text:
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 3)
Season 3 U.S. DVD cover
Starring
Christopher Meloni
Mariska Hargitay
Richard Belzer
Ice-T
Stephanie March
Dann Florek
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
23
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 28, 2001 (2001-09-28) – May 17, 2002 (2002-05-17)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
Next →
Season 4
List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episodes
The third season of the television series, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit premiered Friday, September 28, 2001 and ended Friday, May 17, 2002 on NBC. It occupied the Friday 10pm/9c timeslot once again.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Cast changes and returning characters
3 Cast
3.1 Main cast
3.2 Recurring cast
3.3 Guest stars
4 Episodes
5 References
5.1 Bibliography
6 External links
Production[edit]
In the aftermath of 9/11, several cast and crew members volunteered to help the rescue effort.[1] The main title voiceover by Steven Zirnkilton was also changed for the first few episodes to include the following dedication: "On September 11, 2001, New York City was ruthlessly and criminally attacked. While no tribute can ever heal the pain of that day, the producers of Law & Order dedicate this season to the victims and their families and to the firefighters and police officers who remind us every day with their lives and courage what it truly means to be an American". Syndicated airings of the episodes replaced this dialogue with the original title voiceover. The opening sequence changed as well; NBC ordered the opening credits for the third season re-edited to remove images of the World Trade Center, which were seen at the beginning and ending; the credit sequences in the previous two seasons were not subsequently changed.
With David J. Burke having left the show at the end of the second season, Neal Baer was the sole showrunner / executive producer of Season 3. During the production of the third season, Baer convinced Amanda Green to begin writing scripts. Green was already serving as a consultant for the series while she worked for the NYPD. The episode "Counterfeit" became her debut as a writer.[2] Tara Butters and Michele Fazekas who also joined the writing staff in the third season enjoyed the freedom of not having to meet with a large team in a writer's room. "As a result, there was no sense of competitiveness. We were working on our own so it was like writing your own mini-feature."[3]
Cast changes and returning characters[edit]
All second season main cast members returned for the third season of the series. B. D. Wong returned to play forensic psychiatrist Dr. George Huang. He was originally contracted to appear in two episodes at the end of the second season and two episodes at the beginning of the third. As Wong puts it "They asked me to come and do four episodes as a kind of audition, to see if it worked, and after those four episodes they asked me to stay on."[4] Wong credited the New York-based show with giving him the opportunity to regularly act in theatre.[5]
Four cast members of SVU who would recur in subsequent years first appeared in the third season. In "Counterfeit," Robert John Burke began playing NYPD Internal Affairs Sergeant Ed Tucker when it is believed that the Special Victims Unit has been guilty of misconduct. Peter Hermann first played Defense Attorney Trevor Langan in "Monogamy," the episode on which Hermann and Hargitay, who would later marry, first met. The show later hinted in future seasons a light romantic flame between them. In "Surveillance," Joel de la Fuente first appears as the Technical Assistance Response Unit analyst Ruben Morales; at auditions the character was called "Burt Trevor," but this name was given to a different technician.[6] Finally, Judith Light joined the recurring cast in "Guilt" as Alex Cabot's strict boss, Bureau Chief ADA Elizabeth Donnelly. Light was already a fan of the program, saying "You can see when you watch a show like this, the level of professionalism going into it."[7]
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit characters
Main cast[edit]
Christopher Meloni as Det. Elliot Stabler
Mariska Hargitay as Det. Olivia Benson
Richard Belzer as Det. John Munch
Stephanie March as ADA Alexandra Cabot
Ice-T as Det. Fin Tutuola
Dann Florek as Capt. Don Cragen
Recurring cast[edit]
Tamara Tunie as ME Dr. Melinda Warner
B. D. Wong as Dr. George Huang
Susan Pellegrino as Dr. Barrett
Jill Marie Lawrence as Defense Attorney Cleo Conrad
Judith Light as Bureau Chief ADA Elizabeth Donnelly
Audrie Neenan as Judge Marilyn Haynes
Ned Eisenberg as Defense Attorney Roger Kressler
Peter Hermann as Defense Attorney Trevor Langan
Lou Carbonneau as CSU Forensics Technician Harry Martin
Joel de la Fuente as TARU Technician Ruben Morales
Joanna Merlin as Judge Lena Petrovsky
Liz Larsen as Defense Attorney Regal
Harvey Atkin as Judge Alan Ridenour
Rob Bartlett as Defense Attorney Milton Schoenfeld
Tom O'Rourke as Judge Mark Seligman
Daniel Sunjata as CSU Forensics Technician Burt Trevor
Fernando Lopez as CSU Forensics Technician Ramone Vargas
Ron Leibman as Executive ADA Stan Villani
Dianne Wiest as DA Nora Lewin
Guest stars[edit]
Piper Laurie played the abusive grandmother Dorothy Rudd in "Care".[8] Neal Baer, who met the actress through ER told Entertainment Weekly that "she played it in a real way that truly was frightening."[9]
The show "Wrath" has been repeatedly mentioned by Mariska Hargitay as one of her favorites.[10] For the episode, Justin Kirk portrayed the wrongfully imprisoned man Eric Plummer. Upon being freed, he kills four people to exact revenge upon the police and Olivia Benson in particular. The scene in which Benson shoots Plummer was described as being very challenging to act. In an interview with Universal Channel, Hargitay said "I shot him dead and some things happened to me physically that I wasn't expecting."[11] Although the video was cut to disguise it, Hargitay in fact mentions two Season 3 episodes in the interview. The second is "Inheritance" which shows Benson identify with a suspect who is a child of rape like herself. Marcus Chong played the suspect Darrell Guan who exemplifies the aggressive characteristics of his father.
John Ritter portrayed a doctor accused of murdering his wife in the 2002 episode "Monogamy", which aired shortly before his death in 2003. NBC promoted the episode with the tagline "See John Ritter as you've never seen him before."
The episode "Ridicule" portrayed a man as a victim of gang rape by women for the first time on network television. The victim Peter Smith was played by Pete Starrett while his rapists were played by Paige Turco and Diane Neal, who would join the cast playing ADA Casey Novak in the fifth season after Stephanie March left the series. Mike Doyle portrayed Assistant Medical Examiner Karlan in the episode "Prodigy" before portraying CSU Forensics Technician Ryan O'Halloran in the fifth season.
Nick Chinlund guest starred as condemned serial killer Matthew Brodus in the episode "Execution". Chinlund had originally auditioned to portray the role of Detective Elliot Stabler. John Ritter guest starred as Dr. Manning, a psychiatrist who becomes the prime suspect in his wife's murder, in the episode "Monogamy". Ritter was praised for his performance in the episode, which aired shortly before his death; Michael Buckley of TV Guide wrote that "The gradual change in his demeanor makes for a memorable piece of acting."[12]
Martha Plimpton was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her role in "Denial".[13] She played Claire Rinato, a drug addict who is traumatized by having learned terrible things about her mother, played by Mary Steenburgen. Detective Tutuola tries to help her character recover from the addiction using his background as a narcotics detective. In "Guilt", Bret Harrison played Sam Cavanaugh, a child molestation victim who is reluctant to testify against his abuser. This appearance later helped Harrison secure his best known role in Reaper, which was created by the same writers as "Guilt".[14]
In the second last episode, "Competence", a girl with Down Syndrome struggles to prove that she is mentally competent to take care of a child. Lois Smith played the girl's mother and James Badge Dale played the girl's boyfriend. One of the writers of the episode, Robert F. Campbell, mentioned Lois Smith and "Competence" when reflecting on his favourite experiences as an SVU writer.[15] The season finale "Silence" deals with sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. Eric Stoltz portrayed a priest who initially lies to protect clergymen higher up but eventually comes forward with the truth. Charlayne Woodard guest starred in the finale as Sister Peg, a role which she later reprised several times.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
44
1 "Repression" Henry J. Bronchtein Marilyn Osborn September 28, 2001 (2001-09-28) E2310 15.80[16]
When a therapist (Shirley Knight) helps eighteen-year-old Megan Ramsey (Kelly Hutchinson) recall her childhood molestation by her father (Brian Kerwin), she reports the incest to detectives Benson and Stabler hoping it would spare her younger sisters from suffering the same fate. At first her mother (Amy Irving) does not believe her, but eventually her entire family turns on the father, ignoring his protests that are assisted by the discovery of tainted evidence. The whole fragile family later becomes a suspect when the father is murdered. Eventually it is proven Megan is a virgin and the rape was a false memory planted by her therapist. Megan's sister (Blythe Auffarth) confesses to accidentally killing her father and the police arrest the therapist and charge her with reckless endangerment.
45
2 "Wrath" Jean de Segonzac Judith McCreary October 5, 2001 (2001-10-05) E2314 15.04[17]
Three unrelated people, who are connected to Detective Benson's past cases, are found ritualistically murdered. It turns out that the murderer (Justin Kirk) is bent on revenge because he was previously arrested by Benson and spent years in prison for a crime he did not commit. When this is revealed, Benson is distraught with grief and feels that she has failed her most important duty. Despite the threat to her life, she obsesses over the case and sets out to make things right.
46
3 "Stolen" James Quinn Jonathan Greene & Robert F. Campbell October 12, 2001 (2001-10-12) E2315 17.20[16]
When a baby is abducted from her mother (Kerri Green) in a grocery store, Detectives Benson and Stabler are led to Mark Sanford (Bruce Altman), a private adoption lawyer with dubious business practices. The investigation of the adoption service opens up a twelve-year-old case originally handled by Sgt. Max Greevey and Don Cragen involving a twelve year old boy (Ian Cronin) who has been missing since he was a baby after his mother was murdered. Captain Cragen teams up with Munch to solve the case.
47
4 "Rooftop" Steve Shill Teleplay by: Robert F. Campbell & Jonathan Greene
Story by: Neal Baer & Robert F. Campbell & Jonathan Greene October 19, 2001 (2001-10-19) E2318 15.44[17]
A series of rapes, each more violent than the previous, takes place in a community of African-Americans. Detectives Benson and Stabler promptly suspect a known HIV-positive sex offender (Dorian Missick) who was recently released from jail (character partly inspired by real-life sex offender Nushawn Williams), however he dies of an overdose and is found on a rooftop. The attacks continue and Detective Tutuola's childhood friends' daughter is killed. As they find nothing, her brother Rodney Thompson (Todd Williams) accuses the police of limiting the budget put on the case. Only when a fifth victim is killed, do her final moments alongside Thompson's persistence give them what they need to find the killer.
48
5 "Tangled" Jean de Segonzac Lisa Marie Petersen & Dawn DeNoon October 26, 2001 (2001-10-26) E2312 16.50[16]
A known doctor is killed and his wife (Lisa Eichhorn) is raped. Detectives Benson and Stabler question the doctor's estranged and troubled son (Geoffrey Wigdor) from the doctor's previous marriage. They also locate a former patient (John-Lule Montias) who holds a grudge against the doctor. When the rapist then attacks the doctor's former mistress (Liza Weil), the squad realizes that both the wife and the mistress know more than they let on.
49
6 "Redemption" Ted Kotcheff Jeff Eckerle November 2, 2001 (2001-11-02) E2319 14.58[17]
Detective Stabler is paired with John "Hawk" Hawkins (David Keith), an unstable, "cowboy" cop, much to Benson's chagrin. They try to catch a serial rapist and murderer. Their suspect is a recently released prisoner (Kevin Chamberlin), who was put in jail years ago due to Hawk. Alas, they come to deduce that not only is the predator someone else, but that the former prisoner is innocent of the previous murders, which means that Hawk was responsible for putting an innocent man behind bars.
50
7 "Sacrifice" Lesli Linka Glatter Teleplay by: Javier Grillo-Marxuach & Samantha Howard Corbin
Story by: Javier Grillo-Marxuach November 9, 2001 (2001-11-09) E2309 16.20[17]
An unidentified man (Mark-Paul Gosselaar) is found shot and sexually assaulted in an alley outside of a gay bar. Detectives Benson and Stabler learn that the victim and his wife (Elizabeth Banks) have a young daughter (Audrey Twitchell) with cystic fibrosis and that they worked in the porn industry to pay for her medical bills. The lead witness (Kevin Geer), who is a recovering drug addict, angers Fin, causing him to re-think his police role.
51
8 "Inheritance" Juan J. Campanella Teleplay by: Kathy Ebel & Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
Story by: Kathy Ebel November 16, 2001 (2001-11-16) E2311 14.50[17]
A young Asian woman (Lynn Chen) is severely beaten and raped at a burglary site. Benson and Stabler initially suspect rival Asian gang members, who are in dispute over the victim's loyalty. This theory is disproven when they find another Asian victim and track down serial rapist Darrell Guan (Marcus Chong). Guan was ostracized throughout his childhood and feels that even his own mother (Wai Ching Ho) did not love him. The case hits close to home for Benson because Guan is also the product of a rape. The trial focuses on the impact of genetic predisposition versus environmental upbringing on the nature of violence.
52
9 "Care" Gloria Muzio Dawn DeNoon & Lisa Marie Petersen November 23, 2001 (2001-11-23) E2317 14.86[17]
A five-year-old girl is found viciously beaten to death in foster care. Detectives Benson and Stabler investigate her complicated family ties. They learn the girl's birth mother (Erika LaVonn) always tried to get back her daughter from the foster mother (Kathleen Wilhoite) and foster grandmother (Piper Laurie). They then investigate her introverted foster brother (Colin Fickes). Captain Cragen manages to reach out to him with the help of a video game.
53
10 "Ridicule" Constantine Makris Judith McCreary December 14, 2001 (2001-12-14) E2316 15.33[17]
A young wife's body is found after what seems to be an erotic asphyxiation accident. Detectives Benson and Stabler follow her link to a male stripper (Pete Starrett). He reveals their link was that he was recently gang raped by her and her two female lawyer friends, Amelia Chase (Diane Neal) and Pam Adler (Paige Turco) after the three women handcuffed him to a bed during a bachelorette party. ADA Cabot follows People v. Liberta (1984) and sues the women for this non statutory female on male rape. The investigation of one of the women, Pam Adler, then reveals the suicide was in fact a murder, as the victim planned to come clean and expose her fellow rapists.
Special appearance by Dianne Wiest as DA Nora Lewin
54
11 "Monogamy" Constantine Makris Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters January 4, 2002 (2002-01-04) E2323 17.71[17]
A pregnant woman (Tricia Paoluccio) is attacked and has her fetus ripped from her womb. Detectives Benson and Stabler quickly look for the baby hoping he's still alive. The woman's husband (John Ritter) seems shocked, but it is soon discovered she may have had an affair with a construction worker (Bobby Cannavale). The resulting trial has ADA Alex Cabot trying to argue that the fetus had a right to live without treading into the controversial territory of reproductive rights.
55
12 "Protection" Alex Zakrzewski Jonathan Greene & Robert F. Campbell January 11, 2002 (2002-01-11) E2327 17.00[16]
A six-year-old boy is abandoned by his mother (Elpidia Carrillo) in an emergency room after having been shot. Detectives Benson and Stabler look for his missing family members in order to find his shooter (Louie Leonardo) while Munch attempts to get through to the boy's ten-year-old brother (Jean-Luke Figueroa). Eventually, it becomes clear that the whole family is in danger.
56
13 "Prodigy" Steve Shill Lisa Marie Petersen & Dawn DeNoon January 18, 2002 (2002-01-18) E2326 16.03[17]
A man and a woman are stabbed during a supposedly romantic park encounter. The woman's head as well as her hands are missing, which makes it difficult for detectives Benson and Stabler to identify the victims. They soon learn that the crime scene was staged and that the woman was an officer of the Manhattan Federation for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. This leads them to various people from her organization, as well as its opposers, and a young sociopath (Michael Pitt) who had a troubled relationship with the woman. However they soon uncover a more violent suspect (Brian Sullivan) much more close.
57
14 "Counterfeit" Arthur W. Forney Amanda Green January 25, 2002 (2002-01-25) E2313 16.76[17]
A woman's body is found near her car after she was raped. With Munch on crutches, Tutuola is paired with Benson to investigate what the motive was, as well as why was her car's trunk was full of forged drugs. When another woman, Francesca Jesner (Khrystyne Haje) is raped, she claims the rapist was a cop (Michael O'Keefe) who captured her by using a routine traffic stop. Their need to catch the cop escalates when Jesner is captured again.
58
15 "Execution" Alex Zakrzewski Judith McCreary February 1, 2002 (2002-02-01) E2325 17.05[17]
In three days, serial killer Matthew Brodus (Nick Chinlund) is to be executed at the New Jersey State Prison. Detective Stabler and Dr. Huang race against time to figure out if he also killed and raped another woman, the confirmation of which will provide closure for her parents (William Hill and Laura Hughes).
59
16 "Popular" Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by: Stephen Belber
Story by: Kathy Ebel & Stephen Belber March 1, 2002 (2002-03-01) E2329 15.80[16]
Detective Stabler's wife (Isabel Gillies) tells him that her nurse friend (Laura Duncan) at a local hospital treated a fourteen-year-old rape victim (Brittany Slattery), who refused to report the crime to the police or her family. Stabler decides to investigate her unofficially with the help of Detective Benson. They find out she and her classmates were involved with drugs and alcohol, a fact which troubles her family.
60
17 "Surveillance" Steve Shill Jeff Eckerle March 8, 2002 (2002-03-08) E2328 16.40[16]
A young cellist, Cassie Germaine (Emily Deschanel) is attacked in her apartment. Detectives Benson and Stabler investigate her orchestra conductor, Robert Prescott (Michael Nader). They learn he was involved with amateur erotic filmmaking, and that her apartment is surrounded with hidden cameras installed by a stalker.
61
18 "Guilt" David Platt Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters March 29, 2002 (2002-03-29) E2332 14.40[16]
ADA Cabot works with a reluctant witness (Bret Harrison) and his mother (Kay Lenz) in a case of child molestation. She goes far beyond the line of duty to find evidence against the abuser (Beau Gravitte). She even sends Detectives Benson and Stabler to illegally search the boy's home and almost ruins the case and all of their careers.
62
19 "Justice" Juan J. Campanella Dawn DeNoon & Lisa Marie Petersen April 5, 2002 (2002-04-05) E2331 16.60[16]
The stepdaughter of a judge (Keir Dullea) is raped and killed. The judge is known for throwing hard sentences on sex offenders. However, family secrets are revealed when the detectives learn that the girl was a pen-pal with many of the inmates put away by her father.
63
20 "Greed" Constantine Makris Robert F. Campbell & Jonathan Greene April 26, 2002 (2002-04-26) E2330 14.22[17]
The wife (Mary Beth Hurt) of a business man (Henry Winkler) is found raped and bludgeoned on their kitchen floor. With Munch on jury duty, Fin is paired with Cragen while Benson and Stabler head the investigation. Uncovering similarities with a previous attack, the detectives first suspect a serial rapist. Soon, however, the evidence leads to an elaborate and sinister plot.
64
21 "Denial" Steve Shill Judith McCreary May 3, 2002 (2002-05-03) E2334 16.70[16]
A drug addict (Martha Plimpton) is sexually assaulted. In her purse, detectives Benson and Stabler find a decomposing baby's finger. When looking for both her attacker and the baby, they suspect she might be withholding information to protect her mother (Mary Steenburgen) or grandmother (Estelle Parsons). Tutuola tries to help by getting her clean.
65
22 "Competence" Jud Taylor Teleplay by: Jonathan Greene & Robert F. Campbell
Story by: Jeff Eckerle & Jonathan Greene & Robert F. Campbell May 10, 2002 (2002-05-10) E2335 17.30[16]
A woman (Lois Smith) reports her twenty-two-year-old daughter with Down Syndrome (Andrea Fay Friedman) is pregnant because a rapist (Matt DeCaro) took advantage of her innocence about sex. Detectives Benson and Stabler have to make sure that it is not just her mother being overprotective and in denial of her daughter's sex life. The girl's boyfriend (James Badge Dale) who also has Down Syndrome offer to help raise her baby. ADA Cabot then has to interfere and take on her superior, to settle the mother–daughter dispute on whether the daughter should have an abortion or not.
66
23 "Silence" Steve Shill Patrick Harbinson May 17, 2002 (2002-05-17) E3103 14.27[17]
A murder takes place in a church. Detectives Benson and Stabler learn that the murderer (Sean Dugan) had been paid off by the church to stop him from reporting how he was sexually abused by a priest as a child. He blames the church for taking away his innocence and accuses a priest from his youth, Father Michael (Eric Stoltz) of molesting him.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leopold, Todd (2002-09-09). "Real Life Overwhelms Fiction for SVU Producer". CNN. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
Jump up ^ Green and Dawn (2009), p. 27
Jump up ^ Green and Dawn (2009), p. 32
Jump up ^ Green and Dawn (2009), p. 175
Jump up ^ Patterson, Tresa (2011-04-12). "B.D. Wong of 'Law and Order: SVU' Brings Talents to the Stage in Support of Symphony Space". Yahoo TV. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
Jump up ^ Green and Dawn (2009), p. 179
Jump up ^ Green and Dawn (2009), p. 181
Jump up ^ Romine, Damon (2001-02-11). "Carrie's Mother on Law & Order: SVU". TV Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
Jump up ^ "Piper Laurie". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
Jump up ^ "Benson's Best". Universal Channel. 2012-06-19. Archived from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
Jump up ^ Mariska Hargitay (2011). Mariska Hargitay on her favourite SVU episode. Universal Channel.
Jump up ^ Buckley, Michael (2001). "Shrink Rap". TV Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
Jump up ^ "SVU Emmy Nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Bret (2009-04-12). "Bret Harrison Interview". Retrieved 2012-12-25.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Producer Robert F. Campbell". The Eerie Digest. 2011-03-01. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit - Series - Episode List - Season 3". TV Tango. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "SpotVault - Law & Order: SVU (NBC) - 2001-02". Spot Vault. December 9, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Green, Susan; Dawn, Randee (2009). Law & Order: Special Victims Unit: The Unofficial Companion. Dallas: BenBella Books. ISBN 1-933771-88-7.
External links[edit]
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Season 3 at TVGuide.com
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Season 3 at TV.com
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Season 3 - TV IV
Season 3 episodes at IMDb.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Characters
Detectives
Elliot Stabler
Olivia Benson
John Munch
Monique Jeffries
Fin Tutuola
Chester Lake
Nick Amaro
Amanda Rollins
Dominick Carisi Jr.
Commanding officers
Donald Cragen
Olivia Benson
Assistant District Attorneys
Alexandra Cabot
Casey Novak
Kim Greylek
Rafael Barba
Doctors
George Huang
Melinda Warner
Other characters
Barry Moredock
Brian Cassidy
Elizabeth Donnelly
Michael Cutter
Sonya Paxton
Jack McCoy
Seasons
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Notable episodes
"Payback"
"911"
"Authority"
"Cold"
"Zebras"
"Behave"
"Smoked"
"Scorched Earth"
"Justice Denied"
"Father Dearest"
"Rhodium Nights"
"Lost Reputation"
"Above Suspicion"
"Acceptable Loss"
"Manhattan Vigil"
"Comic Perversion"
"Glasgowman's Wrath"
"Chicago Crossover"
See also
Cast members
Awards and nominations
Law & Order franchise
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_3)&oldid=817399857"
Categories:
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episodes
2001 American television seasons
2002 American television seasons
Hidden categories:
Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Italiano
Nederlands
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 December 2017, at 04:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #074e7d; color: white; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

attrs: href class

values:
row
white-space: nowrap

value: li

values: text-align:center;background: #074e7d; color: white; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 2)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 4)

values: Edit section: Cast changes and returning characters

values:
/wiki/George_Huang_(Law_%26_Order)
mw-redirect
George Huang (Law & Order)

values: George Huang (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values:
/wiki/List_of_SVU_characters#Judges
mw-redirect
List of SVU characters

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 5)

values:
/wiki/Child_molestation
mw-redirect
Child molestation

values:
/wiki/Down_Syndrome
mw-redirect
Down Syndrome

values:
description
8
border-bottom:solid 3px #074e7d

values:
/wiki/Ritual_murder
mw-redirect
Ritual murder

values:
/wiki/Juan_J._Campanella
mw-redirect
Juan J. Campanella

values:
/wiki/Non_statutory_female_on_male_rape
mw-redirect
Non statutory female on male rape

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Law & Order: Special Victims Unit

values: Template talk:Law & Order: Special Victims Unit

values: Chester Lake (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 6)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 7)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 8)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 9)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 10)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 12)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 13)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 15)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 18)

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)

values: Payback (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Authority (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Cold (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Zebras (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Behave (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Smoked (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Scorched Earth (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Justice Denied (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Father Dearest (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Above Suspicion (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: Acceptable Loss (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

values: List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit cast members

values: List of awards and nominations received by Law & Order: Special Victims Unit

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episodes

values: Category:2001 American television seasons

values: Category:2002 American television seasons

values: Category:Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: Episodi di Law & Order - Unità vittime speciali (terza stagione) – Italian

values: Lijst van afleveringen van Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (seizoen 3) – Dutch

values: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (sezona 3) – Serbo-Croatian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Law_Order_Special_Victims_Unit_season_3 rootpage-Law_Order_Special_Victims_Unit_season_3 skin-vector action-view


text:
Digestion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the industrial process, see anaerobic digestion. For the treatment of precipitates in analytical chemistry, see Precipitation (chemistry) § Digestion.
For the journal, see Digestion (journal).
Digestive system
Details
Identifiers
Latin
systema digestorium
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.
In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.
After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.[1]
Contents
1 Digestive system
1.1 Secretion systems
1.1.1 Channel transport system
1.1.2 Molecular syringe
1.1.3 Conjugation machinery
1.1.4 Release of outer membrane vesicles
1.2 Gastrovascular cavity
1.3 Phagosome
1.4 Specialised organs and behaviours
1.4.1 Beaks
1.4.2 Tongue
1.4.3 Teeth
1.4.4 Crop
1.4.5 Abomasum
1.4.6 Specialised behaviours
1.5 In earthworms
2 Overview of vertebrate digestion
3 Human digestion process
3.1 Neural and biochemical control mechanisms
4 Breakdown into nutrients
4.1 Protein digestion
4.2 Fat digestion
4.3 Carbohydrate digestion
4.4 DNA and RNA digestion
5 Non-destructive digestion
6 Digestive hormones
7 Significance of pH
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Digestive system
Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it.[2] In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube (gastrointestinal tract) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled.[3]
Some organisms, including nearly all spiders, simply secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals (e.g., enzymes) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent "soup". In others, once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism, digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac-like structure, through a tube, or through several specialized organs aimed at making the absorption of nutrients more efficient.
Schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation. 1- Donor cell produces pilus. 2- Pilus attaches to recipient cell, bringing the two cells together. 3- The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is transferred to the recipient cell. 4- Both cells recircularize their plasmids, synthesize second strands, and reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donors.
Secretion systems
Main article: Secretion § Secretion in Gram negative bacteria
Bacteria use several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments.
Channel transport system
In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 – 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.[4]
Molecular syringe
A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia) can inject nutrients into protist cells. One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium.[5]
Conjugation machinery
The conjugation machinery of some bacteria (and archaeal flagella) is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host, which develops the crown gall (tumor).[6] The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system.[7]
The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.
The Ti and Ri plasmids are themselves conjugative. Ti and Ri transfer between bacteria uses an independent system (the tra, or transfer, operon) from that for inter-kingdom transfer (the vir, or virulence, operon). Such transfer creates virulent strains from previously avirulent Agrobacteria.
Release of outer membrane vesicles
In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles.[8][9] Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.[10]
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) leaf
Gastrovascular cavity
The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body. Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity, which is lined with the gastrodermis, the internal layer of epithelium. This cavity has only one opening to the outside that functions as both a mouth and an anus: waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth/anus, which can be described as an incomplete gut.
In a plant such as the Venus Flytrap that can make its own food through photosynthesis, it does not eat and digest its prey for the traditional objectives of harvesting energy and carbon, but mines prey primarily for essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus in particular) that are in short supply in its boggy, acidic habitat.[11]
Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica with ingested erythrocytes
Phagosome
A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis. The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle. A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process, forming phagolysosomes. In humans, Entamoeba histolytica can phagocytose red blood cells.[12]
Specialised organs and behaviours
To aid in the digestion of their food animals evolved organs such as beaks, tongues, teeth, a crop, gizzard, and others.
A Catalina Macaw's seed-shearing beak
Squid beak with ruler for size comparison
Beaks
Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird's ecological niche. For example, macaws primarily eat seeds, nuts, and fruit, using their impressive beaks to open even the toughest seed. First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak, then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak.
The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of cross-linked proteins. It is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces. The beak is very robust, but does not contain any minerals, unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms, including marine species.[13] The beak is the only indigestible part of the squid.
Tongue
Main article: Tongue
The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition). It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva. The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane. The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and positioning food particles that require further chewing. The tongue is utilized to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis.
The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.
Teeth
Main article: Teeth
Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception. This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.
The shapes, sizes and numbers of types of animals' teeth are related to their diets. For example, herbivores have a number of molars which are used to grind plant matter, which is difficult to digest. Carnivores have canine teeth which are used to kill and tear meat.
Crop
A crop, or croup, is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion. In some birds it is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.[14]
Certain insects may have a crop or enlarged esophagus.
Rough illustration of a ruminant digestive system
Abomasum
Main article: Abomasum
Herbivores have evolved cecums (or an abomasum in the case of ruminants). Ruminants have a fore-stomach with four chambers. These are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud (or bolus). The cud is then regurgitated, chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size.
Fibre, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose, is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers (the reticulo-rumen) by microbes: (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi). In the omasum, water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream.
The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine.
A flesh fly "blowing a bubble", possibly to concentrate its food by evaporating water
Specialised behaviours
Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop, referring to crop milk, a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation.[15]
Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get rid of unwanted contents (perhaps developed as a way to reduce exposure to toxins).
Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours – eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.
Young elephants, pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the faeces of their mother, probably to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation. When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to get any nutritional value from many plant components.
In earthworms
An earthworm's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body.
Overview of vertebrate digestion
In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps:
Ingestion: placing food into the mouth (entry of food in the digestive system),
Mechanical and chemical breakdown: mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water, acids, bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex molecules into simple structures,
Absorption: of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis, active transport, and diffusion, and
Egestion (Excretion): Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation.
Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).
The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion.
In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.[1]
Human digestion process
Main article: Human digestive system
Upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract
The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal, and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours.[16]
Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.
In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed by defecation via the anal canal and anus.
Neural and biochemical control mechanisms
Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.
The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin.
The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine.
The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.
Breakdown into nutrients
This section needs expansion with: digestion of other substances. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011)
Protein digestion
Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.
Fat digestion
Main article: Fatty acid metabolism § Dietary sources of fatty acids, their digestion, absorption, transport in the blood and storage
Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine.[17] The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.[17] Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.[17]
Carbohydrate digestion
Further information: Carbohydrate metabolism and Carbohydrate catabolism
In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide. During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase, resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2 glucose molecules) that can be absorbed by the small intestine.
Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.[18]
Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar. Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine.
DNA and RNA digestion
Main article: nucleic acid metabolism
DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (DNase and RNase) from the pancreas.
Non-destructive digestion
Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B12) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups. To digest vitamin B12 non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B12 molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their protein complexes.[19]
After the B12-haptocorrin complexes pass from the stomach via the pylorus to the duodenum, pancreatic proteases cleave haptocorrin from the B12 molecules which rebind to intrinsic factor (IF). These B12-IF complexes travel to the ileum portion of the small intestine where cubilin receptors enable assimilation and circulation of B12-IF complexes in the blood.[20]
Digestive hormones
Action of the major digestive hormones
There are at least five hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system in mammals. There are variations across the vertebrates, as for instance in birds. Arrangements are complex and additional details are regularly discovered. For instance, more connections to metabolic control (largely the glucose-insulin system) have been uncovered in recent years.
Gastrin – is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen (an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin) and hydrochloric acid. Secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in stomach. The secretion is inhibited by low pH.
Secretin – is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver. This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) – is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder. This hormone is secreted in response to fat in chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) – is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the stomach. Another function is to induce insulin secretion.
Motilin – is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin.
Significance of pH
Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract. In the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, pH is typically about 6.8, very weakly acidic. Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract. Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides. Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment.
The stomach's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it. This acidity confers two benefits: it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines, and provides non-specific immunity, damaging or eliminating various pathogens.[citation needed]
In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5.[citation needed]
See also
Digestive system of gastropods
Digestive system of humpback whales
Erepsin
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors
References
^ Jump up to: a b Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. OCLC 32308337.
Jump up ^ Dusenbery, David B. (1996). “Life at Small Scale”, pp. 113-115. Scientific American Library, New York. ISBN 0-7167-5060-0.
Jump up ^ Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale, p. 280. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.
Jump up ^ Wooldridge K (editor) (2009). Bacterial Secreted Proteins: Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-42-4. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Salyers, A. A. & Whitt, D. D. (2002). Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-171-X
Jump up ^ Cascales E, Christie PJ (2003). "The versatile Type IV secretion systems". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 1 (2): 137–149. doi:10.1038/nrmicro753. PMC 3873781. PMID 15035043.
Jump up ^ Christie PJ; Atmakuri K; Jabubowski S; Krishnamoorthy V; Cascales E. (2005). "Biogenesis, architecture, and function of bacterial Type IV secretion systems". Annu Rev Microbiol. 59: 451–485. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123630. PMC 3872966. PMID 16153176.
Jump up ^ Chatterjee, S. N.; Das, J (1967). "Electron microscopic observations on the excretion of cell-wall material by Vibrio cholerae". Journal of General Microbiology. 49 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1099/00221287-49-1-1. PMID 4168882.
Jump up ^ Kuehn, M. J.; Kesty, N. C. (2005). "Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host-pathogen interaction". Genes & Development. 19 (22): 2645–55. doi:10.1101/gad.1299905. PMID 16291643.
Jump up ^ McBroom, A. J.; Kuehn, M. J. (2007). "Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram-negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response". Molecular Microbiology. 63 (2): 545–558. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05522.x. PMC 1868505. PMID 17163978.
Jump up ^ Leege, Lissa. "How does the Venus flytrap digest flies?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
Jump up ^ Boettner, D. R.; Huston, C. D.; Linford, A. S.; Buss, S. N.; Houpt, E.; Sherman, N. E.; Petri, W. A. (2008). "Entamoeba histolytica Phagocytosis of Human Erythrocytes Involves PATMK, a Member of the Transmembrane Kinase Family". PLoS Pathogens. 4 (1): e8. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040008. PMC 2211552. PMID 18208324.
Jump up ^ Miserez, A; Li, Y; Waite, H; Zok, F (2007). "Jumbo squid beaks: Inspiration for design of robust organic composites". Acta Biomaterialia. 3 (1): 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2006.09.004. PMID 17113369.
Jump up ^ Gordon John Larkman Ramel (2008-09-29). "The Alimentary Canal in Birds". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
Jump up ^ Levi, Wendell (1977). The Pigeon. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. ISBN 0-85390-013-2.
Jump up ^ Kong F, Singh RP (June 2008). "Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach". J. Food Sci. 73 (5): R67–80. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00766.x. PMID 18577009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Digestion of fats (triacylglycerols)
Jump up ^ "Genetics Home Reference". US National Library of Medicine. US National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Nexo E, Hoffmann-Lücke E (July 2011). "Holotranscobalamin, a marker of vitamin B-12 status: analytical aspects and clinical utility". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94 (1): 359S–365S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013458. PMC 3127504. PMID 21593496.
Jump up ^ Viola-Villegas N, Rabideau AE, Bartholomä M, Zubieta J, Doyle RP (August 2009). "Targeting the cubilin receptor through the vitamin B(12) uptake pathway: cytotoxicity and mechanistic insight through fluorescent Re(I) delivery". J. Med. Chem. 52 (16): 5253–61. doi:10.1021/jm900777v. PMID 19627091.
External links
Human Physiology – Digestion
NIH guide to digestive system
The Digestive System
How does the Digestive System Work?
Library resources about
Digestive system
Resources in your library
hide
v
t
e
Physiology of the gastrointestinal system
GI tract
Upper
Exocrine
Chief cells
Pepsinogen
Parietal cells
Gastric acid
Intrinsic factor
Foveolar cells
HCO3−
Mucus
Goblet cells
Mucus
Processes
Swallowing
Vomiting
Fluids
Saliva
Gastric acid
Lower
Enteric nervous system
Submucous plexus
Myenteric plexus
Endocrine/paracrine
G cells
gastrin
D cells
somatostatin
ECL cells
Histamine
enterogastrone:
I cells
CCK
K cells
GIP
S cells
secretin
Enteroendocrine cells
Enterochromaffin cell
APUD cell
Fluids
Intestinal juice
Processes
Segmentation contractions
Migrating motor complex
Borborygmus
Defecation
Either/both
Processes
Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal
Basal electrical rhythm)
Gastrocolic reflex
Digestion
Enterocyte
Accessory
Fluids
Bile
Pancreatic juice
Processes
Enterohepatic circulation
Abdominopelvic
Peritoneal fluid
Authority control
GND: 4062676-3
NDL: 00572078
Metabolism portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digestion&oldid=864749829"
Categories:
Digestive system
Metabolism
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013
Articles needing more detailed references
Articles to be expanded from August 2011
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Alemannisch
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Kapampangan
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
88 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 October 2018, at 06:31 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected due to vandalism

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Digestion_(journal)
mw-redirect
Digestion (journal)

value: p

value: i

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

values:
/wiki/Blood_stream
mw-redirect
Blood stream

values:
/wiki/Salivary_glands
mw-redirect
Salivary glands

values:
/wiki/Salivary_amylase
mw-redirect
Salivary amylase

values:
/wiki/Gastric_juice
mw-redirect
Gastric juice

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Colon (anatomy)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)
mw-redirect
Vesicle (biology)

values:
/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_family
mw-redirect
ATP-binding cassette family

values:
/wiki/Outer_membrane_protein
mw-redirect
Outer membrane protein

values: Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (May 2011)

values:
/wiki/Type_III_secretion_system
mw-redirect
Type III secretion system

values:
/wiki/Agrobacterium_rhizogenes
mw-redirect
Agrobacterium rhizogenes

values:
/wiki/Gut_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Gut (anatomy)

values:
/wiki/Venus_Flytrap
mw-redirect
Venus Flytrap

values:
/wiki/Bird_Hybrids
mw-redirect
Bird Hybrids

values:
/wiki/Alimentary_tract
mw-redirect
Alimentary tract

values:
/wiki/Volatile_fatty_acids
mw-redirect
Volatile fatty acids

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values:
/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract
mw-redirect
Human gastrointestinal tract

values:
/wiki/Intestinal_juice
mw-redirect
Intestinal juice

values:
/wiki/Epithelial_cells
mw-redirect
Epithelial cells

values:
/wiki/D_cell_(biology)
mw-redirect
D cell (biology)

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/Amino_acids
mw-redirect
Amino acids

values:
/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase
mw-redirect
Pancreatic lipase

values:
/wiki/Fatty_acids
mw-redirect
Fatty acids

values:
/wiki/Functional_groups
mw-redirect
Functional groups

values:
/wiki/Gastric_gland
mw-redirect
Gastric gland

values:
/wiki/Gall_bladder
mw-redirect
Gall bladder

values:
/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_peptide
mw-redirect
Gastric inhibitory peptide

values:
/wiki/Migrating_myoelectric_complex
mw-redirect
Migrating myoelectric complex

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)

values: Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32308337

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro753

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035043

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16153176

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4168882

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.1299905

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291643

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163978

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18208324

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113369

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18577009

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.111.013458

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21593496

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm900777v

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19627091

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;text-align:left;

values:
/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system
mw-redirect
Gastrointestinal system

values:
/wiki/Paracrine_signalling
mw-redirect
Paracrine signalling

values:
/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland
mw-redirect
Accessory digestive gland

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062676-3

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from August 2011

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Digestion
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: পরিপাক – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Аш һеңдереү – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Страваванне – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Страваваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Храносмилане – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varenje
Varenje – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-se
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdauung
Verdauung – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedimine
Seedimine – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Πέψη – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestado
Digestado – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestio
Digestio – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion
Digestion – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Մարսողություն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: पाचन – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probava
Probava – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting
Melting – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: עיכול – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values: საჭმლის მონელება – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Асқорыту мүшелері – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Тамак сиңирүү – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestio
Digestio – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ദഹനം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: पचनसंस्था – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: Хоол боловсруулалт – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: အစာခြေ စနစ် – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: पाचन प्रणाली – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: जिलंज्या – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion
Digestion – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: ប្រដាប់រំលាយអាហារ – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawienie
Trawienie – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestie
Digestie – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Травлїня – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Пищеварение – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebava
Prebava – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Варење – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestija
Digestija – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: சமிபாடு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Ашкайнату – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: การย่อยอาหาร – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindirim
Sindirim – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Травлення – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: פארדייאונג – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Digestion rootpage-Digestion skin-vector action-view