text:
The Way Back
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The Way Back
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Peter Weir
Produced by
Peter Weir
Joni Levin
Duncan Henderson
Nigel Sinclair
Scott Rudin
Screenplay by
Peter Weir
Keith Clarke
Based on
The Long Walk
by Sławomir Rawicz
Starring
Jim Sturgess
Ed Harris
Saoirse Ronan
Colin Farrell
Music by
Burkhard Dallwitz
Cinematography
Russell Boyd
Edited by
Lee Smith
Production
company
National Geographic Films
Spitfire Pictures
Imagenation Abu Dhabi
Film Fund Luxembourg
Distributed by
Newmarket Films
Exclusive Film Distribution
Meteor Pictures
Release date
September 3, 2010 (2010-09-03) (Telluride Film Festival)
December 29, 2010 (2010-12-29) (United States)
Running time
133 minutes
Language
English
Russian
Budget
$30 million[1]
Box office
$20,348,249[1]
The Way Back is a 2010 American survival drama film directed by Peter Weir, from a screenplay by Weir and Keith Clarke. The film is inspired by The Long Walk (1956), the memoir by former Polish prisoner of war Sławomir Rawicz, who claimed to have escaped from a Soviet Gulag and walked 4,000 miles to freedom in World War II. The film stars Jim Sturgess, Colin Farrell, Ed Harris, and Saoirse Ronan, with Alexandru Potocean, Sebastian Urzendowsky, Gustaf Skarsgård, Dragoș Bucur and Mark Strong.
The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Makeup.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Background
3.2 Filming
4 Reception
5 Music
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Plot[edit]
During World War II, after the Soviet invasion of Poland, young Polish army officer Janusz Wieszczek (Jim Sturgess) is held as a POW and interrogated by the NKVD. The Soviets, unable to get him to say he is a spy, take his wife into custody; from her they extort a statement condemning him. He is sentenced to 20 years in a Gulag labour camp deep in Siberia.
There he meets those with whom he later plans an escape: Mr. Smith (Ed Harris), an American engineer; Khabarov (Mark Strong), an actor; Valka (Colin Farrell), a hardened Russian criminal; Tomasz (Alexandru Potocean), a Polish artist; Voss (Gustaf Skarsgård), a Latvian priest; Kazik (Sebastian Urzendowsky), a Pole suffering from night blindness; and Zoran (Dragoș Bucur), a Yugoslav accountant. Khabarov secretly tells Janusz that he is planning to escape south to Mongolia, passing Lake Baikal. Smith cautions Janusz that it is Khabarov's way to discuss escape plans with newcomers, to maintain his morale, but nothing will come of it. At times Janusz seems to hallucinate the front door of a country home and adjoining window ledge, which holds plants and a rock he attempts to reach for. Janusz follows through with the escape with Smith, Valka, Voss, Tomasz, Zoran and Kazik during a severe snowstorm that covers their tracks.
Kazik freezes to death the second night of the trek, after losing his way back to the campsite while looking for wood, and the group buries him. After many days of travelling across the snows of Siberia, the group reaches Lake Baikal. There they meet Irena (Saoirse Ronan), a young Polish girl, who tells them that Russian soldiers murdered her parents and sent her to a collective farm near Warsaw, where they treated her cruelly, so she escaped. Smith realises the inaccuracies in her story, as Warsaw is occupied by the Germans; nevertheless, despite his misgivings that she'll slow them down and tax their meager food supply, he agrees with the group to let her in. Smith eventually cautions her about the lie and says he will not tolerate any more, in response to which she admits that her parents were communists but the communist rulers killed them anyway and sent her to an orphanage.
When the group reaches an unpatrolled border between the Soviet Union and Mongolia, Valka, who idolizes Joseph Stalin and does not know what he would do elsewhere, decides to stay. The rest continue to Ulan Bator, but soon they see images of Stalin and a red star. Janusz realises that Mongolia is under communist control and since China is at war with Japan, tells the group they should take refuge in British India. As they continue south across the Gobi Desert, lack of water, sandstorms, sunburn, blisters and sunstroke weaken the group. Irena collapses several times and soon dies. A few days later Tomasz collapses and dies. Smith is on the verge of death, but after being motivated by Janusz, Zoran and Voss, decides to rejoin the group and the severely dehydrated four find a much-needed water source. Soon after they reach China passing through the Great Wall.
As they reach the Himalayas, all of them on the verge of death, they are rescued by a Tibetan monk who takes them to a Buddhist monastery where they regain their strength. Smith decides to go to Lhasa with the help of one of the monk's contacts, who will smuggle him out through China. Once there, he anticipates he will be able to connect with the US military, his return to America ensured. The remaining three continue to trek through the Himalayas and soon reach India.
At the end of the film, Janusz keeps walking around the world until 1989, when Poland ousts the communists. The final scene of the film shows Janusz, 50 years after being taken captive, again envisioning the door and reaching for the rock; this time he takes a key hidden beneath the rock to open the door and reconcile with his wife.
Cast[edit]
Jim Sturgess as Janusz Wieszczek, a young Polish inmate made a Prisoner of War during the Soviet invasion of Poland
Ed Harris as Mr. Smith, an American inmate and former engineer
Saoirse Ronan as Irena Zielińska, an orphaned teenage Polish girl on the run from Soviet Russia, who meets up with the fugitives near Lake Baikal
Colin Farrell as Valka, a tough Russian inmate and gambler whose most prized possession is a knife he calls "Wolf"
Dragoș Bucur as Zoran, a Yugoslavian inmate who used to be an accountant and is considered a funny man
Alexandru Potocean as Tomasz Horodinsky, a Polish inmate and former pastry chef who dreams of becoming an artist
Gustaf Skarsgård as Andrejs Voss, a Latvian inmate and former priest
Sebastian Urzendowsky as Kazik, a young Polish inmate suffering from night blindness
Mark Strong as Andrei Timofeyevich Khabarov, a Russian inmate and actor who was imprisoned when the play he was in was deemed subversive
Production[edit]
Background[edit]
The film is loosely based on The Long Walk (1956), Sławomir Rawicz's memoir depicting his alleged escape from a Siberian Gulag and subsequent 4,000-mile walk to freedom in Nepal (but called India in the movie). The book sold over 500,000 copies and is credited with inspiring many explorers. In 2006 the BBC unearthed records (including some written by Rawicz himself) which showed that, rather than having escaped from the gulag, he had in fact been released by the USSR in 1942.[2][3] In May 2009 Witold Gliński, a Polish World War II veteran living in the United Kingdom, came forward to claim that the basis of Rawicz's story was true, but it was actually an account of what had happened to him, not Rawicz. Glinski's claims have also been seriously questioned.[4][5][6][7] In addition, in 1942, a group of Siberian Gulag escapees is said to have hiked into Nepal.[2] However, this too is suspect.[4][8][9] Nevertheless, there is some circumstantial evidence that some sort of trek to freedom occurred, via the route outlined in the book and film. Captain Rupert Mayne, a British intelligence officer in Calcutta in 1942, interviewed three emaciated men, who claimed to have escaped from Siberia. Mayne always believed their story was the same as that of The Long Walk. So the possibility remains that someone - even if not Rawicz - achieved this extraordinary feat. [10] Though the director Peter Weir continues to claim that the so-called long walk happened, he himself now describes The Way Back as "essentially a fictional film".[2][11][12]
Many of the events that happen in the gulag scenes come from Varlam Shalamov's The Kolyma Tales, such as the scene where the man is killed for his sweater.
Laurence Harvey and Herbert Wilcox announced plans to make a film from The Long Walk in 1957.[13]
The actor Jeremy Child had the rights to the book for many years. He is thanked by the producers in the films credits.
Filming[edit]
Principal photography took place in India.[citation needed] India??
Reception[edit]
The Way Back received generally positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 74% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 129 reviews, with an average score of 6.8 out of 10. The critical consensus is: "It isn't as emotionally involving as it should be, but this Peter Weir epic offers sweeping ambition and strong performances to go with its grand visual spectacle."[14] Empire awarded the film three out of five stars and said, "It's good, but from this director we have come to expect great."[15] The Guardian awarded it three out of five and said, "Weir has put together a good film – oddly, though, considering its scale, it feels like a rather small one."[16] The Telegraph called the film "A journey that feels awful and heroic and unfathomable – and one you’ll want to watch again."[17]
Music[edit]
The soundtrack to The Way Back was released on January 18, 2010.[18]
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "Interrogation" Burkhard Dallwitz 3:36
2. "New Arrivals" Burkhard Dallwitz 1:16
3. "Plans for Escape" Burkhard Dallwitz 1:58
4. "A Brave Man" Burkhard Dallwitz 1:00
5. "Escape" Burkhard Dallwitz 2:48
6. "Lake Baikal" Burkhard Dallwitz 3:35
7. "Freedom?" Burkhard Dallwitz 3:02
8. "Mirages Don't Have Birds" Burkhard Dallwitz 2:34
9. "The Abandoned Temple" Burkhard Dallwitz 1:17
10. "Water!" Burkhard Dallwitz 3:36
11. "Tibet" Burkhard Dallwitz 5:26
12. "India" Burkhard Dallwitz 1:58
13. "Keep on Walking" Burkhard Dallwitz 2:42
14. "Closing Credits" Burkhard Dallwitz 7:39
Total length: 42:27
See also[edit]
As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me, 2001 film about a German World War II prisoner of war escaping from a Siberian Gulag to the Iranian border
Survival film, a list of related films
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Way Back (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c "How The Long Walk became The Way Back". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
Jump up ^ Levinson, Hugh (2006-10-30). "Walking the Talk?". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Strandberg et al, "The Long Walk To Freedom" Retrieved 2010-12-31.
Jump up ^ Leszek Gliniecki, "I have proof Glinski didn’t do The Long Walk" Retrieved 2011-01-04. Gliniecki claims that he and Glinski were fellow students in Russia in 1940 and 1941. His article offers testimony, contemporary documents, and an analysis of the Glinski story as reported by John Dyson in the May 2009 Reader's Digest, and Linda Willis in her November 2010 book Looking For Mr. Smith.
Jump up ^ John Dyson, "Regarding Gliniecki´s solid evidence" Retrieved 2011-01-21. In addition to John Dyson's response to Gliniecki, this webpage also has two posts from CuChullaine O'Reilly and Leszek Gliniecki replying to Dyson, as well as a post from Linda Willis in which she acknowledges knowing nothing about Gliniecki.
Jump up ^ Leszek Gliniecki, "Thank you for allowing me to comment on Zbigniew L. Stanczyk’s submission". Retrieved 2011-02-05. Gliniecki offers further details rebutting Glinski's story.
Jump up ^ Zbigniew Stanczyk, "Mysterious group of Polish escapees in India". Retrieved 2011-02-05. On 4 February 2011, Zbigniew Stanczyk described newly discovered evidence which may confirm the presence of Polish gulag escapees in western India in March 1942.
Jump up ^ Att fly från Gulag – eller fängslas av kalla krigets myter?.
Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6098218.stm
Jump up ^ Peter Weir 16 February 2011 Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview, part 1 on YouTube Retrieved 2011-02-19.
Jump up ^ Peter Weir February 16, 2011 Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview, part 2 on YouTube Retrieved 2011-02-19.
Jump up ^ Harvey Will Produce 'Long Walk;' Hayden Top Star in 'Hard as Nails' Schallert, Edwin. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] 15 July 1957: C9.
Jump up ^ "The Way Back Movie Reviews, Pictures". Flixster. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
Jump up ^ "Empire's The Way Back Movie Review". Empireonline.com. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (2010-12-24). "The Way Back – review". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Sandhu, Sukhdev (2010-12-23). "The Way Back, review". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "The Way Back Soundtrack". TheOST. 2010. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Willis, Linda (2010). Looking for Mr. Smith: The Quest for the Truth Behind The Long Walk, the Greatest Survival Story Ever Told. Skyhorse Publishing.
Strandberg, Mikael et al. "The Long Walk Articles". CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) This is an excellent collection of articles relating to the movie The Way Back, the book upon which it was based The Long Walk, Linda Willis' Looking For Mr. Smith, and related materials.
StRIX (Peter Fleming) (12 July 1956). "The Long Bow". The Spectator. p. 13. An interesting contemporary discussion of Rawicz's book by a noted explorer.
Shalamov, Varlam (1980). Kolyma Tales. Penguin Books.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Way Back
The Way Back walk path at Google Maps
The Way Back on IMDb
The Way Back at Rotten Tomatoes
The Way Back at Box Office Mojo
The Way Back at AllMovie
The Way Back at Metacritic
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Peter Weir
3 to Go (1971)
Homesdale (1971)
Whatever Happened to Green Valley? (1973)
The Cars That Ate Paris (1974)
Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975)
The Last Wave (1977)
The Plumber (1979)
Gallipoli (1981)
The Year of Living Dangerously (1982)
Witness (1985)
The Mosquito Coast (1986)
Dead Poets Society (1989)
Green Card (1990)
Fearless (1993)
The Truman Show (1998)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)
The Way Back (2010)
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text:
It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
Single by AC/DC
from the album T.N.T./High Voltage
B-side
"Can I Sit Next to You Girl"
Released
8 December 1975 (1975-12-08)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
Albert Studios
(Sydney, Australia)
Genre
Hard rock
Length
5:01
Label
Albert
Songwriter(s)
Angus Young
Malcolm Young
Bon Scott
Producer(s)
Harry Vanda
George Young
AC/DC singles chronology
"High Voltage"
(1975) "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
(1975) "T.N.T."
(1976)
"High Voltage"
(1975) "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
(1975) "T.N.T."
(1976)
Audio sample
file
help
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It is the first track of the group's album T.N.T., released in December 1975, and was written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Bon Scott. The song is notable for combining bagpipes with hard rock instrumentation; in the middle section of the song there is a call and response between the bagpipes and guitar.[1] The original recording is in B-flat major, but it was played live in A major.[2]
A slightly shortened version of the song is also the first track on the international version of High Voltage, released in May 1976. This version appears only on the vinyl release and the 2003 CD reissue.
The full version of the song is also on the Volts CD of the Bonfire box set, released in 1997.
This was a signature song for Bon Scott. Brian Johnson, who replaced Scott as AC/DC's lead vocalist from 1980 until his departure in 2016, did not perform it out of respect for his predecessor.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Bagpipes
3 Personnel
4 Production
5 Music video
6 Popularity
7 Connection to ACDC Lane
8 Recorded cover versions
9 References
Lyrics[edit]
The song chronicles the hardships endured by a rock band on tour, such as being robbed, assaulted, stoned and cheated by a greedy agent. However, the band accepts these hardships as natural on the path to stardom, saying that "It's a long way to the top/If you wanna rock 'n' roll".[4]
Bagpipes[edit]
George Young (the older brother of Angus and Malcolm), having heard that Bon Scott was in a pipe band, encouraged the use of bagpipes in the song. Scott obliged despite having never played them before; he had actually been a drummer in the band.[1] Scott used a set of bagpipes to play the song live until 1976, following an incident where he set them down at the corner of a stage and they were destroyed by fans.[1] Subsequent live performances used a recording of the song's bagpipe part or an extended guitar solo by Angus.[2]
Personnel[edit]
Bon Scott – lead vocals, bagpipes
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Mark Evans – bass guitar[5]
Phil Rudd – drums
Production[edit]
Producers: Harry Vanda, George Young
Music video[edit]
The music video for "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)", was filmed on 23 February 1976 for the Australian music television program Countdown. It featured the band's members on the back of a flatbed truck travelling on Swanston Street in Melbourne, Australia, being followed by members of the Rats of Tobruk Pipe band. Known members of the Rats of Tobruk Pipe Band at the time of the video's filming include: Alan Butterworth, Les Kenfield and Kevin Conlon.[citation needed] The video was dubbed with the studio track from the album T.N.T. and is available on the Family Jewels DVD.[6]
The video was directed by Paul Drane.[7] David Olney was the cameraman.[8]
Two other videos for the song exist. One version, filmed the same day as the truck version, features the group miming the song on a stage in Melbourne's City Square in front of an audience.[9] The pipe players appear here as well. This version is available in the Backtracks box set. A third version features the group simply miming the song on a soundstage, making it appear as if it were being played live (This version is considered rare and as of 2014 hasn't been officially released on any DVD compilations; it can be found on YouTube). Also, a version of the group performing the song on Australian Bandstand with Scott singing live over the studio track appears on the DVD set Plug Me In.
Popularity[edit]
In May 2001, Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) celebrated its 75th anniversary by naming the Best Australian Songs of all time, as decided by a 100-member industry panel. "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" was ranked as the ninth song on the list.[10] The song is regularly played during stoppages at AFL matches at the ANZ stadium in Sydney.
The song was also used in the comedy movie School of Rock (2003) during the ending credits sequence when Jack Black's character, Dewey Finn, is giving his kids an "after-school lesson" on rock.
In 2010, this song was ranked no. 3 in Triple M's Ultimate 500 Rock Countdown in Melbourne. The top five were all AC/DC songs.[11]
In 2012, this song was inducted into the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia.[12]
In the third episode of Empire of Cricket, a 2009 British BBC-TV documentary about the history of cricket, "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" is played over the opening credits. The episode details the history of Australian cricket and its rise to dominance.
ITV used the song for the closing montage to their coverage of the 2010 Tour de France. It was the first to be won by an Australian, when BMC's Cadel Evans won the race.
A clip of the song's intro is often used by the Golf Channel before commercial breaks.
The song is being used to accompany the promotional video for the 2013 Australian Open Tennis Tournament.
Keith Urban guitarist Brian Nutter often uses the song during his solo section during live performances.
The song is being used by the Chicago Cubs in 2017 as an accompaniment to a video played just prior to the team taking the field.
Connection to ACDC Lane[edit]
On October 1, 2004, Melbourne, Australia's Corporation Lane was officially renamed "ACDC Lane" in honour of the band (street names in the City of Melbourne cannot contain the "/" character). This change was made in part because the music video for "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" was filmed on Melbourne's Swanston Street, near ACDC Lane. The Melbourne City Council's vote to rename the street was unanimous.[13] Bagpipers played "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" at the official renaming ceremony.[3]
Recorded cover versions[edit]
Performed by:
Jack Black and the cast of School of Rock - Original soundtrack (2003)
Pat Boone - In a Metal Mood: No More Mr. Nice Guy (1997)
Dead Moon - Destination X (1999)
Die Krupps - Covered In Black: An Industrial Tribute to the Kings of High Voltage (tribute compilation) (1997)
Dropkick Murphys - The Singles Collection, Vol. 2 (2005)
Electric - A Tribute to AC/DC (2006)
John Farnham - b-side to Two Strong Hearts (1988)
John Farnham & Tom Jones - Together in Concert (2005)
Iced Earth - Tribute to the Gods (2002)
Lemmy - Cover Me in '80s Metal (Fantastic Price Records, 2006)
Local H - Pack Up the Cats B-Side. Features Brendan O'Brien playing the bagpipe parts on a hurdy-gurdy.
The Meanies - Fuse Box – An Alternative Tribute (1995)
The Melbourne Ukulele Kollective - ABC-TV's Spicks and Specks (2006)
Motörhead - Thunderbolt: A Tribute to AC/DC (1998)
Nantucket - Long Way to the Top (1980)
Scarlett Pomers - A Millennium Tribute to AC/DC (2010)
Rawkus - AC/DC: Hometown Tribute (2002)
Sandra Weckert - Bar Jazz (2003)
The Wiggles - The Andrew Denton Breakfast Show - Musical Challenge (2000)
Lucinda Williams - Little Honey (2008)
Eric Fish - Gegen den Strom (2007, as Ein langer Weg in German)
W.A.S.P.
The song was covered during the credit sequence of the comedy movie School of Rock, performed by Jack Black and the class of children he taught while masquerading as a teacher. However, the children ad-libbed their own lyrics towards the end of the song.
Billy Corgan covered the song live as an encore on almost every show during his 2005 tour supporting his debut solo effort TheFutureEmbrace.
A dramatic re-interpretation was released by Norwegian duo Susanna and the Magical Orchestra (aka Susanna Wallumrød and Morten Qvenild) in late summer 2006 on their second album Melody Mountain, which consists entirely of cover versions. Their style is slow and melancholic with only cembalo accompaniment to Wallumrød's pure vocal, and brings out the essential sadness of the song.
The band Hanson performed this song during some of the shows on the "Walk around the World" tour, often inviting the opening acts back on stage to sing together.
Melbourne Ukulele Kollective frequently play the song live, the most notable performances being during ABC-TV's Spicks and Specks in 2004;[14] and during the Australia Day flag-raising ceremony and people's march in 2009.
German Medieval Metal Band In Extremo played the song on their Tranquilo-Acoustic Tour in 2009 on German Bagpipes.
On the 34th anniversary of the filming of the music video, it was recreated as part of the SLAM (Save Live Australian Music) rally, to protest liquor licensing laws which threaten live music. About ten thousand protesters marched down Swanston Street and up Bourke Street to the Victorian Parliament House, accompanied by the RocKwiz band on a flatbed truck playing the song.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wall, Mick (2012). AC/DC: Hell Aint a Bad Place to Be. London: Orion Publishing group. ISBN 9781409115359.
^ Jump up to: a b Evans, Mark, Dirty Deeds: My Life Inside/Outside of AC/DC, Bazillion Points, 2011, p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b "The legend lives on in a laneway to heaven", The Age, 15 February 2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)". acdc.com. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
Jump up ^ Saulnier, Jason (30 September 2011). "Mark Evans Interview". Music Legends. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Video Footage and Liner Notes, Family Jewels 2-Disc DVD Set, 2005.
Jump up ^ Dino Scatena, "Clip Go the Years", Sydney Morning Herald, 26 Feb. 2005, retrieved 13 December 2008
Jump up ^ Johnston, Chris, "AC/DC still current 30 years on", The Age, 23 February 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ Donovan, Patrick (13 February 2010). "For a piper, it's a long way to the top from the back of a flatbed truck". The Age. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Jump up ^ "The final list: APRA'S Ten best Australian Songs". APRA. 2001-05-28. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
Jump up ^ Boulton, Martin, "Lane way to the top for AC/DC", The Age, 10 September 2004. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Melbourne Ukulele Kollective on Spicks and Specks". MUK. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
[hide]
v
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e
AC/DC singles discography
High Voltage
"Can I Sit Next to You, Girl" (Australia)
"Baby, Please Don't Go" (Australia)
T.N.T.
"High Voltage" (Australia)
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"T.N.T." (Australia)
High Voltage (International)
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" (international)
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"Shake Your Foundations"
Who Made Who
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Live
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Ballbreaker
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"Cover You in Oil"
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Black Ice
"Rock 'N Roll Train"
"Big Jack"
"Anything Goes"
"Money Made"
Rock or Bust
"Play Ball"
"Rock or Bust"
Non-album single
"Big Gun"
Book:AC/DC
Category:AC/DC songs
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August Vollmer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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August Vollmer
August Vollmer, 1929
Born
March 7, 1876
New Orleans, Louisiana
Died
November 4, 1955 (1955-11-05) (aged 79)
Berkeley, California
Police career
Department
Berkeley Police Department
Country
United States
Rank
Chief of Police 1909–23
August Vollmer
Police career
Department
Los Angeles Police Department
Country
United States
Rank
Chief of Police 1923–24
August "Gus" Vollmer (March 7, 1876 – November 4, 1955) was the first police chief of Berkeley, California and a leading figure in the development of the field of criminal justice in the United States in the early 20th century.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Law enforcement
3 Drug prohibition
4 Later life and death
5 Tributes
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Vollmer was born in New Orleans to German immigrant parents, John and Philopine (Klundt) Vollmer. His father saw to it that he learned to box and swim, both of which he excelled at. Upon his father's death, his mother returned to Germany with her children for two years, after which she returned to New Orleans in 1886, but soon thereafter decided to move her family to San Francisco. In July 1890, the Vollmer family moved across the bay to Berkeley.
Before he was 20, August helped organize the North Berkeley Volunteer Fire Department, and in 1897, was awarded the Berkeley Fireman medal. He supported his mother and the rest of his family as a partner in Patterson and Vollmer, a hay, grain, wood and coal supply store, at the corner of Shattuck Avenue and Vine Street near a fire station north of downtown Berkeley.
In 1898, August enlisted in the United States Marines, fighting in 25 battles in the Spanish–American War in the Philippines. Vollmer left the military in August 1899 and returned to Berkeley. In March 1900, he began working for the local post office.
Law enforcement[edit]
In 1904, Vollmer became a local hero when he leapt onto a runaway railroad freight car on Shattuck Avenue in downtown Berkeley and applied its brakes, preventing a disastrous collision with a passenger coach loaded with commuters at the Berkeley station. This event led to his election as town marshal on April 10, 1905.
In 1907, Vollmer was re-elected town marshal. He was also elected president of the California Association of Police Chiefs, even though, by title, he was not yet a police chief himself. In 1909, Berkeley created the office of police chief, and Vollmer became the first to hold that office.
Drawing on his military experience, and his own research, Vollmer reorganized the Berkeley police force. Vollmer had discovered that very little literature existed in the United States on the subject of police work, so he located and read a number of European works on the subject, in particular, Criminal Psychology, by Hans Gross, an Austrian criminologist, and Memoirs of Vidocq, by Eugène François Vidocq, head of the detective division of the French police in Paris. He then set out on a program of modernization. He established a bicycle patrol and created the first centralized police records system, designed to streamline and organize criminal investigations. He established a call box network. And he trained his deputies in marksmanship.
In the ensuing years, Vollmer's reputation as the "father of modern law enforcement" grew.[1] He was the first chief to require that police officers attain college degrees, and persuaded the University of California to teach criminal justice. In 1916, UC Berkeley established a criminal justice program, headed by Vollmer.[2] At Berkeley, he taught O.W. Wilson, who went on to become a professor and continued efforts to professionalize policing, by being the first to establish the first police science degree at Municipal University of Wichita (now Wichita State University).[3][4] This is often seen as the start of criminal justice as an academic field.
Vollmer was also the first police chief to create a motorized force, placing officers on motorcycles and in cars so that they could patrol a broader area with greater efficiency. Radios were included in patrol cars. He was also the first to use the lie detector, developed at the University of California, in police work. Vollmer supported programs to assist disadvantaged children, and was often criticized for his leniency towards petty offenders such as drunks and loiterers. He also encouraged the employment and training of African American (hired in 1819) and female (hired in 1925) police officers.[5] This included the hiring of Walter A. Gordon, who became the recipient of the Benjamin Ide Wheeler Medal in 1955.[6]
In 1921, Vollmer was elected president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Vollmer left the Berkeley Police Department for a brief stint as police chief of the Los Angeles Police Department from 1923 to 1924, but returned upon being disillusioned by the extent of corruption and hostility towards leadership coming from outside the department.
Vollmer married Millicent Gardner in 1924. They had no children. In 1926, Vollmer played himself in the silent serial Officer 444 which was filmed in Berkeley under the direction of John Ford's brother Francis Ford.
Vollmer contributed to sections of the Wickersham Commission national criminal justice report of 1931, namely to the fourteenth and final volume, The Police, which advocated for a well-selected, well-educated, and well-funded professionalized police force. Other portions of the Wickersham report were sharply critical of current police practice; one of the volumes was entitled Lawlessness in Law Enforcement.[7] Vollmer was the 1931 recipient of the Benjamin Ide Wheeler Medal.[6]

He retired from the Berkeley Police in 1932 as his eyesight began to fail. He was then appointed as a professor of police administration in the Political Science Department at the University of California, and went on to found its School of Criminology. He was also among the five people elected as the first directors of the East Bay Regional Parks District in 1934. The same year Vollmer was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.[8] In 1941, he was instrumental in the establishment of what would become the American Society of Criminology, the leading professional criminological association in the world.[9]
Drug prohibition[edit]
Vollmer was against police involvement with the problem of drug addiction.[10] Vollmer wrote that enforcement of moralistic vice laws leads to police corruption and "engenders disrespect both for law and for the agents of law enforcement."[11] Vollmer supported the establishment of federal distribution, at cost, of habit forming drugs.[12]
Later life and death[edit]
Vollmer became afflicted with Parkinson's Disease late in life, and also cancer. He refused to be bed-ridden, and chose to end his own life at age 79 in 1955.
Tributes[edit]
Bald Peak in the Berkeley Hills was renamed Vollmer Peak.[when?]
In 2004 the Alameda County Sheriff's office christened a new 32-foot custom patrol boat the August Vollmer.
In 1959 the American Society of Criminology established the August Vollmer Award to recognize an individual whose scholarship or professional activities have made outstanding contributions to justice or to the treatment or prevention of criminal or delinquent behavior.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bond, Mark. "How the 'Father of Law Enforcement' Created an Academic Vision for Criminal Justice that Lives on Today". In Public Safety. American Military University. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Finest of the Finest". TIME Magazine. February 18, 1966. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Master of Arts in Criminal Justice". School of Community Affairs, Wichita State University. 2012-03-01. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2012-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Guide to the Orlando Winfield Wilson Papers, ca. 1928-1972". Online Archive of California. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
Jump up ^ Dinkelspiel, Frances. "Remembering August Vollmer, the Berkeley police chief who created modern policing". Berkeleyside. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Benjamin Ide Wheeler Medal". Berkeley Community Fund. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Forst, Linda S.; Dempsey, John S. (1 Jan 2015). An Introduction to Policing. Wickersham Commission. p. 19. ISBN 9781305544680. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.asc41.com/History.html
Jump up ^ Vollmer, August (1936). The Police and Modern Society: Plain Talk Based on Practical Experience. University of California Press. p. 118. Drug addiction, like prostitution, and like liquor, is not a police problem; it never has been, and never can be solved by policemen. It is first and last a medical problem.
Jump up ^ Vollmer, August (1936). The Police and Modern Society: Plain Talk Based on Practical Experience. University of California Press. p. 237.
Jump up ^ Vollmer, August (1936). The Police and Modern Society: Plain Talk Based on Practical Experience. University of California Press. p. 117. The first step in any plan to alleviate this dreadful affliction should be the establishment of federal control and dispensation--at cost--of habit forming drugs.
References[edit]
Oliver, Willard M (2017). August Vollmer: The Father of American Policing. Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 9781611635591
Carte, Gene E. and Elaine H. (1975). Police Reform in the United States: The Era of August Vollmer. University of California Press.
Parker, Alfred E. (1972). The Berkeley Police Story (Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas, 1972)
International Assn. of Police Chiefs - Past Presidents
Berkeley Gazette, April 11, 1905
Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America, Alexandra Minna Stern, University of California Press, 2005
External links[edit]
Law enforcement portal
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Guide to the August Vollmer Papers at The Bancroft Library
History, Berkeley Police Department
Vollmer and the Polygraph
Officer 444 at the Internet Movie Database
Officer 444 at the Internet Archive
Photo: August Vollmer, Volunteer Fireman (figure on right with colleague's hand on his shoulder)
Formal Portrait
Police appointments
Preceded by
Louis D. Oaks Chief of LAPD
1923–1924 Succeeded by
R. Lee Heath
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0001 0974 299X
LCCN: n50013110
SNAC: w6ns14xs
VIAF: 55388180
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Vollmer&oldid=852798801"
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Standard error
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the computer programming concept, see standard error stream.
For a value that is sampled with an unbiased normally distributed error, the above depicts the proportion of samples that would fall between 0, 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations above and below the actual value.
The standard error (SE) of a statistic (usually an estimate of a parameter) is the standard deviation of its sampling distribution[1] or an estimate of the standard deviation[2]. If the parameter or the statistic is the mean, it is called the standard error of the mean (SEM).
The sampling distribution of a population mean is generated by repeated sampling and recording of the means obtained. This forms a distribution of different means, and this distribution has its own mean and variance. Mathematically, the variance of the sampling distribution obtained is equal to the variance of the population divided by the sample size. This is because as the sample size increases, sample means cluster more closely around the population mean.
Therefore, the relationship between the standard error and the standard deviation is such that, for a given sample size, the standard error equals the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. In other words, the standard error of the mean is a measure of the dispersion of sample means around the population mean.
In regression analysis, the term "standard error" refers either to the square root of the reduced chi-squared statistic or the standard error for a particular regression coefficient (as used in, e.g., confidence intervals).
Contents
[hide]
1 Standard error of the mean
1.1 Population
1.1.1 Estimate
1.2 Sample
1.3 Derivations
2 Student approximation when σ value is unknown
3 Assumptions and usage
3.1 Standard error of mean versus standard deviation
4 Correction for finite population
5 Correction for correlation in the sample
6 Relative standard error
7 See also
8 References
Standard error of the mean[edit]
Population[edit]
The standard error of the mean (SEM) can be expressed as:
σ x ¯ = σ n {\displaystyle {\sigma }_{\bar {x}}\ ={\frac {\sigma }{\sqrt {n}}}}
where
σ is the standard deviation of the population.
n is the size (number of observations) of the sample.
Estimate[edit]
Since the population standard deviation is seldom known, the standard error of the mean is usually estimated as the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size (assuming statistical independence of the values in the sample).
σ x ¯ ≈ s n {\displaystyle {\sigma }_{\bar {x}}\ \approx {\frac {s}{\sqrt {n}}}}
where
s is the sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population), and
n is the size (number of observations) of the sample.
Sample[edit]
In those contexts where standard error of the mean is defined not as the standard deviation of the sample mean, but as its estimate, this is the estimate typically given as its value. Thus, it is common to see standard deviation of the mean alternatively defined as:
s x ¯ = s n {\displaystyle {\text{s}}_{\bar {x}}\ ={\frac {s}{\sqrt {n}}}}
The standard deviation of the sample mean is equivalent to the standard deviation of the error in the sample mean with respect to the true mean, since the sample mean is an unbiased estimator. Therefore, the standard error of the mean can also be understood as the standard deviation of the error in the sample mean with respect to the true mean (or an estimate of that statistic).
Note: the standard error and the standard deviation of small samples tend to systematically underestimate the population standard error and standard deviation: the standard error of the mean is a biased estimator of the population standard error. With n = 2 the underestimate is about 25%, but for n = 6 the underestimate is only 5%. Gurland and Tripathi (1971) provide a correction and equation for this effect.[3] Sokal and Rohlf (1981) give an equation of the correction factor for small samples of n < 20.[4] See unbiased estimation of standard deviation for further discussion.
A practical result: Decreasing the uncertainty in a mean value estimate by a factor of two requires acquiring four times as many observations in the sample. Or decreasing the standard error by a factor of ten requires a hundred times as many observations.
Derivations[edit]
Further information: Variance § Sum of uncorrelated variables (Bienaymé formula)
The formula may be derived from the variance of a sum of independent random variables.[5]
If x 1 , x 2 , … , x n {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}} are n {\displaystyle n} independent observations from a population that has a mean μ {\displaystyle \mu } and standard deviation σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , then the variance of the total T = ( x 1 + x 2 + ⋯ + x n ) {\displaystyle T=(x_{1}+x_{2}+\cdots +x_{n})} is n σ 2 . {\displaystyle n\sigma ^{2}.}
The variance of T / n {\displaystyle T/n} (the sample mean x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} ) must be n ( σ 2 n 2 ) = σ 2 n . {\displaystyle n\left({\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{n^{2}}}\right)={\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{n}}.}
And the standard deviation of T / n {\displaystyle T/n} must be σ / n {\displaystyle \sigma /{\sqrt {n}}}
Student approximation when σ value is unknown[edit]
Further information: Student's t-distribution § Confidence intervals
In many practical applications, the true value of σ is unknown. As a result, we need to use a distribution that takes into account that spread of possible σ's. When the true underlying distribution is known to be Gaussian, although with unknown σ, then the resulting estimated distribution follows the Student t-distribution. The standard error is the standard deviation of the Student t-distribution. T-distributions are slightly different from Gaussian, and vary depending on the size of the sample. Small samples are somewhat more likely to underestimate the population standard deviation and have a mean that differs from the true population mean, and the Student t-distribution accounts for the probability of these events with somewhat heavier tails compared to a Gaussian. To estimate the standard error of a student t-distribution it is sufficient to use the sample standard deviation "s" instead of σ, and we could use this value to calculate confidence intervals.
Note: The Student's probability distribution is approximated well by the Gaussian distribution when the sample size is over 100. For such samples one can use the latter distribution, which is much simpler.
Assumptions and usage[edit]
Further information: Confidence interval
An example of how SE is used, is to make confidence intervals of the unknown population mean. If the sampling distribution is normally distributed, the sample mean, the standard error, and the quantiles of the normal distribution can be used to calculate confidence intervals for the true population mean. The following expressions can be used to calculate the upper and lower 95% confidence limits, where x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} is equal to the sample mean, S E {\displaystyle SE} is equal to the standard error for the sample mean, and 1.96 is the 0.975 quantile of the normal distribution:
Upper 95% limit = x ¯ + ( SE × 1.96 ) , {\displaystyle ={\bar {x}}+({\text{SE}}\times 1.96),} and
Lower 95% limit = x ¯ − ( SE × 1.96 ) . {\displaystyle ={\bar {x}}-({\text{SE}}\times 1.96).}
In particular, the standard error of a sample statistic (such as sample mean) is the actual or estimated standard deviation of the error in the process by which it was generated. In other words, it is the actual or estimated standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample statistic. The notation for standard error can be any one of SE, SEM (for standard error of measurement or mean), or SE.
Standard errors provide simple measures of uncertainty in a value and are often used because:
in many cases, if the standard error of several individual quantities is known then the standard error of some function of the quantities can be easily calculated;
when the probability distribution of the value is known, it can be used to calculate an exact confidence interval;
when the probability distribution is unknown, Chebyshev's or the Vysochanskiï–Petunin inequalities can be used to calculate a conservative confidence interval; and
as the sample size tends to infinity the central limit theorem guarantees that the sampling distribution of the mean is asymptotically normal.
Standard error of mean versus standard deviation[edit]
In scientific and technical literature, experimental data are often summarized either using the mean and standard deviation of the sample data or the mean with the standard error. This often leads to confusion about their interchangeability. However, the mean and standard deviation are descriptive statistics, whereas the standard error of the mean is descriptive of the random sampling process. The standard deviation of the sample data is a description of the variation in measurements, while the standard error of the mean is a probabilistic statement about how the sample size will provide a better bound on estimates of the population mean, in light of the central limit theorem.[6]
Put simply, the standard error of the sample mean is an estimate of how far the sample mean is likely to be from the population mean, whereas the standard deviation of the sample is the degree to which individuals within the sample differ from the sample mean. If the population standard deviation is finite, the standard error of the mean of the sample will tend to zero with increasing sample size, because the estimate of the population mean will improve, while the standard deviation of the sample will tend to approximate the population standard deviation as the sample size increases.
Correction for finite population[edit]
The formula given above for the standard error assumes that the sample size is much smaller than the population size, so that the population can be considered to be effectively infinite in size. This is usually the case even with finite populations, because most of the time, people are primarily interested in managing the processes that created the existing finite population; this is called an analytic study, following W. Edwards Deming. If people are interested in managing an existing finite population that will not change over time, then it is necessary to adjust for the population size; this is called an enumerative study.
When the sampling fraction is large (approximately at 5% or more) in an enumerative study, the estimate of the standard error must be corrected by multiplying by a "finite population correction":[7] [8]
FPC = N − n N − 1 {\displaystyle {\text{FPC}}={\sqrt {\frac {N-n}{N-1}}}}
which, for large N:
FPC ≈ 1 − n N {\displaystyle {\text{FPC}}\approx {\sqrt {1-{\frac {n}{N}}}}}
to account for the added precision gained by sampling close to a larger percentage of the population. The effect of the FPC is that the error becomes zero when the sample size n is equal to the population size N.
Correction for correlation in the sample[edit]
Expected error in the mean of A for a sample of n data points with sample bias coefficient ρ. The unbiased standard error plots as the ρ=0 diagonal line with log-log slope -½.
If values of the measured quantity A are not statistically independent but have been obtained from known locations in parameter space x, an unbiased estimate of the true standard error of the mean (actually a correction on the standard deviation part) may be obtained by multiplying the calculated standard error of the sample by the factor f:
f = 1 + ρ 1 − ρ , {\displaystyle f={\sqrt {\frac {1+\rho }{1-\rho }}},}
where the sample bias coefficient ρ is the widely used Prais–Winsten estimate of the autocorrelation-coefficient (a quantity between −1 and +1) for all sample point pairs. This approximate formula is for moderate to large sample sizes; the reference gives the exact formulas for any sample size, and can be applied to heavily autocorrelated time series like Wall Street stock quotes. Moreover, this formula works for positive and negative ρ alike.[9] See also unbiased estimation of standard deviation for more discussion.
Relative standard error[edit]
See also: Relative standard deviation
The relative standard error of a sample mean is the standard error divided by the mean and expressed as a percentage. It can only be calculated if the mean is a non-zero value.
As an example of the use of the relative standard error, consider two surveys of household income that both result in a sample mean of $50,000. If one survey has a standard error of $10,000 and the other has a standard error of $5,000, then the relative standard errors are 20% and 10% respectively. The survey with the lower relative standard error can be said to have a more precise measurement, since it has proportionately less sampling variation around the mean. In fact, data organizations often set reliability standards that their data must reach before publication. For example, the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics typically does not report an estimated mean if its relative standard error exceeds 30%. (NCHS also typically requires at least 30 observations – if not more – for an estimate to be reported.)[10]
See also[edit]
Coefficient of variation
Illustration of the central limit theorem
Probable error
Standard error of the weighted mean
Sample mean and sample covariance
Variance
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Everitt, B. S. (2003). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. CUP. ISBN 0-521-81099-X.
Jump up ^ "Standard Error". Investopedia.com. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Gurland, J; Tripathi RC (1971). "A simple approximation for unbiased estimation of the standard deviation". American Statistician. American Statistical Association. 25 (4): 30–32. doi:10.2307/2682923. JSTOR 2682923.
Jump up ^ Sokal; Rohlf (1981). Biometry: Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research (2nd ed.). p. 53. ISBN 0-7167-1254-7.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, T. P. Essentials of Statistical Methods, in 41 pages. Adelaide: Rumsby. ISBN 0-646-12621-0.
Jump up ^ Barde, M. (2012). "What to use to express the variability of data: Standard deviation or standard error of mean?". Perspect Clin Res. 3 (3): 113–116. doi:10.4103/2229-3485.100662.
Jump up ^ Isserlis, L. (1918). "On the value of a mean as calculated from a sample". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Blackwell Publishing. 81 (1): 75–81. doi:10.2307/2340569. JSTOR 2340569. (Equation 1)
Jump up ^ Bondy, Warren; Zlot, William (1976). "The Standard Error of the Mean and the Difference Between Means for Finite Populations". The American Statistician. Taylor & Francis. 30: 96–97. JSTOR 2683803. (Equation 2)
Jump up ^ Bence, James R. (1995). "Analysis of Short Time Series: Correcting for Autocorrelation". Ecology. 76 (2): 628–639. doi:10.2307/1941218.
Jump up ^ Klein, RJ. "Healthy People 2010 criteria for data suppression" (PDF). Statistical Notes. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics (24). Retrieved 17 July 2014.
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: שגיאת תקן – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Стандардна грешка – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Стандартная ошибка – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Standar kasalahan (statistis) – Sundanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Стандартна похибка – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Standard_error rootpage-Standard_error skin-vector action-view