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Kola Superdeep Borehole
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Kola Superdeep Borehole
Superstructure of the Kola Superdeep Borehole, 2007
Location
Location
Pechengsky District
Murmansk Oblast
Country
Russia
Coordinates
69°23′46.39″N 30°36′31.20″E / 69.3962194°N 30.6086667°E / 69.3962194; 30.6086667Coordinates: 69°23′46.39″N 30°36′31.20″E / 69.3962194°N 30.6086667°E / 69.3962194; 30.6086667
Greatest depth
12,262 metres (40,230 ft; 7.619 miles)
History
Opened
1965
Active
1970-1983
1984
1985-1992
Closed
1995
The Kola Superdeep Borehole (Russian: Кольская сверхглубокая скважина, Kolskaya sverkhglubokaya skvazhina) is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970 using the Uralmash-4E, and later the Uralmash-15000 series drilling rig. Boreholes were drilled by branching from a central hole. The deepest, SG-3, reached 12,262 metres (40,230 ft) in 1989 and still is the deepest artificial point on Earth.[1] The borehole is 23 centimetres (9 in) in diameter.[2]
In terms of true vertical depth, it is the deepest borehole in the world. For two decades it was also the world's longest borehole in terms of measured depth along the well bore, until surpassed in 2008 by the 12,289-metre-long (40,318 ft) Al Shaheen oil well in Qatar, and in 2011 by the 12,345-metre-long (40,502 ft) Sakhalin-I Odoptu OP-11 Well (offshore from the Russian island of Sakhalin).[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Drilling
2 Research
3 Status
4 Similar projects
5 Records
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Drilling[edit]
Kola Superdeep Borehole, commemorated on a 1987 USSR stamp
The main target depth was set at 15,000 m (49,000 ft). On 6 June 1979, the world depth record held by the Bertha Rogers hole in Washita County, Oklahoma, United States, at 9,583 m (31,440 ft)[4] was broken. In 1983, the drill passed 12,000 m (39,000 ft), and drilling was stopped for about a year for numerous scientific and celebratory visits to the site.[5] This idle period may have contributed to a breakdown on 27 September 1984: after drilling to 12,066 m (39,587 ft), a 5,000 m (16,000 ft) section of the drill string twisted off and was left in the hole. Drilling was later restarted from 7,000 m (23,000 ft).[5]
The hole reached 12,262 m (40,230 ft) in 1989. In that year, the hole depth was expected to reach 13,500 m (44,300 ft) by the end of 1990 and 15,000 m (49,000 ft) by 1993.[6][7] However, because of higher-than-expected temperatures at this depth and location, 180 °C (356 °F) instead of the expected 100 °C (212 °F), drilling deeper was deemed unfeasible and the drilling was stopped in 1992.[5] With the projected further increase in temperature with increasing depth, drilling to 15,000 m (49,000 ft) would have meant working at a temperature of 300 °C (570 °F), at which the drill bit would no longer work.[citation needed]
Research[edit]
The Kola borehole penetrated about a third of the way through the Baltic continental crust, estimated to be around 35 kilometres (22 mi) deep, reaching Archaean rocks at the bottom.[8] The project has been a site of extensive geophysical studies. The stated areas of study were the deep structure of the Baltic Shield, seismic discontinuities and the thermal regime in the Earth's crust, the physical and chemical composition of the deep crust and the transition from upper to lower crust, lithospheric geophysics, and to create and develop technologies for deep geophysical study.
To scientists, one of the more fascinating findings to emerge from this well is that no transition from granite to basalt was found at the depth of about 7 km (4.3 mi), where the velocity of seismic waves has a discontinuity. Instead the change in the seismic wave velocity is caused by a metamorphic transition in the granite rock. In addition, the rock at that depth had been thoroughly fractured and was saturated with water, which was surprising. This water, unlike surface water, must have come from deep-crust minerals and had been unable to reach the surface because of a layer of impermeable rock.[9]
Another unexpected discovery was a large quantity of hydrogen gas. The mud that flowed out of the hole was described as "boiling" with hydrogen.[10]
Status[edit]
Kola Superdeep Borehole, 2012
The borehole itself (welded shut), August 2012
The project ended in 1995 due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The site has since been abandoned, and is now an environmental hazard.[11]
Similar projects[edit]
The United States had embarked on a similar project in 1957, dubbed Project Mohole, which was intended to penetrate the shallow crust under the Pacific Ocean off Mexico. However, after some initial drilling, the project was abandoned in 1966 because of a lack of funding. This program inspired the great successes of the Ocean Drilling Program, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program and the present International Ocean Discovery Program.
The KTB superdeep borehole (German Continental Deep Drilling Programme, 1990–1994) at Windischeschenbach in northern Bavaria was drilled down to a depth of 9,101 m (29,859 ft) reaching temperatures of more than 260 °C (500 °F). Its ambitious measuring program used high-temperature logging tools that were upgraded specifically for KTB.[12]
Records[edit]
The Kola Superdeep Borehole was the longest and deepest borehole in the world for nearly 20 years. However, in May 2008, a new record for borehole length was established by the extended-reach drilling (ERD) well BD-04A, which was drilled by Transocean for Maersk Oil in the Al Shaheen oil field in Qatar. It was drilled to 12,289 m (40,318 ft), with a record horizontal reach of 10,902 m (35,768 ft) in only 36 days.[13][14]
On 28 January 2011, Exxon Neftegas Ltd., operator of the Sakhalin-I project, drilled the world's longest extended-reach well offshore on the Russian island of Sakhalin. It has surpassed the length of both the Al Shaheen well and the Kola borehole. The Odoptu OP-11 well reached a measured total length of 12,345 m (40,502 ft) and a horizontal displacement of 11,475 m (37,648 ft). Exxon Neftegas completed the well in 60 days.[3]
On 27 August 2012, Exxon Neftegas Ltd beat its own record by completing the Z-44 Chayvo well. This ERD well reached a measured total length of 12,376 metres (40,604 ft).[citation needed]
In terms of depth below the surface, the Kola Superdeep Borehole SG-3 retains the world record at 12,262 metres (40,230 ft) in 1989 and still is the deepest artificial point on Earth.[15]
See also[edit]
Chikyū, deep oceanic drilling ship, which achieved a subsea drilling record in 2012.
Earthscope
Extreme points of Earth
Lake Vostok
Mohorovičić discontinuity
San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
USARRAY
The Well to Hell hoax
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kola Superdeep Borehole (KSDB)". ICDP. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ask Smithsonian: What's the Deepest Hole Ever Dug?", smithsonian.com, February 19, 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Sakhalin-1 Project Drills World's Longest Extended-Reach Well Archived 31 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The KTB Borehole—Germany's Superdeep Telescope into the Earth's Crust" (PDF). Oilfield Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c A. Osadchy (2002). "Legendary Kola Superdeep". Наука и жизнь (Journal of Science and Life) (in Russian). Retrieved 8 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Kola Superdeep is in the Guinness Book of World Records, Zemlya i Vselennaya, 1989, no. 3, p.9 (in Russian)
Jump up ^ Cassino, Adam (2003). "Depth of the Deepest Drilling". The Physics Factbook.
Jump up ^ Ramberg, I.B.; Bryhni I. & Nøttvedt A. (2008). The making of a land: geology of Norway. Geological Society. p. 624. ISBN 978-82-92394-42-7. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Alan Bellows (5 March 2007). "The Deepest Hole". Damn Interesting. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
Jump up ^ G.J. MacDonald (1988). "Major Questions About Deep Continental Structures". In A. Bodén and K.G. Eriksson. Deep drilling in crystalline bedrock, v. 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 28–48. ISBN 978-3-540-18995-4.
Jump up ^ Galina Khokhlova (15 October 2008). "Гордость пойдет в утиль: Кольская сверхглубокая скважина будет ликвидирована (Pride goes to waste: Kola superdeep borehole to be scrapped)" (in Russian). Российская Газета (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). Retrieved 9 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Transocean GSF Rig 127 Drills Deepest Extended-Reach Well" (Press release). Transocean Ltd. 21 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Maersk Oil finished Drilling (BD-04A) well at Al-Shaheen field, Qatar". Gulf Oil & Gas Marketplace. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kola Superdeep Borehole (KSDB)". ICDP. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Fuchs, K.; Kozlovsky, E.A.; Krivtsov, A.I. & Zoback, M.D. (1990). Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 436. ISBN 978-0-387-51609-7.
Kozlovsky, Ye.A (1987). The Superdeep Well of the Kola Peninsula. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 558. ISBN 978-3-540-16416-6.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kola Superdeep Borehole.
Official Kola Superdeep Borehole website (in Russian)
The World's Deepest Hole – Alaska Science Forum – July 1985
The Deepest Hole 20 June 2006
Kola Superdeep – Scientific research results and experiences by PhD A. Osadchikh 1984 (in Russian)
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text:
Raman Lamba
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Raman Lamba
Personal information
Full name
Raman Lamba
Born
(1960-01-02)2 January 1960
Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Died
23 February 1998(1998-02-23) (aged 38)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Batting
Right-handed
Bowling
Right-arm medium
Role
Batsman
International information
National side
India
Test debut
17 January 1987 v Sri Lanka
Last Test
25 November 1987 v West Indies
ODI debut
7 October 1986 v Australia
Last ODI
22 December 1989 v Pakistan
Domestic team information
Years
Team
1980-1998
Delhi
1980-1991
North Zone
1990
Ireland
1992-1998
Abahani
Career statistics
Competition
Test
ODI
FC
Matches
4 32 121
Runs scored
102 783 8776
Batting average
20.40 27.00 53.86
100s/50s
-/1 1/6 31/27
Top score
53 102 320
Balls bowled
19 816
Wickets
1 6
Bowling average
20.00 70.50
5 wickets in innings
0 0
10 wickets in match
0 0
Best bowling
1/9 2/9
Catches/stumpings
5/- 10/- 60/0
Source: CricketArchive, 12 September 2011
Raman Lamba pronunciation (help·info) (2 January 1960 – 23 February 1998) was an Indian cricketer who played in four Tests and 32 One Day Internationals, mainly as a batsman. He was a popular player in Bangladesh's Dhaka Premier League[1] and has also represented Ireland in unofficial One Day International matches.[2][3] Lamba died after slipping into coma due to internal haemorrhage, three days after being hit on the temple by a cricket ball while fielding in Bangladesh's league cricket.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Profile
2 International cricket
2.1 One-day cricket
2.1.1 50's and 100's
2.2 Test cricket
2.2.1 50's
3 Death
4 Personal life
5 Trivia
6 International Cricket Centuries
6.1 Test Centuries
7 International awards
7.1 One Day International Cricket
7.1.1 Man of the Match awards
8 References
Profile[edit]
Raman Lamba was born on 2 January 1960 at Meerut. He was a right-handed bat, noted for his fitness. He commenced his Ranji Trophy career in 1980-81, and continued until his death in the 1997-98 season. He scored 6362 runs at an average of 53.91 in 87 matches, scoring 22 centuries including 5 double centuries and his career highest of 312 versus Himachal Pradesh at Delhi in 1994-95, which is not only his personal highest score but it is one among the highest individual scores for Delhi. In 1994-95 he aggregated 1034 runs in 10 matches at an average of 73.86 with 3 centuries and 4 half centuries, which was a record number of runs in a Ranji Trophy season. He led Delhi in 8 matches in the season 1994-95, winning 3 and drawing 5. His 320 in the Duleep Trophy for North Zone against West Zone in the final at Bhilai in 1986-87 still remains among highest individual scores. In first-class cricket, he scored a total of 8776 runs at 53.84 and his 175 innings including 31 centuries and 27 fifties.
Lamba's highest score 320* came in the Duleep Trophy Final in 1987-88 for North Zone v West Zone. The West might have felt very satisfied with their first innings score of 444, with their captain and Test opener Anshuman Gaekwad making 216. Their opponents, however, had other ideas and replied with 868 all out. Lamba left Gaekwad in the shade with 320 in 720 minutes which was scored off 471 balls including six 6s and thirty 4s. That season he totalled 1097 runs at 84.38. Seven years later he crossed the triple hundred mark again with 312 for Delhi in a Ranji Trophy match versus Himachal Pradesh at Delhi. The hosts ran up 637-3 declared owing much to a first wicket Indian record wicket 464 between Lamba and Ravi Sehgal, who made 216. Lamba's 312 came off 392 balls with two 6s and twenty five 4s and took 567 minutes. These innings and similar knocks, such as his 617 balls 250 for Delhi v Punjab in 1996/97 gained him a somewhat mixed reputation.[5][6]
International cricket[edit]
One-day cricket[edit]
Raman Lamba - Oil Painting by renowned artist Rajasekharan Parameswaran
Lamba appeared for India as a one day player in the 1986 Australasia Cup final, when he also took an acrobatic catch to dismiss Abdul Qadir off Kapil Dev, where he played as substitute fielder. He had a great opening in One day cricket as he scored 64 in his first match and 102 in his sixth match as he won the man of the series against Australia for scoring 278 runs at an average of 55.60 per innings with a century and 2 fifties. His scoring pattern in 6 innings were 64, 1, 20*, 74, 17 and 102. Lamba and Krishnamachari Srikkanth were India's openers for the Jawaharlal Nehru Centenary Cup in 1989. Twice they had 100 runs opening partnership, against Australia and Pakistan. Their approach was similar, as both were stroke players. Their aggressive batting approach as openers was later adopted by opening pair Sanath Jayasuriya and Romesh Kaluwitharana in 1996 world cup.[6]
50's and 100's[edit]
Sl.
Opponent
Date
How out
Runs
Result
1 Australia 7th Sep, 1986 c Border b Mathews 64 India won by 7 wickets[7]
2 Australia 2nd Oct, 1986 c sub (MRJ Veletta) b S.Waugh 74 India won by 3 wickets[8]
3 Australia 7th Oct, 1986 b Bruce Reid 102 India lost by 3 wickets[9]
4 Sri Lanka 13th Jan, 1987 not out 57 India won by 6 wickets[10]
5 West Indies 23rd Oct, 1989 c Dujon b Walsh 61 India lost by 20 runs[11]
6 Australia 27th Oct, 1989 lbw G.Mathews 57 India won by 3 wickets[12]
7 Pakistan 28th Oct, 1989 c Aaqib Javed b Abdul Qadir 57 India lost by 77 runs[13][14]
Test cricket[edit]
Lamba had a moderate start at an average of 33.67 against the Sri Lankans, but failed in his only test against the West Indies, scoring just one run in two innings which virtually ended his career as a Test player. He did make a come back to test cricket playing XI against Pakistan in 1989, but injured his finger during nets and couldn't play in the match and Mohammad Azharuddin was given a chance again.
50's[edit]
Sl.
Opponent
Date
How out
Runs
Result
1 Sri Lanka 1986 c Jurangpathy b EAR de Silva 53 India won by an innings and 106 runs[15]
Death[edit]
Lamba died on 23 February 1998[3] in the Post Graduate Hospital in Dhaka in Bangladesh[16] after he was hit on the temple by a cricket ball hit by Mehrab Hossain[17] off left arm spinner Saifullah Khan while fielding at forward short leg. (It is said[by whom?] that Lamba was asked to wear a helmet, but he thought it was unnecessary as only three balls of the over were remaining when he was asked to move to that position. He was known[by whom?] not to use a helmet while fielding close in.) Lamba was playing for Dhaka's leading club, Abahani Krira Chakra, in the final of the Premier Division cricket match versus Mohammedan Sporting Club at the Dhaka Bangabandhu Stadium on 20 February 1998. The shot was so ferocious that the ball deflected from his head and flew into wicketkeeper Khaled Mashud' s gloves. He was not wearing a helmet. Mohammad Aminul Islam, the former Bangladesh captain, recalled "I was the new man in and asked Raman if he was okay. He said, 'Bulli (Islam's nickname is Bulbul) main to mar gaya' (I am dead, Bulli)".[18] Although the injury did not appear to be particularly serious, Lamba suffered an internal haemorrhage and slipped into a coma. Although a neurosurgeon was flown in from Delhi, all efforts were in vain. After three days his ventilator was removed and Lamba was declared dead.
There were tributes from all over the world when Lamba died. His wife Kim, paid him the most moving tribute when she put the cap of his local team, Sonnet Club on Lamba.[6]
Personal life[edit]
In 1990, while playing as a overseas professional cricketer in Ireland with Ulster, Raman Lamba met his future wife and Irishwoman Kim Michelle Crothers. They got married in September 1990, Raman and Kim have two children Jasmyn and Kamran. Kim settled down with both children in Portugal [19]
Trivia[edit]
On his first tour abroad to England in 1986, he was involved in a rare incident when 12 fielders were on the field for one full over from Ravi Shastri in the second test against England at Leeds, when as a substitute for K. Srikkanth, he remained on the field even though Srikkanth had already arrived on the field quietly, without requesting Raman Lamba to go back to the pavilion. The umpires were also unaware of Srikkanth's return to the field throughout the 6-ball over in which, fortunately, nothing untoward took place on the field.[6][19]
Just as Lamba could not play a test on the tour of England in 1986, he missed a test on his next tour of Pakistan in 1989-90 due to a finger injury in the morning of first test.[6]
Lamba was involved in one more controversial incident. He had a wordy friction with West Zone cricketer Rashid Patel on the field of play during the Duleep Trophy match at Jamshedpur in 1990-91. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) banned Lamba till December 31, 1991 and Patel till March 31, 1992 from playing in any first-class cricket match on February 25, 1991, as a punishment.[20][6][19][21]
International Cricket Centuries[edit]
Test Centuries[edit]
ODI centuries of Raman Lamba
No
Runs
Match
Against
City/Country
Venue
Year
Result
1 102 7 Australia Rajkot,India Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium 1986 Lost
International awards[edit]
One Day International Cricket[edit]
Man of the Match awards[edit]
No.
Opponent
Venue
Date
Match Performance
Result
1 Australia Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi 2 October 1986 1 Ct. ; 74 (68 balls: 8x4, 1x6) India won by 3 wickets.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Biswas, Soutik (15 February 1994). "A profitable pitch". India Today. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Profile of Raman Lamba". Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Wisden. "Obituary of Raman Lamba". Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "डेब्यू में इस जांबाज खिलाड़ी ने की थी ऑस्ट्रेलियाई गेंदबाजों की धुनाई, लेकिन सिर पर गेंद लगने से हो गई थी मौत". NDTV Hindi. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Famous Irish cricketers: Raman Lamba". cricketeurope4.net. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Special Profile on Raman Lamba: Shocking end of a brave cricketer". Indian Cricket. December 1998.
Jump up ^ Charminar Challenge Series (Ind vs Aus) 1st ODI match report
Jump up ^ Charminar Challenge Series (Ind vs Aus) 4th ODI match report
Jump up ^ Charminar Challenge Series (Ind vs Aus) 6th ODI match report
Jump up ^ Charminar Challenge Series (Ind vs SL) 3rd ODI match report
Jump up ^ MRF World Series (Nehru Cup) 8th ODI match report
Jump up ^ MRF World Series (Nehru Cup) 13th ODI match report
Jump up ^ MRF World Series (Nehru Cup) 15th ODI match report
Jump up ^ "Raman Lamba Brutal Innings against Pakistan in 1989". Youtube. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Jump up ^ India v Sri Lanka at Nagpur - Dec 27-31, 1986
Jump up ^ Williamson, Martin (14 August 2010). "The tragic death of Raman Lamba". Cricinfo Magazine. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Das, N Jagannath (4 March 2014). "The Day That Still Haunts Mehrab". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Monga, Sidharth. "Remembering Raman Lamba". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Suvajit Mustafi (2015-01-02). "Raman Lamba: 10 things you need to know". criclife. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Ban on Lamba, Patel", The Indian Express, p. 16, 1991-02-25, retrieved 2016-10-03
Jump up ^ Roy, Ayan (23 September 2015). "Cricket's fight club: Five infamous on-field spats". Mid Day. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "1986-1987 India v Australia - 4th Match - Delhi".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raman_Lamba&oldid=804277778"
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Texas Senate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with the two United States Senators from Texas.
Texas State Senate
Texas State Legislature
Type
Type
Upper house of the Texas Legislature
Term limits
None
History
New session started
January 10, 2017
Leadership
President of the Senate
Dan Patrick (R)
Since January 20, 2015
President Pro Tempore
Juan Hinojosa (D)
Since January 13, 2015
Structure
Seats
31
Political groups
Majority
Republican (20)
Minority
Democratic (11)
Length of term
4 years
Authority
Article 3, Texas Constitution
Salary
$7,200/year + per diem
Elections
Voting system
First-past-the-post
Last election
November 8, 2016
(16 seats)
Next election
November 6, 2018
(15 seats)
Redistricting
Legislative Control
Meeting place
State Senate Chamber
Texas State Capitol
Austin, Texas
Website
Texas State Senate
Another view of the Texas Senate (2013)
The Texas Senate is the upper house of the Texas State Legislature. There are 31 members of the Senate, representing single-member districts across the U.S. state of Texas, with populations of approximately 806,000 per constituency, based on the 2010 U.S. Census. There are no term limits, and each term is four years long. Elections are held in even numbered years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. In elections ending in years ending in 2, all seats are up for election. Half of the senators will serve a two-year term, based on a drawing; the other half will fill regular four-year terms. As such, in other elections, about half of the Texas Senate is on the ballot. The Senate meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin. The Republicans currently control the chamber, which is made up of 20 Republicans and 11 Democrats, as of January 10, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Leadership
1.1 Leaders
2 History
2.1 Quorum-busting
3 Committee structure
4 Current composition
4.1 List of members
4.2 Notable past members
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Leadership[edit]
The Lieutenant Governor of Texas serves as the President of the Senate. Unlike most lieutenant governors who are constitutionally designated as presiding officers of the upper house, the Lieutenant Governor regularly exercises this function. The Lieutenant Governor's duties include appointing chairs of committees, committee members, assigning and referring bills to specific committees, recognizing members during debate, and making procedural rulings. The Lieutenant Governor may also cast a vote should a Senate floor vote end in a tie. If the Senate votes to dissolve itself into the Committee of the Whole, in which all members are part of the Committee, the President Pro-Tempore presides over the proceedings, with the Lieutenant Governor acting as a regular voting member. Due to the various powers of committee selection and bill assignment, the Lieutenant Governor is considered one of the most powerful lieutenant governorships in the United States.
Unlike other state legislatures, the Texas Senate does not include majority or minority leaders. Instead, the President Pro Tempore is considered the second most powerful position, and can be reserved to any political party in the chamber regardless if the party is a majority or not. Presidents Pro Tempore are usually the most senior members of the Senate. The President Pro Tempore presides when the Lieutenant Governor is not present or when the legislature is not in regular session.
For the 82nd Legislative Session, which began in 2011, there were only two new, or freshman, senators, Brian Birdwell, a Republican from Granbury, and José R. Rodríguez, a Democrat from El Paso.
For the 83rd Legislative Session, which began in 2013, there were six new senators, including Sylvia Garcia, who succeeded the late senator Mario Gallego through a special election. The five other new senators were Charles Schwertner, a Republican from Georgetown, Ken Paxton, a Republican from McKinney, Kelly Hancock, a Republican from Fort Worth, Larry Taylor, a Republican from Friendswood, and Donna Campbell, a Republican from New Braunfels. For this term of the Legislature the President of the Senate is Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. The President Pro Tempore is Republican Craig Estes of District 30 (Wichita Falls). Senator John Whitmire, a Democrat from Houston, is the Dean of the Senate, meaning he is the most senior member, having served since 1987. Senator Chris Harris, a Republican from Arlington, is the most senior member of his party, and the fourth most-senior overall member.
New senators elected in 2014 are Bob Hall, Paul Bettencourt, Van Taylor, Don Huffines, and Konni Burton, all Republicans.
Leaders[edit]
Position
Name
Party
Residence
District
Lieutenant Governor/President of the Senate Dan Patrick Republican Houston
President Pro Tempore Juan Hinojosa Democrat McAllen 20
History[edit]
Quorum-busting[edit]
Further information: Texas Eleven and Twelfth Texas Legislature § Rump Senate
There have been at least three cases of quorum-busting in Texas Senate history. The first case was in 1870, with the Rump Senate, followed by the 1979 killer bees and finally the Texas Eleven in August 2003, who were following the example of the Texas house Killer Ds.[1]
Committee structure[edit]
The following represents the Senate committee structure for the 85th Legislature.
Administration
Agriculture, Water & Rural Affairs
Business & Commerce
Criminal Justice
Education
Finance
Health & Human Services
Higher Education
Intergovernmental Relations
Natural Resources & Economic Development
Nominations
State Affairs
Transportation
Veteran Affairs & Military Installations
In addition, the House and Senate operate the permanent joint committee known as the Legislative Budget Board (LBB).
Current composition[edit]
Affiliation
Party
(Shading indicates majority caucus)
Total
Republican
Democratic
Vacant
End of previous legislature
19 11
30
1
Begin 2013[2]
19 11
30
1
March 3, 2013[3]
12
31
0
Begin 2015
20 11
31
0
Begin 2017
20 11
31
0
Latest voting share
7001645000000000000♠64.5%
7001355000000000000♠35.5%
List of members[edit]
District
Senator
Party
Residence
First
elected
Next
election
County(ies) represented
1 Bryan Hughes Republican Mineola 2016 2020 Bowie, Camp, Cass, Franklin, Gregg, Harrison, Lamar, Marion, Morris, Panola, Red River, Rusk, Smith, Titus, Wood, Upshur
2 Bob Hall Republican Edgewood in Van Zandt County 2014 2018 Dallas (part), Delta, Fannin, Hopkins, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Van Zandt
3 Robert Nichols Republican Jacksonville 2006 2018 Anderson, Angelina, Cherokee, Hardin, Henderson, Houston, Jasper, Liberty, Montgomery (part), Nacogdoches, Newton, Orange, Polk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Jacinto, Shelby, Trinity, Tyler
4 Brandon Creighton Republican The Woodlands 2014† 2020 Chambers, Galveston (part), Harris (part), Jefferson, Montgomery (part)
5 Charles Schwertner Republican Georgetown 2012 2018 Brazos, Freestone, Grimes, Leon, Limestone, Madison, Milam, Robertson, Walker, Williamson
6 Sylvia Garcia Democratic Houston 2013† 2020 Harris (part)
7 Paul Bettencourt Republican Houston 2014 2018 Harris (part)
8 Van Taylor Republican Plano 2014 2018 Collin (part), Dallas (part)
9 Kelly Hancock Republican Fort Worth 2012 2018 Dallas (part), Tarrant (part)
10 Konni Burton Republican Colleyville 2014 2018 Tarrant (part)
11 Larry Taylor Republican Friendswood 2012 2020 Brazoria (part), Galveston (part), Harris (part)
12 Jane Nelson Republican Flower Mound 1992 2020 Denton (part), Tarrant (part)
13 Borris Miles Democratic Houston 2016 2020 Fort Bend (part), Harris (part)
14 Kirk Watson Democratic Austin 2006 2018 Bastrop, Travis (part)
15 John Whitmire Democratic Houston 1982 2018 Harris (part)
16 Don Huffines Republican Dallas 2014 2018 Dallas (part)
17 Joan Huffman Republican Southside Place 2008† 2018 Brazoria (part), Fort Bend (part), Harris (part)
18 Lois Kolkhorst Republican Katy 2014 2018 Aransas, Austin, Burleson, Calhoun, Colorado, DeWitt, Fayette, Fort Bend (part), Goliad, Gonzales, Harris (part), Jackson, Lee, Matagorda, Nueces (part), Re fugio, Victoria, Waller, Washington
19 Carlos Uresti Democratic San Antonio 2006 2020 Atascosa (part), Bexar (part), Brewster, Crockett, Dimmit, Edwards, Frio, Kinney, Maverick, Medina, Pecos, Real, Reeves, Terrell, Uvalde, Val Verde, Zavala
20 Juan Hinojosa Democratic McAllen 2002 2020 Brooks, Hidalgo (part), Jim Wells, Nueces (part)
21 Judith Zaffirini Democratic Laredo 1986 2020 Atascosa (part), Bexar (part), Bee, Caldwell, Duval, Guadalupe (part), Live Oak, Jim Hogg, Karnes, La Salle, McMullen, San Patricio, Starr, Travis (part), Uvalde, Webb, Wilson, Zapata
22 Brian Birdwell Republican Granbury 2010† 2020 Bosque, Ellis, Falls, Hill, Hood (part), Frio, Johnson, McLennan, Navarro, Somervell, Tarrant (part)
23 Royce West Democratic Dallas 1992 2018 Dallas (part)
24 Dawn Buckingham Republican Horseshoe Bay 2016 2020 Bandera, Bell, Blanco, Brown, Burnet, Callahan, Comanche, Coryell, Gillespie, Hamilton, Kerr, Lampasas, Llano, Mills, San Saba, Taylor (part), Travis(part)
25 Donna Campbell Republican New Braunfels 2012 2018 Bexar (part), Travis (part), Comal, Hays, Kendall
26 Jose Menendez Democratic San Antonio 2015† 2020 Bexar (part)
27 Eddie Lucio Jr. Democratic Brownsville 1990 2020 Cameron, Hidalgo (part), Kenedy, Kleberg, Willacy
28 Charles Perry Republican Lubbock 2014† 2020 Baylor, Borden, Childress, Coke, Coleman, Concho, Cottle, Crane, Crosby, Dawson, Dickens, Eastland, Fisher, Floyd, Foard, Garza, Hale, Hardeman, Haskell, Hockley, Irion, Jones, Kent, Kimble, King, Knox, Lamb, Lubbock, Lynn, Mason, McColluch, Menard, Mitchell, Montague, Motley, Nolan, Reagan, Runnels, Sleicher, Scurry, Shackelford, Stephens, Sterling, Stonewall, Sutton, Terry, Throckmorton, Tom Green, Upton, Ward, Wheeler, Wilbarger, Young
29 José R. Rodríguez Democratic El Paso 2010 2020 Culberson, El Paso, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Presidio
30 Craig Estes Republican Wichita Falls 2000 2020 Archer, Clay, Collin (part), Cooke, Denton (part), Erath, Grayson, Jack, Montague, Palo Pinto, Parker, Wichita, Wise, Young
31 Kel Seliger Republican Amarillo 2004† 2018 Andrews, Armstrong, Bailey, Briscoe, Carson, Castro, Cochran, Collingsworth, Coke, Coleman, Dallam, Deaf Smith, Donley, Ector, Gaines, Glasscock, Gray, Hall, Hartley, Hemphill, Hansford, Howard, Hutchinson, Jones, Lipscomb, Loving, Lynn, Martin, Midland, Moore, Motley, Ochiltree, Oldham, Parmer, Potter, Randall, Roberts, Sherman, Swisher, Wheeler, Winkler, Yoakum
†Elected in a special election
Notable past members[edit]
Edward Clark, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1859–1861), Governor of Texas (1861).
Wayne Connally, Senator from Wilson County (1967–1973), brother of Governor John Connally.
Lloyd Doggett, Texas Supreme Court Justice (1989–1994), U.S. House of Representatives (1995–present).
Robert L. Duncan, State Senator from Lubbock, 1996-2014; Chancellor of the Texas Tech University System since 2014
Chet Edwards, U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2011).
James W. Flanagan, U.S. Senate (1870–1875).
Glenn Hegar, current Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (2015-present).
John Ireland, Texas Supreme Court Justice (1876), Governor of Texas (1883–1887).
Eddie Bernice Johnson, U.S. House of Representatives (1993–present).
Rienzi Melville Johnston, U.S. Senate (1913).
Barbara Jordan, U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1979).
Earle Bradford Mayfield, U.S. Senate (1923–1929).
William Neff "Bill" Patman, Senator from Jackson County (1961–1981), U.S. House of Representatives (1981–1985).
Dan Patrick, current Lieutenant Governor of Texas (2015-present).
Jerry E. Patterson, Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office (2003-2015).
Ken Paxton, current Attorney General of Texas (2015-present).
Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Governor of Texas, (1887–1891).
Joseph D. Sayers, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1879–1881), U.S. House of Representatives (1885–1899), Governor of Texas (1899–1903).
Allan Shivers, Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1946–1949), Governor of Texas (1949–1957).
Preston Smith, Governor of Texas (1969–1973).
Frank Tejeda, U.S. House of Representatives (1993–1997).
James W. Throckmorton, Governor of Texas (1866–1867), U.S. House of Representatives (1875–1879, 1883–1887).
Carlos Truan, Senator from Corpus Christi from 1977 to 2003; author of Texas Bilingual Education Act.
Jim Turner, U.S. House of Representatives (1997–2005).
Matthias Ward, U.S. Senate (1858–1859).
Ferdinand C. Weinert, Texas House and Texas Senate (1893–1935), Texas Secretary of State (1913).
Louis Wigfall, U.S. Senate (1859–1861).
Charles Wilson, U.S. House of Representatives (1973–1997).
See also[edit]
Texas portal
Politics portal
Texas Legislature
Texas House of Representatives
List of Presidents pro tempore of the Texas Senate
Texas Government Newsletter Voting History of the Texas Legislature.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fikac,Peggy, August 21, 2003, Senators' 1870 walkout also drew GOP's wrath Reconstruction-era tiff led to arrests and one expulsion, San Antonio Express-News
Jump up ^ Democrat Mario Gallegos, Jr. (District 6) died October 16 and was reelected posthumously.
Jump up ^ Democrat Sylvia Garcia elected to succeed Gallegos
External links[edit]
Official Texas Senate website
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Members of the Texas Senate
85th Texas Legislature (2017)
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Coordinates: 30°16′28″N 97°44′24″W / 30.274537°N 97.739906°W / 30.274537; -97.739906
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Senate&oldid=804765627"
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