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Bullitt
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Bullitt
Film poster by Michel Landi
Directed by
Peter Yates
Produced by
Philip D'Antoni
Screenplay by
Alan R. Trustman
Harry Kleiner
Based on
Mute Witness
by Robert L. Fish
Starring
Steve McQueen
Robert Vaughn
Jacqueline Bisset
Music by
Lalo Schifrin
Cinematography
William A. Fraker
Edited by
Frank P. Keller
Production
company
Solar Productions
Warner Bros.-Seven Arts
Distributed by
Warner Bros.-Seven Arts
Release date
October 17, 1968 (1968-10-17)
Running time
113 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5.5 million
Box office
$42.3 million[1]
Bullitt is a 1968 American thriller film directed by Peter Yates and produced by Philip D'Antoni. It stars Steve McQueen, Robert Vaughn, and Jacqueline Bisset.[2] The screenplay by Alan R. Trustman and Harry Kleiner was based on the 1963 novel, Mute Witness,[3][4][5][6] by Robert L. Fish, writing under the pseudonym Robert L. Pike.[7][8] Lalo Schifrin wrote the original jazz-inspired score, arranged for brass and percussion. Robert Duvall has a small part as a cab driver who provides information to McQueen.
The film was made by McQueen's Solar Productions company, with his partner Robert E. Relyea as executive producer. Released by Warner Bros.-Seven Arts on October 17, 1968, the film was a critical and box-office smash, later winning the Academy Award for Best Film Editing (Frank P. Keller) and receiving a nomination for Best Sound. Writers Trustman and Kleiner won a 1969 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. Bullitt is also notable for its car chase scene through the streets of San Francisco, regarded as one of the most influential in movie history.[9][10][11][12]
In 2007, Bullitt was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Realism
3.4 Car chase
3.4.1 Filming
3.4.2 Editing
3.5 Music
4 Release
4.1 Box office performance
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Awards and honors
4.4 Legacy
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Sources
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Ambitious San Francisco politician Walter Chalmers is about to present a surprise star witness in a Senate subcommittee hearing on organized crime. Johnny Ross, a defector from the Organization in Chicago, is to be put under local police department protective custody over the weekend until his Monday morning appearance.
Seeking to associate himself and his grandstanding mob-busting effort with a high-visibility SFPD detective, Chalmers requests Lieutenant Frank Bullitt be put in charge. Bullitt and his team, Delgetti and Stanton, put Ross under around-the-clock protection in a cheap hotel selected by Chalmers. Stanton is on solo duty when the desk clerk unexpectedly calls at 1:00 a.m., Saturday morning to announce that Chalmers wants to come up. While Stanton checks by phone with Bullitt, Ross unchains the hotel room door. A pair of hitmen burst in and shoot Stanton and Ross, seriously wounding both.
At the hospital, Chalmers holds Bullitt responsible. Later, Bullitt thwarts a second assassination attempt on Ross before it can materialize, but Ross soon dies of his original injuries. Helped by a sympathetic Dr. Willard, who had been snubbed by Chalmers, Bullitt delays news of the death by spiriting the body out of the hospital by private ambulance service, registering it as a John Doe at the city morgue.
Bullitt finds the cab driver who drove Ross to the hotel, and recreates Ross' movements upon arriving in town, learning that he made a long distance call from a phone booth. Bullitt's confidential informant, Eddy, reveals that Ross was caught stealing $2 million ($14.1 million today) from the Chicago Mob and fled to San Francisco after escaping an attempted hit in Chicago. Meanwhile, Chalmers serves Bullitt's captain with a writ of habeas corpus to force Bullitt to produce Ross.
While driving in San Francisco, Bullitt spots the mob hitmen tailing him in a 1968 Dodge Charger R/T. He flips the chase, turning the hunters into the hunted. They attempt to flee, and a high-speed chase ensues through the hilly streets of Russian Hill and out onto the highway, ending when Bullitt's 1968 Ford Mustang GT forces the Charger off the road and into a gas station, where it explodes in a fireball.
Bullitt and Delgetti face their superiors Sunday morning. They reveal that Ross is dead and that their only lead are phone records showing that Ross's call was to a Dorothy Simmons in a hotel in nearby San Mateo. The detectives are given until Monday to deliver results. With his car out of commission, Bullitt gets a ride from his girlfriend Cathy in her Porsche 356. The detectives find Dorothy Simmons strangled to death. Cathy sees police rushing in and follows, fearing for Bullitt. Horrified by the crime scene, she later confronts him about his violent world, wondering whether she really knows him and where the life he leads will take them.
Back in San Francisco, Bullitt and Delgetti search Simmons's luggage, discovering brand new sets of clothing, empty ticket and passport folders, a travel brochure for Rome, and thousands of dollars in travelers' checks made out to an Albert and Dorothy Renick. Bullitt requests passport information for the Renicks and a fingerprint check for the dead Ross.
Chalmers again confronts Bullitt, demanding a signed admission that Ross died while in his custody. Bullitt refuses. A facsimile of Albert Renick's passport application arrives, showing the man they believed to be Ross was actually Renick, a used car salesman from Chicago with no criminal record bearing a startling resemblance to Ross. Bullitt points out that Chalmers was duped by the real Ross, who used Chalmers to fake his own death by setting up Renick to die in his place, then murdered the wife to complete the cover-up.
Delgetti discovers reservations for the Renicks on an evening flight to Rome. He and Bullitt head to San Francisco International Airport to look for Ross, traveling as Renick. They stake out the Rome flight gate, only to find that Ross has switched to a slightly earlier flight to London that is already taxiing toward takeoff. Chalmers shows up to lay claim to his witness, even though he is now wanted for murder, and is again rebuffed by Bullitt.
Bullitt has the plane stopped, but Ross escapes. A foot chase across the busy runways ends in a tense pursuit inside the crowded passenger terminal. When Ross bolts and shoots a security guard, Bullitt shoots and kills Ross. The empty-handed Chalmers skulks away, and is driven off in his 1968 Lincoln limousine bearing a "Support Your Local Police" bumper sticker.
Early the next morning, Bullitt drives home. As he approaches his apartment he spots Cathy's car. He looks in and sees her sleeping in his bedroom, but he does not wake her. He takes off his gun and balances it on a banister. As he begins to wash up at the bathroom sink, he looks up into his own reflection and contemplates himself for a long moment.
Cast[edit]
Steve McQueen as Lt. Frank Bullitt
Robert Vaughn as Walter Chalmers
Jacqueline Bisset as Cathy
Don Gordon as Delgetti
Robert Duvall as Weissberg
Simon Oakland as Captain Sam Bennett
Norman Fell as Captain Baker
Georg Stanford Brown as Dr. Willard
Justin Tarr as Eddy
Carl Reindel as Carl Stanton
Felice Orlandi as Albert "Johnny Ross" Renick
Vic Tayback as Pete Ross (credited as Victor Tayback)
John Aprea as Killer
Robert Lipton as 1st Aide (to Chalmers)
Ed Peck as Westcott (reporter at hospital)
Pat Renella as Johnny Ross
Paul Genge as Mike (hitman, Dodge Charger)
Al Checco as Desk Clerk
Bill Hickman as Phil (driver/hitman, Dodge Charger)
Production[edit]
Bullitt was co-produced by McQueen's Solar Productions and Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, the film pitched to Jack L. Warner as "doing authority differently."[14]
Development[edit]
Bullitt was director Yates' first American film. He was hired after McQueen saw his 1967 UK feature, Robbery, with its extended car chase.[15] Joe Levine, whose Embassy Pictures had distributed Robbery, didn't much like it, but Alan Trustman, who saw the picture the very week he was writing the Bullitt chase, insisted that McQueen, Relyea and D'Antoni (none of whom had ever heard of Yates) see Robbery and consider Yates as director for Bullitt.[citation needed]
Casting[edit]
McQueen based the character of Frank Bullitt on San Francisco Inspector Dave Toschi, with whom he worked prior to filming.[16][17] McQueen even copied Toschi's unique "fast draw" shoulder holster. Toschi later became famous, along with Inspector Bill Armstrong, as the lead San Francisco investigators of the Zodiac Killer murders that began shortly after the release of Bullitt. Toschi is played by Mark Ruffalo in the film Zodiac, in which Paul Avery (Robert Downey, Jr.) mentions that "McQueen got the idea for the holster from Toschi".[17][18]
Realism[edit]
Bullitt is notable for its extensive use of actual locations rather than studio sets, and its attention to procedural detail, from police evidence processing to emergency room procedures. Director Yates' use of the new lightweight Arriflex cameras allowed for greater flexibility in location shooting.[19]
Car chase[edit]
Bullitt burning rubber in the car chase scene.
At the time of the film's release, the car chase scene generated prodigious excitement.[9] Leonard Maltin has called it a "now-classic car chase, one of the screen's all-time best."[10] Emanuel Levy wrote in 2003 that, "Bullitt contains one of the most exciting car chases in film history, a sequence that revolutionized Hollywood's standards."[11] In his obituary for Peter Yates, Bruce Weber wrote, "Mr. Yates’ reputation probably rests most securely on Bullitt (1968), his first American film – and indeed, on one particular scene, an extended car chase that instantly became a classic."[12] The editing of this scene likely won editor Frank P. Keller the Academy Award for Best Editing.[20]
Filming[edit]
The chase scene starts at 1h:05m into the film. The total time of the scene is 10 minutes and 53 seconds, beginning in the Fisherman's Wharf area of San Francisco, at Columbus and Chestnut (although Bullitt first notices the hitmen following his car while driving west on Army, now Cesar Chavez, just after passing under Highway 101), followed by Midtown shooting on Hyde and Laguna Streets, with shots of Coit Tower and locations around and on Filbert and University Streets. The scene ends outside the city at the Guadalupe Canyon Parkway in Brisbane.[21] The route is geographically impossible to take place in real time.[22]
Two 1968 390 V8 Ford Mustang GT Fastbacks (325 hp) with four-speed manual transmissions were used for the chase scene, both lent by the Ford Motor Company to Warner Bros. as part of a promotional agreement. The Mustangs' engines, brakes and suspensions were heavily modified for the chase by veteran car racer Max Balchowsky. Ford also originally lent two Galaxie sedans for the chase scenes, but the producers found the cars too heavy for the jumps over the hills of San Francisco. They were replaced with two 1968 375 hp 440 Magnum V8-powered Dodge Chargers. The engines in both Chargers were left largely unmodified, but the suspensions were mildly upgraded to cope with the demands of the stunt work.[citation needed]
The director called for maximum speeds of about 75–80 miles per hour (121–129 km/h), but the cars (including the chase cars filming) at times reached speeds of over 110 miles per hour (180 km/h). Driver's point-of-view shots were used to give the audience a participant's feel of the chase. Filming took three weeks, resulting in nine minutes and 42 seconds of pursuit. Multiple takes were spliced into a single end product resulting in discontinuity: heavy damage on the passenger side of Bullitt's car can be seen much earlier than the incident producing it, and the Charger appears to lose five wheel covers, with different ones missing in different shots. Shooting from multiple angles simultaneously and creating a montage from the footage to give the illusion of different streets also resulted in the speeding cars passing the same vehicles at several different times, including, widely noted, a green Volkswagen Beetle.[23] At one point the Charger crashes into the camera in one scene and the damaged front fender is noticeable in later scenes. Local authorities did not allow the car chase to be filmed on the Golden Gate Bridge, but did permit it in Midtown locations including Bernal Heights and the Mission District, and on the outskirts of neighboring Brisbane.[24]
McQueen, an accomplished driver, drove in the close-up scenes, while stunt coordinator Carey Loftin, stuntman and motorcycle racer Bud Ekins, and McQueen's usual stunt driver, Loren Janes, drove for the high-speed part of the chase and performed other dangerous stunts.[25] Ekins, who doubled for McQueen in The Great Escape sequence where McQueen's character jumps over a barbed wire fence on a motorcycle, lays one down in front of a skidding truck during the Bullitt chase. The Mustang’s interior rear view mirror goes up and down depending on who is driving: when the mirror is up, McQueen is visible behind the wheel, when it is down, a stunt man is driving.
The black Dodge Charger was driven by veteran stunt driver Bill Hickman, who played one of the hitmen and helped with the chase scene choreography. The other hitman was played by Paul Genge, who played a character who had ridden a Dodge off the road to his death in an episode of Perry Mason ("The Case of the Sausalito Sunrise") two years earlier. In a magazine article many years later, one of the drivers involved in the chase sequence remarked that the Charger – with a larger engine (big-block 440 cu. in. versus the 390 cu. in.) and greater horsepower (375 versus 325) – were so much faster than the Mustang that the drivers had to keep backing off the accelerator to prevent the Charger pulling away from the Mustang.[24]
Editing[edit]
The editing of the car chase by Frank P. Keller likely won Keller the editing Oscar for 1968,[20] and has been included in lists of the "Best Editing Sequences of All-Time".[26] Paul Monaco has written, "The most compelling street footage of 1968, however, appeared in an entirely contrived sequence, with nary a hint of documentary feel about it – the car chase through the streets of San Francisco in Bullitt, created from footage shot over nearly five weeks. Billy Fraker, the cinematographer for the film, attributed the success of the chase sequence primarily to the work of the editor, Frank P. Keller. At the time, Keller was credited with cutting the piece in such a superb manner that he made the city of San Francisco a "character" in the film."[27] The editing of the scene was not without difficulties; Ralph Rosenblum wrote in 1979 that "those who care about such things may know that during the filming of the climactic chase scene in Bullitt, an out-of-control car filled with dummies tripped a wire which prematurely sent a costly set up in flames, and that editor Frank Keller salvaged the near-catastrophe with a clever and unusual juxtaposition of images that made the explosion appear to go off on time."[28] This chase scene has also been cited by critics as groundbreaking in its realism and originality.[29] In the release print and the print shown for many years, a scene in which the Charger actually hits the camera causing a red flare on screen, which many feel added to the realism, was edited out on DVD prints to the disappointment of many fans.[citation needed]
Music[edit]
Main article: Bullitt (soundtrack)
The original score was composed by Lalo Schifrin. The tracks on the soundtrack album are alternative versions of those heard in the film, re-recorded by Schifrin with leading jazz musicians, including Bud Shank (flute), Ray Brown (bass), Howard Roberts (guitar) and Larry Bunker (drums).[30]
In 2000, the original arrangements as heard in the movie were recreated by Schifrin in a recording session with the WDR Big Band in Cologne, Germany, and released on the Aleph label.[31] This release also includes re-recordings of the 1968 soundtrack album arrangements for some tracks.
In 2009, the never-before-released original recording of the score heard in the movie, recorded by Schifrin on the Warner Bros. scoring stage with engineer Dan Wallin, was made available by Film Score Monthly. Some score passages and cues are virtually identical to the official soundtrack album, while many softer, moodier cues from the film were not chosen or had been rewritten for the soundtrack release. Also included are additional cues that didn't make it into the film. In addition, the two-CD set features the official soundtrack album, newly mixed from the 1" master tape.[30]
In the restaurant scene with McQueen and Bissett, the live band playing in the background is Meridian West, a jazz quartet that McQueen had seen performing at famous Sausalito restaurant, The Trident.[32]
Release[edit]
Bullitt garnered both critical acclaim and box office success.
Box office performance[edit]
Produced on a $5.5 million budget, the film grossed over $42.3 million in the US,[1] making it the 5th highest-grossing film of 1968.
Critical reception[edit]
Bullitt was well received by critics and is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1968.[33][34][35] At the time, Renata Adler made the film a New York Times Critics' Pick, calling it a "terrific movie, just right for Steve McQueen –-fast, well acted, written the way people talk." According to Adler, "the ending should satisfy fans from Dragnet to Camus."[36]
In 2004, the New York Times placed the film on its list of The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made.[29] In 2011, Time magazine listed it among "The 15 Greatest Movie Car Chases of All Time," describing it as "the one, the first, the granddaddy, the chase on the top of almost every list," and saying "Bullitt‘s car chase is a reminder that every great such scene is a triumph of editing as much as it is stunt work. Naturally, it won that year's Academy Award for Best Editing".[37] Among 21st-century critics, it holds a 97% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, representing positive reviews from 33 of 34 critics, in a mix of reviews dated from when the film was released to the 2000s, its consensus reading: "Steve McQueen is cool as ice in this thrilling police procedural that also happens to contain the arguably greatest car chase ever."[38]
Awards and honors[edit]
The film was nominated for and won several critical awards.[39] Frank P. Keller won the 1969 Academy Award for Best Film Editing, and it was also nominated for Best Sound.[40] Five nominations at the BAFTA Film Awards for 1969 included Best Director for Peter Yates, Best Supporting Actor for Robert Vaughn, Best Cinematography for William A. Fraker, Best Film Editing for Frank P. Keller, and Best Sound Track. Robert Fish, Harry Kleiner, and Alan Trustman won the 1969 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture.[41] Keller won the American Cinema Editors Eddie Award for Best Edited Feature Film. The film also received the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (William A. Fraker) and the Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing – Feature Film. It was successful at the 1970 Laurel Awards, winning Golden Laurel awards for Best Action Drama, Best Action Performance (Steve McQueen) and Best Female New Face (Jacqueline Bisset). In 2000, the Society of Camera Operators awarded Bullitt its "Historical Shot" award to David M. Walsh.
Legacy[edit]
Vent grille on '67-'68 fastback Mustang
The famous car chase was later spoofed in the Clint Eastwood film, The Dead Pool, in the Futurama episode, "Bendin' in the Wind," and in the Archer season six episode, "The Kanes." Bullitt producer Philip D'Antoni went on to film two more car chases, for The French Connection and The Seven-Ups, both set and shot in New York City.
The Ford Mustang name has been closely associated with the film. In 2001, the Ford Motor Company released the Bullitt edition Ford Mustang GT.[42] Another version of the Ford Mustang Bullitt, which is closer to resembling the original film Mustang, was released in 2008, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the film.[43][44] A third version is planned for 2019.[45] In 2009, Bud Brutsman of Overhaulin' built an authentic-looking replica of the Bullitt Mustang, fully loaded with modern components, for the five-episode 2009 TV series, Celebrity Rides: Hollywood's Speeding Bullitt, hosted by Chad McQueen, son of Steve McQueen.[46][47]
Steve McQueen's likeness as Frank Bullitt was used in two Ford commercials. The first was for the Europe-only 1997 Ford Puma, which featured a special effects montage of McQueen (who died in 1980) driving a new Puma around San Francisco before parking it in a studio apartment garage beside the film Mustang and the motorcycle from The Great Escape.[48] In a 2004 commercial for the 2005 Mustang, special effects are again used to create the illusion of McQueen driving the new Mustang, after a man receives a Field of Dreams-style epiphany and constructs a racetrack in the middle of a cornfield.[49]
The Mustang is featured in the 2003 video game, Ford Racing 2, in a Drafting challenge, on a course named Port Side. It appears in the Movie Stars category, along with other famous cars like the Ford Torino from Starsky & Hutch and the Ford Mustang Mach 1 from Diamonds Are Forever.[50][51] In the 2011 video game, Driver: San Francisco, the "Bite the Bullet" mission is based on the famous chase scene, with licensed versions of the Mustang and Charger from the film.[52]
In the opening scene of 2 Fast 2 Furious the main protagonist, Brian O'Conner (Paul Walker), is called "Bullitt" by his friends Suki (Devon Aoki) and Tej (Ludacris).
During the only season of the 2012 TV series Alcatraz, Det. Rebecca Madsen (Sarah Jones) drives a green 1968 390 V8 Ford Mustang fastback like Bullitt's. In the series finale, she finds herself in a 2013 Ford Mustang GT, the modern equivalent of the 1968 fastback, giving chase to a black LX Dodge Charger driven by series antagonist Thomas "Tommy" Madsen (David Hoflin). The sequence pays homage to Bullitt's car chase, including Madsen buckling the seatbelt in his Charger before starting, and two passes by a green Volkswagen Beetle.
The Blue Bloods TV series 2015 episode "The Bullitt Mustang" centers around the reported theft of one of the Mustangs used in the film, valued at a half million dollars, a case which detectives Danny Reagan and Maria Baez pick up.
Several items of clothing worn by McQueen's Bullitt received a boost in popularity thanks to the film: desert boots, a trench coat, a blue turtleneck sweater and, most famously, a brown tweed jacket with elbow patches.[53]
The last remaining Charger and one of the two Mustangs were scrapped after filming because of damage and liability concerns, while the other was sold to an employee of Warner Bros.[54] The car changed hands several times, with McQueen at one point making an unsuccessful attempt to buy it in late 1977.[55] The car is currently owned by Sean Kiernan in Tennessee whose father bought the car for $6,000 in 1974 after referring to a listing in Road & Track.[45] The stunt Mustang used for filming was found in 2016 at a junkyard in Mexico. The car was verified by an automobile authentication expert who conclusively determined from the vehicle's VIN and other identifying information.[56]
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1968
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Ebert, Roger (December 23, 1968). "Bullitt". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2010-01-18. "Bullitt," as everybody has heard by now, also includes a brilliant chase scene. McQueen (doing his own driving) is chased by, and chases, a couple of gangsters up and down San Francisco's hills. They slam into intersections, bounce halfway down the next hill, scrape by half a dozen near-misses, sideswipe each other, and leave your stomach somewhere in the basement for about 11 minutes.
^ Jump up to: a b Maltin, Leonard, ed. (2004). Leonard Maltin's 2004 Movie and Video Guide. Penguin Group. p. 195. Taut action-film makes great use of San Francisco locations, especially in now-classic car chase, one of the screen's all-time best; Oscar-winning editing by Frank Keller.
^ Jump up to: a b Levy, Emanuel (2008). "Bullitt". emanuellevy.com. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Weber, Bruce (January 11, 2011). "Peter Yates, Filmmaker, Is Dead at 81". The New York Times.
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^ Jump up to: a b Hartl, John. "Top 10 car chase movies". msnbc.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-16. Retrieved 2010-11-07. Bullitt (1968). Philip D’Antoni, who went on to produce The French Connection, warmed up for it with this Steve McQueen crime drama, set in San Francisco, where the steep hills seem to yearn for cars to go sailing over them. The director, Peter Yates, makes the most of the locations, especially during a gravity-defying chase sequence that earned an Oscar for its editor, Frank P. Keller.
Jump up ^ Brebner, Anne; Morrison, John (February 23, 2011). "Aspect Ratio – February 2011" Archived November 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Blip.tv. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
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^ Jump up to: a b Encinas, Susan (March 1987). "The Greatest Chase of All". Muscle Car Review.
Jump up ^ Myers, Marc (2011-01-26). "Chasing the Ghosts of 'Bullitt'". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
Jump up ^ Dirks, Tim. "Best Film Editing Sequences of All-Time, From the Silents to the Present: Part 5". Filmsite.org. AMC Networks.
Jump up ^ Monaco, Paul (2003). Harpole, Charles, ed. The Sixties. History of the American Cinema. 8. University of California Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-520-23804-4.
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^ Jump up to: a b "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made – Reviews – Movies – New York Times". Nytimes.com. 2003-04-29. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
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Jump up ^ "By 1968 the group was performing at The Trident, a prominent jazz club in Sausalito and the group became a regular performer at Glide Memorial on Sundays. By March of 1968, Meridian West had been noticed by Steve McQueen, the actor, who was captivated by a performance at The Trident. McQueen gave the group a visual cameo appearance in the movie, "Bullitt," which was being filmed in San Francisco in April." - Meridian Meridian West web site (archived at WebCite). A similar account is available at Meridian West Folk Jazz Ensemble with Allan Pimentel (archived at WebCite).
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Jump up ^ Cruz, Gilbert (May 5, 2011). "The 15 Greatest Movie Car Chases of All Time". Time. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
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Jump up ^ "Category List – Best Motion Picture". Edgars Database. Mystery Writers of America. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ The Auto Channel – Ford Mustang Bullitt (2001)
Jump up ^ 2008 Ford Mustang Bullitt – First Test from Motor Trend
Jump up ^ Stewart, Ben (November 5, 2007). "Ford Mustang Bullitt Test Drive (with Burnout Video): L.A. Auto Show Preview". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Strassmann, Mark (January 22, 2018). "The return of a Hollywood legend: Steve McQueen's Mustang". CBS News. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ McQueen's '68 "Bullitt" Mustang Tribute Build Archived 2014-05-28 at the Wayback Machine. from BoldRide.com
Jump up ^ "Celebrity Rides: Hollywood's Speeding Bullitt". TV Guide. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "A Word from Our Sponsors... Steve McQueen Drives a Puma". TheCathodeRayChoob.com. WordPress. March 4, 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
Jump up ^ AutoBlog – Ford Mustang Steve McQueen Ad Revealed from autoblog.com
Jump up ^ Wilcox, Greg. "Ford Racing 2". Game Tour (Multimedia Empire Inc.). Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Ford Racing 2 - Amazon.com". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
Jump up ^ "The films that influenced Driver: San Francisco". ComputerAndVideoGames. August 10, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bonhams Lot 100 From The Chad McQueen Collection: The Bullitt Jacket. Retrieved March 22, 2014. In 1968's Bullitt, McQueen made the most unlikely items extremely fashionable – desert boots, a trench coat, a blue turtleneck sweater and a brown tweed jacket. Only McQueen could make those clothing items ... global trends... The jacket, much like the man, occupies a very special place in cinematic history, it is unquestionably one of the most important pieces of film –and McQueen memorabilia extant. (WebCite archive)
Jump up ^ Stone, Matt (2007). McQueen's Machines: The Cars and Bikes of a Hollywood Icon. Minneapolis, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7603-38957. One of the Mustangs was so badly damaged during filming it was judged unrepairable and scrapped. The second, chassis 8R02S125559, was sold to a Warner Bros. employee after filming was completed.
Jump up ^ "1968 Ford Mustang Fastback (Bullitt – '559)". Historic Vehicle Association. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gastelu, Gary (March 6, 2017). "Ford Mustang found in Mexican junkyard is from 'Bullitt,' expert confirms". Fox News. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Sources[edit]
Monush, Barry (2009). Everybody's Talkin': The Top Films of 1965-1969. Milwaukee: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books. p. 274. ISBN 978-1557836182.
Eagan, Daniel (2009). America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 641–642. ISBN 978-0826418494.
Murphy, Bruce (1999). Encyclopedia of Murder and Mystery (1st ed.). New York City: St. Martin's Minotaur. p. 179. ISBN 978-0312215545.
Kabatchnik, Amnon (2012). Blood on the Stage, 1975-2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection (1st ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0810883543.
Sandford, Christopher (2003). McQueen: The Biography. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 224. ISBN 978-0878333073.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Bullitt
Bullitt at the American Film Institute Catalog
Bullitt on IMDb
Bullitt at the TCM Movie Database
Bullitt at AllMovie
Bullitt at the Internet Movie Cars Database
Bullitt at Box Office Mojo
Bullitt at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
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Films directed by Peter Yates
Summer Holiday (1963)
One Way Pendulum (1964)
Robbery (1967)
Bullitt (1968)
John and Mary (1969)
Murphy's War (1971)
The Hot Rock (1972)
The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973)
For Pete's Sake (1974)
Mother, Jugs & Speed (1976)
The Deep (1977)
Breaking Away (1979)
Eyewitness (1981)
Krull (1983)
The Dresser (1983)
Eleni (1985)
Suspect (1987)
The House on Carroll Street (1988)
An Innocent Man (1989)
Year of the Comet (1992)
Roommates (1995)
The Run of the Country (1995)
Curtain Call (1998)
Don Quixote (2000)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bullitt&oldid=828075061"
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text:
Fortune 500
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The July 24, 2006 issue of Fortune, featuring its Fortune 500 list
The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest United States corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years.[1] The list includes publicly held companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available. The concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955.[2][3] The Fortune 500 is more commonly used than its subset Fortune 100 or wider list Fortune 1000.[4]
Contents
1 Methodology
2 History
3 Map
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Methodology[edit]
The original Fortune 500 was limited to companies whose revenues were derived from manufacturing, mining, and energy exploration. At the same time, Fortune published companion "Fortune 50" lists of the 50 largest commercial banks (ranked by assets), utilities (ranked by assets), life insurance companies (ranked by assets), retailers (ranked by gross revenues) and transportation companies (ranked by revenues). Fortune magazine changed its methodology in 1994 to include service companies. With the change came 291 new entrants to the famous list including three in the Top 10.[5]
History[edit]
The Fortune 500 was first published in 1955; created by Edgar P. Smith.[2] The original top ten companies were General Motors, Jersey Standard, U.S. Steel, General Electric, Esmark, Chrysler, Armour, Gulf Oil, Mobil and DuPont.[6]
Map[edit]
Locations of companies of the 2015 Fortune 500[7]
See also[edit]
United States portal
Companies portal
40 under 40
Fortune Global 500
Fortune India 500
Fortune 1000
List of largest companies by revenue
List of Fortune 500 computer software and information companies
Forbes Global 2000
Total Fortune 1000 companies by urban area list
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fortune 500". Fortune. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Edgar Smith, 69, Dies; Retired Time Executive". New York Times. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "1955 Full list". Fortune. Fortune 500. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Williams, Sean. "Fortune 100: Everything You've Ever Wanted to Know About This Popular Annual Ranking". The Motley Fool. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Groves, Martha (26 April 1995). "Service Now Counts with Fortune 500". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "What happened to the first Fortune 500?". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
Jump up ^ Caitlin Dempsey (July 28, 2015). "Fortune 500 List by State for 2015". Geolounge.
External links[edit]
Permanent link
Full list of Fortune 500 companies: 1955–2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
hide
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Fortune
Managing Editors
Parker Lloyd-Smith
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Lists
Fortune 500
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40 Under 40
100 Best Companies to Work For
Most Powerful Women
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortune_500&oldid=845866460"
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text:
List of HTTP header fields
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
HTTP
Persistence
Compression
HTTPS
Request methods
OPTIONS
GET
HEAD
POST
PUT
DELETE
TRACE
CONNECT
PATCH
Header fields
Cookie
ETag
Location
HTTP referer
DNT
X-Forwarded-For
Status codes
301 Moved Permanently
302 Found
303 See Other
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons
v
t
e
HTTP header fields are components of the header section of request and response messages in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). They define the operating parameters of an HTTP transaction.
Contents
[hide]
1 General format
2 Field names
3 Field values
4 Size limits
5 Request fields
5.1 Common non-standard request fields
6 Response fields
6.1 Common non-standard response fields
7 Effects of selected fields
7.1 Avoiding caching
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
General format[edit]
The header fields are transmitted after the request or response line, which is the first line of a message. Header fields are colon-separated name-value pairs in clear-text string format, terminated by a carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF) character sequence. The end of the header section is indicated by an empty field, resulting in the transmission of two consecutive CR-LF pairs. In the past, long lines could be folded into multiple lines; continuation lines are indicated by the presence of a space (SP) or horizontal tab (HT) as the first character on the next line. This folding is now deprecated.[1]
Field names[edit]
A core set of fields is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFCs 7230, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7234, and 7235. The permanent registry of header fields and repository of provisional registrations are maintained by the IANA. Additional field names and permissible values may be defined by each application.
HTTP/2 makes some restrictions on specific header fields (see below).
Non-standard header fields were conventionally marked by prefixing the field name with X- but this convention was deprecated in June 2012 because of the inconveniences it caused when non-standard fields became standard.[2] An earlier restriction on use of Downgraded- was lifted in March 2013.[3]
Field values[edit]
A few fields can contain comments (i.e. in User-Agent, Server, Via fields), which can be ignored by software.[4]
Many field values may contain a quality (q) key-value pair, specifying a weight to use in content negotiation.[5]
Size limits[edit]
The standard imposes no limits to the size of each header field name or value, or to the number of fields. However, most servers, clients, and proxy software impose some limits for practical and security reasons. For example, the Apache 2.3 server by default limits the size of each field to 8190 bytes, and there can be at most 100 header fields in a single request.[6]
Request fields[edit]
Header field name
Description
Example
Status
Accept Content-Types that are acceptable for the response. See Content negotiation. Accept: text/plain Permanent
Accept-Charset Character sets that are acceptable. Accept-Charset: utf-8 Permanent
Accept-Encoding List of acceptable encodings. See HTTP compression. Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Permanent
Accept-Language List of acceptable human languages for response. See Content negotiation. Accept-Language: en-US Permanent
Accept-Datetime Acceptable version in time. Accept-Datetime: Thu, 31 May 2007 20:35:00 GMT Provisional
Access-Control-Request-Method,
Access-Control-Request-Headers[7] Initiates a request for cross-origin resource sharing with Origin (below). Access-Control-Request-Method: GET Permanent: standard
Authorization Authentication credentials for HTTP authentication. Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ== Permanent
Cache-Control Used to specify directives that must be obeyed by all caching mechanisms along the request-response chain. Cache-Control: no-cache Permanent
Connection Control options for the current connection and list of hop-by-hop request fields.[8]
Must not be used with HTTP/2.[9]
Connection: keep-alive
Connection: Upgrade
Permanent
Cookie An HTTP cookie previously sent by the server with Set-Cookie (below). Cookie: $Version=1; Skin=new; Permanent: standard
Content-Length The length of the request body in octets (8-bit bytes). Content-Length: 348 Permanent
Content-MD5 A Base64-encoded binary MD5 sum of the content of the request body. Content-MD5: Q2hlY2sgSW50ZWdyaXR5IQ== Obsolete[10]
Content-Type The MIME type of the body of the request (used with POST and PUT requests). Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Permanent
Date The date and time that the message was originated (in "HTTP-date" format as defined by RFC 7231 Date/Time Formats). Date: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 08:12:31 GMT Permanent
Expect Indicates that particular server behaviors are required by the client. Expect: 100-continue Permanent
Forwarded Disclose original information of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy.[11] Forwarded: for=192.0.2.60;proto=http;by=203.0.113.43 Forwarded: for=192.0.2.43, for=198.51.100.17 Permanent
From The email address of the user making the request. From: user@example.com Permanent
Host The domain name of the server (for virtual hosting), and the TCP port number on which the server is listening. The port number may be omitted if the port is the standard port for the service requested.
Mandatory since HTTP/1.1.[12] If the request is generated directly in HTTP/2, it should not be used.[13]
Host: en.wikipedia.org:8080
Host: en.wikipedia.org
Permanent
If-Match Only perform the action if the client supplied entity matches the same entity on the server. This is mainly for methods like PUT to only update a resource if it has not been modified since the user last updated it. If-Match: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" Permanent
If-Modified-Since Allows a 304 Not Modified to be returned if content is unchanged. If-Modified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT Permanent
If-None-Match Allows a 304 Not Modified to be returned if content is unchanged, see HTTP ETag. If-None-Match: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" Permanent
If-Range If the entity is unchanged, send me the part(s) that I am missing; otherwise, send me the entire new entity. If-Range: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" Permanent
If-Unmodified-Since Only send the response if the entity has not been modified since a specific time. If-Unmodified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT Permanent
Max-Forwards Limit the number of times the message can be forwarded through proxies or gateways. Max-Forwards: 10 Permanent
Origin[7] Initiates a request for cross-origin resource sharing (asks server for Access-Control-* response fields). Origin: http://www.example-social-network.com Permanent: standard
Pragma Implementation-specific fields that may have various effects anywhere along the request-response chain. Pragma: no-cache Permanent
Proxy-Authorization Authorization credentials for connecting to a proxy. Proxy-Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ== Permanent
Range Request only part of an entity. Bytes are numbered from 0. See Byte serving. Range: bytes=500-999 Permanent
Referer [sic] This is the address of the previous web page from which a link to the currently requested page was followed. (The word “referrer” has been misspelled in the RFC as well as in most implementations to the point that it has become standard usage and is considered correct terminology) Referer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Permanent
TE The transfer encodings the user agent is willing to accept: the same values as for the response header field Transfer-Encoding can be used, plus the "trailers" value (related to the "chunked" transfer method) to notify the server it expects to receive additional fields in the trailer after the last, zero-sized, chunk.
Only trailers is supported in HTTP/2.[9]
TE: trailers, deflate Permanent
User-Agent The user agent string of the user agent. User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:12.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/12.0 Permanent
Upgrade Ask the server to upgrade to another protocol.
Must not be used to upgrade to HTTP/2.[9]
Upgrade: HTTPS/1.3, IRC/6.9, RTA/x11, websocket Permanent
Via Informs the server of proxies through which the request was sent. Via: 1.0 fred, 1.1 example.com (Apache/1.1) Permanent
Warning A general warning about possible problems with the entity body. Warning: 199 Miscellaneous warning Permanent
Common non-standard request fields[edit]
Field name
Description
Example
X-Requested-With Mainly used to identify Ajax requests. Most JavaScript frameworks send this field with value of XMLHttpRequest X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
DNT[14] Requests a web application to disable their tracking of a user. This is Mozilla's version of the X-Do-Not-Track header field (since Firefox 4.0 Beta 11). Safari and IE9 also have support for this field.[15] On March 7, 2011, a draft proposal was submitted to IETF.[16] The W3C Tracking Protection Working Group is producing a specification.[17] DNT: 1 (Do Not Track Enabled)
DNT: 0 (Do Not Track Disabled)
X-Forwarded-For[18] A de facto standard for identifying the originating IP address of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy or load balancer X-Forwarded-For: client1, proxy1, proxy2
X-Forwarded-For: 129.78.138.66, 129.78.64.103
X-Forwarded-Host[19] A de facto standard for identifying the original host requested by the client in the Host HTTP request header, since the host name and/or port of the reverse proxy (load balancer) may differ from the origin server handling the request. X-Forwarded-Host: en.wikipedia.org:8080
X-Forwarded-Host: en.wikipedia.org
X-Forwarded-Proto[20] A de facto standard for identifying the originating protocol of an HTTP request, since a reverse proxy (or a load balancer) may communicate with a web server using HTTP even if the request to the reverse proxy is HTTPS. An alternative form of the header (X-ProxyUser-Ip) is used by Google clients talking to Google servers. X-Forwarded-Proto: https
Front-End-Https[21] Non-standard header field used by Microsoft applications and load-balancers Front-End-Https: on
X-Http-Method-Override[22] Requests a web application to override the method specified in the request (typically POST) with the method given in the header field (typically PUT or DELETE). This can be used when a user agent or firewall prevents PUT or DELETE methods from being sent directly (note that this is either a bug in the software component, which ought to be fixed, or an intentional configuration, in which case bypassing it may be the wrong thing to do). X-HTTP-Method-Override: DELETE
X-ATT-DeviceId[23] Allows easier parsing of the MakeModel/Firmware that is usually found in the User-Agent String of AT&T Devices X-Att-Deviceid: GT-P7320/P7320XXLPG
X-Wap-Profile[24] Links to an XML file on the Internet with a full description and details about the device currently connecting. In the example to the right is an XML file for an AT&T Samsung Galaxy S2. x-wap-profile: http://wap.samsungmobile.com/uaprof/SGH-I777.xml
Proxy-Connection[25] Implemented as a misunderstanding of the HTTP specifications. Common because of mistakes in implementations of early HTTP versions. Has exactly the same functionality as standard Connection field.
Must not be used with HTTP/2.[9]
Proxy-Connection: keep-alive
X-UIDH[26][27][28] Server-side deep packet insertion of a unique ID identifying customers of Verizon Wireless; also known as "perma-cookie" or "supercookie" X-UIDH: ...
X-Csrf-Token[29] Used to prevent cross-site request forgery. Alternative header names are: X-CSRFToken[30] and X-XSRF-TOKEN[31] X-Csrf-Token: i8XNjC4b8KVok4uw5RftR38Wgp2BFwql
X-Request-ID,
X-Correlation-ID[32]
Correlates HTTP requests between a client and server. X-Request-ID: f058ebd6-02f7-4d3f-942e-904344e8cde5
Response fields[edit]
Field name
Description
Example
Status
Access-Control-Allow-Origin,
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials,
Access-Control-Expose-Headers,
Access-Control-Max-Age,
Access-Control-Allow-Methods,
Access-Control-Allow-Headers[7] Specifying which web sites can participate in cross-origin resource sharing Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Permanent: standard
Accept-Patch[33] Specifies which patch document formats this server supports Accept-Patch: text/example;charset=utf-8 Permanent
Accept-Ranges What partial content range types this server supports via byte serving Accept-Ranges: bytes Permanent
Age The age the object has been in a proxy cache in seconds Age: 12 Permanent
Allow Valid methods for a specified resource. To be used for a 405 Method not allowed Allow: GET, HEAD Permanent
Alt-Svc[34] A server uses "Alt-Svc" header (meaning Alternative Services) to indicate that its resources can also be accessed at a different network location (host or port) or using a different protocol
When using HTTP/2, servers should instead send an ALTSVC frame. [35]
Alt-Svc: http/1.1="http2.example.com:8001"; ma=7200 Permanent
Cache-Control Tells all caching mechanisms from server to client whether they may cache this object. It is measured in seconds Cache-Control: max-age=3600 Permanent
Connection Control options for the current connection and list of hop-by-hop response fields.[8]
Must not be used with HTTP/2.[9]
Connection: close Permanent
Content-Disposition[36] An opportunity to raise a "File Download" dialogue box for a known MIME type with binary format or suggest a filename for dynamic content. Quotes are necessary with special characters. Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="fname.ext" Permanent
Content-Encoding The type of encoding used on the data. See HTTP compression. Content-Encoding: gzip Permanent
Content-Language The natural language or languages of the intended audience for the enclosed content[37] Content-Language: da Permanent
Content-Length The length of the response body in octets (8-bit bytes) Content-Length: 348 Permanent
Content-Location An alternate location for the returned data Content-Location: /index.htm Permanent
Content-MD5 A Base64-encoded binary MD5 sum of the content of the response Content-MD5: Q2hlY2sgSW50ZWdyaXR5IQ== Obsolete[10]
Content-Range Where in a full body message this partial message belongs Content-Range: bytes 21010-47021/47022 Permanent
Content-Type The MIME type of this content Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Permanent
Date The date and time that the message was sent (in "HTTP-date" format as defined by RFC 7231) [38] Date: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 08:12:31 GMT Permanent
ETag An identifier for a specific version of a resource, often a message digest ETag: "737060cd8c284d8af7ad3082f209582d" Permanent
Expires Gives the date/time after which the response is considered stale (in "HTTP-date" format as defined by RFC 7231) Expires: Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT Permanent: standard
Last-Modified The last modified date for the requested object (in "HTTP-date" format as defined by RFC 7231) Last-Modified: Tue, 15 Nov 1994 12:45:26 GMT Permanent
Link Used to express a typed relationship with another resource, where the relation type is defined by RFC 5988 Link: </feed>; rel="alternate"[39] Permanent
Location Used in redirection, or when a new resource has been created. Location: http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/People.html Permanent
P3P This field is supposed to set P3P policy, in the form of P3P:CP="your_compact_policy". However, P3P did not take off,[40] most browsers have never fully implemented it, a lot of websites set this field with fake policy text, that was enough to fool browsers the existence of P3P policy and grant permissions for third party cookies. P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See http://www.google.com/support/accounts/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=151657 for more info." Permanent
Pragma Implementation-specific fields that may have various effects anywhere along the request-response chain. Pragma: no-cache Permanent
Proxy-Authenticate Request authentication to access the proxy. Proxy-Authenticate: Basic Permanent
Public-Key-Pins[41] HTTP Public Key Pinning, announces hash of website's authentic TLS certificate Public-Key-Pins: max-age=2592000; pin-sha256="E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g="; Permanent
Retry-After If an entity is temporarily unavailable, this instructs the client to try again later. Value could be a specified period of time (in seconds) or a HTTP-date.[42]
Example 1: Retry-After: 120
Example 2: Retry-After: Fri, 07 Nov 2014 23:59:59 GMT
Permanent
Server A name for the server Server: Apache/2.4.1 (Unix) Permanent
Set-Cookie An HTTP cookie Set-Cookie: UserID=JohnDoe; Max-Age=3600; Version=1 Permanent: standard
Strict-Transport-Security A HSTS Policy informing the HTTP client how long to cache the HTTPS only policy and whether this applies to subdomains. Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=16070400; includeSubDomains Permanent: standard
Trailer The Trailer general field value indicates that the given set of header fields is present in the trailer of a message encoded with chunked transfer coding. Trailer: Max-Forwards Permanent
Transfer-Encoding The form of encoding used to safely transfer the entity to the user. Currently defined methods are: chunked, compress, deflate, gzip, identity.
Must not be used with HTTP/2.[9]
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Permanent
Tk Tracking Status header, value suggested to be sent in response to a DNT(do-not-track), possible values:
"!" — under construction
"?" — dynamic
"G" — gateway to multiple parties
"N" — not tracking
"T" — tracking
"C" — tracking with consent
"P" — tracking only if consented
"D" — disregarding DNT
"U" — updated
Tk: ? Permanent
Upgrade Ask the client to upgrade to another protocol.
Must not be used to upgrade to HTTP/2[9]
Upgrade: HTTPS/1.3, IRC/6.9, RTA/x11, websocket Permanent
Vary Tells downstream proxies how to match future request headers to decide whether the cached response can be used rather than requesting a fresh one from the origin server.
Example 1: Vary: *
Example 2: Vary: Accept-Language
Permanent
Via Informs the client of proxies through which the response was sent. Via: 1.0 fred, 1.1 example.com (Apache/1.1) Permanent
Warning A general warning about possible problems with the entity body. Warning: 199 Miscellaneous warning Permanent
WWW-Authenticate Indicates the authentication scheme that should be used to access the requested entity. WWW-Authenticate: Basic Permanent
X-Frame-Options[43] Clickjacking protection: deny - no rendering within a frame, sameorigin - no rendering if origin mismatch, allow-from - allow from specified location, allowall - non-standard, allow from any location X-Frame-Options: deny Obsolete[44]
Common non-standard response fields[edit]
Field name
Description
Example
Content-Security-Policy,
X-Content-Security-Policy,
X-WebKit-CSP[45] Content Security Policy definition. X-WebKit-CSP: default-src 'self'
Refresh Used in redirection, or when a new resource has been created. This refresh redirects after 5 seconds. Header extension introduced by Netscape and supported by most web browsers. Refresh: 5; url=http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/People.html
Status CGI header field specifying the status of the HTTP response. Normal HTTP responses use a separate "Status-Line" instead, defined by RFC 7230.[46] Status: 200 OK
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests[47] Tells a server which (presumably in the middle of a HTTP -> HTTPS migration) hosts mixed content that the client would prefer redirection to HTTPS and can handle Content-Security-Policy: upgrade-insecure-requests
Must not be used with HTTP/2[9]
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
X-Content-Duration[48] Provide the duration of the audio or video in seconds; only supported by Gecko browsers X-Content-Duration: 42.666
X-Content-Type-Options[49] The only defined value, "nosniff", prevents Internet Explorer from MIME-sniffing a response away from the declared content-type. This also applies to Google Chrome, when downloading extensions.[50] X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff[51]
X-Powered-By[52] Specifies the technology (e.g. ASP.NET, PHP, JBoss) supporting the web application (version details are often in X-Runtime, X-Version, or X-AspNet-Version) X-Powered-By: PHP/5.4.0
X-Request-ID,
X-Correlation-ID[53] Correlates HTTP requests between a client and server. X-Request-ID: f058ebd6-02f7-4d3f-942e-904344e8cde5
X-UA-Compatible[54] Recommends the preferred rendering engine (often a backward-compatibility mode) to use to display the content. Also used to activate Chrome Frame in Internet Explorer. X-UA-Compatible: IE=EmulateIE7
X-UA-Compatible: IE=edge
X-UA-Compatible: Chrome=1
X-XSS-Protection[55] Cross-site scripting (XSS) filter X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
Effects of selected fields[edit]
Avoiding caching[edit]
If a web server responds with Cache-Control: no-cache then a web browser or other caching system (intermediate proxies) must not use the response to satisfy subsequent responses without first checking with the originating server (this process is called validation). This header field is part of HTTP version 1.1, and is ignored by some caches and browsers. It may be simulated by setting the Expires HTTP version 1.0 header field value to a time earlier than the response time. Notice that no-cache is not instructing the browser or proxies about whether or not to cache the content. It just tells the browser and proxies to validate the cache content with the server before using it (this is done by using If-Modified-Since, If-Unmodified-Since, If-Match, If-None-Match attributes mentioned above). Sending a no-cache value thus instructs a browser or proxy to not use the cache contents merely based on "freshness criteria" of the cache content. Another common way to prevent old content from being shown to the user without validation is Cache-Control: max-age=0. This instructs the user agent that the content is stale and should be validated before use.
The header field Cache-Control: no-store is intended to instruct a browser application to make a best effort not to write it to disk (i.e not to cache it).
The request that a resource should not be cached is no guarantee that it will not be written to disk. In particular, the HTTP/1.1 definition draws a distinction between history stores and caches. If the user navigates back to a previous page a browser may still show you a page that has been stored on disk in the history store. This is correct behavior according to the specification. Many user agents show different behavior in loading pages from the history store or cache depending on whether the protocol is HTTP or HTTPS.
The Cache-Control: no-cache HTTP/1.1 header field is also intended for use in requests made by the client. It is a means for the browser to tell the server and any intermediate caches that it wants a fresh version of the resource. The Pragma: no-cache header field, defined in the HTTP/1.0 spec, has the same purpose. It, however, is only defined for the request header. Its meaning in a response header is not specified.[56] The behavior of Pragma: no-cache in a response is implementation specific. While some user agents do pay attention to this field in responses,[57] the HTTP/1.1 RFC specifically warns against relying on this behavior.
See also[edit]
HTTP header injection
HTTP ETag
List of HTTP status codes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing". ietf.org. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
Jump up ^ Internet Engineering Task Force (2012-06-01). "RFC 6648". Retrieved 2012-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Message Headers". Iana.org. 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing". itef.org. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content". ietf.org. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
Jump up ^ "core - Apache HTTP Server". Httpd.apache.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cross-Origin Resource Sharing". Retrieved 2017-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing". IETF. June 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)". IETF. May 2015. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content". Retrieved 2015-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Forwarded HTTP Extension: Introduction". IETF. June 2014. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing". IETF. June 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)". IETF. May 2015. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Try out the "Do Not Track" HTTP header". Retrieved 2011-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Web Tracking Protection: Minimum Standards and Opportunities to Innovate". Retrieved 2011-03-24.
Jump up ^ IETF Do Not Track: A Universal Third-Party Web Tracking Opt Out March 7, 2011
Jump up ^ W3C Tracking Preference Expression (DNT), January 26, 2012
Jump up ^ Amos Jeffries (2010-07-02). "SquidFaq/ConfiguringSquid - Squid Web Proxy Wiki". Retrieved 2009-09-10.
Jump up ^ The Apache Software Foundation. "mod_proxy - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2". Retrieved 2014-11-12.
Jump up ^ Dave Steinberg (2007-04-10). "How do I adjust my SSL site to work with GeekISP's loadbalancer?". Retrieved 2010-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Helping to Secure Communication: Client to Front-End Server". 2006-07-27. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
Jump up ^ "OpenSocial Core API Server Specification 2.5.1". Retrieved 2014-10-08.
Jump up ^ "ATT Device ID". Retrieved 2012-01-14.
Jump up ^ "WAP Profile". Retrieved 2012-01-14.
Jump up ^ "The Proxy-Connection: header is a mistake in how some web browsers use HTTP.". Retrieved 2014-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Verizon Injecting Perma-Cookies to Track Mobile Customers, Bypassing Privacy Controls". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Checking known AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, Bell Canada & Vodacom Unique Identifier beacons". Retrieved 2014-01-19.
Jump up ^ Craig Timberg. "Verizon, AT&T tracking their users with 'supercookies'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
Jump up ^ "SAP Cross-Site Request Forgery Protection". SAP SE. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Django Cross Site Request Forgery protection". Django (web framework). Retrieved 2015-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Angular Cross Site Request Forgery (XSRF) Protection". AngularJS. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
Jump up ^ "What is the X-REQUEST-ID http header?". stackoverflow.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
Jump up ^ "RFC 5789". Retrieved 2014-12-24.
Jump up ^ "HTTP Alternative Services". IETF. April 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
Jump up ^ "HTTP Alternative Services, section 3". IETF. April 2016. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
Jump up ^ "RFC 6266". Retrieved 2015-03-13.
Jump up ^ https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-3.1.3.2
Jump up ^ "RFC7231 Compliant HTTP Date Headers".
Jump up ^ Indicate the canonical version of a URL by responding with the Link rel="canonical" HTTP header Retrieved: 2012-02-09
Jump up ^ W3C P3P Work Suspended
Jump up ^ "Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP". IETF. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content". Retrieved 2014-07-24.
Jump up ^ "HTTP Header Field X-Frame-Options". IETF. 2013. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Content Security Policy Level 2". Retrieved 2014-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Content Security Policy". W3C. 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing". Retrieved 2014-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Upgrade Insecure Requests - W3C Candidate Recommendation". W3C. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Configuring servers for Ogg media". 2014-05-26. Retrieved 2015-01-03.
Jump up ^ Eric Lawrence (2008-09-03). "IE8 Security Part VI: Beta 2 Update". Retrieved 2010-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Hosting - Google Chrome Extensions - Google Code". Retrieved 2012-06-14.
Jump up ^ van Kesteren, Anne (2016-08-26). "Fetch standard". WHATWG. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Why does ASP.NET framework add the 'X-Powered-By:ASP.NET' HTTP Header in responses? - Stack Overflow". Retrieved 2010-09-30.
Jump up ^ "What is the X-REQUEST-ID http header?". stackoverflow.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
Jump up ^ "Defining Document Compatibility: Specifying Document Compatibility Modes". 2011-04-01. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
Jump up ^ Eric Lawrence (2008-07-02). "IE8 Security Part IV: The XSS Filter". Retrieved 2010-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching". ietf.org. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
Jump up ^ "How to prevent caching in Internet Explorer". Microsoft. 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
External links[edit]
Headers: Permanent Message Header Field Names
RFC 7230: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing
RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content
RFC 7232: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Conditional Requests
RFC 7233: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Range Requests
RFC 7234: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching
RFC 7235: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication
RFC 2965: IETF HTTP State Management Mechanism RFC
HTTP/1.1 headers from a web server point of view
Internet Explorer and Custom HTTP Headers - EricLaw's IEInternals - Site Home - MSDN Blogs
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_HTTP_header_fields&oldid=802954082"
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/wiki/HTTP_refresh
mw-redirect
HTTP refresh

values:
/wiki/HTTP_status
mw-redirect
HTTP status

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230

values:
/wiki/Chrome_Frame
mw-redirect
Chrome Frame

values: Edit section: Effects of selected fields

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6648

values:
nofollow
https://www.w3.org/TR/cors/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.geekisp.com/faq/6_65_en.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://lessonslearned.org/sniff

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7838

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.w3.org/P3P

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7034

values:
nofollow
http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7235

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.and.org/texts/server-http

values: Category:Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: قائمة حقول رأس بروتوكول نقل النص التشعبي – Arabic

values: فهرست سرآیندهای پروتکل انتقال ابرمتن – Persian

values: Lista de campos de cabeçalho HTTP – Portuguese

values: Список заголовков HTTP – Russian

values: รายชื่อส่วนหัวของเอชทีทีพี – Thai

values: Список заголовків HTTP – Ukrainian

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