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If I Had a Hammer
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"The Hammer Song"
Original 1950 release by The Weavers on Hootenanny Records, 101-A.
Single by The Weavers
B-side
"Banks of Marble"
Released
1950
Format
Vinyl single
Genre
Folk
Label
Hootenanny
Songwriter(s)
Pete Seeger
Lee Hays
"If I Had a Hammer"
Single by Peter, Paul and Mary
Single by Peter, Paul and Mary
from the album Peter, Paul and Mary
B-side
"Gone the Rainbow"
Released
1962
Format
Vinyl single
Genre
Folk
Length
2:11
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Pete Seeger
Lee Hays
Producer(s)
Albert Grossman
Milt Okun
Peter, Paul and Mary singles chronology
"Lemon Tree"
(1962) "If I Had a Hammer"
(1962) "Puff, the Magic Dragon"
(1963)
"Lemon Tree"
(1962) "If I Had A Hammer"
(1962) "Puff, the Magic Dragon"
(1963)
"If I Had a Hammer"
Single by Trini Lopez
Single by Trini Lopez
from the album Trini Lopez at PJ's
B-side
"Unchain My Heart"
Released
1963
Format
Vinyl single
Genre
Folk rock
Length
2:59
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Pete Seeger
Lee Hays
Producer(s)
Don Costa
Trini Lopez singles chronology
"If I Had a Hammer"
(1963) "Kansas City"
(1963)
"If I Had a Hammer"
(1963) "Kansas City"
(1963)
"If I Had a Hammer (The Hammer Song)" is a song written by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays. It was written in 1949 in support of the progressive movement, and was first recorded by The Weavers, a folk music quartet composed of Seeger, Hays, Ronnie Gilbert, and Fred Hellerman. It was a number 10 hit for Peter, Paul and Mary in 1962 and then went to number three a year later when recorded by Trini Lopez.
The Weavers released the song under the title "The Hammer Song" as a 78 single in March 1950 on Hootenanny Records, 101-A, backed with "Banks of Marble".
Contents
[hide]
1 Early versions
2 Hit versions
3 Other versions
4 Legacy
5 References
6 External links
Early versions[edit]
The song was first performed publicly by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays on June 3, 1949, at St. Nicholas Arena in New York City at a testimonial dinner for the leaders of the Communist Party of the United States, who were then on trial in federal court, charged with violating the Smith Act by advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government.[1] It was not particularly successful in commercial terms when it was first released. It was part of the three songs Seeger played as the warm-up act for Paul Robeson's September 4 concert near Peekskill, New York, which subsequently erupted into a riot.[2]
Hit versions[edit]
It fared notably better in commercial terms when it was recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary a dozen years later. Their cover of the song, released in July 1962 off the group's debut self-titled album, became a Top 10 hit, and won the Grammy Awards for Best Folk Recording and Best Performance by a Vocal Group. Trini Lopez's 1963 single went to number three on the same Billboard chart. It was included on his album, Trini Lopez at PJ's (Reprise R/RS 6093).[3]
Other versions[edit]
Johnny Cash released the song on his album Any Old Wind That Blows in 1972. Also released as a single, the song hit number 29 on the US country chart.
Wanda Jackson released the song as a single in 1969. It was included on her album The Many Moods of Wanda Jackson. It reached number 41 on the US country chart.
Ross MacManus, father of Elvis Costello, sang the song with the Joe Loss Orchestra on the BBC's Royal Variety Show in 1963.[4]
Legacy[edit]
The song "If I Had a Hammer" was a Freedom Song of the Civil Rights Movement.
Wikileaks chose the song as its "Wikileaks song".[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Town Talk," The Daily Worker, June 1, 1949
Jump up ^ Frillmann, Karen. "Today in History: Peekskill Riots". WYNC (New York), 4 September 2009. Accessed 25 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 21 - Forty Miles of Bad Road: Some of the best from rock 'n' roll's dark ages. [Part 2]" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Track 2.
Jump up ^ Laing, Dave (December 21, 2011). "Ross MacManus Obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Inspirational Material".
External links[edit]
Lyrics on Arlo Guthrie website
Lyrics and a collection of quotes about "If I Had A Hammer"
Ross MacManus performing the song
[show]
v
t
e
Pete Seeger
Studio albums
American Folk Songs for Children
God Bless the Grass
Dangerous Songs!?
Rainbow Race
At 89
Pete Remembers Woody
Live albums
We Shall Overcome
Songs
"The Bells of Rhymney"
"God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
"Little Boxes"
"My Rainbow Race"
"Pittsburgh Town"
"Turn! Turn! Turn!"
"Waist Deep in the Big Muddy
"We Shall Overcome"
"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?"
Almanac Singers
Songs for John Doe
Talking Union
Deep Sea Chanteys and Whaling Ballads
Sod Buster Ballads
Songs of the Lincoln Battalion
Dear Mr. President
The Weavers
The Weavers at Carnegie Hall
The Weavers at Carnegie Hall Vol. 2
The Weavers: Wasn't That a Time!
Other
Precious Friend (with Arlo Guthrie)
Related
Discography
People's Songs
Rainbow Quest
Sing Out!
Pete Seeger: The Power of Song
Hudson River Sloop Clearwater
The Great Hudson River Revival
We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions
Family
Charles Seeger (father)
Ruth Crawford Seeger (stepmother)
Alan Seeger (paternal uncle)
Toshi Seeger (wife)
Mike Seeger (paternal half-brother)
Peggy Seeger (paternal half-sister)
Ewan MacColl (brother-in-law)
John Cohen (brother-in-law)
Mika Seeger (daughter)
Kirsty MacColl (stepniece)
Tao Rodríguez-Seeger (grandson)
[show]
v
t
e
Johnny Cash
Studio albums
With His Hot and Blue Guitar
Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous
The Fabulous Johnny Cash
Greatest!
Songs of Our Soil
Sings Hank Williams
Now, There Was a Song!
Now Here's Johnny Cash
The Sound of Johnny Cash
All Aboard the Blue Train
Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash
The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash
I Walk the Line
Orange Blossom Special
Everybody Loves a Nut
Happiness Is You
Old Golden Throat
More of Old Golden Throat
Hello, I'm Johnny Cash
The World of Johnny Cash
Man in Black
A Thing Called Love
Any Old Wind That Blows
Ragged Old Flag
The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me
John R. Cash
Look at Them Beans
One Piece at a Time
The Last Gunfighter Ballad
I Would Like to See You Again
Gone Girl
Silver
Rockabilly Blues
The Baron
The Adventures of Johnny Cash
Johnny 99
Rainbow
Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town
Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series
Water from the Wells of Home
Boom Chicka Boom
The Mystery of Life
American Recordings
Unchained
American III: Solitary Man
American IV: The Man Comes Around
Personal File
American V: A Hundred Highways
American VI: Ain't No Grave
Out Among the Stars
Concept albums
Ride This Train
Blood, Sweat and Tears
Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian
Sings the Ballads of the True West
From Sea to Shining Sea
America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song
The Johnny Cash Children's Album
The Rambler
Gospel albums
Hymns by Johnny Cash
Hymns from the Heart
The Holy Land
The Gospel Road (film soundtrack)
Sings Precious Memories
A Believer Sings the Truth
Believe in Him
Return to the Promised Land (video soundtrack)
My Mother's Hymn Book
Christmas albums
The Christmas Spirit
The Johnny Cash Family Christmas
Classic Christmas
Johnny Cash Country Christmas
Collaborations
The Lure of the Grand Canyon
Carryin' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter
Johnny Cash and His Woman
The Legend of Jesse James
The Survivors Live
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Class of '55
Heroes
Highwayman 2
The Road Goes on Forever
VH1 Storytellers
Live albums
At Folsom Prison
At San Quentin
The Johnny Cash Show
På Österåker
Strawberry Cake
Koncert v Praze (In Prague–Live)
At Madison Square Garden
A Concert Behind Prison Walls
Non-gospel soundtracks
I Walk the Line
Little Fauss and Big Halsy
Compilations
Greatest Hits, Vol. 1
Heart of Cash
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Sunday Morning Coming Down
International Superstar
Five Feet High and Rising
Destination Victoria Station
Greatest Hits, Vol. 3
The Unissued Johnny Cash
Johnny & June
Tall Man
Encore
Biggest Hits
The Man in Black 1954–1958
The Man in Black 1959–1962
Come Along and Ride This Train
The Essential Johnny Cash (1992)
Wanted Man
The Man in Black 1963–1969
The Man in Black – His Greatest Hits
16 Biggest Hits
Love, God, Murder
The Essential Johnny Cash (2002)
Unearthed
The Legend
The Legend of Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash: Patriot
16 Biggest Hits: Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash
The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II
The Complete Columbia Album Collection
Songs
"25 Minutes to Go"
"Seasons of My Heart"
"Any Old Wind That Blows"
"The Ballad of Boot Hill"
"The Ballad of Ira Hayes"
"Ballad of a Teenage Queen"
"Big River"
"Blistered"
"A Boy Named Sue"
"Busted"
"Cat's in the Cradle"
"Cocaine Blues"
"Cry! Cry! Cry!"
"Daddy Sang Bass"
"Dark as a Dungeon"
"Don't Take Your Guns to Town"
"Engine 143"
"Flesh and Blood"
"The Folk Singer"
"Folsom Prison Blues"
"Forty Shades of Green"
"Get Rhythm"
"Give My Love to Rose"
"Goodnight, Irene"
"Green, Green Grass of Home"
"Greystone Chapel"
"Guess Things Happen That Way"
"Hey, Porter"
"Home of the Blues"
"Hurt"
"I Couldn't Keep from Crying"
"I Love You Because"
"I Still Miss Someone"
"I Walk the Line"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"In My Life"
"In the Jailhouse Now"
"It Ain't Me Babe"
"Jackson"
"Kate"
"The Man Comes Around"
"Man in Black"
"The Matador"
"Oh Lonesome Me"
"One Piece at a Time"
"Oney"
"Orange Blossom Special"
"The One on the Right Is on the Left"
"Remember the Alamo"
"(Ghost) Riders in the Sky"
"Ring of Fire"
"Rock Island Line"
"So Doggone Lonesome"
"Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down"
"Tennessee Flat Top Box"
"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang"
"A Thing Called Love"
"Understand Your Man"
"What Is Truth"
"What'd I Say"
Television
The Johnny Cash Show
Family
June Carter Cash
John Carter Cash
Rosanne Cash
Carlene Carter
Vivian Liberto
Tommy Cash
Carter Family
Related
Albums discography
Singles discography
Sun Records discography
The Highwaymen
Carter Family Fold
Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words
Cash: The Autobiography
Johnny Cash! The Man, His World, His Music
Walk the Line
We Walk the Line: A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash
Ring of Fire (2013 film)
Ring of Fire (musical)
My Father and the Man in Black
Dyess, Arkansas
The Tennessee Three
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Peter, Paul and Mary
Peter Yarrow
Paul Stookey
Mary Travers
Studio albums
Peter, Paul and Mary
Moving
In the Wind
A Song Will Rise
See What Tomorrow Brings
The Peter, Paul and Mary Album
Album 1700
Late Again
Peter, Paul and Mommy
No Easy Walk To Freedom
In These Times
Compilation albums
The Best of Peter, Paul and Mary: Ten Years Together
Songs of Conscience and Concern
Live albums
In Concert
Peter, Paul & Mommy, Too
Singles
"Lemon Tree"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"Puff, the Magic Dragon"
"500 Miles"
"Blowin' in the Wind"
"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
"Stewball"
"Tell It on the Mountain"
"The Times They Are a-Changin'"
"When the Ship Comes In"
"San Francisco Bay Blues"
"Early Morning Rain"
"I Dig Rock and Roll Music"
"Too Much of Nothing"
"Day Is Done"
"Leaving on a Jet Plane"
Other songs
"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?"
"And When I Die"
"El Salvador"
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
"This Land Is Your Land"
[show]
v
t
e
Wanda Jackson
Albums
Singles
Studio albums
The Party Ain't Over
Unfinished Business
Live album
Wanda Live! at Third Man Records
Notable songs
"You Can't Have My Love"
"I Gotta Know"
"Riot in Cell Block Number 9"
"Let's Have a Party"
"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby"
"Right or Wrong"
"Funnel of Love"
"In the Middle of a Heartache"
"A Little Bitty Tear"
"The Box It Came In"
"Tears Will Be the Chaser for Your Wine"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"My Big Iron Skillet"
"Two Separate Bar Stools
"A Woman Lives for Love"
"Fancy Satin Pillows"
"You Know I'm No Good"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Had_a_Hammer&oldid=806222229"
Categories:
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Songs written by Pete Seeger
The Weavers songs
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Trini Lopez songs
Sam Cooke songs
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Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording
Warner Bros. Records singles
Columbia Records singles
Song recordings produced by Albert Grossman
Song recordings produced by Milt Okun
Reprise Records singles
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Atmospheric pressure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Static pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere
"Air pressure" redirects here. For the pressure of air in other systems, see Pressure.
Atmospheric pressure, sometimes also called barometric pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. As elevation increases, there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation. Pressure measures force per unit area, with SI units of Pascals (1 pascal = 1 newton per square metre, 1 N/m2). On average, a column of air with a cross-sectional area of 1 square centimetre (cm2), measured from mean (average) sea level to the top of Earth's atmosphere, has a mass of about 1.03 kilogram and exerts a force or "weight" of about 10.1 newtons or 2.37 lbf, resulting in a pressure at sea level of about 10.1 N/cm2 or 101 kN/m2 (101 kilopascals, kPa). A column of air with a cross-sectional area of 1 in2 (6.45 cm2) would have a mass of about 6.65 kg and a weight of about 65.4 N or 14.7 lbf, resulting in a pressure of 10.1 N/cm2 or 14.7 lbf/in2.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism
2 Standard atmosphere
3 Mean sea level pressure
4 Altitude variation
5 Local variation
6 Records
7 Measurement based on depth of water
8 Boiling point of water
9 Measurement and maps
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
12.1 Experiments
Mechanism[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Atmospheric pressure is caused by the gravitational attraction of the planet on the atmospheric gases above the surface, and is a function of the mass of the planet, the radius of the surface, and the amount of gas and its vertical distribution in the atmosphere.[1][2] It is modified by the planetary rotation and local effects such as wind velocity, density variations due to temperature and variations in composition.[citation needed]
Standard atmosphere[edit]
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar), equivalent to 760 mmHg (torr), 29.92 inches Hg and 14.696 psi.[3]
Mean sea level pressure[edit]
15 year average mean sea level pressure for June, July, and August (top) and December, January, and February (bottom). ERA-15 re-analysis.
Kollsman-type barometric aircraft altimeter (as used in North America) displaying an altitude of 80 ft (24 m).
The mean sea level pressure (MSLP) is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level. This is the atmospheric pressure normally given in weather reports on radio, television, and newspapers or on the Internet. When barometers in the home are set to match the local weather reports, they measure pressure adjusted to sea level, not the actual local atmospheric pressure.
The altimeter setting in aviation is an atmospheric pressure adjustment.
Average sea-level pressure is 1013.25 mbar (101.325 kPa; 29.921 inHg; 760.00 mmHg). In aviation weather reports (METAR), QNH is transmitted around the world in millibars or hectopascals (1 hectopascal = 1 millibar), except in the United States, Canada, and Colombia where it is reported in inches (to two decimal places) of mercury. The United States and Canada also report sea level pressure SLP, which is adjusted to sea level by a different method, in the remarks section, not in the internationally transmitted part of the code, in hectopascals or millibars.[4] However, in Canada's public weather reports, sea level pressure is instead reported in kilopascals.[5]
In the US weather code remarks, three digits are all that are transmitted; decimal points and the one or two most significant digits are omitted: 1013.2 mbar (101.32 kPa) is transmitted as 132; 1000.0 mbar (100.00 kPa) is transmitted as 000; 998.7 mbar is transmitted as 987; etc. The highest sea-level pressure on Earth occurs in Siberia, where the Siberian High often attains a sea-level pressure above 1050 mbar (105 kPa; 31 inHg), with record highs close to 1085 mbar (108.5 kPa; 32.0 inHg). The lowest measurable sea-level pressure is found at the centers of tropical cyclones and tornadoes, with a record low of 870 mbar (87 kPa; 26 inHg) (see Atmospheric pressure records).
Altitude variation[edit]
A very local storm above Snæfellsjökull, showing clouds formed on the mountain by orographic lift
Variation in atmospheric pressure with altitude, computed for 15 °C and 0% relative humidity.
This plastic bottle was sealed at approximately 14,000 feet (4,300 m) altitude, and was crushed by the increase in atmospheric pressure —at 9,000 feet (2,700 m) and 1,000 feet (300 m)— as it was brought down towards sea level.
Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere. Although the pressure changes with the weather, NASA has averaged the conditions for all parts of the earth year-round. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. One can calculate the atmospheric pressure at a given altitude.[6] Temperature and humidity also affect the atmospheric pressure, and it is necessary to know these to compute an accurate figure. The graph at right was developed for a temperature of 15 °C and a relative humidity of 0%.
At low altitudes above sea level, the pressure decreases by about 1.2 kPa for every 100 metres. For higher altitudes within the troposphere, the following equation (the barometric formula) relates atmospheric pressure p to altitude h
p = p 0 ⋅ ( 1 − L ⋅ h T 0 ) g ⋅ M R 0 ⋅ L ≈ p 0 ⋅ ( 1 − g ⋅ h c p ⋅ T 0 ) c p ⋅ M R 0 , {\displaystyle p=p_{0}\cdot \left(1-{\frac {L\cdot h}{T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {g\cdot M}{R_{0}\cdot L}}\approx p_{0}\cdot \left(1-{\frac {g\cdot h}{c_{p}\cdot T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {c_{p}\cdot M}{R_{0}}},}
p ≈ p 0 ⋅ exp  ( − g ⋅ M ⋅ h R 0 ⋅ T 0 ) {\displaystyle p\approx p_{0}\cdot \exp \left(-{\frac {g\cdot M\cdot h}{R_{0}\cdot T_{0}}}\right)}
where the constant parameters are as described below:
Parameter
Description
Value
p0 sea level standard atmospheric pressure 101325 Pa
L temperature lapse rate, = g/cp for dry air 0.0065 K/m
cp constant pressure specific heat ~ 1007 J/(kg•K)
T0 sea level standard temperature 288.15 K
g Earth-surface gravitational acceleration 9.80665 m/s2
M molar mass of dry air 0.0289644 kg/mol
R0 universal gas constant 8.31447 J/(mol•K)
Local variation[edit]
Hurricane Wilma on 19 October 2005; 882 hPa (12.79 psi) in the storm's eye
Atmospheric pressure varies widely on Earth, and these changes are important in studying weather and climate. See pressure system for the effects of air pressure variations on weather.
Atmospheric pressure shows a diurnal or semidiurnal (twice-daily) cycle caused by global atmospheric tides. This effect is strongest in tropical zones, with an amplitude of a few millibars, and almost zero in polar areas. These variations have two superimposed cycles, a circadian (24 h) cycle and semi-circadian (12 h) cycle.
Records[edit]
The highest adjusted-to-sea level barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth (above 750 meters) was 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg) measured in Tosontsengel, Mongolia on 19 December 2001.[7] The highest adjusted-to-sea level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata in Evenk Autonomous Okrug, Russia (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261 m, 856 ft) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.8 hPa (32.005 inHg).[8] The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[7]
The Dead Sea, the lowest place on Earth at 430 metres (1,410 ft) below sea level, has a correspondingly high typical atmospheric pressure of 1065 hPa.[9]
The lowest non-tornadic atmospheric pressure ever measured was 870 hPa (0.858 atm; 25.69 inHg), set on 12 October 1979, during Typhoon Tip in the western Pacific Ocean. The measurement was based on an instrumental observation made from a reconnaissance aircraft.[10]
Measurement based on depth of water[edit]
One atmosphere (101.325 kPa or 14.7 psi) is also the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fresh water of approximately 10.3 m (33.8 ft). Thus, a diver 10.3 m underwater experiences a pressure of about 2 atmospheres (1 atm of air plus 1 atm of water). Conversely, 10.3 m is the maximum height to which water can be raised using suction under standard atmospheric conditions.
Low pressures such as natural gas lines are sometimes specified in inches of water, typically written as w.c. (water column) gauge or w.g. (inches water gauge). A typical gas-using residential appliance in the US is rated for a maximum of 14 w.g., which is approximately 1048.37 hPa. Similar metric units with a wide variety of names and notation based on millimetres, centimetres or metres are now less commonly used.
Boiling point of water[edit]
Boiling water
Pure water boils at 100 °C (212 °F) at earth's standard atmospheric pressure. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure around the water.[11] Because of this, the boiling point of water is lower at lower pressure and higher at higher pressure. Cooking at high elevations, therefore, requires adjustments to recipes.[12] A rough approximation of elevation can be obtained by measuring the temperature at which water boils; in the mid-19th century, this method was used by explorers.[13]
Measurement and maps[edit]
An important application of the knowledge that atmospheric pressure varies directly with altitude was in determining the height of hills and mountains thanks to the availability of reliable pressure measurement devices. While in 1774 Maskelyne was confirming Newton's theory of gravitation at and on Schiehallion in Scotland (using plumb bob deviation to show the effect of "gravity") and accurately measure elevation, William Roy using barometric pressure was able to confirm his height determinations, the agreement being to within one meter (3.28 feet). This method became and continues to be useful for survey work and map making. This early “application of science” gave people insight into how science could easily be put to practical use.[14]
See also[edit]
Underwater diving portal
Atmosphere (unit)
Barometric formula
Barotrauma – physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding gas or liquid.
Cabin pressurization
Effects of high altitude on humans
High-pressure area
Atmosphere of Earth
International Standard Atmosphere - a tabulation of typical variation of principal thermodynamic variables of the atmosphere (pressure, density, temperature, etc.) with altitude, at middle latitudes.
Low-pressure area
NRLMSISE-00
Plenum chamber
Pressure
Subtropical ridge
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "atmospheric pressure (encyclopedic entry)". National Geographic. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Q & A: Pressure - Gravity Matters?". Department of Physics. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ International Civil Aviation Organization. Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993. ISBN 92-9194-004-6.
Jump up ^ Sample METAR of CYVR Nav Canada
Jump up ^ Montreal Current Weather, CBC Montreal, Canada, retrieved 2014-03-30
Jump up ^ A quick derivation relating altitude to air pressure Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. by Portland State Aerospace Society, 2004, accessed 05032011
^ Jump up to: a b World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 m, Wmo.asu.edu, 2001-12-19, archived from the original on 2012-10-17, retrieved 2013-04-15
Jump up ^ World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 m, Wmo.asu.edu, 1968-12-31, archived from the original on 2013-05-14, retrieved 2013-04-15
Jump up ^ Kramer, MR; Springer C; Berkman N; Glazer M; Bublil M; Bar-Yishay E; Godfrey S (March 1998). "Rehabilitation of hypoxemic patients with COPD at low altitude at the Dead Sea, the lowest place on earth" (PDF). Chest. 113 (3): 571–575. doi:10.1378/chest.113.3.571. PMID 9515826. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. PMID 9515826
Jump up ^ Chris Landsea (2010-04-21). "Subject: E1), Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
Jump up ^ Vapour Pressure, Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, retrieved 2012-10-17
Jump up ^ High Altitude Cooking, Crisco.com, 2010-09-30, archived from the original on 2012-09-07, retrieved 2012-10-17
Jump up ^ Berberan-Santos, M. N.; Bodunov, E. N.; Pogliani, L. (1997). "On the barometric formula". American Journal of Physics. 65 (5): 404–412. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65..404B. doi:10.1119/1.18555.
Jump up ^ Hewitt, Rachel, Map of a Nation – a Biography of the Ordnance Survey ISBN 1-84708-098-7
External links[edit]
1976 Standard Atmosphere from NASA
Source code and equations for the 1976 Standard Atmosphere
A mathematical model of the 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere
Calculator using multiple units and properties for the 1976 Standard Atmosphere
Calculator giving standard air pressure at a specified altitude, or altitude at which a pressure would be standard
Current map of global mean sea-level pressure
Atmospheric calculator and Geometric to Pressure altitude converter
Experiments[edit]
Movies on atmospheric pressure experiments from Georgia State University's HyperPhysics website – requires QuickTime
Test showing a can being crushed after boiling water inside it, then moving it into a tub of ice cold water.
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God Bless the U.S.A.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with God Bless America.
"God Bless the U.S.A."
Single by Lee Greenwood
from the album You've Got a Good Love Comin'
B-side
"This Old Bed"
Released
May 21, 1984 (1984-05-21)
Format
Audio cassette (original release)
CD single (re-release)
Recorded
November 1983
Nashville, Tennessee
Genre
Patriotic, country
Length
3:09 (album & single versions)
5:30 (video version)
Label
MCA Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Lee Greenwood[1]
Producer(s)
Jerry Crutchfield
Lee Greenwood singles chronology
"Going, Going, Gone"
(1983) "God Bless the U.S.A."
(1984) "Fool's Gold"
(1984)
Alternative cover
2001 re-release cover
"God Bless the U.S.A." is an American patriotic song written and recorded by country music artist Lee Greenwood, and is considered to be his signature song. The first album it appears on is 1984's You've Got a Good Love Comin'. It reached No. 7 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart when originally released in the spring of 1984, and was played at the 1984 Republican National Convention with President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan in attendance, but the song gained greater prominence during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991, as a way of boosting morale.
The popularity of the song rose sharply after the September 11 attacks and during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the song was re-released as a single, re-entering the country music charts at No. 16 and peaking at No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart in 2001.[2] The song was also re-recorded in 2003 and released as "God Bless the U.S.A. 2003". Greenwood also wrote a Canadian version of this song called "God Bless You Canada".[3] The song has sold over a million copies in the United States by July 2015.[4]
Contents
1 Background and writing
2 Content
3 Music video
4 Chart history
5 Certifications
6 Other notable versions
6.1 Jump5 version
6.2 Dolly Parton version
6.3 American Idol finalists' version
6.4 Beyoncé version
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Background and writing[edit]
Greenwood wrote God Bless the U.S.A. in response to his feelings about the shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007.[5] He said that he "wanted to write it my whole life. When I got to that point, we were doing 300 days a year on the road, and we were on our fourth or fifth album on MCA. I called my producer, and I said I have a need to do this. I've always wanted to write a song about America, and I said we just need to be more united."[6] As for writing the song itself, Greenwood wrote that it more or less "wrote itself", and that the lyrics flowed naturally from the music as a reflection of his pride to be American.[5]
The reason behind the cities chosen in the song Greenwood says, "I'm from California, and I don't know anybody from Virginia or New York, so when I wrote it—and my producer and I had talked about it—[we] talked about the four cities I wanted to mention, the four corners of the United States. It could have been Seattle or Miami but we chose New York City and Los Angeles, and he suggested Detroit and Houston because they both were economically part of the basis of our economy—Motortown and the oil industry, so I just poetically wrote that in the bridge."[6]
Content[edit]
In the song, an unnamed man sings about how, if he were to lose everything he had and had to start again from scratch, he would do it in the U.S.A. because he is guaranteed his freedom in America. He remembers how other Americans in history had died to secure this freedom, and declares that if he is ever called upon to defend the U.S.A. today, he will gladly stand up and fight because he loves the country.[7]
Music video[edit]
A music video was released for this song in 1984, depicting Greenwood as a farmer who loses the family farm. The video was produced and edited by L.A. Johnson and directed by Gary Burden. A second video was released in 1991, also on VHS, and was directed by Edd Griles. A third music video was also released after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Chart history[edit]
"God Bless the U.S.A." debuted on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of May 26, 1984.
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[8] 7
Chart (2001)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 16
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[8] 16
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[10] 12
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[11]
Platinum 1,192,000[12]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other notable versions[edit]
Jump5 version[edit]
Pop group Jump5 covered the song for the September 11 attacks in October 2001, altering some of the lyrics: "And I had to start again with just my children and my wife" became "And I had to start again with just my family by my side", and "I thank my lucky stars" became "I thank my God above" to reflect the group's Christian values.
Dolly Parton version[edit]
Dolly Parton recorded the song for her 2003 patriotic album, For God and Country.
American Idol finalists' version[edit]
In 2003, the song was performed by the American Idol season two finalists and released as a single, with part of the proceeds going to the American Red Cross. It raised $155,000 for the charity.[13] A word was changed in the released single at the request of one of the finalists who performed the song, Josh Gracin who was also a Marine. The "men" in the line "and I won’t forget the men who died" was replaced with "ones" because Gracin felt that both men and women have died, and the word was therefore changed to reflect that.[14] It reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100,[14] and it was certified gold by the RIAA the same year.[15]
Beyoncé version[edit]
American singer Beyoncé
Again, following the death of bin Laden, R&B singer Beyoncé re-released her 2008 cover of the song, the proceeds of which will go to charity.[16] Knowles performed the song on Piers Morgan Tonight on May 5, 2011.[17][18] After the performance, her version was released as a single to the iTunes Store.[19][20] In a statement Knowles said, "I cannot think about anything more appropriate to do to help these families... Almost 10 years [after 9/11], it is still so painful for all Americans, especially those who lost loved ones. We were all affected by the tragedies of 9/11 and continue to keep the families who lost loved ones close to our hearts..."[21] Dan Martin of The Guardian felt that the cover was "in contrast" to Knowles' last intervention in national affairs, the Let's Move! Flash Workout fitness initiative.[17] Ronald Mitchell of Newsday commented that "It does our hearts good to see Beyonce work her magic for the greater good."[22] Knowles later also performed the song for the concert she had on July 4, 2011 along with "Best Thing I Never Had" (2011). Nick Neyland of Prefix Magazine commented that "Beyonce is a natural fit for occasions like this, and she doesn't even break a sweat as she hits the high notes despite the soaring temperatures and humidity in the city. That's the mark of a true pro."[23] In Beyoncé's version, the end of the second verse is sung "And it's time to make a change", as well as changing, "If I had to start again with just my children and my wife" to "family by my side."[24]
See also[edit]
"God Bless America", song written by Irving Berlin
Ronald Reagan in music
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stephanie Pendergrass (March 13, 2013). "Lee Greenwood Reflects on "God Bless the U.S.A."". CMT.
Jump up ^ http://www.song-database.com/years.php?yr=2001&peakstart=16&peakend=20
Jump up ^ "American song gets new twist". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, TX. April 21, 1989. p. A18. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke (July 13, 2015). "The Top 30 Digital Country Singles: July 13, 2015". Roughstock.
^ Jump up to: a b Campbell, Ramsey (May 23, 1993). "Lake Woman Co-Authors Story Behind "God Bless the U.S.A."". Retrieved July 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gallagher, Pat (May 28, 2010). "Lee Greenwood 'God Bless the U.S.A.' Story behind the lyrics". The Boot. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "God Bless The U.S.A. Lyrics".
^ Jump up to: a b "Lee Greenwood Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Lee Greenwood Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Lee Greenwood Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Lee Greenwood – God Bless the U.S.A." Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 31, 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH.
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (July 18, 2017). "Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Chart: July 17, 2017". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ Sale Of 'American Idol' Finalist CDs Raises $185,000
^ Jump up to: a b Fred Bronson (March 5, 2013). "Top 100 'American Idol' Hits of All Time". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American digital certifications – American Idol finalist – God Bless the U.S.A." Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select ', then click SEARCH.
Jump up ^ "Beyonce Knowles – Beyonce Releasing Patriotic Charity Single". Contactmusic.com. May 5, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Dan (May 6, 2011). "Beyonce debuts charity single God Bless the U.S.A." The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Perpetua, Matthew (May 5, 2011). "Beyoncé to Debut Song on 'Piers Morgan Tonight'". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lipshutz, Jason (May 6, 2011). "Beyonce Releases 'God Bless the U.S.A.' for Charity: Listen". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "God Bless the U.S.A. -Single by Beyoncé". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Vena, Jocelyn (May 6, 2011). "Beyonce Releases 'God Bless The U.S.A.' For Charity". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Ronald (May 6, 2011). "Follow Friday: Celebs to follow on Twitter this week". Newsday. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Neyland, Nick (July 5, 2011). "Beyonce: "The Best Thing I Never Had" And "God Bless The U.S.A." (Live At Macy's 4th Of July Fireworks) (Video)". Prefix Magazine. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Beyonce – God Bless The U.S.A. Lyrics". Elyricsworld.com. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Further reading[edit]
Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource, 2003. ISBN 0060513047
Ferguson, James (December 6, 2005). Aradhana Sharma, ed. The Anthropology of the State: A Reader (Paperback). Blackwell Readers in Anthropology. Akhil Gupta (first ed.). Wiley. p. 424. ISBN 1-4051-1468-1.
External links[edit]
Allmusic Entry
show
v
t
e
Lee Greenwood
Studio albums
Inside Out
Somebody's Gonna Love You
You've Got a Good Love Comin'
Meant for Each Other
Streamline
Love Will Find Its Way to You
If There's Any Justice
This Is My Country
If Only for One Night
Notable singles
"It Turns Me Inside Out"
"Ring on Her Finger, Time on Her Hands"
"She's Lying"
"Ain't No Trick (It Takes Magic)"
"I.O.U."
"Somebody's Gonna Love You"
"Going, Going, Gone"
"Fool's Gold"
"God Bless the U.S.A."
"You've Got a Good Love Comin'"
"Dixie Road"
"I Don't Mind the Thorns (If You're the Rose)"
"Don't Underestimate My Love for You"
"Hearts Aren't Made to Break (They're Made to Love)"
"Didn't We"
"Mornin' Ride"
"Someone"
"If There's Any Justice"
"Touch and Go Crazy"
"I Still Believe"
"You Can't Fall in Love When You're Cryin'"
"I'll Be Lovin' You"
"I Go Crazy"
"Holdin' a Good Hand"
"We've Got It Made"
"Hopelessly Yours" (with Suzy Bogguss)
Collaboration singles
"To Me" (with Barbara Mandrell)
"It Should Have Been Love by Now" (with Barbara Mandrell)
Related articles
Discography
"A Love Song"
Book:Lee Greenwood
show
v
t
e
Beyoncé songs
Discography
Dangerously in Love
"Crazy in Love"
"Naughty Girl"
"Baby Boy"
"Me, Myself and I"
"The Closer I Get to You"
"Dangerously in Love 2"
"Daddy"
Live at Wembley
"What's It Gonna Be"
"Wishing on a Star"
B'Day
"Déjà Vu"
"Get Me Bodied"
"Suga Mama"
"Upgrade U"
"Ring the Alarm"
"Kitty Kat"
"Freakum Dress"
"Green Light"
"Irreplaceable"
"Resentment"
"Check on It"
"Beautiful Liar/Bello Embustero"
"Welcome to Hollywood"
"Flaws and All"
"Still in Love (Kissing You)"
"Listen"
"Amor Gitano"
I Am... Sasha Fierce
"If I Were a Boy"
"Halo"
"Broken-Hearted Girl"
"Ave Maria"
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
"Radio"
"Diva"
"Sweet Dreams"
"Video Phone"
"Ego"
"Honesty"
"Why Don't You Love Me"
"Poison"
4
"1+1"
"I Care"
"I Miss You"
"Best Thing I Never Had"
"Party"
"Rather Die Young"
"Start Over"
"Love On Top"
"Countdown"
"End of Time"
"I Was Here"
"Run the World (Girls)"
"Lay Up Under Me"
"Schoolin' Life"
"Dance for You"
Beyoncé
"Pretty Hurts"
"Haunted"
"Drunk in Love"
"Blow"
"No Angel"
"Partition"
"Jealous"
"Rocket"
"Mine"
"XO"
"Flawless"
"Superpower"
"Heaven"
"7/11"
"Ring Off"
Lemonade
"Pray You Catch Me"
"Hold Up"
"Don't Hurt Yourself"
"Sorry"
"6 Inch"
"Daddy Lessons"
"Love Drought"
"Sandcastles"
"Forward"
"Freedom"
"All Night"
"Formation"
Everything Is Love
"Apeshit"
As featured artist
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Feeling Myself"
"Fighting Temptation"
"Hollywood"
"Hymn for the Weekend"
"I Got That"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Lift Off"
"Love a Woman"
"Love in This Club Part II"
"Mi Gente"
"Part II (On the Run)"
"Put It in a Love Song"
"Runnin' (Lose It All)"
"Say Yes"
"See Me Now"
"Shining"
"Telephone"
"Top Off"
"Until the End of Time"
"Walk on Water"
"What More Can I Give"
Other songs
"A Woman Like Me"
"All I Could Do Was Cry"
"At Last"
"Back to Black"
"Crazy in Love (Remix)"
"Die with You"
"Fever"
"God Bless the USA"
"I'd Rather Go Blind"
"Sexy Lil Thug"
"One Night Only"
"Perfect Duet"
"Pink + White"
"Summertime"
"Work It Out"
Book
Category
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