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Blue (Da Ba Dee)
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"I'm Blue" redirects here. For the Ike Turner song, see I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song).
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)"
Single by Eiffel 65
from the album Europop
B-side
"Remix"
Released
15 January 1999 (1999-01-15)
Format
CD
maxi CD
Recorded
September 1998
Genre
Eurodance[1]
Length
3:30 (radio edit)
4:46 (extended mix)
3:40 (video version)
Label
BlissCo
Songwriter(s)
Jeffrey Jey
Maurizio Lobina
Massimo Gabutti
Producer(s)
Maurizio Lobina
Massimo Gabutti
Luciano Zucchet
Eiffel 65 singles chronology
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)"
(1999) "Move Your Body"
(1999)
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)"
(1999) "Move Your Body"
(1999)
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" is a song by Italian music group Eiffel 65. It was released on 15 January 1999 as the lead single from their debut album Europop. The song is the group's most popular single, reaching number one in many countries such as Ireland, the United Kingdom,[2] the Netherlands, France, Sweden, Switzerland, New Zealand, Finland, Norway, Australia, and Germany, as well as reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States.[3] In the United Kingdom, the song originally entered the top 40 purely on import sales. It was only the third single to do this.[4] The song also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 2001 Grammy Awards, 2 years after it was released.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Writing and production
2 Lyrics and composition
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
5 Music video
6 Cover versions and samplings
7 Use in media
8 Formats and track listings
9 Charts
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year-end charts
9.3 Certifications
10 References
Writing and production[edit]
"Blue", written by Eiffel 65 lead singer Jeffrey Jey, keyboardist Maurizio Lobina, and producer Massimo Gabutti, was inspired by group member Maurizio Lobina's composed opening piano hook. The producers of the song then came up with the idea for a dance song. Jey stated that his inspiration for the lyrics was how a person picked his lifestyle. The colour blue as the main topic of the song was picked at random, with Lobina telling him to write nonsensical lyrics. After Cher's 'Believe' and Kid Rock's 'Only God Knows Why', 'Blue' is the first hit song to use the Auto-Tune vocal warble effect.[6] Lobina came up with the "da ba dee" hook at the end of this line.[7]
Lyrics and composition[edit]
Eiffel 65 – "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", 1999
A 29-second sample from "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", featuring the distorted hook of the song.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" is written in the key of G minor, with the vocal range spanning from C4 to E♭5,[8] and is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 128 beats per minute.[9]
The song's lyrics tell a story about a man who lives in a "blue world." It is also stated he is "blue inside and outside," which, along with the lyric "himself and everybody around 'cause he ain't got nobody to listen," and "blue are the feelings that live inside me" may indicate that the term blue represents his emotional state; however, the song also states that a vast variety of what he owns is also blue, including his house and his car ("a blue Corvette"): various blue-coloured objects are also depicted on the single's cover.[10] The song's hook is the sentence "I'm blue," followed by a repetition of the words "da ba dee da ba daa," which the hook is based around.
Critical reception[edit]
The song received mixed reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly positively reviewed the song, calling the song "a fleeting, feel-good foot-tapper" and gave the song a rating of B-.[11] PopMatters reviewer Chris Massey, in his review of Europop, described his initial reaction to the song as being "really, really bad." However, he later stated in the review that after many repeated listenings of the song he "loved it."[12]
Rolling Stone, however, in their review of Europop, gave the song a negative review, stating that the song "blends Cher-esque vocoder vocals, trance-like synth riffs, unabashed Eurodisco beats and a baby-babble chorus so infantile it makes the Teletubbies sound like Shakespeare." The magazine also placed the song on their list of the "20 Most Annoying Songs," at No. 14.[13]
Chart performance[edit]
The single, released in April 1999, was a chart-topper in many European countries. The song initially found success in France, where it debuted on the chart in June 1999 and reached number one in late August. It then found success in other European countries, reaching the top spot on many charts in September the same year, including Germany, the Netherlands,[14] Switzerland,[15] Sweden,[16] Norway and many other countries. It replaced "Mambo No. 5" by Lou Bega on many of these charts at the top spot.
The song also found success in other regions, including Oceania and North America: it reached number one in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. It became a top ten hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, reaching number six. It became the highest charting Italian song in the United States since Al di là by Emilio Pericoli that also peaked at six in 1962.
The song re-charted on 6 May 2013 at No. 40 in the U.K.,[17] the same week the song appeared in the film Iron Man 3.
Music video[edit]
Main article: Blue (Da Ba Dee) (music video)
Eiffel 65 on television screens during the opening segment of the video.
The music video for the song was released in 1999 by the BlissCoMedia, a computer graphics company of the Bliss Corporation, known at the time the video was produced and released as "BlissMultiMedia".[18] The video featured computer graphics created with 3ds Max,[19] and has Eiffel 65 members Maurizio Lobina and Gabry Ponte trying to save Jeffrey Jey from the aliens Zorotl and Sayok6.[20]
Cover versions and samplings[edit]
German singer Max Raabe and Palast Orchester covered the song for his 2001 studio album Super Hits.[21] A cover version was released on the 2006 Crazy Frog studio album More Crazy Hits. Flo Rida sampled the chorus of "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" in his 2009 single "Sugar".[22] Michael Mind Project used a sample of "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" in their 2012 single "Feeling So Blue". Sandra Lyng used a sample of the song in her single "Blue".[23] American country artist Coffey Anderson used a sampling in his 2017 single "Bud Light Blue". Just Dance 2018 covers this song as well, said artist for this song is by Hit The Electro Beat.
Use in media[edit]
The song has appeared in multiple films and television series. It was included in films such as Loser (2000), Big Fat Liar (2002), Iron Man 3 (2013), Mommy (2014), and Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017), the third instance during a flashback scene set in 1999, the year the song was released.[24] In television, it was used in Daria episode The F Word and in 90210 finale of season 1. On 15 March 2011 Ozone Entertainment released the song through the Rock Band Network. It is the first song on the service to incorporate the keyboard introduced in Rock Band 3.[25][26] The song was also featured in an EDF Energy advertisement in 2015.
A cover version of the song that matches the video version's length is featured in the 2017 dance rhythm game Just Dance 2018.
Formats and track listings[edit]
Italy CD single 1998
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (DJ Ponte Ice Pop Mix) – 6:25
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (DJ Ponte Radio Edit) – 4:43
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Glamour Jump Mix) – 5:19
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Dub Mix) – 4:47
German CD maxi-single
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Blue Ice Pop Radio Edit) – 3:39
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (DJ Ponte Ice Pop Mix) – 6:26
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Hannover Remix) – 6:24
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Dub Mix) – 4:48
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Ice Pop Instrumental Mix) – 6:27
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Blue Paris Remix) – 7:42
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1999–2000)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA Charts)[27] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[27] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[27] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[27] 2
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[28] 53
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)[29] 1
Canada Dance (RPM)[30] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[31] 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[27] 1
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 1
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[27] 1
France (SNEP)[27] 1
Germany (Media Control Charts)[32] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[33] 1
Italy (FIMI)[34] 3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[35] 1
MTV Europe [1] 1
New Zealand (RIANZ)[27] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[27] 1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[36] 1
Spain (AFYVE)[37] 2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[27] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[27] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[38] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[29] 6
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[29] 6
US Billboard Latin Pop Airplay[29] 16
US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[29] 4
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[29] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1999)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[39] 3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[40] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[41] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[42] 6
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[43] 57
France (SNEP)[44] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[45] 7
Netherlands (Mega Single Top 100)[46] 5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[47] 6
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[48] 2
UK Singles Chart 2
Chart (2000)
Position
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[49] 80
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[50] 49
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia[51] 3x Platinum 210,000
Austria[52] Platinum 30,000
Canada[53] Gold 50,000
Finland[54] Gold 7,957
France[55] Diamond 750,000
Germany[56] 5× Gold 1,250,000
Netherlands[57] Gold 40,000
Sweden[58] 3x Platinum 60,000
Switzerland[59] 2x Platinum 100,000
United Kingdom[60] 2× Platinum 1,200,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilton, Lisa (25 March 2000). "Forgotten song became hit for Eiffel 65". Canoe.ca. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 638. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Billboard.com - Artist Chart History - Eiffel 65
Jump up ^ "Blue (Da Ba Dee)". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
Jump up ^ http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2001/grammys.htm
Jump up ^ "Eiffel 65 - Book Eiffel 65 for your Corporate Events, Fund Raisers". Locoloboevents.com. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ CANOE -- JAM! Music - Artists - Eiffel 65: The colour of money is Blue
Jump up ^ Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee) Sheet Music (Download and Print). Musicnotes.com. Accessed from April 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dave's Music Database - Eiffel 65
Jump up ^ prod-assets.mog.com - Eiffel 65 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" single cover[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Blue (Da Ba Dee) | Music Review |Entertainment Weekly
Jump up ^ Eiffel 65: Europop - PopMatters Music Review
Jump up ^ 20 Most Annoying Songs by Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Dutchcharts.nl - 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee) Archived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hitparade.ch - Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee) Archived November 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Swedishcharts.com - Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee)
Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 Charts. BBC. 6 May 2013. Accessed from 6 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Blue: 10 anni, 10 milioni di download (In Italian). Blisscomedia.com. Accessed from May 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Renderfarm. Blisscomedia.com. Accessed from April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey-kidnapped. Zorotl.com. Accessed from April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Max Raabe und Palast Orchester News, Bilder, Konzerte und Videos 2011 - Home". Palastorchester.de. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Flo Rida Digs Out Eiffel 65's "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" For New Single "Sugar"". About40.com. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
Jump up ^ Spotify: Sandra Lyng - Blue
Jump up ^ Iron Man 3 (Motion picture). Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. 2013.
Jump up ^ Blue (Da Ba Dee) by Eiffel 65 // Songs // Rock Band Archived March 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ First RBN 2.0 Song in the Store – “Blue” // Blog // Rock Band Archived March 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", in various singles charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Billboard allmusic.com (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ Canadian dance peak
Jump up ^ Canadian Top Singles peak
Jump up ^ "Eiffel 65 singles, German Singles Chart" (in German). musicline. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived January 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ Top Italian Singles of 1999
Jump up ^ "Dutch Charts > Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee) (Nummer)". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ Billboard: Hits of the World, July 3, 1999
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "1999 Australian Singles Chart". aria. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "1999 Austrian Singles Chart" (in German). Austriancharts. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "1999 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "1999 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart" (in French). Ultratop. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 70, No. 8, December 13, 1999". RPM. December 13, 1999. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "1999 French Singles Chart" (in French). SNEP. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1999" (PDF) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 1999" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1999". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "1999 Swiss Singles Chart" (in German). Swisscharts. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Swiss year-end chart". swisscharts.com. 2000. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 2000". Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
Jump up ^ Australian certifications aria.com Archived March 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ Austrian certifications ifpi.at Archived 2010-02-01 at WebCite (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ Canada certifications cria.ca Archived May 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ Finnish certifications IFPI.fi (Retrieved September 21, 2010)
Jump up ^ French certifications Disqueenfrance.com Archived February 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank ('Blue (Da Ba Dee)')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ Dutch certifications nvpi.nl Archived 2010-01-13 at WebCite (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ Swedish certifications Ifpi.se (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ Swiss certifications Swisscharts.com Archived June 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk Archived 2006-08-11 at WebCite (Retrieved December 12, 2008)
Preceded by
"Tomber la chemise" by Zebda French SNEP number one single
7 August 1999 – 7 August 1999 – 21 August 1999 Succeeded by
"Mambo No. 5" by Lou Bega
Preceded by
"Mambo No. 5" by Lou Bega Swiss number one single
22 August 1999 – 22 August 1999 – 24 October 1999 Succeeded by
"So bist du (und wenn Du gehst...)" by Oli P.
Dutch Top 40 number one single
21 August 1999 – 4 September 1999 – 18 September 1999 Succeeded by
"The Road Ahead (Miles of the Unknown)" by City to City
Belgian (Flanders) number one single
11 September 1999 – 21 October 1999 Succeeded by
"Genie in a Bottle" by Christina Aguilera
Irish IRMA number one single
18 September 1999 – 16 October 1999 Succeeded by
"Flying Without Wings" by Westlife
Swedish number one single
2 September 1999 – 22 September 1999 – 21 October 1999 Succeeded by
"The Bad Touch" by Bloodhound Gang
German number one single
13 August 1999 – 8 October 1999 Succeeded by
"The Bad Touch" by Bloodhound Gang
Norwegian VG-lista number one single
18 September 1999 – 2 October 1999 Succeeded by
"If I Let You Go" by Westlife
Finnish number-one single
18 September 1999 – 30 October 1999 Succeeded by
"Torremolinos 2000" by Apulanta & Don Huonot
New Zealand RIANZ number one single
14 November 1999 Succeeded by
"One & Only" by Deep Obsession
Australian number-one single
14 November 1999 – 16 January 2000 Succeeded by
"I Try" by Macy Gray
Preceded by
"We're Going to Ibiza" by Vengaboys UK Singles Chart number one single
19 September 1999 – 9 October 1999 Succeeded by
"Genie in a Bottle" by Christina Aguilera
[hide]
v
t
e
Eiffel 65
Jeffrey Jey
Maury Lobina
Gabry Ponte
Albums
Europop
Contact!
Eiffel 65
EPs
Episode I
Episode II
Singles
"Blue (Da Ba Dee)"
"Move Your Body"
"Too Much of Heaven"
"My Console"
"Back in Time"
"Losing You"
"One Goal"
"Lucky (In My Life)"
"80's Stars"
"Cosa Restera (In a Song)"
"Viaggia insieme a me"
"Voglia di Dance Allnight"
"Panico / Critical"
Related articles
Bloom 06
Bliss Team
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_(Da_Ba_Dee)&oldid=819328528"
Categories:
1999 singles
2000 singles
Eiffel 65 songs
Eurodance songs
Songs about loneliness
Songs written by Maurizio Lobina
Debut singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Austria
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Number-one dance singles in Canada
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Denmark
Number-one singles in Finland
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Germany
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Norway
Number-one singles in Spain
Number-one singles in Sweden
Number-one singles in Switzerland
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
1999 songs
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
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Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 German-language sources (de)
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Webarchive template webcite links
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Scotland
Singlechart called without artist
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Singlechart usages for UK
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Coastal hazards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Coastal Hazards are physical phenomena that expose a coastal area to risk of property damage, loss of life and environmental degradation. Rapid-onset hazards last over periods of minutes to several days and examples include major cyclones accompanied by high winds, waves and surges or tsunamis created by submarine earthquakes and landslides. Slow-onset hazards develop incrementally over longer time periods and examples include erosion and gradual inundation.[1]
Cockenzie Harbour in a gale – geograph.org.uk – 370232
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Coastal environments of the USA
3 Causes of Coastal Hazards
4 Policies
5 Management and planning
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Introduction[edit]
Since early civilisation, coastal areas have been attractive settling grounds for human population as they provided abundant marine resources, fertile agricultural land and possibilities for trade and transport. This has led to high population densities and high levels of development in many coastal areas and this trend is continuing into the 21st century. At present, about 1,2 billion people live in coastal areas globally, and this number is predicted to increase to 1,8–5,2 billion by the 2080s due to a combination of population growth and coastal migration.[2] Along with this increase follows major investments in infrastructure and the build environment.
The characteristics of coastal environments, however, pose some great challenges to human habitation. Coastlines are highly dynamic natural systems that interact with terrestrial, marine and atmospheric processes and undergo continuous change in response to these processes. Over the years, human society has often failed to recognize the hazards related to these dynamics [3] and this has led to major disasters and societal disruption to various degrees. Even today, coastal development is often taking place with little regard to the hazards present in these environments, although climate change is likely to increase the general hazard levels.[4] Societal activities in coastal areas can also pose a hazard to the natural balance of coastal systems, thereby disrupting e.g. sensitive ecosystems and subsequently human livelihood.
Coastal hazard management has become an increasingly important aspect of coastal planning in order to improve the resilience of society to coastal hazards. Possible management options include hard engineering structures, soft protection measures, various accommodation approaches as well as a managed retreat from the coastline. For addressing coastal hazards, it is also important to have early warning systems and emergency management plans in place to be able to address sudden and potential disastrous hazards i.e. major flooding events. Events as the Hurricane Katrina affecting the southern USA in 2005 and the cyclone Nargis affecting Myanmar in 2008 provides clear examples of the importance of timely coastal hazard management.
Coastal environments of the USA[edit]
There are many different types of environments along the coasts of the United States with very diverse features that affect, influence, and mold the near-shore processes that are involved. Understanding these ecosystems and environments can further advance the mitigating techniques and policy-making efforts against natural and man-made coastal hazards in these vulnerable areas. The five most common types of coastal zones range from the northern ice-pushing, mountainous coastline of Alaska and Maine, the barrier island coasts facing the Atlantic, the steep, cliff-back headlands along the pacific coast, the marginal-sea type coastline of the Gulf region, and the coral reef coasts bordering Southern Florida and Hawaii.[5]
Ice-pushing/mountainous coastline
These coastal regions along the northernmost part of the nation were affected predominantly by, along with the rest of the Pacific Coast, continuous tectonic activity, forming a very long, irregular, ridged, steep and mostly mountainous coastline. These environments are heavily occupied with permafrost and glaciers, which are the two major conditions affecting Alaska's Coastal Development.[6]
Barrier island coastline
Barrier islands are a land form system that consists of fairly narrow strips of sand running parallel to the mainland and play a significant role in mitigating storm surges and oceans swells as natural storm events occur. The morphology of the various types and sizes of barrier islands depend on the wave energy, tidal range, basement controls, and sea level trends. The islands create multiple unique environments of wetland systems including marshes, estuaries, and lagoons.[7]
Steep, cliff-backing abrasion coastline
The coastline along the western part of the nation consists of very steep, cliffed rock formations generally with vegetative slopes descending down and a fringing beach below. The various sedimentary, metamorphic, and volcanic rock formations assembled along a tectonically disturbed environment, all with altering resistances running perpendicular, cause the ridged, extensive stretch of uplifted cliffs that form the peninsulas, lagoons, and valleys.[8]
Marginal-sea type coastline
The southern banks of the United States border the Gulf of Mexico, intersecting numerous rivers, forming many inlets bays, and lagoons along its coast, consisting of vast areas of marsh and wetlands. This region of landform is prone to natural disasters yet highly and continuously developed, with man-made structures attaining to water flow and control.[9]
Coral reef coastline
Coral reefs are located off the shores of the southern Florida and Hawaii consisting of rough and complex natural structures along the bottom of the ocean floor with extremely diverse ecosystems, absorbing up to ninety percent of the energy dissipated from wind-generated waves. This process is a significant buffer for the inner-lying coastlines, naturally protecting and minimizing the impact of storm surge and direct wave damage. Because of the highly diverse ecosystems, these coral reefs not only provide for the shoreline protection, but also deliver an abundant amount of services to fisheries and tourism, increasing its economic value.[10]
Causes of Coastal Hazards[edit]
Hurricane Surge
Natural VS Human disasters
The population that lives along or near our coastlines are an extremely vulnerable population. There are numerous issues facing our coastlines and there are two main categories that these hazards can be placed under, Natural disasters and Human disasters. Both of these issues cause great damage to our coastlines and discussion is still ongoing regarding what standards or responses need to be met to help both the individuals who want to continue living along the coastline, while keeping them safe and not eroding more coastline away. Natural disasters are disasters that are out of human control and are usually caused by the weather. Disasters that include but are not limited to; storms, tsunamis, typhoons, flooding, tides, waterspouts, nor'easters, and storm surge. Human disasters occur when humans are the main culprit behind why the disaster happened. Some human disasters are but are not limited to; pollution, trawling, and human development. Natural and human disasters continue to harm the coastlines severely and they need to be researched in order to prepare/stop the hazards if possible.[11]
The populations that live near or along the coast experience many hazards and it affects millions of people. Around ten million people globally feel the effects of coastal problems yearly and most are due to certain natural hazards like coastal flooding with storm surges and typhoons.[12] A major problem related to coastal regions deals with how the entire global environment is changing and in response, the coastal regions are easily affected.
Hurricane Diana
Storms, Flooding and Erosion
Storms are one of the major hazards that are associated to coastal regions. Storms, flooding, and erosion are closely associated and can happen simultaneously. Tropical storms or Hurricanes especially can devastate coastal regions. For example, Florida during Hurricane Andrew occurred in 1992 that caused extreme damage. It was a category five hurricane that caused $26.5 billion in damages and even 23 individuals lost their lives from the storm.[13] Hurricane Katrina also caused havoc along the coast to show the extreme force a hurricane can do in a certain region.[14] The Chennai Floods of 2015, which affected many people, is an example of flooding due to cyclones. People across the whole state of Tamil Nadu felt its impact and even parts of Andhra Pradesh got affected. There was a loss of Rs.900 crore and 280 people died. Many cyclones like this happen across Asia but the media reports only minor hurricanes which hit the United States.
 In almost all cases, storms are the major culprit that causes flooding and erosion.  Flash flooding is caused by storms that occurs when a massive amount of rainfall comes down into an area over a short period of time.  Where as a storm surge, which is closely related to tropical storms, is when the wind collects and pushes water towards low pressure or inland and can rise rapidly.[15] It is an offshore rise of water and overall creates a higher sea level that rises and is pushed inland. The amount of rise or fall of storm surge depends greatly on the amount and duration of wind and water in a specific location. Also if it occurs during a high tide it can have an even greater effect on the coast.

Almost all storms with high wind and water cause erosion along the coast. Erosion occurs when but not limited to; along shore currents, tides, sea level rise and fall, and high winds. Larger amounts of erosion cause the coastline to erode away at a faster rate and can leave people homeless and leave less land to develop or keep for environmental reasons. Coastal erosion has been increasing over the past few years and it is still on the rise which makes it a major coastline hazard. In the United States, 45 percent of its coast line is along the Atlantic or Gulf coast and the erosion rate per year along the Gulf coast is at six feet a year. The average rate of erosion along the Atlantic is around two to three feet a year. Even with these findings, erosion rates in specific locations vary because of various environmental factors such as major storms that can cause major erosion upwards to 100 feet or more in only one day.[16]
Pollution, Trawling and Human Development
North Carolina Homes being taken by the Atlantic Ocean 08-23-2011
Pollution, trawling, and human development are major human disasters that affect coastal regions. There are two main categories related to pollution, point source pollution, and nonpoint source pollution. Point source pollution is when there is an exact location such as a pipeline or a body of water that leads into the rivers and oceans. Known dumping into the ocean is also another point source of pollution. Nonpoint source pollution would pertain more to fertilizer runoff, and industrial waste. Examples of pollution that affect the coastal regions are but are not limited to; fertilizer runoff, oil spills, and dumping of hazardous materials into the oceans. More human acts that hurt the coastline are as follows; waste discharge, fishing, dredging, mining, and drilling.[17] Oil spills are one of the most hazardous dangers towards coastal communities. They are hard to contain, difficult to clean up, and devastate everything. The fish, animals such as birds, the water, and especially the coastline near the spill. The most recent oil spill that had everybody concerned with oil spill was the BP oil spill.
Trawling hurts the normal ecosystems in the water around the coastline. It depletes all ecosystems on the ocean floor such as, flounder, shellfish, marsh etc.. It is simply a giant net that is drug across the ocean floor and destroys and catches anything in its path. Human development is one of the major problems when facing coastal hazards. The overall construction of buildings and houses on the coast line takes away the natural occurrences to handle the fluctuation in water and sea level rise. Building houses in pre-flood areas or high risk areas that are extremely vulnerable to flooding are major concerns towards human development in coastal regions. Having houses and buildings in areas that are known to have powerful storms that will create people to be in risk by living there. Also pertaining to barrier islands, where land is at risk for erosion but they still continue to build there anyway. More and more houses today are being taken by the ocean; look at picture above.
Coastal hazards & climate change
The predicted climate change is adding an extra risk factor to human settlement in coastal areas. Whereas the natural dynamics that shape our coastlines have been relatively stable and predictable over the last centuries, much more rapid change is now expected in processes as sea level rise, ocean temperature and acidity, tropical storm intensity and precipitation/runoff patterns.[18] The world's coastlines will respond to these changes in different ways and at different pace depending on their bio-geophysical characteristics, but generally society will have to recognize that past coastal trends cannot be directly projected into the future. Instead, it is necessary to consider how different coastal environments will respond to the predicted climate change and take the expected future hazards into account in the coastal planning processes.
Policies[edit]
National Flood Insurance Program
The National Flood Insurance Program or NFIP was instituted in 1968 and offers home owners in qualifying communities an opportunity to rebuild and recover after flooding events following the decision by insurance companies to discontinue providing flood insurance. This decision was made on behalf of the private insurers after continually high and widespread flood losses. The goals of this program are to not only better protect individuals from flood, but to reduce property losses, and reduce the total amount disbursed for flood loses by the government. Only communities which have adopted and implemented mitigation policies that are compliant with or exceed federal regulations. The regulatory policies reduce risk to life and property located within floodplains. The NFIP also comprehensively mapped domestic floodplains increasing public awareness of risk. The majority of structures were constructed after the mapping was completed and risk could be assessed. To reduce the cost to these owners, which constitute roughly 25% of the total policies the rates for insurance are subsidized.[19]
Coastal States Organization
The Coastal States Organization or COS was established in 1970 to represent 35 U.S. sub-federal governments on issues of coastal policies. CSO lobbies Congress on issues pertaining to Coastal Policy allowing states input on federal policy decisions. Funding, support, water quality, coastal hazards, and coastal zone management are the primary issues COS promotes. The strategic goals of COS are to provide information and assistance to members,evaluate and manage coastal needs, and secure long term funding for member states initiatives.[20]
Coastal Zone Management Act
In 1972 the Coastal Zone Management Act or CZMA works to streamline the policies which states create to a minimum federal standard for environmental protection. CZMA establishes the national policy for the development and implementation of regulatory programs for coastal land usage, which is supposed to be reflected in state legislation such as CAMA. CZMA also provides minimum building requirements to make the insurance provided through the NFIP less expensive for the government to operate by mitigating losses. Congress found that it was necessary to establish the minimum which programs should provide for. Each coastal state is required to have a program with 7 distinct parts: Identifying land uses,Identifying critical coastal areas, Management measures,Technical assistance, Public participation, Administrative coordination, State coastal zone boundary modification.[21][22]
The Coastal Area Management Act
The Coastal Area Management Act or CAMA is policy that was implemented by the state of North Carolina in 1974 to work in-tandem with the CZMA. It creates a cooperative program between the state and local governments. The State government operates in an advisory capacity and reviews decisions made by local government planners. The goal of this legislation was to create a management system capable of preserving the coastal environment, insure the preservation of land and water resources, balance the use of coastal resources and establish guidelines and standards for conservations, economic development, tourism, transportation, and the protection of common law.[23]
Management and planning[edit]
Due to the increasing urbanization along the coastlines, planning and management are essential to protecting the ecosystems and environment from depleting. Coastal management is becoming implemented more because of the movement of people to the shore and the hazards that come with the territory. Some of the hazards include movement of barrier islands, sea level rise, hurricanes, nor'easters, earthquakes, flooding, erosion, pollution and human development along the coast. The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) was created in 1972 because of the continued growth along the coast, this act introduced better management practices such as integrated coastal zone management, adaptive management and the use mitigation strategies when planning. According to the Coastal Zone Management Act, the objectives are to remain balanced to "preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation's coastal zone".[24] The development of the land can strongly affect the sea,[25] for example the engineering of structures versus non-structures and the effects of erosion along the shore.
Integrated coastal zone management
Integrated coastal zone management means the integration of all aspects of the coastal zone; this includes environmentally, socially, culturally politically and economically to meet a sustainable balance all around. Sustainability is the goal to allow development yet protect the environment in which we develop. Coastal zones are fragile and do not do well with change so it is important to acquire sustainable development. The integration from all views will entitle a holistic view for the best implementation and management of that country, region and local scales. The five types of integration[26] include integration among sectors, integration between land and water elements of the coastal zone, integration amount levels of government, integration between nations and integration among disciplines are all essential to meet the needs for implementation. Management practices include
maintaining the functional integrity of the coastal resource systems,without disrupting the environment
reducing resource-use conflicts, by making sure resources are used adequately and sustainably,
maintaining the health of the environment, which means to protect the ecosystems and natural cycle,
facilitating the progress of multisectoral development, which means allowing developers to develop within standards.[27]
These four management practices should be based on a bottom-up approach, meaning the approach starts from a local level which is more intimate to the specific environment of that area. After assessment from the local level, the state and federal input can be implemented. The bottom-up approach is key for protecting the local environments because there is a diversity of environments that have specific needs all over the world.
Adaptive management
Managing Coastal Hazards Chart
Adaptive management is another practice of development adaptation with the environment. Resources are the major factor when managing adaptively to a certain environment to accommodate all the needs of development and ecosystems. Strategies used must be flexible by either passive or active adaptive management include these key features:[28]
AIterative decision-making (evaluating results and adjusting actions on the basis of what has been learned)
Feedback between monitoring and decisions (learning process)
Explicit characterization of system uncertainty through multi-model inference (experimentation)
Embracing risk and uncertainty as a way of building understanding (trial and error)
To achieve adaptive management is testing the assumptions to achieve a desired outcome, such as trial and error, find the best known strategy then monitoring it to adapt to the environment, and learning the outcomes of success and failures of a project.
Mitigation
Relocation of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, NC, Failure of groin to protect the coast
The purpose of mitigation is not only to minimize the loss of property damage, but minimize environmental damages due to development. To avoid impacts by not taking or limiting actions, to reduce or rectify impacts by rehabilitation or restoring the affected environments or instituting long-term maintenance operations and compensating for impacts by replacing or providing substitute environments for resources[29] Structural mitigation is the current solution to eroding beaches and movement of sand is the use of engineered structures along the coast have been short lived and are only an illusion of safety to the public that result in long term damage of the coastline. Structural management deals with the use of the following: groins which are man-made solution to longshore current movements up and down the coast. The use of groins are efficient to some extent yet cause erosion and sand build up further down the beaches. Bulkheads are man-made structures that help protect the homes built along the coast and other bodies of water that actually induce erosion in the long run. Jetties are structures built to protect sand movement into the inlets where boats for fishing and recreation move through. The use of nonstructural mitigation is the practice of using organic and soft structures for solutions to protect against coastal hazards. These include: artificial dunes, which are used to create dunes that have been either developed on or eroded. There needs to be at least two lines of dunes before any development can occur. Beach Nourishment is a major source of nonstructural mitigation to ensure that beaches are present for the communities and for the protection of the coastline. Vegetation is a key factor when protecting from erosion, specifically for to help stabilize dune erosion.
See also[edit]
Federal Emergency Management Agency
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schwartz, M. (2005) Encyclopaedia of Coastal Science, Springer.
Jump up ^ IPCC, 2007: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/contents.html
Jump up ^ Masselink & Hughes, Coastal processes & geomorphology, Arnold, 2003
Jump up ^ IPCC, 2014: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/
Jump up ^ Inman, Douglas L. "ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE COASTAL ZONE." Environmental Science in the Coastal Zone: Issues for Further Research. The National Academic Press. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. <http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2249>.
Jump up ^ Bird, Eric C. "Chapter 1.1 Alaska". Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. Print.
Jump up ^ "BarrierIslnd." Smithsonian Marine Station (SMS) at Fort Pierce. Web. 30 April 2012. <http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/BarrierIslnd.htm>.
Jump up ^ Collins, B., and N. Sitar. "Processes of Coastal Bluff Erosion in Weakly Lithified Sands, Pacifica, California, USA." Geomorphology 97.3–4 (2008): 483–501. Print.
Jump up ^ Bird, Eric C. "Chapter 1.1 Alaska". Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. Print.
Jump up ^ Murray, John. "Coral Reefs". Nature 40.1030 (1889): 294. Print.
Jump up ^ "Coastal hazards- natural," 2009
Jump up ^ Adger, N., & Hughes, T.2005
Jump up ^ Adger, N., & Hughes, T.2005
Jump up ^ Burby, R. (n.d.). Hurricane katrina . Sage journals, Retrieved from http://ann.sagepub.com/content/604/1/171.short
Jump up ^ (2009). Coastal hazards- natural disasters. Ocean science and stewardship, Retrieved from http://dels-old.nas.edu/oceans/coastal_hazards_part_2.shtml
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Homeland Security, FEMA or Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2000). Significant losses from coastal erosion anticipated along u.s. coastlines. Retrieved from website: http://www.fema.gov /news/newsrelease.fema?id=7708
Jump up ^ Inman, D. (n.d.). Types of coastal zones: similarities and differences. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2249&page=67
Jump up ^ IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf
Jump up ^ Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration. National Flood Insurance Program: Program Description. U.S. Government Press, August 1, 2002 Retrieved from website: http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1480
Jump up ^ About COS. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.coastalstates.org/about/
Jump up ^ (1972). 16 usc chapter 33 – coastal zone management. Retrieved from Cornell University Law School: http://Cornell/uscode/text/16/1452[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Commerece. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 as amended through Pub. L. No. 109-58, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (2011) Retrieved from website: http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/about/czma.html#section6217
Jump up ^ North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, Division of Coastal Management. (1974). Article 7. coastal area management. part 1. organization and goals.. Retrieved from website: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ National oceanic and atmospheric administration. (2011). Retrieved from http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/czm/czm_act.html
Jump up ^ Clark, J. Coastal zone management handbook. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZHvKDJSg1PEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=management of coastal hazards&ots=bwKAk06AoG&sig=b9_iBP7OykljD0qtF9BkJutiEUw
Jump up ^ CICIN-SAIN, B. 1993. Sustainable Development and Integrated Coastal Management. Ocean and Coastal Management, 21, 11–43.
Jump up ^ THIA-ENG, C. 1993. Essential Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Ocean and Coastal Management, 21, 81–108.
Jump up ^ Elzinga, C.L., D. W. Salzer, J. W. Willoughby (1998). Measuring and Monitoring Plant Populations. Denver, CO: Bureau of Land Management. BLM Technical Reference 1730-1.
Jump up ^ Race, Margret. , & Christie, Donna, (n.d.). Coastal zone development: Mitigation and decision-making. 6(4), 317–328. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/r078478127573341/fulltext.pdf
External links[edit]
NOAA
NC COHAZ
eurosion
CAMA
Coastal Hazards and National Policy
Reframing disaster policy: the global evolution of Vulnerable Communities
CZMA
NOAA CZMA
Sea level rise
Cost of Coastal Hazards
Erosion Control
Tsunami
Mechanisms of Tsunamis
Coastal Management
Coastal Mitigations
Wetland Mitigations
Coastal Policies
Barrier Islands
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane effects on the environment
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Elston Howard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Elston Howard
Catcher / Left fielder
Born: (1929-02-23)February 23, 1929
St. Louis, Missouri
Died: December 14, 1980(1980-12-14) (aged 51)
New York City, New York
Batted: Right Threw: Right
MLB debut
April 14, 1955, for the New York Yankees
Last MLB appearance
September 29, 1968, for the Boston Red Sox
MLB statistics
Batting average
.274
Home runs
167
Runs batted in
762
Teams
As player
New York Yankees (1955–1967)
Boston Red Sox (1967–1968)
As coach
New York Yankees (1969–1979)
Career highlights and awards
12× All-Star (1957, 1958, 1959²–1965)
6× World Series champion (1956, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1977, 1978)
AL MVP (1963)
2× Gold Glove Award (1963, 1964)
New York Yankees #32 retired
Elston Gene "Ellie" Howard (February 23, 1929 – December 14, 1980) was an American professional baseball player.
Howard on the field was a catcher, left fielder and coach. During a 14-year baseball career, he played in the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball from 1948 through 1968, primarily for the New York Yankees. He also played for the Kansas City Monarchs and the Boston Red Sox.
In 1955, he was the first African American player on the Yankees roster; this was eight years after Jackie Robinson had broken the MLB color barrier in 1947. Howard was named the American League's Most Valuable Player for the 1963 pennant winners after finishing third in the league in slugging average and fifth in home runs, becoming the first black player in AL history to win the honor. He won Gold Glove Awards in 1963 and 1964, in the latter season setting AL records for putouts and total chances in a season. His lifetime fielding percentage of .993 was a major league record from 1967 to 1973, and he retired among the AL career leaders in putouts (7th, 6,447) and total chances (9th, 6,977).
Contents
1 Early life
2 Early baseball career
3 Major league career
3.1 1950s
3.2 1960s
3.3 Later career
4 Later life and death
5 Legacy
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Howard was born in St. Louis, Missouri to Travis Howard and Emaline Hill, a nurse at a local hospital. When he was six years old, his parents divorced and his mother remarried.[1] Howard was a standout athlete at Vashon High School.
Early baseball career[edit]
In 1948, nineteen-year-old Howard turned down scholarship offers from Big Ten universities and instead entered the Negro Leagues, where he played for the Kansas City Monarchs under manager Buck O'Neil. He was an outfielder for three seasons and roomed with Ernie Banks. The Yankees signed Howard on July 19, 1950, after he was purchased along with Frank Barnes. They were assigned to the Muskegon Clippers, the Yankees' farm team in the Central League. Howard missed the 1951 and 1952 seasons due to his military service in the U.S. Army.
In 1953, Howard played for the Kansas City Blues of the Class AAA American Association. The next year, the Yankees invited Howard to spring training and converted him into a catcher, despite the presence of Yogi Berra as the Yankees' starting catcher.[2] He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the Class AAA International League in 1954. He led the league in triples and won the league's MVP award. The Yankees assigned Bill Dickey to work with Howard in order to develop his catching skills.[3]
Major league career[edit]
1950s[edit]
Howard made the Yankees' major league roster at the start of the 1955 season. On April 14, 1955 (the second game of the season), Howard made his major league debut when he entered the game in the sixth inning as a left fielder. Howard hit a single in his only plate appearance of the day. He became the first African American to play for the Yankees.[2] Howard was known to be very slow afoot. This caused Casey Stengel, the Yankees' manager, to say, "Well, when they finally get me a nigger, I get the only one who can't run." When Howard first came to the Yankees, Stengel referred to him as "Eightball".[4] Howard made his first start on April 28,[2] because it was difficult to find room for Howard in the lineup. Berra won his third MVP award in 1955, and Mickey Mantle and Hank Bauer were solid outfield regulars. Stengel used Howard as a backup catcher and occasional outfielder; he competed for playing time with Norm Siebern and Enos Slaughter. He hit .290 with 10 home runs and 43 runs batted in (RBIs) in 97 games played for the season.[2]
In the 1955 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers, Howard hit a home run off of Don Newcombe in his first at bat in the second inning of Game 1. The round tripper tied the game at 2-2, and the Yankees went on to win the game, 6-5. Howard's ground ball out to Pee Wee Reese in Game 7 ended the Series; it was the first time in six meetings that the Yankees had lost to Brooklyn. In the 1956 World Series against Brooklyn he played only in Game 7, but his solo home run off Newcombe in the fourth inning was one of four Yankee HRs in Johnny Kucks' 9-0 victory. Against the Milwaukee Braves in the 1957 World Series, his three-run homer off Warren Spahn with two outs in the ninth inning of Game 4 tied the score 4-4, though Milwaukee won 7-5 in the 10th inning. As the Yankees again met the Braves in the 1958 World Series, his impact did not become notable until Game 5, when he caught Red Schoendienst's sinking fly ball in the sixth inning and made a throw to catch Bill Bruton off first base for a double play, preserving a 1-0 lead. In Game 6, he threw Andy Pafko out at the plate in the second inning, and singled and scored with two out in the tenth inning for a 4-2 Yankee lead; the run proved decisive, as the Braves came back to score once in the bottom of the frame. In Game 7, his two-out RBI single scored Berra for a 3-2 lead in the eighth inning, with New York going on to a 6-2 win, completing only the second comeback by a team from a 3-1 deficit in a Series. Howard was later given the Babe Ruth Award, presented by the New York chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America, as the top player in the Series, although the World Series MVP Award was won by teammate Bob Turley.
By 1959, Howard was often playing at first base in order to remain in the lineup. Despite not finding a regular position yet, he was first selected to the All-Star team in 1957, the first of nine consecutive years through 1965 in which he made the squad; he would appear in six of the games (1960 to 1964), including both 1961 contests.
1960s[edit]
Howard during a collision at home plate, 1961 World Series. The umpire is Jocko Conlan.
In 1960, Howard finally took over the majority of Berra's catching duties, although his .245 batting average was his lowest to date. The Yankees met the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1960 World Series, and Howard's two-run pinch-hit homer off Roy Face in the ninth inning of Game 1 brought the Yankees within two runs, though they lost 6-4. Howard hit .462 in the Series, but did not play in Game 7 after being hit on the hand by a pitch in the second inning of Game 6, and could only watch as the Pirates won the Series, 10-9, on Bill Mazeroski's home run leading off the bottom of the ninth. In 1961 he raised his average 103 points to a career-best .348 mark on a team that featured Roger Maris' record 61-home run season; Howard also enjoyed his first 20-homer campaign, along with 77 RBI, as the Yankees set a major league record with 240 HRs. He finished tenth in the MVP voting that year, won by Maris. Meeting the Cincinnati Reds in the 1961 Series, he and Bill Skowron had solo home runs in the 2-0 Game 1 victory, and he scored three runs in the final 13-5 win in Game 5. He followed up with a 1962 season in which he batted .279 with a career-best 91 RBI, again hitting over 20 homers, and collecting eight RBI in an August 19 game in Kansas City which the Yankees won, 21-7. Although Howard batted only .143 in the 1962 World Series against the San Francisco Giants, the Yankees won in seven games.
In his 1963 MVP season, he batted .287 with 28 home runs, 85 RBI and a .528 slugging average, also winning his first Gold Glove. The Yankees were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1963 Series, though Howard hit .333 and drove in the only Yankee run of Game 2. He batted .313 (just ten points behind batting champion Tony Oliva) with 84 RBI in 1964, again winning the Gold Glove and placing third in the MVP vote as Berra took over Ralph Houk's post as manager. His totals of 939 putouts and 1,008 total chances broke the AL records of 872 and 963 set by Earl Battey with the 1962 Minnesota Twins; Bill Freehan would top Howard's marks with the 1967 Detroit Tigers. Howard also led the AL in fielding average in 1964 with a .998 mark. Playing in his ninth World Series in ten years against the St. Louis Cardinals, he batted .292 though the Yankees were overcome in seven games; he tied a Series record with three passed balls, including two in the 9-5 Game 1 loss. In 1965, Howard injured his elbow during spring training. He played in four games through April, and then had surgery, missing five more weeks.[5]
Later career[edit]
Howard struggled in 1967. He backed up Jake Gibbs and batted only .198 through the start of August. On August 3, 1967, Howard was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Pete Magrini and a player to be named later (Ron Klimkowski).[6] Though he batted only .147 for Boston, he was effective in handling the pitchers; teammate Tony Conigliaro noted, "I don't think I ever saw a pitcher shake off one of his signs. They had too much respect for him." In 1967, Howard also took over Sherm Lollar's major-league record for career fielding average; Freehan moved ahead of him in 1973. Howard had his last postseason highlight in the 1967 World Series against the Cardinals when his bases-loaded single in the ninth inning of Game 5 drove in two runs for a 3-0 lead. The hit was crucial, as former teammate Maris homered in the bottom of the inning for the Cardinals before the Red Sox closed out the 3-1 win. St. Louis, however, won the Series in seven games. It was the sixth losing World Series team Howard played on; he and Pee Wee Reese have the dubious distinction for playing on the most losing World Series teams.
On October 29, 1968, Howard was released by the Red Sox. Over his 14-year career, he batted .274 with 167 home runs, 1,471 hits, 762 RBI, 619 runs, 218 doubles, 50 triples and nine stolen bases in 1,605 games. His .427 slugging average trailed those of only Dickey (.486), Berra (.482) and Mickey Cochrane (.478) among AL catchers. His 54 total World Series games placed him behind only teammates Berra and Mantle. Howard is also credited with being the first to use the extended index and pinky finger (corna) to indicate that there were two out in the inning, this being more visible to teammates in the outfield than the usual "two" gesture of the index and middle fingers.
Later life and death[edit]
Howard returned to the Yankees the following year, where he served as first-base coach from 1969 to 1979. He was the first black coach in the American League. The team won the AL pennant in 1976 and the World Series in 1977 and 1978. During a game against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park in June 1977, Howard and Yogi Berra were peacemakers during a dugout incident between Yankees player Reggie Jackson and Yankees manager Billy Martin.
Elston Howard's plaque in Monument Park.
After Howard's coaching career ended, he became an administrative assistant with the Yankees; however, that position did not last long due to declining health. Howard was diagnosed with myocarditis, a rare heart disease that causes rapid heart failure.[7] He was considering a heart transplant, but his condition quickly deteriorated.[7] After staying a week at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, Howard died of the heart ailment at age 51 in 1980. He was interred at George Washington Memorial Park in Paramus, New Jersey.
Red Smith, a columnist for The New York Times, reacted by writing, "The Yankees' organization lost more class on the weekend than George Steinbrenner could buy in 10 years."[8]
Legacy[edit]
Elston Howard's number 32 was retired by the New York Yankees in 1984.
In Howard's memory, the Yankees wore black armbands on their sleeve during the 1981 season. On July 21, 1984, the Yankees retired Howard's uniform number 32 and dedicated a plaque in his honor for Monument Park at Yankee Stadium. On that day the Yankees also gave the same honors to Roger Maris who, unlike Howard, was still living. Howard's plaque describes him as "A man of great gentleness and dignity" and "one of the truly great Yankees."
Howard is credited with inventing the batting "donut", a circular lead weight with a rubber shell used by waiting batters in the on-deck circle by placing it around a bat to make it feel heavier, so that the bat will feel lighter at the plate and easier to swing. Its widespread use caused the discontinuation of the practice of hitters swinging multiple bats at the same time while waiting to hit. Howard helped two New Jersey entrepreneurs, Frank Hamilton and Vince Salvucci, to market the bat weight and lent his name to the product.
Howard is portrayed in the Broadway play Bronx Bombers.[9]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Baseball portal
List of first black Major League Baseball players by team and date
List of New York Yankees coaches
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Obituaries Ms Emaline Hill". The Sporting News. February 4, 1967. p. 11. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rosengren, John (April 13, 2015). "Elston Howard became the Yankees' Jackie Robinson 60 years ago". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bill Dickey – SABR". sabr.org. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Creamer, Robert W. (1984). Stengel: His Life and Times. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 282
Jump up ^ Lewiston Morning Tribune https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oKZfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VzIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1907,550012&dq=elston-howard&hl=en. Retrieved April 15, 2015 – via Google News Archive Search. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ The Miami News https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JAxgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nekFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1362,656868&dq=elston-howard&hl=en. Retrieved April 15, 2015 – via Google News Archive Search. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Arlene Howard, Ralph Wimbish. Elston and Me: The Story of the First Black Yankee. University of Missouri Press, 2001. p. 1. ISBN 0-8262-1358-8.
Jump up ^ "On Howard, A Class Guy", Red Smith, The New York Times, December 15, 1980.[1]
Jump up ^ Kepler, Adam W. (October 21, 2013). "A Broadway Run for 'Bronx Bombers'". The New York Times. ArtsBeat – New York Times Blog. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
Further reading[edit]
"Elston and Me: The Story of the first Black Yankee (2001), By Arlene Howard with Ralph Wimbish. Missouri University Press.
Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia (2000). Kingston, New York: Total/Sports Illustrated. ISBN 1-892129-34-5.
Stengel: His Life and Times by Robert W. Creamer (1984). New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-22489-1
External links[edit]
Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube
Negro league baseball statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference (Negro leagues)
career highlights Baseball Library
Elston Howard at Find a Grave
The Baseball Page
New York Times obituary The Deadball Era
Baseball Almanac
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Book:New York Yankees
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WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 3789 4424
LCCN: n2001084531
SNAC: w6p27bxm
VIAF: 26413591
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elston_Howard&oldid=854384648"
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