text:
Wickersham Commission
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (also known unofficially as the Wickersham Commission) was a committee established by then U.S. President, Herbert Hoover, on May 20, 1929. Former attorney general George W. Wickersham (1858–1936) chaired the 11-member group, which was charged with surveying the U.S. criminal justice system under Prohibition, and making recommendations for appropriate public policy.
During the 1928 presidential campaign Herbert Hoover supported the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (which had introduced nationwide alcohol prohibition) but he recognized that evasion of the law was widespread and that prohibition had fueled the growth of organized crime.
Contents
[hide]
1 Membership
2 Findings
3 Criticism
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Commission Reports Historical Bibliography
7 Sources
Membership[edit]
Commission members included Henry W. Anderson, Newton D. Baker, Ada Comstock, William Irwin Grubb, William S. Kenyon, Monte M. Lemann, Frank J. Loesch, Kenneth Mackintosh, Paul John McCormick, and Dean Roscoe Pound of the Harvard Law School. Pioneering American criminologist August Vollmer wrote portions of the report.[1][2]
From 1929 to 1930, Alger Hiss worked a year in legal research for the general counsel of the "Wickersham Committee" (as William L. Marbury, Jr. described it in a 1935 letter, in which he sought the support of U.S. Senator George L. P. Radcliffe for the appointment of Alger Hiss to the U.S. Solicitor General's office).[3]
Findings[edit]
The Commission focused its investigations almost entirely on the widespread violations of national alcohol prohibition to study and recommend changes to the Eighteenth Amendment, and to observe police practices in the states. They observed police interrogation tactics and reported that "the inflicting of pain, physical or mental, to extract confessions or statements... is widespread throughout the country." They released a second report in 1931 that supported Prohibition but found contempt among average Americans and unworkable enforcement across the states, corruption in police ranks, local politics, and problems in every community that attempted to enforce prohibition laws.
August Vollmer was the primary author of the Commission's final report, commonly known as the Wickersham Report, which was released on January 7, 1931. It documented the widespread evasion of Prohibition and its negative effects on American society and recommended much more aggressive and extensive law enforcement to enforce compliance with anti-alcohol laws.
The report castigated the police for their "general failure... to detect and arrest criminals guilty of the many murders, spectacular bank, payroll and other holdups and sensational robberies with guns."
Monte M. Lemann was the only commission member who refused to sign the report, issuing a separate opinion, where he concluded that there was "no alternative but repeal of the [Eighteenth] Amendment."
Criticism[edit]
Franklin P. Adams, a columnist for the New York World, summarized his opinion of the Commission's report with this poem:[4]
Prohibition is an awful flop.
We like it.
It can't stop what it's meant to stop.
We like it.
It's left a trail of graft and slime
It don't prohibit worth a dime
It's filled our land with vice and crime,
Nevertheless, we're for it.
[5]
See also[edit]
Preparedness Day Bombing
Thomas Mooney
Warren K Billings
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Captioned photo of Wickersham Commission". Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "United States. Wickersham Commission. Records, 1928-1931: Finding Aid". Harvard University Library. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Marbury, William L. (30 July 1935). "Personal letter to the Honorable George L. Radcliffe". Maryland Historical Society. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
Jump up ^ David E. Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition (Kent State University Press, 2000), 114
Jump up ^ Boyer, Paul S. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print.
Commission Reports Historical Bibliography[edit]
"Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws: Official Records of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement Vol. I". HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931.
"Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws: Official Records of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement Vol. II". HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931.
"Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws: Official Records of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement Vol. III". HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931.
"Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws: Official Records of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement Vol. IV". HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931.
"Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws: Official Records of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement Vol. V". HathiTrust Digital Library. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931.
United States Wickersham Commission (1968). Complete Reports: Including the Mooney-Billings Report. Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith. LCCN 68055277. OCLC 451611.
Sources[edit]
John Vernon, "The Wickersham Commission and William Monroe Trotter" in Negro History Bulletin, 1999 (January–March)
Marc L. Miller and Ronald F. Wright, Criminal Procedures, Cases, Statutes, and Executive Materials, Second Ed. 2003
Department of Justice Library: "Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States: National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement"
"Records of the Wickersham Commission" (PDF). Lexis Nexis. University Publications of America. 1965.
Boyer, Paul S. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print.
Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Herbert Hoover: "Remarks at the First Meeting of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement.," May 28, 1929". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Herbert Hoover: "Statement on the Appointment of John McNab To Study and Formulate Plans for the Improvement of Prohibition Law Enforcement.," October 1, 1929". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Herbert Hoover: "Statement on the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement.," June 27, 1930". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Herbert Hoover: "Message to the Congress Transmitting Report of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement.," January 20, 1931". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wickersham_Commission&oldid=812250228"
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2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Women's Singles
2017 Wimbledon Championships
Champion
Garbiñe Muguruza
Runner-up
Venus Williams
Final score
7–5, 6–0
Details
Draw
128 (12Q / 6WC)
Seeds
32
Events
Singles
men women boys girls
Doubles
men women mixed boys girls
Legends
men women seniors
WC Doubles
men women
← 2016 · Wimbledon Championships · 2018 →
Main article: 2017 Wimbledon Championships
Serena Williams was the two-time defending champion, but did not defend her title because of pregnancy.[1]
Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title, defeating Venus Williams in the final, 7–5, 6–0.[2] Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994.[3] Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals.[4]
Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova, also in 1994, and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the quarterfinals.[5][6] Johanna Konta became the first British woman to reach the semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978,[7] and Magdaléna Rybáriková became the first Slovak woman to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon.[8]
Despite losing in the second round, Karolína Plíšková attained the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament, after Angelique Kerber and Simona Halep, the other contenders for the top ranking, lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals, respectively.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Seeds
2 Qualifying
3 Draw
3.1 Key
3.2 Finals
3.3 Top half
3.3.1 Section 1
3.3.2 Section 2
3.3.3 Section 3
3.3.4 Section 4
3.4 Bottom half
3.4.1 Section 5
3.4.2 Section 6
3.4.3 Section 7
3.4.4 Section 8
4 References
5 External links
Seeds[edit]
01. Angelique Kerber (Fourth round)
02. Simona Halep (Quarterfinals)
03. Karolína Plíšková (Second round)
04. Elina Svitolina (Fourth round)
05. Caroline Wozniacki (Fourth round)
06. Johanna Konta (Semifinals)
07. Svetlana Kuznetsova (Quarterfinals)
08. Dominika Cibulková (Third round)
09. Agnieszka Radwańska (Fourth round)
10. Venus Williams (Final)
11. Petra Kvitová (Second round)
12. Kristina Mladenovic (Second round)
13. Jeļena Ostapenko (Quarterfinals)
14. Garbiñe Muguruza (Champion)
15. Elena Vesnina (Second round)
16. Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (First round)
17. Madison Keys (Second round)
18. Anastasija Sevastova (Second round)
19. Timea Bacsinszky (Third round)
20. Daria Gavrilova (First round)
21. Caroline Garcia (Fourth round)
22. Barbora Strýcová (Second round)
23. Kiki Bertens (First round)
24. Coco Vandeweghe (Quarterfinals)
25. Carla Suárez Navarro (Second round)
26. Mirjana Lučić-Baroni (First round)
27. Ana Konjuh (Fourth round)
28. Lauren Davis (First round)
29. Daria Kasatkina (Second round)
30. Zhang Shuai (First round)
31. Roberta Vinci (First round)
32. Lucie Šafářová (Second round)
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.
Qualifying[edit]
Main article: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Qualifying
Draw[edit]
Key[edit]
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild Card
LL = Lucky Loser
Alt = Alternate
SE = Special Exempt
PR = Protected Ranking
w/o = Walkover
r = Retired
d = Defaulted
Finals[edit]
Quarterfinals Semifinals Final
14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6
7 Svetlana Kuznetsova 3 4
14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6
PR Magdaléna Rybáriková 1 1
PR Magdaléna Rybáriková 6 6
24 Coco Vandeweghe 3 3
14 Garbiñe Muguruza 7 6
10 Venus Williams 5 0
10 Venus Williams 6 7
13 Jeļena Ostapenko 3 5
10 Venus Williams 6 6
6 Johanna Konta 4 2
6 Johanna Konta 62 77 6
2 Simona Halep 77 65 4
Top half[edit]
Section 1[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
1 A Kerber 6 6
Q I Falconi 4 4 1 A Kerber 7 7
K Flipkens 6 6 K Flipkens 5 5
M Doi 4 3 1 A Kerber 4 77 6
S Rogers 6 4 6 S Rogers 6 62 4
J Boserup 3 6 3 S Rogers 64 6 6
O Dodin 2 2 32 L Šafářová 77 4 3
32 L Šafářová 6 6 1 A Kerber 6 4 4
23 K Bertens 64 5 14 G Muguruza 4 6 6
S Cîrstea 77 7 S Cîrstea 4 77 0
M Linette 6 2 3 WC B Mattek-Sands 6 64 0r
WC B Mattek-Sands 1 6 6 S Cîrstea 2 2
Y Wickmayer 6 7 14 G Muguruza 6 6
K Bondarenko 2 5 Y Wickmayer 2 4
E Alexandrova 2 4 14 G Muguruza 6 6
14 G Muguruza 6 6
Section 2[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
9 A Radwańska 77 6
J Janković 63 0 9 A Radwańska 5 79 6
WC K Boulter 6 5 3 C McHale 7 67 3
C McHale 3 7 6 9 A Radwańska 3 6 6
K Kučová 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 4 1
Q B Andreescu 4 3 K Kučová 1 0
M Puig 1 6 0 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6
19 T Bacsinszky 6 3 6 9 A Radwańska 2 4
28 L Davis 4 5 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6
V Lepchenko 6 7 V Lepchenko 77 2 2
Q P Hercog 6 6 Q P Hercog 62 6 6
A Beck 2 1 Q P Hercog 4 0
E Makarova 6 6 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6
Q A Van Uytvanck 3 1 E Makarova 0 5
Q O Jabeur 3 2 7 S Kuznetsova 6 7
7 S Kuznetsova 6 6
Section 3[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
3 Ka Plíšková 6 6
E Rodina 1 4 3 Ka Plíšková 6 5 2
M Niculescu 4 1 PR M Rybáriková 3 7 6
PR M Rybáriková 6 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6
L Tsurenko 65 710 6 L Tsurenko 2 1
J Görges 77 68 4 L Tsurenko 6 2 6
V Golubic 6 62 6 V Golubic 1 6 3
30 S Zhang 3 77 1 PR M Rybáriková 6 2 6
20 D Gavrilova 4 6 8 Q P Martić 4 6 3
Q P Martić 6 2 10 Q P Martić 6 6
D Allertová 77 2 6 D Allertová 1 4
R Ozaki 65 6 3 Q P Martić 78 6
X Han 3 4 WC Z Diyas 66 1
WC Z Diyas 6 6 WC Z Diyas 6 77
Q Ar Rodionova 3 78 9 Q Ar Rodionova 4 64
16 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 66 7
Section 4[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
12 K Mladenovic 6 6
P Parmentier 1 3 12 K Mladenovic 6 4 4
A Riske 6 7 A Riske 2 6 6
PR S Stephens 2 5 A Riske 2 4
T Maria 6 2 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6
Q A Potapova 3 2r T Maria 4 2
M Barthel 5 2 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6
24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 24 C Vandeweghe 77 6
29 D Kasatkina 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 64 4
S Zheng 2 4 29 D Kasatkina 3 2
L Arruabarrena 2 4 A Kontaveit 6 6
A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 63 2
T Pironkova 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 3 77 6
S Errani 1 4 T Pironkova 3 4
T Babos 4 6 1 5 C Wozniacki 6 6
5 C Wozniacki 6 4 6
Bottom half[edit]
Section 5[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
8 D Cibulková 6 3 9
A Petkovic 3 6 7 8 D Cibulková 6 6
J Brady 6 6 J Brady 4 4
D Kovinić 3 1 8 D Cibulková 63 6 4
WC N Broady 4 2 27 A Konjuh 77 3 6
I-C Begu 6 6 I-C Begu 63 6 3
PR S Lisicki 1 4 27 A Konjuh 77 2 6
27 A Konjuh 6 6 27 A Konjuh 3 2
22 B Strýcová 6 6 10 V Williams 6 6
V Cepede Royg 3 3 22 B Strýcová 1 6 4
S Sorribes Tormo 3 63 N Osaka 6 0 6
N Osaka 6 77 N Osaka 63 4
K-c Chang 3 4 10 V Williams 77 6
Q Wang 6 6 Q Wang 6 4 1
E Mertens 67 4 10 V Williams 4 6 6
10 V Williams 79 6
Section 6[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
13 J Ostapenko 6 1 6
A Sasnovich 0 6 3 13 J Ostapenko 4 77 6
Q F Abanda 6 6 Q F Abanda 6 64 3
K Nara 2 4 13 J Ostapenko 7 7
C Giorgi 5 6 6 C Giorgi 5 5
A Cornet 7 4 4 C Giorgi 6 610 6
N Hibino 4 2 17 M Keys 4 712 1
17 M Keys 6 6 13 J Ostapenko 6 78
26 M Lučić-Baroni 3 7 6 4 E Svitolina 3 66
C Witthöft 6 5 8 C Witthöft 77 3 6
Q A Sabalenka 6 6 Q A Sabalenka 65 6 3
I Khromacheva 3 4 C Witthöft 1 5
F Schiavone 6 6 4 E Svitolina 6 7
M Minella 1 1 F Schiavone 3 0
A Barty 5 68 4 E Svitolina 6 6
4 E Svitolina 7 710
Section 7[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
6 J Konta 6 6
S-w Hsieh 2 2 6 J Konta 77 4 10
D Vekić 66 6 6 D Vekić 64 6 8
N Vikhlyantseva 78 4 1 6 J Konta 6 6
K Siniaková 3 4 M Sakkari 4 1
M Sakkari 6 6 M Sakkari 66 6 6
Kr Plíšková 78 6 Kr Plíšková 78 4 4
31 R Vinci 66 2 6 J Konta 77 4 6
21 C Garcia 6 6 21 C Garcia 63 6 4
J Čepelová 1 1 21 C Garcia 6 6
Y Duan 4 2 A Bogdan 4 3
A Bogdan 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6
M Brengle 6 6 M Brengle 4 3
R Hogenkamp 3 3 M Brengle 6 1 6
J Larsson 3 4 11 P Kvitová 3 6 2
11 P Kvitová 6 6
Section 8[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
15 E Vesnina 6 5 6
Q A Blinkova 4 7 2 15 E Vesnina 3 3
PR V Azarenka 3 6 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6
C Bellis 6 2 1 PR V Azarenka 3 6 6
M Zanevska 1 65 WC H Watson 6 1 4
WC H Watson 6 77 WC H Watson 6 6
Y Putintseva 1 63 18 A Sevastova 0 4
18 A Sevastova 6 77 PR V Azarenka 63 2
25 C Suárez Navarro 1 6 6 2 S Halep 77 6
E Bouchard 6 1 1 25 C Suárez Navarro 2 2
M Vondroušová 77 0 4 S Peng 6 6
S Peng 65 6 6 S Peng 4 67
B Haddad Maia 6 6 2 S Halep 6 79
WC L Robson 4 2 B Haddad Maia 5 3
Q M Erakovic 4 1 2 S Halep 7 6
2 S Halep 6 6
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Serena Williams is pregnant, will return to tennis in 2018".
Jump up ^ "Garbiñe Muguruza crowned Wimbledon champion after beating Venus Williams". Guardian. 15 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey (15 July 2017). "Garbiñe Muguruza Wins Wimbledon, Defeating Venus Williams". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Garbine Muguruza hammers Venus Williams to win first Wimbledon title". The Telegraph. 15 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/tennis/article160489904.html
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40573123
Jump up ^ Piers Newbery (11 July 2017). "Wimbledon 2017: Johanna Konta beats Simona Halep to reach semi-final". BBC Sport.
Jump up ^ https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20601638/slovak-tennis-player-reaches-wimbledon-semi-finals.html
Jump up ^ "Here’s how Karolina Pliskova can become World No.1". Women's Tennis Association. 3 July 2017.
Women's Singles Draw
External links[edit]
2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles at the International Tennis Federation
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Tabernacle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Tabernacle (disambiguation).
Model of the tabernacle in Timna Valley Park, Israel
The Tabernacle (Hebrew: מִשְׁכַּן, mishkan, "residence" or "dwelling place"), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the portable earthly dwelling place of God amongst the children of Israel from the time of the Exodus from Egypt through the conquering of the land of Canaan. Built of woven layers of curtains along with 48 boards clad with polished gold standing like vertical blinds held in place by 5 bars per side with the middle bar shooting through from end to end and furnished with items made from the gold, silver, brass, furs, jewels, and other valuable materials taken out of Egypt at God's orders, and according to specifications revealed by Yahweh (God) to Moses at Mount Sinai, it was transported [1] by the Israelites on their journey through the wilderness and their conquest of the Promised Land. Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem superseded it as the dwelling-place of God some 300 years later.
The main source for the account of the construction of the Tabernacle is the biblical Book of Exodus, specifically Exodus 25–31 and 35–40. It describes an inner shrine, the Holy of Holies, which housed the Ark of the Covenant, which was held up under the veil of the covering suspended by four pillars and an outer chamber (the "Holy Place"), containing a beaten gold reflector impressed into what is generally described as a lamp-stand or candlestick featuring a central shaft incorporating four almond-shaped bowls and six branches, each with three bowls shaped like almonds and blossoms, 22 in all. It was standing diagonally, partially covering a table for showbread and with its seven oil lamps over against it to give light along with the altar of incense.[2]
This description is generally identified as part of the Priestly source ("P"),[2] written in the sixth or fifth century BCE. However whilst the first Priestly source takes the form of instructions, the second is largely a repetition of the first in the past tense, i.e., it describes the execution of the instructions.[3] Many scholars contend that it is of a far later date than the time of Moses, and that the description reflects the structure of Solomon's Temple, while some hold that the description derives from memories of a real pre-monarchic shrine, perhaps the sanctuary at Shiloh.[2] Traditional scholars contend that it describes an actual tabernacle used in the time of Moses and thereafter.[4] According to historical criticism, an earlier, pre-exilic source, the Elohist ("E"), describes the Tabernacle as a simple tent-sanctuary.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Meaning
2 Description
2.1 Elohist account
2.2 Priestly account
3 Builders
4 Restrictions
5 Plan
6 Rituals
7 Subsequent history of the tabernacle
8 Relationship to the golden calf
9 Blueprint for synagogues
10 New Testament references
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Meaning[edit]
The English word "tabernacle" is derived from the Latin tabernāculum meaning "tent" or "hut", which in ancient Roman religion was a ritual structure.[5][6][7][8] Other uses of this word include nautical usage, referring to a mast step, which by its arrangement of boards allows the mast to be raised and lowered,[citation needed] and textiles industry usage, referring to a similar wooden bar scaffold used for holding a large rug while weaving.[citation needed]
The word sanctuary is also used for the biblical tabernacle, as is the phrase "tent of meeting". The Hebrew word mishkan implies "dwell", "rest", or "to live in", that dwelt within this divinely ordained structure.[9][10]
Description[edit]
Tabernacle Mishkan Tent - The Desert Tabernacle
Historical criticism has identified two accounts of the tabernacle in Exodus, a briefer Elohist account and a longer Priestly one. Traditional scholars believe the briefer account describes a different structure, perhaps Moses' personal tent.[9] The Hebrew nouns in the two accounts differ, one is most commonly translated as "tent of meeting," while the other is usually translated as "tabernacle."
Elohist account[edit]
Exodus 33:7-10 refers to "the Tabernacle of the congregation", which was set up outside of camp with the "cloudy pillar" visible at its door. The people directed their worship toward this center.[2] Historical criticism attributes this description to the Elohist source (E),[2] which is believed to have been written about 850 BCE or later.[11]
Priestly account[edit]
The more detailed description of a tabernacle, located in Exodus chapters 25–27 and Exodus chapters 35–40, refers to an inner shrine (the most holy place) housing the ark and an outer chamber (holy place), with a six-branch seven-lamp menorah (lampstand), table for showbread, and altar of incense.[2] An enclosure containing the sacrificial altar and bronze laver for the priests to wash surrounded these chambers.[2] This description is identified by historical criticism as part of the Priestly source (P),[2] written in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
Some scholars believe the description is of a far later date than Moses' time, and that it reflects the structure of the Temple of Solomon; others hold that the passage describes a real pre-monarchic shrine, perhaps the sanctuary at Shiloh,[2] while traditional scholars contend that it describes an actual tabernacle used in the time of Moses and thereafter.[9] This view is based on Exodus 36, 37, 38 and 39 that describe in full detail how the actual construction of the Tabernacle took place during the time of Moses.[12]
The detailed outlines for the tabernacle and its priests are enumerated in the Book of Exodus:
Exodus 25: Materials needed: the Ark, the table for 12 showbread, the menorah.
Exodus 26: The tabernacle, the bars, partitions.
Exodus 27: The copper altar, the enclosure, oil.
Exodus 28: Vestments for the priests, ephod garment, ring settings, the breastplate, robe, head-plate, tunic, turban, sashes, pants.
Exodus 29: Consecration of priests and altar.
Exodus 30: Incense altar, washstand, anointing oil, incense.
Builders[edit]
The erection of the Tabernacle and the Sacred vessels, as in Exodus 40:17-19; from the 1728 Figures de la Bible
In Exodus 31, the main builder, architect and maker of the priestly vestments is specified as Bezalel, son of Uri son of Hur of the tribe of Judah, who was assisted by Oholiab and a number of skilled artisans.[13]
Restrictions[edit]
There is a strict set of rules to be followed for the carriage of the Tabernacle laid out in the Hebrew Bible. For example: "You must put the Levites in charge of the Tabernacle of the Covenant, along with its furnishings and equipment. They must carry the Tabernacle and its equipment as you travel, and they must care for it and camp around it. Whenever the Tabernacle is moved, the Levites will take it down and set it up again. Anyone else who goes too near the Tabernacle will be executed.'" (Numbers 1:48-51 NLT). As well, individuals with the Tzaraat skin affliction were not permitted entry to the tabernacle.
Plan[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Tabernacle during the Exodus, the wandering in the desert and the conquest of Canaan was in part a portable tent, and in part a wooden enclosure draped with ten curtains, of indigo (tekhelet תְּכֵלֶת), purple (argaman אַרְגָּמָן), and scarlet (shani שָׁנִי) fabric. It had a rectangular, perimeter fence of fabric, poles and staked cords. This rectangle was always erected when the Israelite tribes would camp, oriented to the east as the east side had no frames. In the center of this enclosure was a rectangular sanctuary draped with goat-hair curtains, with the roof made from rams' skins.[14]
Beyond this curtain was the cube-shaped inner room, the "Holy of Holies". This area housed the Ark of the Covenant, inside which were the two stone tablets brought down from Mount Sinai by Moses on which were written the Ten Commandments, a golden urn holding the manna, and Aaron's rod which had budded and borne ripe almonds. (Hebrews 9:2-5, Exodus 16:33-34, Numbers 17:1-11, Deuteronomy 10:1-5.)
Top view, parallel projection of tabernacle.
Tabernacle Tent dimensions according to the Book of Exodus
Tabernacle Tent and Courtyard dimensions according to the Book of Exodus
Rituals[edit]
See also: Korban, Animal sacrifice § Judaism, and holocaust (sacrifice)
Twice a day, a priest would stand in front of the golden prayer altar and burn fragrant incense (Exodus 30:7-10). Other procedures were also carried out in the Tabernacle:
The Daily Meal-Offering: Leviticus 6:8-30
Guilt Offerings and Peace Offerings: Leviticus 7
Ceremony of Ordination: Leviticus 8
Octave of Ordination: Leviticus 9
Wine forbidden to Priests in the Tabernacle: Leviticus 10:8-15
Day of Atonement: Leviticus 16
Sacrifice only at the Tabernacle: Leviticus 17
Ordeal for suspected adulteresses: Numbers 5:11-29
Dedication of Nazirites: Numbers 6:1-21
Preparation of the ashes of a red heifer for the Water of Purification: Numbers 19
The door of the Tabernacle marked a ritual boundary: an Israelite healed of tzaraath would be presented by the priest who had confirmed his healing 'at the door of the Tabernacle of Meeting',[15] and a woman healed of prolonged menstruation would present her offering (two turtledoves or two young pigeons) to the priest 'at the door of the Tabernacle of Meeting'.[16] It was at the door of the Tabernacle that the community wept in sorrow when all the men who had joined in worship to Baal of Peor were condemned to death.[17]
Dust from the floor of the Tabernacle was mixed with water to create the ordeal of the bitter water for a suspected adulteress.[18]
Subsequent history of the tabernacle[edit]
During the conquest of Canaan, the main Israelite camp was at Gilgal, (Joshua 4:19; 5:8-10) and the Tabernacle was probably erected within the camp: Joshua 10:43ESV "...and returned into the camp." (see Numbers 1:52-2:34 "...they shall camp facing the tent of meeting on every side.")
After the conquest and division of the land among the tribes, the Tabernacle was moved to Shiloh in Ephraimite territory (Joshua's tribe) to avoid disputes among the other tribes (Joshua 18:1; 19:51; 22:9; Psalm 78:60). It remained there during the 300-year period of the biblical judges (the rules of the individual judges total about 350 years [1 Kings 6:1; Acts 13:20], but most ruled regionally and some terms overlapped).[19][20] According to Judges 20:26-28, the ark and tabernacle were at Bethel while Phinehas, grandson of Aaron, was still alive.
The subsequent history of the structure is separate from that of the Ark of the Covenant. After the Ark was captured by the Philistines, King Saul moved the Tabernacle to Nob, near his home town of Gibeah, but after he massacred the priests there (1 Samuel 21-22), it was moved to Gibeon. (1 Chronicles 16:39; 21:29; 2 Chronicles 1:2-6, 13).
The Ark was eventually brought to Jerusalem, where it was placed "inside the tent David had pitched for it" (2 Samuel 6:17; 1 Chronicles 15:1), not in the Tabernacle, which remained at Gibeon. The altar of the Tabernacle at Gibeon was used for sacrificial worship (1 Chronicles 16:39; 21:29; 1 Kings 3:2-4), until Solomon finally brought the structure and its furnishings to Jerusalem to furnish and dedicate the Temple. (1 Kings 8:4)
There is no mention of the Tabernacle in the Tanakh after the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple by the Babylonians in c. 587 BCE.
Relationship to the golden calf[edit]
Some rabbis have commented on the proximity of the narrative of the Tabernacle with that of the episode known as the sin of the golden calf recounted in Exodus 32:1-6. Maimonides asserts that the Tabernacle and its accoutrements, such as the golden Ark of the Covenant and the golden Menorah were meant as "alternates" to the human weakness and needs for physical idols as seen in the golden calf episode.[21] Other scholars, such as Nachmanides disagree and maintain that the Tabernacle's meaning is not tied in with the golden calf, but instead symbolizes higher mystical lessons that symbolize God's constant closeness to the Children of Israel.[22]
Blueprint for synagogues[edit]
The Mishkan Shilo synagogue in Shilo is a replica of the Jewish Temple
Synagogue construction over the last two thousand years has followed the outlines of the original Tabernacle.[23][24] Every synagogue has at its front an ark, aron kodesh, containing the Torah scrolls, comparable to the Ark of the Covenant which contained the tablets with Ten Commandments. This is the holiest spot in a synagogue, equivalent to the Holy of Holies.
There is also usually a constantly lighted lamp, Ner tamid, or a candelabrum, lighted during services, near a spot similar to the position of the original Menorah. At the center of the synagogue is a large elevated area, known as the bimah, where the Torah is read. This is equivalent to the Tabernacle's altars upon which incense and animal sacrifices were offered. On the main holidays the priests, kohanim, gather at the front of the synagogue to bless the congregation as did their priestly ancestors in the Tabernacle from Aaron onwards (Numbers 6:22-27).[25]
New Testament references[edit]
The Tabernacle is mentioned several times in the Epistle to the Hebrews in the New Testament. For example, according to Hebrews 8:2-5 and 9:2-26 Jesus serves as the true climactic high priest in heaven, the true tabernacle, to which its counterpart on earth was just a symbol and foreshadow of what was to come (Hebrews 8:5).
See also[edit]
Judaism portal
Church tabernacle
Priestly covenant
Replicas of the Jewish Temple
Tabernacle (LDS Church)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Numbers 4:15
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). "Tabernacle". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica | second edition| vol 19 | pg 419
Jump up ^ "Tabernacle". Catholic Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Warde Fowler, William (1922). The Religious Experience of the Roman People. London. p. 209.
Jump up ^ Scheid, John (2003). An Introduction to Roman Religion. Indiana University Press. pp. 113–114.
Jump up ^ Linderski, Jerzy (1986). "The Augural Law". Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. II (16). pp. 2164–2288.
Jump up ^ Tabernāculum is a diminutive of taberna, meaning "hut, booth, tavern".[citation needed]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tabernacle". Catholic Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ "Mishkan". Strong's Concordance.
Jump up ^ Harris, Stephen L. (1985). Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. p. 48.
Jump up ^ Miller. A Nation is Born. p. 231.
Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica | second edition | vol 19 | pg 422
Jump up ^ Encyclopadaia Judaica | second edition | vol 19 | pg 420
Jump up ^ Leviticus 14:11 NKJV
Jump up ^ Leviticus 15:29 NKJV
Jump up ^ Numbers 25:6
Jump up ^ Numbers 5:17
Jump up ^ Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Washington, D.C., translators, ed. (1987). The New American Bible, Old Testament. Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, N.Y. p. 236. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link), The Book of Judges, prefatory notes: "...The twelve judges of the present book, however, very probably exercised their authority, sometimes simultaneously, over one or another tribe of Israel, never over the entire nation."
Jump up ^ Chad Brand; Charles Draper; Archie England, eds. (2003). Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. pp. 961–965 "Judges, Book of". : "Because of the theological nature of the narrative and the author's selective use of data, it is difficult to reconstruct the history of Israel during the period of the judges from the accounts in the heart of the book (3:7-16:31)."
Jump up ^ Maimonides (Rambam) Rabbi Mosheh ben Maimon (c. 1190) Delalatul Ha'yreen (Arabic), Moreh Nevukhim (Hebrew), Guide for the Perplexed, Part 3:32, Part 11:39, Part 111:46.
Jump up ^ Naḥmanides (Ramban) Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi Bonastruc ça (de) Porta (c. 1242) Bi'ur, or Perush 'al ha-Torah, Commentary on the Torah, Exodus 25:1 and Exodus Rabbah 35a.
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Synagogue
Jump up ^ Judaism 101: Synagogues, Shuls and Temples
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: The High Priest
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tabernacles.
Precise reconstruction of the Tabernacle
Full color, 3d, printable model of the tabernacle
A study of the Tabernacle
The offerings of the Tabernacle
Jewish Encyclopedia article
3D Model of the Tabernacle and all internal components.
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text:
Won't Get Fooled Again
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Won't Get Fooled Again (disambiguation).
"Won't Get Fooled Again"
Single by The Who
from the album Who's Next
B-side
"I Don't Even Know Myself"
Released
25 June 1971
Format
7" Vinyl record
Recorded
April–May 1971, Rolling Stones Mobile Studio, Stargroves, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom and Olympic Studios, London, England
Genre
Hard rock
Length
8:32
3:36 (single edit)
Label
Track (UK)
Decca (USA)
Songwriter(s)
Pete Townshend
Producer(s)
The Who, Glyn Johns (associate producer)
The Who singles chronology
"See Me, Feel Me"
(1970) "Won't Get Fooled Again"
(1971) "Let's See Action"
(1971)
"See Me, Feel Me"
(1970) "Won't Get Fooled Again"
(1971) "Let's See Action"
(1971)
Who's Next track listing
9 tracks [show]
Side one
"Baba O'Riley"
"Bargain"
"Love Ain't for Keeping"
"My Wife"
"The Song Is Over"
Side two
"Getting in Tune"
"Going Mobile"
"Behind Blue Eyes"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"
"Won't Get Fooled Again" is a song by the English rock band The Who, written by Pete Townshend. It was released as a single in June 1971, reaching the top 10 in the UK, while the full eight-and-a-half-minute version appears as the final track on the band's 1971 album Who's Next, released that August.
Townshend wrote the song as a closing number of the Lifehouse project, and the lyrics criticise revolution and power. To symbolise the spiritual connection he had found in music via the works of Meher Baba and Inayat Khan, he programmed a mixture of human traits into a synthesizer and used it as the main backing instrument throughout the song. The Who tried recording the song in New York in March 1971, but re-recorded a superior take at Stargroves the next month using the synthesizer from Townshend's original demo. Ultimately, Lifehouse as a project was abandoned in favour of Who's Next, a straightforward album, where it also became the closing track. It has been performed as a staple of the band's setlist since 1971, often as the set closer, and was the last song drummer Keith Moon played live with the band.
As well as a hit, the song has achieved critical praise, appearing as one of Rolling Stone's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It has been covered by several artists, such as Van Halen who took their version to No. 1 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. It has been used for several TV shows and films, and in some political campaigns.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Recording
3 Release
4 Live performances
5 Cover versions
6 Other uses
7 Charts
8 Personnel
9 References
Background[edit]
The song was originally intended for a rock opera Townshend had been working on, Lifehouse, which was a multi-media exercise based on his followings of the Indian religious avatar Meher Baba, showing how spiritual enlightenment could be obtained via a combination of band and audience.[1] The song was written for the end of the opera, after the main character, Bobby, is killed and the "universal chord" is sounded. The main characters disappear, leaving behind the government and army, who are left to bully each other.[2] Townshend described the song as one "that screams defiance at those who feel any cause is better than no cause".[3] He later said that the song was not strictly anti-revolution despite the lyric "We'll be fighting in the streets", but stressed that revolution could be unpredictable, adding, "Don't expect to see what you expect to see. Expect nothing and you might gain everything."[4] Bassist John Entwistle later said that the song showed Townshend "saying things that really mattered to him, and saying them for the first time."[5]
Townshend had been reading Universal Sufism founder Inayat Khan's The Mysticism of Sound and Music, which referred to spiritual harmony and the universal chord, which would restore harmony to humanity when sounded. Townshend realised that the newly emerging synthesizers would allow him to communicate these ideas to a mass audience.[6] He had met the BBC Radiophonic Workshop which gave him ideas for capturing human personality within music. Townshend interviewed several people with general practitioner-style questions, and captured their heartbeat, brainwaves and astrological charts, converting the result into a series of audio pulses. For the demo of "Won't Get Fooled Again", he linked a Lowrey organ into an EMS VCS 3 filter that played back the pulse-coded modulations from his experiments.[6] He subsequently upgraded to an ARP 2500.[7] The synthesizer did not play any sounds directly as it was monophonic; instead it modified the block chords on the organ as an input signal.[8] The demo was completed by Townshend overdubbing drums, bass, electric guitar, vocals and handclaps. Overall, the song ran at a slower pace to the version later recorded by the Who.[9]
Recording[edit]
Brief sample from the song "Won't Get Fooled Again"
The closing section of "Won't Get Fooled Again", featuring synthesised organ, Moon's drumming, Townshend's power chord and Daltrey's scream
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The Who's first attempt to record the song was at the Record Plant on W 44 Street, New York City, on 16 March 1971. Manager Kit Lambert had recommended the studio to the group, which led to his producer credit, though the de facto work was done by Felix Pappalardi. This take featured Pappalardi's Mountain band mate, Leslie West, on lead guitar.[10]
Lambert proved to be unable to mix the track, and a fresh attempt at recording was made at the start of April at Mick Jagger's house, Stargroves, using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio.[11] Glyn Johns was invited to help with production, and he decided to re-use the synthesized organ track from Townshend's original demo, as the re-recording of the part in New York was felt to be inferior to the original. Keith Moon had to carefully synchronise his drum playing with the synthesizer, while Townshend and Entwistle played electric guitar and bass.[12] Townshend played a 1959 Gretsch 6120 Chet Atkins hollow body guitar fed through an Edwards volume pedal to a Fender Bandmaster amp, all of which he had been given by Joe Walsh while in New York. This combination became his main electric guitar recording setup for subsequent albums.[13] Although intended as a demo recording, the end result sounded so good to the band and Johns, they decided to use it as the final take.[12] Overdubs, including an acoustic guitar part played by Townshend, were recorded at Olympic Studios at the end of April.[11][12] The track was mixed at Island Studios by Johns on 28 May.[11] After Lifehouse was abandoned as a project, Johns felt "Won't Get Fooled Again", along with other songs, were so good that they could simply be released as a standalone single album, which became Who's Next.[14]
Release[edit]
"Won't Get Fooled Again" was first released in the UK as a single A-side on 25 June 1971, edited down to 3:35. It replaced "Behind Blue Eyes", which the group felt didn't fit the Who's established musical style, as the choice of single. It was released on 17 July in the US. The B-side, "I Don't Even Know Myself" was recorded at Eel Pie Studios in 1970 for a planned EP that was never released. The single reached No. 9 in the UK charts and No. 15 in the US. Initial publicity material showed an abandoned cover of Who's Next featuring Moon dressed in drag and brandishing a whip. [15]
The full-length version of the song appeared as the closing track of Who's Next, released on 14 August in the US and 27 August in the UK, where it topped the album charts.[16] "Won't Get Fooled Again" drew strong praise from critics, who were impressed that a synthesizer had managed to be integrated so successfully within a rock song.[17] Who author Dave Marsh described singer Roger Daltrey's scream near the end of the track as "the greatest scream of a career filled with screams".[18] In 2011, the song was ranked number 134 on Rolling Stone's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[19]
Live performances[edit]
The Who first performed the song live at the opening date of a series of Lifehouse related concerts in the Young Vic theatre, London on 14 February 1971. It has subsequently been part of every Who concert since,[20][21] often as the set closer and sometimes extended slightly to allow Townshend to smash his guitar or Moon to kick over his drumkit. The group performed live over the synthesizer part being played on a backing tape, which required Moon to wear headphones to hear a click track, allowing him to play in sync. It was the last track Moon played live in front of a paying audience on 21 October 1976[22] and the last song he ever played with the Who at Shepperton Studios on 25 May 1978, which was captured on the documentary film The Kids Are Alright.[23] The song was part of the Who's set at Live Aid in 1985, Live 8 in 2005, T4 on the Beach in 2008 and Capital FM's Summertime Ball concert in 2009, 2010 and 2015 and the radio station's Jingle Bell Ball concerts in 2009 and 2015.[24]
In October 2001, The Who performed the song at The Concert for New York City to help raise funds for the families of firemen and police officers killed during the 9/11 attacks. They finished their set with 'Won't Get Fooled Again' to a responsive and emotional audience, with close-up aerial video footage of the World Trade Center buildings playing behind them on a huge digital screen. In February 2010, the group closed their set during the halftime show of Super Bowl XLIV with this song.[25] While the Who have continued to play the song live, Townshend has expressed mixed feelings for it, alternating between pride and embarrassment in interviews.[26] Who biographer John Atkins described the track as "the quintessential Who's Next track but not necessarily the best."[27]
Several live and alternative versions of the song have been released on CD or DVD. In 2003, a deluxe version of Who's Next was reissued to include the Record Plant recording of the track from March 1971 and a live version recorded at the Young Vic on 26 April 1971.[28] The song is also included on the album Live at the Royal Albert Hall, from a 2000 show with Noel Gallagher guesting.
Daltrey, Entwistle and Townshend have each performed the song at solo concerts. Townshend has re-arranged the song for solo performance on acoustic guitar.[29][30] On 30 June 1979, he performed a duet of the song with classical guitarist John Williams for the 1979 Amnesty International benefit The Secret Policeman's Ball.[31]
Cover versions[edit]
The song was first covered in a distinctive soul style by Labelle on their 1972 album Moon Shadow.[32] Van Halen began covering the song in concert in 1993. Eddie Van Halen re-arranged the track so that the synthesizer part was played on the guitar. A live recording was released on Live: Right Here, Right Now,[33] and made it to number one on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart.[34]
Both Axel Rudi Pell (on Diamonds Unlocked) and Hayseed Dixie (on Killer Grass) covered the song in their established styles of metal and bluegrass respectively.[35][36] Richie Havens covered the track on his 2008 album, Nobody Left to Crown, playing the song at a slower tempo to the original.[37]
Other uses[edit]
The original Who recording has been used in politics on several occasions. In an April 2006 editorial for Time magazine, retired United States Marine Corps Lieutenant General Greg Newbold referenced the song, labeling it an "antiwar anthem" that "conveyed a sense of betrayal by the nation's leaders, who had led our country into a costly and unnecessary war in Vietnam."[38] In 2014, the British Government ran an advertisement for superfast broadband using the song as its theme music.[39]
Townshend has taken an interest in licensing the Who's work to media and advertising, and "Won't Get Fooled Again" has made several appearances on TV and film.[40] A portion of the song has been used as the opening theme for the CBS series CSI: Miami,[41] while an edited version of the track was played on The Simpsons' "A Tale of Two Springfields" which featured the Who as special guests.[42] However, Townshend refused permission for director Michael Moore to play the song over the closing credits of Fahrenheit 9/11, as he was suspicious of Moore's journalistic credentials and did not want his work to be associated with a possibly inaccurate film. Townshend later said "[o]nce I had an idea what the film was about, I was 90% certain my song was not right for them." In response Moore accused Townshend of supporting the Iraq War, which Townshend denied.[43]
This song is a playable track in the video game Guitar Hero Live.[44]
Charts[edit]
Chart
Peak position
Canadian RPM Top Singles 9[45]
UK Singles Chart 9[15]
US Billboard Hot 100 15[15]
Personnel[edit]
Roger Daltrey - lead vocals
Pete Townshend - acoustic and electric guitars, synthesized organ (ARP 2500, EMS VCS 3) and backing vocals
John Entwistle - bass guitar
Keith Moon - drums
References[edit]
Citations
Jump up ^ Neill & Kent 2002, p. 273.
Jump up ^ Marsh 1983, p. 371.
Jump up ^ Atkins 2000, p. 157.
Jump up ^ "Pete's Diaries – Won't Get Judged Again". petetownshend.co.uk. 2006-05-27. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave (2011). 1000 Songs that Rock Your World: From Rock Classics to one-Hit Wonders, the Music That Lights Your Fire. Krause Publications. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4402-1899-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Unterberger 2011, p. 27.
Jump up ^ Neill & Kent 2002, p. 250.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2011, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2011, p. 51.
Jump up ^ Neill & Kent 2002, p. 279.
^ Jump up to: a b c Neill & Kent 2002, p. 280.
^ Jump up to: a b c Atkins 2000, p. 152.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Dave (15 April 2009). "Myth Busters: Pete Townshend's Recording Secrets". Gibson. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Marsh 1983, p. 382.
^ Jump up to: a b c Neill & Kent 2002, p. 284.
Jump up ^ Neill & Kent 2002, p. 288.
Jump up ^ Marsh 1983, p. 389.
Jump up ^ Marsh 1983, p. 388.
Jump up ^ "The Who, 'Won't Get Fooled Again'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Neill & Kent 2002, p. 278.
Jump up ^ Atkins 2003, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Marsh 1983, p. 479.
Jump up ^ Marsh 1983, p. 499.
Jump up ^ Edmondson, Jacqueline (2013). Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture [4 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-313-39348-8.
Jump up ^ "Who Dat". Billboard. 6 February 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2011, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Atkins 2000, p. 162.
Jump up ^ Atkins 2003, pp. 24–26.
Jump up ^ "Won't Get Fooled Again – Roger Daltrey". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pete Townshend Goes Acoustic on 'Won't Get Fooled Again'". Rolling Stone. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Bogovich, Richard (2003). The Who: A Who's who. McFarland. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7864-1569-4.
Jump up ^ "Won't Get Fooled Again – Labelle". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Christe, Ian (2009). Everybody Wants Some: The Van Halen Saga. John Wiley & Sons. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-470-53618-6.
Jump up ^ "Won't Get Fooled Again". Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Diamonds Unlocked – Axel Rudi Pell". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Killer Grass – Hayseed Dixie". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nobody Left to Crown – Richie Havens". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why Iraq Was a Mistake". TIME.com. 9 April 2006.
Jump up ^ Mills, Domonic (12 January 2015). "How to make clients warm and wet in their trousers". MediaTel Newsline. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Waddell, Ray (9 January 2010). "Q & A – Pete Townshend". Billboard. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Allen, Michael (2007). Reading CSI: Crime TV Under the Microscope. I.B.Tauris. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-84511-428-2.
Jump up ^ White, Christopher (16 February 2014). "The Simpsons Best Musical Cameos". Guardian Liberty Voice. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michael Moore is a bully, says Who guitarist". The Guardian. 14 July 2004.
Jump up ^ Futter, Mike (24 November 2015). "Here Are All Of The Currently Available Guitar Hero Live Tracks". Game Informer. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hits of the World". Billboard: 45. 25 September 1971. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Sources
Atkins, John (2000). The Who on Record: A Critical History, 1963–1998. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0609-8.
Atkins, John (2003). Who's Next (Deluxe Edition) (Media notes). Polydor. 113-056-2.
Marsh, Dave (1983). Before I Get Old : The Story of The Who. Plexus. ISBN 978-0-85965-083-0.
Neill, Andrew; Kent, Matthew (2002). Anyway Anyhow Anywhere – The Complete Chronicle of The Who. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-1217-3.
Unterberger, Richie (2011). Won't Get Fooled Again: The Who from Lifehouse to Quadrophenia. Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-906002-75-6.
[show]
v
t
e
Who's Next
Songs
Side one
"Baba O'Riley"
"Bargain"
"Love Ain't for Keeping"
"My Wife"
"The Song Is Over"
Side two
"Getting in Tune"
"Going Mobile"
"Behind Blue Eyes"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"
Supporting tours
The Who Tour 1971
The Who Tour 1972
Other
Lifehouse
Classic Albums: The Who – Who's Next
My Generation
A Quick One
The Who Sell Out
Tommy
Who's Next
Quadrophenia
The Who by Numbers
Who Are You
Face Dances
It's Hard
Endless Wire
[show]
v
t
e
The Who singles discography
UK singles 1960s
1964
"Zoot Suit" / "I'm the Face"
1965
"I Can't Explain" / "Bald Headed Woman"
"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" / "Daddy Rolling Stone"
"My Generation" / "Shout and Shimmy"
1966
"Substitute" / "Circles"
"A Legal Matter" / "Instant Party"
"The Kids Are Alright" / "The Ox"
"I'm a Boy" / "In the City"
"La-La-La-Lies" / "The Good's Gone"
"Happy Jack" / "I've Been Away"
1967
"Pictures of Lily" / "Doctor, Doctor"
"The Last Time" / "Under My Thumb"
"I Can See for Miles" / "Someone's Coming"
1968
"Dogs" / "Call Me Lightning"
"Magic Bus" / "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
1969
"Pinball Wizard" / "Dogs Part Two"
US singles 1960s
1965
"I Can't Explain" / "Bald Headed Woman"
"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" / "Anytime You Want Me"
"My Generation" / "Out in the Street"
1966
"Substitute" / "Waltz For a Pig"
"The Kids Are Alright" / "A Legal Matter"
"I'm a Boy" / "In the City"
1967
"Happy Jack" / "Whiskey Man"
"Pictures of Lily" / "Doctor, Doctor"
"I Can See for Miles" / "Mary Anne with the Shaky Hand"
1968
"Call Me Lightning" / "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
"Magic Bus" / "Someone's Coming"
1969
"Pinball Wizard" / "Dogs Part Two"
"I'm Free" / "We're Not Gonna Take It"
UK singles 1970s
1970
"The Seeker" / "Here For More"
"Summertime Blues" / "Heaven and Hell"
"See Me, Feel Me" / "Overture from Tommy"
1971
"Won't Get Fooled Again" / "I Don't Even Know Myself"
"Let's See Action" / "When I Was A Boy"
"Baba O'Riley"
1972
"Join Together" / "Baby Don't You Do It"
"Relay" / "Waspman"
1973
"5.15" / "Water"
1975
"Squeeze Box" / "Success Story"
1978
"Who Are You" / "Had Enough"
" Trick of the Light" / "905"
1979
"Long Live Rock" / "I'm the Face"/"My Wife (Live)"
"I'm One" / "5:15 (Soundtrack Version)"
US singles 1970s
1970
"The Seeker" / "Here For More"
"Summertime Blues" / "Heaven and Hell"
"See Me, Feel Me" / "Overture from Tommy"
1971
"Won't Get Fooled Again" / "I Don't Even Know Myself"
"Behind Blue Eyes" / "My Wife"
1972
"Join Together" / "Baby Don't You Do It"
"The Relay" / "Wasp Man"
1973
"Love, Reign o'er Me" / "Water"
1974
"The Real Me" / "I'm One"
"Postcard / Put the Money Down"
1975
"Squeeze Box" / "Success Story"
1976
"Slip Kid" / "Dreaming from the Waist"
"Substitute (Reissue)" / "I'm a Boy (Alternate Version)"
1978
"Who Are You" / "Had Enough"
"Trick of the Light" / "905"
1979
"Long Live Rock" / "My Wife (Live)"
UK singles 1980s
1981
"You Better You Bet" / "The Quiet One"
"Don't Let Go the Coat" / "You"
1982
"Athena" / "A Man Is a Man"
1984
"Twist and Shout (live)" / "I Can't Explain (live)"
1988
"Won't Get Fooled Again (EP)" ( "Won't Get Fooled Again (live)" / "Bony Moronie (live)" / "Dancing in the Street (live)" / "Dance it Away (live)" )
US singles 1980s
1981
"You Better You Bet" / "The Quiet One"
"Don't Let Go the Coat" / "You"
1982
"Athena" / "It's Your Turn"
"Eminence Front" / "One At A Time"
1983
"It's Hard" / "Dangerous"
Singles 2000s
2004
"Real Good Looking Boy" / "Old Red Wine"
2006
"It's Not Enough"
Singles 2010s
2014
"Be Lucky"
[show]
v
t
e
Van Halen singles
Van Halen
"You Really Got Me"
"Runnin' with the Devil"
"Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love"
Van Halen II
"Dance the Night Away"
"Beautiful Girls"
Women and Children First
"And the Cradle Will Rock..."
Fair Warning
"So This Is Love?"
"Unchained"
Diver Down
"(Oh) Pretty Woman"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Where Have All the Good Times Gone!"
1984
"Jump"
"I'll Wait"
"Panama"
"Hot for Teacher"
5150
"Why Can't This Be Love"
"Dreams"
"Love Walks In"
OU812
"When It's Love"
"Black and Blue"
"Finish What Ya Started"
For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge
"Poundcake"
"Runaround"
"Top of the World"
"Right Now"
Live: Right Here, Right Now
"Jump" (live)
"Dreams" (live)
"Won't Get Fooled Again" (live)
Balance
"Don't Tell Me (What Love Can Do)"
"Can't Stop Lovin' You"
"Amsterdam"
Twister soundtrack
"Humans Being"
Best Of – Volume I
"Me Wise Magic"
"Can't Get This Stuff No More"
Van Halen III
"Without You"
"Fire in the Hole"
A Different Kind of Truth
"Tattoo"
"She's the Woman"
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