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Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey
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Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey
Hogwarts Castle, which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey
Islands of Adventure
Area
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Hogsmeade
Status
Operating
Opening date
June 18, 2010 (2010-06-18)[1]
Universal Studios Japan
Area
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
Status
Operating
Opening date
July 15, 2014 (2014-07-15)
Universal Studios Hollywood
Area
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
Status
Operating
Soft opening date
February 12, 2016
Opening date
April 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)[2][3]
General statistics
Attraction type
Dark ride
Designer
Universal Creative
Model
RoboCoaster G2
Theme
Harry Potter universe
Vehicle type
Enchanted benches (Robotic arm)
Vehicles
47[4]
Riders per vehicle
4
Rows
1
Riders per row
4
Duration
4:06
Height restriction
48 in (122 cm)
Track system
Busbar
Manufacturer
Dynamic Structures, RoboCoaster Ltd, KUKA, UAO
Queue hosts
Albus Dumbledore
Harry Potter
Ron Weasley
Hermione Granger
The Sorting Hat
Ride Hosts
Harry Potter
Ron Weasley
Hermione Granger
Universal Express available
Single rider line available
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a motion-based dark ride located in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter themed areas of Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida, Universal Studios Hollywood in Universal City, California, and Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan. The ride takes guests through scenes and environments in and around Hogwarts Castle from the Harry Potter series of books and films. Mark Woodbury, president of Universal Creative, described the ride as an in-depth look at the world of Harry Potter, which utilizes never-before-seen technology which transforms "the theme park experience as you know it".[5] The ride first opened at Islands of Adventure with The Wizarding World of Harry Potter on June 18, 2010,[6] at Universal Studios Japan on July 15, 2014, and at Universal Studios Hollywood on April 7, 2016.[3][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
1.1 Queue area
1.2 Station
1.3 Ride
1.4 Restrictions
2 Production
2.1 History
2.2 Ride mechanics
2.3 Design
2.4 Cast
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Summary[edit]
This summary describes the attraction at Islands of Adventure. The attraction at Universal Studios Hollywood may have significant differences, mainly the previous integration of 3D technology.
Entrance to the ride at Islands of Adventure
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey uses KUKA robocoaster technology, which allows the seats to pivot while being held above the track by a robotic arm. However, the ride is not a roller coaster but a scenic dark ride. The experience includes a flight around Hogwarts castle, an encounter with the Whomping Willow and a horde of Dementors, and a Quidditch match. The ride drops, spins around, twists and turns, but does not turn upside down, though passengers sometimes lie flat on their backs. Over-the-shoulder bars are used to secure guests in their seats, and a single parabolic metal bar is used as a hand grip. At the conclusion of the ride, guests exit into Filch's Emporium of Confiscated Goods gift shop.[5][8]
Queue area[edit]
The Defence Against the Dark Arts classroom forms a portion of the queue at Islands of Adventure
To enter the ride, guests walk through the gates of Hogwarts and begin their journey in the dungeons where they see items featured in the movies and books. Passengers enter through the castle doors, go to the lockers, queue outside in the green house and then enter the back castle doors. Objects recognizable from the series include the Mirror of Erised, the Hogwarts House Jewels, and talking portraits. As guests proceed throughout the hallways, they encounter replicas of the rooms of Hogwarts castle, including the Headmaster's office, the Defence Against the Dark Arts classroom and the Gryffindor common room. In the Headmaster's office, Professor Dumbledore extends a warm welcome to all Muggles, informing them that Professor Binns is hosting a lecture on the history of the school. In the Defence Against the Dark Arts classroom, Harry, Ron, and Hermione appear from under the Invisibility Cloak, urging guests to meet them in the Room of Requirement in order to sneak everyone down to a Quidditch match. Ron tries to cast a spell, which goes wrong, and one of several special effects, such as falling snow, is triggered. Before continuing on, visitors receive a safety reminder from the Sorting Hat and several paintings in the next two rooms.[9]
Station[edit]
The "enchanted bench" ride vehicles.
Next, riders board an enchanted bench inside the Room of Requirement, which lifts off the ground and through the Floo Network for a journey with Harry. The ride combines real sets and animatronics with segments that use wrap-around projection screens.[9][10]
Ride[edit]
Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) in a scene from the ride-film of the attraction.
The ride begins with a dousing of Floo Powder from Hermione Granger, who asks the guests to say, "Observatory" in order to transport them to their desired location, and the enchanted bench flies off through the Floo Network to the Astronomy Tower. The guests leave the room of requirement through its fireplace and enter the Observatory, where they look out through the open arches to the hills and lake outside Hogwarts' boundary. As the guests fly out of one of the Observatory's arches, the ride smoothly switches to a wrap-around projection screen and they follow Harry Potter and Ron Weasley around Hogwarts' buildings and towers to a Quidditch match. As Harry and Ron travel under a bridge, Hagrid yields the riders and asks them if they have seen a dragon. As Harry redirects the riders' attentions back to their journey, Hagrid's pet Hungarian Horntail dragon begins to chase the riders. The bench flies out of the projection screen and into a set of the uneven bridge that crosses the valley behind Hogwarts and, after falling out of a hole in the floor of the bridge, they encounter an animatronic dragon, which breathes pressurized water mist with red lighting pointed to it to make it resemble fire.[10]
The riders descend into a set of the Forbidden Forest where they encounter a figure of Aragog, a large, sentient spider who spits water at them. As Hermione tries to help the riders away from Aragog and towards the castle, encountering many spiders on the way, they encounter an animatronic Whomping Willow which swipes at them, knocking them into the Quidditch pitch. The ride returns to a projection screen as the riders become caught up in Harry's and Ron's game of Quidditch. As Slytherin scores into Gryffindor's goal, Dementors arrive at the Quidditch pitch and Harry attempts to lead the riders away through the structure of the pitch and back to the school, but their bench falls into the long-abandoned Chamber of Secrets through a cave entrance in a cliff which Harry, Ron, Ginny, Fawkes, and Gilderoy Lockhart departed through from the Chamber in the second Harry Potter installment. The riders return to a real set as the Dementors appear from the pipelines and chase them. The skeleton of the long-deceased Basilisk lies on the floor of the Chamber, and expels Lord Voldemort's Dark Mark into the air as the benches are drawn into the mouth of Salazar Slytherin's statue.[10]
Dozens of Dementors emerge from the darkness while one descends and attempts to suck out the riders' souls. This effect is achieved by projecting the riders' faces onto a cloud of fog in front of the Dementor, blasting cold air towards the riders, and using a heartbeat-like sound played through the sub-woofers built into the benches. After shaking the riders out of the trance, Harry causes the Dementors to flee with a protective Patronus Charm.[10] After the final Dementor, and while Harry uses his Patronus, the riders enter the final video dome segment, where the cliffs outside the Chamber of Secrets cave in. They fly over the Black Lake, back into Hogwarts and through the Main Hall and Grand Staircase, where they are cheered on by a series of onscreen characters from the movies who appear three-dimensional. Professor Dumbledore sends everyone back through the Floo Network to the Room of Requirement, where they exit their bench.[10]
Restrictions[edit]
Test seats exist at the entrance of the queue at Islands of Adventure.
While everyone may walk through the queue, all riders must be at least 48 inches (120 cm) tall. The ride has no maximum weight limit, and riders can test whether the attraction accommodates their size using test seats at the queue entrance and again at the end of the queue, which are equipped with red, yellow, and green lights that indicate whether the rider can be accommodated. Persons requiring modified seating on other rides may have difficulty closing the ride's over-the-shoulder harness.[11] If passengers are unable to secure the harness, they are not permitted to ride the attraction.[12] In an attempt to alleviate this problem, Universal has modified the restraint system on some of the seats to accommodate larger guests. These modifications will not affect the size of the seat nor create a dangerous situation for smaller guests. Guests who receive a yellow light on the test seats may sit in modified seating.[11][13][14] Modified seating is not available on the Hollywood version of the ride.
According to the Universal Orlando Resort Rider's Guide, both legs must protrude from under the restraint and form a lap. In practice, above-knee amputees will not be permitted to ride unless their residual natural limb reaches the edge of the seat (or at least includes a knee), even if the lock-bar appears to successfully engage the limb. Lower-limb prosthetics will not offset this requirement since they must be removed prior to boarding the ride. These particular restrictions are not clearly posted at the ride or on the website, which lists the height requirement only. The lower limb prosthetic removal requirement can be found at the "Accessibility Information" page under "Guests with Prosthetic Limbs."[15] The residual limb length requirement is not listed there but will be enforced at the ride prior to boarding. Wheelchair users who are able to transfer directly to the ride vehicle may do so at a separate area, which does not contain the introductory theming of the Floo Network. Instead, wheelchair users pass through a series of unthemed elevators and corridors to arrive at the accessible loading area. Only one accessible ride vehicle is available, and each party must wait for the previous group to return before they may enter the loading area.
Production[edit]
History[edit]
In January 2007, rumors arose about the possibility of a Harry Potter themed island at Universal's Islands of Adventure theme park.[16] This was followed by further rumors that part of the project was codenamed "Strong Arm" in reference to the KUKA robotic arm technology it would utilize.[17][18] On May 31, 2007, Universal, in partnership with Warner Bros., officially announced that The Wizarding World of Harry Potter would be coming to Islands of Adventure.[19][20][21] Preparation of the site for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter began in late October 2007, and the construction of Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey began in February 2008.[22] Construction ended in the first half of 2010. Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey began operating on June 1, 2010,[23] and officially opened to the public on June 18, 2010.[1][24] The rides was upgraded to 4K 120 FPS on June 4, 2018[25].
On May 5, 2012, the Los Angeles Times reported that Universal Studios Japan would also be receiving a The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, with Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey confirmed as one of the attractions.[26] The Japanese ride opened on July 15, 2014. It had 3D effects added on May 21, 2015[25] and was upgraded to 4K 120 FPS on January 18, 2018[25]. The 3D effects were removed on March 16, 2018[25].
On December 6, 2011, Universal Parks & Resorts announced that it would open The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Studios Hollywood in 2016, and that one of the attractions would be Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey.[2][27] On April 7, 2016, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter: Hogsmeade opened at Universal Studios Hollywood with rides Harry Potter and The Forbidden Journey and Flight of The Hippogriff debuting with the new section. Unlike its Florida counterpart, Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey featured 3D HD Technology, in which guests wore 3D "Quidditch" goggles.[3][28][29] Although the 3D effects were removed only eight months later on December 4, 2016,[25] the ride was updated with 4K 120 FPS on March 28, 2017[25].
Ride mechanics[edit]
KUKA robotic arms, similar to those used on Robocoasters (pictured), are used on Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey in conjunction with busbar track technology.
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey features a RoboCoaster G2 ride system provided by Dynamic Structures, KUKA and RoboCoaster.[30] The first generation RoboCoaster system featured KUKA robotic arm technology anchored to a stationary platform, while the second-generation G2 system mounted the arms on a busbar track.[4][31][32][33][34][35] The system was first publicly disclosed at the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) Trade Show in 2003.[36][37] At around the same time, rumors began circulating about the possibility of Islands of Adventure adding a Van Helsing-themed ride using this technology.[38] These plans were later scrapped with Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ultimately using the same technology and opening on the same plot of land proposed for the Van Helsing ride.[4] The ride's seats are mounted on robotic arms which are in turn mounted on a track. This allows the arms to travel through the attraction while performing their movements in synchronization with the ride's show elements (animated props, projection surfaces, etc.).[32][33][34][35] This concept first appeared in the 2004 International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) Trade Show.[37] The disadvantage of this intricate machinery is that if the ride breaks down, some guests are stranded in uncomfortable positions, such as being tilted backwards in dark enclosed spaces.[39]
For the three sections of the ride where wrap-around projection is used, each robotic arm continues its steady movement on the track but is met by its own individual parabolic projection screen and projector traveling at exactly the same pace. Each projection section uses a huge turntable with six of these enormous screens mounted facing outwards - one for each robotic arm as they pass by - and each screen is large enough that when in front of each ride bench its edges cannot be seen. The screens appear and disappear behind the edges of the physical sets. The robotic arms can then freely dive, turn and pivot each ride bench within the curved area, giving the illusion of extreme movement when synchronized with the projection, whilst the base of the arm on the track simply follows the slow circular path that each screen takes as it revolves. This is why each projection section of the ride is approximately the same length, as each ride arm must follow each identically-sized projection screen turntable for a set period of time.
Design[edit]
The attraction was designed by Universal Creative in association with Warner Bros. Recreation Group. Thierry Coup, who worked on The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man, Shrek 4-D and Revenge of the Mummy, was the Creative Director for the ride.[40][41]
Cast[edit]
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey features many of the main characters of the film series, which were reprised by their respective actors:[42]
Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter
Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley
Emma Watson as Hermione Granger
Bonnie Wright as Ginny Weasley
Matthew Lewis as Neville Longbottom
Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy
Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore
Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid
James Phelps as Fred Weasley
Oliver Phelps as George Weasley
Danielle Tabor as Angelina Johnson
Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew
Dawn French as The Fat Lady
Ken Bones as Salazar Slytherin
Lynne Pearson as Rowena Ravenclaw
TBA as Helga Hufflepuff
TBA as Godric Gryffindor
Reception[edit]
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey has been widely lauded for its innovation and theming. Arthur Levine of About.com stated that he felt he "had been taken to a truly magical place. For a few glorious moments, the Floo Network, flying benches, and willows that whomp seemed not just possible, but actual." He gave the ride a rating of 5 stars out of 5, and wrote that the ride was the best of its kind.[43] Robert Niles of Theme Park Insider commended Universal Creative for its attention to detail on the ride. Niles wrote that the company had set its expectations almost impossibly high, and that the ride is "the most advanced and engaging attraction in theme park industry history".[41] Ricky Brigante of Inside the Magic described the ride as a "jaw-dropping journey that no one should miss", but criticized the lack of continuity with the story.[44][45]
In Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards, Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey debuted as the best new ride of 2010.[46] It went on to win the Best Dark Ride category for five consecutive years from 2011 to 2015, falling to second (behind The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror) in 2016 and 2017.[47][48][49][50][51][52][53]
Golden Ticket Awards: Best Dark Ride
Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Ranking
4[46] 1[47] 1[48] 1[49] 1[50] 1[51] 2[52] 2[53]
See also[edit]
The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
Transformers: The Ride
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Only at Universal Orlando Resort". Universal Orlando Resort. 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald, Brady (December 6, 2011). "It's official: Harry Potter land to debut at Universal Studios Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Universal Studios Hollywood Makes Unprecedented Investment in Epic Theme Park Transformation" (Press release). NBCUniversal. April 9, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hart, Lance (April 4, 2010). "Islands of Adventure". Screamscape. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Scull, Eric (2010). "The Wizarding World 'Forbidden Journey' ... ride preview". Muggle Net. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Islands of Adventure: Live the adventure of a lifetime". Universal Orlando Resort. 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hogwarts Coming to Hollywood". Press Release. Universal Studios Hollywood. December 6, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Media". Universal Orlando Resort. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Inside the Magic (May 29, 2010). "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey queue at the Wizarding World in Universal Orlando". Video. YouTube. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nefer, Barbara (June 18, 2010). "Blow by blow account of Forbidden Journey ride at Wizarding World of Harry Potter". Examiner. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride seats modified to fit larger guests". Orlando Attractions Magazine. September 11, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Harry Potter Automatic News Aggregator (June 19, 2010). "Follow-up: 'Forbidden' fatties at 'Wizarding World of Harry Potter'". The Harry Potter Automatic News Aggregator. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hart, Lance (July 22, 2010). "Islands of Adventure". Screamscape. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Jason (September 13, 2010). "Harry Potter ride tweaked for larger guests". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ ADA Information for Guests of Universal Orlando
Jump up ^ Levine, Arthur (January 28, 2007). "Universal to Float New Island at its Florida Park". About.com. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter / Lost Continent Transformation". Screamscape. February 1, 2007. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hill, Jim (February 5, 2007). "Monday Mouse Watch: You'll believe a car can fly". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sturcke, James (May 31, 2007). "Harry Potter theme park to open in Florida". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter theme park swoops to Fla". USA Today. May 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter theme park planned". BBC News. May 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ The Leaky Cauldron. "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Theme Park". The Leaky Cauldron. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Leaky Cauldron (June 1, 2010). "Wizarding World of Harry Potter Soft Open Report RoundUp". The Leaky Cauldron. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sangalang, Jennifer (June 18, 2010). "'Harry Potter' movie stars help christen Wizarding World". USA Today. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kleinhenz, Marc (June 4, 2018). "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey's first-ever upgrade". Orlando Informer. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (May 9, 2012). "Harry Potter heads to Universal Studios Japan". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Nakashima, Ryan (December 6, 2011). "Poof! Harry Potter park to appear in Hollywood". Associated Press. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Yu, Elaine (April 11, 2016). "'Wizarding World of Harry Potter' opens at Universal Studios Hollywood". CNN. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Levine, Arthur (April 14, 2016). "Wizarding World of Harry Potter: What's different in Hollywood?". USA Today. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portfolio". Dynamic Attractions. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "History". Robocoaster. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Harry Potter World Orlando (March 22, 2010). ""Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey" Attraction Details". Harry Potter World Orlando. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kuka Entertainment – Robocoaster". Kuka Entertainment. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kuka Industrial Robots – Robocoaster". Kuka Industrial Robots. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Large & Theme Park Solutions". Robocoaster. March 22, 2010. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hart, Lance. "IAAPA News". Screamscape. Archived from the original on December 8, 2003. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "IAAPA 2004 Innovations - RoboCoaster on track". Coasters and More. 2004. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Niles, Robert (November 29, 2003). "A 'Van Helsing' Robocoaster for Islands of Adventure?". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Susan (July 23, 2010). "Guests stuck on Universal's Wizarding World of Harry Potter ride". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Goh, Robin (October 5, 2011). "Getting to know: Thierry Coup". Resorts World Sentosa. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Niles, Robert (June 17, 2010). "Theme park magic in Orlando has a new home: Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grand Opening Of The Wizarding World Of Harry Potter At Universal Orlando Resort Set For June 18". News Article. Universal Orlando Resort. March 25, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Levine, Arthur. "The Forbidden Journey of Harry Potter Ride". About.com. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brigante, Ricky (June 2, 2010). "Spoiler-Free Review: Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride at Universal Orlando's Wizarding World". Inside the Magic. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brigante, Ricky (June 4, 2010). "Spoiler-FILLED Review: Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride at Universal Orlando's Wizarding World". Inside the Magic. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Park and ride winners" (PDF). Amusement Today. 14 (6.2): 4, 5. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Park and ride winners" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (6.2): 4, 5. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Park and ride winners" (PDF). Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 4, 5. September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Park and ride winners" (PDF). Amusement Today. 17 (6.2): 4, 5. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Park and ride winners". Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 4, 5. September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Park and ride winners". Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 4, 5. September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Park and ride winners" (PDF). Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 10. September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Park and ride winners" (PDF). Amusement Today. 21 (6.2): 12. September 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey.
Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey at the Islands of Adventure website
Geographic data related to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey at OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 28°28′19″N 81°28′26″W / 28.47186°N 81.47402°W / 28.47186; -81.47402
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Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey
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Despicable Me Minion Mayhem
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Amusement ride Winners
Hades (2005)
The Voyage (2006)
Maverick (2007)
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Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey (2010)
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Outlaw Run (2013)
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Wildebeest (2010)
The Falls (2011)
Mammoth (2012)
RiverRush (2013)
Verrückt (2014)
Dive Bomber (2015)
Massiv (2016)
Thunder Rapids (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Forbidden_Journey&oldid=844439734"
Categories:
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Internet service provider
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"ISP" redirects here. For other uses, see ISP (disambiguation).
"Internet service" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Web service.
Internet connectivity options from end-user to tier 3/2 ISPs
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services accessing and using the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.
Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service and colocation.
Local ISP in Manhattan installing fiber for provisioning Internet access
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Classifications
2.1 Access providers ISP
2.2 Mailbox providers
2.3 Hosting ISPs
2.4 Transit ISPs
2.5 Virtual ISPs
2.6 Free ISPs
2.7 Wireless ISP
3 Peering
4 Law enforcement and intelligence assistance
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.[1]
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia[2] and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.[3]
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position.[4][5][6] A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School.[7] On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality.[8][9] On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality.[10][11][12] On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers.[13][14] On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015.[15][16][17][18][19] Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications[20] and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality.[21][22] The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.[23][24]
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet.[25][26][27] The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."[28] On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules.[29][30][31] On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.[32][33] These rules went into effect on 12 June 2015.[34]
Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017, Ajit Pai proposed an end to net neutrality, awaiting votes from the commission.[35][36] On 21 November 2017, Pai announced that a vote will be held by FCC members on 14 December on whether to repeal the policy.[37]
Classifications[edit]
Access providers ISP[edit]
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network.[38] Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), Wi-Fi, and fiber optics.
For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.[39]
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).[40]
Wireless access is another option, including cellular and satellite Internet access.
Mailbox providers[edit]
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.
Many mailbox providers are also access providers,[41] while others are not (e.g., Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.[42]
Hosting ISPs[edit]
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.
Transit ISPs[edit]
Tiers 1 and 2 ISP interconnections
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.[43]
In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence.[43] Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.[44]
Virtual ISPs[edit]
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context,[45] which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.
Free ISPs[edit]
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]
Wireless ISP[edit]
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]
Peering[edit]
ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.[43]
ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers or peer ISPs) are called Tier 1 ISPs.
Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]
Law enforcement and intelligence assistance[edit]
Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP, or even store the browsing history of users to allow government access if needed (e.g. via the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 in the United Kingdom). Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[46][47] Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM[48] in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.
See also[edit]
Computer networking portal
Computer science portal
Content delivery network
Geo-blocking
Index of Internet-related articles
Internet hosting service
Network service provider
Outline of the Internet
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Web history timeline". Retrieved 21 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Roger. "Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia". Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Robert H'obbes' Zakon. "Hobbes' Internet Timeline v10.1". Retrieved 14 November 2011. Also published as Robert H. Zakon
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward (23 April 2014). "F.C.C., in 'Net Neutrality' Turnaround, Plans to Allow Fast Lane". New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff (24 April 2014). "Creating a Two-Speed Internet". New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Carr, David (11 May 2014). "Warnings Along F.C.C.'s Fast Lane". New York Times. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Crawford, Susan (28 April 2014). "The Wire Next Time". New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff (15 May 2014). "Searching for Fairness on the Internet". New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward (15 May 2014). "F.C.C. Backs Opening Net Rules for Debate". New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward (10 November 2014). "Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules". New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ NYT Editorial Board (14 November 2014). "Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation". New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Sepulveda, Ambassador Daniel A. (21 January 2015). "The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate, So Let's Get It Right". Wired (website). Retrieved 20 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Jonathan (19 January 2015). "Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C.Vote". New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff (16 January 2015). "H. R. _ 114th Congress, 1st Session [Discussion Draft] - To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure Internet openness.." (PDF). U.S. Congress. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Lohr, Steve (2 February 2015). "In Net Neutrality Push, F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility". New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Lohr, Steve (2 February 2015). "F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services". New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Flaherty, Anne (31 January 2015). "Just whose Internet is it? New federal rules may answer that". AP News. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Fung, Brian (2 January 2015). "Get ready: The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff (2 January 2015). "FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules". AP News. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Lohr, Steve (4 February 2015). "F.C.C. Plans Strong Hand to Regulate the Internet". New York Times. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Tom (4 February 2015). "FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler: This Is How We Will Ensure Net Neutrality". Wired. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
Jump up ^ The Editorial Board (6 February 2015). "Courage and Good Sense at the F.C.C. - Net Neutrality's Wise New Rules". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Jonathan (24 February 2015). "As Republicans Concede, F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality". New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Lohr, Steve (25 February 2015). "The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice". New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff (26 February 2015). "FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Lohr, Steve (26 February 2015). "In Net Neutrality Victory, F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility". New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Flaherty, Anne (25 February 2015). "FACT CHECK: Talking heads skew 'net neutrality' debate". AP News. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Liebelson, Dana (26 February 2015). "Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (12 March 2015). "F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules". New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Sommer, Jeff (12 March 2015). "What the Net Neutrality Rules Say". New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
Jump up ^ FCC Staff (12 March 2015). "Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order" (PDF). Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Reisinger, Don (13 April 2015). "Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin". CNET. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission (13 April 2015). "Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015". Federal Register. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Open Internet - FCC.gov". fcc.gov. Federal Communications Commission.
Jump up ^ The Editorial Board (29 April 2017). "F.C.C. Invokes Internet Freedom While Trying to Kill It". New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Reardon, Marguerite (2 May 2017). "Net neutrality redux: The battle for an open net continues – The Republican-led FCC is starting to roll back net neutrality rules. Here's what you need to know". CNET. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Fung, Brian (21 November 2017). "FCC plan would give Internet providers power to choose the sites customers see and use". Retrieved 21 November 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
Jump up ^ "What are the different Internet connection methods?". Archived from the original on October 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "FTTx: Fiber To The Home/Premises/Curb". The Fiber Optic Association. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "CCNA". ciscoccna24.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ J.D. Falk, ed. (November 2011). Complaint Feedback Loop Operational Recommendations. IETF. RFC 6449. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6449. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Murray Kucherawy, ed. (June 2012). Creation and Use of Email Feedback Reports: An Applicability Statement for the Abuse Reporting Format (ARF). IETF. RFC 6650. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6650. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ""Mailbox Provider" refers to an organization that accepts, stores, and offers access to RFC 5322 messages ("email messages") for end users. Such an organization has typically implemented SMTP RFC 5321 and might provide access to messages through IMAP RFC 3501, the Post Office Protocol (POP) RFC 1939, a proprietary interface designed for HTTP RFC 7230, or a proprietary protocol."
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerson & Ryan A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers Working Paper, August 11, 2012
Jump up ^ cisco.com Sample Configuration for BGP with Two Different Service Providers (Multihoming) BGP article
Jump up ^ Amazing.com "Hooking up to the Internet"
Jump up ^ NSA PRISM Creates Stir, But Appears Legal. InformationWeek. Retrieved on 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Obama's Speech on N.S.A. Phone Surveillance". New York Times. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "New KGB Takes Internet by SORM". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
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values: अन्तर्जाल सेवा प्रदाता – Hindi

values: Pružatelj internetskih usluga – Croatian

values: Penyelenggara jasa Internet – Indonesian

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text:
Standard 52-card deck
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A set of 52 playing cards of the Rouennais or English pattern by Piatnik & Söhne
The deck of 52 French playing cards is the most common deck of playing cards used today. It includes thirteen ranks of each of the four French suits: clubs (♣), diamonds (♦), hearts (♥) and spades (♠), with reversible "court" or face cards. Some modern designs, however, have done away with reversible face cards. Each suit includes an ace, depicting a single symbol of its suit; a king, queen and jack, each depicted with a symbol of its suit; and ranks two through ten, with each card depicting that many symbols (pips) of its suit. Anywhere from one to six (most often two or three since the mid-20th century) jokers, often distinguishable with one being more colorful than the other, are added to commercial decks, as some card games require these extra cards.[1] Modern playing cards carry index labels on opposite corners or in all four corners to facilitate identifying the cards when they overlap and so that they appear identical for players on opposite sides. The most popular stylistic pattern of the French deck is sometimes referred to as "English" or "Anglo-American" pattern.[2]
It has been shown that because of the large number of possibilities from shuffling a 52-card deck, it is probable that no two fair card shuffles have ever yielded exactly the same order of cards.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 English pattern cards and nicknames
2 Size of the cards
3 Rank and color
4 Unicode
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
English pattern cards and nicknames[edit]
For a comprehensive list of card nicknames, see List of playing card nicknames.
The fanciful design and manufacturer's logo commonly displayed on the ace of spades began under the reign of James I of England, who passed a law requiring an insignia on that card as proof of payment of a tax on local manufacture of cards. Until August 4, 1960, decks of playing cards printed and sold in the United Kingdom were liable for taxable duty and the ace of spades carried an indication of the name of the printer and the fact that taxation had been paid on the cards.[notes 1] The packs were also sealed with a government duty wrapper.
Though specific design elements of the court cards are rarely used in game play and many differ between designs, a few are notable.
Face cards - jacks, queens, and kings are called "face cards" because the cards have pictures of their names.
One-eyed Royals - the jack of spades and jack of hearts (often called the "one-eyed jacks") and the king of diamonds are drawn in profile; therefore, these cards are commonly referred to as "one-eyed". The rest of the courts are shown in full or oblique face.
The jack of diamonds is sometimes known as "laughing boy".
Wild cards - When deciding which cards are to be made wild in some games, the phrase "acey, deucey or one-eyed jack" (or "deuces, aces, one-eyed faces") is sometimes used, which means that aces, twos, and the one-eyed jacks are all wild.
The king of hearts is the only king with no mustache;
Suicide kings - The king of hearts is typically shown with a sword behind his head, making him appear to be stabbing himself. Similarly, the one-eyed king of diamonds is typically shown with an axe behind his head with the blade facing toward him. These depictions, and their blood-red color, inspired the nickname "suicide kings".
The king of diamonds is traditionally armed with an axe while the other three kings are armed with swords; thus, the king of diamonds is sometimes referred to as "the man with the axe". This is the basis of the trump "one-eyed jacks and the man with the axe".
The ace of spades, unique in its large, ornate spade, is sometimes said to be the death card or the picture card, and in some games is used as a trump card.
The queen of spades usually holds a scepter and is sometimes known as "the bedpost queen", though more often she is called "black lady".
In many decks, the queen of clubs holds a flower. She is thus known as the "flower queen", though this design element is among the most variable; the Bicycle Poker deck depicts all queens with a flower styled according to their suit.
"2" cards are also known as deuces.
"3" cards are also known as treys.
Size of the cards[edit]
Category
Imperial measure (inches)
Metric measure (mm)[4]
Length
Width
Length
Width
Bridge size
3 1⁄2 2 1⁄4 88.9 57.15
Poker size
3 1⁄2 2 1⁄2 88.9 63.50
Modern playing cards are most commonly referred to as either 'poker' or 'bridge' sized;[5] nominal dimensions are summarized in the adjacent table. Notwithstanding these generally accepted dimensions, there is no formal requirement for precise adherence and minor variations are produced by various manufacturers.[6]
The more narrow cards are more suitable for games such as bridge in which a large number of cards must be held concealed in a player's hand. Nevertheless, in most casino poker games, the bridge-sized card is used; the use of less material reduces manufacturing costs and since a casino may use thousands of decks per day, the total savings are significant. Other sizes are also available, such as a smaller 'patience' size (usually 1 3⁄4 × 2 3⁄8 inches (44 × 60 mm)) for solitaire and larger 'jumbo' ones for card tricks.
The thickness and weight of modern playing cards is subject to numerous variables related to their purpose of use and associated material design for durability, stiffness, texture and appearance.[7]
Rank and color[edit]
Some decks include additional design elements. Casino blackjack decks may include markings intended for a machine to check the ranks of cards, or shifts in rank location to allow a manual check via inlaid mirror. Many casino decks and solitaire decks have four indices instead of just two. Many modern decks have bar code markings on the edge of the face to enable them to be sorted by machine (for playing duplicate bridge, especially simultaneous events where the same hands may be played at many different venues). Many decks have large indices, largely for use in stud poker games, where being able to read cards from a distance is a benefit and hand sizes are small. Some decks use four colors for the suits in order to make it easier to tell them apart: the most common set of colors is black (spades ♠), red (hearts ♥), blue (diamonds ♦) and green (clubs ♣). Another common color set is borrowed from the German suits and uses green spades and yellow diamonds with red hearts and black clubs.
When giving the full written name of a specific card, the rank is given first followed by the suit, e.g., "ace of spades". Shorthand notation may reflect this by listing the rank first, "A♠"; this is common usage when discussing poker. Alternately, listing the suit first, as in "♠K" for a single card or "♠AKQ" for multiple cards, is common practice when writing about bridge; this helps differentiate between the card(s) and the contract (e.g. "4♥", a contract of four hearts). Tens may be either abbreviated to T or written as 10.
Example set of 52 playing cards; 13 of each suit clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades
Ace
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Jack
Queen
King
Clubs
Diamonds
Hearts
Spades
Unicode[edit]
As of Unicode 7.0 playing cards are now represented. Note that the following chart ("Playing Cards", Range: 1F0A0–1F0FF) includes cards from the Tarot Nouveau deck as well as the standard 52-card deck.
Playing Cards[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1F0Ax 🂠 🂡 🂢 🂣 🂤 🂥 🂦 🂧 🂨 🂩 🂪 🂫 🂬 🂭 🂮
U+1F0Bx 🂱 🂲 🂳 🂴 🂵 🂶 🂷 🂸 🂹 🂺 🂻 🂼 🂽 🂾 🂿
U+1F0Cx 🃁 🃂 🃃 🃄 🃅 🃆 🃇 🃈 🃉 🃊 🃋 🃌 🃍 🃎 🃏
U+1F0Dx 🃑 🃒 🃓 🃔 🃕 🃖 🃗 🃘 🃙 🃚 🃛 🃜 🃝 🃞 🃟
U+1F0Ex 🃠 🃡 🃢 🃣 🃤 🃥 🃦 🃧 🃨 🃩 🃪 🃫 🃬 🃭 🃮 🃯
U+1F0Fx 🃰 🃱 🃲 🃳 🃴 🃵
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 10.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
See also[edit]
French playing cards
Stripped decks come with fewer ranks
500 decks come with extra ranks
Tarot Nouveau, the most common French-suited tarot game deck
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Stamp Act 1765 imposed a tax on playing cards.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McLeod, John. Games played with French suited cards at pagat.com. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
Jump up ^ The English pattern at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Amazing Truth About a Deck of Cards". KnowledgeNuts.
Jump up ^ The poker size is associated with the B8 size according to ISO 216
Jump up ^ Kem Cards official website. Narrow (Bridge) Size verses Wide (Poker) Size, retrieved 2014-02-27.
Jump up ^ In a sample of 95 bridge and poker card sets, lengths ranged from 87.50 mm to 89.50 mm. In a sample of 28 bridge sized cards, widths varied from 56.98 mm to 58.25 mm. In a sample of 67 poker sized cards, widths varied from 62.44 to 63.54 mm. Reference: Home Poker Tourney website. Playing Card Review, retrieved 2014-02-27.
Jump up ^ In a sample of 28 bridge sized cards, the weight of a card varied from 1.8 g to 2.48 g and thickness from 0.26 mm to 0.34 mm. In a sample of 67 poker sized cards, the weight of a card varied from 1.4 g to 2.78 g and thickness from 0.24 mm to 0.34 mm. Reference: Home Poker Tourney website. Playing Card Review, retrieved 2014-02-27.
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Playing cards
Standard
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Italicized are not used for games at the present
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Category:Anglo-American playing card games
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