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Working class
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The working class (also labouring class and proletariat) are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and industrial work.[1] Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some white-collar jobs, and most pink-collar jobs. The working class only rely upon their earnings from wage labour, thereby, the category includes most of the working population of industrialized economies, of the urban areas (cities, towns, villages) of non-industrialized economies, and of the rural workforce.
In Marxist theory and socialist literature, the term working class is often used interchangeably with the term proletariat, and includes all workers who expend both physical and mental labour (salaried knowledge workers and white-collar workers) to produce economic value for the owners of the means of production (the bourgeoisie in Marxist literature).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 History and growth
3 Marxist definition: the proletariat
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Definitions[edit]
As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in many different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power and skills. In that sense it includes both white and blue-collar workers, manual and mental workers of all types, excluding only individuals who derive their income from business ownership and the labor of others.
When used non-academically in the United States, however, it often refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor, especially when compensated with an hourly wage. For certain types of science, as well as less scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example, the working class is loosely defined as those without college degrees.[3] Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups: Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, and factory workers.[4]
A common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. When this approach is used, the working class can be contrasted with a so-called middle class on the basis of differential terms of access to economic resources, education, cultural interests, and other goods and services. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, rather than simply sustenance (for example, on fashion versus merely nutrition and shelter).
Some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group.[5] This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class.
History and growth[edit]
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Working class life in Victorian Wetherby, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, the UK.
In feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the laboring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the same social unit, a third estate of people who were neither aristocrats nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies. The social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants' War.
In the late 18th century, under the influence of the Enlightenment, European society was in a state of change, and this change could not be reconciled with the idea of a changeless god-created social order. Wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics (i.e. excessive consumption of alcohol, perceived laziness and inability to save money). In The Making of the English Working Class, E.P. Thompson argues that the English working class was present at its own creation, and seeks to describe the transformation of pre-modern laboring classes into a modern, politically self-conscious, working class.
Starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. (see Soviet working class). Some historians have noted that a key change in these Soviet-style societies has been a massive a new type of proletarianisation, often effected by the administratively achieved forced displacement of peasants and rural workers. Since then, four major industrial states have turned towards semi-market-based governance (China, Laos, Vietnam, Cuba), and one state has turned inwards into an increasing cycle of poverty and brutalisation (North Korea). Other states of this sort have either collapsed (such as the Soviet Union), or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes.
Since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, expanding the size of the urban working class.
Marxist definition: the proletariat[edit]
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Main article: Proletariat
Striking teamsters battling police on the streets of Minneapolis, Minnesota, the US, June 1934.
Karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society. He asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories.
A sub-section of the proletariat, the lumpenproletariat (rag-proletariat), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as day laborers and homeless people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness.
In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that it was the destiny of the working class to displace the capitalist system, with the dictatorship of the proletariat, abolishing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a future communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." Some issues in Marxist arguments about working-class membership have included:
The class status of people in a temporary or permanent position of unemployment.
The class status of domestic labor, particularly the children (see child labour), and also traditionally the wives of male workers, as some spouses do not themselves work in paying jobs outside the home.
Whether workers can be considered working class if they own personal property or small amounts of stock ownership.
The relationships among peasants, rural smallholders, and the working class.
The extent to which non-class group identities and politics (race, gender, et al.) can obviate or substitute for working-class membership in Enlightenment projects, where working-class membership is prohibitively contradictory or obfuscated.
Possible responses to some of these issues are:
Unemployed workers are proletariat.
Class for dependents is determined by the primary income earner.
Personal property is argued to be different from private property. For example, the proletariat can own automobiles; this is personal property.
The self-employed worker may be a member of the petite bourgeoisie (for example, a small store owner who controls little capital), or a de facto member of the proletariat (for example, a contract worker whose income may be relatively high, but is precarious and tied to the need to sell one's labor on the labor market).
In general, in Marxist terms, wage laborers and those dependent on the welfare state are working class, and those who live on accumulated capital are not. This broad dichotomy defines the class struggle. Different groups and individuals may at any given time be on one side or the other. For example, retired factory workers are working-class in the popular sense; but to the extent that they live off fixed incomes, financed by stock in corporations whose earnings are profit, retired factory workers' interests, and possibly their identities and politics, are not working class. Such contradictions of interests and identity within individuals' lives and within communities can effectively undermine the ability of the working class to act in solidarity to reduce exploitation, inequality, and the role of ownership in determining people's life chances, work conditions, and political power.
See also[edit]
Apprentice
Embourgeoisement
Globalization
Household income in the United States
Industrial novel
Knowledge worker
Labour movement
Living wage and Minimum wage
Proletarian literature
Proletarian novel
Social class
Blue-collar worker and White-collar worker
Bourgeoisie
False consciousness
Lower middle class
Middle class
Proletarianization
Proletariat
Ruling class
Reserve army of labor
Underclass or Lumpenproletariat
Upper middle class
Upper class
Working poor
Social mobility
Trade union
Unfree labor
US working class
Vocational education
Wage slavery
Westminster City Council v Duke of Westminster
Working class culture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ working class. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin Glaberman (17 September 1974). "Marxist Views of the Working Class". Marxists.org. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Thomas B. Edsall (June 17, 2012). "Canaries in the CoaMine" (Blog by expert). The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Doob, B. Christopher (2013). Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-205-79241-3.
Jump up ^ Rubin, M. (2014). ""I Am Working-Class": Subjective Self-Definition as a Missing Measure of Social Class and Socioeconomic Status in Higher Education Research". Educational Researcher. 43: 196–200. doi:10.3102/0013189X14528373.
Further reading[edit]
Benson, John. The Working Class in Britain 1850-1939 (IB Tauris, 2003)
Blackledge, Paul (2011). "Why workers can change the world". Socialist Review 364. London.
Engels, Friedrich, Condition of the Working Class in England [in 1844], Stanford University Press (1968), trade paperback, ISBN 0-8047-0634-4 Numerous other editions exist; first published in German in 1845. Better editions include a preface written by Engels in 1892.
Miles, Andrew, and Mike Savage. (2013) The remaking of the British working class, 1840-1940 (Routledge, 2013).
Moran, W. (2002). Belles of New England: The women of the textile mills and the families whose wealth they wove. New York: St Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-30183-9.
Raine, April Janise. "Lifestyles of the Not So Rich and Famous: Ideological Shifts in Popular Culture, Reagan-Era Sitcoms and Portrayals of the Working Class." McNair Scholars Research Journal 7#1 (2011): 63-78 online, With bibliographical citations
Rose, Jonathan, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes. (Yale University Press, 2001)
Rubin, Lillian Breslow, Worlds of Pain: Life in the Working Class Family, Basic Books (1976), 268 pages, ISBN 0-465-09724-3
Sheehan, Steven T. "'Pow! Right in the Kisser': Ralph Kramden, Jackie Gleason, and the Emergence of the Frustrated Working‐Class Man". Journal of Popular Culture 43#3 (2010): 564-582.
Shipler, David K., The Working Poor: Invisible in America, Knopf (2004), hardcover, 322 pages, ISBN 0-375-40890-8
Skeggs, Beverley. Class, Self, Culture, Routledge, (2004),
Thompson, E.P, The Making of the English Working Class - paperback Penguin.
Turner, Katherine Leonard. How the Other Half Ate: A History of Working-Class Meals at the Turn of the Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2014.
Zweig, Michael, Working Class Majority: America's Best Kept Secret, Cornell University Press (2001), trade paperback, 198 pages, ISBN 0-8014-8727-7
External links[edit]
Look up working class in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Center for Working-Class Studies at Youngstown State University
International Labor and Working-Class History Journal
Images of the working class between 1840 and 1945 from the McCord Museum's online collection
The Working-Class poetry of Gerald Massey
Definition of "Working Class", Dictionary.com
An introduction to the working class, Prole.info
Bibliography - Work, Workers and their Workplaces
Working Moms
List of Working Class Literature
List of Working Class Videos — Movies, and Documentaries
Paulo Freire Research Center–Finland
BBC Archive collection of TV & Radio programmes about Working Class Britain
Caring too much. That's the curse of the working classes. David Graeber for The Guardian. March 2014.
US millennials feel more working class than any other generation. The Guardian. March 2016.
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List of Olympic medalists in figure skating
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 3 gold and 2 silver medals.
Figure skating has been part of the Olympic Games since 1908 and has been included in 25 Olympic Games. There have been 271 medals (91 gold, 90 silver, and 90 bronze) awarded to figure skaters representing 29 representing National Olympic Committees. Six events have been contested but one, men's special figures, was discontinued after a single Olympics.
Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the only figure skaters to win five Olympic medals (3 gold, 2 silver). Swedish figure skater Gillis Grafström (3 gold, 1 silver) and Russian figure skater Evgeni Plushenko (2 gold, 2 silver) each have four medals. Seventeen figure skaters have won three medals.
The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Grafström in men's singles, Sonja Henie (Norway) in ladies' singles, and Irina Rodnina (Soviet Union) in pairs. Sixteen figure skaters have earned two golds within the same discipline and five skaters have earned gold in two separate Olympic events.
On two occasions, there has been a podium sweep. Russian figure skaters hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Three skaters won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Medalists
1.1 Men's singles
1.2 Men's special figures
1.3 Ladies' singles
1.4 Pairs
1.5 Ice dancing
1.6 Team event
2 Multi-medalists
2.1 Most medals
2.2 Multiple golds
2.3 Multi-medalists by event
2.3.1 Men's singles
2.3.2 Ladies' singles
2.3.3 Pairs
2.3.4 Ice dancing
2.3.5 Team event
2.4 Multiple events
2.4.1 Two disciplines
2.4.2 One discipline plus team event
2.5 Summer and Winter Games
3 Country records
3.1 Winning streak
3.2 Events won
3.3 Podium sweeps
4 Medal totals by country
4.1 Men's singles
4.2 Men's special figures
4.3 Ladies' singles
4.4 Pairs
4.5 Ice dancing
4.6 Team event
5 Age records
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Medalists[edit]
Men's singles[edit]
Ulrich Salchow of Sweden, creator of the Salchow jump, was the first Olympic champion in men's figure skating.
Russian Evgeni Plushenko won the 2006 singles title with a world record score.[1]
2014 Winter Olympics men's singles medalists, from left to right: Patrick Chan (silver), Yuzuru Hanyu (gold), and Denis Ten (bronze).
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London
details Ulrich Salchow
Sweden Richard Johansson
Sweden Per Thorén
Sweden
1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program
1920 Antwerp
details Gillis Grafström
Sweden Andreas Krogh
Norway Martin Stixrud
Norway
1924 Chamonix
details Gillis Grafström
Sweden Willy Böckl
Austria Georges Gautschi
Switzerland
1928 St. Moritz
details Gillis Grafström
Sweden Willy Böckl
Austria Robert van Zeebroeck
Belgium
1932 Lake Placid
details Karl Schäfer
Austria Gillis Grafström
Sweden Montgomery Wilson
Canada
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details Karl Schäfer
Austria Ernst Baier
Germany Felix Kaspar
Austria
1948 St. Moritz
details Dick Button
United States Hans Gerschwiler
Switzerland Edi Rada
Austria
1952 Oslo
details Dick Button
United States Helmut Seibt
Austria James Grogan
United States
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details Hayes Alan Jenkins
United States Ronnie Robertson
United States David Jenkins
United States
1960 Squaw Valley
details David Jenkins
United States Karol Divín
Czechoslovakia Donald Jackson
Canada
1964 Innsbruck
details Manfred Schnelldorfer
United Team of Germany Alain Calmat
France Scott Allen
United States
1968 Grenoble
details Wolfgang Schwarz
Austria Timothy Wood
United States Patrick Péra
France
1972 Sapporo
details Ondrej Nepela
Czechoslovakia Sergei Chetverukhin
Soviet Union Patrick Péra
France
1976 Innsbruck
details John Curry
Great Britain Vladimir Kovalev
Soviet Union Toller Cranston
Canada
1980 Lake Placid
details Robin Cousins
Great Britain Jan Hoffmann
East Germany Charles Tickner
United States
1984 Sarajevo
details Scott Hamilton
United States Brian Orser
Canada Jozef Sabovčík
Czechoslovakia
1988 Calgary
details Brian Boitano
United States Brian Orser
Canada Viktor Petrenko
Soviet Union
1992 Albertville
details Viktor Petrenko
Unified Team Paul Wylie
United States Petr Barna
Czechoslovakia
1994 Lillehammer
details Alexei Urmanov
Russia Elvis Stojko
Canada Philippe Candeloro
France
1998 Nagano
details Ilia Kulik
Russia Elvis Stojko
Canada Philippe Candeloro
France
2002 Salt Lake City
details Alexei Yagudin
Russia Evgeni Plushenko
Russia Timothy Goebel
United States
2006 Torino
details Evgeni Plushenko
Russia Stéphane Lambiel
Switzerland Jeffrey Buttle
Canada
2010 Vancouver
details Evan Lysacek
United States Evgeni Plushenko
Russia Daisuke Takahashi
Japan
2014 Sochi
details Yuzuru Hanyu
Japan Patrick Chan
Canada Denis Ten
Kazakhstan
2018 Pyeongchang
details Yuzuru Hanyu
Japan Shoma Uno
Japan Javier Fernández
Spain
Men's special figures[edit]
Nikolai Panin of Russia, the sole winner of the special figures event
Men's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued. The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[2]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London
details Nikolai Panin
Russian Empire Arthur Cumming
Great Britain Geoffrey Hall-Say
Great Britain
Ladies' singles[edit]
Norwegian Sonja Henie holds the record of three consecutive victories in the ladies' individual event (1928–1936).
East Germany's Katarina Witt won the 1988 ladies' singles gold medal, becoming the second female figure skater to win back-to-back Olympic titles.
Yuna Kim won the ladies' title in 2010 with world record scores for the short program, free skating and overall total.
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London
details Madge Syers
Great Britain Elsa Rendschmidt
Germany Dorothy Greenhough-Smith
Great Britain
1920 Antwerp
details Magda Julin
Sweden Svea Norén
Sweden Theresa Weld
United States
1924 Chamonix
details Herma Szabo
Austria Beatrix Loughran
United States Ethel Muckelt
Great Britain
1928 St. Moritz
details Sonja Henie
Norway Fritzi Burger
Austria Beatrix Loughran
United States
1932 Lake Placid
details Sonja Henie
Norway Fritzi Burger
Austria Maribel Vinson
United States
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details Sonja Henie
Norway Cecilia Colledge
Great Britain Vivi-Anne Hultén
Sweden
1948 St. Moritz
details Barbara Ann Scott
Canada Eva Pawlik
Austria Jeannette Altwegg
Great Britain
1952 Oslo
details Jeannette Altwegg
Great Britain Tenley Albright
United States Jacqueline du Bief
France
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details Tenley Albright
United States Carol Heiss
United States Ingrid Wendl
Austria
1960 Squaw Valley
details Carol Heiss
United States Sjoukje Dijkstra
Netherlands Barbara Roles
United States
1964 Innsbruck
details Sjoukje Dijkstra
Netherlands Regine Heitzer
Austria Petra Burka
Canada
1968 Grenoble
details Peggy Fleming
United States Gabriele Seyfert
East Germany Hana Mašková
Czechoslovakia
1972 Sapporo
details Beatrix Schuba
Austria Karen Magnussen
Canada Janet Lynn
United States
1976 Innsbruck
details Dorothy Hamill
United States Dianne de Leeuw
Netherlands Christine Errath
East Germany
1980 Lake Placid
details Anett Pötzsch
East Germany Linda Fratianne
United States Dagmar Lurz
West Germany
1984 Sarajevo
details Katarina Witt
East Germany Rosalynn Sumners
United States Kira Ivanova
Soviet Union
1988 Calgary
details Katarina Witt
East Germany Elizabeth Manley
Canada Debi Thomas
United States
1992 Albertville
details Kristi Yamaguchi
United States Midori Ito
Japan Nancy Kerrigan
United States
1994 Lillehammer
details Oksana Baiul
Ukraine Nancy Kerrigan
United States Chen Lu
China
1998 Nagano
details Tara Lipinski
United States Michelle Kwan
United States Chen Lu
China
2002 Salt Lake City
details Sarah Hughes
United States Irina Slutskaya
Russia Michelle Kwan
United States
2006 Torino
details Shizuka Arakawa
Japan Sasha Cohen
United States Irina Slutskaya
Russia
2010 Vancouver
details Yuna Kim
South Korea Mao Asada
Japan Joannie Rochette
Canada
2014 Sochi
details Adelina Sotnikova
Russia Yuna Kim
South Korea Carolina Kostner
Italy
2018 Pyeongchang
details Alina Zagitova
Olympic Athletes from Russia Evgenia Medvedeva
Olympic Athletes from Russia Kaetlyn Osmond
Canada
Pairs[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London
details Anna Hübler
and Heinrich Burger (GER) Phyllis Johnson
and James H. Johnson (GBR) Madge Syers
and Edgar Syers (GBR)
1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program
1920 Antwerp
details Ludowika Jakobsson
/ Walter Jakobsson (FIN) Alexia Bryn
and Yngvar Bryn (NOR) Phyllis Johnson
and Basil Williams (GBR)
1924 Chamonix
details Helene Engelmann
and Alfred Berger (AUT) Ludowika Jakobsson
and Walter Jakobsson (FIN) Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
1928 St. Moritz
details Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA) Lilly Scholz
and Otto Kaiser (AUT) Melitta Brunner
and Ludwig Wrede (AUT)
1932 Lake Placid
details Andrée Brunet
and Pierre Brunet (FRA) Beatrix Loughran
and Sherwin Badger (USA) Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details Maxi Herber
and Ernst Baier (GER) Ilse Pausin
and Erik Pausin (AUT) Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)
1948 St. Moritz
details Micheline Lannoy
and Pierre Baugniet (BEL) Andrea Kékesy
and Ede Király (HUN) Suzanne Morrow
and Wallace Diestelmeyer (CAN)
1952 Oslo
details Ria Falk
and Paul Falk (GER) Karol Kennedy
and Peter Kennedy (USA) Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details Sissy Schwarz
and Kurt Oppelt (AUT) Frances Dafoe
and Norris Bowden (CAN) Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)
1960 Squaw Valley
details Barbara Wagner
and Robert Paul (CAN) Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA) Nancy Ludington
and Ronald Ludington (USA)
1964 Innsbruck
details Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS) Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
Debbi Wilkes
and Guy Revell (CAN)[a] Vivian Joseph
and Ronald Joseph (USA)
1968 Grenoble
details Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS) Tatyana Zhuk
and Aleksandr Gorelik (URS) Margot Glockshuber
and Wolfgang Danne (FRG)
1972 Sapporo
details Irina Rodnina
and Alexei Ulanov (URS) Lyudmila Smirnova
and Andrei Suraikin (URS) Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)
1976 Innsbruck
details Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS) Romy Kermer
and Rolf Österreich (GDR) Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)
1980 Lake Placid
details Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS) Marina Cherkasova
and Sergei Shakhrai (URS) Manuela Mager
and Uwe Bewersdorf (GDR)
1984 Sarajevo
details Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS) Kitty Carruthers
and Peter Carruthers (USA) Larisa Selezneva
and Oleg Makarov (URS)
1988 Calgary
details Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (URS) Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS) Jill Watson
and Peter Oppegard (USA)
1992 Albertville
details Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (EUN) Elena Bechke
and Denis Petrov (EUN) Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)
1994 Lillehammer
details Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (RUS) Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS) Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)
1998 Nagano
details Oksana Kazakova
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS) Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS) Mandy Wötzel
and Ingo Steuer (GER)
2002 Salt Lake City
details Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
Jamie Salé
and David Pelletier (CAN) None awarded[b] Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)
2006 Torino
details Tatiana Totmianina
and Maxim Marinin (RUS) Zhang Dan
and Zhang Hao (CHN) Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)
2010 Vancouver
details Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN) Pang Qing
and Tong Jian (CHN) Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)
2014 Sochi
details Tatiana Volosozhar
and Maxim Trankov (RUS) Ksenia Stolbova
and Fedor Klimov (RUS) Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)
2018 Pyeongchang
details Aliona Savchenko
and Bruno Massot (GER) Sui Wenjing
and Han Cong (CHN) Meagan Duhamel
and Eric Radford (CAN)
Ice dancing[edit]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1976 Innsbruck
details Lyudmila Pakhomova
and Aleksandr Gorshkov (URS) Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS) Colleen O'Connor
and James Millns (USA)
1980 Lake Placid
details Natalia Linichuk
and Gennadi Karponossov (URS) Krisztina Regőczy
and András Sallay (HUN) Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)
1984 Sarajevo
details Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR) Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS) Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)
1988 Calgary
details Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS) Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS) Tracy Wilson
and Robert McCall (CAN)
1992 Albertville
details Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (EUN) Isabelle Duchesnay
and Paul Duchesnay (FRA) Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (EUN)
1994 Lillehammer
details Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS) Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (RUS) Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)
1998 Nagano
details Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS) Anjelika Krylova
and Oleg Ovsyannikov (RUS) Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)
2002 Salt Lake City
details Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA) Irina Lobacheva
and Ilia Averbukh (RUS) Barbara Fusar-Poli
and Maurizio Margaglio (ITA)
2006 Torino
details Tatiana Navka
and Roman Kostomarov (RUS) Tanith Belbin
and Benjamin Agosto (USA) Elena Grushina
and Ruslan Goncharov (UKR)
2010 Vancouver
details Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN) Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA) Oksana Domnina
and Maxim Shabalin (RUS)
2014 Sochi
details Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA) Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN) Elena Ilinykh
and Nikita Katsalapov (RUS)
2018 Pyeongchang
details Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN) Gabriella Papadakis
and Guillaume Cizeron (FRA) Maia Shibutani
and Alex Shibutani (USA)
Team event[edit]
The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event, first contested in the 2014 Games. It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines (men's singles, ladies' singles, pairs, and ice dancing) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold.
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2014 Sochi
details Russia (RUS)
Evgeni Plushenko
Yulia Lipnitskaya
Ksenia Stolbova
Fedor Klimov
Elena Ilinykh
Nikita Katsalapov
Tatiana Volosozhar
Maxim Trankov
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kevin Reynolds
Kaetlyn Osmond
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Kirsten Moore-Towers
Dylan Moscovitch
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
United States (USA)
Jeremy Abbott
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner
Gracie Gold
Marissa Castelli
Simon Shnapir
Meryl Davis
Charlie White
2018 Pyeongchang
details Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kaetlyn Osmond
Gabrielle Daleman
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
Mikhail Kolyada
Evgenia Medvedeva
Alina Zagitova
Evgenia Tarasova
Vladimir Morozov
Natalia Zabiiako
Alexander Enbert
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
United States (USA)
Nathan Chen
Adam Rippon
Bradie Tennell
Mirai Nagasu
Alexa Scimeca Knierim
Chris Knierim
Maia Shibutani
Alex Shibutani
Multi-medalists[edit]
Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 5 medals.
Ice dancers Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko won a bronze medal in 1984, improved to a silver in 1988, and capped their Olympic appearances with a gold in 1992.
Russian ice dancing pair Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic titles.
Most medals[edit]
Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event: four medals, three of which gold, in men's singles. The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs.
Counting multiple events, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals, with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold. Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals, including a gold in men's singles and a team event gold.
Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below:[6]
Athlete
Nation
Events
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) ice dancing & team 2010–2018 3 2 0 5
Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström Sweden (SWE) men's singles 1920–1932 3 1 0 4
Henie, SonjaSonja Henie Norway (NOR) ladies' singles 1928–1936 3 0 0 3
Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c] Soviet Union (URS) pairs 1972–1980 3 0 0 3
Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko Russia (RUS) men's singles & team 2002–2014 2 2 0 4
Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d] Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) pairs 1992–1998 2 1 0 3
Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet France (FRA) pairs 1924–1932 2 0 1 3
Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan Canada (CAN) men's singles & team 2014–2018 1 2 0 3
Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union (URS)
Unified Team (EUN) ice dancing 1984–1992 1 1 1 3
Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White United States (USA) ice dancing & team 2010–2014 1 1 1 3
Meagan Duhamel !Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford !Eric Radford Canada (CAN) pairs & team 2014–2018 1 1 1 3
Kaetlyn Osmond !Kaetlyn Osmond Canada (CAN) ladies' singles & team 2014–2018 1 1 1 3
Shen Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo China (CHN) pairs 2002–2010 1 0 2 3
Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e] Germany (GER) pairs 2010–2018 1 0 2 3
Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran United States (USA) ladies' singles & pairs 1924–1932 0 2 1 3
Multiple golds[edit]
Swedish Gillis Grafström, is a three-time Olympic figure skating gold medalist in the men's singles.
The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men's singles, Sonja Henie in ladies' singles, and Irina Rodnina in pairs. The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two, which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov. In addition, one ladies' singles skater, three men's singles skaters, and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles. Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles.
Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events. Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014. Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics, winning both pairs and team event. Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later, earning golds in ice dancing and team event.
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Golds
Event(s)
Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström Sweden (SWE) 1920–1928 3 men's singles
Henie, SonjaSonja Henie Norway (NOR) 1928–1936 3 ladies' singles
Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c] Soviet Union (URS) 1972–1980 3 pairs
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) 2010, 2018 3 2 in ice dancing (2010, 2018)
1 in team event (2018)
Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer Austria (AUT) 1932–1936 2 men's singles
Button, DickDick Button United States (USA) 1948–1952 2 men's singles
Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu Japan (JPN) 2014–2018 2 men's singles
Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko Russia (RUS) 2006, 2014 2 1 in men's singles (2006)
1 in team event (2014)
Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt East Germany (GDR) 1984–1988 2 ladies' singles
Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet France (FRA) 1928–1932 2 pairs
Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov Soviet Union (URS) 1964–1968 2 pairs
Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c] Soviet Union (URS) 1976–1980 2 pairs
Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov Soviet Union (URS)
Russia (RUS) 1988, 1994 2 pairs
Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d] Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) 1992, 1998 2 pairs
Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov Russia (RUS) 2014 2 1 in pairs
1 in team event
Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov Russia (RUS) 1994–1998 2 ice dancing
Multi-medalists by event[edit]
Sonja Henie and Karl Schäfer won a combined five Olympic titles.
Men's singles[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström Sweden (SWE) 1920–1932 3 1 0 4
Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer Austria (AUT) 1932–1936 2 0 0 2
Button, DickDick Button United States (USA) 1948–1952 2 0 0 2
Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu Japan (JPN) 2014–2018 2 0 0 2
Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko Russia (RUS) 2002–2014 1 2 0 3
Jenkins, DavidDavid Jenkins United States (USA) 1956–1960 1 0 1 2
Petrenko, ViktorViktor Petrenko Soviet Union (URS)
Unified Team (EUN) 1988–1992 1 0 1 2
Böckl, WillyWilly Böckl Austria (AUT) 1924–1928 0 2 0 2
Orser, BrianBrian Orser Canada (CAN) 1984–1988 0 2 0 2
Stojko, ElvisElvis Stojko Canada (CAN) 1994–1998 0 2 0 2
Péra, PatrickPatrick Péra France (FRA) 1968–1972 0 0 2 2
Candeloro, PhilippePhilippe Candeloro France (FRA) 1994–1998 0 0 2 2
Ladies' singles[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Henie, SonjaSonja Henie Norway (NOR) 1928–1936 3 0 0 3
Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt East Germany (GDR) 1984–1988 2 0 0 2
Albright, TenleyTenley Albright United States (USA) 1952–1956 1 1 0 2
Heiss, CarolCarol Heiss United States (USA) 1956–1960 1 1 0 2
Dijkstra, SjoukjeSjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands (NED) 1960–1964 1 1 0 2
Kim, YunaYuna Kim South Korea (KOR) 2010–2014 1 1 0 2
Altwegg, JeannetteJeannette Altwegg Great Britain (GBR) 1948–1952 1 0 1 2
Burger, FritziFritzi Burger Austria (AUT) 1928–1932 0 2 0 2
Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran United States (USA) 1924–1928 0 1 1 2
Kerrigan, NancyNancy Kerrigan United States (USA) 1992–1994 0 1 1 2
Kwan, MichelleMichelle Kwan United States (USA) 1998–2002 0 1 1 2
Slutskaya, IrinaIrina Slutskaya Russia (RUS) 2002–2006 0 1 1 2
Chen, Lu !Chen Lu China (CHN) 1994–1998 0 0 2 2
Pairs[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c] Soviet Union (URS) 1972–1980 3 0 0 3
Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d] Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) 1992–1998 2 1 0 3
Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet France (FRA) 1924–1932 2 0 1 3
Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov Soviet Union (URS) 1964–1968 2 0 0 2
Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c] Soviet Union (URS) 1976–1980 2 0 0 2
Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov Soviet Union (URS)
Russia (RUS) 1988, 1994 2 0 0 2
Jakobsson, LudowikaLudowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson, WalterWalter Jakobsson Finland (FIN) 1920–1924 1 1 0 2
Mishkutenok, NataliaNatalia Mishkutenok[d] Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) 1992–1994 1 1 0 2
Berezhnaya, ElenaElena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze, AntonAnton Sikharulidze Russia (RUS) 1998–2002 1 1 0 2
Shen, Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao, Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo China (CHN) 2002–2010 1 0 2 3
Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e] Germany (GER) 2010–2018 1 0 2 3
Kilius, MarikaMarika Kilius / Bäumler, Hans-JürgenHans-Jürgen Bäumler United Team of Germany (EUA) 1960–1964 0 2 0 2
Johnson, PhyllisPhyllis Johnson[f] Great Britain (GBR) 1908–1920 0 1 1 2
Rotter, EmíliaEmília Rotter / Szollás, LászlóLászló Szollás Hungary (HUN) 1932–1936 0 0 2 2
Nagy, MariannaMarianna Nagy / Nagy, LászlóLászló Nagy Hungary (HUN) 1952–1956 0 0 2 2
Groß, ManuelaManuela Groß / Kagelmann, UweUwe Kagelmann East Germany (GDR) 1972–1976 0 0 2 2
Brasseur, IsabelleIsabelle Brasseur / Eisler, LloydLloyd Eisler Canada (CAN) 1992–1994 0 0 2 2
Szolkowy, RobinRobin Szolkowy[e] Germany (GER) 2010–2014 0 0 2 2
Ice dancing[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) 2010–2018 2 1 0 3
Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov Russia (RUS) 1994–1998 2 0 0 2
Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union (URS)
Unified Team (EUN) 1984–1992 1 1 1 3
Bestemianova, NataliaNatalia Bestemianova / Bukin, AndreiAndrei Bukin Soviet Union (URS) 1984–1988 1 1 0 2
Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White United States (USA) 2010–2014 1 1 0 2
Torvill, JayneJayne Torvill / Dean, ChristopherChristopher Dean Great Britain (GBR) 1984, 1994 1 0 1 2
Anissina, MarinaMarina Anissina / Peizerat, GwendalGwendal Peizerat France (FRA) 1998–2002 1 0 1 2
Usova, MayaMaya Usova / Zhulin, AlexanderAlexander Zhulin Unified Team (EUN)
Russia (RUS) 1992–1994 0 1 1 2
Team event[edit]
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Bobrova, EkaterinaEkaterina Bobrova / Soloviev, DmitriDmitri Soloviev Russia (RUS)
Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 2014–2018 1 1 0 2
Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) 2014–2018 1 1 0 2
Multiple events[edit]
Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines. All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event (which, while being a separate event, is not considered its own skating discipline).
Two disciplines[edit]
In 1908, Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics. The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936. The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics.
No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines.
Athlete
Nation
Disciplines
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Baier, ErnstErnst Baier Germany (GER) men's singles
pairs 1936 0
1 1
0 0
0 2
Syers, MadgeMadge Syers Great Britain (GBR) ladies' singles
pairs 1908 1
0 0
0 0
1 2
Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran United States (USA) ladies' singles
pairs 1924–1928
1932 0
0 1
1 1
0 3
One discipline plus team event[edit]
The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics. It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline.
On 9 February 2014, Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events. On 12 February 2014, Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics. Four years later, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat.
The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event. (Team event medals are indicated by "T" in the gold, silver, and bronze columns.)
Athlete
Nation
Discipline
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir Canada (CAN) ice dancing 2010–2018 2 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 5
Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko Russia (RUS) men's singles 2002–2014 1 + 1T 2 0 4
Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov Russia (RUS) pairs 2014 1 + 1T 0 0 2
Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan Canada (CAN) men's singles 2014–2018 0 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 3
Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White United States (USA) ice dancing 2010–2014 1 1 0 + 1T 3
Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford Canada (CAN) pairs 2014–2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T 1 3
Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond Canada (CAN) ladies' singles 2014–2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T 1 3
Stolbova, KseniaKsenia Stolbova / Klimov, FedorFedor Klimov Russia (RUS) pairs 2014 0 + 1T 1 0 2
Zagitova, AlinaAlina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) ladies' singles 2018 1 0 + 1T 0 2
Ilinykh, ElenaElena Ilinykh / Katsalapov, NikitaNikita Katsalapov Russia (RUS) ice dancing 2014 0 + 1T 0 1 2
Medvedeva, EvgeniaEvgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) ladies' singles 2018 0 1 + 1T 0 2
Shibutani, MaiaMaia Shibutani / Shibutani, AlexAlex Shibutani United States (USA) ice dancing 2018 0 0 1 + 1T 2
Summer and Winter Games[edit]
Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games, three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games.
Men's singles skater Gillis Grafström's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics. His other three medals were won at the 1924–1932 Winter Games. Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics. They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games.
Country records[edit]
Winning streak[edit]
From 1964 to 2006, Russian figure skaters—representing the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, or Russia—won the gold medal in the pairs event, in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event.[7]
Events won[edit]
Russian figure skaters, counting both Russian Federation (IOC code RUS) and Russian Empire (IOC code RU1), hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Since men's special figures was discontinued, this record can not be matched.
Russia (IOC code RUS) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events. Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events (all except men's singles). Great Britain, Unified Team, and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events.
Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics, at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively. No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics.
Podium sweeps[edit]
There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history. This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event.
Games
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
1908 London Men's singles Sweden (SWE) Ulrich Salchow Richard Johansson Per Thorén
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Men's singles United States (USA) Hayes Alan Jenkins Ronnie Robertson David Jenkins
Medal totals by country[edit]
See also: Figure skating at the Olympic Games § Medal table
Men's singles[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 7 3 5 15
2 Sweden (SWE) 4 2 1 7
3 Russia (RUS) 4 2 6
4 Austria (AUT) 3 3 2 8
5 Japan (JPN) 2 1 1 4
6 Great Britain (GBR) 2 2
7 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 1 2 4
8 Unified Team (EUN) 1 1
United Team of Germany (EUA) 1 1
10 Canada (CAN) 5 4 9
11 Soviet Union (URS) 2 1 3
Switzerland (SUI) 2 1 3
13 France (FRA) 1 4 5
14 Norway (NOR) 1 1 2
15 East Germany (GDR) 1 1
/ Germany (GER) 1 1
17 Belgium (BEL) 1 1
Kazakhstan (KAZ) 1 1
Spain (ESP) 1 1
Men's special figures[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Russian Empire (RU1) 1 1
2 Great Britain (GBR) 1 1 2
Ladies' singles[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 7 8 8 23
2 East Germany (GDR) 3 1 1 5
3 Norway (NOR) 3 3
4 Austria (AUT) 2 4 1 7
5 Great Britain (GBR) 2 1 3 6
6 Canada (CAN) 1 2 3 6
7 Japan (JPN) 1 2 3
Netherlands (NED) 1 2 3
9 Russia (RUS) 1 1 1 3
Sweden (SWE) 1 1 1 3
11 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 1 1 2
South Korea (KOR) 1 1 2
13 Ukraine (UKR) 1 1
14 / Germany (GER) 1 1
15 China (CHN) 2 2
16 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 1
France (FRA) 1 1
Italy (ITA) 1 1
Soviet Union (URS) 1 1
West Germany (FRG) 1 1
Pairs[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Soviet Union (URS) 7 4 1 12
2 Russia (RUS) 5 3 8
3 / / Germany (GER) 4 3 7
4 Canada (CAN) 2 2 4 8
5 Austria (AUT) 2 2 1 5
6 France (FRA) 2 1 3
7 China (CHN) 1 3 2 6
8 Finland (FIN) 1 1 2
Unified Team (EUN) 1 1 2
10 Belgium (BEL) 1 1
11 United States (USA) 3 3 6
12 United Team of Germany (EUA) 2 2
13 Hungary (HUN) 1 4 5
14 East Germany (GDR) 1 3 4
15 Great Britain (GBR) 1 2 3
16 Norway (NOR) 1 1
17 West Germany (FRG) 1 1
Ice dancing[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Russia (RUS) 3 3 2 8
Soviet Union (URS) 3 3 2 8
3 Canada (CAN) 2 1 1 4
4 United States (USA) 1 2 2 5
5 France (FRA) 1 2 1 4
6 Unified Team (EUN) 1 1 2
Great Britain (GBR) 1 1 2
8 Hungary (HUN) 1 1
9 Italy (ITA) 1 1
Ukraine (UKR) 1 1
Team event[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Canada (CAN) 1 1 2
2 Russia (RUS) 1 1
3 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 1 1
4 United States (USA) 2 2
Age records[edit]
Main article: List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age
Title
Age
Name
Nation
Games
Medal
Date of Birth
Date of Event
Event
Youngest female champion 7003560600000000000♠15 years, 128 days Maxi Herber Nazi Germany 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Gold October 8, 1920 February 13, 1936 Pairs
Youngest female medalist 7003548800000000000♠15 years, 10 days Manuela Groß East Germany 1972 Sapporo Bronze January 29, 1957 February 8, 1972 Pairs
Youngest male champion 7003677600000000000♠18 years, 202 days Dick Button United States 1948 St Moritz Gold July 18, 1929 February 5, 1948 Men's singles
Youngest male medalist 7003547600000000000♠14 years, 363 days Scott Allen United States 1964 Innsbruck Bronze February 8, 1949 February 6, 1964 Men's singles
Oldest female champion 7004130580000000000♠35 years, 276 days Ludowika Jakobsson Finland 1920 Antwerp Gold July 25, 1884 April 26, 1920 Pairs
Oldest female medalist 7004144330000000000♠39 years, 190 days Ludowika Jakobsson Finland 1924 Chamonix Silver July 25, 1884 January 31, 1924 Pairs
Oldest male champion 7004139580000000000♠38 years, 80 days Walter Jakobsson Finland 1920 Antwerp Gold February 6, 1882 April 26, 1920 Pairs
Oldest male medalist 7004166610000000000♠45 years, 225 days Edgar Syers Great Britain 1908 London Bronze March 18, 1863 October 29, 1908 Pairs
See also[edit]
Figure skating at the Olympic Games
List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age
World Figure Skating Championships
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ At the 1964 Olympics, Marika Kilius / Hans-Jürgen Bäumler, Debbi Wilkes / Guy Revell, and Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph pairs placed 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. Two years later, Kilius / Bäumler's results were invalidated because the pair had signed a professional contract before the Olympics. The silver medals went to Wilkes / Revell and the bronze medals to Joseph / Joseph. However, in 1987, the Germans were re-awarded the silvers after appealing that other pairs had signed similar contracts but weren't exposed and disqualified. After that, the placement of Wilkes / Revell and Joseph / Joseph pairs were unclear for many years. In November 2014, the IOC clarified that since the 1987 decision that both the German and Canadian pairs are the silver medalist and the US pair are the bronze medalist.[3][4]
Jump up ^ No silver medal was awarded in the 2002 Olympic figure skating pairs event, as the Canadians Salé and Pelletier were also given a gold medal, in the aftermath of a judging scandal.[5]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Irina Rodnina won three medals in pairs with two different partners. A golds in 1972 with Alexei Ulanov and two golds in 1976 and 1980 with Alexander Zaitsev.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Artur Dmitriev won three medals in pairs with two different partners. A gold in 1992 and a silver in 1994 with Natalia Mishkutenok and another gold medal in 1998 with Oksana Kazakova.
^ Jump up to: a b c Aliona Savchenko won three medals in pairs with two different partners. Two bronze medals in 2010 and 2014 with Robin Szolkowy and a gold medal in 2018 with Bruno Massot.
Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson won two medals in pairs with two different partners. A silver medal in 1908 with James H. Johnson and a bronze medal in 1920 with Basil Williams.
References[edit]
General
"Results database". Athletes. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
ISU – Olympic Winter Games Figure Skating results:
Men Ladies Pairs Ice Dance
Specific
Jump up ^ Mihoces, Gary (February 14, 2006). "Record day for Russia's Plushenko; Weir second". USA Today. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Windhausen, John D. (1976). "Russia's First Olympic Victor" (PDF). Journal of Sport History. United States of America: North American Society for Sport History. 3 (1): 35–44. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Fifty years later, Joseph siblings find redemption". IceNetwork.com. November 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hersh, Philip (November 25, 2014). "A half-century later, Joseph siblings recognized as Olympic medal-winners". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sale, Pelletier share gold with Russian pair". Salt Lake'02 Winter Games. ESPN. Associated Press. February 15, 2002. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kubatko, Justin. "Figure Skating". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Factsheet: Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). Official website of the Olympic Movement. International Olympic Committee. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Figure skating.
List of Olympic medalists in men's figure skating: photos and autographs
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values: List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age

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values: Llista de medallistes olímpics de patinatge artístic – Catalan

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