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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
(3d Cir.)
Location
James A. Byrne U.S. Courthouse
(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
Appeals from
District of Delaware
District of New Jersey
Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Middle District of Pennsylvania
Western District of Pennsylvania
District of the Virgin Islands
Established
June 16, 1891
Circuit Justice
Samuel Alito
Chief Judge
D. Brooks Smith
Active judges
14
Senior judges
11
Official site
The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (in case citations, 3d Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts for the following districts:
District of Delaware
District of New Jersey
Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Middle District of Pennsylvania
Western District of Pennsylvania
It also has appellate jurisdiction over the District Court of the Virgin Islands. This court was created under Article IV of the U.S. Constitution, rather than Article III under which the other district courts in the Circuit were created.
The court is composed of 14 active judges and is based at the James A. Byrne Courthouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The court also conducts sittings in other venues, including the U.S. Virgin Islands.[1] It is one of thirteen United States courts of appeals. Due to the court's appellate jurisdiction over Delaware (where more than half of publicly traded companies in the United States incorporate), the court handles a significant number of influential commercial cases in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current composition of the court
2 Vacancies and pending nominations
3 List of former judges
4 Chief judges
5 Succession of seats
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Current composition of the court[edit]
As of November 20, 2017, the judges on the court are as follows:[2][3]
#
Title
Judge
Duty station
Born
Term of service
Appointed by
Active
Chief
Senior
56 Chief Judge D. Brooks Smith Duncansville, PA 1951 2002–present 2016–present — G.W. Bush
50 Circuit Judge Theodore McKee Philadelphia, PA 1947 1994–present 2010–2016 — Clinton
54 Circuit Judge Thomas L. Ambro Wilmington, DE 1949 2000–present — — Clinton
60 Circuit Judge Michael Chagares Newark, NJ 1962 2006–present — — G.W. Bush
61 Circuit Judge Kent A. Jordan Wilmington, DE 1957 2006–present — — G.W. Bush
62 Circuit Judge Thomas Hardiman Pittsburgh, PA 1965 2007–present — — G.W. Bush
63 Circuit Judge Joseph A. Greenaway Jr. Newark, NJ 1957 2010–present — — Obama
64 Circuit Judge Thomas I. Vanaskie Scranton, PA 1953 2010–present — — Obama
65 Circuit Judge Patty Shwartz Newark, NJ 1961 2013–present — — Obama
66 Circuit Judge Cheryl Ann Krause Philadelphia, PA 1968 2014–present — — Obama
67 Circuit Judge Luis Felipe Restrepo Philadelphia, PA 1959 2016–present — — Obama
68 Circuit Judge Stephanos Bibas Philadelphia, PA 1969 2017–present — — Trump
69 Circuit Judge vacant — — — — — —
70 Circuit Judge vacant — — — — — —
38 Senior Circuit Judge Dolores Korman Sloviter inactive 1932 1979–2013 1991–1998 2013–present Carter
41 Senior Circuit Judge Walter King Stapleton Wilmington, DE 1934 1985–1999 — 1999–present Reagan
42 Senior Circuit Judge Morton Ira Greenberg Trenton, NJ 1933 1987–2000 — 2000–present Reagan
44 Senior Circuit Judge Anthony Joseph Scirica Philadelphia, PA 1940 1987–2013 2003–2010 2013–present Reagan
45 Senior Circuit Judge Robert E. Cowen Trenton, NJ 1930 1987–1998 — 1998–present Reagan
46 Senior Circuit Judge Richard Lowell Nygaard Erie, PA 1940 1988–2005 — 2005–present Reagan
48 Senior Circuit Judge Jane Richards Roth Washington, DC 1935 1991–2006 — 2006–present G.H.W. Bush
52 Senior Circuit Judge Marjorie O. Rendell Philadelphia, PA 1947 1997–2015 — 2015–present Clinton
53 Senior Circuit Judge Maryanne Trump Barry inactive[4] 1937 1999–2011 — 2011–present Clinton
55 Senior Circuit Judge Julio M. Fuentes Newark, NJ 1946 2000–2016 — 2016–present Clinton
58 Senior Circuit Judge D. Michael Fisher Pittsburgh, PA 1944 2003–2017 — 2017–present G.W. Bush
Vacancies and pending nominations[edit]
Seat
Prior Judge's Duty Station
Seat Last Held By
Vacancy Reason
Date of Vacancy
Nominee
Date of Nomination
3 Newark, NJ Julio M. Fuentes Senior status July 18, 2016 Paul Matey April 12, 2018
11 Pittsburgh, PA D. Michael Fisher February 1, 2017 David J. Porter
List of former judges[edit]
#
Judge
State
Born–died
Active service
Chief Judge
Senior status
Appointed by
Reason for
termination
1 Marcus Wilson Acheson PA 1828–1906 1891–1906[Note 1] — — B. Harrison death
2 George M. Dallas PA 1839–1917 1892–1909 — — B. Harrison retirement
3 George Gray DE 1840–1925 1899–1914[5] — — McKinley retirement
4 Joseph Buffington PA 1855–1947 1906–1938[5] — 1938–1947 T. Roosevelt death
5 William M. Lanning NJ 1849–1912 1909–1912 — — Taft death
6 John Bayard McPherson PA 1846–1919 1912–1919 — — Taft death
7 Victor Baynard Woolley DE 1867–1945 1914–1938 — 1938–1945 Wilson death
8 Thomas Griffith Haight NJ 1879–1942 1919–1920[5] — — Wilson resignation
9 John Warren Davis NJ 1867–1945 1920–1939 — 1939–1941 Wilson resignation
10 Joseph Whitaker Thompson PA 1861–1946 1931–1938 — 1938–1946 Hoover death
11 John Biggs Jr. DE 1895–1979 1937–1965 1948–1965 1965–1979 F. Roosevelt death
12 Albert Branson Maris PA 1893–1989 1938–1958 — 1958–1989 F. Roosevelt death
13 William Clark NJ 1891–1957 1938–1943 — — F. Roosevelt resignation
14 Francis Biddle PA 1886–1968 1939–1940 — — F. Roosevelt resignation
15 Charles Alvin Jones PA 1887–1966 1939–1944 — — F. Roosevelt resignation
16 Herbert Funk Goodrich PA 1889–1962 1940–1962 — — F. Roosevelt death
17 Gerald McLaughlin NJ 1893–1977 1943–1968 — 1968–1977 F. Roosevelt death
18 John Joseph O'Connell PA 1894–1949 1945–1949 — — Truman death
19 Harry Ellis Kalodner PA 1896–1977 1946–1969 1965–1966 1969–1977 Truman death
20 William H. Hastie VI 1904–1976 1949–1971[5] 1968–1971 1971–1976 Truman death
21 Austin Leander Staley PA 1902–1978 1950–1967 1966–1967 1967–1978 Truman death
22 Phillip Forman NJ 1895–1978 1959–1961 — 1961–1978 Eisenhower death
23 James Cullen Ganey PA 1899–1972 1961–1966 — 1966–1972 Kennedy death
24 William Francis Smith NJ 1903–1968 1961–1968 — — Kennedy death
25 Abraham Lincoln Freedman PA 1904–1971 1964–1971 — — L. Johnson death
26 Collins J. Seitz DE 1914–1998 1966–1989 1971–1984 1989–1998 L. Johnson death
27 Francis Lund Van Dusen PA 1912–1993 1967–1977 — 1977–1993 L. Johnson death
28 Ruggero J. Aldisert PA 1919–2014 1968–1986 1984–1986 1986–2014 L. Johnson death
29 David Henry Stahl PA 1920–1970 1968–1970 — — L. Johnson death
30 Arlin M. Adams PA 1921–2015 1969–1987 — — Nixon retirement
31 John Joseph Gibbons NJ 1924–present 1969–1990 1987–1990 — Nixon retirement
32 Max Rosenn PA 1910–2006 1970–1981 — 1981–2006 Nixon death
33 James Rosen NJ 1909–1972 1971–1972 — — Nixon death
34 James Hunter III NJ 1916–1989 1971–1986 — 1986–1989 Nixon death
35 Joseph F. Weis Jr. PA 1923–2014 1973–1988 — 1988–2014 Nixon death
36 Leonard I. Garth NJ 1921–2016 1973–1986 — 1986–2016 Nixon death
37 A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. PA 1928–1998 1977–1991 1990–1991 1991–1993 Carter retirement
39 Edward Roy Becker PA 1933–2006 1981–2003 1998–2003 2003–2006 Reagan death
40 Carol Los Mansmann PA 1942–2002 1985–2002 — — Reagan death
43 William D. Hutchinson PA 1932–1995 1987–1995 — — Reagan death
47 Samuel Alito NJ 1950–present 1990–2006 — — G.H.W. Bush elevated to Supreme Court
49 Timothy K. Lewis PA 1954–present 1992–1999 — — G.H.W. Bush resignation
51 H. Lee Sarokin NJ 1928–present 1994–1996 — — Clinton retirement
57 Michael Chertoff NJ 1953–present 2003–2005 — — G.W. Bush resignation
59 Franklin Van Antwerpen PA 1941–2016 2004–2006 — 2006–2016 G.W. Bush death
Jump up ^ Acheson was appointed as a circuit judge for the Third Circuit in 1891 by Benjamin Harrison. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
Chief judges[edit]
Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve unless the circuit justice (i.e., the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.
When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.
Succession of seats[edit]
The court has fourteen seats for active judges, numbered in the order in which they were filled. Judges who retire into senior status remain on the bench but leave their seat vacant. That seat is filled by the next circuit judge appointed by the president.
Seat 1
Established on December 10, 1869 by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Third Circuit
Reassigned on June 16, 1891 to the newly formed United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891
Acheson PA 1892–1906
Buffington PA 1906–1938
Biddle PA 1939–1940
Goodrich PA 1940–1962
Freedman PA 1964–1971
Weis, Jr. PA 1973–1988
Nygaard PA 1988–2005
Hardiman PA 2007–present
Seat 2
Established on June 16, 1891 by the Judiciary Act of 1891
Dallas PA 1892–1909
Lanning NJ 1909–1912
McPherson PA 1912–1919
Haight NJ 1919–1920
Davis NJ 1920–1939
Jones PA 1939–1944
Kalodner PA 1946–1969
Adams PA 1969–1987
Hutchinson PA 1987–1995
Rendell PA 1997–2015
Bibas PA 2017–present
Seat 3
Established on February 23, 1899 by 30 Stat. 846
Gray DE 1899–1914
Woolley DE 1914–1938
Maris PA 1938–1958
Forman NJ 1959–1961
W. Smith NJ 1961–1968
Hunter III NJ 1971–1986
Cowen NJ 1987–1998
Fuentes NJ 2000–2016
vacant N/A 2016–present
Seat 4
Established on June 10, 1930 by 46 Stat. 538
Thompson PA 1931–1938
Clark NJ 1938–1943
McLaughlin NJ 1943–1968
Gibbons NJ 1969–1990
Alito NJ 1990–2006
Greenaway, Jr. NJ 2010–present
Seat 5
Established as a temporary judgeship on June 24, 1936 by 49 Stat. 1903
Made permanent on May 31, 1938 by 52 Stat. 584
Biggs, Jr. DE 1937–1965
Seitz DE 1966–1989
Roth DE 1991–2006
Jordan DE 2006–present
Seat 6
Established on December 7, 1944 by 58 Stat. 796
O'Connell PA 1945–1949
Staley PA 1950–1967
Aldisert PA 1968–1986
Scirica PA 1987–2013
Restrepo PA 2016–present
Seat 7
Established on August 3, 1949 by 63 Stat. 493
Hastie VI 1950–1971
Rosen NJ 1971–1972
Garth NJ 1973–1986
Greenberg NJ 1987–2000
Chertoff NJ 2003–2005
Chagares NJ 2006–present
Seat 8
Established on May 19, 1961 by 75 Stat. 80
Ganey PA 1961–1966
Van Dusen PA 1967–1977
Higginbotham, Jr. PA 1977–1991
McKee PA 1994–present
Seat 9
Established on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184
Stahl PA 1968–1970
Rosenn PA 1970–1981
Becker PA 1981–2003
Van Antwerpen PA 2004–2006
Vanaskie PA 2010–present
Seat 10
Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629
Sloviter PA 1979–2013
Krause PA 2014–present
Seat 11
Established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333
Mansmann PA 1985–2002
Fisher PA 2003–2017
vacant N/A 2017–present
Seat 12
Established on July 10, 1984 by 98 Stat. 333
Stapleton DE 1985–1999
Ambro DE 2000–present
Seat 13
Established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089
Lewis PA 1992–1999
D. Smith PA 2002–present
Seat 14
Established on December 1, 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089
Sarokin NJ 1994–1996
Barry NJ 1999–2011
Shwartz NJ 2013–present
See also[edit]
Wikisource has original works on the topic: United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Federal judicial appointment history#Third Circuit
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Notice for Sitting in Virgin Islands" (PDF). Official website of the Third Circuit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-01. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
Jump up ^ "U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit". Official website of the Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2005-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Third Circuit Court of Appeals Judges" (PDF). Official website of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-10. Retrieved 2005-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Trump’s sister takes inactive status on US appeals court" The Republic, February 2, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b c d Recess appointment, confirmed by the United States Senate at a later date.
External links[edit]
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Recent opinions from Findlaw
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Current judges of the United States courts of appeals
1st Circuit
Active
Howard
Torruella
Lynch
Thompson
Kayatta
Barron
Senior
Campbell
Selya
Boudin
Stahl
Lipez
2nd Circuit
Active
Katzmann
Jacobs
Cabranes
Pooler
Raggi
Hall
Livingston
Chin
Lohier
Carney
Droney
2 seats vacant
Senior
Newman
Kearse
Winter
Walker
Leval
Calabresi
Straub
Sack
Parker
Wesley
Lynch
3rd Circuit
Active
D. Smith
McKee
Ambro
Chagares
Jordan
Hardiman
Greenaway
Vanaskie
Shwartz
Krause
Restrepo
Bibas
2 seats vacant
Senior
Sloviter
Stapleton
Greenberg
Scirica
Cowen
Nygaard
Roth
Rendell
Barry
Fuentes
Fisher
4th Circuit
Active
Gregory
Wilkinson
Niemeyer
Motz
Traxler
King
Duncan
Agee
Keenan
Wynn
Diaz
Floyd
Thacker
Harris
1 seat vacant
Senior
Hamilton
Shedd
5th Circuit
Active
Stewart
Jones
Smith
Dennis
Owen
Elrod
Southwick
Haynes
Graves
Higginson
Costa
Willett
Ho
Duncan
Engelhardt
2 seats vacant
Senior
King
Reavley
Higginbotham
Jolly
Davis
Duhé
Barksdale
Wiener
Benavides
Clement
6th Circuit
Active
Cole
Batchelder
Moore
Clay
Gibbons
Sutton
Cook
Griffin
Kethledge
White
Stranch
Donald
Thapar
Bush
Larsen
Nalbandian
Senior
Keith
Merritt
Wellford
Guy
Ryan
Boggs
Norris
Suhrheinrich
Siler
Daughtrey
Gilman
Rogers
McKeague
7th Circuit
Active
Wood
Flaum
Easterbrook
Kanne
Rovner
Sykes
Hamilton
Barrett
Brennan
Scudder
St. Eve
Senior
Bauer
Ripple
Manion
8th Circuit
Active
L. Smith
Wollman
Loken
Colloton
Gruender
Benton
Shepherd
Kelly
Erickson
Grasz
Stras
Senior
Bowman
Beam
Hansen
Arnold
Riley
Melloy
9th Circuit
Active
Thomas
Graber
McKeown
Wardlaw
Fletcher
Gould
Paez
Berzon
Rawlinson
Bybee
Callahan
Bea
M. Smith
Ikuta
N. Smith
Murguia
Christen
Nguyen
Watford
Hurwitz
Owens
Friedland
Bennett
6 seats vacant
Senior
Goodwin
Wallace
Schroeder
Farris
Nelson
Canby
O'Scannlain
Leavy
Trott
Fernandez
Kleinfeld
Hawkins
Tashima
Fisher
Silverman
Tallman
Clifton
10th Circuit
Active
Tymkovich
Briscoe
Lucero
Hartz
Holmes
Matheson
Bacharach
Phillips
McHugh
Moritz
Eid
Carson
Senior
McKay
Seymour
Porfilio
Anderson
Baldock
Brorby
Ebel
Kelly
Murphy
O'Brien
11th Circuit
Active
E. Carnes
Tjoflat
Marcus
Wilson
W. Pryor
Martin
Jordan
Rosenbaum
J. Pryor
Newsom
Branch
1 seat vacant
Senior
Fay
Anderson
Edmondson
Cox
Dubina
Black
Hull
J. Carnes
D.C. Circuit
Active
Garland
Henderson
Rogers
Tatel
Griffith
Kavanaugh
Srinivasan
Millett
Pillard
Wilkins
Katsas
Senior
Edwards
Silberman
Buckley
Williams
Ginsburg
Sentelle
Randolph
Federal Circuit
Active
Prost
Newman
Lourie
Dyk
Moore
O'Malley
Reyna
Wallach
Taranto
Chen
Hughes
Stoll
Senior
Mayer
Plager
Clevenger
Schall
Bryson
Linn
show
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Current senior judges of the United States courts of appeals
1st Circuit
Campbell
Selya
Boudin
Stahl
Lipez
2nd Circuit
Newman
Kearse
Winter
Walker
Leval
Calabresi
Straub
Sack
Parker
Wesley
Lynch
3rd Circuit
Sloviter
Stapleton
Greenberg
Scirica
Cowen
Nygaard
Roth
Rendell
Barry
Fuentes
Fisher
4th Circuit
Hamilton
Shedd
5th Circuit
King
Reavley
Higginbotham
Jolly
Davis
Duhé Jr.
Barksdale
Wiener
Benavides
Clement
6th Circuit
Keith
Merritt
Wellford
Guy
Ryan
Boggs
Norris
Suhrheinrich
Siler
Daughtrey
Gilman
Rogers
McKeague
7th Circuit
Bauer
Ripple
Manion
8th Circuit
Bowman
Beam
Hansen
Arnold
Riley
Melloy
9th Circuit
Goodwin
Wallace
Schroeder
Farris
Nelson
Canby
O'Scannlain
Leavy
Trott
Fernandez
Kleinfeld
Hawkins
Tashima
Silverman
Fisher
Tallman
Clifton
10th Circuit
McKay
Seymour
Porfilio
Anderson
Baldock
Brorby
Ebel
Kelly
Murphy
O'Brien
11th Circuit
Fay
Anderson
Edmondson
Cox
Dubina
Black
Hull
J. Carnes
D.C. Circuit
Edwards
Silberman
Buckley
Williams
Ginsburg
Sentelle
Randolph
Federal Circuit
Mayer
Plager
Clevenger
Schall
Bryson
Linn
show
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Current active district judges of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals
Delaware
Stark
Andrews
2 seats vacant
New Jersey
Linares
Kugler
Wolfson
Bumb
Hillman
Wigenton
Cecchi
Salas
McNulty
Shipp
Arleo
Vazquez
Martinotti
4 seats vacant
E. Pennsylvania
Stengel
Tucker
Rufe
Savage
Pratter
Diamond
Sanchez
Slomsky
Jones
Goldberg
Quiñones
Schmehl
McHugh
Smith
Beetlestone
Kearney
Pappert
Leeson
4 seats vacant
M. Pennsylvania
Conner
Kane
Jones
Mariani
Mannion
Brann
W. Pennsylvania
Conti
Fischer
Bissoon
Hornak
6 seats vacant
Virgin Islands
Lewis
Gomez
show
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Current senior district judges of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals
Delaware
Longobardi
Sleet
New Jersey
Thompson
Rodriguez
Cooper
Simandle
Walls
Hayden
Martini
Chesler
Sheridan
E. Pennsylvania
Ditter
VanArtsdalen
Kelly
Reed
DuBois
Buckwalter
Bartle
Yohn
Padova
Joyner
Robreno
Brody
McLaughlin
Schiller
Surrick
Davis
Baylson
M. Pennsylvania
Nealon
Conaboy
Rambo
Caldwell
Kosik
Caputo
Munley
W. Pennsylvania
Cohill
Diamond
Bloch
Ambrose
Cercone
McVerry
Schwab
Gibson
Virgin Islands
Finch
show
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United States courts of appeals
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
D.C.
Federal
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P wave (electrocardiography)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Normal P wave, shown in darker red
The P wave in the ECG represents atrial depolarization, which results in atrial contraction.
Contents
[hide]
1 Physiology
2 Pathology
3 Atrial repolarization
4 Related pages
5 References
Physiology[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria. Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization wave originates in the sinoatrial node, in the high right atrium and then travels to and through the left atrium. The depolarization front is carried through the atria along semi-specialized conduction pathways including Bachmann's bundle resulting in uniform shaped waves. Depolarization originating elsewhere in the atria (atrial ectopics) result in P waves with a different morphology from normal.
Pathology[edit]
Characteristic peaked P wave of cor pulmonale
Peaked P waves (> 0.25 mV) suggest right atrial enlargement, cor pulmonale, (P pulmonale rhythm),[1] but have a low predictive value (~20%).[2]
A P wave with increased amplitude can indicate hypokalemia.[3] It can also indicate right atrial enlargement.[4]
A P wave with decreased amplitude can indicate hyperkalemia.
Bifid P waves (known as P mitrale) indicate left-atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation [5] or hypertrophy.[1]
If at least three different shaped P waves can be seen in a given ECG lead tracing, this implies that even if one of them arises from the SA node, at least two others are arising elsewhere. This is taken as evidence of multiple (i.e. at least two) ectopic foci, and is called multifocal (or more correctly, multiform) atrial rhythm if the rate is ≤100) or multifocal atrial tachycardia if the rate is over 100.[6] This appears particularly commonly in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease.[7]
If the baseline has totally an irregular form this suggests fibrillatory waves of atrial fibrillation or possibly artefact; a saw tooth shaped baseline suggests the flutter waves of atrial flutter. With either of these rhythms, if the ventricular rate is fast, the fibrillatory or flutter waves can easily be misinterpreted as P waves.
Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate:
Fine atrial fibrillation[1]
Sinoatrial arrest (with a secondary escape rhythm)
If P waves are not clearly delineated in the surface ECG, a Lewis lead may be used to better visualize P waves.
Atrial repolarization[edit]
This occurs a mean of 320 ms after the end of the P-wave, with a duration of 2-3 times that of the P-wave and a polarity always opposite to that of the P wave. It is represented on the surface ECG by a so-called Ta wave. The clinical relevance of this is that, although a normal phenomenon, the nadir of the Ta wave can occur just after the QRS complex and cause ST depression similar to (and easily mistaken with) that occurring with disease states such as cardiac ischaemia.[8]
Related pages[edit]
Electrocardiography
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Longmore, Murray (2004). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8th edition page 90. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852558-3.
Jump up ^ Reeves WC, Hallahan W, Schwiter EJ, Ciotola TJ, Buonocore E, Davidson W (1981). "Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria for right atrial enlargement.". Circulation. 64: 387–391. PMID 6454512. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.64.2.387.
Jump up ^ http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/hypokalaemia/
Jump up ^ http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson7/index.html
Jump up ^ Munuswamy K, Alpert MA, Martin RH, Whiting RB, Mechlin NJ (1983). "Sensitivity and specificity of commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement determined by m-mode echocardiography". Am J Cardiol. 53 (6): 829–832. PMID 6230922. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(84)90413-2.
Jump up ^ Kastor JA (1990). "Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia". N Engl J Med. 322 (24): 1713–1717. PMID 2188131. doi:10.1056/NEJM199006143222405.
Jump up ^ Kothari SA, Apiyasawat S, Asad N, Spodick DH (2006). "Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia". Clin Cardiol. 28 (12): 3561–3563. PMID 16405199. doi:10.1002/clc.4960281205.
Jump up ^ Smith, SW. "Atrial Repolarization Wave Mimicking ST Depression". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
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Gaslighting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Gaslight (disambiguation).
Gaslighting is a form of manipulation that seeks to sow seeds of doubt in a targeted individual or in members of a targeted group, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, and sanity. Using persistent denial, misdirection, contradiction, and lying, it attempts to destabilize the target and delegitimize the target's belief.[1][2]
Instances may range from the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred up to the staging of bizarre events by the abuser with the intention of disorienting the victim. The term owes its origin to the 1938 Patrick Hamilton play Gas Light and its 1940 and 1944 film adaptations. The term has been used in clinical and research literature,[3][4] as well as in political commentary.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Usage
3 In clinical psychiatry
4 In politics
5 In fiction
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
Ingrid Bergman in the 1944 film Gaslight
The term originates in the systematic psychological manipulation of a victim by her husband in the 1938 stage play Gas Light, known as Angel Street in the United States, and the film adaptations released in 1940 and 1944.[7] In the story, a husband attempts to convince his wife and others that she is insane by manipulating small elements of their environment and insisting that she is mistaken, remembering things incorrectly, or delusional when she points out these changes. The original title stems from the dimming of the gas lights in the house that happened when the husband was using the gas lights in the flat above while searching for the jewels belonging to a woman whom he had murdered. The wife correctly notices the dimming lights and discusses the phenomenon with her husband, but he insists that she just imagined a change in the level of illumination.
The term "gaslighting" has been used colloquially since the 1960s[8] to describe efforts to manipulate someone's perception of reality. In a 1980 book on child sexual abuse, Florence Rush summarized George Cukor's Gaslight (1944) based on the play and wrote, "even today the word [gaslighting] is used to describe an attempt to destroy another's perception of reality."[9]
Usage[edit]
Sociopaths and narcissists frequently use gaslighting tactics. Sociopaths consistently transgress social mores, break laws, and exploit others, but typically also are convincing liars, sometimes charming ones, who consistently deny wrongdoing. Thus, some who have been victimized by sociopaths may doubt their own perceptions.[10] Some physically abusive spouses may gaslight their partners by flatly denying that they have been violent.[4] Gaslighting may occur in parent–child relationships, with either parent, child, or both lying to each other and attempting to undermine perceptions.[11]
An abuser's ultimate goal is to make their victim second guess their every choice and question their sanity, making them more dependent on the abuser. A tactic which further degrades a target's self-esteem is for the abuser to ignore, then attend to, then ignore the victim again, so the victim lowers their personal bar for what constitutes affection and perceives themselves as less worthy of affection.[12]
Gaslighting may be experienced by victims of school bullying[13][better source needed] – when combined with other psychological and physical methods, the result can lead to long-lasting psychological disorders and even progress into illnesses such as depression or avoidant personality disorder.[14]
Gaslighting describes a dynamic observed in some cases of marital infidelity: "Therapists may contribute to the victim's distress through mislabeling the woman's reactions. […] The gaslighting behaviors of the spouse provide a recipe for the so-called 'nervous breakdown' for some women [and] suicide in some of the worst situations."[11][15]
In clinical psychiatry[edit]
Gaslighting has been observed between patients and staff in inpatient psychiatric facilities.[16]
In a 1981 article, Some Clinical Consequences of Introjection: Gaslighting, Calef and Weinshel argue that gaslighting involves the projection and introjection of psychic conflicts from the perpetrator to the victim: "this imposition is based on a very special kind of 'transfer'... of painful and potentially painful mental conflicts."[17] The authors explore a variety of reasons why the victims may have "a tendency to incorporate and assimilate what others externalize and project onto them", and conclude that gaslighting may be "a very complex highly structured configuration which encompasses contributions from many elements of the psychic apparatus."[17] Dorpat (1994) describes this as an example of projective identification.[2]
With respect to women in particular, Hilde Lindemann argued emphatically that in such cases, the victim's ability to resist the manipulation depends on "her ability to trust her own judgments". Establishment of "counterstories" may help the victim reacquire "ordinary levels of free agency."[18]
In politics[edit]
Maureen Dowd was one of the first to use the term in the political context.[5][19] She describes the Bill Clinton administration's use of the technique in subjecting Newt Gingrich to small indignities intended to provoke him to make public complaints that "came across as hysterical".[19][20]
In describing the prevalence of the technique in US politics of the past few decades, Bryant Welch states in his book State of Confusion: Political Manipulation and the Assault on the American Mind:
To say gaslighting was started by the Bushes, Lee Atwater, Karl Rove, Fox News, or any other extant or group is not simply wrong, it also misses an important point. Gaslighting comes directly from blending modern communications, marketing, and advertising techniques with long-standing methods of propaganda. They were simply waiting to be discovered by those with sufficient ambition and psychological makeup to use them.[6]
Frida Ghitis uses the term gaslighting to describe Russia's global relations. Russian operatives went to Crimea, while Russian officials continually denied their presence and manipulated the distrust of political groups in their favor.[21]
Journalists at both the New York Times Magazine and Teen Vogue, as well as psychologists Bryant Welch, Robert Feldman and Leah McElrath, have described some of the actions of Donald Trump during the 2016 US presidential election and his term as president as examples of gaslighting.[19][22][23][24] Ben Yagoda wrote in the Chronicle of Higher Education in January 2017, that the term gaslighting had become topical again as the result of Trump's behavior, saying that Trump's "habitual tendency to say "X", and then, at some later date, indignantly declare, 'I did not say "X". In fact, I would never dream of saying "X"'." had brought new notability to the term.[5]
In fiction[edit]
Gaslighting was a main theme in a 2016 plotline in BBC's radio soap opera The Archers. The story concerned the emotional abuse of Helen Archer by her partner and later husband, Rob Titchener, over the course of two years, and caused much public discussion about the phenomenon.[25]
See also[edit]
Abusive power and control
Alternative facts
Big lie
Death by a thousand cuts
Deception
Guilt trip
Isolation to facilitate abuse
Martha Mitchell effect
Mind control
Mind games
Psychological warfare
Setting up to fail
Victim blaming
Zersetzung
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Oxford Dictionary definition of 'gaslighting'". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Dorpat, Theo. L. (1994). "On the double whammy and gaslighting". Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy. 11 (1): 91–96. INIST:4017777. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Dorpat, Theodore L. (1996). Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation, and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis. Jason Aronson. ISBN 978-1-56821-828-1. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Jacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M. (1998-03-10). When Men Batter Women: New Insights into Ending Abusive Relationships. Simon and Schuster. pp. 129–132. ISBN 978-0-684-81447-6. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yagoda, Ben (2017-01-12). "How Old Is 'Gaslighting'?". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Bryant (2008-06-10). State of Confusion: Political Manipulation and the Assault on the American Mind. Macmillan. ISBN 9781429927451.
Jump up ^ Larner, A.J. (2016).A Dictionary of Neurological Signs. Springer. p. 139. ISBN 3319298216.
Jump up ^ "gaslight". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) 1969 S. C. Plog Changing Perspectives in Mental Illness 83 It is also popularly believed to be possible to ‘gaslight’ a perfectly healthy person into psychosis by interpreting his own behavior to him as symptomatic of serious mental illness.
Jump up ^ Rush, Florence (February 1992). The Best-kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children. Human Services Institute. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8306-3907-6.
Jump up ^ Stout, Martha (2006-03-14). The Sociopath Next Door. Random House Digital. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-7679-1582-3. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Cawthra, R.; O'Brian, G.; Hassanyeh, F. (April 1987). "'Imposed Psychosis': A Case Variant of the Gaslight Phenomenon". British Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (4): 553–6. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.4.553. PMID 3664141.
Jump up ^ "7 Signs You Are a Victim of Gaslighting". Divorced moms .com (Online). DivorceMag.com. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gaslighting: A Subtle Form of Manipulation". Overcome Bullying.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Terri (2013-09-01). The Bullies' Predatory Footprint. BookBaby. ISBN 9780952324973.
Jump up ^ Gass, G.Z.; Nichols, W.C. (1988). "Gaslighting: A Marital Syndrome". Journal of Contemporary Family Therapy. 10 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1007/BF00922429.
Jump up ^ Lund, C.A.; Gardiner, A.Q. (1977). "The Gaslight Phenomenon: An Institutional Variant". British Journal of Psychiatry. 131 (5): 533–534. doi:10.1192/bjp.131.5.533. PMID 588872.
^ Jump up to: a b Weinshel, Edward M. (January 2003). Wallerstein, Robert S., ed. Commitment and Compassion in Psychoanalysis: Selected Papers of Edward M. Weinshel. Analytic Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-88163-379-5.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Hilde L. (March 2001). Damaged identities, narrative repair. Cornell University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-8014-8740-8. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gibson, Caitlin (27 January 2017). "What we talk about when we talk about Donald Trump and 'gaslighting'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Dowd, Maureen (November 26, 1995). "Liberties;The Gaslight Strategy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ghitis, Frida. "Donald Trump is 'gaslighting' all of us". CNN. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
Jump up ^ Dominus, Susan (2016-09-27). "The Reverse-Gaslighting of Donald Trump". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ Duca, Lauren (2016-12-10). "Donald Trump Is Gaslighting America". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ Fox, Maggie (2017-01-25). "Some Experts Say Trump Team's Falsehoods Are Classic 'Gaslighting'". NBC News. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ Watts, Jay (5 April 2016). "The Archers domestic abuse is classic 'gaslighting' – very real, little understood". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Calef, Victor; Weinshel, Edward M. (January 1981). "Some Clinical Consequences of Introjection: Gaslighting". Psychoanalytic Quarterly. 50 (1): 44–66. PMID 7465707. (subscription required)
Portnow, Kathryn (1996). Dialogues of Doubt: The Psychology of Self-Doubt and Emotional Gaslighting in Adult Women and Men. Harvard Graduate School of Education. OCLC 36674740. (thesis/dissertation) (offline resource)
Santoro, Victor (1994-06-30). Gaslighting: How to Drive Your Enemies Crazy. Loompanics Unlimited. ISBN 978-1-55950-113-2. OCLC 35172282. (offline resource)
Stern, Robin (2007-05-01). The Gaslight Effect: How to Spot and Survive the Hidden Manipulation Others Use to Control Your Life. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-0-7679-2445-0. Retrieved 2014-01-06. (limited preview available online)
External links[edit]
Gaslighting as a Manipulation Tactic: what it is, who does it, and why by George K. Simon, Ph.D., article on the topic of gaslighting published by Counselling Resource on November 8, 2011
Sarah Strudwick (November 16, 2010) Dark Souls - Mind Games, Manipulation and Gaslighting based on her book Dark Souls: Healing and Recovering from Toxic Relationships
[show]
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Control
Coercion
Climate of fear
Defamation
Destabilisation
Discrediting
Embarrassment
False accusation
Gaslighting
Gossip
Harassment
Humiliation
Incivility
Innuendo
Insult
Intimidation
Isolation
Kiss up kick down
Mind games
Moving the goalposts
Nagging
Name calling
Personal attacks
Psychological abuse
Physical abuse
Rudeness
Sarcasm
School pranks
Setting up to fail
Silent treatment
Smear campaign
Social exclusion
Social undermining
Taunting
Teasing
Whispering campaign
Workplace incivility
Verbal abuse
Yelling
Organizations
Act Against Bullying
Ditch the Label
Bullying UK
It Gets Better Project
Kidscape
GRIN Campaign
Jer's Vision
Activists and
academics
Andrea Adams
Louise Burfitt-Dons
Tim Field
SuEllen Fried
Liam Hackett
Heinz Leymann
Gary Namie
Kenneth Westhues
Actions
Anti-Bullying Day
Anti-Bullying Week
International STAND UP to Bullying Day
Anti-bullying legislation
International Day of Pink
Notable suicides
(List)
Kelly Yeomans (1997)
Dawn-Marie Wesley (2000)
Nicola Ann Raphael (2001)
Ryan Halligan (2003)
Megan Meier (2006)
Phoebe Prince (2010)
Tyler Clementi (2010)
Jamey Rodemeyer (2011)
Jamie Hubley (2011)
Kenneth Weishuhn (2012)
Audrie Pott (2012)
Amanda Todd (2012)
Jadin Bell (2013)
Rehtaeh Parsons (2013)
Murder–suicides
(incidents)
Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold (Columbine, 1999)
Jeff Weise (Red Lake, 2005)
Elliot Rodger (Isla Vista, 2014)
Related topics
Control freak
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Dehumanization
Depression
Emotional blackmail
Just-world hypothesis
Machiavellianism in the workplace
Narcissism in the workplace
Personal boundaries
Personality disorders
Psychological manipulation
Psychological projection
Psychological trauma
Psychopathy in the workplace
Scapegoating
Self-esteem
Social dominance orientation
Suicide among LGBT youth
Sycophancy
Victim blaming
Victim playing
Victimisation
Whistleblowing
[show]
v
t
e
Disinformation
Types
Alternative facts
Big lie
Bullshit
Circular reporting
Deception
Doublespeak
Echo chamber
Euphemistic misspeaking
Euromyth
Factoid
Fake news
by country
online
Fallacy
False accusation
False flag
Filter bubble
Gaslighting
Half-truth
Hoax
Ideological framing
Internet manipulation
Media manipulation
Potemkin village
Post-truth
Propaganda
Quote mining
Scientific fabrication
Smearing
Social bot
Spin
View from nowhere
Yellow journalism
Books
Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa
Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
The Case for Latvia
Who's Who in the CIA
Disinformation
operations
1995 CIA disinformation controversy
CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory
Funkspiel
Habbush letter
Information Operations Roadmap
Jihadunspun.com
Jonestown conspiracy theories
K-1000 battleship
Mafkarat al Islam
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
Niger uranium forgeries
Operation INFEKTION
Operation Neptune
Operation Shocker
Operation Toucan
Pope Pius XII and Russia
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Seat 12
Strategy of tension
Trolls from Olgino
U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
Web brigades
Yellow rain
Countering
disinformation
Active Measures Working Group
Counter Misinformation Team
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
East StratCom Team
FactCheck.org
PolitiFact
Snopes.com
United States Information Agency
Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda
In sister wikiprojects: Commons • Wikiquote • Wiktionary
[show]
v
t
e
Patrick Hamilton's Gas Light
Films
Gaslight (1940)
Gaslight (1944)
TV
Gaslight (1958)
See also
Gaslighting
[show]
v
t
e
Psychological manipulation
Rewarding - pleasant
(positive reinforcement)
Attention
Bribery
Child grooming
Flattery
Gifts
Ingratiation
Love bombing
Nudging
Praise
Seduction
Smiling
Superficial charm
Superficial sympathy
Aversive - unpleasant
(positive punishment)
Anger
Character assassination
Crying
Emotional blackmail
Fearmongering
Frowning
Glaring
Guilt trip
Inattention
Intimidation
Nagging
Nit-picking criticism
Passive aggression
Relational aggression
Sadism
Shaming
Silent treatment
Social rejection
Swearing
Threats
Victim blaming
Victim playing
Yelling
Intermittent or partial
negative reinforcement
Climate of fear
Traumatic bonding
Other techniques
Bait-and-switch
Deception
Denial
Deprogramming
Disinformation
Distortion
Diversion
Divide and rule
Double bind
Entrapment
Evasion
Exaggeration
Gaslighting
Good cop/bad cop
Indoctrination
Low-balling
Lying
Minimisation
Moving the goalposts
Pride-and-ego down
Rationalization
Reid technique
Setting up to fail
Trojan horse
You're either with us, or against us
Contexts
Abuse
Abusive power and control
Advertising
Bullying
Catholic guilt
Confidence trick
Guilt culture
Interrogation
Jewish guilt
Jewish mother stereotype
Moral panic
Media manipulation
Mind control
Mind games
Mobbing
Propaganda
Salesmanship
Scapegoating
Shame culture
Smear campaign
Social engineering (blagging)
Spin
Suggestibility
Whispering campaign
Related topics
Antisocial personality disorder
Assertiveness
Blame
Borderline personality disorder
Carrot and stick
Dumbing down
Enabling
Fallacy
Femme fatale
Gaming the system
Gullibility
Histrionic personality disorder
Impression management
Machiavellianism
Narcissism
Narcissistic personality disorder
Personal boundaries
Persuasion
Popularity
Projection
Psychopathy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&oldid=826612228"
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