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America's Got Talent (season 13)
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America's Got Talent
Promotional poster for the season.
Season 13
Broadcast from
May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29) – present (present)
Judges
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell
Host(s)
Tyra Banks
Broadcaster
NBC
Chronology
◀
2018
Season thirteen of the reality competition series America's Got Talent premiered on May 29, 2018, on NBC. Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth, sixth, sixth, and third seasons. Meanwhile, Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host.[1]
The live shows return to the Dolby Theatre, beginning August 14, 2018.[2]
AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment, Cowell's company.[3][4]
Dunkin Donuts is a sponsor for a fourth consecutive season.
Contents
1 Preliminary auditions
1.1 Golden buzzer
2 Cut before Judge Cuts
3 Judge Cuts
3.1 Golden Buzzer
3.2 Week 1
3.3 Week 2
3.4 Week 3
3.5 Week 4
4 Quarterfinals
4.1 Week 1
5 Top 36 acts
6 International broadcast
7 Ratings
7.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings
7.2 Special episodes
8 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows
9 References
10 External links
Preliminary auditions
Season 13 judges and host
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell
Tyra Banks
The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando, Cincinnati, Savannah, Milwaukee, Houston, Las Vegas, New York City, Nashville, and Los Angeles.[5] As in years past, prospective contestants could also submit online auditions.[6]
Auditions were taped from March 6-23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles[7] and began to air on May 29, 2018.[8]
Golden buzzer
The golden buzzer returned for its fifth consecutive season. Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round. In the first episode, Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh.[8] Simon Cowell was second to press it for 40-year-old singer Michael Ketterer. Howie Mandel was third to press it for 13 year old singer Courtney Hadwin. Mel B was fourth to press it for 15 year old singer Amanda Mena. Heidi Klum was the final judge to use the golden buzzer, using it for 15 year old singer Makayla Phillips.
Cut before Judge Cuts
The following acts successfully advanced past preliminary auditions but were not seen in the competition again. Some acts were cut before the Judge Cuts episodes by producers, some only intended to perform once, others withdrew for personal reasons, or the reason for some was left unknown.
Andy Huggins, Stand-up Comedian
Annaliese Nock, Daredevil
Bill Thrasher, Michael Jackson Impersonating Hula-Hooper
Benjamin and Adam, Pole Acrobat Duo
Blaise Ryndes, Bubbleologist
Caroline Baran, Singer
Chris Cox, Mentalist
Darzana, Dance Group
Duo Non Stop, Rolla Bolla Duo
Duo Vital-x, Danger Act
French Accent, Accordionist and Stand-up Comedian
Front Pictures, Multimedia Performance Act
Hamster Wheel, Rube Goldberg Trio
The Janes, Vocal Group
Jenny Klimantova, Hula-Hoop Artist
Jimmy Ichihana, Magician
Kenny Thomas, Motorcycle Stunt Performer
Kaylee and Eddie, Dance Duo
Laurent Piron, Magician
Natalie Ong, Singer
Nathan Spare, Fire Breather
Pancakes, Dance Troupe
Silicon Valley Girls, Acrobat Trio
Srikanta Barefoot, Cyr Wheel Acrobat
Virzi Triplets, Comedian Trio
Judge Cuts
The Judge Cuts rounds began airing on Tuesday, July 17, 2018. Like the previous season, one guest judge will join the judges' panel each show and will be given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Eighteen acts perform each week instead of twenty as in the previous three seasons. Of the eighteen acts performing each week seven acts advance including the guest judge's golden buzzer which immediately advances if used. Guest judges will not be given a red buzzer to use. Any act that will receive all four red buzzers will be immediately eliminated from the competition. The four guest judges are Ken Jeong, Olivia Munn, Martina McBride, and Chris Hardwick, who was also a guest judge in the previous season.[9] The final Judge Cuts episode aired on August 7, 2018. This is the first Judge Cuts rounds in history where no acts received four red buzzers.
Golden Buzzer
The golden buzzer also returned for the Judge Cuts round. Each week during the Judge Cuts a guest judge will have the option to use their golden buzzer on any act. An act that receives the golden buzzer during the Judge Cuts round will not face elimination and will advance automatically to the live shows. In the first week of the Judge Cuts Ken Jeong pressed his golden buzzer for the Voices of Hope Children's Choir. In week 2, Olivia Munn pressed her Golden Buzzer for Angel City Chorale. In the third week, Martina McBride pressed her Golden Buzzer for Quin and Misha, a ballroom dance duo. Chris Hardwick gave the season’s final Golden Buzzer for Flau’jae, a 14-year old rapper, in the final week of the Judge Cuts.
Key
Buzzed Golden buzzer
Advanced
Quarterfinal Wildcard
Eliminated
Advanced Immediately
Week 1
Guest judge: Ken Jeong
Date: July 17, 2018
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Jeong
Mel B
Mandel
Junior New System
1 Dance Group Advanced
Harold & Regan
2 Dance Duo Eliminated
Us the Duo
3 Band Advanced
Kevin Blake
4 Magician Eliminated
Mochi
5 Diabolo Artist Advanced
Lilly Wikler
6 Animal Impressionist Eliminated
Oscar and Pam
7 Singing Dog & Pianist Eliminated
Daniel Emmet
8 Opera Singer Quarterfinal Wildcard
Voices of Hope
9 Choir Advanced Immediately
Aaron Crow[a]
10 Danger Act Advanced
Carmen Lynch
11 Stand-up Comedienne Eliminated
Christina Wells
12 Singer Advanced
Patches
13 Rapper Eliminated
Andrew Johnston
14 Singer Eliminated
Celina and Filiberto
15 Dance Duo Eliminated
Trinh Tra My
16 Aerialist Eliminated
Jack Tenney
17 Trampolinist Eliminated
Duo Transcend
18 Trapeze Duo Advanced
Jump up ^ Aaron Crow's act was selected as the sneak preview or "leaked" video on America's Got Talent's social media channels before the actual broadcast.
Week 2
Guest judge: Olivia Munn
Date: July 24, 2018
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Munn
Mel B
Mandel
Human Fountains
1 Novelty Act Quarterfinal Wildcard
Shin Lim[a]
2 Close-up Magician Advanced
The Melisizwe Brothers
3 Band Eliminated
Macey Mac
4 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Sophie Fatu
5 Singer Eliminated
Reyes del Swing
6 Salsa Dance Troupe Eliminated
The Future Kingz
7 Dance Group Advanced
Lioz Shem Tov
8 Comedy Mentalist Eliminated
Angel City Chorale
9 Choir Advanced Immediately
Shannon and Reckon
10 Dog Act Eliminated
EXISDANCE
11 Multimedia Dance Act Eliminated
Hans
12 Singer/Accordionist/Dancer Advanced
Vivien Vajda
13 Jump Rope Acrobat Eliminated
Rob Lake
14 Illusionist Advanced
Leah Mathies
15 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Hunter Price
16 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Joseph O'Brien[b]
17 Singer/Pianist Advanced
Vicki Barbolak
18 Stand-up Comedienne Advanced
Jump up ^ Shin Lim's act was selected as the sneak preview or "leaked" video on America's Got Talent's social media channels before the actual broadcast.
Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Joseph O'Brien to stop performing during his act. After given the opportunity, O'Brien chose to perform for a second time. His result is based off the second performance.
Week 3
Guest judge: Martina McBride
Date: July 31, 2018
This is the second Judge Cuts episode in the show's history in which an act with at least one "X" buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows.
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
McBride
Mel B
Mandel
The Savitsky Cats
1 Cat Act Advanced
Blue Tokyo
2 Acrobatic Dance Group Eliminated
OC Music and Dance
3 Orchestral Band Eliminated
The PAC Dance Team
4 Dance Group Advanced
Angel Garcia
5 Singer Eliminated
Jeffrey Li
6 Singer Eliminated
Ms. Trysh
7 Singer Eliminated
Kazi
8 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Bone Hampton
9 Stand-up Comedian Eliminated
Quin and Misha
10 Ballroom Dance Duo Advanced Immediately
Noah Guthrie[a]
11 Singer/Guitarist Advanced
Jules and Jerome
12 Teeterboard Duo Eliminated
Fratelli Rossi
13 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated
Bensax International
14 Saxophonist Eliminated
Oliver Graves
15 Stand-up Comedian Eliminated
UDI Dance
16 Blacklight Dance Group Advanced
We Three
17 Band Advanced
The Sacred Riana[b]
18 Illusionist Advanced
Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Noah Guthrie to stop performing during his act. After given the opportunity, Guthrie chose to perform for a second time. His result is based off the second performance.
Jump up ^ The Sacred Riana's act was selected as the sneak preview or "leaked" video on America's Got Talent's social media channels before the actual broadcast.
Week 4
Guest judge: Chris Hardwick
Date: August 7, 2018
This is the first time in America's Got Talent Judge Cuts history where two or more acts that have been buzzed went on to the live shows.
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Hardwick
Mel B
Mandel
Brian King Joseph
1 Electric Violinist Advanced
Yumbo Dump
2 Comedy Duo Advanced
Academy of Villains
3 Dance Group Eliminated
Da RepubliK
4 Dance Group Advanced
Berlin
5 Singer/Pianist Eliminated
Sergey and Sasha
6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated
Flau'jae
7 Rapper Advanced Immediately
Elijah Holt
8 Trampolinist Eliminated
Sixto and Lucia
9 Quick Change Duo Eliminated
Brody Ray
10 Singer/Guitarist Eliminated
Ronnie Lamarque
11 Singer Eliminated
Glennis Grace
12 Singer Advanced
Diabolowalker
13 Diabolo Dance Group Eliminated
Troy James
14 Contortionist Eliminated
Street Drum Corps
15 Percussion Group Eliminated
NUNNABOVE
16 Band Eliminated
Lord Nil[a]
17 Escape Artist Advanced
Samuel J. Comroe
18 Stand-up Comedian Advanced
Jump up ^ Lord Nil’s act was selected as the sneak preview or "leaked" video on America's Got Talent's social media channels before the actual broadcast.
Quarterfinals
The quarterfinals are set to be broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14, 2018. Twelve acts are set preform each week and the following night the results will be announced. Seven of the twelve acts will proceed to the semifinals. Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act, determined by popular vote, using "Google's Instant Save" via the America's Got Talent app.[10][11]
Key
Buzzed
Advanced (Won Public Vote)
Judges' Choice
Won Judges' Choice
Lost Judges' Choice
Google's Instant Save
Judges' Wildcard
Week 1
Dates:
Performances – August 14, 2018
Results – August 15, 2018
Guest: Darci Lynne Farmer[12]

Top 36 acts
Key
Winner Runner-up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist (lost judges' vote) Semifinalist (lost audience vote) Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote) Quarterfinalist (lost audience vote) Golden buzzer (Auditions) Golden buzzer (Judge Cuts) Judges' wild card (quarterfinals) Judges' wild card (semifinals)
Name of Act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Result
Aaron Crow 49[13] Danger Danger Act Bruges, Belgium
Amanda Mena 15 Singing Singer Boston, Massachusetts 1[14]
Angel City Chorale 19–88 Singing Choir Los Angeles, California 1[14]
Brian King Joseph 27[15] Music Electric Violinist Los Angeles, California
Christina Wells 42 Singing Singer Houston, Texas
Courtney Hadwin 13 Singing Singer County Durham, England 1[14]
Da RepubliK 15–32 Dance Dance Group Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Daniel Emmet 25 Singing Opera Singer Las Vegas, Nevada
Duo Transcend 29 & 32 Acrobatics Trapeze Duo Salt Lake City, Utah
Flau'jae 14 Music Rapper Savannah, Georgia 1[14]
Front Pictures 41 & 43 Variety Multimedia Performance Act Kiev, Ukraine
Glennis Grace 39 Singing Singer Amsterdam, Netherlands
Hans "19" Variety Singer/Accordionist/Dancer Adelaide, Australia
Human Fountains 24–29 Variety Novelty Act Los Angeles, California 1[14]
Joseph O'Brien 20 Singing Singer/Pianist Columbia, Tennessee
Junior New System 18–25 Dance Dance Group Manila, Philippines 1[14]
Lord Nil 38 Danger Escape Artist Italy 1[14]
Makayla Phillips 15 Singing Singer Canyon Lake, California
Michael Ketterer 40 Singing Singer Anaheim, California
Mochi 29 Variety Diabolo Artist Shizuoka, Japan 1[14]
Noah Guthrie 24 Singing Singer/Guitarist Greer, South Carolina
Quin and Misha 70 & 35[16] Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Orlando, Florida
Rob Lake 35 Magic Illusionist Norman, Oklahoma
Samuel J. Comroe 30 Comedy Stand-up Comedian Los Angeles, California
Shin Lim 26 Magic Close-up Magician Acton, Massachusetts 1[14]
The Future Kingz 7–23 Dance Dance Group Chicago, Illinois
The PAC Dance Team 15–18 Dance Dance Group Sahuarita, Arizona 1[14]
The Sacred Riana 25 Magic Illusionist Jakarta, Indonesia
The Savitsky Cats 24 & 45 Animal Cat Act Ukraine
UDI Dance 20–37 Dance Blacklight Dance Group Tomsk, Russia
Us the Duo 27 & 28 Singing Band Los Angeles, California
Vicki Barbolak 60 Comedy Stand-up Comedienne Oceanside, California 1[14]
Voices of Hope 5–17 Singing Choir Orange County, California
We Three 21–27 Singing Band McMinnville, Oregon 1[14]
Yumbo Dump 31 & 34 Comedy Comedy Duo Tokyo, Japan
Zurcaroh 8–39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Group Götzis, Austria
International broadcast
This season is being aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US. It airs on AXN starting May 31, 2018 (UTC+8).[17][18]
In the United Kingdom and Ireland the first episode was brought to Netflix on May 31. In Singapore, the show was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 5 every Thursday starting May 31, 2018.[19]
Ratings
U.S. Nielsen ratings
Episode
Title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
Rank
Weekly
Rank
1
Auditions Week 1 May 29, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. 2.5 11 12.16 1[20] 3[21]
2
Auditions Week 2 June 5, 2018 2.2 10 11.27 1[22] 3[23]
3
Auditions Week 3 June 12, 2018 2.3 10 11.46 1[24] 1[25]
4
Auditions Week 4 June 19, 2018 2.2 10 11.86 1[26] 1[27]
5
Auditions Week 5 June 26, 2018 2.0 9 11.32 1[28] 1[29]
6
Auditions Week 6 July 10, 2018 2.1 9 11.55 1[30] 1[31]
7
Judge Cuts 1 July 17, 2018 2.1 9 11.33 1[32] 1[33]
8
Judge Cuts 2 July 24, 2018 2.0 8 11.68 1[34] 1[35]
9
Judge Cuts 3 July 31, 2018 2.1 9 11.83 1[36] 1[37]
10
Judge Cuts 4 August 7, 2018 1.9 9 11.04 1[38] TBA
11
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Performances)[39] August 14, 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
12
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Results)[39] August 15, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
13
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Performances)[39] August 21, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
14
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Results)[39] August 22, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
15
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Performances)[39] August 28, 2018 Tuesday
8:00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
16
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Results)[39] August 29, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA
Special episodes
Specials
Title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
Rank
Weekly
Rank
S1
Best of Auditions July 11, 2018 Wednesday
8:00 p.m. 0.9 5 5.98 2[40] 4[31]
S2
Road to Lives August 9, 2018 Thursday
8:00 p.m. 0.7 3 3.82 2[41] TBA
Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows
Act
Television show
Season
Result
Notes
Academy of Villains America's Got Talent 7 Semifinalist
Sergey and Sasha 10 Cut Before Judge Cuts
Silicon Valley Girls 11 Cut Before Judge Cuts Auditioned as "Trio Grace"
Junior New System Asia's Got Talent 1 Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the semifinals.[42]
The Sacred Riana 2 Winner [43]
Yumbo Dump Semi-Finalist [44][45]
Aaron Crow Britain's Got Talent 7 Semi-Finalist
UDI 9 Finalist
Wes-P 12 Semi-Finalist Auditioned as "Mr. Uekusa"
Glennis Grace Eurovision Song Contest 50 (2005) Semi-Finalist Dutch contestant with "My Impossible Dream"
Aaron Crow La France a un incroyable talent 11 Semi-Finalist
David Pereira 8 Finalist
Zurcaroh 12 Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the auditions.[46]
Noah Guthrie Glee 6 N/A Played Roderick Meeks[47]
Recurring role; 12 episodes.
David Pereira Got Talent España 1 Finalist
Lioz Shem Tov Israel's Got Talent 1 Semi-Finalist
Jeffrey Li Little Big Shots 1 N/A
Rob Lake Masters of Illusion 3 N/A
Jimmy Ichihana Penn & Teller: Fool Us 4 Non-Fooler
Shin Lim 2 Fooler
4
Flau'jae The Rap Game 3 Final Four
Troy James Showtime At The Apollo 1 N/A
Glennis Grace Soundmixshow 10 (1994) Winner Sang "One Moment in Time" by Whitney Houston
Courtney Hadwin The Voice Kids (UK) 1 Finalist One-chair turn from Danny Jones.[48]
Angel Garcia La Voz Kids (US) 2 Eliminated in the Battles Auditioned as "Angelito Garcia". One-chair turn from Prince Royce.
Amanda Mena Winner Three-chair turner and joined Team Royce.[49]
References
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Jump up ^ "AMERICA'S GOT TALENT - (#1311) "LIVE QUARTER FINALS 1". The Futon Critic. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Quin and Misha". FANDOM. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
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Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (May 31, 2018). "'America's Got Talent' adjusts up, 'World of Dance' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
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External links
Official website
IMDB America's Got Talent website
Preceded by
Season 12 (2017) America's Got Talent
Season 13 (2018) Succeeded by
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America's Got Talent
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Winners
Bianca Ryan
Terry Fator
Neal E. Boyd
Kevin Skinner
Michael Grimm
Landau Eugene Murphy Jr.
Olate Dogs
Kenichi Ebina
Mat Franco
Paul Zerdin
Grace VanderWaal
Darci Lynne Farmer
Runners-up
The Millers
Cas Haley
Eli Mattson
Bárbara Padilla
Jackie Evancho
Silhouettes
Tom Cotter
Taylor Williamson
Emily West
Drew Lynch
The Clairvoyants
Angelica Hale
Third place
Butterscotch
Nuttin' But Stringz
Recycled Percussion
Team iLuminate
Oz Pearlman
Jon Dorenbos
Light Balance
Other
notable
contestants
Season 1
Taylor Ware
Alexis Jordan
Celtic Spring
The Passing Zone
Rappin' Granny
Leonid the Magnificent
Jessica Sanchez
Kevin Johnson
Season 2
Jabbawockeez
Julienne Irwin
Kevin James
Season 3
Kaitlyn Maher
ZOOperstars!
Derrick Barry
Season 4
Grandma Lee
The Texas Tenors
Thia Megia
Season 5
ArcAttack
Haspop
Alice Tan Ridley
Prince Poppycock
Connor Doran
The Strange Familiar
Lindsey Stirling
Season 6
Geechy Guy
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Extensible Authentication Protocol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"TTLS" redirects here. For the popular English lullaby, see Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star.
Extensible Authentication Protocol, or EAP, is an authentication framework frequently used in wireless networks and point-to-point connections. It is defined in RFC 3748, which made RFC 2284 obsolete, and is updated by RFC 5247.
EAP is an authentication framework for providing the transport and usage of keying material and parameters generated by EAP methods. There are many methods defined by RFCs and a number of vendor specific methods and new proposals exist. EAP is not a wire protocol; instead it only defines message formats. Each protocol that uses EAP defines a way to encapsulate EAP messages within that protocol's messages.
EAP is in wide use.[timeframe?] For example, in IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) the WPA and WPA2 standards have adopted IEEE 802.1X with one hundred EAP Types as the official authentication mechanisms.
Contents
[hide]
1 Methods
1.1 Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP)
1.2 EAP Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS)
1.3 EAP-MD5
1.4 EAP Protected One-Time Password (EAP-POTP)
1.5 EAP Pre-Shared Key (EAP-PSK)
1.6 EAP Password (EAP-PWD)
1.7 EAP Tunneled Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS)
1.8 EAP Internet Key Exchange v. 2 (EAP-IKEv2)
1.9 EAP Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling (EAP-FAST)
1.10 EAP Subscriber Identity Module (EAP-SIM)
1.11 EAP Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA)
1.12 EAP Authentication and Key Agreement prime (EAP-AKA')
1.13 EAP Generic Token Card (EAP-GTC)
1.14 EAP Encrypted Key Exchange (EAP-EKE)
2 Encapsulation
2.1 IEEE 802.1X
2.2 PEAP
2.3 RADIUS and Diameter
2.4 PANA
2.5 PPP
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Methods[edit]
EAP is an authentication framework, not a specific authentication mechanism. It provides some common functions and negotiation of authentication methods called EAP methods. There are currently about 40 different methods defined. Methods defined in IETF RFCs include EAP-MD5, EAP-POTP, EAP-GTC, EAP-TLS, EAP-IKEv2, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA and EAP-AKA'. Additionally a number of vendor-specific methods and new proposals exist. Commonly used modern methods capable of operating in wireless networks include EAP-TLS, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, LEAP and EAP-TTLS. Requirements for EAP methods used in wireless LAN authentication are described in RFC 4017. The list of type and packets codes used in EAP is available from the IANA EAP Registry.
The standard also describes the conditions under which the AAA key management requirements described in RFC 4962 can be satisfied.
Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP)[edit]
The Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) method was developed by Cisco Systems prior to the IEEE ratification of the 802.11i security standard. Cisco distributed the protocol through the CCX (Cisco Certified Extensions) as part of getting 802.1X and dynamic WEP adoption into the industry in the absence of a standard. There is no native support for LEAP in any Windows operating system, but it is widely supported by third party client software most commonly included with WLAN (wireless LAN) devices. LEAP support for Microsoft Windows 7 and Microsoft Windows Vista can be added by downloading a client add in from Cisco that provides support for both LEAP and EAP-FAST. Due to the wide adoption of LEAP in the networking industry many other WLAN vendors claim support for LEAP.
LEAP uses a modified version of MS-CHAP, an authentication protocol in which user credentials are not strongly protected and easily compromised; an exploit tool called ASLEAP was released in early 2004 by Joshua Wright. Cisco recommends that customers who absolutely must use LEAP do so only with sufficiently complex passwords, though complex passwords are difficult to administer and enforce. Cisco's current recommendation is to use newer and stronger EAP protocols such as EAP-FAST, PEAP, or EAP-TLS.
EAP Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS)[edit]
EAP Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS), defined in RFC 5216, is an IETF open standard that uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, and is well-supported among wireless vendors. EAP-TLS is the original, standard wireless LAN EAP authentication protocol.
EAP-TLS is still considered one of the most secure EAP standards available, although TLS provides strong security only as long as the user understands potential warnings about false credentials, and is universally supported by all manufacturers of wireless LAN hardware and software. Until April 2005, EAP-TLS was the only EAP type vendors needed to certify for a WPA or WPA2 logo. There are client and server implementations of EAP-TLS in 3Com, Apple, Avaya, Brocade Communications, Cisco, Enterasys Networks, Foundry, Hirschmann, HP, Juniper, Microsoft, and open source operating systems. EAP-TLS is natively supported in Mac OS X 10.3 and above, wpa_supplicant, Windows 2000 SP4, Windows XP and above, Windows Mobile 2003 and above, Windows CE 4.2, and Apple's iOS mobile operating system.
Unlike most TLS implementations of HTTPS, such as on the World Wide Web, the majority of implementations of EAP-TLS require client-side X.509 certificates without giving the option to disable the requirement, even though the standard does not mandate their use. Some have identified this as having the potential to dramatically reduce adoption of EAP-TLS and prevent "open" but encrypted access points. On 22 August 2012 hostapd (and wpa_supplicant) added support in its Git repository for an UNAUTH-TLS vendor-specific EAP type (using the hostapd/wpa_supplicant project RFC 5612 Private Enterprise Number), and on 25 February 2014 added support for the WFA-UNAUTH-TLS vendor-specific EAP type (using the Wi-Fi Alliance Private Enterprise Number), which only do server authentication. This would allow for situations much like HTTPS, where a wireless hotspot allows free access and does not authenticate station clients but station clients wish to use encryption (IEEE 802.11i-2004 i.e. WPA2) and potentially authenticate the wireless hotspot. There have also been proposals to use IEEE 802.11u for access points to signal that they allow EAP-TLS using only server-side authentication, using the standard EAP-TLS IETF type instead of a vendor-specific EAP type.
The requirement for a client-side certificate, however unpopular it may be, is what gives EAP-TLS its authentication strength and illustrates the classic convenience vs. security trade-off. With a client-side certificate, a compromised password is not enough to break into EAP-TLS enabled systems because the intruder still needs to have the client-side certificate; indeed, a password is not even needed, as it is only used to encrypt the client-side certificate for storage. The highest security available is when the "private keys" of client-side certificate are housed in smart cards. This is because there is no way to steal a client-side certificate's corresponding private key from a smart card without stealing the card itself. It is more likely that the physical theft of a smart card would be noticed (and the smart card immediately revoked) than a (typical) password theft would be noticed. In addition, the private key on a smart card is typically encrypted using a PIN that only the owner of the smart card knows, minimizing its utility for a thief even before the card has been reported stolen and revoked.
EAP-MD5[edit]
EAP-MD5 was the only IETF Standards Track based EAP method when it was first defined in the original RFC for EAP, RFC 2284. It offers minimal security; the MD5 hash function is vulnerable to dictionary attacks, and does not support key generation, which makes it unsuitable for use with dynamic WEP, or WPA/WPA2 enterprise. EAP-MD5 differs from other EAP methods in that it only provides authentication of the EAP peer to the EAP server but not mutual authentication. By not providing EAP server authentication, this EAP method is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. EAP-MD5 support was first included in Windows 2000 and deprecated in Windows Vista.
EAP Protected One-Time Password (EAP-POTP)[edit]
EAP Protected One-Time Password (EAP-POTP), which is described in RFC 4793, is an EAP method developed by RSA Laboratories that uses one-time password (OTP) tokens, such as a handheld hardware device or a hardware or software module running on a personal computer, to generate authentication keys. EAP-POTP can be used to provide unilateral or mutual authentication and key material in protocols that use EAP.￼￼SAO-GTC
The EAP-POTP method provides two-factor user authentication, meaning that a user needs both physical access to a token and knowledge of a personal identification number (PIN) to perform authentication.
EAP Pre-Shared Key (EAP-PSK)[edit]
EAP Pre-shared key (EAP-PSK), defined in RFC 4764, is an EAP method for mutual authentication and session key derivation using a pre-shared key (PSK). It provides a protected communication channel, when mutual authentication is successful, for both parties to communicate and is designed for authentication over insecure networks such as IEEE 802.11.
EAP-PSK is documented in an experimental RFC that provides a lightweight and extensible EAP method that does not require any public-key cryptography. The EAP method protocol exchange is done in a minimum of four messages.
EAP Password (EAP-PWD)[edit]
EAP Password (EAP-PWD), defined in RFC 5931, is an EAP method which uses a shared password for authentication. The password may be a low-entropy one and may be drawn from some set of possible passwords, like a dictionary, which is available to an attacker. The underlying key exchange is resistant to active attack, passive attack, and dictionary attack.
EAP-PWD is in the base of Android 4.0 (ICS), it is in FreeRADIUS and Radiator RADIUS servers, it is in hostapd and wpa_supplicant.
EAP Tunneled Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS)[edit]
EAP Tunneled Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS) is an EAP protocol that extends TLS. It was co-developed by Funk Software and Certicom and is widely supported across platforms. Microsoft did not incorporate native support for the EAP-TTLS protocol in Windows XP, Vista, or 7. Supporting TTLS on these platforms requires third-party Encryption Control Protocol (ECP) certified software. Microsoft Windows started EAP-TTLS support with Windows 8, however, Windows Phone 8 does not support EAP-TTLS while version 8.1 supports it.
The client can, but does not have to be authenticated via a CA-signed PKI certificate to the server. This greatly simplifies the setup procedure since a certificate is not needed on every client.
After the server is securely authenticated to the client via its CA certificate and optionally the client to the server, the server can then use the established secure connection ("tunnel") to authenticate the client. It can use an existing and widely deployed authentication protocol and infrastructure, incorporating legacy password mechanisms and authentication databases, while the secure tunnel provides protection from eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attack. Note that the user's name is never transmitted in unencrypted clear text, improving privacy.
Two distinct versions of EAP-TTLS exist: original EAP-TTLS (a.k.a. EAP-TTLSv0) and EAP-TTLSv1. EAP-TTLSv0 is described in RFC 5281, EAP-TTLSv1 is available as an Internet draft.
EAP Internet Key Exchange v. 2 (EAP-IKEv2)[edit]
EAP Internet Key Exchange v. 2 (EAP-IKEv2) is an EAP method based on the Internet Key Exchange protocol version 2 (IKEv2). It provides mutual authentication and session key establishment between an EAP peer and an EAP server. It supports authentication techniques that are based on the following types of credentials:
Asymmetric key pairs
Public/private key pairs where the public key is embedded into a digital certificate, and the corresponding private key is known only to a single party.
Passwords
Low-entropy bit strings that are known to both the server and the peer.
Symmetric keys
High-entropy bit strings that are known to both the server and the peer.
It is possible to use a different authentication credential (and thereby technique) in each direction. For example, the EAP server authenticates itself using public/private key pair and the EAP peer using symmetric key. In particular, the following combinations are expected to be used in practice:
EAP server
EAP peer
Asymmetric key pair Asymmetric key pair
Symmetric key
Password
Symmetric key Symmetric key
EAP-IKEv2 is described in RFC 5106, and a prototype implementation exists.
EAP Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling (EAP-FAST)[edit]
Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling (EAP-FAST; RFC 4851) is a protocol proposal by Cisco Systems as a replacement for LEAP. The protocol was designed to address the weaknesses of LEAP while preserving the "lightweight" implementation. Use of server certificates is optional in EAP-FAST. EAP-FAST uses a Protected Access Credential (PAC) to establish a TLS tunnel in which client credentials are verified.
EAP-FAST has three phases:
Phase
Function
Description
Purpose
0 In-band provisioning—provide the peer with a shared secret to be used in secure phase 1 conversation Uses Authenticated Diffie-Hellman Protocol (ADHP). This phase is independent of other phases; hence, any other scheme (in-band or out-of-band) can be used in the future. Eliminate the requirement in the client to establish a master secret every time a client requires network access
1 Tunnel establishment Authenticates using the PAC and establishes a tunnel key Key establishment to provide confidentiality and integrity during the authentication process in phase 2
2 Authentication Authenticates the peer Multiple tunneled, secure authentication mechanisms (credentials exchanged)
When automatic PAC provisioning is enabled, EAP-FAST has a slight vulnerability where an attacker can intercept the PAC and use that to compromise user credentials. This vulnerability is mitigated by manual PAC provisioning or by using server certificates for the PAC provisioning phase.
It is worth noting that the PAC file is issued on a per-user basis. This is a requirement in RFC 4851 sec 7.4.4 so if a new user logs on the network from a device, a new PAC file must be provisioned first. This is one reason why it is difficult not to run EAP-FAST in insecure anonymous provisioning mode. The alternative is to use device passwords instead, but then the device is validated on the network not the user.
EAP-FAST can be used without PAC files, falling back to normal TLS.
EAP-FAST is natively supported in Apple OS X 10.4.8 and newer. Cisco supplies an EAP-FAST module for Windows Vista and later operating systems which have an extensible EAPHost architecture for new authentication methods and supplicants.
EAP Subscriber Identity Module (EAP-SIM)[edit]
EAP Subscriber Identity Module (EAP-SIM) is used for authentication and session key distribution using the subscriber identity module (SIM) from the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
GSM cellular networks use a subscriber identity module card to carry out user authentication. EAP-SIM use a SIM authentication algorithm between the client and an Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) server providing mutual authentication between the client and the network.
In EAP-SIM the communication between the SIM card and the Authentication Centre (AuC) replaces the need for a pre-established password between the client and the AAA server.
The A3/A8 algorithms are being run a few times, with different 128 bit challenges, so there will be more 64 bit Kc-s which will be combined/mixed to create stronger keys (Kc-s won't be used directly). The lack of mutual authentication in GSM has also been overcome.
EAP-SIM is described in RFC 4186.
EAP Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA)[edit]
Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA), is an EAP mechanism for authentication and session key distribution using the UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM). EAP-AKA is defined in RFC 4187.
EAP Authentication and Key Agreement prime (EAP-AKA')[edit]
The EAP-AKA' variant of EAP-AKA, defined in RFC 5448, and is used for non-3GPP access to a 3GPP core network. For example, via EVDO, WiFi, or WiMax.
EAP Generic Token Card (EAP-GTC)[edit]
EAP Generic Token Card, or EAP-GTC, is an EAP method created by Cisco as an alternative to PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPV2 and defined in RFC 2284 and RFC 3748. EAP-GTC carries a text challenge from the authentication server, and a reply generated by a security token. The PEAP-GTC authentication mechanism allows generic authentication to a number of databases such as Novell Directory Service (NDS) and Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), as well as the use of a one-time password.
EAP Encrypted Key Exchange (EAP-EKE)[edit]
EAP with the encrypted key exchange, or EAP-EKE, is one of the few EAP methods that provide secure mutual authentication using short passwords and no need for public key certificates. It is a three-round exchange, based on the Diffie-Hellman variant of the well-known EKE protocol.
EAP-EKE is specified in RFC 6124.
Encapsulation[edit]
EAP is not a wire protocol; instead it only defines message formats. Each protocol that uses EAP defines a way to encapsulate EAP messages within that protocol's messages.
IEEE 802.1X[edit]
The encapsulation of EAP over IEEE 802 is defined in IEEE 802.1X and known as "EAP over LANs" or EAPOL. EAPOL was originally designed for IEEE 802.3 ethernet in 802.1X-2001, but was clarified to suit other IEEE 802 LAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11 wireless and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (ISO 9314-2) in 802.1X-2004. The EAPOL protocol was also modified for use with IEEE 802.1AE (MACsec) and IEEE 802.1AR (Initial Device Identity, IDevID) in 802.1X-2010.
When EAP is invoked by an 802.1X enabled Network Access Server (NAS) device such as an IEEE 802.11i-2004 Wireless Access Point (WAP), modern EAP methods can provide a secure authentication mechanism and negotiate a secure private key (Pair-wise Master Key, PMK) between the client and NAS which can then be used for a wireless encryption session utilizing TKIP or CCMP (based on AES) encryption.
PEAP[edit]
The Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol, also known as Protected EAP or simply PEAP, is a protocol that encapsulates EAP within a potentially encrypted and authenticated Transport Layer Security (TLS) tunnel. The purpose was to correct deficiencies in EAP; EAP assumed a protected communication channel, such as that provided by physical security, so facilities for protection of the EAP conversation were not provided.
PEAP was jointly developed by Cisco Systems, Microsoft, and RSA Security. PEAPv0 was the version included with Microsoft Windows XP and was nominally defined in draft-kamath-pppext-peapv0-00. PEAPv1 and PEAPv2 were defined in different versions of draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap. PEAPv1 was defined in draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-00 through draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-05, and PEAPv2 was defined in versions beginning with draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-06.
The protocol only specifies chaining multiple EAP mechanisms and not any specific method. Use of the EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC methods are the most commonly supported.
RADIUS and Diameter[edit]
Both the RADIUS and Diameter AAA protocols can encapsulate EAP messages. They are often used by Network Access Server (NAS) devices to forward EAP packets between IEEE 802.1X endpoints and AAA servers to facilitate IEEE 802.1X.
PANA[edit]
The Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA) is an IP-based protocol that allows a device to authenticate itself with a network to be granted access. PANA will not define any new authentication protocol, key distribution, key agreement or key derivation protocols; for these purposes, EAP will be used, and PANA will carry the EAP payload. PANA allows dynamic service provider selection, supports various authentication methods, is suitable for roaming users, and is independent from the link layer mechanisms.
PPP[edit]
EAP was originally an authentication extension for the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). PPP has supported EAP since EAP was created as an alternative to the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) and the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), which were eventually incorporated into EAP. The EAP extension to PPP was first defined in RFC 2284, now obsoleted by RFC 3748.
See also[edit]
Authentication protocol
Handover keying
ITU-T X.1035
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
"AAA and Network Security for Mobile Access. RADIUS, DIAMETER, EAP, PKI and IP mobility". M Nakhjiri. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
External links[edit]
RFC 3748: Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) (June 2004)
RFC 5247: Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework (August 2008)
Configure RADIUS for secure 802.1x wireless LAN
How to self-sign a RADIUS server for secure PEAP or EAP-TTLS authentication
Extensible Authentication Protocol on Microsoft TechNet
EAPHost in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008
WIRE1x
"IETF EAP Method Update (emu) Working Group"
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Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex
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Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex
Main Keshavdeva Temple
Location in Uttar Pradesh
Basic information
Location
Mathura
Geographic coordinates
27°30′17″N 77°40′11″E / 27.504748°N 77.669754°E / 27.504748; 77.669754Coordinates: 27°30′17″N 77°40′11″E / 27.504748°N 77.669754°E / 27.504748; 77.669754
Affiliation
Hinduism
Deity
Keshavdeva
District
Mathura district
State
Uttar Pradesh
Country
India
Year consecrated
1958 (Keshavdeva Temple)
Status
Active
Governing body
Shri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan
Architectural description
Funded by
Dalmia and Birla family
Groundbreaking
1953 (modern temple)
Completed
1982
Destroyed
1670 (former temple)
Temple(s)
Three
The Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex is a group of Hindu temples in Mallapura, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. These temples are built around the place where major Hindu deity Krishna is said to have been born.[1][2] The place holds religious significance since the 6th century BC. The temples were destroyed multiple times throughout history, latest by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1670 who erected Eidgah there. In 20th century, the new temple complex was built with financial help from industrialists containing the Keshavdeva temple, the Garbha Griha temple at the birth place and the Bhagavata Bhavan.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Since 19th century
2 Temples and monuments
2.1 Keshavdeva Temple
2.2 Garbha Griha shrine
2.3 Bhagavata Bhavan
2.4 Potra Kund
3 Culture
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Ogee arches and balconies containing human figures, rear view, circa 2nd century BCE, found from archeological excavation of Katra Keshavdeva. Now in Government Museum, Mathura.
The Shahi Eidgah in 1949 which was constructed on the raised plinth of the original temple destroyed by Aurangzeb
According to Hindu traditions, Krishna was born to Devaki and Vasudeva in a prison cell where they were confined by his maternal uncle Kansa, a king of Mathura, due to prophecy of his death by the child of Devaki.[3][4] According to tradition, a temple dedicated to Krishna was built the birthplace by his great grandson Vajranabh.[3][2] The present site known as Krishna Janmasthan (lit. birthplace of Krishna) was known as Katra (lit. market place) Keshavdeva.[5] The archeological excavations of the site had revealed pottery and terracotta from 6th century BC.[5] It also produced some Jain sculptures as well as a large Buddhist complex including Yasha Vihara, a monastery, belonging to Gupta period (c. 400).[5] Cunningham opined that Hindus may have occupied the former Buddhist site.[3] The Vaishnava temple may have erected on the place as early as the first century.[5] Some late 8th century inscriptions mentions donations to the sie by the Rashtrakutas.[3] In 1017 or 1018, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and plundered Mahaban. Ghazni's scribe, though not accompanying him on the expedition, Al Utbi describes in his Tarikh-i-Yamini neighbouring holy town which is identified as Mathura. He wrote, "In the centre of the city there was a huge and magnificent temple, which the people believed wasn’t built by men but by the angels... Any description of the temple, either in words or in pictures, would fall short and fail to convey its beauty." Mahmud of Ghazni wrote, "if any one wished to construct a building equal to it, he would not be able to do so without spending a hundred million dinars, and the work would occupy two hundred years, even though the most able and experienced workmen were employed." He ordered to burn all the temples and demolish them. He plundered gold and silver idols and carried away a load of hundred camels.[6][7] A stone inscription in Sanskrit found from the site mentions that in Vikrama Samvat 1207 (1150) a person named Jajja who may have been a vassal of Gahadavala king built a Vishnu temple which was 'brilliantly white and touching the clouds'.[4][5] Vaishnava saints Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Vallabhacharya visited Mathura in early 16th century.[8][4]

Abdullah, in the reign of Mughal emperor Jehangir, mentions in Tarikh-i-Daudi the destruction of Mathura and its temples by Delhi Sultan Sikandar Lodi in 16th century. Lodi had prohibited Hindus from bathing in the river and shaving of heads on the banks as well.[6][4] In the reign of Jehangir, in 1618, Raja Veer Singh Deva Bundela of Orchha had built a temple at the cost of thirty-three lakhs.[6][9][10] A French traveller Tavernier visited Mathura in 1650 and had described the octagonal temple built in red sand stone.[11][12][10] Italian traveller Niccolao Manucci who worked in Mughal court has also described the temple.[12] Mughal prince Dara Shikoh had patronised the temple and donated a railing to the temple.[9] The railing was removed Mathura governor Abdun Nabi Khan on the order of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and he built Jama mosque on the ruins of the Hindu temples. During the Jat rebellion in Mathura, Abdul Nabi Khan was killed in 1669.[13] Aurangzeb attacked Mathura and destroyed that Keshavdeva temple in 1670 and built Shahi Eidgah in its place.[9][5]
Since 19th century[edit]
The site celebrated as the birth place of Krishna who, as tradition goes, was born in a prison and the prison is said to have existed on the plot marked by a stone plate. To the right of it is the Shahi Eidgah. The image is taken in 1949 before the modern temple complex was built.
Garbha Griha shrine (left) behind the Eidgah (centre) and entrance of the Keshavdeva temple (right), 1988.
Mathura fell under British control in 1803. The East India Company auctioned the land of Katra and it was purchased by Raja Patnimal, a wealthy banker[14] of Banaras.[3][15][16] Raja Patnimal wanted to build the temple but could not do so. His descendants inherited the land of Katra. His descendant Raj Krishna Das was challenged, for the ownership of 13.37 acres of land on which the shrine and the Eidgah is situated, in two civil suits by the Muslims of Mathura but the Allahabad High Court ruled in favour of Raj Krishna Das in both suits in 1935.[15][16] Kailashnath Katju and Madanmohan Chaturvedi had helped in lawsuits. Politician and educationist Madan Mohan Malaviya acquired the land from Raj Krishna Das on 7 February 1944 at the cost of Rs. 13000 with financial help of Industrialist Jugal Kishore Birla.[3][15][16] Following death of Malaviya, Jugal Kishore Birla formed a trust named Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi Trust, later registered as the Shri Krishna Janmasthan Seva Sansthan, on 21 February 1951 and acquired the land.[15][16] Jugal Kishore Birla entrusted the construction of the new temple with another industrialist and philanthropist Jaidayal Dalmia. The construction of the temple complex was started in October 1953 with leveling of lands and completed in February 1982. His eldest son Vishnu Hari Dalmia succeeded him and served on the Trust until his death. His grandson Anurag Dalmia is Joint Managing Trustee on the Trust.[3][15] The construction was funded by other business families including Ramnath Goenka.[3] In 1968, the Trust and the Shahi Eidgah committee reached an agreement which granted the temple land to the Trust and the management of the Eidgah to the Eidgah committee as well no legal claim of the Trust on the Eidgah.[16][17] Following the demolition of the Babri Mosque in 1992, Manohar Lal Sharma, a resident of Vrindavan, has filed a petition in the Mathura District Court challenging the 1968 agreement as well as a petition to quash the Places of Religious Worship Act of 1991 which preserves the status quo as on 15 August 1947 for all places of worship.[16][18]
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Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar was the first chairman of the Trust. He was succeeded by M. A. Ayyangar, followed by Akhandananda Saraswati and Ramdev Maharaj. Nrityagopaldas is the present chairman.[15]
Temples and monuments[edit]
Entrance of the temple complex
Keshavdeva idol in the Keshavdeva temple
Potra Kund
The temple complex contains Keshavdeva temple, Garbha Griha shrine and Bhagavata Bhavan.[2]
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Location of temples and nearby water tank.
Keshavdeva Temple[edit]
The Keshavdeva Temple was built by Ramkrishna Dalmia in memory of his mother Jadiadevi Dalmia. The construction of the temple started on 29 June 1957 and inaugurated on 6 September 1958 by Hanuman Prasad Poddar.[19] It is located south of the Shahi Eidgah.
Garbha Griha shrine[edit]
It is said that Shahi Eidgah was constructed on the sabhamandapa (assembly hall) of the original temple and the garbha griha (sanctum sactorum) was left. It is considered as the place of the prison cell where Krishna is believed to have born. A marble pavilion and an underground prison cell were built on the place with spacious veranda. There is shrine near it dedicated to eight-handed goddess Yogmaya.[20][15][2] It is located against the rear wall of the Shahi Eidgah.[3]
Bhagavata Bhavan[edit]
The construction of the temple dedicated to Shrimad Bhagavata was started on 11 February 1965 and the installation ceremony of the deities were held on 12 February 1982. It includes five shrines: the main shrine having six-feet tall couple of Radha and Krishna; the shrine of Balaram, Subhadra and Jagannatha on right; the temple of Rama, Lakshamana and Sita on left, Garudastambha and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in front of Jagannatha shrine and Hanuman in from of Ram shrine, the temple of Durga and the temple with Shivalinga. The ceiling, walls and pillars of the assembly hall are adorned with frescoes depicting life events of Krishna and his associates and devotees. The text of Bhagavad Gita engraved on copper plates adorn the walls of the parikrama (circumambulation) of the main temple.[21][2][3] There are statues of Malaviya and Birla here.[3]
Other constructions include the Ayurveda Bhavan, International Guest House, shops, library and open space for performances.[3]
Potra Kund[edit]
There is a large and deep stepped water tank, Potra Kund or Pavitra Kund, in south-east of the Janmasthan temple which is said to be used for the first bath of child Krishna after his birth.[22][2] The steps of the tank were built by Mahadji Scindia in 1782. They were restored by his descendants in 1850.[3]
Culture[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex.
The temple is one of the most visited temple of India. Janmashtami, Diwali and Holi are the major festival celebrated at the temple.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tattvāloka. 30. Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Educational Trust. 2007. p. 20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Vemsani, Lavanya (2016). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names. ABC-CLIO. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-61069-211-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m D. Anand (1992). Krishna, the Living God of Braj. Abhinav Publications. p. 29, 125. ISBN 978-81-7017-280-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hans Bakker (1990). The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature: Papers on Pilgrimage in South Asia. BRILL. pp. 6–7, 9. ISBN 90-04-09318-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f A. W. Entwistle (1 January 1987). Braj: Centre of Krishna pilgrimage. E. Forsten. pp. 125, 319–320.
^ Jump up to: a b c F. S. Growse. Mathura-Brindaban-The Mystical Land Of Lord Krishna. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. pp. 50–51, 52, 55. ISBN 978-81-7182-443-4.
Jump up ^ Fazl Ahmad (1963). Heroes of Islam Series: Mahmood of Ghazni. Sh. Muhammad Ashraf. p. 70.
Jump up ^ Stephen Knapp. Krishna Deities and Their Miracles. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Audrey Truschke (1 February 2018). Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-14-343967-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri (1 January 2009). Transformations in Indian History. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. pp. 299–303. ISBN 978-81-7975-261-6. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste; Ball, V. (Valentine) (1889). Travels in India. University of Michigan. London, New York, Macmillan and co. pp. 240–241.
^ Jump up to: a b The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies. 22. Institute of Historical Studies. 1983. p. 50.
Jump up ^ Jl Mehta (1986). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 499–500. ISBN 978-81-207-1015-3.
Jump up ^ Nagendra Kr Singh; A. P. Mishra (2005). Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: Hinduism : J-R. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 397. ISBN 978-81-8220-073-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "History". shrikrishnajanmasthan.net. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ghimire, Yubaraj (15 June 1993). "Shahi Idgah adjacent to Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple at Mathura to be VHP's next target". India Today. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
Jump up ^ Gopal, Sarvepalli (1993-10-15). "Note 3". Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 95–97. ISBN 9781856490504.
Jump up ^ Dhavan, Rajeev (11 July 2003). "Ayodhya solutions". The Hindu. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Keshavdeva". shrikrishnajanmasthan.net. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Garbha Griha". shrikrishnajanmasthan.net. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Bhagvata Bhavan". shrikrishnajanmasthan.net. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Krishna Janmasthan Temple". UP Tourism. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
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