text:
Surgery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the medical specialty. For other uses, see Surgery (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Surgeons repairing a ruptured Achilles tendon on a man
Surgery (from the Greek: χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via Latin: chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.
The act of performing surgery may be called a "surgical procedure", "operation", or simply "surgery". In this context, the verb "operate" means to perform surgery. The adjective "surgical" means pertaining to surgery; e.g. surgical instruments or surgical nurse. The patient or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal. A surgeon is a person who practices surgery and a surgeon's assistant is a person who practices surgical assistance. A surgical team is made up of surgeon, surgeon's assistant, anesthesia provider, circulating nurse and surgical technologist. Surgery usually spans minutes to hours, but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment. The term "surgery" can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or, in British English, simply the office of a physician,[1] dentist, or veterinarian.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
1.1 Types of surgery
1.2 Terminology
2 Description of surgical procedure
2.1 Location
2.2 Preoperative care
2.3 Staging for surgery
2.4 Surgery
2.5 Post-operative care
3 Epidemiology
3.1 USA
4 Special populations
4.1 Elderly people
4.2 Children
4.3 Vulnerable populations
5 In low- and middle-income countries
6 Human rights
7 History
7.1 Ancient Egypt
7.2 India and China
7.3 Ancient Greece
7.4 Early modern Europe
7.5 Modern surgery
7.5.1 Infection and antisepsis
8 Surgical specialties
9 National societies
10 See also
11 Notes and references
12 External links
Definitions[edit]
Surgery is a technology consisting of a physical intervention on tissues.
As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting of a patient's tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound. Other procedures that do not necessarily fall under this rubric, such as angioplasty or endoscopy, may be considered surgery if they involve "common" surgical procedure or settings, such as use of a sterile environment, anesthesia, antiseptic conditions, typical surgical instruments, and suturing or stapling. All forms of surgery are considered invasive procedures; so-called "noninvasive surgery" usually refers to an excision that does not penetrate the structure being excised (e.g. laser ablation of the cornea) or to a radiosurgical procedure (e.g. irradiation of a tumor).
Types of surgery[edit]
Surgical procedures are commonly categorized by urgency, type of procedure, body system involved, degree of invasiveness, and special instrumentation.
Based on timing: Elective surgery is done to correct a non-life-threatening condition, and is carried out at the patient's request, subject to the surgeon's and the surgical facility's availability. A semi-elective surgery is one that must be done to avoid permanent disability or death, but can be postponed for a short time. Emergency surgery is surgery which must be done promptly to save life, limb, or functional capacity.
Based on purpose: Exploratory surgery is performed to aid or confirm a diagnosis. Therapeutic surgery treats a previously diagnosed condition. Cosmetic surgery is done to subjectively improve the appearance of an otherwise normal structure.
By type of procedure: Amputation involves cutting off a body part, usually a limb or digit; castration is also an example. Resection is the removal of all of an internal organ or body part, or a key part (lung lobe; liver quadrant) of such an organ or body part that has its own name or code designation. Replantation involves reattaching a severed body part. Reconstructive surgery involves reconstruction of an injured, mutilated, or deformed part of the body. Excision is the cutting out or removal of only part of an organ, tissue, or other body part from the patient. Transplant surgery is the replacement of an organ or body part by insertion of another from different human (or animal) into the patient. Removing an organ or body part from a live human or animal for use in transplant is also a type of surgery.
By body part: When surgery is performed on one organ system or structure, it may be classed by the organ, organ system or tissue involved. Examples include cardiac surgery (performed on the heart), gastrointestinal surgery (performed within the digestive tract and its accessory organs), and orthopedic surgery (performed on bones or muscles).
By degree of invasiveness of surgical procedures: Minimally-invasive surgery involves smaller outer incision(s) to insert miniaturized instruments within a body cavity or structure, as in laparoscopic surgery or angioplasty. By contrast, an open surgical procedure such as a laparotomy requires a large incision to access the area of interest.
By equipment used: Laser surgery involves use of a laser for cutting tissue instead of a scalpel or similar surgical instruments. Microsurgery involves the use of an operating microscope for the surgeon to see small structures. Robotic surgery makes use of a surgical robot, such as the Da Vinci or the Zeus surgical systems, to control the instrumentation under the direction of the surgeon.
Terminology[edit]
See also: List of surgical procedures
Excision surgery names often start with a name for the organ to be excised (cut out) and end in -ectomy.
Procedures involving cutting into an organ or tissue end in -otomy. A surgical procedure cutting through the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity is a laparotomy.
Minimally invasive procedures involving small incisions through which an endoscope is inserted end in -oscopy. For example, such surgery in the abdominal cavity is called laparoscopy.
Procedures for formation of a permanent or semi-permanent opening called a stoma in the body end in -ostomy.
Reconstruction, plastic or cosmetic surgery of a body part starts with a name for the body part to be reconstructed and ends in -oplasty. Rhino is used as a prefix for "nose", therefore a rhinoplasty is reconstructive or cosmetic surgery for the nose.
Repair of damaged or congenital abnormal structure ends in -rraphy.
Reoperation (return to the operating room) refers to a return to the operating theater after an initial surgery is performed to re-address an aspect of patient care best treated surgically. Reasons for reoperation include persistent bleeding after surgery, development of or persistence of infection.
Description of surgical procedure[edit]
Location[edit]
At a hospital, modern surgery is often performed in an operating theater using surgical instruments, an operating table for the patient, and other equipment. Among United States hospitalizations for nonmaternal and nonneonatal conditions in 2012, more than one-fourth of stays and half of hospital costs involved stays that included operating room (OR) procedures.[2] The environment and procedures used in surgery are governed by the principles of aseptic technique: the strict separation of "sterile" (free of microorganisms) things from "unsterile" or "contaminated" things. All surgical instruments must be sterilized, and an instrument must be replaced or re-sterilized if it becomes contaminated (i.e. handled in an unsterile manner, or allowed to touch an unsterile surface). Operating room staff must wear sterile attire (scrubs, a scrub cap, a sterile surgical gown, sterile latex or non-latex polymer gloves and a surgical mask), and they must scrub hands and arms with an approved disinfectant agent before each procedure.
Preoperative care[edit]
Main article: Preoperative care
Prior to surgery, the patient is given a medical examination, receives certain pre-operative tests, and their physical status is rated according to the ASA physical status classification system. If these results are satisfactory, the patient signs a consent form and is given a surgical clearance. If the procedure is expected to result in significant blood loss, an autologous blood donation may be made some weeks prior to surgery. If the surgery involves the digestive system, the patient may be instructed to perform a bowel prep by drinking a solution of polyethylene glycol the night before the procedure. Patients are also instructed to abstain from food or drink (an NPO order after midnight on the night before the procedure), to minimize the effect of stomach contents on pre-operative medications and reduce the risk of aspiration if the patient vomits during or after the procedure.
Some medical systems have a practice of routinely performing chest x-rays before surgery. The premise behind this practice is that the physician might discover some unknown medical condition which would complicate the surgery, and that upon discovering this with the chest x-ray, the physician would adapt the surgery practice accordingly.[3] In fact, medical specialty professional organizations recommend against routine pre-operative chest x-rays for patients who have an unremarkable medical history and presented with a physical exam which did not indicate a chest x-ray.[3] Routine x-ray examination is more likely to result in problems like misdiagnosis, overtreatment, or other negative outcomes than it is to result in a benefit to the patient.[3] Likewise, other tests including complete blood count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, basic metabolic panel, and urinalysis should not be done unless the results of these tests can help evaluate surgical risk.[4]
Staging for surgery[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the pre-operative holding area, the patient changes out of his or her street clothes and is asked to confirm the details of his or her surgery. A set of vital signs are recorded, a peripheral IV line is placed, and pre-operative medications (antibiotics, sedatives, etc.) are given. When the patient enters the operating room, the skin surface to be operated on, called the operating field, is cleaned and prepared by applying an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine gluconate or povidone-iodine to reduce the possibility of infection. If hair is present at the surgical site, it is clipped off prior to prep application. The patient is assisted by an anesthesiologist or resident to make a specific surgical position, then sterile drapes are used to cover the surgical site or at least a wide area surrounding the operating field; the drapes are clipped to a pair of poles near the head of the bed to form an "ether screen", which separates the anesthetist/anesthesiologist's working area (unsterile) from the surgical site (sterile).[5]
Anesthesia is administered to prevent pain from an incision, tissue manipulation and suturing. Based on the procedure, anesthesia may be provided locally or as general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia may be used when the surgical site is too large or deep for a local block, but general anesthesia may not be desirable. With local and spinal anesthesia, the surgical site is anesthetized, but the patient can remain conscious or minimally sedated. In contrast, general anesthesia renders the patient unconscious and paralyzed during surgery. The patient is intubated and is placed on a mechanical ventilator, and anesthesia is produced by a combination of injected and inhaled agents. Choice of surgical method and anesthetic technique aims to reduce the risk of complications, shorten the time needed for recovery and minimise the surgical stress response.
Surgery[edit]
An incision is made to access the surgical site. Blood vessels may be clamped or cauterized to prevent bleeding, and retractors may be used to expose the site or keep the incision open. The approach to the surgical site may involve several layers of incision and dissection, as in abdominal surgery, where the incision must traverse skin, subcutaneous tissue, three layers of muscle and then the peritoneum. In certain cases, bone may be cut to further access the interior of the body; for example, cutting the skull for brain surgery or cutting the sternum for thoracic (chest) surgery to open up the rib cage. Whilst in surgery aseptic technique is used to prevent infection or further spreading of the disease. The surgeons' and assistants' hands, wrists and forearms are washed thoroughly for at least 4 minutes to prevent germs getting into the operative field, then sterile gloves are placed onto their hands. An antiseptic solution is applied to the area of the patient's body that will be operated on. Sterile drapes are placed around the operative site. Surgical masks are worn by the surgical team to avoid germs on droplets of liquid from their mouths and noses from contaminating the operative site.
Work to correct the problem in body then proceeds. This work may involve:
excision – cutting out an organ, tumor,[6] or other tissue.
resection – partial removal of an organ or other bodily structure.
reconnection of organs, tissues, etc., particularly if severed. Resection of organs such as intestines involves reconnection. Internal suturing or stapling may be used. Surgical connection between blood vessels or other tubular or hollow structures such as loops of intestine is called anastomosis.
Reduction – the movement or realignment of a body part to its normal position. e.g. Reduction of a broken nose involves the physical manipulation of the bone or cartilage from their displaced state back to their original position to restore normal airflow and aesthetics.
ligation – tying off blood vessels, ducts, or "tubes".
grafts – may be severed pieces of tissue cut from the same (or different) body or flaps of tissue still partly connected to the body but resewn for rearranging or restructuring of the area of the body in question. Although grafting is often used in cosmetic surgery, it is also used in other surgery. Grafts may be taken from one area of the patient's body and inserted to another area of the body. An example is bypass surgery, where clogged blood vessels are bypassed with a graft from another part of the body. Alternatively, grafts may be from other persons, cadavers, or animals.
insertion of prosthetic parts when needed. Pins or screws to set and hold bones may be used. Sections of bone may be replaced with prosthetic rods or other parts. Sometime a plate is inserted to replace a damaged area of skull. Artificial hip replacement has become more common. Heart pacemakers or valves may be inserted. Many other types of prostheses are used.
creation of a stoma, a permanent or semi-permanent opening in the body
in transplant surgery, the donor organ (taken out of the donor's body) is inserted into the recipient's body and reconnected to the recipient in all necessary ways (blood vessels, ducts, etc.).
arthrodesis – surgical connection of adjacent bones so the bones can grow together into one. Spinal fusion is an example of adjacent vertebrae connected allowing them to grow together into one piece.
modifying the digestive tract in bariatric surgery for weight loss.
repair of a fistula, hernia, or prolapse
other procedures, including:
clearing clogged ducts, blood or other vessels
removal of calculi (stones)
draining of accumulated fluids
debridement- removal of dead, damaged, or diseased tissue
Blood or blood expanders may be administered to compensate for blood lost during surgery. Once the procedure is complete, sutures or staples are used to close the incision. Once the incision is closed, the anesthetic agents are stopped or reversed, and the patient is taken off ventilation and extubated (if general anesthesia was administered).[7]
Post-operative care[edit]
After completion of surgery, the patient is transferred to the post anesthesia care unit and closely monitored. When the patient is judged to have recovered from the anesthesia, he/she is either transferred to a surgical ward elsewhere in the hospital or discharged home. During the post-operative period, the patient's general function is assessed, the outcome of the procedure is assessed, and the surgical site is checked for signs of infection. There are several risk factors associated with postoperative complications, such as immune deficienty and obesity. Obesity has long been considered a risk factor for adverse post-surgical outcomes. It has been linked to many disorders such as obesity hypoventilation syndrome, atelectasis and pulmonary embolism, adverse cardiovascular effects, and wound healing complications.[8] If removable skin closures are used, they are removed after 7 to 10 days post-operatively, or after healing of the incision is well under way.
It is not uncommon for surgical drains (see Drain (surgery)) to be required to remove blood or fluid from the surgical wound during recovery. Mostly these drains stay in until the volume tapers off, then they are removed. These drains can become clogged, leading to abscess.
Postoperative therapy may include adjuvant treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or administration of medication such as anti-rejection medication for transplants. Other follow-up studies or rehabilitation may be prescribed during and after the recovery period.
The use of topical antibiotics on surgical wounds to reduce infection rates has been questioned.[9] Antibiotic ointments are likely to irritate the skin, slow healing, and could increase risk of developing contact dermatitis and antibiotic resistance.[9] It has been also been suggested that topical antibiotics should only be used when a person shows signs of infection and not as a preventative.[9] A systematic review published by Cochrane (organisation) in 2016, though, concluded that topical antibiotics applied over certain types of surgical wounds reduce the risk of surgical site infections, when compared to no treatment or use of Antiseptics.[10] The review also did not find conclusive evidence to suggest that topical antibiotics increased the risk of local skin reactions or antibiotic resistance.
Through a retrospective analysis of national administrative data, the association between mortality and day of elective surgical procedure suggests a higher risk in procedures carried out later in the working week and on weekends. The odds of death were 44% and 82% higher respectively when comparing procedures on a Friday to a weekend procedure. This “weekday effect” has been postulated to be from several factors including poorer availability of services on a weekend, and also, decrease number and level of experience over a weekend.[11]
Epidemiology[edit]
USA[edit]
In 2011, of the 38.6 million hospital stays in U.S. hospitals, 29% included at least one operating room procedure. These stays accounted for 48% of the total $387 billion in hospital costs.[12]
The overall number of procedures remained stable from 2001 to 2011. In 2011, over 15 million operating room procedures were performed in U.S. hospitals.[13]
Data from 2003 to 2011 showed that U.S. hospital costs were highest for the surgical service line; the surgical service line costs were $17,600 in 2003 and projected to be $22,500 in 2013.[14] For hospital stays in 2012 in the United States, private insurance had the highest percentage of surgical expenditure.[15] in 2012, mean hospital costs in the United States were highest for surgical stays.[15]
Special populations[edit]
Elderly people[edit]
Older adults have widely varying physical health. Frail elderly people are at significant risk of post-surgical complications and the need for extended care. Assessment of older patients before elective surgery can accurately predict the patients' recovery trajectories.[16] One frailty scale uses five items: unintentional weight loss, muscle weakness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and slowed walking speed. A healthy person scores 0; a very frail person scores 5. Compared to non-frail elderly people, people with intermediate frailty scores (2 or 3) are twice as likely to have post-surgical complications, spend 50% more time in the hospital, and are three times as likely to be discharged to a skilled nursing facility instead of to their own homes.[16] Frail elderly patients (score of 4 or 5) have even worse outcomes, with the risk of being discharged to a nursing home rising to twenty times the rate for non-frail elderly people.
Children[edit]
Surgery on children requires considerations which are not common in adult surgery. Children and adolescents are still developing physically and mentally making it difficult for them to make informed decisions and give consent for surgical treatments. Bariatric surgery in youth is among the controversial topics related to surgery in children.
See also: Pediatric surgery and Pediatric plastic surgery
Vulnerable populations[edit]
Doctors perform surgery with the consent of the patient. Some patients are able to give better informed consent than others. Populations such as incarcerated persons, people living with dementia, the mentally incompetent, persons subject to coercion, and other people who are not able to make decisions with the same authority as a typical patient have special needs when making decisions about their personal healthcare, including surgery.
In low- and middle-income countries[edit]
In 2014, the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery was launched to examine the case for surgery as an integral component of global health care and to provide recommendations regarding the delivery of surgical and anesthesia services in low and middle income countries.[17] Amongst the conclusions in this study, two primary conclusions were reached:
Five billion people worldwide lack access to safe, timely, and affordable surgical and anesthesia care. Areas in which especially large proportions of the population lack access include Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia and, to a lesser extent, Russia and China. Of the estimated 312.9 million surgical procedures undertaken worldwide in 2012, only 6.3% were done in countries comprising the poorest 37.3% of the world's population.
An additional 143 million surgical procedures are needed each year to prevent unnecessary death and disability.
Globally, there are few studies comparing outcomes from surgery across different income level countries, although evidence suggests significantly poorer outcomes from surgery performed in lower income settings. One major prospective study of 10,745 adult patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery from 357 centres in 58 high-, middle-, and low-income countries found that mortality is three times higher in low- compared with high-HDI countries even when adjusted for prognostic factors.[18] In this study the overall global mortality rate was 1·6 per cent at 24 hours (high 1·1 per cent, middle 1·9 per cent, low 3·4 per cent; P < 0·001), increasing to 5·4 per cent by 30 days (high 4·5 per cent, middle 6·0 per cent, low 8·6 per cent; P < 0·001). Of the 578 patients who died, 404 (69·9 per cent) did so between 24 h and 30 days following surgery (high 74·2 per cent, middle 68·8 per cent, low 60·5 per cent). Patient safety factors were suggested to play an important role, with use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist associated with reduced mortality at 30 days.
Taking a similar approach, a unique global study of 1,409 children undergoing emergency abdominal surgery from 253 centres in 43 countries showed that adjusted mortality in children following surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed in these settings. Internationally, the most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries.[19]
Human rights[edit]
Access to surgical care is increasingly recognized as an integral aspect of healthcare, and therefore is evolving into a normative derivation of human right to health.[20] The ICESCR Article 12.1 and 12.2 define the human right to health as “the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health”[21] In the August 2000, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) interpreted this to mean “right to the enjoyment of a variety of facilities, goods, services, and conditions necessary for the realization of the highest attainable health”.[22] Surgical care can be thereby viewed as a positive right- an entitlement to protective healthcare.[22]
Woven through the International Human and Health Rights literature is the right to be free from surgical disease. The 1966 ICESCR Article 12.2a described the need for “provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child”[23] which was subsequently interpreted to mean “requiring measures to improve… emergency obstetric services”.[22] Article 12.2d of the ICESCR stipulates the need for “the creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness”,[24] and is interpreted in the 2000 comment to include timely access to “basic preventative, curative services… for appropriate treatment of injury and disability.”.[25] Obstetric care shares close ties with reproductive rights, which includes access to reproductive health.[25]
Surgeons and public health advocates, such as Kelly McQueen, have described surgery as “Integral to the right to health”.[26] This is reflected in the establishment of the WHO Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care in 2005,[27] the 2013 formation of the Lancet Commission for Global Surgery,[28] the 2015 World Bank Publication of Volume 1 of its Disease Control Priorities “Essential Surgery”,[29] and the 2015 World Health Assembly 68.15 passing of the Resolution for Strengthening Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and Anesthesia as a Component of Universal Health Coverage.[30] The Lancet Commission for Global Surgery outlined the need for access to “available, affordable, timely and safe” surgical and anesthesia care;[31] dimensions paralleled in ICESCR General Comment No. 14, which similarly outlines need for available, accessible, affordable and timely healthcare.[22]
History[edit]
Main articles: History of surgery, Prehistoric medicine, and History of general anesthesia
Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Egyptian surgical treatise
Ancient Egypt[edit]
Surgical treatments date back to the prehistoric era. The oldest for which there is evidence is trepanation,[32] in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, thus exposing the dura mater in order to treat health problems related to intracranial pressure and other diseases. Prehistoric surgical techniques are seen in Ancient Egypt, where a mandible dated to approximately 2650 BC shows two perforations just below the root of the first molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed tooth. Surgical texts from ancient Egypt date back about 3500 years ago. Surgical operations were performed by priests, specialized in medical treatments similar to today,[33] and used sutures to close wounds.[34] Infections were treated with honey.[35]
India and China[edit]
Sushruta, the author of Sushruta Samhita, one of the oldest texts on surgery
Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300 BC) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years.[36] Susruta[37] was an ancient Indian surgeon commonly credited as the author of the treatise Sushruta Samhita. He is dubbed as the "founding father of surgery" and his period is usually placed between the period of 1200–600 BC.[38] One of the earliest known mention of the name is from the Bower Manuscript where Sushruta is listed as one of the ten sages residing in the Himalayas.[39][39] Texts also suggest that he learned surgery at Kasi from Lord Dhanvantari, the god of medicine in Hindu mythology.[40] It is one of the oldest known surgical texts and it describes in detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments, as well as procedures on performing various forms of cosmetic surgery, plastic surgery and rhinoplasty.[41]
Instruments resembling surgical tools have also been found in the archaeological sites of Bronze Age China dating from the Shang Dynasty, along with seeds likely used for herbalism.[42]
Ancient Greece[edit]
Hippocrates stated in the oath (c. 400 BC) that general physicians must never practice surgery and that surgical procedures are to be conducted by specialists
In ancient Greece, temples dedicated to the healer-god Asclepius, known as Asclepieia (Greek: Ασκληπιεία, sing. Asclepieion Ασκληπιείον), functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.[43] In the Asclepieion of Epidaurus, some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to have taken place.[7] The Greek Galen was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations—including brain and eye surgery—that were not tried again for almost two millennia.
In the Middle East, surgery was developed to a high degree in the Islamic world. Abulcasis (Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi), an Andalusian-Arab physician and scientist who practised in the Zahra suburb of Córdoba, wrote medical texts that influenced European surgical procedures.[citation needed]
Early modern Europe[edit]
Ambroise Paré (c. 1510–1590), father of modern military surgery.
12th century medieval eye surgery in Italy
In Europe, the demand grew for surgeons to formally study for many years before practicing; universities such as Montpellier, Padua and Bologna were particularly renowned. In the 12th century, Rogerius Salernitanus composed his Chirurgia, laying the foundation for modern Western surgical manuals. Barber-surgeons generally had a bad reputation that was not to improve until the development of academic surgery as a specialty of medicine, rather than an accessory field.[44] Basic surgical principles for asepsis etc., are known as Halsteads principles.
There were some important advances to the art of surgery during this period. The professor of anatomy at the University of Padua, Andreas Vesalius, was a pivotal figure in the Renaissance transition from classical medicine and anatomy based on the works of Galen, to an empirical approach of 'hands-on' dissection. In his anatomic treatis, De humani corporis fabrica, he exposed the many anatomical errors in Galen and advocated that all surgeons should train by engaging in practical dissections themselves.
The second figure of importance in this era was Ambroise Paré (sometimes spelled "Ambrose"[45]), a French army surgeon from the 1530s until his death in 1590. The practice for cauterizing gunshot wounds on the battlefield had been to use boiling oil; an extremely dangerous and painful procedure. Paré began to employ a less irritating emollient, made of egg yolk, rose oil and turpentine. He also described more efficient techniques for the effective ligation of the blood vessels during an amputation.
Modern surgery[edit]
The discipline of surgery was put on a sound, scientific footing during the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. An important figure in this regard was the Scottish surgical scientist, John Hunter, generally regarded as the father of modern scientific surgery.[46] He brought an empirical and experimental approach to the science and was renowned around Europe for the quality of his research and his written works. Hunter reconstructed surgical knowledge from scratch; refusing to rely on the testimonies of others, he conducted his own surgical experiments to determine the truth of the matter. To aid comparative analysis, he built up a collection of over 13,000 specimens of separate organ systems, from the simplest plants and animals to humans.
He greatly advanced knowledge of venereal disease and introduced many new techniques of surgery, including new methods for repairing damage to the Achilles tendon and a more effective method for applying ligature of the arteries in case of an aneurysm.[47] He was also one of the first to understand the importance of pathology, the danger of the spread of infection and how the problem of inflammation of the wound, bone lesions and even tuberculosis often undid any benefit that was gained from the intervention. He consequently adopted the position that all surgical procedures should be used only as a last resort.[48]
Other important 18th- and early 19th-century surgeons included Percival Pott (1713–1788) who described tuberculosis on the spine and first demonstrated that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen (he noticed a connection between chimney sweep's exposure to soot and their high incidence of scrotal cancer). Astley Paston Cooper (1768–1841) first performed a successful ligation of the abdominal aorta, and James Syme (1799–1870) pioneered the Symes Amputation for the ankle joint and successfully carried out the first hip disarticulation.
Modern pain control through anesthesia was discovered in the mid-19th century. Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering. This also meant that operations were largely restricted to amputations and external growth removals. Beginning in the 1840s, surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anaesthetic chemicals such as ether, first used by the American surgeon Crawford Long, and chloroform, discovered by Scottish obstetrician James Young Simpson and later pioneered by John Snow, physician to Queen Victoria.[49] In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of muscle relaxants such as curare allowed for safer applications.
Infection and antisepsis[edit]
Unfortunately, the introduction of anesthetics encouraged more surgery, which inadvertently caused more dangerous patient post-operative infections. The concept of infection was unknown until relatively modern times. The first progress in combating infection was made in 1847 by the Hungarian doctor Ignaz Semmelweis who noticed that medical students fresh from the dissecting room were causing excess maternal death compared to midwives. Semmelweis, despite ridicule and opposition, introduced compulsory handwashing for everyone entering the maternal wards and was rewarded with a plunge in maternal and fetal deaths, however the Royal Society dismissed his advice.
Joseph Lister, pioneer of antiseptic surgery
Until the pioneering work of British surgeon Joseph Lister in the 1860s, most medical men believed that chemical damage from exposures to bad air (see "miasma") was responsible for infections in wounds, and facilities for washing hands or a patient's wounds were not available.[50] Lister became aware of the work of French chemist Louis Pasteur, who showed that rotting and fermentation could occur under anaerobic conditions if micro-organisms were present. Pasteur suggested three methods to eliminate the micro-organisms responsible for gangrene: filtration, exposure to heat, or exposure to chemical solutions. Lister confirmed Pasteur's conclusions with his own experiments and decided to use his findings to develop antiseptic techniques for wounds. As the first two methods suggested by Pasteur were inappropriate for the treatment of human tissue, Lister experimented with the third, spraying carbolic acid on his instruments. He found that this remarkably reduced the incidence of gangrene and he published his results in The Lancet.[51] Later, on 9 August 1867, he read a paper before the British Medical Association in Dublin, on the Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, which was reprinted in The British Medical Journal.[52][53][54] His work was groundbreaking and laid the foundations for a rapid advance in infection control that saw modern antiseptic operating theatres widely used within 50 years.
Lister continued to develop improved methods of antisepsis and asepsis when he realised that infection could be better avoided by preventing bacteria from getting into wounds in the first place. This led to the rise of sterile surgery. Lister introduced the Steam Steriliser to sterilize equipment, instituted rigorous hand washing and later implemented the wearing of rubber gloves. These three crucial advances – the adoption of a scientific methodology toward surgical operations, the use of anaesthetic and the introduction of sterilised equipment – laid the groundwork for the modern invasive surgical techniques of today.
The use of X-rays as an important medical diagnostic tool began with their discovery in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen. He noticed that these rays could penetrate the skin, allowing the skeletal structure to be captured on a specially treated photographic plate.
Hieronymus Fabricius, Operationes chirurgicae, 1685
John Syng Dorsey wrote the first American textbook on surgery
An operation in 1753, painted by Gaspare Traversi.
Surgical specialties[edit]
General surgery
Breast
Cardiothoracic
Colorectal
Craniofacial surgery
Dental surgery
Endocrine
Gynaecology
Neurosurgery
Ophthalmology
Oncological
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Transplant
Orthopaedic surgery
Otolaryngology
Paediatric (Pediatric)
Plastic
Podiatric surgery
Skin
Trauma
Urology
Vascular
National societies[edit]
American College of Surgeons
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
Royal College of Surgeons of England
See also[edit]
Medicine portal
Anesthesia
ASA physical status classification system
Biomaterial
Cardiac surgery
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT; for outpatient surgical procedures medical coding)
Surgical drain
Endoscopy
Fluorescence image-guided surgery
Hypnosurgery
ICD-10-PCS (International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, Procedural Coding System; inpatient surgical procedures medical coding)
Jet ventilation
List of surgical procedures
Minimally invasive procedure
Operative report
Perioperative mortality
Remote surgery
Robotic surgery
Surgeon's assistant
Surgical Outcomes Analysis and Research
Surgical Sieve
Trauma surgery
Reconstructive surgery
Rheumasurgery
WHO Surgical Safety Checklist
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Doctor's surgery". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Fingar KR, Stocks C, Weiss AJ, Steiner CA (December 2014). "Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012". HCUP Statistical Brief #186. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
^ Jump up to: a b c American College of Radiology. "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question". Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. American College of Radiology. Retrieved August 17, 2012 , citing
"American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria". American College of Radiology. 2000. Retrieved 4 September 2012. Last reviewed 2011.
Gómez-Gil, E.; Trilla, A.; Corbella, B.; Fernández-Egea, E.; Luburich, P.; De Pablo, J.; Ferrer Raldúa, J.; Valdés, M. (2002). "Lack of clinical relevance of routine chest radiography in acute psychiatric admissions". General hospital psychiatry. 24 (2): 110–113. doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(01)00179-7. PMID 11869746.
Archer, C.; Levy, A. R.; McGregor, M. (1993). "Value of routine preoperative chest x-rays: A meta-analysis". Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 40 (11): 1022–1027. doi:10.1007/BF03009471. PMID 8269561.
Munro, J.; Booth, A.; Nicholl, J. (1997). "Routine preoperative testing: A systematic review of the evidence". Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 1 (12): i–iv; 1–62. PMID 9483155.
Grier, D. J.; Watson, L. J.; Hartnell, G. G.; Wilde, P. (1993). "Are routine chest radiographs prior to angiography of any value?". Clinical radiology. 48 (2): 131–133. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(05)81088-8. PMID 8004892.
Gupta, S. D.; Gibbins, F. J.; Sen, I. (1985). "Routine chest radiography in the elderly". Age and ageing. 14 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1093/ageing/14.1.11. PMID 4003172.
Amorosa JK; Bramwit MP; Mohammed TL; Reddy GP; et al. "ACR Appropriateness Criteria routine chest radiographs in ICU patients". National Guideline Clearinghouse. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
Jump up ^ American Society for Clinical Pathology, "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Society for Clinical Pathology, retrieved August 1, 2013 , which cites
Keay, L.; Lindsley, K.; Tielsch, J.; Katz, J.; Schein, O. (2012). Keay, Lisa, ed. "Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery". The Cochrane Library (2): CD007293. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007293.pub3. PMC 4261928  . PMID 22419323.
Katz, R. I.; Dexter, F.; Rosenfeld, K.; Wolfe, L.; Redmond, V.; Agarwal, D.; Salik, I.; Goldsteen, K.; Goodman, M.; Glass, P. S. A. (2011). "Survey Study of Anesthesiologistsʼ and Surgeonsʼ Ordering of Unnecessary Preoperative Laboratory Tests". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 112 (1): 207–212. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31820034f0. PMID 21081771.
Munro, J.; Booth, A.; Nicholl, J. (1997). "Routine preoperative testing: A systematic review of the evidence". Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 1 (12): i–iv; 1–62. PMID 9483155.
Reynolds, T. M.; National Institute for Health Clinical Excellence; Clinical Science Reviews Committee of the Association for Clinical Biochemistry (2006). "National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines on preoperative tests: The use of routine preoperative tests for elective surgery". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 43 (Pt 1): 13–16. doi:10.1258/000456306775141623. PMID 16390604.
Capdenat Saint-Martin, E.; Michel, P.; Raymond, J. M.; Iskandar, H.; Chevalier, C.; Petitpierre, M. N.; Daubech, L.; Amouretti, M.; Maurette, P. (1998). "Description of local adaptation of national guidelines and of active feedback for rationalising preoperative screening in patients at low risk from anaesthetics in a French university hospital". Quality in health care : QHC. 7 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1136/qshc.7.1.5. PMC 2483578  . PMID 10178152.
Jump up ^ Martin, Shirley (2007). Minor Surgical Procedures for Nurses and Allied Healthcare Professionals. England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-470-01990-0.
Jump up ^ Wagman LD. "Principles of Surgical Oncology" in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 11 ed. 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Askitopoulou, H., Konsolaki, E., Ramoutsaki, I., Anastassaki, E. Surgical cures by sleep induction as the Asclepieion of Epidaurus. The history of anesthesia: proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, by José Carlos Diz, Avelino Franco, Douglas R. Bacon, J. Rupreht, Julián Alvarez. Elsevier Science B.V., International Congress Series 1242(2002), pp. 11–17. [1]
Jump up ^ Doyle S. L.; Lysaght J.; Reynolds J. V. (2010). "Obesity and post-operative complications in patients undergoing non-bariatric surgery". Obesity Reviews. 11 (12): 875–886. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00700.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c American Academy of Dermatology (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Academy of Dermatology, retrieved 5 December 2013 , which cites
Sheth, V. M.; Weitzul, S. (2008). "Postoperative topical antimicrobial use". Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug. 19 (4): 181–189. PMID 18674453.
Jump up ^ Heal, Clare F; Banks, Jennifer L; Lepper, Phoebe D; Kontopantelis, Evangelos; van Driel, Mieke L. Topical antibiotics for preventing surgical site infection in wounds healing by primary intention. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011426.pub2.
Jump up ^ Aylin P, Alexandrescu R, Jen MH, Mayer EK, Bottle A (2013). "Day of week of procedure and 30 day mortality for elective surgery: retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics". BMJ. 346: f2424. doi:10.1136/bmj.f2424. PMC 3665889  . PMID 23716356.
Jump up ^ Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A, Andrews RM (February 2014). "Characteristics of Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2011." HCUP Statistical Brief #170. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Jump up ^ Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A (March 2014). "Trends in Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2001—2011." HCUP Statistical Brief #171. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Jump up ^ Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Steiner CA (July 2014). "Trends and Projections in Inpatient Hospital Costs and Utilization, 2003–2013". HCUP Statistical Brief #175. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A (October 2014). "Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012". HCUP Statistical Brief #181. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
^ Jump up to: a b Makary MA, Segev DL, Pronovost PJ, et al. (June 2010). "Frailty as a predictor of surgical in older patients". J. Am. Coll. Surg. 210 (6): 901–8. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.028. PMID 20510798. Lay summary (28 December 2010).
Jump up ^ Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, Alkire BC, Alonso N (2015). "Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development". Lancet. 386 (9993): 569–624. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60160-X. PMID 25924834.
Jump up ^ GlobalSurg Collaborative (2016). "Mortality of emergency abdominal surgery in high-, middle- and low-income countries". British Journal of Surgery. 103 (8): 971–988. doi:10.1002/bjs.10151. PMID 27145169.
Jump up ^ GlobalSurg Collaborative (2016). "Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries". BMJ Global Health. 1 (4): e000091. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000091. PMC 5321375  . PMID 28588977.
Jump up ^ Marks S. Normative Expansion of the Right to Health and the Proliferation of Human Rights. George Washington International Law Review. 2016:101-44
Jump up ^ UN General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights- United Nations Treaty Series. In: Nations U, editor. 1966
^ Jump up to: a b c d UN Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12) 2000
Jump up ^ UN General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights- United Nations Treaty Series. In: Nations U, editor. 1966.
Jump up ^ 2. UN General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights- United Nations Treaty Series. In: Nations U, editor. 1966.
^ Jump up to: a b UN Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12) 2000.
Jump up ^ McQueen KA, Ozgediz D, Riviello R, Hsia RY, Jayaraman S, Sullivan SR, et al. Essential surgery: Integral to the right to health. Health and human rights. 2010 Jun 15;12(1):137-52. PubMed PMID 20930260. Epub 2010/10/12. eng
Jump up ^ World Health Organization. Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care 2017 [cited 2017 October 23rd]. Available from: http://www.who.int/surgery/globalinitiative/en/
Jump up ^ Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, Alkire BC, Alonso N, Ameh EA, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. International journal of obstetric anesthesia. 2015 April;25:75-8. PubMed PMID 26597405. Epub 2015/11/26. eng
Jump up ^ Debas HT, Donker P, Gawande A, Jamison DT, Kruk ME, Mock CN, editors. Essential Surgery. Disease Control Priorities. 3rd ed. Washington, DC, USA: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank Group; 2015
Jump up ^ Price R, Makasa E, Hollands M. World Health Assembly Resolution WHA68.15: "Strengthening Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and Anesthesia as a Component of Universal Health Coverage"-Addressing the Public Health Gaps Arising from Lack of Safe, Affordable and Accessible Surgical and Anesthetic Services. World J Surg. 2015 Sep;39(9):2115-25. PubMed PMID 26239773. Epub 2015/08/05. eng
Jump up ^ Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, Alkire BC, Alonso N, Ameh EA, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. International journal of obstetric anesthesia. 2015 April;25:75-8. PubMed PMID 26597405. Epub 2015/11/26. eng.
Jump up ^ Capasso, Luigi (2002). Principi di storia della patologia umana: corso di storia della medicina per gli studenti della Facoltà di medicina e chirurgia e della Facoltà di scienze infermieristiche (in Italian). Rome: SEU. ISBN 88-87753-65-2. OCLC 50485765.
Jump up ^ Shiffman, Melvin. Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-642-21837-8.
Jump up ^ Sullivan R (1996). "The Identity and Work of the Ancient Egyptian Surgeon". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 89 (8): 469.
Jump up ^ James P. Allen, The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005) 72.
Jump up ^ "Stone age man used dentist drill". BBC News. 6 April 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit Dictionary (1899)
Jump up ^ Singh, P.B.; Pravin S. Rana (2002). Banaras Region: A Spiritual and Cultural Guide. Varanasi: Indica Books. p. 31. ISBN 81-86569-24-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Kutumbian, pages XXXII–XXXIII
Jump up ^ Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit Dictionary, s.v. "suśruta"
Jump up ^ History of plastic surgery in India. Rana RE, Arora BS, – J Postgrad Med
Jump up ^ Hong, Francis (2004). "History of Medicine in China" (PDF). McGill Journal of Medicine. 8 (1): 7984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Risse, G.B. Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals. Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 56 [2]
Jump up ^ Sven Med Tidskr. (2007). "From barber to surgeon- the process of professionalization". Svensk medicinhistorisk tidskrift. 11 (1): 69–87. PMID 18548946.
Jump up ^ Levine JM (March 1992). "Historical notes on pressure ulcers: the cure of Ambrose Paré". Decubitus. 5 (2): 23–4, 26. PMID 1558689.
Jump up ^ Moore, Wendy (2005). The Knife Man: The Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9780767916523. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
Jump up ^ "John Hunter: "the father of scientific surgery": Resources from the collection of the P.I. Nixon Library". Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
Jump up ^ "John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery'". Retrieved 2012-12-17.
Jump up ^ Gordon, H. Laing (November 2002). Sir James Young Simpson and Chloroform (1811–1870). The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-4102-0291-8. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Victor (2005-06). The Story of Medicine. Kessinger Publishing. p. 420. ISBN 9781419154317. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ The Lancet, "On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess, etc.: with observation on the conditions of suppuration".
Five articles running from:
Volume 89, Issue 2272, 16 March 1867, pages 326–329 (Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 2272)
to:
Volume 90, Issue 2291, 27 July 1867, pages 95–96 Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 2291
Jump up ^ Lister J (21 September 1867). "On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery". The British Medical Journal. 2 (351): 245–260. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.351.246. PMC 2310614  . PMID 20744875. . Reprinted in Lister, BJ (2010). "The classic: On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery. 1867". Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 468 (8): 2012–6. doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1320-x. PMC 2895849  . PMID 20361283.
Jump up ^ Lister, Joseph. "Modern History Sourcebook: Joseph Lister (1827–1912): Antiseptic Principle Of The Practice Of Surgery, 1867". Fordham University. Retrieved 2 September 2011. Modernized version of text
Jump up ^ Lister, Joseph. "On the Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery by Baron Joseph Lister". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2 September 2011. E-text, audio at Project Gutenberg.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutSurgeryat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
[show]
v
t
e
Medicine
Outline
History
Specialties
and
subspecialties
Surgery
Cardiac surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery
Colorectal surgery
Eye surgery
General surgery
Neurosurgery
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Orthopedic surgery
Hand surgery
Otolaryngology (ENT)
Pediatric surgery
Plastic surgery
Reproductive surgery
Surgical oncology
Thoracic surgery
Transplant surgery
Trauma surgery
Urology
Andrology
Vascular surgery
Internal medicine
Allergy / Immunology
Angiology
Cardiology
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Hepatology
Geriatrics
Hematology
Hospital medicine
Infectious disease
Nephrology
Oncology
Pulmonology
Rheumatology
Obstetrics and gynaecology
Gynaecology
Gynecologic oncology
Maternal–fetal medicine
Obstetrics
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
Urogynecology
Diagnostic
Radiology
Interventional radiology
Nuclear medicine
Pathology
Anatomical pathology
Clinical pathology
Clinical chemistry
Clinical immunology
Cytopathology
Medical microbiology
Transfusion medicine
Other specialties
Addiction medicine
Adolescent medicine
Anesthesiology
Dermatology
Disaster medicine
Diving medicine
Emergency medicine
Mass-gathering medicine
Family medicine
General practice
Hospital medicine
Intensive-care medicine
Medical genetics
Neurology
Clinical neurophysiology
Occupational medicine
Ophthalmology
Oral medicine
Pain management
Palliative care
Pediatrics
Neonatology
Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R)
Preventive medicine
Psychiatry
Public health
Radiation oncology
Reproductive medicine
Sexual medicine
Sleep medicine
Sports medicine
Transplantation medicine
Tropical medicine
Travel medicine
Venereology
Medical education
Medical school
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
Bachelor of Medical Sciences
Master of Medicine
Master of Surgery
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
MD–PhD
Related topics
Allied health
Dentistry
Podiatry
Physiotherapy
Nanomedicine
Molecular oncology
Personalized medicine
Veterinary medicine
Physician
Chief physician
History of medicine
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Neurosurgical and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 01–05+89.1, ICD-10-PCS 00–01)
Skull
Craniotomy
Decompressive craniectomy
Cranioplasty
CNS
Brain
thalamus and globus pallidus:
Thalamotomy
Thalamic stimulator
Pallidotomy
ventricular system:
Ventriculostomy
Suboccipital puncture
Intracranial pressure monitoring
cerebrum:
Psychosurgery
Lobotomy
Bilateral cingulotomy
Hemispherectomy
Anterior temporal lobectomy
pituitary gland:
Hypophysectomy
hippocampus:
Amygdalohippocampectomy
Brain biopsy
Cerebral meninges
Meningeal biopsy
Spinal cord and spinal canal
Spinal cord and roots
Cordotomy
Rhizotomy
Vertebrae and intervertebral discs: see Template:Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures
Medical imaging
Computed tomography of the head
Cerebral angiography
Pneumoencephalography
Echoencephalography/Transcranial Doppler
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain
Brain PET
Myelography
Diagnostic
Electroencephalography
Lumbar puncture
Polysomnography
CPRs
Glasgow Coma Scale
Mini–mental state examination
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
CHADS2 score
PNS
Cranial and peripheral nerves
Nerve block
Vagotomy
Sympathetic nerves or ganglia
Ganglionectomy
Sympathectomy
Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
Nerves (general)
Axotomy
Neurectomy
Nerve biopsy
Diagnostic
Nerve conduction study
Electromyography
Medical imaging
Magnetic resonance neurography
[show]
v
t
e
Surgery involving the endocrine system (ICD-9-CM V3 06–07, ICD-10-PCS 0G)
Pancreas
Islet cell transplantation
see also digestive system procedures
Pituitary
Hypophysectomy
Transsphenoidal surgery
Combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel
Thyroid
Thyroidectomy
Parathyroidectomy
Tests
Radioactive iodine uptake test
Sestamibi parathyroid scan
TRH stimulation test
Adrenal gland
Adrenalectomy
Tests
Dexamethasone suppression test
ACTH stimulation test
Captopril suppression test
Fluid deprivation test
Pineal gland
Pinealectomy
[show]
v
t
e
Eye surgery and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 08–16+95.0–95.2, ICD-10-PCS 08)
Adnexa
Eyelids
Blepharoplasty
East Asian blepharoplasty
Epicanthoplasty
Tarsorrhaphy
Lacrimal system
Dacryocystorhinostomy
Punctoplasty
Globe
Cornea
Radial keratotomy
LASIK
Keratomileusis
Epikeratophakia
Corneal transplantation
Photorefractive keratectomy
Intrastromal corneal ring segment
Corneal collagen cross-linking
Iris, ciliary body,
sclera, and anterior chamber
Glaucoma surgery: Trabeculectomy
Iridectomy
Lens
Phacoemulsification
Cataract surgery
Capsulorhexis
Retina, choroid,
vitreous, and posterior chamber
Vitrectomy
Orbit and eyeball
Enucleation of the eye
Extraocular muscles
Harada–Ito procedure
Strabismus surgery
Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
Medical imaging
Fluorescein angiography
Fundus photography
Corneal topography
Optical coherence tomography
Electrodiagnosis: Electrooculography
Electroretinography
Electronystagmography
Eye examination
Gonioscopy
Dilated fundus examination
Ocular tonometry
Ophthalmoscopy
Retinoscopy
Color perception test
Visual field test/Perimetry
Radiotherapy
Plaque radiotherapy
[show]
v
t
e
Operations, surgery and other procedures on the ear (ICD-9-CM V3 18–20+95.4, ICD-10-PCS 09)
Outer ear
Otoplasty
Middle ear
Myringotomy
Stapedectomy
Tympanoplasty
Tympanocentesis
Myringoplasty
Inner ear
Mastoidectomy
Epley maneuver
Diagnosis
Caloric reflex test
ABR
Electronystagmography
[show]
v
t
e
Procedures relating to the mouth and pharynx (ICD-9-CM V3 25–29, ICD-10-PCS 09)
Mouth
lip:
Labial frenectomy
Lip lift
Lip augmentation
Cheiloplasty
tongue:
Lingual frenectomy
Genioglossus advancement
Glossectomy
teeth:
see Template:Endodontology
gingiva:
see Template:Periodontology
Stomatoplasty
Oropharynx
palate:
Palatoplasty
Pharyngeal flap surgery
tonsil:
Tonsillectomy
Adenoidectomy
uvula:
Uvulotomy
Uvulopalatoplasty
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
[show]
v
t
e
Tests, surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system (ICD-9-CM V3 21–22, 30–34, ICD-10-PCS 0B)
Upper RT
nose
Rhinoplasty
Septoplasty
Alarplasty
Rhinectomy
Rhinomanometry
Acoustic rhinometry
sinus
Sinusotomy
larynx
Laryngoscopy
Laryngectomy
Laryngotomy
Thyrotomy
Laryngotracheal reconstruction
Lower RT
trachea
Cricothyrotomy
Tracheoesophageal puncture
Tracheotomy
bronchus
Bronchoscopy
lung
Pneumonectomy
Lobectomy
Wedge resection
Lung transplantation
Decortication of lung
Heart–lung transplant
Chest wall, pleura,
mediastinum,
and diaphragm
pleura/pleural cavity
Thoracentesis
Pleurodesis
Thoracoscopy
Thoracotomy
Chest tube
mediastinum
Mediastinoscopy
Nuss procedure
Medical imaging
Bronchography
CT pulmonary angiogram
High-resolution computed tomography
Spiral CT
Ventilation/perfusion scan
CPRs
Pneumonia severity index
CURB-65
Lung function test
Body plethysmography
Spirometry
Bronchial challenge test
Capnography
Diffusion capacity
Cytology
Sputum culture
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Respiratory therapy/
intubation
Artificial respiration
CPR
Hyperbaric medicine
Decompression chamber
Heliox
Mechanical ventilation
Nebulizer
Negative pressure ventilator
Oxygen therapy
Positive pressure ventilation
Postural drainage
Surgical airway management
[show]
v
t
e
Surgery and other procedures involving the heart (ICD-9-CM V3 35–37+89.4+99.6, ICD-10-PCS 02)
Surgery and IC
Heart valves
and septa
Valve repair
Valvulotomy
Mitral valve repair
Valvuloplasty
aortic
mitral
Valve replacement
Aortic valve repair
Aortic valve replacement
Ross procedure
Percutaneous aortic valve replacement
Mitral valve replacement
production of septal defect in heart
enlargement of existing septal defect
Atrial septostomy
Balloon septostomy
creation of septal defect in heart
Blalock–Hanlon procedure
shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
atrium to pulmonary artery
Fontan procedure
left ventricle to aorta
Rastelli procedure
right ventricle to pulmonary artery
Sano shunt
compound procedures
for transposition of great vessels
Jatene procedure
Mustard procedure
for univentricular defect
Norwood procedure
Kawashima procedure
shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
systemic circulation to pulmonary artery shunt
Blalock–Taussig shunt
SVC to the right PA
Glenn procedure
Cardiac vessels
CHD
Angioplasty
Bypass/Coronary artery bypass
MIDCAB
Off-pump CAB
TECAB
Coronary stent
Bare-metal stent
Drug-eluting stent
Bentall procedure
Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
Other
Pericardium
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardial window
Pericardiectomy
Myocardium
Cardiomyoplasty
Dor procedure
Septal myectomy
Ventricular reduction
Alcohol septal ablation
Conduction system
Maze procedure
Cox maze and minimaze
Catheter ablation
Cryoablation
Radiofrequency ablation
Pacemaker insertion
Left atrial appendage occlusion
Cardiotomy
Heart transplantation
Diagnostic
tests and
procedures
Electrophysiology
Electrocardiography
Vectorcardiography
Holter monitor
Implantable loop recorder
Cardiac stress test
Bruce protocol
Electrophysiology study
Cardiac imaging
Angiocardiography
Echocardiography
TTE
TEE
Myocardial perfusion imaging
Cardiovascular MRI
Ventriculography
Radionuclide ventriculography
Cardiac catheterization/Coronary catheterization
Cardiac CT
Cardiac PET
sound
Phonocardiogram
Function tests
Impedance cardiography
Ballistocardiography
Cardiotocography
Pacing
Cardioversion
Transcutaneous pacing
[show]
v
t
e
Vascular surgery ICD-9-CM V3 38–39, ICD-10-PCS 03–6
Vascular and
Endovascular surgery
Arterial disease
Vascular bypass
Angioplasty
Atherectomy
Endarterectomy
Carotid endarterectomy
Stenting
Carotid stenting
Venous disease
Ambulatory phlebectomy
Laser surgery
Sclerotherapy
Vein stripping
Arterial and venous access
Venous cutdown
Arteriotomy
Phlebotomy
Aortic aneurysm / dissection:
Endovascular aneurysm repair
Open aortic surgery
Other
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Cardioplegia
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Vascular access
Revascularization
First rib resection
Seldinger technique
Vascular snare
Medical imaging
Angiography
Digital subtraction angiography
Cerebral angiography
Aortography
Fluorescein angiography
Radionuclide angiography
Magnetic resonance angiography
Venography
Portography
Impedance phlebography
Ultrasound
Intravascular ultrasound
Carotid ultrasonography
Other diagnostic
Angioscopy
Ankle brachial pressure index
Toe pressure
Tilt table test
[show]
v
t
e
Operations/surgeries and other procedures of the blood and lymphatic system (ICD-9-CM V3 40–41, ICD-10-PCS 07)
Bone marrow
Stem cell transplantation/Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Thymus
Thymectomy
Thymus transplantation
Spleen
Splenectomy
Spleen transplantation
Lymph nodes
Lymphadenectomy
Neck dissection
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
Lymph node biopsy
Tonsils
see Template:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx
Imaging
Lymphogram
[show]
v
t
e
Surgical procedures involving the digestive system (ICD-9-CM V3 42–54, ICD-10-PCS 0D)
Digestive tract
Upper GI tract
SGs / Esophagus
Esophagectomy
Heller myotomy
Sialography
Impedance–pH monitoring
Esophageal pH monitoring
Esophageal motility study
Stomach
Bariatric surgery
Adjustable gastric band
Gastric bypass surgery
Sleeve gastrectomy
Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
Collis gastroplasty
Gastrectomy
Billroth I
Billroth II
Roux-en-Y
Gastroenterostomy
Gastropexy
Gastrostomy
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Hill repair
Nissen fundoplication
Pyloromyotomy
Medical imaging
Endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Barium swallow
Upper gastrointestinal series
Lower GI tract
Small bowel
Bariatric surgery
Duodenal switch
Jejunoileal bypass
Bowel resection
Ileostomy
Intestine transplantation
Jejunostomy
Partial ileal bypass surgery
Strictureplasty
Large bowel
Appendicectomy
Colectomy
Colonic polypectomy
Colostomy
Hartmann's operation
Rectum
Abdominoperineal resection / Miles operation
Lower anterior resection
Total mesorectal excision
Anal canal
Anal sphincterotomy
Anorectal manometry
Lateral internal sphincterotomy
Rubber band ligation
Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
Medical imaging
Endoscopy: Colonoscopy
Anoscopy
Capsule endoscopy
Enteroscopy
Proctoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
Abdominal ultrasonography
Defecography
Double-contrast barium enema
Endoanal ultrasound
Enteroclysis
Lower gastrointestinal series
Small-bowel follow-through
Transrectal ultrasonography
Virtual colonoscopy
Stool tests
Fecal fat test
Fecal pH test
Stool guaiac test
Accessory
Liver
Artificial extracorporeal liver support
Bioartificial liver devices
Liver dialysis
Hepatectomy
Liver biopsy
Liver transplantation
Portal hypertension
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt [TIPS]
Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
Gallbladder, bile duct
Cholecystectomy
Cholecystostomy
ERCP
Hepatoportoenterostomy
Medical imaging: Cholangiography
IV
MRCP
PTC
Cholecystography
Cholescintigraphy
Pancreas
Frey's procedure
Pancreas transplantation
Pancreatectomy
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Puestow procedure
Abdominopelvic
Peritoneum
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
Intraperitoneal injection
Laparoscopy
Omentopexy
Paracentesis
Peritoneal dialysis
Hernia
Hernia repair: Inguinal hernia surgery
Femoral hernia repair
Other
Laparotomy
Exploratory laparotomy
Rapid urease test / Urea breath test
CPRs
MELD
PELD
UKELD
Child–Pugh score
Ranson criteria
Milan criteria
[show]
v
t
e
Urologic surgical and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 55–59+89.2, ICD-10-PCS 0T)
Kidney
Nephrostomy (Percutaneous nephrostomy)
Nephrotomy
Endoscopy
Nephroscopy
Renal biopsy
Nephrectomy
Kidney transplantation
Nephropexy
Ureter
Ureterostomy
Urinary diversion
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Ureterolysis
Ureteroscopy
Urinary bladder
Cystectomy
Suprapubic cystostomy
Cystoscopy
Urethra
Urethropexy
Urethrotomy
Urethral sounding
Urethroplasty
Urethral bulking injections
Cystourethrography
General
Medical imaging:
Pyelogram (Intravenous pyelogram, Retrograde pyelogram)
Kidneys, ureters, and bladder x-ray
Radioisotope renography
Cystography
Retrograde urethrogram
Voiding cystourethrogram
Urodynamic testing
Cystometry
other:
Urinary catheterization
Dialysis
Lithotripsy:
Laser lithotripsy
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
[show]
v
t
e
Female genital surgical and other procedures (gynecological surgery) (ICD-9-CM V3 65–71, ICD-10-PCS 0U)
Adnexa
Ovaries
Oophorectomy
Salpingoophorectomy
Fallopian tubes
Falloposcopy
Salpingectomy
Tubal ligation
Essure
Tubal reversal
Uterus
general:
Genitoplasty
Hysterectomy
Hysterotomy
Pelvic exenteration
Uterine artery embolization
Transplantation
uterine cavity:
Hysteroscopy
Vacuum aspiration
endometrium:
Endometrial biopsy
Endometrial ablation
myometrium:
Uterine myomectomy
cervix:
Colposcopy
Cervical conization
LEEP
Cervical cerclage
Cervical screening (pap test)
Cervicectomy
Pessary insertion
Vagina
Vaginectomy
Culdoscopy
Culdocentesis
Episiotomy
Husband stitch
Hymenotomy
Colpocleisis
Hymenorrhaphy
Vaginal wet mount
Vaginal transplantation
Vulva
Vulvectomy
Female genital mutilation
Labiaplasty
Clitoral hood reduction
Vestibulectomy
Medical imaging
Gynecologic ultrasonography
Hysterosalpingography
[show]
v
t
e
Obstetrical surgery and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 72–75, ICD-10-PCS 1)
Diagnostic
Pregnancy test
Leopold's maneuvers
Cardiotocography
Fetoscopy
Fetal scalp blood testing
Fetal scalp stimulation test
Sampling
Fetal tissue
Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis
Blood
Triple test
Quad test
Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
Apt test
Kleihauer–Betke test
Lung maturity
Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio
Lamellar body count
Fetal fibronectin test
Obstetric ultrasonography:
Nuchal scan
Anomaly scan
Prenatal testing:
Fetal movement counting
Contraction stress test
Nonstress test
Vibroacoustic stimulation
Biophysical profile
Amniotic fluid index
Intervention
Fetal surgery
Fetendo
Podalic version
External cephalic version
Amnioinfusion
Delivery
Vaginal delivery
Induction
Artificial rupture of membranes
Episiotomy
Symphysiotomy
Forceps in childbirth
Ventouse in childbirth
Odon device
Dystocia management
McRoberts maneuver
Woods' screw maneuver
Zavanelli maneuver
Third stage of labor
Manual placenta removal
Caesarean section
Elective
On maternal request
EXIT procedure
Resuscitative hysterotomy
Postpartum hemorrhage
Hysterectomy
B-Lynch suture
Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
[show]
v
t
e
Orthopedic surgery, operations/surgeries and other procedures on bones and joints (ICD-9-CM V3 76–81, ICD-10-PCS 0P–S)
Bones
Facial
Jaw reduction
Dentofacial osteotomy
Genioplasty/Mentoplasty
Chin augmentation
Orthognathic surgery
Spine
Coccygectomy
Laminotomy
Laminectomy
Laminoplasty
Corpectomy
Facetectomy
Foraminotomy
Vertebral fixation
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
Upper extremity
Acromioplasty
Lower extremity
Femoral head ostectomy
Astragalectomy
Distraction osteogenesis
Ilizarov apparatus
General
Ostectomy
Bone grafting
Osteotomy
Epiphysiodesis
Reduction
Internal fixation
External fixation
Tension band wiring
Cartilage
Articular cartilage repair
Microfracture surgery
Knee cartilage replacement therapy
Autologous chondrocyte implantation
Joints
Spine
Arthrodesis
Spinal fusion
Intervertebral discs
Discectomy
Annuloplasty
Arthroplasty
Upper extremity
Shoulder surgery
Shoulder replacement
Bankart repair
Weaver–Dunn procedure
Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
Hand surgery
Brunelli procedure
Lower extremity
Hip resurfacing
Hip replacement
Rotationplasty
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Knee replacement/Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
Ankle replacement
Broström procedure
Triple arthrodesis
General
Arthrotomy
Arthroplasty
Synovectomy
Arthroscopy
Replacement joint
imaging: Arthrogram
Arthrocentesis
[show]
v
t
e
Orthopedic surgery, operations/surgeries and other procedures on muscle/soft tissue (ICD-9-CM V3 82–84, ICD-10-PCS 0K–L)
Muscle, tendon,
fascia, and bursa
muscle:
Myotomy
Heller myotomy
Muscle biopsy
tendon:
Tenotomy
Tendon transfer
fascia:
Fasciotomy
bursa:
Bursectomy
Other
Amputation
Hemipelvectomy
Hemicorporectomy
Replantation
[show]
v
t
e
Operations/surgeries and other procedures of the breast (ICD-9-CM V3 85, ICD-10-PCS 0H)
Breast surgery
Breast-conserving surgery
Lumpectomy
Mastectomy
Radical mastectomy
Mammoplasty
Breast implant
Breast reduction plasty
SPAIR
Mastopexy
Breast reconstruction
Breast biopsy
Fine-needle aspiration
Interventions on the Lactiferous ducts
Ductal lavage
Ductoscopy
Microdochectomy
Central duct excision
Breast imaging
Mammography
Positron emission mammography
Tomosynthesis
Xeromammography
Galactography
Breast MRI
Breast ultrasound
Automated whole-breast ultrasound
Scintimammography
Tactile imaging
Other
Breast cancer screening
Breast self-examination
[show]
v
t
e
Operations/surgeries and other procedures of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (ICD-9-CM V3 86, ICD-10-PCS 0H)
Skin
Escharotomy
Suture
Skin grafting
Mohs surgery
Free flap
Rotation flap
TRAM flap
Electrodesiccation and curettage
Cryosurgery
Skin biopsy
Excision
Rhytidectomy
Liposuction
Z-plasty
Medical imaging
Wood's lamp
Hair
Hair transplantation
Authority control
LCCN: sh85130766
GND: 4009987-8
NDL: 00562311
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surgery&oldid=836787981"
Categories:
Surgery
Hidden categories:
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
CS1 errors: dates
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Articles needing additional references from June 2016
All articles needing additional references
Use dmy dates from December 2010
Articles containing Greek-language text
Articles containing Latin-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Олык марий
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
पालि
پښتو
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
संस्कृतम्
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
डोटेली
Kabɩyɛ
86 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 21:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Surgery_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Surgery (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
/wiki/Surgical_nurse
mw-redirect
Surgical nurse

values:
/wiki/Surgical_instruments
mw-redirect
Surgical instruments

values:
/wiki/Semi-elective_surgery
mw-redirect
Semi-elective surgery

values:
/wiki/Cosmetic_surgery#Cosmetic_surgery
mw-redirect
Cosmetic surgery

values:
/wiki/Organ_transplant
mw-redirect
Organ transplant

values:
/wiki/Minimally-invasive_procedures
mw-redirect
Minimally-invasive procedures

values:
/wiki/Laparoscopic_surgery
mw-redirect
Laparoscopic surgery

values:
/wiki/Open_surgery
mw-redirect
Open surgery

values:
/wiki/Robotic_surgery
mw-redirect
Robotic surgery

values: Edit section: Description of surgical procedure

values:
/wiki/Aseptic_technique
mw-redirect
Aseptic technique

values:
/wiki/Medical_examination
mw-redirect
Medical examination

values: ASA physical status classification system

values:
/wiki/Digestive_system
mw-redirect
Digestive system

values:
/wiki/Professional_organizations
mw-redirect
Professional organizations

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Chlorhexidine_gluconate
mw-redirect
Chlorhexidine gluconate

values:
/wiki/Surgical_Positions
mw-redirect
Surgical Positions

values:
/wiki/General_anesthesia
mw-redirect
General anesthesia

values:
/wiki/Spinal_anesthesia
mw-redirect
Spinal anesthesia

values:
/wiki/Mechanical_ventilator
mw-redirect
Mechanical ventilator

values:
/wiki/Human_skull
mw-redirect
Human skull

values:
/wiki/Human_sternum
mw-redirect
Human sternum

values:
/wiki/Thoracic_surgery
mw-redirect
Thoracic surgery

values:
/wiki/Medical_grafting
mw-redirect
Medical grafting

values:
/wiki/Artificial_hip
mw-redirect
Artificial hip

values:
/wiki/Heart_pacemaker
mw-redirect
Heart pacemaker

values:
/wiki/Digestive_tract
mw-redirect
Digestive tract

values:
/wiki/Post_anesthesia_care_unit
mw-redirect
Post anesthesia care unit

values:
/wiki/Anti-rejection_medication
mw-redirect
Anti-rejection medication

values:
/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance
mw-redirect
Antibiotic resistance

values: Edit section: In low- and middle-income countries

values: Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care

values: Disease Control Priorities (page does not exist)

values: Universal Health Coverage (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Human_mandible
mw-redirect
Human mandible

values:
/wiki/Tooth_abscess
mw-redirect
Tooth abscess

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley Civilization

values:
/wiki/Shang_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Shang Dynasty

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Halsteads_principles
mw-redirect
Halsteads principles

values:
/wiki/Venereal_disease
mw-redirect
Venereal disease

values:
/wiki/Percival_Pott
mw-redirect
Percival Pott

values:
/wiki/Astley_Paston_Cooper
mw-redirect
Astley Paston Cooper

values:
/wiki/Ankle_joint
mw-redirect
Ankle joint

values:
/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)
mw-redirect
John Snow (physician)

values:
/wiki/Hungarian_people
mw-redirect
Hungarian people

values:
/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister
mw-redirect
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister

values:
/wiki/Miasma_theory_of_disease
mw-redirect
Miasma theory of disease

values:
/wiki/Fermentation_(food)
mw-redirect
Fermentation (food)

values:
/wiki/Carbolic_acid
mw-redirect
Carbolic acid

values: Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery

values:
/wiki/Orthopaedic_surgery
mw-redirect
Orthopaedic surgery

values:
/wiki/Podiatric_surgery
mw-redirect
Podiatric surgery

values:
/wiki/Skin_surgery
mw-redirect
Skin surgery

values: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons

values: Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons

values: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

values: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Medical_coding
mw-redirect
Medical coding

values: International Classification of Diseases

values:
/wiki/Jet_ventilation
mw-redirect
Jet ventilation

values:
/wiki/Surgical_Sieve
mw-redirect
Surgical Sieve

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-3

values: -moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;

values:
/wiki/ABIM_Foundation
mw-redirect
ABIM Foundation

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11869746

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03009471

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8269561

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9483155

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8004892

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fageing%2F14.1.11

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4003172

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419323

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21081771

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390604

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fqshc.7.1.5

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10178152

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18674453

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.f2424

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23716356

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20510798

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25924834

values:
nofollow
external text
https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10151

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fbjs.10151

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27145169

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2016-000091

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28588977

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930260

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26597405

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26239773

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50485765

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18548946

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558689

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.351.246

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20744875

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11999-010-1320-x

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361283

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23968

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
font-weight:bold; text-align:left;

values: Reproductive endocrinology and infertility

values:
/wiki/Clinical_immunology
mw-redirect
Clinical immunology

values:
/wiki/Mass-gathering_medicine
mw-redirect
Mass-gathering medicine

values:
/wiki/Intensive-care_medicine
mw-redirect
Intensive-care medicine

values:
/wiki/Preventive_medicine
mw-redirect
Preventive medicine

values:
/wiki/Radiation_oncology
mw-redirect
Radiation oncology

values:
/wiki/Transplantation_medicine
mw-redirect
Transplantation medicine

values: Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery

values:
/wiki/Allied_health
mw-redirect
Allied health

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures

values: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

values:
/wiki/CHADS2_score
mw-redirect
CHADS2 score

values:
/wiki/Cranial_nerve
mw-redirect
Cranial nerve

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Endocrine system procedures

values: Combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel

values:
/wiki/Lacrimal_system
mw-redirect
Lacrimal system

values:
/wiki/Anterior_chamber
mw-redirect
Anterior chamber

values:
/wiki/Vitreous_humour
mw-redirect
Vitreous humour

values:
/wiki/Posterior_chamber
mw-redirect
Posterior chamber

values:
/wiki/Color_perception_test
mw-redirect
Color perception test

values: Template:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx

values: Template talk:Procedures on the mouth and pharynx

values: Template talk:Respiratory system procedures

values:
/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract
mw-redirect
Upper respiratory tract

values:
/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract
mw-redirect
Lower respiratory tract

values:
/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea
mw-redirect
Vertebrate trachea

values:
/wiki/Decortication_of_lung
mw-redirect
Decortication of lung

values:
/wiki/Spiral_computed_tomography
mw-redirect
Spiral computed tomography

values:
/wiki/Lung_function_test
mw-redirect
Lung function test

values:
/wiki/Body_plethysmography
mw-redirect
Body plethysmography

values:
/wiki/Diffusion_capacity
mw-redirect
Diffusion capacity

values:
/wiki/Respiratory_therapy
mw-redirect
Respiratory therapy

values:
/wiki/Artificial_respiration
mw-redirect
Artificial respiration

values:
/wiki/Decompression_chamber
mw-redirect
Decompression chamber

values:
/wiki/Negative_pressure_ventilator
mw-redirect
Negative pressure ventilator

values:
/wiki/Positive_pressure_ventilation
mw-redirect
Positive pressure ventilation

values:
/wiki/Human_heart
mw-redirect
Human heart

values:
/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplasty
mw-redirect
Mitral valvuloplasty

values:
/wiki/Left_ventricle
mw-redirect
Left ventricle

values:
/wiki/Right_ventricle
mw-redirect
Right ventricle

values:
/wiki/Transposition_of_great_vessels
mw-redirect
Transposition of great vessels

values:
/wiki/Systemic_circulation
mw-redirect
Systemic circulation

values:
/wiki/Coronary_disease
mw-redirect
Coronary disease

values: Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery

values: Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery

values: Electrical conduction system of the heart

values: Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures

values:
/wiki/Ankle_brachial_pressure_index
mw-redirect
Ankle brachial pressure index

values: Template talk:Lymphatic organ procedures

values:
/wiki/Stem_cell_transplantation
mw-redirect
Stem cell transplantation

values: Template talk:Digestive system procedures

values:
/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract
mw-redirect
Human gastrointestinal tract

values:
/wiki/Barium_swallow
mw-redirect
Barium swallow

values:
/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Colon (anatomy)

values:
/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through
mw-redirect
Small-bowel follow-through

values:
/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland
mw-redirect
Accessory digestive gland

values: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

values:
/wiki/Femoral_hernia_repair
mw-redirect
Femoral hernia repair

values: United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Voiding_cystourethrogram
mw-redirect
Voiding cystourethrogram

values:
/wiki/Adnexa_of_uterus
mw-redirect
Adnexa of uterus

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: transparent;

values:
/wiki/The_husband_stitch
mw-redirect
The husband stitch

values: Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling

values:
/wiki/Fetal_intervention
mw-redirect
Fetal intervention

values:
/wiki/Postpartum_hemorrhage
mw-redirect
Postpartum hemorrhage

values: Template talk:Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures

values:
/wiki/Dentofacial_osteotomy
mw-redirect
Dentofacial osteotomy

values:
/wiki/Human_vertebral_column
mw-redirect
Human vertebral column

values: Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction

values: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

values: Template:Muscle and soft tissue procedures

values: Template talk:Muscle and soft tissue procedures

values:
/wiki/Breast_reduction_plasty
mw-redirect
Breast reduction plasty

values:
/wiki/Tactile_imaging
mw-redirect
Tactile imaging

values: Template:Skin and subcutaneous tissue procedures

values: Template talk:Skin and subcutaneous tissue procedures

values:
/wiki/Wood%27s_lamp
mw-redirect
Wood's lamp

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009987-8

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2010

values: Category:Articles containing Greek-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

values: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Surgery
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Surgery&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: جراحة – Arabic

values: ܥܨܒܘܬܐ – Aramaic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: অস্ত্রোপচার – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Хірургія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Хирургия – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirurgija
Hirurgija – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia
Cirurgia – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie
Chirurgie – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi
Kirurgi – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie
Chirurgie – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia
Kirurgia – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Χειρουργική – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgio
Kirurgio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia
Kirurgia – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie
Chirurgie – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Վիրաբուժություն – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: शल्यचिकित्सा – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija
Kirurgija – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgio
Kirurgio – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedah
Bedah – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia
Chirurgia – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia
Chirurgia – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: כירורגיה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedhah
Bedhah – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ქირურგია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Хирургия – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upasuaji
Upasuaji – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Хирургиялык операция – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia
Chirurgia – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie
Chirurgie – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Хирургија – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: शल्यचिकित्सा – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: Мэс засал – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie
Chirurgie – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: शल्यक्रिया – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: शल्यचिकित्सा – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi
Kirurgi – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi
Kirurgi – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia
Cirurgia – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xirurgiya
Xirurgiya – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: शल्यचिकित्सा – Pali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pi
display: none;

values: جراحي – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia
Chirurgia – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia
Cirurgia – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie
Chirurgie – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Хирургия – Russian

values: शल्यचिकित्सा – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgjia
Kirurgjia – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: ශල්‍යවේදය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia
Chirurgia – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija
Kirurgija – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Хирургија – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija
Kirurgija – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia
Kirurgia – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi
Kirurgi – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: அறுவைச் சிகிச்சை – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: శస్త్ర చికిత్స – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ศัลยศาสตร์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrahi
Cerrahi – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Хірургія – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: جراحت – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siruhiya
Siruhiya – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: כירורגיע – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: शल्यचिकित्सा – Doteli

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Surgery rootpage-Surgery skin-vector action-view