text:
Icosagon
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Regular icosagon
A regular icosagon
Type
Regular polygon
Edges and vertices
20
Schläfli symbol
{20}, t{10}, tt{5}
Coxeter diagram

Symmetry group
Dihedral (D20), order 2×20
Internal angle (degrees)
162°
Dual polygon
Self
Properties
Convex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal
In geometry, an icosagon or 20-gon is a twenty-sided polygon. The sum of any icosagon's interior angles is 3240 degrees.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regular icosagon
2 Uses
2.1 Construction
3 The golden ratio in icosagon
4 Symmetry
5 Dissection
6 Related polygons
7 Petrie polygons
8 References
Regular icosagon[edit]
The regular icosagon has Schläfli symbol {20}, and can also be constructed as a truncated decagon, t{10}, or a twice-truncated pentagon, tt{5}.
One interior angle in a regular icosagon is 162°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 18°.
The area of a regular icosagon with edge length t is
A = 5 t 2 ( 1 + 5 + 5 + 2 5 ) ≃ 31.5687 t 2 . {\displaystyle A={5}t^{2}(1+{\sqrt {5}}+{\sqrt {5+2{\sqrt {5}}}})\simeq 31.5687t^{2}.}
In terms of the radius R of its circumcircle, the area is
A = 5 R 2 2 ( 5 − 1 ) ; {\displaystyle A={\frac {5R^{2}}{2}}({\sqrt {5}}-1);}
since the area of the circle is π R 2 , {\displaystyle \pi R^{2},} the regular icosagon fills approximately 98.36% of its circumcircle.
Uses[edit]
The Big Wheel on the popular US game show The Price Is Right has an icosagonal cross-section.
The Globe, the outdoor theater used by William Shakespeare's acting company, was discovered to have been built on an icosagonal foundation when a partial excavation was done in 1989.[1]
As a golygonal path, the swastika is considered to be an irregular icosagon.[2]
A regular square, pentagon, and icosagon can completely fill a plane vertex.
Construction[edit]
As 20 = 22 × 5, regular icosagon is constructible using a compass and straightedge, or by an edge-bisection of a regular decagon, or a twice-bisected regular pentagon:

Construction of a regular icosagon
Construction of a regular decagon
The golden ratio in icosagon[edit]
In the construction with given side length the circular arc around C with radius CD, shares the segment E20F in ratio of the golden ratio.
E 20 E 1 ¯ E 1 F ¯ = E 20 F ¯ E 20 E 1 ¯ = 1 + 5 2 = φ ≈ 1.618 {\displaystyle {\frac {\overline {E_{20}E_{1}}}{\overline {E_{1}F}}}={\frac {\overline {E_{20}F}}{\overline {E_{20}E_{1}}}}={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}=\varphi \approx 1.618}
Icosagon with given side length, animation (The construction is very similar to that of decagon with given side length)
Symmetry[edit]
Symmetries of a regular icosagon. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions. Blue mirrors are drawn through vertices, and purple mirrors are drawn through edge. Gyration orders are given in the center.
The regular icosagon has Dih20 symmetry, order 40. There are 5 subgroup dihedral symmetries: (Dih10, Dih5), and (Dih4, Dih2, and Dih1), and 6 cyclic group symmetries: (Z20, Z10, Z5), and (Z4, Z2, Z1).
These 10 symmetries can be seen in 16 distinct symmetries on the icosagon, a larger number because the lines of reflections can either pass through vertices or edges. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order.[3] Full symmetry of the regular form is r40 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars), and i when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders.
Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g20 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges.
The highest symmetry irregular icosagons are d20, a isogonal icosagon constructed by ten mirrors which can alternate long and short edges, and p20, an isotoxal icosagon, constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular icosagon.
Dissection[edit]
20-gon with 180 rhombs

regular
Isotoxal
Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2 parallelograms.[4] In particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the icosagon, m=10, and it can be divided into 45: 5 squares and 4 sets of 10 rhombs. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 10-cube, with 45 of 11520 faces. The list A006245 enumerates the number of solutions as 18,410,581,880, including up to 20-fold rotations and chiral forms in reflection.
Dissection into 45 rhombs

10-cube
Related polygons[edit]
An icosagram is a 20-sided star polygon, represented by symbol {20/n}. There are three regular forms given by Schläfli symbols: {20/3}, {20/7}, and {20/9}. There are also five regular star figures (compounds) using the same vertex arrangement: 2{10}, 4{5}, 5{4}, 2{10/3}, 4{5/2}, and 10{2}.
n
1
2
3
4
5
Form
Convex polygon
Compound
Star polygon
Compound
Image

{20/1} = {20}
{20/2} = 2{10}
{20/3}
{20/4} = 4{5}
{20/5} = 5{4}
Interior angle
162° 144° 126° 108° 90°
n
6
7
8
9
10
Form
Compound
Star polygon
Compound
Star polygon
Compound
Image

{20/6} = 2{10/3}
{20/7}
{20/8} = 4{5/2}
{20/9}
{20/10} = 10{2}
Interior angle
72° 54° 36° 18° 0°
Deeper truncations of the regular decagon and decagram can produce isogonal (vertex-transitive) intermediate icosagram forms with equally spaced vertices and two edge lengths.[5]
A regular icosagram, {20/9}, can be seen as a quasitruncated decagon, t{10/9}={20/9}. Similarly a decagram, {10/3} has a quasitruncation t{10/7}={20/7}, and finally a simple truncation of a decagram gives t{10/3}={20/3}.
Icosagrams as truncations of a regular decagons and decagrams, {10}, {10/3}
Quasiregular
Quasiregular

t{10}={20}
t{10/9}={20/9}

t{10/3}={20/3}
t{10/7}={20/7}
Petrie polygons[edit]
The regular icosagon is the Petrie polygon for a number of higher-dimensional polytopes, shown in orthogonal projections in Coxeter planes:
A19
B10
D11
E8
H4
2H2

19-simplex
10-orthoplex
10-cube
11-demicube
(421)
600-cell
10-10 duopyramid
10-10 duoprism
It is also the Petrie polygon for the icosahedral 120-cell, small stellated 120-cell, great icosahedral 120-cell, and great grand 120-cell.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Muriel Pritchett, University of Georgia "To Span the Globe", see also Editor's Note, retrieved on 10th January 2016
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Icosagon". MathWorld.
Jump up ^ John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)
Jump up ^ Coxeter, Mathematical recreations and Essays, Thirteenth edition, p.141
Jump up ^ The Lighter Side of Mathematics: Proceedings of the Eugène Strens Memorial Conference on Recreational Mathematics and its History, (1994), Metamorphoses of polygons, Branko Grünbaum
Naming Polygons and Polyhedra
icosagon
[hide]
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e
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Regular
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1–10 sides
Monogon
Digon
Triangle
Equilateral
Isosceles
Quadrilateral
Square
Rectangle
Rhombus
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Trapezoid
Kite
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Nonagon (Enneagon)
Decagon
11–20 sides
Hendecagon
Dodecagon
Tridecagon
Tetradecagon
Pentadecagon
Hexadecagon
Heptadecagon
Octadecagon
Enneadecagon
Icosagon
21–100 sides
(selected)
Icosidigon (22)
Icositetragon (24)
Icosihexagon (26)
Icosioctagon (28)
Triacontagon (30)
Triacontadigon (32)
Triacontatetragon (34)
Tetracontagon (40)
Tetracontadigon (42)
Tetracontaoctagon (48)
Pentacontagon (50)
Hexacontagon (60)
Hexacontatetragon (64)
Heptacontagon (70)
Octacontagon (80)
Enneacontagon (90)
Enneacontahexagon (96)
Hectogon (100)
>100 sides
120-gon
257-gon
360-gon
Chiliagon (1,000)
Myriagon (10,000)
65537-gon
Megagon (1,000,000)
Apeirogon (∞)
Star polygons
(5–12 sides)
Pentagram
Hexagram
Heptagram
Octagram
Enneagram
Decagram
Hendecagram
Dodecagram
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Alice in Wonderland dress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Alice in Wonderland dress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Alice as she appears in John Tenniel's illustrations for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
One of the most iconic figures to emerge from 19th century children's literature, and one who is instantly recognized by her attire, is Alice in Wonderland.[1] Although many artists have depicted Alice in many different ways, the original illustrations by John Tenniel have become iconic through their subsequent repetition (with generally minimal alterations) in most published editions and film adaptations.
Contents
1 Tenniel's Alice
2 The color of Alice's dress
3 Alice in other media
4 Notes
Tenniel's Alice[edit]
Tenniel's black-and-white illustrations for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland depict Alice wearing a knee-length puffed sleeve dress with a pinafore worn over the top and ankle-strap shoes.[2] Tenniel added additional elements to the design for Through the Looking Glass, including striped stockings and a headband.[3] (Headbands of this type became so linked to Alice that they are sometimes called "Alice bands".[4])
The color of Alice's dress[edit]
An Alice in Wonderland costume based on the design from the 1972 film Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. This is an example of the most well-known depiction of Alice's dress.
The first colorized versions of Tenniel's images were created for The Nursery "Alice". Twenty of Tenniel's original illustrations from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland were re-drawn (with alterations to Alice's dress to bring it in line with current fashion trends) and colored under his supervision. In this edition, Alice's dress was yellow.[5]
Subsequent colorized versions of Tenniel's illustrations created for editions of the Alice books after Charles Dodgson's death and without the involvement of Tenniel have dressed Alice in different colors, including red, orange, and chartreuse.[6] One of the earliest, Macmillan's 1903 "Little Folks" edition, had her in a blue dress.[7] Macmillan's deluxe 1911 edition, which featured color plates based on Tenniel's illustrations painted by artist Harry Theaker, again had Alice in a blue dress.[6]
Alice in other media[edit]
Alice, in a 1948 Ladies' Home Journal advertisement
The blue dress subsequently became the most common and well-known version of Alice's dress, showing up often in print and filmed adaptations that take their inspiration from Tenniel's original illustrations (including Paramount's 1933 movie, Disney's 1951 movie, and the 1972 movie). Although some adaptations have chosen different color schemes (for example, orange in the 1985 Irwin Allen production and yellow in the BBC's 1972[8] and 1986[9] adaptations as well as the 1999 Hallmark movie), the blue version has remained the most iconic version.
Notes[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice in Wonderland.
Jump up ^ Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Charles Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll
Jump up ^ http://www.alice-in-wonderland.net/alice2a.html
Jump up ^ http://www.alice-in-wonderland.net/alice2b.html
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=D37Cd3Ad7eIC&pg=PA30&dq=alice+band+-+alice+in+wonderland&hl=en&ei=rgrhTOW4DqmAhAfh8-T3DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=alice%20band%20-%20alice%20in%20wonderland&f=false
Jump up ^ http://www.alice-in-wonderland.net/nursery-alice-illustrations.html
^ Jump up to: a b http://alicenations.blogspot.com/2011/04/am-i-blue-ask-anyone-what-color-alices.html
Jump up ^ http://alicenations.blogspot.com/2011/04/am-i-blue-ask-anyone-what-color-alices.html
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071116/?ref_=fn_al_tt_4
Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0421576/
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_in_Wonderland_dress&oldid=848207964"
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Coordinated Universal Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"UTC" redirects here. For other uses, see UTC (disambiguation).
This article is about the time standard abbreviated as "UTC". For the time offset between UTC−1 and UTC+1, see UTC±00:00.
Current UTC
May 30, 2018 17:53:10 (UTC) – Refresh
World map of current time zones
Coordinated Universal Time (abbreviated to UTC) is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean solar time at 0° longitude;[1] it does not observe daylight saving time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with Greenwich Mean Time (GMT),[2] but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community.
The first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960,[3] but the official abbreviation of UTC and the official English name of Coordinated Universal Time (along with the French equivalent), was not adopted until 1967.[4]
The system was adjusted several times, including a brief period where time coordination radio signals broadcast both UTC and "Stepped Atomic Time (SAT)" until a new UTC was adopted in 1970 and implemented in 1972. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments. This CCIR Recommendation 460 "stated that (a) carrier frequencies and time intervals should be maintained constant and should correspond to the definition of the SI second; (b) step adjustments, when necessary, should be exactly 1 s to maintain approximate agreement with Universal Time (UT); and (c) standard signals should contain information on the difference between UTC and UT."[3]
A number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, and the decision to remove them altogether has been deferred until 2023.[5]
The current version of UTC is defined by International Telecommunications Union Recommendation (ITU-R TF.460-6), Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions[6] and is based on International Atomic Time (TAI) with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the slowing of Earth's rotation.[7] Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of the UT1 variant of universal time.[8] See the "Current number of leap seconds" section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Uses
3 Mechanism
3.1 Time zones
3.2 Daylight saving time
4 History
4.1 Current number of leap seconds
5 Rationale
6 Future
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Notes
8.2 Bibliography
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC. This abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT (for "coordinated universal time"), while French speakers proposed TUC (for "temps universel coordonné"). The compromise that emerged was UTC,[9] which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time (UT0, UT1, UT2, UT1R, etc.).[10]
Uses[edit]
Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, as in the list of time zones by UTC offset.
The westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC; the easternmost time zone, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the island nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that Kiribati would all be on the same day.
UTC is used in many internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol (NTP), designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, transmits time information from the UTC system.[11] If only milliseconds precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers. For sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals.
UTC is also the time standard used in aviation,[12] e.g., for flight plans and air traffic control clearances. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones and daylight saving time. The International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard.
Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones.[13]
UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles (LGV) under EU and AETR rules.
Mechanism[edit]
UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds. Days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes. The number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead.[14] Thus, in the UTC time scale, the second and all smaller time units (millisecond, microsecond, etc.) are of constant duration, but the minute and all larger time units (hour, day, week, etc.) are of variable duration. Decisions to introduce a leap second are announced at least six months in advance in "Bulletin C" produced by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service.[15][16] The leap seconds cannot be predicted far in advance due to the unpredictable rate of rotation of the Earth.[17]
Nearly all UTC days contain exactly 86,400 SI seconds with exactly 60 seconds in each minute. However, because the mean solar day is slightly longer than 86,400 SI seconds, occasionally the last minute of a UTC day is adjusted to have 61 seconds. The extra second is called a leap second. It accounts for the grand total of the extra length (about 2 milliseconds each) of all the mean solar days since the previous leap second. The last minute of a UTC day is permitted to contain 59 seconds to cover the remote possibility of the Earth rotating faster, but that has not yet been necessary. The irregular day lengths mean that fractional Julian days do not work properly with UTC.
Since 1972, UTC is calculated by subtracting the accumulated leap seconds from International Atomic Time (TAI), which is a coordinate time scale tracking notional proper time on the rotating surface of the Earth (the geoid). In order to maintain a close approximation to UT1 (equivalent to GMT), UTC occasionally has discontinuities where it changes from one linear function of TAI to another. These discontinuities take the form of leap seconds implemented by a UTC day of irregular length. Discontinuities in UTC have occurred only at the end of June or December, although there is provision for them to happen at the end of March and September as well as a second preference.[18][19] The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) tracks and publishes the difference between UTC and Universal Time, DUT1 = UT1 − UTC, and introduces discontinuities into UTC to keep DUT1 in the interval (−0.9 s, +0.9 s).
As with TAI, UTC is only known with the highest precision in retrospect. Users who require an approximation in real time must obtain it from a time laboratory, which disseminates an approximation using techniques such as GPS or radio time signals. Such approximations are designated UTC(k), where k is an abbreviation for the time laboratory.[20] The time of events may be provisionally recorded against one of these approximations; later corrections may be applied using the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) monthly publication of tables of differences between canonical TAI/UTC and TAI(k)/UTC(k) as estimated in real time by participating laboratories.[21] (See the article on International Atomic Time for details.)
Because of time dilation, a standard clock not on the geoid, or in rapid motion, will not maintain synchronicity with UTC. Therefore, telemetry from clocks with a known relation to the geoid is used to provide UTC when required, on locations such as those of spacecraft.
It is not possible to compute the exact time interval elapsed between two UTC timestamps without consulting a table that describes how many leap seconds occurred during that interval. By extension, it is not possible to compute the duration of a time interval that ends in the future and may encompass an unknown number of leap seconds (for example, the number of TAI seconds between "now" and 2099-12-31 23:59:59). Therefore, many scientific applications that require precise measurement of long (multi-year) intervals use TAI instead. TAI is also commonly used by systems that cannot handle leap seconds. GPS time always remains exactly 19 seconds behind TAI (neither system is affected by the leap seconds introduced in UTC).
For most common and legal-trade purposes, the fractional second difference between UTC and UT (GMT) is inconsequentially small. Greenwich Mean Time is the legal standard in Britain during the winter, and this notation is familiar to and used by the population.[22]
Time zones[edit]
Main articles: Time zone and Lists of time zones
See also: UTC offset and List of UTC time offsets
"Zulu time" redirects here. For the album by Caspar Brötzmann and Page Hamilton, see Zulutime.
Time zones are usually defined as differing from UTC by an integer number of hours,[23] although the laws of each jurisdiction would have to be consulted if sub-second accuracy was required. Several jurisdictions have established time zones that differ by an integer number of half-hours or quarter-hours from UT1 or UTC.
Current civil time in a particular time zone can be determined by adding or subtracting the number of hours and minutes specified by the UTC offset, which ranges from UTC−12:00 in the west to UTC+14:00 in the east (see List of UTC time offsets).
The time zone using UTC is sometimes denoted UTC±00:00 or by the letter Z—a reference to the equivalent nautical time zone (GMT), which has been denoted by a Z since about 1950. Time zones were identified by successive letters of the alphabet and the Greenwich time zone was marked by a Z as it was the point of origin. The letter also refers to the "zone description" of zero hours, which has been used since 1920 (see time zone history). Since the NATO phonetic alphabet word for Z is "Zulu", UTC is sometimes known as "Zulu time". This is especially true in aviation, where "Zulu" is the universal standard.[24] This ensures all pilots regardless of location are using the same 24-hour clock, thus avoiding confusion when flying between time zones.[25] See the list of military time zones for letters used in addition to Z in qualifying time zones other than Greenwich.
On electronic devices that only allow the current time zone to be configured using maps or city names, UTC can be selected indirectly by selecting Reykjavík, Iceland, which is always on UTC and does not use daylight saving time.[26]
Daylight saving time[edit]
Main article: Daylight saving time
UTC does not change with a change of seasons, but local time or civil time may change if a time zone jurisdiction observes daylight saving time (summer time). For example, local time on the east coast of the United States is five hours behind UTC during winter, but four hours behind while daylight saving is observed there.[27]
History[edit]
At the 1884 International Meridian Conference held in Washington, D.C., the local mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in England was chosen to define the Universal day, counted from 0 hours at mean midnight. This agreed with civil Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), used on the island of Great Britain since 1847. In contrast, astronomical GMT began at mean noon, 12 hours after mean midnight of the same date until 1 January 1925, whereas nautical GMT began at mean noon, 12 hours before mean midnight of the same date, at least until 1805 in the Royal Navy, but persisted much later elsewhere because it was mentioned at the 1884 conference. In 1884, the Greenwich Meridian was used for two-thirds of all charts and maps as their Prime Meridian.[28] In 1928, the term Universal Time (UT) was introduced by the International Astronomical Union to refer to GMT, with the day starting at midnight.[29] Until the 1950s, broadcast time signals were based on UT, and hence on the rotation of the Earth.
In 1955, the caesium atomic clock was invented. This provided a form of timekeeping that was both more stable and more convenient than astronomical observations. In 1956, the U.S. National Bureau of Standards and U.S. Naval Observatory started to develop atomic frequency time scales; by 1959, these time scales were used in generating the WWV time signals, named for the shortwave radio station that broadcasts them. In 1960, the U.S. Naval Observatory, the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and the UK National Physical Laboratory coordinated their radio broadcasts so time steps and frequency changes were coordinated, and the resulting time scale was informally referred to as "Coordinated Universal Time".[30]
In a controversial decision, the frequency of the signals was initially set to match the rate of UT, but then kept at the same frequency by the use of atomic clocks and deliberately allowed to drift away from UT. When the divergence grew significantly, the signal was phase shifted (stepped) by 20 ms to bring it back into agreement with UT. Twenty-nine such steps were used before 1960.[31]
In 1958, data was published linking the frequency for the caesium transition, newly established, with the ephemeris second. The ephemeris second is the duration of time that, when used as the independent variable in the laws of motion that govern the movement of the planets and moons in the solar system, cause the laws of motion to accurately predict the observed positions of solar system bodies. Within the limits of observing accuracy, ephemeris seconds are of constant length, as are atomic seconds. This publication allowed a value to be chosen for the length of the atomic second that would work properly with the celestial laws of motion.[32]
In 1961, the Bureau International de l'Heure began coordinating the UTC process internationally (but the name Coordinated Universal Time was not formally adopted by the International Astronomical Union until 1967).[33][34] Time steps occurred every few months thereafter, and frequency changes at the end of each year. The jumps increased in size to 100 ms. This UTC was intended to permit a very close approximation to UT2.[30]
In 1967, the SI second was redefined in terms of the frequency supplied by a caesium atomic clock. The length of second so defined was practically equal to the second of ephemeris time.[35] This was the frequency that had been provisionally used in TAI since 1958. It was soon recognised that having two types of second with different lengths, namely the UTC second and the SI second used in TAI, was a bad idea. It was thought that it would be better for time signals to maintain a consistent frequency, and that that frequency should match the SI second. Thus it would be necessary to rely on time steps alone to maintain the approximation of UT. This was tried experimentally in a service known as "Stepped Atomic Time" (SAT), which ticked at the same rate as TAI and used jumps of 200 ms to stay synchronised with UT2.[36]
There was also dissatisfaction with the frequent jumps in UTC (and SAT). In 1968, Louis Essen, the inventor of the caesium atomic clock, and G. M. R. Winkler both independently proposed that steps should be of 1 s only.[37] This system was eventually approved, along with the idea of maintaining the UTC second equal to the TAI second. At the end of 1971, there was a final irregular jump of exactly 0.107758 TAI seconds, so that 1 January 1972 00:00:00 UTC was 1 January 1972 00:00:10 TAI exactly, making the difference between UTC and TAI an integer number of seconds. At the same time, the tick rate of UTC was changed to exactly match TAI. UTC also started to track UT1 rather than UT2. Some time signals started to broadcast the DUT1 correction (UT1 − UTC) for applications requiring a closer approximation of UT1 than UTC now provided.[38][39]
Current number of leap seconds[edit]
The first leap second occurred on 30 June 1972. Since then, leap seconds have occurred on average about once every 19 months, always on 30 June or 31 December. As of January 2017, there have been 27 leap seconds in total, all positive, putting UTC 37 seconds behind TAI.[40]
Rationale[edit]
Graph showing the difference DUT1 between UT1 and UTC (in seconds). Vertical segments correspond to leap seconds.
Earth's rotational speed is very slowly decreasing because of tidal deceleration; this increases the length of the mean solar day. The length of the SI second was calibrated on the basis of the second of ephemeris time[32][35] and can now be seen to have a relationship with the mean solar day observed between 1750 and 1892, analysed by Simon Newcomb. As a result, the SI second is close to 1/86400 of a mean solar day in the mid‑19th century.[41] In earlier centuries, the mean solar day was shorter than 86,400 SI seconds, and in more recent centuries it is longer than 86,400 seconds. Near the end of the 20th century, the length of the mean solar day (also known simply as "length of day" or "LOD") was approximately 86,400.0013 s.[42] For this reason, UT is now "slower" than TAI by the difference (or "excess" LOD) of 1.3 ms/day.
The excess of the LOD over the nominal 86,400 s accumulates over time, causing the UTC day, initially synchronised with the mean sun, to become desynchronised and run ahead of it. Near the end of the 20th century, with the LOD at 1.3 ms above the nominal value, UTC ran faster than UT by 1.3 ms per day, getting a second ahead roughly every 800 days. Thus, leap seconds were inserted at approximately this interval, retarding UTC to keep it synchronised in the long term.[43] The actual rotational period varies on unpredictable factors such as tectonic motion and has to be observed, rather than computed.
Just as adding a leap day every four years does not mean the year is getting longer by one day every four years, the insertion of a leap second every 800 days does not indicate that the mean solar day is getting longer by a second every 800 days. It will take about 50,000 years for a mean solar day to lengthen by one second (at a rate of 2 ms/cy, where cy means century). This rate fluctuates within the range of 1.7–2.3 ms/cy. While the rate due to tidal friction alone is about 2.3 ms/cy, the uplift of Canada and Scandinavia by several metres since the last Ice Age has temporarily reduced this to 1.7 ms/cy over the last 2,700 years.[44] The correct reason for leap seconds, then, is not the current difference between actual and nominal LOD, but rather the accumulation of this difference over a period of time: Near the end of the 20th century, this difference was about 1/800 of a second per day; therefore, after about 800 days, it accumulated to 1 second (and a leap second was then added).
In the graph of DUT1 above, the excess of LOD above the nominal 86,400 s corresponds to the downward slope of the graph between vertical segments. (The slope became shallower in the 2000s (decade), because of a slight acceleration of Earth's crust temporarily shortening the day.) Vertical position on the graph corresponds to the accumulation of this difference over time, and the vertical segments correspond to leap seconds introduced to match this accumulated difference. Leap seconds are timed to keep DUT1 within the vertical range depicted by this graph. The frequency of leap seconds therefore corresponds to the slope of the diagonal graph segments, and thus to the excess LOD.
Future[edit]
See also: Leap second
As the Earth's rotation continues to slow, positive leap seconds will be required more frequently. The long-term rate of change of LOD is approximately +1.7 ms per century. At the end of the 21st century, LOD will be roughly 86,400.004 s, requiring leap seconds every 250 days. Over several centuries, the frequency of leap seconds will become problematic.
Some time in the 22nd century, two leap seconds will be required every year. The current use of only the leap second opportunities in June and December will be insufficient, and the March and September options will have to be used. In the 25th century, four leap seconds will be required every year, so the current quarterly options will be insufficient. Thereafter there will need to be the possibility of leap seconds at the end of any month. In about two thousand years, even that will be insufficient, and there will have to be leap seconds that are not at the end of a month.[45] In a few tens of thousands of years (the timing is uncertain), LOD will exceed 86,401 s, causing UTC to require more than one leap second per day.
In April 2001, Rob Seaman of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory proposed that leap seconds be allowed to be added monthly rather than twice yearly.[46]
There is a proposal to redefine UTC and abolish leap seconds, such that sundials would slowly get further out of sync with civil time.[47] The resulting gradual shift of the sun's movements relative to civil time is analogous to the shift of seasons relative to the yearly calendar that results from the calendar year not precisely matching the tropical year length. This would be a major practical change in civil timekeeping, but would take effect slowly over several centuries. UTC (and TAI) would be more and more ahead of UT; it would coincide with local mean time along a meridian drifting slowly eastward (reaching Paris and beyond).[48] Thus, the time system would lose its fixed connection to the geographic coordinates based on the IERS meridian. The difference between UTC and UT could reach 0.5 hour after the year 2600 and 6.5 hours around 4600.[45]
ITU‑R Study Group 7 and Working Party 7A were unable to reach consensus on whether to advance the proposal to the 2012 Radiocommunications Assembly; the chairman of Study Group 7 elected to advance the question to the 2012 Radiocommunications Assembly (20 January 2012),[49] but consideration of the proposal was postponed by the ITU until the World Radio Conference in 2015, convening on 2 November.[50]
The possibility of suppressing the leap second was considered in November 2015 at the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15), which is the international regulatory body which defines Coordinated Universal Time.[51] No decision to suppress leap seconds was reached; the issue will be studied further and reconsidered in 2023.[52]
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Time portal
Ephemeris time
IERS Reference Meridian
ISO 8601
List of UTC timing centers
Coordinated Mars Time (MTC)
Terrestrial Time
World Radiocommunication Conference
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Guinot 2011, p. S181.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Guinot 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC) (CCTF/09-32)" (PDF). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. p. 3. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, D. (2 June 2009). "Note on Coordinated Universal Time (CCTF/09-32)" (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 3 September 2017. Bibliographic details from BIPM
Jump up ^ "Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to retain "leap second"". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
Jump up ^ ITU Radiocommunication Assembly 2002.
Jump up ^ Time Service Dept. 2016.
Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology 2012.
Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology 2011.
Jump up ^ IAU resolutions 1976.
Jump up ^ How NTP Works 2011.
Jump up ^ Aviation Time 2006.
Jump up ^ Horzepa 2010.
Jump up ^ ITU Radiocommunication Assembly 2002, p. 3.
Jump up ^ International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service 2011.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 229.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, chapter 4.
Jump up ^ History of TAI-UTC c. 2009.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, pp. 217, 227–231.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 209.
Jump up ^ Time n.d.
Jump up ^ Langley 1999.
Jump up ^ Seidelmann 1992, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Military & Civilian Time Designations n.d.
Jump up ^ Williams 2005.
Jump up ^ Iceland 2011.
Jump up ^ Standard time 2010.
Jump up ^ Howse 1997, pp. 133–137.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, pp. 10–11.
^ Jump up to: a b McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, pp. 226–227.
Jump up ^ Arias, Guinot & Quinn 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b Markowitz et al. 1958.
Jump up ^ Nelson & McCarthy 2005, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Nelson et al. 2001, p. 515.
^ Jump up to: a b Markowitz 1988.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 227.
Jump up ^ Essen 1968, pp. 161–5.
Jump up ^ Seidelmann 1992, pp. 85–87.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Lombardi & Okayama 2005, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Bulletin C 2016.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 87.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 54.
Jump up ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 230. (Average for period from 1 January 1991 through 1 January 2009. Average varies considerably depending on what period is chosen).
Jump up ^ Stephenson & Morrison 1995.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen 2011a.
Jump up ^ Seaman, Rob (9 April 2001). "Upgrade, don't degrade". Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Allen 2011b.
Jump up ^ Irvine 2008.
Jump up ^ Seidelmann & Seago 2011, p. S190.
Jump up ^ Leap decision postponed 2012.
Jump up ^ "ITU World Radiocommunication Conference set for Geneva, 2–27 November 2015". International Telecommunications Union. 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to retain 'leap second'". International Telecommunications Union. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
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Williams, Jack (17 May 2005). "Understanding and using Zulu time". USA Today. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
External links[edit]
Look up UTC in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Current UTC time
Definition of Coordinated Universal Time in German law–ZeitG §1 (3)
International Earth Rotation Service; list of differences between TAI and UTC from 1961 to present
U.S. Naval Observatory: Systems of Time
W3C Specification about UTC Date and Time and RFC 3339, based on ISO 8601
Standard of time definition: UTC, GPS, LORAN and TAI
What is in a name? On the term Coordinated Universal Time
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text:
Robert De Niro filmography
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Robert De Niro filmography
De Niro at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival
Occupation
Actor, director, producer
Years active
1962–present
Robert De Niro's filmography includes the year the film was/will be released, the name of his character, and other related notes. There is also a list of films he has produced and his appearances in theater plays, TV series and documentaries. He is sometimes credited as Robert DeNiro and Robert De Nero. De Niro has appeared in over 100 films throughout his career.
Contents
[hide]
1 Filmography
1.1 Film
1.2 Producing
2 Television
3 Documentaries
4 Theater
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Film[1][2]
Year
Role
Director
Notes
Encounter
1965 The Nephew Norman C. Chaitin
Three Rooms in Manhattan
Client at the dinner Marcel Carné Uncredited
Jeunes Loups !Les Jeunes Loups
1968 Client at the club Chez Popov Marcel Carné Uncredited
Greetings
Jon Rubin Brian De Palma
Sam's Song
1969 Sam Jordan Leondopoulos
Bloody Mama
1970 Lloyd Barker Roger Corman
Hi, Mom!
Jon Rubin Brian De Palma
Jennifer on My Mind
1971 Mardigian Noel Black
Born to Win
Officer Danny Ivan Passer
Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight !The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight
Mario Trantino James Goldstone
Bang the Drum Slowly
1973 Bruce Pearson John D. Hancock
Mean Streets
John "Johnny Boy" Civello Martin Scorsese
Godfather Part II !The Godfather Part II
1974 Vito Corleone Francis Ford Coppola
Taxi Driver
1976 Travis Bickle Martin Scorsese
1900
Alfredo Berlinghieri Bernardo Bertolucci
Last Tycoon !The Last Tycoon
Monroe Stahr Elia Kazan
New York, New York
1977 Jimmy Doyle Martin Scorsese
Deer Hunter !The Deer Hunter
1978 Michael Vronsky Michael Cimino
The Swap
1979 Sam Nicoletti Jordan Leondopoulos Archive footage
Raging Bull
1980 Jake LaMotta Martin Scorsese
True Confessions
1981 Monsignor Desmond "Des" Spellacy Ulu Grosbard
King of Comedy !The King of Comedy
1982 Rupert Pupkin Martin Scorsese
Once Upon a Time in America
1984 David "Noodles" Aaronson Sergio Leone
Falling in Love
Frank Raftis Ulu Grosbard
Brazil
1985 Archibald "Harry" Tuttle Terry Gilliam
Mission !The Mission
1986 Rodrigo Mendoza Roland Joffé
Angel Heart
1987 Louis Cyphre Alan Parker
Untouchables !The Untouchables
Al Capone Brian De Palma
Midnight Run
1988 Jack Walsh Martin Brest
Jacknife
1989 Joseph "Jacknife" Megessey David Hugh Jones
We're No Angels
Ned Neil Jordan
Stanley & Iris
1990 Stanley Everett Cox Martin Ritt
Goodfellas
James "Jimmy the Gent" Conway Martin Scorsese
Awakenings
Leonard Lowe Penny Marshall
Guilty by Suspicion
1991 David Merrill Irwin Winkler
Backdraft
Donald "Shadow" Rimgale Ron Howard
Cape Fear
Maximilian "Max" Cady Martin Scorsese
Mistress
1992 Evan M. Wright Barry Primus
Night and the City
Harry Fabian Irwin Winkler
Mad Dog and Glory
1993 Wayne "Mad Dog" Dobie John MacNaughton
This Boy's Life
Dwight Hansen Michael Caton-Jones
Bronx Tale !A Bronx Tale
Lorenzo Anello Robert De Niro Also director
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
1994 The Creature Kenneth Branagh
Casino
1995 Sam "Ace" Rothstein Martin Scorsese
Heat
Neil McCauley Michael Mann
One Hundred and One Nights
Le mari de la star-fantasme en croisière Agnès Varda
Fan !The Fan
1996 Gilbert "Gil" Renard Tony Scott
Sleepers
Father Bobby Barry Levinson
Marvin's Room
Dr. Wally Jerry Zaks
Cop Land
1997 Lt. Moe Tilden James Mangold
Jackie Brown
Louis Gara Quentin Tarantino
Wag the Dog
Conrad Brean Barry Levinson
Great Expectations
1998 Arthur Lustig Alfonso Cuarón
Ronin
Sam John Frankenheimer
Analyze This
1999 Paul Vitti Harold Ramis
Flawless
Walter Koontz Joel Schumacher
Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle !The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle
2000 Fearless Leader Des McAnuff
Men of Honor
Chief Leslie William "Billy" Sunday George Tillman Jr.
Meet the Parents
Jack Tiberius Byrnes Jay Roach
15 Minutes
2001 Det. Eddie Flemming John Herzfeld
Score !The Score
Nick Wells Frank Oz
Showtime
2002 Det. Mitch Preston Tom Dey
City by the Sea
Vincent Anthony LaMarca Michael Caton-Jones
Analyze That
Paul Vitti Harold Ramis
Godsend
2004 Dr. Richard Wells Nick Hamm
Shark Tale
Don Lino Bibo Bergeron
Vicky Jenson
Rob Letterman Voice
Meet the Fockers
Jack Tiberius Byrnes Jay Roach
Hide and Seek
2005 David Callaway / Charlie John Polson
Good Shepherd !The Good Shepherd
2006 General Bill Sullivan Robert De Niro Also director
Arthur and the Invisibles
Emperor Sifrat XVI Luc Besson Voice
Stardust
2007 Captain Shakespeare Matthew Vaughn
Righteous Kill
2008 Det. Thomas "Turk" Cowan Jon Avnet
What Just Happened
Ben Barry Levinson
Everybody's Fine
2009 Frank Kirk Jones
Machete
2010 Senator McLaughlin Robert Rodriguez
Stone
Jack Mabry John Curran
Little Fockers
Jack Tiberius Byrnes Paul Weitz
The Ages of Love
2011 Adrian Giovanni Veronesi
Killer Elite
Hunter Gary McKendry
Limitless
Carl Van Loon Neil Burger
New Year's Eve
Stan Harris Garry Marshall
Being Flynn
2012 Jonathan Flynn Paul Weitz
Red Lights
Simon Silver Rodrigo Cortés
Freelancers
Sarcone Jessy Terrero
Silver Linings Playbook
Pat Solitano, Sr. David O. Russell
Big Wedding !The Big Wedding
2013 Don Griffin Justin Zackham
Killing Season
Col. Benjamin Ford Mark Steven Johnson
Family !The Family
Fred Blake / Giovanni Manzoni Luc Besson
Last Vegas
Patrick "Paddy" Connors Jon Turteltaub
American Hustle
Victor Tellegio David O. Russell
Grudge Match
Billy "The Kid" McDonnen Peter Segal
Bag Man !The Bag Man
2014 Dragna David Grovic
Intern !The Intern
2015 Ben Whittaker Nancy Meyers
Heist
Frank "The Pope" Silva Scott Mann
Joy
Rudy Mangano David O. Russell
Dirty Grandpa
2016 Dick Kelly Dan Mazer
Hands of Stone
Ray Arcel Jonathan Jakubowicz
The Comedian
Jackie Taylor Hackford
The War with Grandpa
2018 Ed Tim Hill Post-production
The Irishman
2019 Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran Martin Scorsese Filming
Producing[edit]
Film[1][2]
Year
Notes
We're No Angels
1989 Executive producer
Cape Fear
1991 Producer (uncredited)
Thunderheart
1992 Producer
Mistress
Producer
TriBeCa
1993 Executive producer
The Night We Never Met
Producer (uncredited)
A Bronx Tale
Producer
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
1994 Associate producer
Panther
1995 Producer (uncredited)
Faithful
1996 Producer
Marvin's Room
Producer
Wag the Dog
1997 Producer
Witness to the Mob
1998 Executive producer
Entropy
1999 Producer
Flawless
Producer
The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle
2000 Producer
Meet the Parents
Producer
Holiday Heart
Producer
Prison Song
2001 Producer
About a Boy
2002 Producer
Stage Beauty
2004 Producer
Meet the Fockers
Producer
Rent
2005 Producer
The Good Shepherd
2006 Producer
What Just Happened
2008 Producer
Public Enemies
2009 Executive producer (uncredited)[citation needed]
Little Fockers
2010 Producer
20% Fiction
Executive producer
36
Producer
Warrior Queen
2011 Producer
The Undomestic Goddess
Executive producer
NYC 22
2012 Executive producer[3]
About a Boy
2014 Executive producer[4]
The Wizard of Lies
2017 Executive producer
The Irishman
2019 Producer
Television[edit]
Program
Year
Role
Notes
Saturday Night Live
1992–2013 Himself / Various 7 episodes
Extras
2006 Himself Episode: "Jonathan Ross"
Sesame Street
2007 Himself / Dog / Cabbage / Elmo Episode: "Episode: "Word 'Dog' Escapes Abby's Book"
30 Rock
2011 Himself Episode: "Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning"
The Wizard of Lies
2017 Bernie Madoff HBO film
Documentaries[edit]
Title[1][2]
Year
Role
Notes
Elia Kazan, Outsider
1982 Interviewee
Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam
1987 Great Sewer Voice role
Hollywood Mavericks
1990 Interviewee
More than a Movie
Participant
Stella Adler: Awake and Dream!
1992 Interviewee
Junket Whore
1998 Interviewee
Lenny Bruce: Swear to Tell the Truth
Narrator
America: A Tribute to Heroes
2001 Performer
The Concert for New York City
Performer
9/11
2002 Host
Hans Hofmann: Artist/Teacher, Teacher/Artist
2003 Narrator
Biography: Liza Minnelli
2004 Interviewee
Tony Bennett: An American Classic
2006 Performer
Corman's World: Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel
2011 Performer
The Man Who Saved the World
2014 Himself
Remembering the Artist: Robert De Niro, Sr.
2014 Himself Documentary short, about his father
Theater[edit]
Production
Date
Theatre
Role
Notes
The Wizard of Oz[5]
1953 N/A Cowardly Lion
One Night Stand of a Noisy Passenger[5]
1970 Unknown Unknown
Cuba and His Teddy Bear[6]
July 1986 – September 1986 Longacre Theatre Cuba
See also[edit]
List of awards and nominations received by Robert De Niro
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Filmography: De Niro, Robert". British Film Institute. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Robert De Niro". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Genzlinger, Neil (April 13, 2012). "'NYC 22,' on CBS, Looks at Rookie Officers". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (February 20, 2014). "TV Review: 'About a Boy'". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Bosworth, Patricia (October 1987). "The Secret Life of Robert De Niro". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cuba and His Teddy Bear at Longarce Theatre". Playbill. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
External links[edit]
Robert De Niro on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_De_Niro_filmography&oldid=798663043"
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