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On the Wings of Love
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On the Wings of Love may refer to:
"On the Wings of Love" (song), a song by Jeffrey Osborne from his 1982 self-titled album
On the Wings of Love (TV series), a 2015 Philippine television series starring James Reid and Nadine Lustre
"On the Wings of Love" (Twin Peaks), an episode of the TV series Twin Peaks
"On the Wings of Love", a 1999 song by Westlife, a B-side of the single "I Have a Dream"/"Seasons in the Sun"
The Bachelor: On the Wings of Love, the 14th season of the American reality TV series The Bachelor
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title On the Wings of Love.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Wings_of_Love&oldid=675467632"
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Calcification
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the calcification of body tissue. For calcification of water pipes, see Hard water.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Density-Dependent Colour Scanning Electron Micrograph SEM (DDC-SEM) of cardiovascular calcification, showing in orange calcium phosphate spherical particles (denser material) and, in green, the extracellular matrix (less dense material).[1]
Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue. It normally occurs in the formation of bone, but calcium can be deposited abnormally in soft tissue,[1][2] causing it to harden. Calcifications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not, and the location of the calcification.[3] Calcification may also refer to the processes of normal mineral deposition in biological systems, such as the formation of stromatolites or mollusc shells (see Mineralization (biology) or Biomineralization).
Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes of soft tissue calcification
2.1 Mineral balance
3 Forms
3.1 Location
3.2 Pattern
3.3 Breast disease
4 Diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 See also
7 References
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Calcification can manifest itself in many ways in the body depending on the location.[citation needed]
Causes of soft tissue calcification[edit]
Calcification of soft tissue (arteries, cartilage, heart valves,[1][2] etc.) can be caused by vitamin K2 deficiency or by poor calcium absorption due to a high calcium/vitamin D ratio. This can occur with or without a mineral imbalance.
Intake of excessive vitamin D can cause vitamin D poisoning and excessive intake of calcium from the intestine, when accompanied by a deficiency of vitamin K (perhaps induced by an anticoagulant) can result in calcification of arteries and other soft tissue.[4] Such metastatic soft tissue calcification is mainly in tissues containing "calcium catchers" such as elastic fibres or sour mucopolysaccharides. These tissues especially include the lungs (pumice lung) and the aorta.[5]
Mineral balance[edit]
Dystrophic calcification, without a systemic mineral imbalance.
Metastatic calcification, a systemic elevation of calcium levels in the blood and all tissues.
Forms[edit]
Calcification can be pathological or a standard part of the aging process. Nearly all adults show calcification of the pineal gland.[6]
Location[edit]
Extraskeletal calcification, e.g. calciphylaxis
Brain, e.g. Fahr's syndrome
Tumor calcification[7]
Arthritic bone spurs
Kidney stones
Gall stones
Heterotopic bone
Pattern[edit]
Patterns of calcifications may indicate pathological processes. Laminated appearance suggests granulomatous disease while popcorn calcification indicates hamartoma. Malignant lesions may have stippled or eccentric calcification.[citation needed]
Breast disease[edit]
In a number of breast pathologies, calcium is often deposited at sites of cell death or in association secretions or hyalinized stroma, resulting in pathologic calcification. For example, small, irregular, linear calcifications may be seen, via mammography, in a ductal carcinoma-in-situ to produce visible radio-opacities.[8]
Diagnosis[edit]
In terms of diagnosis, in this case vascular calcification, an ultrasound and radiography of said area is sufficient.[9]
Treatment[edit]
Treatment of high calcium/vitamin D ratio may most easily be accomplished by intake of more vitamin D if vitamin K is normal. Intake of too much vitamin D would be evident by anorexia, loss of appetite, or soft tissue calcification.
See also[edit]
Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
Pineal gland
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Bertazzo, Sergio; Gentleman, Eileen; Cloyd, Kristy L.; Chester, Adrian H.; Yacoub, Magdi H.; Stevens, Molly M. (2013). "Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification". Nature Materials. 12 (6): 576–583. doi:10.1038/nmat3627. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 23603848.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, J. D. Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins. Nature Materials 12, 476-478 (2013).
Jump up ^ Calcification The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
Jump up ^ Paul Price, et al., "Warfarin-Induced Artery Calcification Is Accelerated by Growth and Vitamin D", Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2000, Vol. 20, pp. 317-327.
Jump up ^ McGavin, Zachary. Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, fourth edition; Elsevier 2007.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Robert A. "Age-Related Incidence of Pineal Calcification Detected by Computed Tomography" (PDF). Radiological Society of North America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
Jump up ^ calcification in ovarian tumours
Jump up ^ Robbins and Cotran (2009), Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th edition, Elsevier.
Jump up ^ Raggi, Paolo; Bellasi, Antonio. "Clinical assessment of vascular calcification". Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 14 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2006.10.006. ISSN 1548-5595. PMID 17200042.
hide
v
t
e
Inborn error of metal metabolism (E83, 275)
Transition metal
Fe
high:
Primary iron overload disorder: Hemochromatosis/HFE1
Juvenile/HFE2
HFE3
African iron overload/HFE4
Aceruloplasminemia
Atransferrinemia
Hemosiderosis
deficiency:
Iron deficiency
Cu
high:
Copper toxicity
Wilson's disease
deficiency:
Copper deficiency
Menkes disease/Occipital horn syndrome
Zn
high:
Zinc toxicity
deficiency:
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Electrolyte
Na+ and K+
see Template:Water-electrolyte imbalance and acid-base imbalance
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alkaline phosphatase
Hypophosphatasia
Mg2+
high:
Hypermagnesemia
deficiency:
Hypomagnesemia
Ca2+
high:
Hypercalcaemia
Milk-alkali syndrome (Burnett's)
Calcinosis (Calciphylaxis, Calcinosis cutis)
Calcification (Metastatic calcification, Dystrophic calcification)
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
deficiency:
Hypocalcaemia
Osteomalacia
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy)
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
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1967 Stanley Cup Finals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1967 Stanley Cup Finals
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Toronto Maple Leafs 2 3 3 2 4 3 4
Montreal Canadiens 6 0 2 6 1 1 2
* indicates periods of overtime.
Location(s)
Montreal, QC (Montreal Forum) (1,2,5)
Toronto, ON (Maple Leaf Gardens) (3,4,6)
Coaches
Toronto: Punch Imlach
Montreal: Toe Blake
Captains
Toronto: George Armstrong
Montreal: Jean Beliveau
Dates
April 20 to May 2, 1967
MVP
Dave Keon (Maple Leafs)
Series-winning goal
Jim Pappin (19:24, second, G6)
← 1966
Stanley Cup Finals
1968 →
The 1967 Stanley Cup Finals was a best-of-seven series played between the Montreal Canadiens and the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Maple Leafs ended up winning the series, four games to two. In doing this, they won their thirteenth Stanley Cup. To date, this is Toronto's most recent Stanley Cup championship, most recent appearance in the championship final, and is tied for the longest-active championship drought in the NHL with the St. Louis Blues (who have never won since joining the NHL in 1967) at 49 (not including 2004–05 lockout) seasons. The 1967 Stanley Cup Final was also the last Stanley Cup Final in the Original Six Era.
Contents
[hide]
1 Paths to the Finals
2 Game summaries
2.1 Game One
3 Toronto Maple Leafs 1967 Stanley Cup champions
3.1 Players
3.2 Coaching and administrative staff:
3.3 Stanley Cup engraving
3.4 Won all 4 Stanley Cups in 6 Years with Toronto 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Paths to the Finals[edit]
Main article: 1967 Stanley Cup playoffs
This was the last Stanley Cup before the 1967 expansion which meant there were only two rounds and three series in total were played in the playoffs. Montreal defeated New York to advance to the finals and Toronto defeated Chicago.
Game summaries[edit]
The average age of the Leafs' players was 31, the oldest lineup to win the Cup.[1] Johnny Bower was 42 and Allan Stanley was 41. Dave Keon won the Conn Smythe Trophy.
Montreal won the opener 6–2 Toronto. For the second game, Terry Sawchuk was replaced with Bower and provided the Leafs with a shutout win, 3–0. Bower was in net for game three and won 3–2 on Bob Pulford's overtime goal. This game has been described as "one of the most exciting games ever played".[2]
Bower was injured before game four and Sawchuk had to replace him. Al Smith was called up from the minors to serve as back-up for the fourth and fifth games. The Canadiens defeated the Leafs 6–2 again, this time in Toronto to even the series. Sawchuk would play well in the next two games, backstopping the Leafs to the Cup.
In the sixth game Bower returned to the line-up as back up. Jim Pappin scored his seventh goal of the playoffs and Sawchuk stopped 41 shots helping Toronto win the Cup. Pappin had four goals and four assists in the final series. Captain George Armstrong scored the 3-1 empty-net insurance goal to put game six out of reach.

April 20 Toronto Maple Leafs 2-6 Montreal Canadiens Montreal Forum Recap
[show]
Larry Hillman (1) - 6:40 First period 6:25 - pp - Yvan Cournoyer (1)
11:19 - Henri Richard (1)
Jim Pappin (4) - pp - 12:59 Second period 5:03 - pp - Yvan Cournoyer (2)
6:36 - Jean Beliveau (3)
No scoring Third period 4:53 - Henri Richard (2)
8:21 - Henri Richard (3)
Terry Sawchuck, Johnny Bower Goalie stats Rogie Vachon
April 22 Toronto Maple Leafs 3-0 Montreal Canadiens Montreal Forum Recap
[show]
Pete Stemkowski (4) - pp - 12:14 First period No scoring
Mike Walton (3) - pp - 9:12
Tim Horton (2) - 16:57 Second period No scoring
No scoring Third period No scoring
Johnny Bower Goalie stats Rogie Vachon
April 25 Montreal Canadiens 2-3 2OT Toronto Maple Leafs Maple Leaf Gardens Recap
[show]
Jean Beliveau (4) - pp - 2:27 First period 8:39 - pp - Pete Stemkowski (5)
John Ferguson (4) - 19:10 Second period 10:34 - Jim Pappin (5)
No scoring Third period No scoring
No scoring Second overtime period 8:26 - Bob Pulford (1)
Rogie Vachon Goalie stats Johnny Bower
April 27 Montreal Canadiens 6-2 Toronto Maple Leafs Maple Leaf Gardens Recap
[show]
Ralph Backstrom (4) - 12:25
Jean Beliveau (5) - pp - 13:08 First period No scoring
Henri Richard (4) - 2:26
Jean Beliveau (6) - 13:41
Ralph Backstrom (5) - 15:58 Second period 2:09 - pp - Mike Walton (4)
12:16 - Tim Horton (3)
Jimmy Roberts (1) - 15:17 Third period No scoring
Rogie Vachon Goalie stats Terry Sawchuk
April 29 Toronto Maple Leafs 4-1 Montreal Canadiens Montreal Forum Recap
[show]
Jim Pappin (6) - pp - 15:06 First period 6:03 - Leon Rochefort (1)
Brian Conacher (3) - 3:07
Marcel Pronovost (1) - sh - 12:02
Dave Keon (3) - 19:27 Second period No scoring
No scoring Third period No scoring
Terry Sawchuk Goalie stats Rogie Vachon, Gump Worsley
May 2 Montreal Canadiens 1-3 Toronto Maple Leafs Maple Leaf Gardens Recap
[show]
No scoring First period No scoring
No scoring Second period 6:25 - Ron Ellis (2)
19:24 - Jim Pappin (7)
Dick Duff (2) - 5:28 Third period 19:13 - George Armstrong (2)
Gump Worsley Goalie stats Terry Sawchuk
Toronto won series 4–2

Game One[edit]
April 20 Toronto Maple Leafs 2–6
1 – 2, 1 – 2, 0 – 2 Montreal Canadiens Montreal Forum
[show]Game reference
Terry Sawchuk
Johnny Bower Goalies Rogie Vachon Referee:
Bill Friday
Linesmen:
Pat Stelter
Neil Armstrong
0 – 1 6:25 – Yvan Cournoyer 1 (Jean Beliveau, Bobby Rousseau)
Larry Hillman 1 (Jim Pappin) (PP) – 6:40 1 – 1
1 – 2 11:19 – Henri Richard 1 (Leon Rochefort, Dave Balon)
1 – 3 5:03 – Yvan Cournoyer 2 (Bobby Rousseau, Henri Richard) (PP)
1 – 4 6:36 – Jean Beliveau 3 (Gilles Tremblay)
Jim Pappin 4 (Tim Horton, Bob Pulford) (PP) – 12:59 2 – 4
2 – 5 4:53 – Henri Richard 2 (Dave Balon)
2 – 6 8:21 – Henri Richard 3 (J.C. Tremblay)
26 Shots 44
Toronto Maple Leafs 1967 Stanley Cup champions[edit]
Players
Centres
4 Leonard Red Kelly
12 Pete Stemkowski
14 Dave Keon
15 Mike Walton
17 Brian Conacher
25 Milan Marcetta†††
Wingers
8 Ron Ellis
10 George Armstrong (Captain)
15 Larry Jeffrey
18 Jim Pappin
20 Bob Pulford (A)
23 Eddie Shack
27 Frank Mahovlich
Defencemen
2 Larry Hillman
3 Marcel Pronovost
7 Miles Tim Horton
21 Bob Baun
24 Aut Erickson†††
26 Allan Stanley (A)
Goaltenders
30 Terry Sawchuk
1 Johnny Bower
1 Al Smith††
Coaching and administrative staff:
Stafford Smythe (President/Owner), Harold Ballard (Exe. Vice President/Owner)
John Bassett (Chairman/Owner), George Punch Imlach (Manager-Coach)
Frank King Clancy (Asst. Manager-Coach), Bob Davidson (Chief Scout)
John Anderson (Business Manager)
Bob Haggert (Trainer), Tom Nayler (Asst. Trainer)
Dr. Karl Elieff (Physiotherapist)
Richard Smythe (Mascot)
Stanley Cup engraving
The first "K" in Peter Stemkowski's name was engraved backwards.
Stafford Smythe's name was misspelled C. ST FFORD SMYTHE PRESIDENT missing an "A". Both mistakes were corrected on the Replica Cup created in 1992–93.
Leonard "Red" Kelly won 8 Stanley Cups. He was engraved as Leonard Kelly in 1954, 1955, 1962, 1963, 1964. Kelly was engraved as Red Kelly in 1950, 1952, 1967.
††† Milan Marcetta, played 3 games in the finals and Aut Erickson played 1 game in the finals qualifying to be on the cup. Neither player played a game for Toronto in regular season.
††Johnny Bower was 42 years old when he won his fourth and final Stanley Cup. Bower missed 2 games in the finals with an injury. Al Smith was dressed in his place. Smith's name was left off the Cup, because he only played 1 regular season game, and did not play in the playoffs. Al Smith qualified to be on the Cup, because he was dressed in the finals.
† #19 Kent Douglas (defense), and #24 John Brenneman (winger) were sent to the minors before the trading deadline. They played half regular season games, qualified to win the Cup, but name was left off for playing in minors during the playoffs.
Dr. Hugh Symthe (Team Physician) - Also left (His name is on cup 1942 with Toronto as mascot).
Won all 4 Stanley Cups in 6 Years with Toronto 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967[edit]
George Armstrong, Bob Baun, Johnny Bower, Larry Hillman, Tim Horton, Red Kelly, Dave Keon, Frank Mahovlich, Bob Pulford, Eddie Shack, Allan Stanley (11 players), Stafford Smythe, Harold Ballard, John Bassette, Punch Imlach, King Clancy, Bob Haggart, Tom Nayler (7 non-players), Bob Davidson, Karl Elieff (were part of all 4 cups, but were not included on the cup each season.)
See also[edit]
1966–67 NHL season
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Stanley Cup. p. 42.
Jump up ^ McFarlane(1973), pg. 171
References[edit]
"All-Time NHL Results".
Diamond, Dan, ed. (2000). Total Stanley Cup. NHL.
McFarlane, Brian (1973). The History of the National Hockey League. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-13424-1.
Podnieks, Andrew; Hockey Hall of Fame (2004). Lord Stanley's Cup. Triumph Books. ISBN 978-1-55168-261-7.
Preceded by
Montreal Canadiens
1966 Toronto Maple Leafs
Stanley Cup Champions
1967 Succeeded by
Montreal Canadiens
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Goaltender mask
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jacques Plante's original fiberglass mask, first used on November 1, 1959
A goaltender mask, commonly referred to as a goalie mask or a hockey mask, is a mask worn by ice hockey, inline hockey, and field hockey goaltenders to protect the head from injury. Jacques Plante was the first goaltender to create and use a practical mask in 1959. Plante's mask was a piece of fiberglass that was contoured to his face. This mask later evolved into a helmet/cage combination, and single piece full fiberglass mask. Today, the full fiberglass mask with the birdcage facial protector is the more popular option because it is safer and offers better visibility.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types
2.1 Face-hugging
2.2 Helmet/Cage combination
2.3 Fiberglass/Cage combination
3 Tactical play
4 Mask decoration
5 Other uses
5.1 Other sports
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Clint Benedict, shown in 1923, became the first goaltender to wear facial protection in a game in 1930.
Jason Voorhees wearing the now-iconic goalie mask. It was made by being molded from a Detroit Red Wings goalie mask. It would become a staple for the character for the rest of the Friday the 13th series, and had an instant impact on pop culture.
The first goaltender mask was a metal fencing mask donned in February 1927 by Queen's University netminder Elizabeth Graham, mainly to protect her teeth.[1] In 1930, the first crude leather model of the mask (actually an American football "nose-guard") was worn by Clint Benedict to protect his broken nose.[2] After recovering from the injury, he abandoned the mask, never wearing one again in his career. At the 1936 Winter Olympics, Teiji Honma wore a crude mask, similar to the one worn by baseball catchers. The mask was made of leather, and had a wire cage which protected the face, as well as Honma's large circular glasses.
It was not until 1959 that a goaltender wore a mask full-time. On November 1, 1959, in a game between the Montreal Canadiens and New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL), Canadiens goaltender Jacques Plante was struck in the face by a shot from Andy Bathgate. Plante had previously worn his mask in practice, but coach Toe Blake refused to permit him to wear it in a game, fearing it would inhibit his vision. After being stitched up, Plante gave Blake an ultimatum, refusing to go back out onto the ice without the mask, to which Blake obliged not wanting to forfeit the game since NHL teams did not have back-up goaltenders at the time. Plante went on a long unbeaten streak wearing the mask, which stopped when he was asked to remove it for a game. After that particular loss, Plante resumed donning the mask for the remainder of his career. When Plante introduced the mask into the game, many questioned his dedication and bravery; in response, Plante made an analogy to a person skydiving without a parachute. Although Plante faced some laughter, the face-hugging fiberglass goaltender mask soon became the standard.
Since the invention of the fiberglass hockey mask, professional goaltenders no longer play without a mask. The last goaltender to play without a mask was Andy Brown, who played his last NHL game in 1974. He would then go to the Indianapolis Racers of the WHA and play without a mask till his retirement in 1977.[3]
Types[edit]
Face-hugging[edit]
1970s mask made by Fibrosport
The face-hugging fiberglass, the type which was worn first by Jacques Plante, is a longtime symbol of ice hockey as typified by the famous painting At the Crease, by Ken Danby. This style of mask is no longer used by hockey leagues, yet its fame continues because of its use by horror movie icon Jason Voorhees of the Friday the 13th film series.[4] A similar design is also featured on the 1993–2006 Mighty Ducks NHL logo and can still be seen on the shoulder patch of the current Anaheim Ducks sweater. Casey Jones of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise also wears a stylized version of the mask, as did D-Roc the Executioner, the late guitarist of the heavy metal band Body Count.[5] Similarly, the members of Hollywood Undead are always seen wearing signature masks based on this design. The goaltender mask evolved further from the original face-hugging fiberglass mask designed by Plante. Although this mask does not seem very protective now, at the time it was, based on the style of game that was played.
Gerry Cheevers' use of the face-hugging mask for the Boston Bruins was among the first to be "decorated" in a custom manner; as prompted by then-Bruins trainer John "Frosty" Forristall as a joke, painting on a fake stitch where Cheevers had been struck in the mask by an errant puck on the mask.[6] Cheevers adopted the "stitch mask" as his own,[7] and went on to set a NHL record (which still stands) of 32 straight wins during the Bruins' 1971–72 season.[8][9]
Helmet/Cage combination[edit]
In the 1970s, a helmet/cage combination became popular, which was popularized by Vladislav Tretiak, the noted Russian goaltender who competed against Canada in the 1972 Summit Series and against the USA in the 1980 winter Olympics known as the Miracle On Ice. Like the original fiberglass design, the helmet/cage combination has been criticized for not providing adequate facial/cranial protection. Dan Cloutier switched from this type of mask to the more popular full fiberglass citing safety reasons upon the advice of the Los Angeles Kings. Dominik Hašek, a Hart Trophy and Vezina Trophy–winner in the late 1990s used this type of mask; Hašek retired from the NHL in 2008. Rick DiPietro, last with the New York Islanders in 2013, was one of the last NHL goalies to use this type of mask.[10] On March 4, 2014 Tim Thomas took the ice for the Florida Panthers wearing an old Cooper helmet painted dark blue with a modern Bauer cage and white Itech neck guard attached. During the game the cage would break from a slapshot and Thomas would return with a red Mage style helmet with a similar Bauer cage.[11] Goalies at lower levels of hockey (such as high-school, college, or recreational leagues) who choose to use this design cite reasons such as the plastic helmet used is lighter than the fiberglass or composite materials used in other designs, and that the helmet has a wider opening than a traditional mask for a less claustrophobic feeling and better sight of the puck.
The cage/helmet combo mask, worn by Dominik Hašek.
A standard (typical) full fiberglass/Kevlar mask, as worn by Martin Gerber.
Fiberglass/Cage combination[edit]
Boston Bruins goaltender Tuukka Rask with a full fiberglass/birdcage combination goaltender mask
The second type of goaltender mask is a fiberglass mask with a cage attached in the middle. It can also be made out of carbon fiber, or a fiberglass and kevlar mix. These masks are able to better withstand the impacts of hockey puck at higher speeds and are used at all levels of organized ice hockey. These masks are considered safer since they disperse the impact of the puck better than the helmet/cage combination. Former goaltender Tim Thomas of the Boston Bruins wore a newer style one piece called a Sportmask Mage RS, which is made like the newer fiberglass mask, but resembles the helmet/cage combination.
Tactical play[edit]
The advent of the goaltender mask changed the way goaltenders play, allowing them to make more saves on their knees without fear of serious head or facial injuries. Before the advent of the mask, most goaltenders stayed standing as much as possible. In the modern era, a goaltender is likely to make the majority of saves when they have one or both knees on the ice. With the technological advancement of the mask, shots hitting the head typically only cause temporary discomfort instead of serious concussions and lacerations; however, a mask does not eliminate all potential risk of injury, and goaltenders have been concussed by a shot hitting the head. Some goaltenders, like Dominik Hašek and Henrik Lundqvist, have used their heads intentionally to stop shots. Lundqvist said that his reason for this is to not obstruct his vision by placing his catching glove in front of his mask to stop the shot.
Mask decoration[edit]
With the available surface area provided by fiberglass masks, goaltenders find it fashionable to give their mask distinctive decorations. This tradition started with the earliest masks, notably by the aforementioned, now-retired Boston Bruins goaltender Gerry Cheevers, who was known for drawing stitches on his mask whenever it got hit.[12] These stitches represented where Cheevers would have been cut had he not been wearing his mask.[13] Modern-day masks also offer this ability, and goaltenders are well-identified with their helmet design, often transferring the motif into their new team's colours when traded or signed to a new team (for example, Patrick Lalime's Marvin the Martian theme, Felix Potvin's cat theme, Curtis Joseph's Cujo theme, Ed Belfour's eagle theme, Martin Brodeur's Devils theme, Peter Budaj's Ned Flanders theme, Cam Talbot's Ghostbusters theme or John Gibson's Arcade game theme).
Modern decorated goaltender mask from Michael Tobler, Lausanne Season 2009/2010, made by Airxess
Henrik Lundqvist's mask featuring the Statue of Liberty.
Marc-André Fleury's mask celebrating the Penguins 2009 Stanley Cup win.
Leafs goalie James Reimer's "Optimus Prime" themed mask.
Brent Johnson's mask featuring Led Zeppelin graphics and lyrics.
Other uses[edit]
Other sports[edit]
A baseball catcher wearing a mask modeled after the goaltender mask.
In recent years, baseball catchers have begun wearing facemasks similar in style to goaltender masks. Charlie O'Brien was the first to use a hockey style catcher's mask in a Major League Baseball game in 1996 while playing for the Toronto Blue Jays.[14]
Goaltender masks are commonly seen being worn by box lacrosse and field hockey goaltenders at both youth and professional levels.
See also[edit]
Ice hockey portal
Hockey helmet
Goalie pads
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Forget Jacques Plante". Retrieved 2008-12-13. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "History of Masks". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Conrad (Andy) Brown". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Jason Voorhees figurehead". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
Jump up ^ Devenish, Colin (August 19, 2004). "Body Count Guitarist Dead". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
Jump up ^ Cheevers with the "stitch mask" on, in a Bruins game
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Terry (5 January 2017). "The Crazy World of Trademarks". Under the Influence. CBC Radio. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ McLaren, Ian (March 19, 2014). "This Day in Hockey History". The Score. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bruins Keep Rolling". The New York Times. February 14, 1983. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Goalie Mask". NHL.com (in en_US). Retrieved 16 March 2017. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "Panthers' Tim Thomas shows off a pair of odd helmets in game vs. Boston". SI.com. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gerry Cheevers". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Gerry Cheevers Biography". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
Jump up ^ "About Charlie O'Brien". charlieoproducts.com. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ice hockey goaltender helmets.
A Brief History of the Goalie Mask
MyPuck Rent a Goalie - with pictures of goalies in masks
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goaltender_mask&oldid=818677865"
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1964 Alaska earthquake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1964 Alaska earthquake
Fourth Avenue in Anchorage, Alaska, looking east from near Barrow Street. The southern edge of one of several landslides in Anchorage, this one covered an area of over a dozen blocks, including 5 blocks along the north side of Fourth Avenue. Most of the area was razed and made an urban renewal district.
UTC time
1964-03-28 03:36
ISC event
869809
USGS-ANSS
ComCat
Local date
March 27, 1964 (1964-03-27)
Local time
17:36:16 AST
Duration
4–5 minutes.
Magnitude
9.2 M[1], 6.7 mb (ISC)
Depth
25 kilometers (16 mi)
Epicenter
60°54′29″N 147°20′20″W / 60.908°N 147.339°W / 60.908; -147.339
Type
Megathrust
Areas affected
United States, Canada
Total damage
$311 million
Max. intensity
XI (Extreme)
Peak acceleration
0.18 g
Tsunami
Major. Run-up of 67 m (220 ft) at Shoup Bay, Alaska.
Casualties
139 killed
The 1964 Alaskan earthquake, also known as the Great Alaskan earthquake and Good Friday earthquake, occurred at 5:36 PM AST on Good Friday, March 27.[2] Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing structures, and tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 139 deaths.[3]
Lasting four minutes and thirty-eight seconds, the magnitude 9.2 megathrust earthquake was the most powerful earthquake recorded in North American history, and the second most powerful earthquake recorded in world history. 600 miles of fault ruptured at once and moved up to 60 feet (about 500 years of stress buildup). Soil liquefaction, fissures, landslides, and other ground failures caused major structural damage in several communities and much damage to property. Anchorage sustained great destruction or damage to many inadequately earthquake-engineered houses, buildings, and infrastructure (paved streets, sidewalks, water and sewer mains, electrical systems, and other man-made equipment), particularly in the several landslide zones along Knik Arm. Two hundred miles southwest, some areas near Kodiak were permanently raised by 30 feet (9.1 m). Southeast of Anchorage, areas around the head of Turnagain Arm near Girdwood and Portage dropped as much as 8 feet (2.4 m), requiring reconstruction and fill to raise the Seward Highway above the new high tide mark.
In Prince William Sound, Port Valdez suffered a massive underwater landslide, resulting in the deaths of 32 people between the collapse of the Valdez city harbor and docks, and inside the ship that was docked there at the time. Nearby, a 27-foot (8.2 m) tsunami destroyed the village of Chenega, killing 23 of the 68 people who lived there; survivors out-ran the wave, climbing to high ground. Post-quake tsunamis severely affected Whittier, Seward, Kodiak, and other Alaskan communities, as well as people and property in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California.[4] Tsunamis also caused damage in Hawaii and Japan. Evidence of motion directly related to the earthquake was also reported from Florida and Texas.
Contents
1 Geology
2 Tsunamis
3 Death toll, damage, and casualties
3.1 Anchorage area
3.2 Elsewhere in Alaska
3.3 Canada
3.4 Elsewhere
4 Aftershocks
5 Recovery efforts
6 References
6.1 Specific
6.2 General
7 External links
Geology[edit]
On March 27, 1964, at 5:36 p.m. AST (3:36 a.m. UTC), a fault between the Pacific and North American plates ruptured near College Fjord in Prince William Sound. The epicenter of the earthquake was 12.4 mi (20 km) north of Prince William Sound, 78 miles (125 km) east of Anchorage and 40 miles (64 km) west of Valdez. The focus occurred at a depth of approximately 15.5 mi (25 km). Ocean floor shifts created large tsunamis (up to 220 feet (67 m) in height), which resulted in many of the deaths and much of the property damage.[5] Large rockslides were also caused, resulting in great property damage. Vertical displacement of up to 38 feet (11.5 m) occurred, affecting an area of 100,000 miles² (250,000 km²) within Alaska.
Studies of ground motion have led to a peak ground acceleration estimate of 0.14–0.18 g.[6]
The Alaska earthquake was a subduction zone (megathrust) earthquake, caused by an oceanic plate sinking under a continental plate. The fault responsible was the Aleutian Megathrust, a reverse fault caused by a compressional force. This caused much of the uneven ground which is the result of ground shifted to the opposite elevation.
Tsunamis[edit]
Calculated travel time map for the tectonic tsunami produced by the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake in Alaska. Tsunami Travel Times computed using Tsunami Travel Times[7] software v3.1 (P. Wessel). Map does not show the height or strength of the waves, only the calculated travel times.

Red: 1- to 4-hour arrival times
Yellow: 5- to 6-hour arrival times
Green: 7- to 14-hour arrival times
Blue: 15- to 21-hour arrival times.
Two types of tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunamis were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, Mexico, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about 220 ft (67 m).[3] Tremors were detected in water wells in Australia.[8]
Death toll, damage, and casualties[edit]
The largest landslide in Anchorage occurred along Knik Arm between Point Woronzof and Fish Creek, causing substantial damage to numerous homes in the Turnagain-By-The-Sea subdivision.
The ruin of Portage
A plank driven through a tire by the tsunami in Whittier
The 5-story JCPenney department store in Anchorage in 1964, following the earthquake.
As a result of the earthquake, 139 people are believed to have died:[3] Fifteen died as a result of the earthquake itself, 106 died from the subsequent tsunami in Alaska,[9] 5 died from the tsunami in Oregon[10], and 13 died from the tsunami in CaliforniaCitation Needed. The quake was a reported XI on the modified Mercalli Intensity scale "indicating major structural damage, and ground fissures and failures".[11] Property damage was estimated at about $116 million[3] ($0.70 billion in 2016 dollars).[12] It is likely that the toll would have been much higher had the quake not occurred after 5 pm on Good Friday.[8]
Play media
United States Geological Survey video explaining the earthquake and footage
Anchorage area[edit]
Most damage occurred in Anchorage, 75 mi (120 km) northwest of the epicenter. Anchorage was not hit by tsunamis, but downtown Anchorage was heavily damaged, and parts of the city built on sandy bluffs overlying "Bootlegger Cove clay" near Cook Inlet, most notably the Turnagain neighborhood, suffered landslide damage. The neighborhood lost 75 houses in the landslide, and the destroyed area has since been turned into Earthquake Park. The Government Hill school suffered from the Government Hill landslide, leaving it in two jagged, broken pieces. Land overlooking the Ship Creek valley near the Alaska Railroad yards also slid, destroying many acres of buildings and city blocks in downtown Anchorage. Most other areas of the city were only moderately damaged. The 60-foot (18 m) concrete control tower at Anchorage International Airport was not engineered to withstand earthquake activity and collapsed, killing William George Taylor, the Federal Aviation Agency air traffic controller on duty in the tower cab at the time the earthquake began.[13]
One house on W. 10th Avenue suffered peripheral damage, but only one block away the recently completed (and still unoccupied) Four Seasons Building on Ninth Avenue collapsed completely, with the concrete elevator shafts sticking up out of the rubble like a seesaw.
The hamlets of Girdwood and Portage, located 30 and 40 mi (60 km) southeast of central Anchorage on the Turnagain Arm, were destroyed by subsidence and subsequent tidal action. Girdwood was relocated inland and Portage was abandoned. About 20 miles (32 km) of the Seward Highway sank below the high-water mark of Turnagain Arm; the highway and its bridges were raised and rebuilt in 1964–66.
Elsewhere in Alaska[edit]
Most coastal towns in the Prince William Sound, Kenai Peninsula, and Kodiak Island areas, especially the major ports of Seward, Whittier and Kodiak were heavily damaged by a combination of seismic activity, subsidence, post-quake tsunamis and/or earthquake-caused fires. Valdez was not totally destroyed, but after three years, the town relocated to higher ground 7 km (4 mi) west of its original site. Some Alaska Native villages, including Chenega and Afognak, were destroyed or damaged. The earthquake caused the Cold-War era ballistic missile detection radar of Clear Air Force Station to go offline for six minutes, the only unscheduled interruption in its operational history. Near Cordova, the Million Dollar Bridge crossing the Copper River also collapsed. The community of Girdwood was also confined to the southern side of the Seward Highway when water rushed into Turnagain Arm and flooded or destroyed any buildings left standing to the north of the highway. Only the ground immediately along the highway and that on the north side of the road dropped, prompting geologists to speculate that Girdwood may rest upon an ancient cliff face, now covered by countless thousands of years of sediment and glacial deposits.[citation needed]
Canada[edit]
A 4.5 ft (1.4 m) wave reached Prince Rupert, British Columbia, just south of the Alaska Panhandle, about three hours after the earthquake. The tsunami then reached Tofino, on the exposed west coast of Vancouver Island, and traveled up a fjord to hit Port Alberni twice, washing away 55 homes and damaging 375 others. The towns of Hot Springs Cove, Zeballos, and Amai also saw damage.[14] The damage in British Columbia was estimated at CA$10 million ($80 million in 2017 Canadian dollars or $73 million in 2017 US dollars).[15][16][17]
Elsewhere[edit]
A winter scene of a "ghost forest" that was killed and preserved by salt water along with ruined buildings at the site of the former town of Portage, 2011
Twelve people were killed by the tsunami in or near Crescent City, California, while four children were killed on the Oregon coast at Beverly Beach State Park.[18] Other coastal towns in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Hawaii were damaged. Minor damage to boats occurred as far south as Los Angeles.[19] Effects of the earthquake were even noted as far east as Freeport, Texas, where tide gauges recorded waves similar to seismic surface waves.[20] Water levels in wells were affected in countries around the world, including England, Namibia, and Australia.[21]
Aftershocks[edit]
There were hundreds of aftershocks in the first weeks following the main shock. In the first day alone, eleven major aftershocks were recorded with a magnitude greater than 6.0. Nine more struck over the next three weeks. In all, thousands of aftershocks occurred in the months following the quake, and smaller aftershocks continued to strike the region for more than a year.[19]
Recovery efforts[edit]
Alaska had never experienced a major disaster in a highly populated area before, and had very limited resources for dealing with the effects of such an event. In Anchorage, the City of Anchorage and the Alaska State Housing Authority appointed a team of 40 scientists, including geologists, soil scientists, and engineers, to assess the damage done by the earthquake to the city.[22] The team, called the Engineering and Geological Evaluation Group, was headed by Dr. Ruth A. M. Schmidt, a geology professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage. The team of scientists came into conflict with local developers and downtown business owners who wanted to immediately rebuild; the scientists wanted to identify future dangers to ensure that rebuilt infrastructure would be safe.[23] The team produced a report on May 8, 1964, just a little more than a month after the earthquake.[22][24]
The United States military, which has a large active presence in Alaska, also stepped in to assist within moments of the end of the quake. The U.S. Army rapidly re-established communications with the lower 48 states, deployed troops to assist the citizens of Anchorage, and dispatched a convoy to Valdez.[25] On the advice of military and civilian leaders, President Lyndon B. Johnson declared all of Alaska a major disaster area the day after the quake. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard deployed ships to isolated coastal communities to assist with immediate needs. Bad weather and poor visibility hampered air rescue and observation efforts the day after the quake, but on Sunday the 29th the situation improved and rescue helicopters and observation aircraft were deployed.[25] A military airlift immediately began shipping relief supplies to Alaska, eventually delivering 2,570,000 pounds (1,170,000 kg) of food and other supplies.[26]
In the longer term, the US Army Corps of Engineers led the effort to rebuild roads, clear debris, and establish new townsites for communities that had been completely destroyed, at a cost of $110 million.[26] The West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center was formed as a direct response to the disaster. Federal disaster relief funds paid for reconstruction as well as financially supporting the devastated infrastructure of Alaska's government, spending hundreds of millions of dollars that helped keep Alaska financially solvent until the discovery of massive oil deposits at Prudhoe Bay. At the order of the U.S. Defense Department, the Alaska National Guard founded the Alaska Division of Emergency Services to respond to any future disasters.[25]
References[edit]
Specific[edit]
Jump up ^ USGS. "M9.2 - The Great Alaska Earthquake and Tsunami of March 27, 1964". United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ US Geological Survey report on the earthquake Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tsunami Events Search – sorted by Date, Country, National Geophysical Data Center
Jump up ^ USC, Tsunami Research Group. "1964 Alaskan Tsunami". University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Historic Earthquakes: Prince William Sound, Alaska Archived 2014-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 1, Part 1, National Academies, 1968 p. 285
Jump up ^ "Geoware Tsunami Products". www.geoware-online.com. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Getting Ready to Rumble", Richard Conniff, The Wall Street Journal, August 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ The Great Alaskan Earthquake & Tsunamis of 1964, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Accessed 2009-06-23. Archived 2009-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Tsunami generated by Good Friday quake devastated Oregon Coast 50 years ago Thursday". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
Jump up ^ ushistory.com: Great Alaskan Quake of 1964 – Retrieved 2014-06-10
Jump up ^ Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
Jump up ^ Sozen, Mete A. and N. Norby Nielsen, 1973: Analysis of the failure of the Anchorage International Airport control tower. The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 3, Part 2, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, National Academy of Sciences, ISBN 0-309-01606-1.
Jump up ^ "Tsunami runups in Canada in 1964". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Jump up ^ Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada. "Consumer Price Index, historical summary". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 26, 2018. CANSIM, table (for fee) 326-0021 and Catalogue nos. 62-001-X, 62-010-X and 62-557-X. And "Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A brief history of the Canadian dollar". Retrieved 2018-01-11.
Jump up ^ Oregon's pioneer spirit. Statesman Journal, December 26, 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b USGS Release: 40th Anniversary of "Good Friday" Earthquake Offers New Opportunities for Public and Building Safety Partnerships (3/26/2004)
Jump up ^ "Tsunami runups in Freeport". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Jump up ^ Fountain, Henry (2017). The Great Quake: How the biggest earthquake in North America changed our understanding of the planet. New York: Crown. p. 145.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedel, Megan K. (2010). Guide to the Anchorage Engineering Geology Evaluation Group papers, 1964. UAA/APU Consortium Library Archives and Special Collections. HMC-0051. https://archives.consortiumlibrary.org/collections/specialcollections/hmc-0051/
Jump up ^ "Ruth Anne Marie Schmidt Ph.D." Alaska Women's Hall of Fame. 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Saucier, Heather (April 2014). "PROWESS Honors Historic Earthquake Survivor". American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cloe, John Haile "Helping Hand" Military response to Good Friday earthquake Alaska Historical Society, 3/4/2014
^ Jump up to: a b Galvin, John Great Alaskan Earthquake and Tsunami: Alaska, March 1964 Popular Mechanics, 6/29/2007
General[edit]
National Research Council, Committee On The Alaska Earthquake (1971–73). The Great Alaska Earthquake Of 1964. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
Geology, Seismology and Geodesy, Hydrology, Biology, Oceanography And Coastal Engineering, Engineering, Human Ecology, Summary and Recommendation
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Good Friday Earthquake.
The Face of Disaster: The Great Alaska Earthquake – US Office of Civil Defense
1964 Good Friday Great Alaskan Earthquake – University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences
1964 Great Alaska Earthquake – United States Geological Survey
The Effects of the March 28, 1964 Alaska Tsunami in British Columbia, Canada – George Pararas-Carayannis
The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964 – Alaska Earthquake Information Center
The short film ALASKAN EARTHQUAKE (1966) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Anchorage, AK Good Friday Earthquake, Mar 1964 – GenDisasters.com
Tsunami Anniversary – Oregon Field Guide
Fifty Years Since the Great Alaska Earthquake: The Role of First Responders in Catastrophic Disaster Planning – 113th United States Congress
Tsunami Forecast Model Animation: Alaska 1964 – Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
show
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t
e
← Earthquakes in 1964 →
Baihe (6.3, Jan 18) †
Alaska (9.2, March 27) †‡
Niigata (7.6, June 16) †
Guerrero (7.2, July 6) †
Manyas (6.8, Oct 6)
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
show
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e
Earthquakes in Alaska
1906 Aleutian Islands (8.35)
1946 Aleutian Islands (8.6)
1957 Andreanof Islands (8.6)
1958 Lituya Bay (7.8)
1964 Alaska (9.2)
1965 Rat Islands (8.7)
1975 Near Islands (7.6)
2002 Denali (7.9)
2014 Aleutian Islands (7.9)
2014 Palma Bay (6.0)
2016 Old Iliamna (7.1)
2018 Kodiak (7.9)
show
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e
Earthquakes in the United States
Historical
1638 New Hampshire
1663 Charlevoix
1700 Cascadia
1755 Cape Ann
1811–12 New Madrid
1838 San Andreas
1857 Fort Tejon
1865 Memphis
1867 Manhattan, Kansas
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&oldid=866146047"
Categories:
1964 earthquakes
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Megathrust earthquakes in Alaska
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values: زلزال ألاسكا العظيم 1964 – Arabic

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values: Terremoto dell'Alaska del 1964 – Italian

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