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Wishing on a Star
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This article is about the Rose Royce song. For the best-selling novel of the same name, see Raynetta Mañees.
This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic. Please help improve this article, possibly by splitting the article and/or by introducing a disambiguation page, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (June 2015)
"Wishing on a Star"
Single by Rose Royce
from the album Rose Royce II: In Full Bloom
B-side
"Love, More Love"
Released
1978
Format
12-inch single
CD
vinyl
[citation needed]
Genre
Soul
R&B
Length
4:52 (album version)
3:57 (single version)
Label
Whitfield
Songwriter(s)
Billie Rae Calvin
Producer(s)
Norman Whitfield
Rose Royce singles chronology
"Ooh Boy"
(1977) "Wishing on a Star"
(1978) "It Makes You Feel Like Dancin'"
(1978)
"Ooh Boy"
(1977) "Wishing on a Star"
(1978) "It Makes You Feel Like Dancin'"
(1978)
"Wishing on a Star" is a 1978 hit single by Rose Royce for Whitfield Records.
Included on their second album, Rose Royce II: In Full Bloom, "Wishing on a Star" is a slow ballad written by former Undisputed Truth member Billie Rae Calvin and produced by Norman Whitfield. The lyrics concern a woman longing for the return of an ex-lover so that they can resume their relationship. The original version of "Wishing on a Star" was not a big hit in the US, peaking at number 52 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, despite this, the song was played every Saturday at 12 Noon on Kiss 108 in Boston for over two decades, with playing ceasing around 2004. The song was a big chart hit in the United Kingdom, reaching number three in March 1978. The parent album, In Full Bloom, was also successful as a whole. The single was re-released as the X Factor's charity single for 2011. The single features JLS and One Direction.
The song was rerecorded by Miriam Stockley and used as the theme tune to the US television mini-series The 10th Kingdom, released in 2000.
Contents
[hide]
1 Charts
2 Fresh 4 version
2.1 Charts
3 The Cover Girls version
3.1 Charts
3.2 Formats and track listings
3.2.1 CD
3.2.2 CD MAXI
3.2.3 Vinyl
4 Randy Crawford version
4.1 Charts
5 Jay-Z version
5.1 Single track list
5.1.1 CD
5.1.2 Vinyl
5.2 Charts
6 Beyoncé version
6.1 Formats and track listings
6.2 Charts
7 Seal version
7.1 Critical reception
7.2 Live performances
7.3 Formats and track listings
8 The X Factor UK 2011 finalists version
8.1 Track listing
8.2 Charts
8.3 Release history
9 Other cover versions
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Charts[edit]
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
Belgian VRT Top 30
14
Dutch Top 40
15
UK Singles Chart
3
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles
1
US Hot Black Singles[1]
52
Fresh 4 version[edit]
The British DJ and production group, Fresh 4, released their recording in September 1989. It was produced by Smith & Mighty and featured Lizz E, and became the group's only notable UK hit. It peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart.[2]
The group's debut studio album that would have featured this song was never released, as a result of disagreements with the record label.[3]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1989)
Peak
position
Irish Singles Chart
22
UK Singles Chart
10
The Cover Girls version[edit]
"Wishing on a Star"
Single by The Cover Girls
from the album Here It Is
Released
May 1992
Format
CD single, 7", 12", cassette
Genre
Soul
Length
4:05 (single edit), 4:44 (album version)
Label
Epic Records
Songwriter(s)
Billie Rae Calvin
Producer(s)
Tony Moran, Andy Marvel
The Cover Girls singles chronology
"Funk Boutique"
(1991) "Wishing on a Star"
(1992) "Thank You'"
(1992)
"Funk Boutique"
(1991) "Wishing on a Star"
(1992) "Thank You'"
(1992)
The Cover Girls recorded a hit cover of the song in 1992 off their third album Here It Is. It was the first single featuring new lead singer Michelle Valentine. The band's version surpassed the success of the original, peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where the original had failed to chart, and became the 49th biggest single of 1992 in America.[4] While the group had had success in America up to that point, the single was their first single to become a hit when it was released in Europe, peaking at #6 in the Netherlands and at #38 in the UK.[5]
The Cover Girls also recorded a Spanish version of the song. The original version of the song featured Michelle Valentine on lead vocals but the Spanish version featured both Valentine and Evelyn Escalera sharing lead vocals.
Charts[edit]
Weekly chart (1992)
Peak
position
Belgium Ultratop 50 Flanders
26
Dutch Top 40
6
German Singles Chart
76
UK Singles Chart
38
US Billboard Hot 100
9
US Hot Dance Club Play
7
US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay
24
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
19
US Hot 100 Airplay
2
Year-end chart (1992)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 49
Formats and track listings[edit]
CD[edit]
"Wishing On A Star (Radio Edit)"
"Wishing On A Star (Spanish Version)"
CD MAXI[edit]
"Wishing On A Star (7" Version)"
"Wishing On A Star (12" Mix)"
"Wishing On A Star (Magic Sessions Dub 1)"
"Wishing On A Star (Magic Sessions Vocal Dub)"
"Wishing On A Star (Jeep 12")"
Vinyl[edit]
A-Side
"Wishing On A Star (12" Mix)"
"Wishing On A Star (Jeep 12")"
"Wishing On A Star (Magic Sessions Dub 1)"
B-Side
"Wishing On A Star (TNT Dub)"
"Wishing On A Star (Amigo Dub)"
"Wishing On A Star (Acapella)"
Randy Crawford version[edit]
"Wishing on a Star"
Single by Randy Crawford
from the album Every Kind of Mood: Raandy, Randi, Randee
Released
September 1998
Format
CD single
Genre
House, soul
Length
3:59 (single edit), 4:50 (album version)
Label
WEA
Songwriter(s)
Billie Rae Calvin
Producer(s)
Mousse T.
Randy Crawford singles chronology
"Silence"
(1998) "Wishing on a Star"
(1998) "The Captain of Her Heart"
(1998)
"Silence"
(1998) "Wishing on a Star"
(1998) "The Captain of Her Heart"
(1998)
American artist Randy Crawford recorded a cover of the song for her 1998 album Every Kind of Mood: Randy, Randi, Randee. The song, produced by Mousse T. like most of the album, was given an uptempo house makeover. Released as the third single off the album in September 1998, it proved to be the most successful, achieving minor chart placings in Europe and becoming a top 20 dance hit in the USA.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1998)
Peak
position
Germany Official German Charts
83
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)
90
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[6]
21
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play
14
Jay-Z version[edit]
"Wishing on a Star"
Single by Jay-Z featuring Gwen Dickey
from the album In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 (UK Edition)
Released
March 11, 1998
Format
CD
Genre
East Coast hip hop
soul
Length
5:54
Label
Roc-A-Fella
Def Jam
Songwriter(s)
Shawn Carter
Billie Ray Calvin
Producer(s)
Trackmasters
Jay-Z singles chronology
"Be Alone No More"
(1998) Be Alone No More1998 "Wishing on a Star"
(1998) Wishing on a Star1998 "It's Alright"
(1998) It's Alright1998
Gwen Dickey singles chronology
"One Too Many Heartaches"
(1996) One Too Many Heartaches1996 "Wishing on a Star"
(1998) Wishing on a Star1998
"Wishing on a Star" was covered by rapper Jay-Z featuring Gwen Dickey of Rose Royce in 1998. It can be found on the United Kingdom release of In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 and Greatest Hits and the D'Influence remix can be found on Chapter One: Greatest Hits and Bring It On: The Best of Jay Z. The track is produced by the Trackmasters, who also produced a remix of this track.
A music video for the song was also released, showing a child actor portraying Jay-Z growing up in Marcy Houses. Jay-Z himself does not appear in the video.[7]
Single track list[edit]
CD[edit]
"Wishing on a Star (Radio Edit)"
"Wishing on a Star (Trackmasters Remix)"
"Wishing on a Star (D Influence Remix)"
"Brooklyn's Finest"
"Wishing on a Star (Trackmasters Acappella)"
Vinyl[edit]
A-Side
"Wishing on a Star (D Influence Remix)"
"Wishing on a Star (Radio Edit)"
B-Side
"Wishing on a Star (Trackmasters Remix)"
"Imaginary Players"
"Wishing on a Star (Trackmasters Acappella)"
Charts[edit]
Chart (1998)
Position
Germany (Media Control Charts)[8] 56
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 29
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 50
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[5] 13
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[9] 5
Beyoncé version[edit]
"Wishing on a Star"
2010 digital release cover
Single by Beyoncé
from the album Roll Bounce
B-side
"Naïve"
Released
September 2005
Format
Digital download
Genre
R&B
Length
4:08
Label
Music World Music Inc.
Songwriter(s)
Billie Rae Calvin
Beyoncé singles chronology
"The Closer I Get to You"
(2004) "Wishing on a Star"
(2005) "Check on It"
(2005)
"The Closer I Get to You"
(2004) "Wishing on a Star"
(2005) "Check on It"
(2005)
"Wishing on a Star" was covered by American singer Beyoncé in 2004, for the CD of her live album Live at Wembley.[10] It was also used to promote the fragrance True Star endorsed by American fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger in 2004.[11] An a cappella version of the song was recorded by Beyoncé for a television campaign.[11] An extended play (EP) album was also released in 2004 to promote the fragrance composed of two songs – "Wishing on a Star" and "Naïve". Produced by Beyoncé and Tommy Hilfiger, it was solely available with limited edition purchases of True Star.[12] In 2005, the song was included on the soundtrack of the film Roll Bounce.[13] It was later released for radio airplay as one of three singles from the soundtrack,[14] becoming the second most-added single at urban adult contemporary radio following its release[15] and later peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Adult R&B Airplay chart.[14]
A writer of the website AllMusic described Beyoncé's cover version of "Wishing on a Star" as "sexy".[10] For the 48th Grammy Awards, Beyoncé's version was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.[16] Beyoncé released the song as a digital single on August 17, 2010.
Formats and track listings[edit]
True Star – A Private Performance
"Wishing on a Star" – 4:07
"Naïve" – 3:45
Digital download
"Wishing on a Star" – 4:08
Charts[edit]
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
US Billboard Adult R&B Airplay[14] 28
US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles[17] 1
Seal version[edit]
"Wishing on a Star"
Single by Seal
from the album Soul 2
Released
November 8, 2011
Format
Digital download
Genre
R&B
soul
Length
4:13
Label
Reprise
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Billie Rae Calvin
Producer(s)
Trevor Horn
Seal singles chronology
"Let's Stay Together"
(2011) "Wishing on a Star"
(2011)
"Let's Stay Together"
(2011) "Wishing on a Star"
(2011)
In 2011, "Wishing on a Star" was covered by Nigerian-British singer Seal. It was released as the first UK single taken from his album Soul 2 on November 20, 2011. This interpretation of "Wishing on a Star" was produced by previous collaborator, Trevor Horn.
Seal's version of the song was premiered on Ken Bruce's BBC Radio 2 show on October 13, 2011.[18] The single later peaked on the Radio 2 B-list.[19]
Critical reception[edit]
In her review for Soul 2, Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian expressed, "His voice and interpretive skills are such, though, that most tracks fit him like a glove, to the point where, on Rose Royce's Wishing on a Star, his oak-aged vocal seems a better fit for the remorseful lyric than original singer Gwen Dickey's. He grew up with these 1970s hits, and evidently reveres them, but isn't cowed by them".[20] In his review, Mike Diver of the BBC expressed that "Seal has a voice that can melt icecaps has never been doubted by his detractors – the problems with his material post-Seal (II) went deeper, to a basic songwriting level. Here, freed of the weight of his own emotions, he soars on a sublime Wishing on a Star (which manages to borrow its smoky backing from Sade's Smooth Operator).[21]
Live performances[edit]
Seal performed "Wishing on a Star" on Daybreak on November 25, 2011.[22]
Formats and track listings[edit]
Digital download[23]
"Wishing on a Star" – 4:13
The X Factor UK 2011 finalists version[edit]
"Wishing on a Star"
Single by The X Factor Finalists 2011 featuring JLS and One Direction[24]
Released
November 27, 2011
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
Brighton, England
(Biffco Studios)
London, England
(Metropolis Studios and Rokstone Studios)
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
3:23
Label
Syco
Sony
Songwriter(s)
Billie Rae Calvin
Producer(s)
Richard "Biff" Stannard
Ash Howes
Steve Mac
The X Factor finalists singles chronology
"Heroes"
(2010) "Wishing on a Star"
(2011)
"Heroes"
(2010) "Wishing on a Star"
(2011)
JLS singles chronology
"Take a Chance on Me"
(2011) Take a Chance on Me2011 "Wishing on a Star"
(2011) Wishing on a Star2011 "Do You Feel What I Feel?"
(2012) Do You Feel What I Feel?2012
One Direction singles chronology
"Gotta Be You"
(2011) Gotta Be You2011 "Wishing on a Star"
(2011) Wishing on a Star2011 "One Thing"
(2012) One Thing2012
The song was covered by the finalists of the eighth series of The X Factor, also featuring previous contestants JLS and One Direction. Their version was released on November 27, 2011 via digital download, and released as a physical single the following day. All proceeds from the single went to the children's charity organization Together for Short Lives.[25] Finalist Frankie Cocozza does not appear on the radio edit of the song or in the music video, after he was removed from The X Factor prior to the sixth live show. Cocozza's vocals were recorded prior to his exit and only appeared on the single version.[26] The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first-week sales of 98,932 copies.[27]
Track listing[edit]
"Wishing on a Star" – 3:23
"Wishing on a Star (Instrumental)" – 3:23
Charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[28] 1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[29] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 1
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom November 27, 2011[31] Digital download
Syco Music
Sony Music
November 28, 2011[32] CD single
Other cover versions[edit]
Junior Walker, on his 1979 album Back Street Boogie, produced by Norman Whitfield
Elaine Paige on her 1986 album Christmas
Will Downing on his 1989 album "Come Together As One"
Soul II Soul lifted the chorus of this song for the ending to their 1990 hit "A Dream's a Dream"
Janet Kay on her 1994 album For The Love of You – reggae, Lover's rock version
88.3 ft. Lisa May in 1995, #61 UK hit[33]
Teena Marie on a 1996 compilation album New York Undercover: A Night at Natalie's
Paul Hardcastle on his 1997 album Cover to Cover[34]
Jaared on his 2002 album Hangtime[35][36]
Marion Meadows on his 2004 album Player's Club[37]
Catman Cohen on his 2005 Album How I Want to Die: the Catman Chronicles 1[38]
MFSB on the MFSB: The Gamble & Huff Orchestra album.
Miriam Stockley – The 10th Kingdom
Paul Weller – Studio 150
Queen Latifah – 2nd Annual BET Honor Awards Live
Sy Smith – Sy Smith Live: Worship at the Temple
Billie Rae Calvin, who wrote the song, recorded a solo version for Ian Levine's Motorcity Records.
Tamera Foster performed Wishing on a Star during the X Factor finals on 2 November 2013.
Emily Middlemas performed Wishing on a Star during the X Factor finals on 12 November 2016.
Annie Haslam on her eponymous 1989 album.
See also[edit]
List of songs recorded by Jay-Z
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 501.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 215. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Discogs.com - Fresh 4
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1992". Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
^ Jump up to: a b UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles & Album Charts Archived July 18, 2007, at WebCite. everyHit.com (March 16, 2000).
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". officialcharts.com.
Jump up ^ Jay-Z Jay Z Wishing on a star on YouTube.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". officialcharts.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Live at Wembley". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hilfiger believes Beyoncé is a True Star". Cosmetics Design. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "True Star: A Private Performance: Beyoncé: Music". Amazon.com (US). Amazon Inc. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Roll Bounce – Original Soundtrack". AllMusic. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c George, Raphael (November 12, 2005). Soundtrack Has Radio 'Bounce'. Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Most Added" (PDF). Radio & Records: 40. September 9, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2014. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Complete list of Grammy Award nominations". USA Today. February 8, 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs: Week Ending July 17, 2004". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. March 17, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
Jump up ^ "BBC – Radio 2 – Playlist – Record of the Week". BBC Radio 2. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "BBC – Radio 2 – Playlist". BBC Radio 2. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Caroline (November 19, 2011). "Seal: Soul 2 – review". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "BBC – Music – Review of Seal – Soul 2". BBC. November 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Daybreak". Radio Times. November 25, 2011. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Wishing on a Star: Seal: Amazon.co.uk: MP3 Downloads". Amazon.co.uk. November 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "One Direction, JLS join 'X Factor' charity single". Digital Spy (November 5, 2011).
Jump up ^ X Factor hopefuls Wishing on a Star for charity. Evening Standard (October 12, 2011).
Jump up ^ Robertson, Colin. "X Factor Frankie Cocozza's off Christmas single". The Sun.
Jump up ^ Jones, Alan (December 5, 2011). "Official Singles Chart analysis: X-Factor Finalists sell just shy of 100k". Music Week. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 48, 2011". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ Wishing On A Star: The X Factor Finalists 2011 feat. JLS & One Direction: Amazon.co.uk: MP3 Downloads. Amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Wishing on a Star: Amazon.co.uk: Music. Amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "wishing on a star". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cover to Cover overview". AllMusic.com.
Jump up ^ "Hangtime overview". AllMusic.com.
Jump up ^ "Jazz – Jaared". AllMusic.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Player's Club overview". AllMusic.com.
Jump up ^ "How I Want to Die: the Catman Chronicles 1". AllMusic.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
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Rose Royce
Studio albums
Car Wash
Rose Royce II: In Full Bloom
Rose Royce III: Strikes Again!
Rose Royce IV: Rainbow Connection
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
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"Car Wash"
"I Wanna Get Next to You"
"I'm Going Down"
"Wishing on a Star"
"Ooh Boy"
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore"
"Is It Love You're After"
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"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)"
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Discography
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I Am... Sasha Fierce
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4
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Mining in Western Australia
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Main article: Mining in Australia
Mining in Western Australia
Position of Western Australia within Australia highlighted
Location
State
Western Australia
Country
Australia
Regulatory authority
Authority
Department of Mines and Petroleum
Website
Official website
Production
Commodity
Iron ore - 341.64 million tonnes
Gold - 142,519 kg
Nickel - 172,000 tonnes
Alumina - 12.4 million tonnes
Copper - 142,000 tonnes
Zinc - 105,000 tonnes
Lead - 27,000 tonnes
Mineral Sands - not reported
Salt - 9.5 million tonnes
Cobalt - 4,629 tonnes
Diamonds - 11.9 million carats
Coal - 6.6 million tonnes
Value
A$48.2 billion
Employees
70,063
Year
2009 [1]
Major commodity mix, 2008-2009.
Mining in Western Australia, together with the petroleum industry in the state, accounted for 92 per cent of the State’s and 41% of Australia's income from total merchandise exports in 2015-16. The state of Western Australia hosted 111 principal mining projects and hundreds of smaller quarries and mines. The principal projects produced more than 99 per cent of the industry’s total sales value.[2]
Western Australia’s mineral and petroleum industry, in 2015-16, had a value of $87.9 billion, of which $69.5 billion was created by the mining industry. Although down 12 per cent from 2014–15, compared with the value of the mineral and petroleum industry in 2005–06 at $43 billion, the industry’s current value remains more than twice what it was 10 years ago.[2]
Iron ore was, in 2009, the most important commodity in Western Australia, accounting for 46 percent of sales in the state's mineral and petroleum industry. The petroleum sector followed in second place with 28 percent of the overall value, consisting of oil and gas. The fourth-most important commodity in the state was gold, which was also the only one in 2009 to experience a gain in prices, when every other one of the major commodities declined. Alumina and Nickel followed in the order of importance, still each achieving a value in excess of A$3 billion. Of the other majors, the Base Metals, Copper, Lead and Zinc, as well as Diamonds, Cobalt, Coal, Mineral Sands and Salt all stayed below the A$1 billion mark in value in 2009.[1][3]
Employment in the Western Australian mining and petroleum industry has sharply increased from 75,000 in 2009, directly employing an average of 103,638 people during 2015–16.[2][1]
The industry's regulating authority in Western Australia is the Department of Mines and Petroleum (DMP), which replaced the previously existing Department of Industry and Resources (DOIR) on 1 January 2009. The department, among other things, produces the annual Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistic Digest and operates the MINDEX website, which is aimed at listing all current and former mining operations in the state.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Timeline
3 Major commodities
3.1 Iron ore
3.2 Petroleum
3.3 Gold
3.4 Alumina
3.5 Nickel
3.6 Base metals
3.6.1 Copper
3.6.2 Lead
3.6.3 Zinc
3.7 Coal
3.8 Diamonds
3.9 Salt
4 Other commodities
4.1 Asbestos
4.2 Uranium
5 Safety
6 Statistics
6.1 Production
6.2 Value
6.3 Employees
7 Official reports
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mining transformed the Western Australian economy. Gold finds in the 1890s brought unprecedented amounts of people and capital to WA.
Gold mining declined after 1904, and Western Australia went through a painful period of structural adjustment over the course of the following three decades during which time two world wars, an international depression and a major drought complicated the state's economic development. Mining began to take off again in the 1930s, however at the time the state governments' focus was in agricultural expansion and manufacturing initiatives. The primary sector would experience strong growth until the early 1970s, after which it leveled off. More than a million hectares of marginal agricultural land was abandoned, and the government turned to mining as the state's main economic priority.
The period after 1945 has been characterised by the development of the State's mining sector into a world-scale industry and Western Australia's increasing access to the rest of the world. Communication and transport advances brought Western Australia much closer to the rest of the world, providing opportunities for local producers to access markets in other countries much more easily. On the other hand, overseas producers could access the Western Australian market relatively more readily. The outcome has been a highly specialised and trade-dependent Western Australian economy (with mining and mineral processing the dominant industries), using income derived to import many other goods and services.
The State's second major resource boom was stimulated when, in 1960, the Commonwealth Government lifted the iron ore export embargo that had been in place since 1938.[5] Demand was fuelled by the buoyant Japanese economy and Japanese, American and British investment flowed into the State. While Asia had previously been a market for Western Australian products (notably sandalwood and wool), the export of iron ore to Japan marked a fundamental shift in Western Australia’s trade dynamic and paved the way for the development of Asia as the State’s most important trading region.
Prior to the resurgence of the resource sector, economic conditions had been relatively subdued, with constant-price household income per capita roughly the same in 1960-61 as in 1948-49. However, the mining boom caused income per capita to more than double by 1973-74. Importantly, while iron ore was (and remains) a significant component of the mining industry, one important aspect of the resources boom in the 1960s that set it apart from the gold rush, was the diversity of commodities being mined. There were major discoveries of nickel, petroleum, bauxite and alumina, which all developed into significant industries in the 1960s and 1970s. There was also a major revival in the mining of gold in the 1980s, stimulated by price increases associated with the end of the gold standard in 1971, high inflation throughout the 1970s and new processing technology.
Timeline[edit]
1848: Lead ore was found by explorer James Perry Walcott, a member of A.C. Gregory's party, near Northampton
1863: Lead and copper ores represent 14% of the colony's total annual exports, exceeded only by wool and sandalwood
1877: Copper and lead ores are the colony's second largest export, still at 14% of the total, after wool
1892: Arthur Bailey and William Ford discover gold in Western Australia at Fly Flat near Coolgardie
17 June 1893: Paddy Hannan discovers gold near Kalgoorlie, sparking Western Australia's gold rush.
Sir John Forrest, the first Premier of Western Australia, is regarded as the founding father of The Perth Mint. John saw the importance of gold in the development of Western Australia's economy, and successfully lobbied the British Government to establish a branch of the Royal Mint in Perth
1934: A lease was assigned over iron ore deposits at Koolan Island in Yampi Sound off the coast of the Kimberley to the Nippon Mining Company backed by the Japanese government.
1935-39: High gold prices encourage investment.
1937: Public and government outcry when Nippon Mining proposed not to use Australian labour but to send its own engineers to construct the Koolan Island mine.
1939-45: Labour shortages as a result of the Second World War caused many mines to cease operation, and following the war, many did not re-open.
1938: Commonwealth government enacts iron ore export embargo [5] The stated reason for the embargo where doubts as to the adequacy of Australian iron ore resources for Australia's own needs.[6] The real reason was to freeze the export of raw materials to Japan.
1940: Extensive survey of iron ore deposits determined only two where commercially viable, one of which being the Yampi Sound Group in Western Australia.[6]
1948: Bureau of Mineral Resources combined with the WA Department of Mines to carry out systematic geological and geophysical surveys in the North West, mostly seeking oil.
1960: Commonwealth Government lifts iron ore export embargo
1964: Oil discovered on Barrow Island.
1967: Oil production on Barrow Island begins.
1969 - 1970: Poseidon nickel boom
1977: Premier Sir Charles Court agreed with Alcoa Australia to take a designated quota of the gas in return for permission to build a third alumina refinery at Wagerup.
1981: The Western Australian Government negotiated an agreement to allow development of the large natural gas reserves on the North West Shelf.
1987: Global stock market crash
1989: First liquefied natural gas (LNG) cargo exported to Japan in 1989.
2008: Global financial crisis.
August 2009: Gorgon Consortium signs $50 billion contract with PetroChina for gas extraction from the fields around Barrow Island.
Major commodities[edit]
Iron ore[edit]
Main article: Iron ore mining in Western Australia
Iron ore mining in Western Australia, in the financial year 2008-09, accounted for 47 percent of the total value of the states resources, with a value of A$33.56 billion. The overall value of the mineral and petroleum industry in Western Australia was A$71.3 billion in 2008-09, a 19 percent increase compare to the previous financial year.[3] Iron ore in Western Australia experienced unprecedented growth in 2008-09, with the states output growing by 8.5 percent, to 316 million tonnes of ore. In terms of value, the industry grew by 53 percent. The bulk of Western Australian ore went to China, which imported 64 percent of the 2008-09 production, followed by Japan with 21 percent.[3] The boom of the last decade was however somewhat slowed in 2009, when the value of the industry fell by 12 percent compare to the previous calendar year, and this despite record production of 342 million tonnes of ore.[1]
In the calendar year 2009, the Western Australian Government received over A$1.7 billion in royalties from the iron ore mining industry in the state.[1]
Iron ore mining in Western Australia is predominantly, but not exclusively, carried out in the Pilbara region, which produced ore in value of A$26.82 billion in 2009, out of an overall iron ore production value of A$28.1 billion for the state.[1]
Petroleum[edit]
Main article: Petroleum industry in Western Australia
Petroleum, like mining, falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Mines and Petroleum, but is otherwise not directly related to mining. Crude Oil and Condensate reached a value of A$8.7 billion in 2009, while LNG achieved a value of A$6.3 billion in 2009.[1]
Gold[edit]
Main article: Gold mining in Western Australia
The history of gold mining in Western Australia dates back to the 1880s but took on some larger dimensions in the 1890s, after gold discoveries at Coolgardie in 1892 and Kalgoorlie in 1893. It reached an early peak in 1903, experienced a golden era in the 1930s and a revival in the mid-1980s. In between, the industry declined a number of times, like during the two world wars, experiencing an absolute low point in 1976.[7]
In 2009, Gold delivered a stand-out performance, recording a record value of A$5.7 billion, a 29 percent increase in comparison to the previous calendar year. Gold production in the state increased by 9 percent, reaching 4.6 million ounces in 2009.[1]
Alumina[edit]
The Darling Scarp contains considerable deposits of bauxite, and these have been mined by Alcoa and Worsley Alumina for the production of alumina.
Alcoa's first bauxite mine at Jarrahdale was opened in 1963 to service the Kwinana alumina refinery. 168 million tonnes of bauxite was mined from Jarrahdale until its closure in 1998. The Huntly mine was established in the early 1970s to supply bauxite for both the Kwinana and Pinjarra refineries. It is currently the biggest bauxite mine in the world. The Wagerup refinery is serviced by the Willowdale bauxite mine, established in 1984.[8]
Worsley Alumina constructed a mine site and refinery in the early 1980s. The mine site is located near Boddington and the bauxite is transported by a 51 km conveyor belt to the refinery at Worsley. Following a A$1 billion expansion in 2000, Worsley now export 3.1 million tonnes of alumina.[9]
In 2009, Western Australia produced 12.4 million tonnes of Alumina, at a value of A$3.6 billion, a reduction in value by 27 percent.[1]
Nickel[edit]
Main article: Nickel mining in Western Australia
The Western Australian Nickel industry suffered from falling international prices in 2009. Nickel production had been reasonably steady, the value of the industry had decreased from a peak A$6.9 billion in 2007 to under 3.3 billion in 2009. Also, the number of employees fell from a peak 13,307 in 2008 to 7,561 in 2009.[1]
A large number of Nickel mines in the state were placed in care and maintenance at the end of 2008 because of falling international prices.[3]
The discovery in Kambalda, Western Australia in 1966, Mount Windarra in 1969 and Agnew in 1971 coinciding with rising world nickel prices and a prolonged strike at a major nickel in Canada, meant that the discoveries were rapidly developed, bringing about a "nickel boom" between 1967 and 1971.
Base metals[edit]
The value of the Base Metal production in the state declined by 12 percent in 2009.[1]
The largest Base Metal producing mine in Western Australia is the Golden Grove Mine.[3]
Copper[edit]
Western Australian output of copper increased by ten percent in 2009, having grown from just over 34,000 tonnes per annum in 2000 to 142,490 tonnes by 2009,[1] with a brief dip in production in 2004 due to the closure of the Lennard Shelf mine.[10] In 2009 however, world Copper prices fell by 26 percent, causing the industry in the state to lose 11 percent of its value.[1]
Lead[edit]
Lead mining in Western Australia experienced a boom in 2009, almost doubling its production. This was caused by the reopening of the Magellan mine. Overall, the states Lead production in the last ten years has been very varied, reaching a peak of 91,380 tonnes in 2001, falling to 1,170 tonnes in 2004 because of the closure of the Lennard Shelf mine,[10] before reaching another peak in 2006 and a low in 2008.[1]
Zinc[edit]
Zinc experienced a drop in production and prices in 2009, output in Western Australia falling by 33 percent and the value of the industry decreasing by 35 percent.[1]
Because of the nature of Zinc and Lead, which are often found together, Zinc has experienced the same ups and downs in production as Lead in the last decade.[10]
Coal[edit]
Main article: Coal in Australia
Coal in Western Australia is currently, as of 2009, mined at only one location, at Collie, where two mines are operating. Ninety percent of all coal mined at Collie is used in power stations, the remainder in the Mineral Sands production. While a small amount of Western Australian coal has been exported to India and China in recent years, the majority goes to the coal-fired power stations, mainly located in the Collie area as well.[3]
Coal production in the state has been quite steady in the past decade, with the 2009 production of 6.56 million tonnes being only three percent less than in 2008. Like production, the value of the Western Australian coal industry has remained reasonably constant, too, with a slight increase to A$308 million in 2009.[1]
Diamonds[edit]
The bulk of diamonds produced in Western Australia originate from the Argyle diamond mine, located in the far north of the state. The mine produces around 20 percent of the global diamond output and commenced mining in 1985. The mines most famous product is its pink diamonds, of which it produces around 90 percent of the worlds supply, which is, however, only one percent of the mines overall production. Apart from Argyle, there is only one other operating diamond mine in the state, the Ellendale mine, located 100 km east of Derby, which opened in 2002. Ellendale produces the rare yellow diamonds.[3]
In 2009, sale volumes for diamonds fell by 44 percent while the value of the industry in the state decreased by 53 percent in comparison to 2008.[1]
Salt[edit]
Eighty percent of all salt produced in Australia comes from Western Australia. Of the state's production, 77 percent, in turn, originates from Dampier Salt Limited's operations at Dampier, Port Hedland and Lake MacLeod in the Pilbara. Other mining locations in the state include Onslow, Koolyanobbing and Esperance.[3]
While the overall salt production in Western Australia dropped by 19 percent in 2009, to 9.5 million tonnes, the value of the industry increased dramatically, by 59 percent, to A$432 million.[1]
Other commodities[edit]
Tungsten is mined at Cookes Creek mine in the Pilbara region.[11]
Asbestos[edit]
Blue asbestos was discovered at Wittenoom Gorge in the 1930s by Lang Hancock and claimed as a mining tenement in 1934. The mine supplied much of the world's demand for asbestos until it closed in 1966 due to health concerns for its workers.[12][13]
The production or use of asbestos is now banned in Australia.[14]
Uranium[edit]
Main article: Uranium in Western Australia
The Western Australian ban on uranium mining was lifted in 2008, after the 2008 state elections, which saw the Liberal Party of Australia replaced in government by the Australian Labor Party.
No uranium mining currently takes place in the state and developing projects were not scheduled to enter their mining phase before 2012-13.[15]
Five projects are in the approval process, the Lake Maitland uranium project, Toro Energy's Lake Way uranium project, Cameco's Yeelirrie uranium project and Kintyre uranium project, and Energy and Minerals Australia has referred the Mulga Rocks uranium project. Given the low uranium price none of these projects are progressing in the short term.
Lake Way, Lake Maitland and Yeelirrie are located within 100 km of Wiluna.[16]
Safety[edit]
Main article: Fatality statistics in the Western Australian mining industry
In the past decade, from 2001 to 2010, 42 employees have lost their lives in the state's mining industry. Of those, gold and iron ore have been the most dangerous, with 14 fatalities each, followed by nickel, with nine. Of the 42 fatalities, 29 have occurred at the surface and 13 in underground mining.[17]
Since 1943, the year the Department of Mines records date back to, to 2010, 657 work-related fatalities have occurred in the mining industry in the state.[17]
Statistics[edit]
Annual statistics for the Western Australian mining industry:[1][10][18][19][20][21]
Production[edit]
Commodities measured in million tonnes per annum:
Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Iron ore 158.87 162.25 171.77 194.75 215.85 244.64 250.40 264.45 305.72 341.64
Alumina 10.0 10.75 11.0 11.23 10.99 11.35 11.87 12.17 12.25 12.42
Salt 7.71 8.58 9.17 9.75 10.4 11.48 10.72 10.39 11.49 9.55
Coal 6.2 6.2 6.26 6.03 6.31 6.41 7.25 5.81 6.73 6.56
Commodities measured in tonnes per annum:
Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Nickel 153,510 181,170 183,000 190,210 174,700 191,710 175,180 161,010 187,790 171,970
Copper 34,040 50,240 64,290 58,780 42,680 83,880 99,960 119,410 129,530 142,490
Zinc 257,720 210,840 218,800 174,550 51,780 63,610 138,840 180,730 156,010 104,690
Lead 73,080 91,380 70,400 56,490 1,170 30,270 74,850 42,020 13,780 26,700
Cobalt 3,590 4,260 4,700 5,170 4,550 4,590 5,130 4,730 4,780 4,629
Commodities measured in million carats per annum:
Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Diamonds 42.3 21.68 34.37 35.48 24.23 34.31 17.07 23.54 21.24 11.9
Commodities measured in kilogram per annum:
Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Gold 199,500 192,200 188,860 187,500 164,420 169,830 163,840 152,690 131,824 142,519
Value[edit]
Commodities at an annual production value of A$ billion:
Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Iron ore 4.365 5.245 5.064 5.061 6.173 11.308 14.751 16.165 31.896 28.085
Gold 3.08 3.24 3.46 3.37 2.94 3.15 4.24 4.07 4.39 5.66
Alumina 3.188 3.767 3.339 3.14 3.179 3.656 4.767 4.704 4.901 3.594
Nickel 2.243 2.075 2.243 2.68 3.261 3.484 5.844 6.958 4.059 3.281
Commodities at an annual production value of A$ million:
Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Copper 82.61 120.71 145.49 145.09 160.94 434.71 917.78 1,018.75 1,041.6 923.58
Mineral Sands 862.93 909.22 855.87 760.75 749.08 880.37 883.67 780.28 797.89 620.61
Salt 197.32 249.24 250.53 197.01 185.08 213.78 241.64 229.6 276.72 432.44
Coal 257.84 258.21 266.4 266.41 281.91 283.26 317.9 265.15 305.5 308.16
Diamonds 713.68 499.53 650.34 661.86 414.81 740.1 446.9 555.0 490.71 230.0
Zinc 290.11 208.72 173.06 139.73 57.78 118.91 607.12 695.54 329.13 213.47
Cobalt 157.66 146.27 118.95 145.04 262.18 166.95 220.43 343.08 378.71 178.9
Lead 25.76 44.90 32.69 24.32 0.31 41.17 130.61 115.57 32.61 44.33
Employees[edit]
Employment figures for the major commodities and overall figures for the complete mining industry:
Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Iron ore 8,604 9,103 9,289 11,184 12,585 13,727 16,203 18,387 23,185 26,051
Gold 10,879 11,938 12,653 12,801 13,398 12,121 12,314 13,733 14,459 16,686
Alumina 6,706 6,569 6,633 7,015 7,613 9,711 8,967 8,559 8,201 8,212
Nickel 5,038 5,160 4,699 5,714 6,704 9,423 10,583 12,736 13,307 7,561
Mineral Sands 2,243 2,338 2,170 2,224 2,435 2,789 2,914 2,840 2,670 1,934
Diamonds 940 1,009 1,101 1,094 1,397 1,479 1,614 1,863 2,218 1,602
Base Metals 1,331 1,301 1,295 1,100 888 670 912 2,241 2,242 1,456
Salt 698 699 648 658 679 853 838 865 867 778
Coal 709 677 649 641 651 716 771 808 897 725
Overall 39,028 40,870 41,288 44,392 48,385 53,598 57,053 64,608 71,225 70,063
Official reports[edit]
Recent official Department of Mines and Petroleum reports:
Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008
Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008-09
Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistic Digest 2009
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistic Digest 2009 Department of Mines and Petroleum website, accessed: 28 November 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c "Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2015–16" (pdf). Department of Mines and Petroleum. East Perth, WA: Government of Western Australia. November 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistic Digest 2008-09 Department of Mines and Petroleum website, accessed: 26 November 2010
Jump up ^ Department of Industry and Resources Restructure accessed: 27 October 2010
^ Jump up to: a b "EMBARGO ON IRON ORE.". The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1956). Melbourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia. 24 March 1938. p. 1. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.info.dfat.gov.au/info/historical/HistDocs.nsf/(LookupVolNoNumber)/3~221 Archived 21 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Mining towns of Western Australia, page: 48, accessed: 5 February 2010
Jump up ^ "Alcoa in Australia: Mining". Retrieved 2010-12-11.
Jump up ^ "Worsley Alumina: About Us". Archived from the original on 2006-12-15. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2004 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 9 December 2010
Jump up ^ "Cookes Creek Tungsten". Hazelwood Resources. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Hills, Ben. (1989) Blue murder : two thousand doomed to die - the shocking truth about Wittenoom's deadly dust Melbourne : Sun Books. ISBN 0-7251-0581-X (pbk)
Jump up ^ Nevill, Mark, MLC and Alan Rogers (1992) Inquiry into asbestos issues at Wittenoom Kalgoorlie : M. Nevill. Report to the Premier Hon Carmen Lawrence by an independent committee of inquiry.
Jump up ^ A national ban on the importation, manufacture and use of all Asbestos Department of Mines and Petroleum, published: 18 September 2008, accessed: 12 December 2010
Jump up ^ Michael Lampard. "Uranium Outlook to 2013-14". Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
Jump up ^ Toro gets approval for uranium project The Sydney Morning Herald, published: 7 January 2010, accessed: 13 February 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Western Australian mining fatalities database Archived 25 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. accessed: 19 February 2011
Jump up ^ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 9 December 2010
Jump up ^ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2006 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 9 December 2010
Jump up ^ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2002 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 10 December 2010
Jump up ^ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2001 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 10 December 2010
Further reading[edit]
Prider, Rex T., ed. (1979). Mining in Western Australia. Sesquicentenary celebrations series. Nedlands, WA: University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0855641533.
External links[edit]
Department of Mines and Petroleum website
MINEDEX website
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Related articles: Department of Mines and Petroleum
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