text:
How Am I Supposed to Live Without You
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"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
Single by Laura Branigan
from the album Branigan 2
Released
July 1, 1983
Format
7"
Genre
Pop
Length
4:29
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Michael Bolton
Doug James
Producer(s)
Jack White
Laura Branigan singles chronology
"Solitaire"
(1983) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(1983) "Self Control"
(1984)
"Solitaire"
(1983) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(1983) "Self Control"
(1984)
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" is a song written in 1983 by Doug James and Michael Bolton. The ballad has been recorded by many artists around the world, in several languages, becoming something of a modern pop standard. Instrumental versions of the song have been recorded featuring variously the piano, guitar, saxophone, pan flute, steel drum, and music box.
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" was supposed to be recorded by the duo Air Supply. But when Arista President Clive Davis asked for permission to change the lyrics of the chorus, Bolton refused, and Davis released the song.[1] Subsequently Laura Branigan recorded it as written, and it became the first major hit for the two songwriters. The song was also performed by actress Lisa Hartman on the soap opera Knots Landing.[citation needed] Bolton's own rendition became a worldwide hit in early 1990.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Track listings
3 Charts
4 Michael Bolton version
4.1 Music video
4.2 Track listings
4.3 Charts
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
As the second single from Branigan's second album Branigan 2, "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at number twelve on the Hot 100 in early October 1983. Branigan's single also hit the number one spot on the Adult Contemporary chart in Canada. This success came without benefit of a music video. Branigan performed the song on the syndicated music countdown show Solid Gold in late 1983 and on the popular holiday special Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. Branigan 2 went out of print in 2004, but Branigan's original version can still be heard on the compilation albums The Best of Branigan (1995), The Essentials (2002) and The Platinum Collection (2006).
The single's B-side was a newly written song over the music to the Italian song "Mama", by Giancarlo Bigazzi and Umberto Tozzi. Branigan's first major hit had been with "Gloria", another English song written to an Italian hit by the duo.
Track listings[edit]
7" single[2]
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" 4:29
2. "Mama" 3:56
7" single – Promo[3]
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" (Short version) 3:57
2. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" 4:29
7" single (Canada)[4]
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" 4:29
2. "Don't Show Your Love" 3:30
Charts[edit]
Chart (1983)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart 46[citation needed]
Canadian Adult Contemporary 1[citation needed]
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12[citation needed]
U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 1[citation needed]
Preceded by
"All Time High" by Rita Coolidge Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary number-one single
September 3–24, 1983 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Tell Her About It" by Billy Joel
Michael Bolton version[edit]
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
Artwork for U.S. commercial cassette single
Single by Michael Bolton
from the album Soul Provider
B-side
"Forever Eyes"
Released
October 14, 1989 (U.S.)[5]
Format
7"
CD
Recorded
June 1988
Genre
Soft rock[6]
Length
4:48
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Michael Bolton
Doug James
Producer(s)
Michael Omartian
Michael Bolton singles chronology
"Soul Provider"
(1989) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(1989) "How Can We Be Lovers?"
(1990)
"Soul Provider"
(1989) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(1989) "How Can We Be Lovers?"
(1990)
Soul Provider track listing
"It's Only My Heart"
(3) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(4) "How Can We Be Lovers?"
(5)
In 1988, Michael Bolton recorded a version of the song for the album Soul Provider. The single reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts and also won him a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. The release marked a turning point in Bolton's career. After years of being primarily known as a songwriter,[7] the single got him recognition as a performer and made him a certified superstar.[8]
The single took off in October 1989,[9] slowly climbed the Hot 100 and by mid January became the first new number one single of the 1990s, following "Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins.
Music video[edit]
The beginning of the music video shows Bolton performing the selection whilst he is sitting in his living room, and small bits of story about his and his girlfriend's relationship are told through fade-outs. As he is about to leave the apartment, already having packed his suitcases, he thinks of her and the time they spent together and seemingly decides against the decision; he then cuddles with his girlfriend. It is revealed, the next night, that he plans to give her a bracelet, which he quickly hides as he reads a newspaper before she enters the room. She surprises him with breakfast and they cuddle again. Later on, the two have a fight about something and she storms out of the apartment, and Bolton visibly feels guilty.[10]
Track listings[edit]
7" single
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" (Edit) 4:14
2. "Forever Eyes" 4:23
CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" 4:48
2. "Forever Eyes" 4:23
3. "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" (7" version) 4:56
4. "That's What Love Is All About" (Live) 4:23
Charts[edit]
Chart (1989/1990)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart 2[citation needed]
Austrian Singles Chart 17[citation needed]
Belgian Singles Chart 1[citation needed]
Dutch Top 40 3[citation needed]
German Singles Chart 15[citation needed]
New Zealand Singles Chart 10[citation needed]
Swedish Singles Chart 9[citation needed]
UK Singles Chart 3[citation needed]
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 1[citation needed]
Year-end chart (1990)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[12] 12
Preceded by
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary number-one single
January 6–13, 1990 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Downtown Train" by Rod Stewart
Preceded by
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
January 20 – February 3, 1990 Succeeded by
"Opposites Attract" by Paula Abdul with The Wild Pair
Preceded by
"Nothing Compares 2 U" by Sinéad O'Connor Belgian Singles Chart number-one single
April 28 – May 11, 1990 Succeeded by
"Infinity" by Guru Josh
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1983 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1990 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1990
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley. The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits, Billboard Books, 1999, p. 277, 354.
Jump up ^ "Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl, Promo) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl, Canada) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine. Vol. 101; No. 41; October 14, 1989; p. 83
Jump up ^ "VH1’s 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs". Stereogum. SpinMedia. May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley. The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits, Billboard Books, 1999, p. 277, 354.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bolton biography". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 the week of October 28, 1989". Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bolton". MyVideo.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bolton – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Michael Bolton.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1990". Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
[show]
v
t
e
Laura Branigan singles
Branigan
"All Night With Me"
"Gloria"
Branigan 2
"Solitaire"
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
"Deep in the Dark"
Self Control
"Self Control"
"The Lucky One"
"Ti Amo"
"Satisfaction"
"With Every Beat of My Heart"
Hold Me
"Spanish Eddie"
"Hold Me"
"Maybe Tonight"
"I Found Someone"
Touch
"Shattered Glass"
"Power of Love"
"Cry Wolf"
"Spirit of Love"
Laura Branigan
"Moonlight on Water"
"Never in a Million Years"
"Turn the Beat Around"
Over My Heart
"Didn't We Almost Win It All"
"It's Been Hard Enough Getting Over You"
"How Can I Help You to Say Goodbye"
"Love Your Girl"
The Best of Branigan
"Dim All the Lights"
Other singles
"Memories"
"Fool's Affair"
"Looking Out for Number One"
"Tell Him"
"Come into My Life"
"Heart of Me"
"Tokio"
"I Believe"
Other songs
"Mama"
"Foolish Lullaby"
[show]
v
t
e
Michael Bolton
Studio albums
Michael Bolotin (1975)
Everyday of My Life (1976)
Michael Bolton (1983)
Everybody's Crazy (1985)
The Hunger (1987)
Soul Provider (1989)
Time, Love & Tenderness (1991)
Timeless: The Classics (1992)
The One Thing (1993)
This Is the Time: The Christmas Album (1996)
All That Matters (1997)
My Secret Passion (1998)
Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2 (1999)
Only a Woman Like You (2002)
Vintage (2003)
'Til the End of Forever (2005)
Bolton Swings Sinatra (2006)
One World One Love (2009)
Gems: The Duets Collection / Duette (2011)
Ain't No Mountain High Enough: A Tribute to Hitsville U.S.A. (2013)
Songs of Cinema (2017)
Cover albums
Timeless: The Classics (1992)
This Is The Time: The Christmas Album
My Secret Passion: The Arias
Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2
Vintage
Bolton Swings Sinatra
Compilation albums
The Artistry of Michael Bolotin (1993)
Greatest Hits (1985–1995) (1995)
'Til the End of Forever (2005)
Songs
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
"How Can We Be Lovers?"
"When I'm Back on My Feet Again"
"Love Is a Wonderful Thing"
"Time, Love and Tenderness"
"Missing You Now"
"Said I Loved You...But I Lied"
"I Found Someone"
"Go the Distance"
"Jack Sparrow"
"I'm Not Ready"
Related articles
Discography
Blackjack
Book
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Fax
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Fax (disambiguation).
A fax machine from the late 1990s
Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (the latter short for telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy.[1] Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines modulate the transmitted audio frequencies using a digital representation of the page which is compressed to quickly transmit areas which are all-white or all-black.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Wire transmission
1.2 Wireless transmission
1.3 Telephone transmission
1.4 Computer facsimile interface
2 Fax in the 21st century
3 Capabilities
3.1 Group
3.1.1 Analog
3.1.2 Digital
3.2 Class
3.3 Data transmission rate
3.4 Compression
3.4.1 Modified Huffman
3.4.2 Modified READ
3.4.3 Modified Modified READ
3.4.4 JBIG
3.4.5 Matsushita Whiteline Skip
3.5 Typical characteristics
3.6 Printing process
3.7 Stroke speed
3.8 Fax paper
4 Internet fax
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Wire transmission[edit]
Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received British patent 9745 on May 27, 1843 for his "Electric Printing Telegraph."[2] Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli. He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyon in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of the telephone.[3][4]
In 1880, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph, widespread in continental Europe especially, since a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908, used until the wider distribution of the radiofax. Its main competitors were the Bélinographe by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.
The 1888 invention of the telautograph by Elisha Gray marked a further development in fax technology, allowing users to send signatures over long distances, thus allowing the verification of identification or ownership over long distances.[5]
On May 19, 1924, scientists of the AT&T Corporation "by a new process of transmitting pictures by electricity" sent 15 photographs by telephone from Cleveland to New York City, such photos suitable for newspaper reproduction. Previously, photographs had been sent over the radio using this process.[6]
The Western Union "Deskfax" fax machine, announced in 1948, was a compact machine that fit comfortably on a desktop, using special spark printer paper.[7]
Wireless transmission[edit]
Main article: Radiofax
As a designer for the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), in 1924, Richard H. Ranger invented the wireless photoradiogram, or transoceanic radio facsimile, the forerunner of today’s "fax" machines. A photograph of President Calvin Coolidge sent from New York to London on November 29, 1924 became the first photo picture reproduced by transoceanic radio facsimile. Commercial use of Ranger’s product began two years later. Also in 1924, Herbert E. Ives of AT&T transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, a natural-color photograph of silent film star Rudolph Valentino in period costume, using red, green and blue color separations.[8]
Beginning in the late 1930s, the Finch Facsimile system was used to transmit a "radio newspaper" to private homes via commercial AM radio stations and ordinary radio receivers equipped with Finch's printer, which used thermal paper. Sensing a new and potentially golden opportunity, competitors soon entered the field, but the printer and special paper were expensive luxuries, AM radio transmission was very slow and vulnerable to static, and the newspaper was too small. After more than ten years of repeated attempts by Finch and others to establish such a service as a viable business, the public, apparently quite content with its cheaper and much more substantial home-delivered daily newspapers, and with conventional spoken radio bulletins to provide any "hot" news, still showed only a passing curiosity about the new medium.[9]
By the late 1940s, radiofax receivers were sufficiently miniaturized to be fitted beneath the dashboard of Western Union's "Telecar" telegram delivery vehicles.[7]
In the 1960s, the United States Army transmitted the first photograph via satellite facsimile to Puerto Rico from the Deal Test Site using the Courier satellite.
Radio fax is still in limited use today for transmitting weather charts and information to ships at sea.[citation needed]
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Telephone transmission[edit]
In 1964, Xerox Corporation introduced (and patented) what many consider to be the first commercialized version of the modern fax machine, under the name (LDX) or Long Distance Xerography. This model was superseded two years later with a unit that would truly set the standard for fax machines for years to come. Up until this point facsimile machines were very expensive and hard to operate. In 1966, Xerox released the Magnafax Telecopiers, a smaller, 46-pound facsimile machine. This unit was far easier to operate and could be connected to any standard telephone line. This machine was capable of transmitting a letter-sized document in about six minutes. The first sub-minute, digital fax machine was developed by Dacom, which built on digital data compression technology originally developed at Lockheed for satellite communication.[10][11]
By the late 1970s, many companies around the world (especially Japan) entered the fax market. Very shortly after a new wave of more compact, faster and efficient fax machines would hit the market. Xerox continued to refine the fax machine for years after their ground-breaking first machine. In later years it would be combined with copier equipment to create the hybrid machines we have today that copy, scan and fax. Some of the lesser known capabilities of the Xerox fax technologies included their Ethernet enabled Fax Services on their 8000 workstations in the early 1980s.
Prior to the introduction of the ubiquitous fax machine, one of the first being the Exxon Qwip[12] in the mid-1970s, facsimile machines worked by optical scanning of a document or drawing spinning on a drum. The reflected light, varying in intensity according to the light and dark areas of the document, was focused on a photocell so that the current in a circuit varied with the amount of light. This current was used to control a tone generator (a modulator), the current determining the frequency of the tone produced. This audio tone was then transmitted using an acoustic coupler (a speaker, in this case) attached to the microphone of a common telephone handset. At the receiving end, a handset’s speaker was attached to an acoustic coupler (a microphone), and a demodulator converted the varying tone into a variable current that controlled the mechanical movement of a pen or pencil to reproduce the image on a blank sheet of paper on an identical drum rotating at the same rate.
Computer facsimile interface[edit]
In 1985, Hank Magnuski, founder of GammaLink, produced the first computer fax board, called GammaFax. Such boards could provide voice telephony via Analog Expansion Bus.[13]
Fax in the 21st century[edit]
Although businesses usually maintain some kind of fax capability, the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based alternatives. In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not yet recognized by law, while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business.[14] In Japan, faxes are still used extensively for cultural and graphemic reasons and are available for sending to both domestic and international recipients from over 81% of all convenience stores nationwide. Convenience-store fax machines commonly print the slightly re-sized content of the sent fax in the electronic confirmation-slip, in A4 paper size.[15][16][17]
In many corporate environments, freestanding fax machines have been replaced by fax servers and other computerized systems capable of receiving and storing incoming faxes electronically, and then routing them to users on paper or via an email (which may be secured). Such systems have the advantage of reducing costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound analog phone lines needed by an office.
The once ubiquitous fax machine has also begun to disappear from the small office and home office environments. Remotely hosted fax-server services are widely available from VoIP and e-mail providers allowing users to send and receive faxes using their existing e-mail accounts without the need for any hardware or dedicated fax lines. Personal computers have also long been able to handle incoming and outgoing faxes using analog modems or ISDN, eliminating the need for a stand-alone fax machine. These solutions are often ideally suited for users who only very occasionally need to use fax services. In July 2017 the NHS was said to be the world's largest purchaser of fax machines because the digital revolution has largely bypassed it.[18]
Capabilities[edit]
There are several indicators of fax capabilities: group, class, data transmission rate, and conformance with ITU-T (formerly CCITT) recommendations. Since the 1968 Carterphone decision, most fax machines have been designed to connect to standard PSTN lines and telephone numbers.
Group[edit]
Analog[edit]
Group 1 and 2 faxes are sent in the same manner as a frame of analog television, with each scanned line transmitted as a continuous analog signal. Horizontal resolution depended upon the quality of the scanner, transmission line, and the printer. Analog fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured. ITU-T Recommendations T.2 and T.3 were withdrawn as obsolete in July 1996.
Group 1 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.2. Group 1 faxes take six minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 96 scan lines per inch. Group 1 fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.
Group 2 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.30 and T.3. Group 2 faxes take three minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 96 scan lines per inch. Group 2 fax machines are almost obsolete, and are no longer manufactured. Group 2 fax machines can interoperate with Group 3 fax machines.
Digital[edit]
The Dacom DFC-10—the first digital fax machine.[10]
The chip in a fax machine. Only about one quarter of the length is shown. The thin line in the middle consists of photosensitive pixels. The read-out circuit is at left.
CCD MN8051 Matsushita CCD side, monochrome 2048-bit linear sensor +cm (centimeters)
A major breakthrough in the development of the modern facsimile system was the result of digital technology, where the analog signal from scanners was digitized and then compressed, resulting in the ability to transmit high rates of data across standard phone lines. The first digital fax machine was the Dacom Rapidfax first sold in late 1960s, which incorporated digital data compression technology developed by Lockheed for transmission of images from satellites.[10][11]
Group 3 and 4 faxes are digital formats, and take advantage of digital compression methods to greatly reduce transmission times.
Group 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.30 and T.4. Group 3 faxes take between six and fifteen seconds to transmit a single page (not including the initial time for the fax machines to handshake and synchronize). The horizontal and vertical resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard to vary among a set of fixed resolutions:
Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch
Vertical: 100 scan lines per inch ("Basic")
Horizontal: 200 or 204 scan lines per inch
Vertical: 100 or 98 scan lines per inch ("Standard")
Vertical: 200 or 196 scan lines per inch ("Fine")
Vertical: 400 or 391 (note not 392) scan lines per inch ("Superfine")
Horizontal: 300 scan lines per inch
Vertical: 300 scan lines per inch
Horizontal: 400 or 408 scan lines per inch
Vertical: 400 or 391 scan lines per inch ("Ultrafine")
Group 4 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.563, T.503, T.521, T.6, T.62, T.70, T.411 to T.417. They are designed to operate over 64 kbit/s digital ISDN circuits. The allowed resolutions, a superset of those in the T.4 recommendation, are specified in the T.6 recommendation.[19]
Fax Over IP (FoIP) can transmit and receive pre-digitized documents at near realtime speeds using ITU-T recommendation T.38 to send digitised images over an IP network using JPEG compression. T.38 is designed to work with VoIP services and often supported by analog telephone adapters used by legacy fax machines that need to connect through a VoIP service. Scanned documents are limited to the amount of time the user takes to load the document in a scanner and for the device to process a digital file. The resolution can vary from as little as 150 DPI to 9600 DPI or more. This type of faxing is not related to the e-mail to fax service that still uses fax modems at least one way.
Class[edit]
Computer modems are often designated by a particular fax class, which indicates how much processing is offloaded from the computer's CPU to the fax modem.
Class 1 fax devices do fax data transfer where the T.4/T.6 data compression and T.30 session management are performed by software on a controlling computer. This is described in ITU-T recommendation T.31.[20]
Class 2 fax devices perform T.30 session management themselves, but the T.4/T.6 data compression is performed by software on a controlling computer. The relevant ITU-T recommendation is T.32.[20]
Class 2.0 is different from Class 2.
Class 2.1 is an improvement of Class 2.0. Class 2.1 fax devices are referred to as "super G3"; they seem to be a little faster than Class 1/2/2.0.
Class 3 fax devices are responsible for virtually the entire fax session, given little more than a phone number and the text to send (including rendering ASCII text as a raster image). These devices are not common.
Data transmission rate[edit]
Several different telephone line modulation techniques are used by fax machines. They are negotiated during the fax-modem handshake, and the fax devices will use the highest data rate that both fax devices support, usually a minimum of 14.4 kbit/s for Group 3 fax.
ITU Standard
Released Date
Data Rates (bit/s)
Modulation Method
V.27 1988 4800, 2400 PSK
V.29 1988 9600, 7200, 4800 QAM
V.17 1991 14,400; 12,000; 9600; 7200 TCM
V.34 1994 28,800 QAM
V.34bis 1998 33,600 QAM
ISDN 1986 64,000 digital
Note that "Super Group 3" faxes use V.34bis modulation that allows a data rate of up to 33.6 kbit/s.
Compression[edit]
As well as specifying the resolution (and allowable physical size of the image being faxed), the ITU-T T.4 recommendation specifies two compression methods for decreasing the amount of data that needs to be transmitted between the fax machines to transfer the image. The two methods defined in T.4 are:[21]
Modified Huffman (MH), and
Modified READ (MR) (Relative Element Address Designate[22]), optional
An additional method is specified in T.6:[19]
Modified Modified READ (MMR)
Later, other compression techniques were added as options to ITU-T recommendation T.30, such as the more efficient JBIG (T.82, T.85) for bi-level content, and JPEG (T.81), T.43, MRC (T.44), and T.45 for grayscale, palette, and colour content.[23] Fax machines can negotiate at the start of the T.30 session to use the best technique implemented on both sides.
Modified Huffman[edit]
Main article: Modified Huffman coding
Modified Huffman (MH), specified in T.4 as the one-dimensional coding scheme, is a codebook-based run-length encoding scheme optimised to efficiently compress whitespace.[21] As most faxes consist mostly of white space, this minimises the transmission time of most faxes. Each line scanned is compressed independently of its predecessor and successor.[21]
Modified READ[edit]
Modified READ (MR), specified as an optional two-dimensional coding scheme in T.4, encodes the first scanned line using MH.[21] The next line is compared to the first, the differences determined, and then the differences are encoded and transmitted.[21] This is effective as most lines differ little from their predecessor. This is not continued to the end of the fax transmission, but only for a limited number of lines until the process is reset and a new 'first line' encoded with MH is produced. This limited number of lines is to prevent errors propagating throughout the whole fax, as the standard does not provide for error-correction. MR is an optional facility, and some fax machines do not use MR in order to minimise the amount of computation required by the machine. The limited number of lines is two for 'Standard' resolution faxes, and four for 'Fine' resolution faxes.
Modified Modified READ[edit]
Main article: Group 4 compression
The ITU-T T.6 recommendation adds a further compression type of Modified Modified READ (MMR), which simply allows for a greater number of lines to be coded by MR than in T.4.[19] This is because T.6 makes the assumption that the transmission is over a circuit with a low number of line errors such as digital ISDN. In this case, there is no maximum number of lines for which the differences are encoded.
JBIG[edit]
In 1999, ITU-T recommendation T.30 added JBIG (ITU-T T.82) as another lossless bi-level compression algorithm, or more precisely a "fax profile" subset of JBIG (ITU-T T.85). JBIG-compressed pages result in 20% to 50% faster transmission than MMR-compressed pages, and up to 30-times faster transmission if the page includes halftone images.
JBIG performs adaptive compression, that is both the encoder and decoder collect statistical information about the transmitted image from the pixels transmitted so far, in order to predict the probability for each next pixel being either black or white. For each new pixel, JBIG looks at ten nearby, previously transmitted pixels. It counts, how often in the past the next pixel has been black or white in the same neighborhood, and estimates from that the probability distribution of the next pixel. This is fed into an arithmetic coder, which adds only a small fraction of a bit to the output sequence if the more probable pixel is then encountered.
The ITU-T T.85 "fax profile" constrains some optional features of the full JBIG standard, such that codecs do not have to keep data about more than the last three pixel rows of an image in memory at any time. This allows the streaming of "endless" images, where the height of the image may not be known until the last row is transmitted.
ITU-T T.30 allows fax machines to negotiate one of two options of the T.85 "fax profile":
In "basic mode", the JBIG encoder must split the image into horizontal stripes of 128 lines (parameter L0=128), and restart the arithmetic encoder for each stripe.
In "option mode", there is no such constraint.
Matsushita Whiteline Skip[edit]
A proprietary compression scheme employed on Panasonic fax machines is Matsushita Whiteline Skip (MWS). It can be overlaid on the other compression schemes, but is operative only when two Panasonic machines are communicating with one another. This system detects the blank scanned areas between lines of text, and then compresses several blank scan lines into the data space of a single character. (JBIG implements a similar technique called "typical prediction", if header flag TPBON is set to 1.)
Typical characteristics[edit]
Group 3 fax machines transfer one or a few printed or handwritten pages per minute in black-and-white (bitonal) at a resolution of 204×98 (normal) or 204×196 (fine) dots per square inch. The transfer rate is 14.4 kbit/s or higher for modems and some fax machines, but fax machines support speeds beginning with 2400 bit/s and typically operate at 9600 bit/s. The transferred image formats are called ITU-T (formerly CCITT) fax group 3 or 4. Group 3 faxes have the suffix .g3 and the MIME type image/g3fax.
The most basic fax mode transfers in black and white only. The original page is scanned in a resolution of 1728 pixels/line and 1145 lines/page (for A4). The resulting raw data is compressed using a modified Huffman code optimized for written text, achieving average compression factors of around 20. Typically a page needs 10 s for transmission, instead of about 3 minutes for the same uncompressed raw data of 1728×1145 bits at a speed of 9600 bit/s. The compression method uses a Huffman codebook for run lengths of black and white runs in a single scanned line, and it can also use the fact that two adjacent scanlines are usually quite similar, saving bandwidth by encoding only the differences.
Fax classes denote the way fax programs interact with fax hardware. Available classes include Class 1, Class 2, Class 2.0 and 2.1, and Intel CAS. Many modems support at least class 1 and often either Class 2 or Class 2.0. Which is preferable to use depends on factors such as hardware, software, modem firmware, and expected use.
Printing process[edit]
Fax machines from the 1970s to the 1990s often used direct thermal printers with rolls of thermal paper as their printing technology, but since the mid-1990s there has been a transition towards plain-paper faxes:- thermal transfer printers, inkjet printers and laser printers.
One of the advantages of inkjet printing is that inkjets can affordably print in color; therefore, many of the inkjet-based fax machines claim to have color fax capability. There is a standard called ITU-T30e (formally ITU-T Recommendation T.30 Annex E [24]) for faxing in color; unfortunately, it is not widely supported, so many of the color fax machines can only fax in color to machines from the same manufacturer.
Stroke speed[edit]
Stroke speed in facsimile systems is the rate at which a fixed line perpendicular to the direction of scanning is crossed in one direction by a scanning or recording spot. Stroke speed is usually expressed as a number of strokes per minute. When the fax system scans in both directions, the stroke speed is twice this number. In most conventional 20th century mechanical systems, the stroke speed is equivalent to drum speed.[25]
Fax paper[edit]
Paper roll for direct thermal fax machine
As a precaution, thermal fax paper is typically not accepted in archives or as documentary evidence in some courts of law unless photocopied. This is because the image-forming coating is eradicable and brittle, and it tends to detach from the medium after a long time in storage.[26]
Internet fax[edit]
See also: Internet fax
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One popular alternative is to subscribe to an Internet fax service, allowing users to send and receive faxes from their personal computers using an existing email account. No software, fax server or fax machine is needed. Faxes are received as attached TIFF or PDF files, or in proprietary formats that require the use of the service provider's software. Faxes can be sent or retrieved from anywhere at any time that a user can get Internet access. Some services offer secure faxing to comply with stringent HIPAA and Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act requirements to keep medical information and financial information private and secure. Utilizing a fax service provider does not require paper, a dedicated fax line, or consumable resources.[27]
Another alternative to a physical fax machine is to make use of computer software which allows people to send and receive faxes using their own computers, utilizing fax servers and unified messaging. A virtual (email) fax can be printed out and then signed and scanned back to computer before being emailed. Also the sender can attach a digital signature to the document file.
With the surging popularity of mobile phones, virtual fax machines can now be downloaded as applications for Android and iOS. These applications make use of the phone's internal camera to scan fax documents for upload or they can import from various cloud services. [28]
See also[edit]
Telecommunications portal
Black fax
Called subscriber identification (CSID)
Error correction mode (ECM)
Fax art
Fax demodulator
Fax modem
Fax server
Faxlore
Fultograph
Internet fax
Junk fax
Radiofax—image transmission over HF radio
Slow-scan television
T.38 Fax-over-IP
Telautograph
Telex
Transmitting Subscriber Identification (TSID)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rouse, Margaret (June 2006). "What is fax?". SearchNetworking. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Jump up ^ “Mr. Bain’s Electric Printing Telegraph,” Mechanics' Magazine April 13, 1844, 268–70
Jump up ^ "Istituto Tecnico Industriale, Italy. Italian biography of Giovanni Caselli". Itisgalileiroma.it. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
Jump up ^ The Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Giovanni Caselli biography Archived May 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The History of Fax – from 1843 to Present Day". Fax Authority. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Jump up ^ The Montreal Gazette, May 20, 1924, page 10, column 3
^ Jump up to: a b G. H. Ridings, A Facsimile transceiver for Pickup and Delivery of Telegrams, Western Union Technical Review, Vol. 3, No, 1 (January 1949); page 17-26.
Jump up ^ Sipley, Louis Walton (1951). A Half Century of Color. Macmillan.
Jump up ^ Schneider, John (2011). "The Newspaper of the Air: Early Experiments with Radio Facsimile". theradiohistorian.org. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c The implementation of a personal computer-based digital facsimile information distribution system – Edward C. Chung, Ohio University, November 1991, page 2
^ Jump up to: a b Fax: The Principles and Practice of Facsimile Communication, Daniel M. Costigan, Chilton Book Company, 1971, pages 112–114, 213, 239
Jump up ^ An Exxon Sale To Harris Unit – The New York Times, February 22, 1985.
Jump up ^ Perratore, Ed (September 1992). "GammaFax MLCP-4/AEB: High-End Fax, Long-Range Potential". Byte. Vol. 17 no. 9. McGraw-Hill. pp. 82, 84. ISSN 0360-5280.
Jump up ^ Adams, Ken (7 November 2007). "Enforceability of Fax and Scanned Signature Pages". AdamsDrafting. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "FAXサービス｜サービス｜ローソン" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2015-02-10.
Jump up ^ Fackler, Martin (13 February 2013). "In High-Tech Japan, the Fax Machines Roll On". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Oi, Mariko (2012-07-31). "BBC News – Japan and the fax: A love affair". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Digital doldrums: NHS remains world’s largest purchaser of fax machines". National Health Executive. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "T.6: Facsimile coding schemes and coding control functions for Group 4 facsimile apparatus". ITU-T. November 1988. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Peterson, Kerstin Day (2000). Business telecom systems: a guide to choosing the best technologies and services. Focal Press. pp. 191–192. ISBN 1578200415. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "T.4: Standardization of Group 3 facsimile terminals for document transmission". ITU-T. 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
Jump up ^ International digital facsimile coding standards, Hunter, R., and Robinson, A.H., Proceedings of the IEEE Volume 68 Issue 7, pp 854–867, July 1980
Jump up ^ "T.30: Procedures for document facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network". ITU-T. 2014-05-15. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
Jump up ^ tsbmail. "T.30 : Procedures for document facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network". Itu.int. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).
Jump up ^ "4.12 Filing rules: 19.Newspaper extracts or thermal facsimile paper should not be preserved as archives. Such extracts should be photocopied and the copy preserved. The original can then be destroyed." Office of Corporate & Legal Affairs, University College Cork, Ireland
Jump up ^ "Online Fax vs Traditional Fax". eFax. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "You Can Now Send A Fax From Your Phone". PhoneFax. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Coopersmith, Jonathan, Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015) 308 pp.
External links[edit]
Look up fax or facsimile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fax machines.
Group 3 Facsimile Communication a '97 essay with technical details on compression and error codes, and call establishment and release.
ITU T.30 Recommendation
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Hallmark Channel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the American TV channel. For the channel outside of the U.S., see Hallmark Channel (international).
"Odyssey Network" redirects here. For the Canadian Greek-language network, see Odyssey Television Network. For other uses, see Odyssey (disambiguation).
Hallmark Channel
Launched
1992; 26 years ago (1992)
Owned by
Crown Media Holdings
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed
Slogan
The Heart of TV
Country
United States
Language
English
Broadcast area
Nationwide
Headquarters
Studio City, California
Formerly called
American Christian Television System (1984–1992)
Vision Interfaith Satellite Network (1988–1992)
VISN/ACTS (1992–1993)
Faith & Values Channel (1993–1996)
Odyssey Network (1996–2001)
Sister channel(s)
Hallmark Movies & Mysteries
Hallmark Drama
Website
Template:URLwww.hallmarkchannel.com
Availability
Satellite
DirecTV
1312 (HD)
312 (SD)
Dish Network
185 (HD/SD)
Cable
Spectrum Cable
88
IPTV
Verizon FiOS
740 (HD)
240 (SD)
AT&T U-verse
1365 (HD)
365 (SD)
Streaming media
Sling TV
Internet Protocol television
PlayStation Vue
Internet Protocol television
The Hallmark Channel is an American cable and satellite television network that is owned by Crown Media Holdings, Inc., which is owned by Hallmark Cards. The channel's programming is primarily targeted at families, and features a mix of television movies and miniseries, original and acquired television series, and lifestyle programs.
As of February 2015, Hallmark Channel is available to approximately 85,439,000 pay television households (73.4% of households with television) in the United States.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 History as Hallmark Channel
2 Programming
2.1 Original movies
2.2 Holiday programming
3 Website
3.1 On Location
3.2 Online movie shop
4 Advertising
5 Carriage disputes and additions
6 Hallmark Channel around the world
7 Network slogans
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: Vision Interfaith Satellite Network and American Christian Television System
The Hallmark Channel traces its history to the launch of two separate religious cable channels, the American Christian Television System (ACTS) and the Vision Interfaith Satellite Network (VISN). The two networks began alternating time on a shared transponder slot on the Galaxy III satellite in 1992.[2] Under the original timeshare agreement, the network was branded as VISN/ACTS. Each network was provided time for its programming blocks, and would use their own logos.
Logo as Odyssey Network from 1996 to 2001.
VISN launched on July 1, 1988, and was founded by the National Interfaith Cable Coalition, in cooperation with several cable providers.[3] It aired for about 16 hours a day and ran religious programs from mainline Protestant denominations such as the United Methodist Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the United Church of Christ. Roman Catholic, LDS Church, Jewish, and Islamic faiths also provided programming.[4] VISN aired during the morning and evening hours. ACTS commenced operations in 1984, and was owned by the Southern Baptist Convention. It aired programming from evangelical and fundamentalist non-charismatic Christian groups such as the SBC, the Christian Reformed Church, and the Association of Regular Baptist Churches, as well as well-known evangelists such as Jerry Falwell, Charles Stanley and D. James Kennedy. Both channels aired several hours a week of religious children's programs, some of which overlapped, including Sunshine Factory, Joy Junction, Davey and Goliath, and Jot.
In 1993, the network was renamed as the Faith and Values Channel. It began adding a few secular programs during this time, such as exercise shows, health and cooking shows, and family-oriented drama series and movies. In 1995, cable conglomerate Tele-Communications Inc. acquired a 49% ownership stake in the Faith and Values Channel, and took over operational control of the network. It added more secular programming to the network and reduced religious programming to about 10 hours a day. In 1996, the network was rebranded as the Odyssey Network (although on-air promotions often referred to the network simply as "Odyssey"), and launched a website, Odysseyfamily.com, which was used to provide program listings for the network.
Crown Media Holdings and The Jim Henson Company bought majority stakes in Odyssey in November 1998; under the new venture, Odyssey underwent a major programming revamp on April 4, 1999, decreasing the amount of religious programs on the network down to four hours a day. The channel began to focus more on family-targeted entertainment programming including some classic sitcoms, children's programs and additional family-oriented movies. Henson sold its interest in the channel to Crown Media Holdings in 2000. Odyssey then dropped much of its children's programs and relegated religious programming to a few hours on Sundays.
History as Hallmark Channel[edit]
On August 5, 2001, the channel underwent yet another rebranding, relaunching as the Hallmark Channel.[5] The restructured network completely dropped religious programming, but continued to focus on family-oriented sitcoms and drama series, dramatic films and other general entertainment programs. The National Interfaith Cable Coalition continued to own about 5% of the channel, and continues to produce some program content for Hallmark Channel.[6]
Hallmark Channel's headquarters in Studio City, California.
In 2002, the Hallmark Channel premiered a weekday morning talk show, New Morning.[7] A Sunday morning version, hosted by Naomi Judd, titled Naomi's New Morning, debuted in 2005[8] and lasted two years before being pulled from the schedule in early 2007.
The channel in 2005 had its highest-rated year with 34% increase in viewers and ranked seventh in growth. 2005's highest-rated ad-supported basic cable movie with a 3.6 household rating was "Meet the Santas" on Hallmark. In 2006, the channel acquired a license for 35 Warner Bros. features including "Troy" (2007) and "March of the Penguins" (2005), costing in the multi-million dollar range.[9]

In January 2007, Hallmark Channel dropped the Hallmark crown from its logo, although it is still used sporadically on-air, in promos, and on its services in other countries. On May 27, 2007, Hallmark Channel launched "Watch With Me", a new national public affairs initiative aimed to promote programming for families to watch together, and "to spend more time together."[5]
In 2008, Hallmark Channel unveiled a new branding campaign with predominantly gold coloring, a stylized logo, and a new slogan, "Make Yourself At Home". In February 2008, the Hillary Clinton presidential campaign purchased an hour of Hallmark Channel's primetime slots under a paid programming arrangement to run a special promoting Clinton's campaign for President of the United States on February 4, the day before the multi-state "Super Tuesday" primaries.[10]
A January 2010 multi-year deal with Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (MSLO) brought The Martha Stewart Show from syndication to Hallmark in September.[11] Steward would also produce four prime-time one hour specials for the channel. Hallmark was looking to be a holiday programming destination.[12] On March 26, 2010, a new home and lifestyle block during weekday daytime of Martha Stewart shows started airing on the channel for seven hours. A shorter Stewart block would also air on the weekends.[13] After one month on air with lackluster ratings, the block was reduced to five hours. In January 2012, the channel canceled The Martha Stewart Show given the show's cost effective with the end of the season in May with reruns through the summer months, but intend to retain a couple of MSLO shows.[14]
Programming[edit]
Main article: List of programs broadcast by Hallmark Channel
Hallmark Channel's programming consists of classic and some recent television series, and original made-for-TV movies. It also airs television movies and miniseries from the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology series. Many of the Hallmark Hall of Fame films broadcast by the network were originally broadcast during its CBS run; the network currently airs Hall of Fame films on a two-week delay from their original broadcast on ABC (which began airing the anthology series in April 2011).
Original programs broadcast on the network include the daytime talk show Home and Family (which originated on Freeform when it was known as The Family Channel, in April 1996) and When Calls the Heart (which is based on the novels by Janette Oke). The network's original programming originally consisted mainly of lifestyle programs and made-for-TV movies; Hallmark Channel debuted its first original scripted series in July 2013, with the premiere of Cedar Cove (which is based on the novels by Debbie Macomber).
On February 2, 2014, the Hallmark Channel partnered with New York's North Shore Animal League and Last Hope Animal Rescue to debut the Kitten Bowl during Super Bowl XLVIII. The event – hosted by Beth Stern and announcers John Sterling and Mary Carillo – is designed as counterprogramming to the Super Bowl and airs during the game's halftime show, and is similar to another animal-themed event that debuted nine years earlier on Animal Planet, the Puppy Bowl. Kitten Bowl II returned on February 1, 2015, and was watched by 1.3 million viewers.[15] A new Kitten Bowl has aired every year since, running repeatedly on Super Bowl Sunday in a 3-hour program that includes "playoff games".
They also play the sitcoms The Middle, The Golden Girls, Home Improvement, Last Man Standing, I Love Lucy, Cheers, and Frasier.
Original movies[edit]
Main article: List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies
The network's made-for-TV movies are characterized as family-friendly and inspirational, ranging from holiday-themed films to westerns. In the early stages of the channel's development, Hallmark Channel had a steady one-movie-a-month, or 12-a-year, production schedule with the films mainly being produced by RHI Entertainment. However, in 2008, Crown Media had ramped up its production schedule to approximately 30 movies a year and opened up to other production companies, though RHI still produces some movies for Hallmark Channel.[16] The network premiered 35 original movies during the period from 2009 to 2010.[17] Hallmark Channel released 25 television movies during the 2011 calendar year.
Holiday programming[edit]
From the last weekend in October until January 1, Hallmark Channel runs a seasonal block called Countdown to Christmas, featuring a mix of holiday movies, specials and holiday-themed original programming. The block is branded as Countdown to New Years from December 26 until January 1 and culminates with the channel's broadcast of the Tournament of Roses Parade. Hallmark Channel also airs Christmas movies during July as part of a Christmas in July block; Christmas-themed programming thus runs for nearly three months of the year on the channel. Other seasonal events programmed by Hallmark Channel include romance-themed movies and specials that air during the first half of February in the lead-up to Valentine's Day; movies and specials relating to Mother's Day and Father's Day respectively air during May and June; and Halloween-themed movies and specials (among which include the channel's The Good Witch film series) during the month of October.
Actresses frequently featured in the channel's Christmas films include Candace Cameron Bure (who does other work for Hallmark Channel, mainly as Aurora Teagarden), Lacey Chabert, and Danica McKellar.
During the 2017 holiday season, the Hallmark Channel will premier 33 original Christmas holiday films; this is up from a total of 28 holiday movies in 2016. Hallmark has a total of 136 Christmas holiday-themed movies in their original library of films.[18]
Website[edit]
On November 19, 2007, the network refreshed its website, offering users microsites dedicated to the channel's original programming and marketing initiatives,[5] such as sweepstakes and special "events" like "Crime Time Sunday".[19] Some of the microsites include games centered on the themes of its movies.[20] The website also began to stream the channel's award-winning original series, Adoption,[21] marking the first time the network has scheduled a full-length program online.[5]
On Location[edit]
On July 21, 2008, the website launched an original online series titled On Location, which features interviews and behind-the-scenes footage from Hallmark Channel's original movies. The segments are featured on each movie's individual microsite.[5] The series soft launched in July 2007 as Inside Story and a different host for the episodes profiling Avenging Angel,[22] Charlie & Me,[23] The Good Witch,[24] Daniel's Daughter,[25] and The Note.[26] In 2009, the program was revamped again, dropping the on-camera host segments, with the segment on the making of Love Takes Wing being the last On Location episode to feature an on-camera host.[27]
Online movie shop[edit]
On January 29, 2009, Crown Media announced the development of an online movie store featuring DVD releases and movie-related products from the Hallmark library.[citation needed] The shop is powered by the Amazon Associates program.[citation needed] Since its soft launch in mid-2008, Hallmark Channel has generated sales of over 10,000 items. The network earns a commission on each sale.[28]
Advertising[edit]
In mid-June 2009, the network announced it would sell individual ad breaks featuring a single advertiser. The so-called "Fast Breaks" are prefaced with short bumpers announcing that the program streaming will return after a 30-second break. The cost of such standalone spots is about double that of a regular 30-second commercial on the channel. Hallmark Channel signed insurance company Mutual of Omaha as the first buyer.[29]
Carriage disputes and additions[edit]
Hallmark Channel and co-owned film service Hallmark Movie Channel were dropped by AT&T U-verse on September 1, 2010, due to a carriage dispute resulting from a proposed increase in retransmission consent payments that U-verse considered to be disproportionate with the lower audience viewership for the channels at the time.[30]
As of July 23, 2015, the Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Movies & Mysteries returned to U-verse.[31]
On October 20, 2016, Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Movies & Mysteries channel were added to Sling TV service. On November 15, 2017, PlayStation Vue added Hallmark Channel, Hallmark Movies & Mysteries and Hallmark Drama to their lineup.[32]
Hallmark Channel around the world[edit]
Main article: Hallmark Channel (International)
Hallmark Channel operated several cable channels in various international markets. Outside of the United States, the Hallmark Channel services were owned by NBCUniversal under a brand licensing agreement with Crown Media Holdings, and were run by different entities that had access to the Hallmark name and brand. The international channel maintained different programming and content standards than the flagship U.S. service. Around 2010/2011 the international versions of Hallmark Channel ended their existence and were rebranded as Universal Channel, Diva Universal, 13th Street, or simply closed.
Network slogans[edit]
"Where Great Stories Come to Life" (2001–2008)
"Make Yourself at Home" (2008–2012)
"The Heart of TV" (2012–present)
See also[edit]
Hallmark Channel Mystery Wheel (category)
Hallmark Channel original films (category)
Hallmark Hall of Fame
Hallmark Movie Channel
List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies
List of programs broadcast by Hallmark Channel
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (February 22, 2015). "List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "VISN, ACTS Sign Agreement To Share Single Cable Signal". Religious Broadcasting. National Religious Broadcasters. 24 (9): 32. October 1992. ISSN 0034-4079.
Jump up ^ Bcozkiewicz, Robert E. (August 2, 1988). "New TV Network May Crowd the Market". Christianity Today. 32 (12): 55–56. ISSN 0009-5753.
Jump up ^ Calian, Carnegie Samuel (October 2, 1995). "Redeeming the wasteland? Christian TV increasingly uses entertainment to spread its message". Christianity Today. 39 (11): 92–103. ISSN 0009-5753.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Hallmark Channel Press site: Company Milestones". Hallmarkchannelpress.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Downey, Kevin (February 11, 2008). "Spiritual Syndicator's Gamble". Broadcasting & Cable: 20.
Jump up ^ Waldron, Clarence (June 25, 2007). "Timberly Whitfield: Host of Daily Show "new Morning' on Hallmark Channel". Jet (Vol. 111, No. 25). Johnson Publishing Company. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Interview With Naomi Judd". CNN.com. January 8, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sims, James (July 14, 2006). "Milestone: Hallmark Channel at 5". The Hollywood Reporter. The Nielsen Company. Associated Press. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clinton Buys Block on Hallmark Mediaweek January 31, 2008
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Claire (March 29, 2010). "Hallmark, Martha Stewart Exploring New Lifestyle Cable Channel". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Martha Stewart Moves to Hallmark Channel". CBS News. AP. January 26, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Liggayu, Leneli (March 16, 2010). "Hallmark Channel Acquires Rights to Content from MSLO Library". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Guthrie, Marisa (January 4, 2012). "Hallmark Cancels 'The Martha Stewart Show'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 2.1.2015". Retrieved February 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release: 7/12/2007 Archived April 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Hallmark Channel Increases Programming to 35 Original Movies for '09-'10 Upfront Season". Futon Critic.
Jump up ^ Jurgensen, John (November 8, 2017). "How the Hallmark Channel Became a Christmas-Movie Machine". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crime Time Sunday Microsite Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Latest Hollywood Movies 1/28/09
Jump up ^ Adoption Microsite Archived February 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Avenging Angel Microsite Archived February 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Charlie & Me Microsite Archived January 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The Good Witch Microsite Archived January 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Daniel's Daughter Microsite Archived January 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The Note Microsite Archived February 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Love Takes Wing Microsite Archived April 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Hallmark Channel Press Release 1/29/09". Hallmark Channel press site. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Hallmark: Change is in the Cards". Broadcasting Cable.com.
Jump up ^ Eggerton, John (September 1, 2010). "Hallmark Channels Go Dark On AT&T U-verse". Multichannel News. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian (July 22, 2015). "Hallmark Channel Returns to U-verse After Nearly Five Years". Variety. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bouma, Luke (November 15, 2017). "PlayStation Vue Adds The Hallmark Channel, Hallmark Drama, & Hallmark Movies - Cord Cutters News". Cord Cutters News. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Hallmark Cards
Key personnel
Joyce Hall (founder)
Donald J. Hall Sr. (chairman)
Donald J. Hall Jr. (CEO)
Units
Crayola
Crown Center
Hallmark Business Expressions
Halls Kansas City
Crown Media Holdings
Hallmark Hall of Fame
Hallmark Channel
Hallmark Drama
Hallmark Movies & Mysteries
Hallmark Movies Now
Related topics
Hallmark Channel (international)
Kermit Channel
Sonar Entertainment
Rainbow Brite
Zoobilee Zoo
Shirt Tales
[show]
v
t
e
Hallmark Channel original programming
Original
programming
Former
Cedar Cove (2013–2015)
Signed, Sealed, Delivered (2014)
Current
Home and Family (since 2012)
When Calls the Heart (since 2014)
Good Witch (since 2015)
Chesapeake Shores (since 2016)
Related
List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies
[show]
v
t
e
Family-oriented television channels in the United States
Preschoolers
BabyFirst
BabyTV
Disney Junior
Nick Jr.
Universal Kids
Pre-teens and teens
Cartoon Network
Disney Channel
Disney XD
Freeform
Kids & Teens TV
Nickelodeon
NickMusic
Nicktoons
¡Sorpresa!
TeenNick
General audiences
Boomerang
Decades
Discovery Family
Hallmark Channel
Hallmark Movies & Mysteries
Hallmark Drama
HBO Family
INSP
PBS Kids
PixL
Qubo
Showtime Family Zone
Smile
Starz Kids & Family
Up
Former
Jetix
Nick GaS
PBJ
Toon Disney
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/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: 홀마크 채널 – Korean

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hallmark_Channel rootpage-Hallmark_Channel skin-vector action-view