Chesapeake Bay adjacent to the city of Norfolk. The battle was a part of the effort of the Confederacy to break the Union blockade, which had cut off Virginia's largest cities, Norfolk and Richmond, from international trade.[2][3]
The major significance of the battle is that it was the first meeting in combat of ironclad warships, i.e., the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia. The Confederate fleet consisted of the ironclad ram Virginia (built from the remnants of the USS Merrimack) and several supporting vessels. On the first day of battle, they were opposed by several conventional, wooden-hulled ships of the Union Navy. On that day, Virginia was able to destroy two ships of the Federal flotilla, USS Congress and USS Cumberland, and was about to attack a third, USS Minnesota, which had run aground. However, the action was halted by darkness and falling tide, so Virginia retired to take care of her few wounded—which included her captain, Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan—and repair her minimal battle damage.[4]
Determined to complete the destruction of Minnesota, Catesby ap Roger Jones, acting as captain in Buchanan's absence, returned the ship to the fray the next morning, March 9. During the night, however, the ironclad Monitor had arrived and had taken a position to defend Minnesota. When Virginia approached, Monitor intercepted her. The two ironclads fought for about three hours, with neither being able to inflict significant damage on the other. The duel ended indecisively, Virginia returning to her home at the Gosport Navy Yard for repairs and strengthening, and Monitor to her station defending Minnesota. The ships did not fight again, and the blockade remained in place.[5]
The battle received worldwide attention, and it had immediate effects on navies around the world. The preeminent naval powers, Great Britain and France, halted further construction of wooden-hulled ships, and others followed suit. A new type of warship, monitor, was produced based on the principle of the original. The use of a small number of very heavy guns, mounted so that they could fire in all directions was first demonstrated by Monitor but soon became standard in warships of all types. Shipbuilders also incorporated rams into the designs of warship hulls for the rest of the century.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Military situation
1.2 The blockade at Norfolk
1.3 Birth of the ironclads
1.3.1 CSS Virginia
1.3.2 USS Monitor
2 Opposing forces
2.1 Union
2.2 Confederate
3 Battle
3.1 Command
3.2 March 8: Virginia wreaks havoc on wooden Union warships
3.3 March 9: Monitor engages Virginia
3.4 Spring 1862—a standoff at Hampton Roads
3.5 Destruction of the combatants
4 The victor
5 Impact upon naval warfare
6 Commemorating the battle: Virginia
7 Commemorating the battle: Monitor
8 Commemorating the Battle of Hampton Roads
9 References in popular culture
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Background[edit]
Military situation[edit]
Main article: Peninsula Campaign
Further information: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War and American Civil War
The blockade at Norfolk[edit]
Map of events of the Battle of Hampton Roads
On April 19, 1861, shortly after the outbreak of hostilities at Charleston Harbor, US President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of ports in the seceded states. On April 27, after Virginia and North Carolina had also passed ordinances of secession, the blockade was extended to include their ports also.[7] Even before the extension, local troops seized the Norfolk area and threatened the Gosport Navy Yard in Portsmouth. The commandant there, Captain Charles S. McCauley, though loyal to the Union, was immobilized by advice he received from his subordinate officers, most of whom were in favor of secession. Although he had orders from (Union) Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to move his ships to Northern ports, he refused to act until April 20, when he gave orders to scuttle the ships in the yard and destroy its facilities.Nine ships were burned, among them the screw frigate USS Merrimack. One (the old frigate Cumberland) was towed away successfully.[8] Merrimack burned only to the waterline, however, and her engines were more or less intact. The destruction of the navy yard was mostly ineffective; in particular, the large drydock there was relatively undamaged and soon could be restored.[9] Without firing a shot, the advocates of secession had gained for the South its largest navy yard, as well as the hull and engines of what would be in time its most famous warship. They had also seized more than a thousand heavy guns, plus gun carriages and large quantities of gunpowder.[10]
With Norfolk and its navy yard in Portsmouth, the Confederacy controlled the southern side of Hampton Roads. To prevent Union warships from attacking the yard, the Confederates set up batteries at Sewell's Point and Craney Island, at the juncture of the Elizabeth River with the James. (See map.)[11] The Union retained possession of Fort Monroe, at Old Point Comfort on the Virginia Peninsula.[12] They also held a small man-made island known as the Rip Raps, on the far side of the channel opposite Fort Monroe, and on this island they completed another fort, named Fort Wool.[13] With Fort Monroe went control of the lower Peninsula as far as Newport News.[14]
Forts Monroe and Wool gave the Union forces control of the entrance to Hampton Roads. The blockade, initiated on April 30, 1861, cut off Norfolk and Richmond from the sea almost completely.[15] To further the blockade, the Union Navy stationed some of its most powerful warships in the roadstead. There, they were under the shelter of the shore-based guns of Fort Monroe and the batteries at Hampton and Newport News and out of the range of the guns at Sewell's Point and Craney Island. For most of the first year of the war, the Confederacy could do little to oppose or dislodge them.[16]
Birth of the ironclads[edit]
When steam propulsion began to be applied to warships, naval constructors renewed their interest in armor for their vessels. Experiments had been tried with armor during the Crimean War (1853–1856), just prior to the American Civil War,[17] and the British and French navies had each built armored ships and were planning to build others. In 1860 the French Navy commissioned La Gloire, the world's first ocean-going ironclad warship. Great Britain followed a year later with HMS Warrior.[18][19] The use of armor remained controversial, however, and the United States Navy was generally reluctant to embrace the new technology.[20]
CSS Virginia[edit]
Main article: CSS Virginia
CSS Virginia (ex-USS Merrimack)
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory was an early enthusiast for the advantages of armor. As he looked upon it, the Confederacy could not match the industrial North in numbers of ships at sea, so they would have to compete by building vessels that individually outclassed those of the Union. Armor would provide the edge.[21] Mallory gathered about himself a group of men who could put his vision into practice, among them John M. Brooke, John L. Porter, and William P. Williamson.[22]
When Mallory's men searched the South for factories that could build engines to drive the heavy ships that he wanted, they found no place to do it immediately. At the best facility, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, building engines from scratch would take at least a year. Upon learning this, Williamson suggested taking the engines from the hulk of Merrimack, recently raised from the bed of the Elizabeth River.[23] His colleagues promptly accepted his suggestion and expanded it, proposing that the design of their projected ironclad be adapted to the hull. Porter produced the revised plans, which were submitted to Mallory for approval. On July 11, 1861, the new design was accepted, and work began almost immediately.[24] The burned-out hull was towed into the graving dock that the Union Navy had failed to destroy. During the subsequent conversion process, the plans developed further, incorporating an iron ram fitted to the prow. The re-modeled ship's offense, in addition to the ram, consisted of 10 guns: six 9 in (230 mm) smooth-bore Dahlgrens, two 6.4 in (160 mm) and two 7 in (180 mm) Brooke rifles.[25] Trials showed that these rifles firing solid shot would pierce up to eight inches of armor plating. The Tredegar Iron works could produce both solid shot and shell, and since it was believed that Virginia would face only wooden ships, she was given only the shell.[26] The armor plating, originally meant to be 1 in (25 mm) thick, was replaced by double plates, each 2 in (51 mm) thick, backed by 24 in (61 cm) of iron and pine. The armor was pierced for 14 gunports: four on each broadside, three forward, and three aft.[27] The revisions, together with the usual problems associated with the transportation system of the South, resulted in delays that pushed out the launch date until February 3, 1862, and she was not commissioned until February 17, bearing the name CSS Virginia.[28]
USS Monitor[edit]
Main article: USS Monitor
USS Monitor
Intelligence that the Confederates were working to develop an ironclad caused consternation for the Union, but Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles waited for Congress to meet to request permission to consider building armored vessels; Congress gave this permission on August 3, 1861. Welles appointed a commission, which became known as the Ironclad Board, of three senior naval officers to choose among the designs that were submitted for consideration. The three men were Captains Joseph Smith,[29] Hiram Paulding, and Commander Charles Henry Davis.[30] The board considered seventeen designs, and chose to support three. First of the three to be completed, even though she was by far the most radical in design, was Swedish engineer and inventor John Ericsson's USS Monitor.[31]
Ericsson's Monitor, which was built at Ericsson's yard on the East River in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, incorporated new and striking design features, the most significant of which were her armor and armament. Instead of the large numbers of guns of rather small bore that had characterized warships in the past, Ericsson opted for only two guns of large caliber; he wanted to use 15 in (380 mm) guns, but had to settle for 11 in (280 mm) Dahlgren guns when the larger size were unavailable.[32] These were mounted in a cylindrical turret, 20 ft (6.1 m) in diameter, 9 ft (2.7 m) high, covered with iron 8 in (200 mm) thick. The whole rotated on a central spindle, and was moved by a steam engine that could be controlled by one man. Ericsson was afraid that using the full 30 pounds of black powder to fire the huge cannon would raise the risk of an explosion in the turret. He demanded that a charge of 15 pounds be used to lessen this possibility. As with Virginia, trials found that a full charge would pierce armor plate, a finding that would have affected the outcome of the battle.[33] A serious flaw in the design was the pilot house from which the ship would be conned, a small structure forward of the turret on the main deck. Its presence meant that the guns could not fire directly forward, and it was isolated from other activities on the ship. Despite the late start and the novelty of construction, Monitor was actually completed a few days before her counterpart Virginia, but the Confederates activated Virginia first.[34]
Opposing forces[edit]
Union[edit]
Further information: Union order of battle
Confederate[edit]
Further information: Confederate order of battle
Battle[edit]
Command[edit]
The Confederate chain of command was anomalous. Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones had directed much of the conversion of Merrimack to Virginia, and he was disappointed when he was not named her captain.[35] Jones was retained aboard Virginia, but only as her executive officer. Ordinarily, the ship would have been led by a captain of the Confederate States Navy, to be determined by the rigid seniority system that was in place. Secretary Mallory wanted the aggressive Franklin Buchanan, but at least two other captains had greater seniority and had applied for the post. Mallory evaded the issue by appointing Buchanan, head of the Office of Orders and Detail, flag officer in charge of the defenses of Norfolk and the James River. As such, he could control the movements of Virginia. Technically, therefore, the ship went into the battle without a captain.[36]
On the Union side, command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron was held by Flag Officer Louis M. Goldsborough. He had devised a plan for his frigates to engage Virginia, hoping to trap her in their crossfire.[37] In the event, his plan broke down completely when four of the ships ran aground (one of them intentionally) in the confined waters of the roadstead. On the day of battle, Goldsborough was absent with the ships cooperating with the Burnside Expedition in North Carolina.[38] In his absence, leadership fell to his second in command, Captain John Marston of USS Roanoke. As Roanoke was one of the ships that ran aground, Marston was unable to materially influence the battle, and his participation is often disregarded. Most accounts emphasize the contribution of the captain of Monitor, John L. Worden, to the neglect of others.[39]
Sinking of Cumberland by the ironclad Virginia
March 8: Virginia wreaks havoc on wooden Union warships[edit]
The battle began when the large and unwieldy CSS Virginia steamed into Hampton Roads on the morning of March 8, 1862. Captain Buchanan intended to attack as soon as possible.[40] Virginia was accompanied from her moorings on the Elizabeth River by Raleigh and Beaufort, and was joined at Hampton Roads by the James River Squadron, Patrick Henry, Jamestown, and Teaser. When they were passing the Union batteries at Newport News, Patrick Henry was temporarily disabled by a shot in her boiler that killed four of her crew. After repairs, she returned and rejoined the others.[41]
At this time, the Union Navy had five warships in the roadstead, in addition to several support vessels. The sloop-of-war Cumberland and frigate Congress were anchored in the channel near Newport News. The sail frigate St. Lawrence and the steam frigates Roanoke and Minnesota[42] were near Fort Monroe, along with the storeship Brandywine.[43] The latter three got under way as soon as they saw Virginia approaching, but all soon ran aground. St. Lawrence and Roanoke took no further important part in the battle.[44]
Virginia headed directly for the Union squadron. The battle opened when Union tug Zouave fired on the advancing enemy, and Beaufort replied. This preliminary skirmishing had no effect.[45] Virginia did not open fire until she was within easy range of Cumberland. Return fire from Cumberland and Congress bounced off the iron plates without penetrating, although later some of Cumberland's payload lightly damaged Virginia.
Virginia rammed Cumberland below the waterline and she sank rapidly, "gallantly fighting her guns as long as they were above water," according to Buchanan.[46] She took 121 seamen down with her; those wounded brought the casualty total to nearly 150.[47]
Ramming Cumberland nearly resulted in the sinking of Virginia as well. Virginia's bow ram got stuck in the enemy ship's hull, and as Cumberland listed and began to go down, she almost pulled Virginia under with her. At the time the vessels were locked, one of Cumberland's anchors was hanging directly above the foredeck of Virginia. Had it come loose, the two ships might have gone down together. Virginia broke free, however, her ram breaking off as she backed away.[48][49]
Virginia drives Congress away from her anchorage
Buchanan next turned Virginia on Congress. Seeing what had happened to Cumberland, Lieutenant Joseph B. Smith, captain of Congress, ordered his ship grounded in shallow water. By this time, the James River Squadron, commanded by John Randolph Tucker, had arrived and joined Virginia in the attack on Congress. After an hour of unequal combat, the badly damaged Congress surrendered.[50] While the surviving crewmen of Congress were being ferried off the ship, a Union battery on the north shore opened fire on Virginia. In retaliation, Buchanan ordered Congress fired upon with hot shot, cannonballs heated red-hot. Congress caught fire and burned throughout the rest of the day. Near midnight, the flames reached her magazine and she exploded and sank, stern first.[51] Personnel losses included 110 killed or missing and presumed drowned. Another 26 were wounded, of whom ten died within days.[52]
Although she had not suffered anything like the damage she had inflicted, Virginia was not completely unscathed. Shots from Cumberland, Congress, and Union troops ashore had riddled her smokestack, reducing her already low speed. Two of her guns were disabled and several armor plates had been loosened. Two of her crew were killed, and more were wounded. One of the wounded was Captain Buchanan, whose left thigh was pierced by a rifle shot.[53]
Meanwhile, the James River Squadron had turned its attention to Minnesota, which had left Fort Monroe to join in the battle and had run aground.[44] After Virginia had dealt with the surrender of Congress, she joined the James River Squadron despite her damage. Because of her deep draft and the falling tide, however, Virginia was unable to get close enough to be effective, and darkness prevented the rest of the squadron from aiming their guns to any effect. The attack was therefore suspended. Virginia left with the expectation of returning the next day and completing the task. She retreated into the safety of Confederate-controlled waters off Sewell's Point for the night,[54] but had killed 400 enemy sailors and had lost two. The Union had lost two ships and three were aground.[55]
The United States Navy's greatest defeat until World War II caused panic in Washington. As Lincoln's Cabinet met to discuss the disaster, the frightened Secretary of War Edwin Stanton told the others that the Virginia might attack East coast cities, and even shell the White House before the meeting ended. Welles assured his colleagues that they were safe as the ship could not traverse the Potomac River. He added that the Union also had an ironclad, and that it was heading to meet the Virginia.[55]
March 9: Monitor engages Virginia[edit]
Ironclads engaged in terrific combat by Currier and Ives
Both sides used the respite to prepare for the next day. Virginia put her wounded ashore and underwent temporary repairs. Captain Buchanan was among the wounded, so command on the second day fell to his executive officer, Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones. Jones proved to be no less aggressive than the man he replaced. While Virginia was being prepared for renewal of the battle, and while Congress was still ablaze, Monitor, commanded by Lieutenant John L. Worden, arrived in Hampton Roads. The Union ironclad had been rushed to Hampton Roads in hopes of protecting the Union fleet and preventing Virginia from threatening Union cities. Captain Worden was informed that his primary task was to protect Minnesota, so Monitor took up a position near the grounded Minnesota and waited.[56] "All on board felt we had a friend that would stand by us in our hour of trial," wrote Captain Gershom Jacques Van Brunt, the vessel's commander, in his official report the day after the engagement.[57]
The next morning, at dawn on March 9, 1862, Virginia left her anchorage at Sewell's Point and moved to attack Minnesota, still aground. She was followed by the three ships of the James River Squadron.[58] They found their course blocked, however, by the newly arrived Monitor. At first, Jones believed the strange craft—which one Confederate sailor mocked as "a cheese on a raft"—to be a boiler being towed from the Minnesota, not realizing the nature of his opponent. Soon, however, it was apparent that he had no choice but to fight her.[59][55] The first shot of the engagement was fired at Monitor by Virginia. The shot flew past Monitor and struck Minnesota, which answered with a broadside; this began what would be a lengthy engagement. "Again, all hands were called to quarters, and when she approached within a mile of us I opened upon her with my stern guns and made a signal to the Monitor to attack the enemy," Van Brunt added.[57]
The heart of battle, from an 1871 wood engraving published by A.S. Barnes & Co.
After fighting for hours, mostly at close range, neither could overcome the other. The armor of both ships proved adequate. In part, this was because each was handicapped in her offensive capabilities. Buchanan, in Virginia, had not expected to fight another armored vessel, so his guns were supplied only with shell rather than armor-piercing shot.[60] Monitor's guns were used with the standard service charge of only 15 lb (6.8 kg) of powder, which did not give the projectile sufficient momentum to penetrate her opponent's armor. Tests conducted after the battle showed that the Dahlgren guns could be operated safely and efficiently with charges of as much as 30 lb (14 kg).[61]
The battle finally ceased when a shell from Virginia struck the pilot house of Monitor and exploded, driving fragments of paint and iron through the viewing slits into Worden's eyes and temporarily blinding him.[43] As no one else could see to command the ship, Monitor was forced to draw off. The executive officer, Lieutenant Samuel Dana Greene, took over, and Monitor returned to the fight. In the period of command confusion, however, the crew of Virginia believed that their opponent had withdrawn. Although Minnesota was still aground, the falling tide meant that she was out of reach. Furthermore, Virginia had suffered enough damage to require extensive repair. Convinced that his ship had won the day, Jones ordered her back to Norfolk. At about this time, Monitor returned, only to discover her opponent apparently giving up the fight. Convinced that Virginia was quitting, with orders only to protect Minnesota and not to risk his ship unnecessarily, Greene did not pursue. Thus, each side misinterpreted the moves of the other, and as a result each claimed victory.[62]
First Battle of Iron Ships of War by Henry Bill. Shown are the USS Monitor, CSS Virginia, USS Cumberland, CSS Jamestown, USS Congress, and USS Minnesota
Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory wrote to Confederate President Davis of the action:[63]
The conduct of the Officers and men of the squadron … reflects unfading honor upon themselves and upon the Navy. The report will be read with deep interest, and its details will not fail to rouse the ardor and nerve the arms of our gallant seamen. It will be remembered that the Virginia was a novelty in naval architecture, wholly unlike any ship that ever floated; that her heaviest guns were equal novelties in ordnance; that her motive power and obedience to her helm were untried, and her officers and crew strangers, comparatively, to the ship and to each other; and yet, under all these disadvantages, the dashing courage and consummate professional ability of Flag Officer Buchanan and his associates achieved the most remarkable victory which naval annals record.
In Washington, belief that Monitor had vanquished Virginia was so strong that Worden and his men were awarded the thanks of Congress:[64]
Resolved . . . That the thanks of Congress and the American people are due and are hereby tendered to Lieutenant J. L. Worden, of the United States Navy, and to the officers and men of the ironclad gunboat Monitor, under his command, for the skill and gallantry exhibited by them in the remarkable battle between the Monitor and the rebel ironclad steamer Merrimack.
During the two-day engagement, the U.S.S. Minnesota shot off 78 rounds of 10-inch solid shot; 67 rounds of 10-inch solid shot with 15-second fuse;[dubious – discuss] 169 rounds of 9-inch solid shot; 180 9-inch shells with 15-second fuse; 35 8-inch shells with 15-second fuse and 5,567.5 pounds of service powder. Three crew members, Alexander Winslow, Henry Smith and Dennis Harrington were killed during the battle and 16 were wounded.[57] One of Monitor's crew, Quartermaster Peter Williams, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle.[65]
Spring 1862—a standoff at Hampton Roads[edit]
Virginia remained in drydock for almost a month, getting repairs for battle damage as well as minor modifications to improve her performance. On April 4, she was able to leave drydock. Buchanan, still recovering from his wound, had hoped that Catesby Jones would be picked to succeed him, and most observers believed that Jones's performance during the battle was outstanding. The seniority system for promotion in the Navy scuttled his chances, however, and the post went to the 67-year-old Commodore Josiah Tattnall.[66] Monitor, not severely damaged, remained on duty. Like his antagonist Jones, Greene was deemed too young to remain as captain; the day after the battle, he was replaced with Lieutenant Thomas O. Selfridge. Two days later, Selfridge was in turn relieved by Lieutenant William Nicholson Jeffers.[67]
By late March, the Union blockade fleet had been augmented by hastily refitted civilian ships, including the powerful SS Vanderbilt,[68] SS Arago, SS Illinois, and SS Ericsson. These had been outfitted with rams and some iron plating. By late April, the new ironclads USRC E. A. Stevens and USS Galena had also joined the blockade.
Each side considered how best to eliminate the threat posed by its opponent, and after Virginia returned each side tried to goad the other into attacking under unfavorable circumstances. Both captains declined the opportunity to fight in water not of their own choosing; Jeffers in particular was under positive orders not to risk his ship.[69] Consequently, each vessel spent the next month in what amounted to posturing. Not only did the two ships not fight each other, neither ship ever fought again after March 9.
Destruction of the combatants[edit]
Destruction of the rebel monster Merrimac off Craney Island, May 11, 1862, by Currier and Ives
The end came first for Virginia. Because the blockade was unbroken, Norfolk was of little strategic use to the Confederacy, and preliminary plans were laid to move the ship up the James River to the vicinity of Richmond. Before adequate preparations could be made, the Confederate Army under Major General Benjamin Huger abandoned the city on May 9, without consulting anyone from the Navy. Virginia's draft was too great to permit her to pass up the river, which had a depth of only 18 ft (5.5 m), and then only under favorable circumstances. She was trapped and could only be captured or sunk by the Union Navy. Rather than allow either, Tatnall decided to destroy his own ship. He had her towed down to Craney Island in Portsmouth, where the gang were taken ashore, and then she was set afire. She burned through the rest of the day and most of the following night; shortly before dawn, the flames reached her magazine, and she blew up.[70]
Engraving of Monitor sinking
Monitor likewise did not survive the year. She was ordered to Beaufort, North Carolina, on Christmas Day, to take part in the blockade there. While she was being towed down the coast (under command of her fourth captain, Commander John P. Bankhead), the wind increased and with it the waves; with no high sides, the Monitor took on water. Soon the water in the hold gained on the pumps, and then put out the fires in her engines. The order was given to abandon ship; most men were rescued by USS Rhode Island, but 16 went down with her when she sank in the early hours of December 31, 1862.[71]
The victor[edit]
The victory claims that were made by each side in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Hampton Roads, based as both were on misinterpretations of the opponent's behavior, have been dismissed by present-day historians. They agree that the result of the Monitor–Merrimack encounter was not a victory for either side. As the combat between ironclads was the primary significance of the battle, the general verdict is that the overall result was a draw.[72] All would acknowledge that the Southern fleet inflicted far more damage than it received, which would ordinarily imply that they had gained a tactical victory. Compared to other Civil War battles, the loss of men and ships for the Union Navy would be considered a clear defeat. On the other hand, the blockade was not seriously threatened, so the entire battle can be regarded as an assault that ultimately failed.[73]
However, initially after the Battle of Hampton Roads, both the Confederates and the Unions used media to claim victory for their own sides. The headline a Boston newspaper the day after the battle read "The Merrimac Driven back by the Steamer!", implying a Union victory, while Confederate media focused on their original success against wooden Union ships. Despite the battle ending in a stalemate, it was seen by both sides as an opportunity to raise war-time morale, especially since the ironclad ships were an exciting naval innovation that intrigued citizens.
Evaluation of the strategic results is likewise disputed. The blockade was maintained, even strengthened, and Virginia was bottled up in Hampton Roads. Because a decisive Confederate weapon was negated, some have concluded that the Union could claim a strategic victory.[74] Confederate advocates can counter, however, by arguing that Virginia had a military significance larger than the blockade, which was only a small part of the war in Tidewater Virginia. Her mere presence was sufficient to close the James River to Federal incursions. She also imposed other constraints on the Peninsula Campaign then being mounted by the Union Army under General George B. McClellan, who worried that she could interfere with his positions on the York River. Although his fears were baseless, they continued to affect the movements of his army until Virginia was destroyed.[75]
Impact upon naval warfare[edit]
Both days of the battle attracted attention from almost all the world's navies. The USS Monitor became the prototype for the monitor warship type. She thus became the first of two ships whose names were applied to entire classes of their successors. The other was HMS Dreadnought. Many more were built, including river monitors, and they played key roles in Civil War battles on the Mississippi and James rivers. The US immediately started the construction of ten more monitors based on Ericsson's original larger plan, known as the Passaic-class monitors. However, while the design proved exceptionally well-suited for river combat, the low profile and heavy turret caused poor seaworthiness in rough waters. Russia, fearing that the American Civil War would spill into Russian Alaska, launched ten sister ships, as soon as Ericsson's plans reached St. Petersburg. What followed has been described as "Monitor mania".[76] The revolving turret later inspired similar designs for future warships, which eventually became the modern battleship.
Stereograph of Monitor after the battle, July 1862
The vulnerability of wooden hulls to armored ships was noted particularly in Britain and France, where the wisdom of the planned conversion of the battle fleet to armor was given a powerful demonstration.[77] Another feature that was emulated was not so successful. Impressed by the ease with which the Virginia had sunk the Cumberland, naval architects began to incorporate rams into their hull designs. The first purpose-built ram in the modern era was the French armored ram Taureau (1863), whose guns were said to have "the sole function of preparing the way for the ram."[78] The inclusion of rams in warship hull design persisted almost to the outbreak of World War I, despite improvements in naval gunnery that quickly made close action between warships almost suicidal, if not impossible.[79]
Commemorating the battle: Virginia[edit]
The name of the warship that served the Confederacy in the Battle of Hampton Roads has been a continuing source of confusion and some contention. She was originally a screw frigate in the United States Navy carrying the name USS Merrimack. All parties continued to use the name after her capture by secessionists while she was being rebuilt as an ironclad.[80] When her conversion was almost complete, her name was officially changed to Virginia.[81] Despite the official name change, Union accounts persisted in calling Merrimack by her original name, while Confederate sources used either Virginia or Merrimac(k).[82] The alliteration of Monitor and Merrimack has persuaded most popular accounts to adopt the familiar name, even when it is acknowledged to be technically incorrect.
A CSS Merrimac[83] did actually exist. She was a paddle wheel steamer named for the victor (as most Southerners saw it) at Hampton Roads. She was used for running the blockade until she was captured and taken into Federal service, still named Merrimac. Her name was a spelling variant of the river, namesake of USS Merrimack. Both spellings are still in use around the Hampton Roads area.
A small community in Montgomery County, Virginia near the location where the iron for the Confederate ironclad was forged is now known as Merrimac. Some of the iron mined there and used in the plating on the Confederate ironclad is displayed at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth. The anchor of Virginia sits on the lawn in front of the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond.
Commemorating the battle: Monitor[edit]
After resting undetected on the ocean floor for 111 years, the wreck of Monitor was located by a team of scientists in 1973. The remains of the ship were found upside down 16 mi (26 km) off Cape Hatteras, on a relatively flat, sandy bottom at a depth of about 240 ft (73 m). In 1987, the site was declared a National Marine Sanctuary, the first shipwreck to receive this distinction.[84]
Because of Monitor's advanced state of deterioration, timely recovery of remaining significant artifacts and ship components became critical. Numerous fragile artifacts, including the innovative turret and its two Dahlgren guns, an anchor, steam engine, and propeller, have been recovered. They were transported back to Hampton Roads to the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia, where they were treated in special tanks to stabilize the metal. It is reported that it will take about ten years for the metal to completely stabilize. The new USS Monitor Center at the Mariners' Museum officially opened on March 9, 2007, and a full-scale copy of USS Monitor, the original recovered turret, and artifacts and related items are now on display.
Commemorating the Battle of Hampton Roads[edit]
The Battle of Hampton Roads was a significant event in both Naval and Civil War history that has been detailed in many books, televised Civil War documentaries, and in film, to include TNT's 1991 Ironclads. In New York City, where the designer of the Monitor, John Ericsson, died in March 1889, a statue was commissioned by the state to commemorate the battle between the Ironclads.[85] The statue features a stylized male nude allegorical figure on water between two iron cleats. It is located in Msgr McGolrick Park.
In Virginia, the state dedicated the Monitor-Merrimack Overlook at Anderson Park on a jetty that overlooks the site of the battle. The park contains several historical markers commemorating both ships. Also, in 1992, Virginia dedicated the $400 million, 4.6 mile-long Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel, which is located less than 1 mile from the site of the battle.
References in popular culture[edit]
The film Hearts in Bondage (Republic Pictures, 1936), directed by Lew Ayres, tells the story of the building of the USS Monitor and the following Battle of Hampton Roads.
A 1991 made-for-television movie produced by TNT was made about the battle, called Ironclads (film).
The album The Monitor, the second studio album by New Jersey band Titus Andronicus, ends with a fourteen-minute tribute to the battle, and is conceptually based around the American Civil War and the eponymous USS Monitor.
In Canyonlands National Park, Utah, there are two buttes named after Monitor and Merrimac. There is a viewpoint with a placard describing the significance of their names.
Sleater-Kinney recorded an indie rock song referencing the battle, "Ironclad," on the album "All Hands on the Bad One" in 2000.
The book "The Virginia" by Winston Brady, based on the Battle of Hampton Roads, depicts Captain(s) Franklin Buchanan and John Worden as tragic heroes who are injured during the battle as a punishment for their over-confidence created by the powerful, nigh-indestructible ships they commanded.
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
Military of the United States portal
List of ships of the Confederate States Navy
Bibliography of American Civil War naval history
Union Navy
Confederate States Navy
Notes[edit]
Abbreviations used in these notes:
ORA (Official records, armies): War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
ORN (Official records, navies): Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
Jump up ^ Battle Summary: Hampton Roads
Jump up ^ Musicant 1995, pp. 134–178; Anderson 1962, pp. 71–77; Tucker 2006, p. 151.
Jump up ^ de Meissner, Sophie Radford (1920). Old Naval Days. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 244–251.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1962, pp. 71–75.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1962, pp. 75–77.
Jump up ^ Tucker 2006, p. 175; Luraghi 1996, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Civil War naval chronology, pp. I-9, I-12.
Jump up ^ Cumberland and Merrimack, the latter renamed CSS Virginia, would meet again on March 8, 1862.
Jump up ^ Musicant 1995, pp. 26–40.
Jump up ^ Luraghi 1996, pp. 34–35, 42.
Jump up ^ ORA I, v. 2, pp. 782–783.
Jump up ^ Fort Monroe was one of three major forts in seceded states that were still held by the Union; the others were Fort Zachary Taylor and Fort Pickens, both in Florida.
Jump up ^ The fort was named Fort Calhoun when construction was started before the outbreak of the war. It was completed only after the war started, and was then renamed for the general who directed the defense of the region. Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Joseph B. Carr, "Operations of 1861 about Fort Monroe," Battles and leaders, v. 2, pp.144–152.
Jump up ^ Wise 1988, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Davis 1975, pp. 69, 71.
Jump up ^ Gibbon 1983, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Gibbon 1983, pp. 28–31.
Jump up ^ Contemplation of armor was not confined to Europe. The United States had spent a lot of money supporting the development of the Stevens Battery, with nothing to show for it. (Davis, Duel between the first two ironclads, p. 5.) Also, a river boatman at New Orleans, John A. Stevenson, early in the war had converted a tugboat into an armored vessel. As CSS Manassas, she was actually the first armored vessel to go into combat in the war. (Still, Iron afloat, pp. 46–51.)
Jump up ^ Anderson 1962, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Still 1985, p. 10.
Jump up ^ After the war, Brooke and Porter engaged in an unseemly fight for recognition as the originator of the Virginia design. In the wake of the controversy, the contributions of the engineer Williamson have often been overlooked. Still 1985, pp. 11–13; Davis 1975, p. 141.
Jump up ^ This is a more telling comment on the handicaps faced by the South than it may appear. The reason that Merrimack was in the Gosport yard was to repair her notably balky engines.
Jump up ^ Still 1985, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Still 1985, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Reign of Iron, Nelson, 2004
Jump up ^ Anderson 1962, pp. 36, 71.
Jump up ^ Still 1985, pp. 19–23.
Jump up ^ Smith's son, Joseph Smith, Jr., who was also a naval officer, would be killed at Hampton Roads.
Jump up ^ Anderson 1962, pp. 67–68.
Jump up ^ The other two ships were the rather conventional New Ironsides and the experimental Galena. Anderson 1962, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Davis 1975, p. 51.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Reign of iron, 2004
Jump up ^ Davis 1975, pp. 17–19.
Jump up ^ Still, Iron afloat, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Still, Iron afloat, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel of the first ironclads, p. 72
Jump up ^ Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, pp. 42, 45.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 72. Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, p. 45, does not name Marston at all.
Jump up ^ Still, Iron afloat, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 97. ORN I, v. 7, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Minnesota and Merrimack, upon whose hull Virginia was built, were sisters.
^ Jump up to: a b On this Date in Civil War History - March 8-9, 1862 - Battle of Hampton Roads
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 86–87.
Jump up ^ ORN I, v. 7, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 109
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 90–92.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Reign of iron: the story of the first battling ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack, p. 229-230
Jump up ^ Smith, captain of Congress, had been killed by a shot that blew off his head, so the decision to surrender was made by her executive officer, Austin Pendergrast. See Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 98–104.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 103, 105.
Jump up ^ Still, Iron afloat, p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b c Malanowski, James (March 8, 2012). "The Duel". The New York Times. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ ORN I, v. 7, p. 25.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Monitor, The Merrimack...The U.S.S. Minnesota?
Jump up ^ Still, Iron afloat, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Musicant, Divided waters, p. 171.
Jump up ^ Schneller, "A state of war is a most unfavorable period for experiments," retrieved August 24, 2009. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 8, 2010. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 121–134.
Jump up ^ ORN I, v. 7, p. 43.
Jump up ^ ORN I, v. 7, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Quarstein, John V. (2011). The Monitor Boys: The Crew of the Union's First Ironclad. Charleston, SC: The History Press. p. 181. ISBN 9781596294554.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 147.
Jump up ^ T.J. Stiles,The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (2009), p. 345-348
Jump up ^ Anderson, By sea and by river, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Luraghi, A history of the Confederate Navy, pp. 164–167.
Jump up ^ Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 160–164.
Jump up ^ Simson, Naval strategies of the Civil War, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, p. 45. Tucker, Blue and gray navies, p. 175.
Jump up ^ Musicant, Divided waters, p. 176.
Jump up ^ Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, pp. 45–52. Simson, Naval strategies of the Civil War, p. 87.
Jump up ^ G. Smirnov, V. Smirnov (1984). БРОНЯ, БАШНИ И ТАРА. Моделист-Конструктор (in Russian). Moscow (1): 31–32. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Luraghi, History of the Confederate Navy, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Ropp, Theodore, and Stephen S. Roberts. The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904. Naval Institute Press, 1987; p. 13.
Jump up ^ Rose, Lisle Abbott, Power at sea: the age of navalism, 1890–1918 (vol. 1 of a three-volume set). Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8262-1683-8; p. 45.
Jump up ^ USS Merrimack DANFS at history.navy.mil
Jump up ^ CSS Virginia DANFS record of Confederate ships at history.navy.mil
Jump up ^ For examples of each: Jones, A Rebel war clerk's diary, v. 1, p. 115; Wood, "The first fight of ironclads," Battles and leaders, v. 1, p. 692.
Jump up ^ USS Merrimac DANFS at history.navy.mil
Jump up ^ USS Monitor Center Archived May 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Msgr. McGolrick Park Monuments - Monitor Memorial : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. November 6, 1938. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
References[edit]
Anderson, Bern. By sea and by river: the naval history of the Civil War. Knopf; reprint, Da Capo, n.d.; 1962. ISBN 0-306-80367-4.
Browning, Robert M. Jr.. From Cape Charles to Cape Fear: the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War. University of Alabama; 1993. ISBN 0-8173-5019-5.
Davis, William C.. Duel between the first ironclads. Doubleday,; 1975.
Durkin, Joseph T.. Stephen R. Mallory: Confederate Navy chief. University of North Carolina; reprint, University of South Carolina, 1987; 1954. ISBN 0-87249-518-3.
Gibbons, Tony. The complete encyclopedia of battleships: a technical directory of capital ships from 1860 to the present day. Salamander Books; 1983. ISBN 0-517-37810-8.
Luraghi, Raimondo. A history of the Confederate Navy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press; 1996. ISBN 1-55750-527-6. (translation by Paolo E. Coletta of Marina del Sud: storia della marina confederate nella Guerra Civile Americana, 1861–1865. Rizzoli, 1993.)
Musicant, Ivan. Divided waters: the naval history of the Civil War. HarperCollins; 1995. ISBN 0-06-016482-4.
Nelson, James L.. Reign of iron: the story of the first battling ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack. New York: HarperCollins; 2004. ISBN 0-06-052403-0.
Quarstein, John V., C.S.S. Virginia, Mistress of Hampton Roads, self-published for the Virginia Civil War Battles and Leaders Series; 2000. ISBN 1-56190-118-0
Scharf, J. Thomas. History of the Confederate States Navy from its organization to the surrender of its last vessel; its stupendous struggle with the great Navy of the United States, the engagements fought in the rivers and harbors of the South and upon the high seas, blockade-running, first use of iron-clads and torpedoes, and privateer history. New York: Rogers & Sherwood; 1887; reprint, Random House, 1996..
Simson, Jay W.. Naval strategies of the Civil War: Confederate innovations and Federal opportunism. Nashville: Cumberland House; 2001. ISBN 1-58182-195-6.
Still, William N. Jr.. Iron afloat: the story of the Confederate armorclads. Vanderbilt University; 1985. ISBN 0-87249-616-3.
Tucker, Spencer. Blue & gray navies: the Civil War afloat. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press; 2006. ISBN 1-59114-882-0.
United States Department of the Navy, Naval History Department. Civil War naval chronology, 1861–1865. Government Printing Office; 1971.
Wise, Stephen R.. Lifeline of the Confederacy: blockade running during the Civil War. University of South Carolina; 1988. ISBN 9780872495548.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Battle of Hampton Roads
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Hampton Roads.
"Hampton Roads". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 906–907.
A record of events in Norfolk County, Virginia, online text with an entire chapter on the battle.
Civil War Naval History
USS Monitor National Historical Site
Monitor in the news – Its 'revolutionary' gun turret has been raised from the ocean floor.
On-line exhibition of the Monitor
"An original 1862 Chicago Tribune Article!"
website devoted to CSS Virginia
Battle of Hampton Road website
First Edition Report on the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimac
Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Hampton Roads
National Park Service Battle Summary
CWSAC Report Update
[hide]
v
t
e
American Civil War
[show]
Origins
Origins
Issues
Timeline leading to the War
Antebellum era
Bleeding Kansas
Border states
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Lincoln-Douglas debates
Missouri Compromise
Popular sovereignty
Secession
States' rights
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
Slavery
African Americans
Cornerstone Speech
Emancipation Proclamation
Fugitive slave laws
Plantations in the American South
Slave Power
Slavery in the United States
Treatment of slaves in the United States
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Abolitionism
Susan B. Anthony
John Brown
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
J. Sella Martin
Lysander Spooner
George Luther Stearns
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Harriet Tubman
Underground Railroad
[show]
Combatants
Theaters
Campaigns
Battles
States
Combatants
Union (USA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Revenue Cutter Service
Confederacy (CSA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Theaters
Eastern
Western
Lower Seaboard
Trans-Mississippi
Pacific Coast
Union naval blockade
Major Campaigns
Anaconda Plan
Blockade runners
New Mexico
Jackson's Valley
Peninsula
Northern Virginia
Maryland
Stones River
Vicksburg
Tullahoma
Gettysburg
Morgan's Raid
Bristoe
Knoxville
Red River
Overland
Atlanta
Valley 1864
Bermuda Hundred
Richmond-Petersburg
Franklin–Nashville
Price's Raid
Sherman's March
Carolinas
Appomattox
Major battles
Fort Sumter
1st Bull Run
Wilson's Creek
Fort Donelson
Pea Ridge
Hampton Roads
Shiloh
New Orleans
Corinth
Seven Pines
Seven Days
2nd Bull Run
Antietam
Perryville
Fredericksburg
Stones River
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Chickamauga
Chattanooga
Wilderness
Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor
Atlanta
Mobile Bay
Franklin
Nashville
Five Forks
Involvement (by
state or territory)
AL
AK
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DC
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
[show]
Leaders
Confederate
Military
R. H. Anderson
Beauregard
Bragg
Buchanan
Cooper
Early
Ewell
Forrest
Gorgas
Hill
Hood
Jackson
A. S. Johnston
J. E. Johnston
Lee
Longstreet
Morgan
Mosby
Price
Semmes
E. K. Smith
Stuart
Taylor
Wheeler
Civilian
Benjamin
Bocock
Breckinridge
Davis
Hunter
Mallory
Memminger
Seddon
Stephens
Union
Military
Anderson
Buell
Burnside
Butler
Du Pont
Farragut
Foote
Frémont
Grant
Halleck
Hooker
Hunt
McClellan
McDowell
Meade
Meigs
Ord
Pope
D. D. Porter
Rosecrans
Scott
Sheridan
Sherman
Thomas
Civilian
Adams
Chase
Ericsson
Hamlin
Lincoln
Pinkerton
Seward
Stanton
Stevens
Wade
Welles
[show]
Aftermath
U.S. Constitution
Reconstruction amendments
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Reconstruction
Alabama Claims
Brooks–Baxter War
Carpetbaggers
Colfax Riot of 1873
Eufaula Riot of 1874
Freedmen's Bureau
Freedman's Savings Bank
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Kirk-Holden War
Knights of the White Camelia
Ku Klux Klan
Memphis Riot of 1866
Meridian Riot of 1871
New Orleans Riot of 1866
Pulaski (Tennessee) Riot of 1867
Reconstruction acts
Habeas Corpus Act 1867
Enforcement Act of 1870
Enforcement Act of February 1871
Enforcement Act of April 1871
Reconstruction treaties
Indian Council at Fort Smith
Red Shirts
Redeemers
Confederate refugees
Confederados
Scalawags
South Carolina riots of 1876
Southern Claims Commission
Homestead acts
Southern Homestead Act of 1866
Timber Culture Act of 1873
White League
post-Reconstruction
Commemoration
Centennial
Civil War Discovery Trail
Civil War Roundtables
Civil War Trails Program
Civil War Trust
Confederate History Month
Confederate monuments and memorials
Removal of public symbols of the Confederacy
Historical reenactment
Robert E. Lee Day
Disenfranchisement
Black Codes
Jim Crow
Lost Cause mythology
Modern display of the Confederate flag
Sons of Confederate Veterans
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
Southern Historical Society
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Monuments and memorials
Union
List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic
Memorials to Abraham Lincoln
Confederate
List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
Annapolis
Roger B. Taney Monument
Baltimore
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument
Confederate Women's Monument
Roger B. Taney Monument
Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument
Durham, North Carolina
Robert E. Lee Monument
New Orleans
Battle of Liberty Place Monument
Jefferson Davis Monument
General Beauregard Equestrian Statue
Robert E. Lee Monument
Cemeteries
Confederate Memorial Day
Ladies' memorial associations
U.S. Memorial Day
U.S. national cemeteries
Veterans
1913 Gettysburg Reunion
Confederate Veteran
Grand Army of the Republic
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
Old soldiers' homes
Southern Cross of Honor
United Confederate Veterans
[show]
Related topics
Related topics
Military
Arms
Campaign Medal
Cavalry
Confederate Home Guard
Confederate railroads
Confederate Revolving Cannon
Field artillery
Medal of Honor recipients
Medicine
Leadership
Naval battles
Official Records
Partisan rangers
POW camps
Rations
Signal Corps
Turning point
Union corps badges
U.S. Balloon Corps
U.S. Home Guard
U.S. Military Railroad
Political
Committee on the Conduct of the War
Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1862
Copperheads
Emancipation Proclamation
Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
Hampton Roads Conference
National Union Party
Radical Republicans
Trent Affair
Union leagues
U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
War Democrats
Other topics
Bibliography
Confederate war finance
Confederate States dollar
Espionage
Confederate Secret Service
Great Revival of 1863
Music
Naming the war
Native Americans
Cherokee
Choctaw
New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
New York City Riot of 1863
Photographers
Richmond Riot of 1863
Sexuality
Supreme Court cases
Tokens
U.S. Sanitary Commission
[show]
v
t
e
The Battle of Hampton Roads
People
John Lorimer Worden
Samuel Dana Greene
Gideon Welles
Franklin Buchanan
Catesby ap Roger Jones
Gustavus Fox
Stephen Mallory
French Forrest
John Ericsson
John Marston
Louis N. Stodder
Ships
USS Monitor
CSS Virginia
USS Congress
USS Cumberland
USS Zouave
USS Roanoke
USS Minnesota
USS St. Lawrence
CSS Beaufort
CSS Raleigh
CSS Patrick Henry
CSS Jamestown
Places
Hampton Roads
Tidewater
James River
Elizabeth River
Norfolk
Fort Monroe
Sewell's Point
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hampton_Roads&oldid=804064855"
Categories:
Battle of Hampton Roads
1862 in Virginia
Maritime incidents in 1862
Peninsula Campaign
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
Naval battles of the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia
Inconclusive battles of the American Civil War
1862 in the American Civil War
Riverine warfare
March 1862 events
Hidden categories:
CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from November 2013
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Coordinates on Wikidata
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from October 2017
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference
Good articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 14:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: class colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: span

values:
/wiki/Norfolk,_VA
mw-redirect
Norfolk, VA

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/John_L._Worden
mw-redirect
John L. Worden

values: Template talk:Campaignbox Peninsula Campaign

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Naval_battle
mw-redirect
Naval battle

values:
/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)
mw-redirect
James River (Virginia)

values:
/wiki/Ironclad_warships
mw-redirect
Ironclad warships

values:
/wiki/USS_Monitor_(1862)
mw-redirect
USS Monitor (1862)

values: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

values: Contemporary map of Battle of Hampton Roads; from Century Magazine, March 1885

values:
/wiki/Charles_S._McCauley
mw-redirect
Charles S. McCauley

values:
/wiki/French_battleship_La_Gloire
mw-redirect
French battleship La Gloire

values:
/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy
mw-redirect
Secretary of the Navy

values:
/wiki/Stephen_R._Mallory
mw-redirect
Stephen R. Mallory

values:
/wiki/John_M._Brooke
mw-redirect
John M. Brooke

values:
/wiki/William_P._Williamson
mw-redirect
William P. Williamson

values:
/wiki/Burnside_Expedition
mw-redirect
Burnside Expedition

values: Edit section: March 8: Virginia wreaks havoc on wooden Union warships

values:
/wiki/USS_Brandywine_(1825)
mw-redirect
USS Brandywine (1825)

values: Edit section: March 9: Monitor engages Virginia

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2017)

values: Edit section: Spring 1862—a standoff at Hampton Roads

values:
/wiki/Thomas_O._Selfridge
mw-redirect
Thomas O. Selfridge

values:
/wiki/USS_Naugatuck_(1844)
mw-redirect
USS Naugatuck (1844)

values: Edit section: Destruction of the combatants

values:
/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia
mw-redirect
Tidewater region of Virginia

values:
/wiki/Monitor_warship_type
mw-redirect
Monitor warship type

values:
/wiki/Passaic_class_monitor
mw-redirect
Passaic class monitor

values:
/wiki/Russian_Alaska
mw-redirect
Russian Alaska

values: Edit section: Commemorating the battle: Virginia

values:
/wiki/Museum_of_the_Confederacy
mw-redirect
Museum of the Confederacy

values: Edit section: Commemorating the battle: Monitor

values: Edit section: Commemorating the Battle of Hampton Roads

values: Edit section: References in popular culture

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of ships of the Confederate States Navy

values: Bibliography of early American naval history

values:
/wiki/Fort_Zachary_Taylor
mw-redirect
Fort Zachary Taylor

values: Austin Pendergrast (page does not exist)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Battle of Hampton Roads

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/lhbcb.08753

values:
nofollow
http://monitor.nos.noaa.gov/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/monitor/
external text

values: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

values: History of the United States (1789–1849)

values:
/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates
mw-redirect
Lincoln-Douglas debates

values: Popular sovereignty in the United States

values: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War

values: Treatment of slaves in the United States

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Western Theater of the American Civil War

values: Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War

values: Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War

values: Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War

values: Blockade runners of the American Civil War

values: Territory of Arizona (Confederate States)

values: Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War

values: New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

values: North Carolina in the American Civil War

values: Indian Territory in the American Civil War

values: South Carolina in the American Civil War

values:
/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)
mw-redirect
Benjamin Butler (politician)

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876

values: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

values: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

values: List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials

values: List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic

values: Roger B. Taney Monument (Annapolis, Maryland)

values: Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument

values: Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument

values: Robert E. Lee Monument (Durham, North Carolina)

values: Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)

values: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States

values:
Related_topics
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values: List of weapons in the American Civil War

values: Confederate railroads in the American Civil War

values: Field artillery in the American Civil War

values: List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients

values: Military leadership in the American Civil War

values: Official Records of the American Civil War

values: United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

values: Confederate States presidential election, 1861

values: United States presidential election, 1864

values:
/wiki/War_Democrats
mw-redirect
War Democrats

values: Native Americans in the American Civil War

values: Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

values: Category:Naval battles of the American Civil War

values: Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia

values: Category:Inconclusive battles of the American Civil War

values: Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)

values: Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2013

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from October 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: نبرد هامپتون رودز – Persian

values: 모니터와 메리맥 해전 – Korean

values: קרב המפטון רודס – Hebrew

values: ハンプトン・ローズ海戦 – Japanese

values: Битва на Хэмптонском рейде – Russian

values: Battle of Hampton Roads – Simple English

values: Битва на рейді Гемптон-Роудс – Ukrainian

values: 漢普頓錨地海戰 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads rootpage-Battle_of_Hampton_Roads vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Port and starboard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Image from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a longship with a steering oar on the starboard side[1]
Diagram showing the schematic view of a ship's position lights.
Port and starboard are nautical and aeronautical terms of orientation that deal unambiguously with the structure of vessels and aircraft. Their structures are largely bilaterally symmetrical, meaning they have mirror-image left and right halves if divided long-ways down the middle.
One asymmetric feature is that on aircraft and ships where access is at the side, this access is usually only provided on the port side.
To understand which is which, when a person is facing the bow on a vessel or aircraft, that is, forward towards the direction the vehicle is heading when underway, the port side is the left-hand side and the starboard side is the right-hand side. However, port and starboard never change; they are unambiguous references that are not based on the relative directions of an observer, just as the cardinal directions of east and west do not change no matter the direction a person faces.[2][3]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 The importance of these standard terms
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Etymology[edit]
The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord, meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship on the right hand side of the ship, because more people are right-handed.[2] Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at the wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called port.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary cites port in this usage since 1543.[5]
Formerly, larboard was often used instead of port. This is from Middle English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load.[3] Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead.[6] The United States Navy followed suit in 1846.[7] Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers.[citation needed]
The importance of these standard terms[edit]
The navigational treaty convention, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea—for instance, as appears in the UK's Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard)[8]—sets forth requirements for maritime vessels to avoid collisions, whether by sail or powered, and whether a vessel is overtaking, approaching head-on, or crossing.[8]:11-12 To set forth these navigational rules, the terms starboard and port are absolutely essential, and to aid in in situ decision-making, the two sides of each vessel are marked, dusk to dawn, by navigation lights, the vessel's starboard side by green and its port side by red.[8]:15 Aircraft are lit in the same way.
See also[edit]
Anatomical terms of location, another example of terms of directionality that do not depend on the location of the observer for things that are bilaterally symmetrical
Direction (disambiguation)
Glossary of nautical terms
Handedness
Laterality
Proper right and proper left
Reflection symmetry
Sinistral and dextral
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Grape, Wolfgang (1994). The Bayeux Tapestry: Monument to a Norman Triumph. Art and Design Series. Munich, DEU: Prestel. p. 95. ISBN 978-3791313658. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b NOS Staff (December 8, 2014). "Why Do Ships use "Port" and "Starboard" Instead of "Left" and "Right?"". NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS) Ocean Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via OceanService.NOAA.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b RMG Staff (February 2, 2017). "Port and Starboard: Why do Sailors say 'Port' and 'Starboard', for "Left" and "Right?"". Discover: Explore by Theme. Greenwich, England, UK: Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via RMG.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric. "Unlike left and right, port and starboard refer to fixed locations on a vessel". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ "port". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Norie, John William; Hobbs, J. S. (1847) [1840]. Sailing directions for the Bay of Biscay, including the coasts of France and Spain, from Ushant to Cape Finisterre ("A new ed., rev. and considerably improved" ed.). C. Wilson. p. 1. OCLC 41208722. Retrieved 7 February 2010. An order, recently issued by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, states, that in order to prevent mistakes, which frequently occur from the similarity of the words starboard and larboard, in future, the word port is to be substituted for larboard, in all Her Majesty's ships or vessels.
Jump up ^ George Bancroft (February 18, 1846). "Port and Starboard: General Order, 18 February 1846". General Orders. Washington, DC: US Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via History.Navy.mil.
^ Jump up to: a b c MCA Staff (2004) [1996]. The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (PDF). Southampton, ENG: Crown Department of Transport, Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of bæcbord at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of larboard at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of starboard at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of port at Wiktionary
show
v
t
e
Parts of a sailing ship
Aftercastle
Afterdeck
Anchor
Anchor windlass
Apparent wind indicator
Beakhead
Bilge
Bilgeboard
Bitts
Boom brake
Bow
Bowsprit
Capstan
Cathead
Centreboard
Chains
Cockpit
Crow's nest
Daggerboard
Deck
Figurehead
Forecastle
Gangway
Gunwale
Head
Hull
Jackline
Jibboom
Keel
Keel (Canting)
Kelson
Leeboard
Mast
Orlop deck
Poop deck
Prow
Quarter gallery
Quarterdeck
Rudder
Ship's wheel
Skeg
Stem
Stern
Sternpost
Strake
Taffrail
Tiller
Top
Transom
Whipstaff
Winch
show
v
t
e
Aircraft components and systems
Airframe structure
Aft pressure bulkhead
Cabane strut
Canopy
Cruciform tail
Dope
Empennage
Fabric covering
Fairing
Flying wires
Former
Fuselage
Hardpoint
Interplane strut
Jury strut
Leading edge
Lift strut
Longeron
Nacelle
Rib
Ring tail
Spar
Stabilizer
Stressed skin
Strut
T-tail
Tailplane
Trailing edge
Triple tail
Twin tail
Vertical stabilizer
V-tail
Y-tail
Wing root
Wing tip
Wingbox
Flight controls
Aileron
Airbrake
Artificial feel
Autopilot
Canard
Centre stick
Deceleron
Dive brake
Electro-hydraulic actuator
Elevator
Elevon
Flaperon
Flight control modes
Fly-by-wire
Gust lock
Rudder
Servo tab
Side-stick
Spoiler
Spoileron
Stabilator
Stick pusher
Stick shaker
Trim tab
Wing warping
Yaw damper
Yoke
Aerodynamic and high-lift
devices
Active Aeroelastic Wing
Adaptive compliant wing
Blown flap
Channel wing
Dog-tooth
Droop
Flap
Gouge flap
Gurney flap
Krueger flap
Leading edge cuff
LEX
Slats
Slot
Stall strips
Strake
Variable-sweep wing
Vortex generator
Vortilon
Wing fence
Winglet
Avionic and flight
instrument systems
ACAS
Air data computer
Airspeed indicator
Altimeter
Annunciator panel
Attitude indicator
Compass
Course deviation indicator
EFIS
EICAS
Flight management system
Glass cockpit
GPS
Heading indicator
Horizontal situation indicator
INS
Pitot-static system
Radar altimeter
TCAS
Transponder
Turn and slip indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
Yaw string
Propulsion controls,
devices and fuel systems
Autothrottle
Drop tank
FADEC
Fuel tank
Gascolator
Inlet cone
Intake ramp
NACA cowling
Self-sealing fuel tank
Splitter plate
Throttle
Thrust lever
Thrust reversal
Townend ring
Wet wing
Landing and arresting gear
Aircraft tire
Arrestor hook
Autobrake
Conventional landing gear
Drogue parachute
Landing gear
Landing gear extender
Oleo strut
Tricycle landing gear
Tundra tire
Escape systems
Ejection seat
Escape crew capsule
Other systems
Aircraft lavatory
Auxiliary power unit
Bleed air system
Deicing boot
Emergency oxygen system
Flight data recorder
Entertainment system
Environmental control system
Hydraulic system
Ice protection system
Landing lights
Navigation light
Passenger service unit
Ram air turbine
Weeping wing
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_and_starboard&oldid=865448507"
Categories:
Aeronautics
Nautical terminology
Orientation (geometry)
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Български
Deutsch
Español
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Русский
Simple English
Türkçe
Українська
中文
7 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 October 2018, at 01:11 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

value: sup

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Left-hand_side
mw-redirect
Left-hand side

values:
/wiki/Relative_directions
mw-redirect
Relative directions

values:
/wiki/Cardinal_directions
mw-redirect
Cardinal directions

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Old_English_language
mw-redirect
Old English language

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: The importance of these standard terms

values:
/wiki/US_Coast_Guard
mw-redirect
US Coast Guard

values:
/wiki/Direction_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Direction (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of Commerce

values:
/wiki/Greenwich,_England
mw-redirect
Greenwich, England

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/148093

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41208722

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Cabane_strut
mw-redirect
Cabane strut

values:
/wiki/Flying_wires
mw-redirect
Flying wires

values:
/wiki/Interplane_strut
mw-redirect
Interplane strut

values:
/wiki/Leading-edge_extension
mw-redirect
Leading-edge extension

values:
/wiki/Leading-edge_slats
mw-redirect
Leading-edge slats

values:
/wiki/Flight_instrument
mw-redirect
Flight instrument

values: Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system

values:
/wiki/Flight_data_recorder
mw-redirect
Flight data recorder

values:
/wiki/Weeping_wing
mw-redirect
Weeping wing

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Port_and_starboard
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: ימין ושמאל בכלי שיט – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B7
舷 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Борт (морський термін) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B7
舷 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Port_and_starboard rootpage-Port_and_starboard skin-vector action-view