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The Fall of the House of Usher
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For other uses, see The Fall of the House of Usher (disambiguation).
"The Fall of the House of Usher"
First appearance in Burton's Gentleman's Magazine (September 1839)
Author
Edgar Allan Poe
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre(s)
Horror, Gothic
Published in
Burton's Gentleman's Magazine
Publication date
September 1839
"The Fall of the House of Usher" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1839.
1894 illustration by Aubrey Beardsley
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Publication history
3 Sources of inspiration
4 Analysis
4.1 Allusions and references
5 Literary significance and criticism
6 In other media
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The story begins with the unnamed narrator arriving at the house of his friend, Roderick Usher, having received a letter from him in a distant part of the country complaining of an illness and asking for his help. As he arrives, the narrator notes a thin crack extending from the roof, down the front of the building and into the adjacent lake.
Although Poe wrote this short story before the invention of modern psychological science, Roderick's condition can be described according to its terminology. It includes a form of sensory overload known as hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity to textures, light, sounds, smells and tastes), hypochondria (an excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness) and acute anxiety.[citation needed] It is revealed that Roderick's twin sister, Madeline, is also ill and falls into cataleptic, deathlike trances. Roderick and Madeline are the only remaining members of the Usher family.
The narrator is impressed with Roderick's paintings, and attempts to cheer him by reading with him and listening to his improvised musical compositions on the guitar. Roderick sings "The Haunted Palace", then tells the narrator that he believes the house he lives in to be alive, and that this sentience arises from the arrangement of the masonry and vegetation surrounding it. Further, Roderick believes that his fate is connected to the family mansion.
Roderick later informs the narrator that his sister has died and insists that she be entombed for two weeks in the family tomb located in the house before being permanently buried. The narrator helps Roderick put the body in the tomb, and he notes that Madeline has rosy cheeks, as some do after death. They inter her, but over the next week both Roderick and the narrator find themselves becoming increasingly agitated for no apparent reason. A storm begins. Roderick comes to the narrator's bedroom, which is situated directly above the vault, and throws open his window to the storm. He notices that the tarn surrounding the house seems to glow in the dark, as it glowed in Roderick Usher's paintings, although there is no lightning.
The narrator attempts to calm Roderick by reading aloud The Mad Trist, a novel involving a knight named Ethelred who breaks into a hermit's dwelling in an attempt to escape an approaching storm, only to find a palace of gold guarded by a dragon. He also finds, hanging on the wall, a shield of shining brass on which is written a legend:
Who entereth herein, a conqueror hath bin;
Who slayeth the dragon, the shield he shall win;[1]
With a stroke of his mace, Ethelred kills the dragon, who dies with a piercing shriek, and proceeds to take the shield, which falls to the floor with an unnerving clatter.
As the narrator reads of the knight's forcible entry into the dwelling, cracking and ripping sounds are heard somewhere in the house. When the dragon is described as shrieking as it dies, a shriek is heard, again within the house. As he relates the shield falling from off the wall, a reverberation, metallic and hollow, can be heard. Roderick becomes increasingly hysterical, and eventually exclaims that these sounds are being made by his sister, who was in fact alive when she was entombed.
Additionally, Roderick somehow knew that she was alive. The bedroom door is then blown open to reveal Madeline standing there. She falls on her brother, and both land on the floor as corpses. The narrator then flees the house, and, as he does so, notices a flash of moonlight behind him which causes him to turn back, in time to see the moon shining through the suddenly widened crack. As he watches, the House of Usher splits in two and the fragments sink into the tarn.
Publication history[edit]
"The Fall of the House of Usher" was first published in September 1839 in Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. It was slightly revised in 1840 for the collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. It contains within it Poe's poem "The Haunted Palace", which had earlier been published separately in the April 1839 issue of the Baltimore Museum magazine.
In 1928, Éditions Narcisse, predecessor to the Black Sun Press, published a limited edition of 300 numbered copies with illustrations by Alastair.
Sources of inspiration[edit]
Home of Hezekiah Usher's son, Hezekiah
Poe's inspiration for the story may be based upon events of the Hezekiah Usher House, which was located on the Usher estate that is now a three-block area bounded in modern Boston by Tremont Street to the northwest, Washington Street to the southeast, Avery Street to the south and Winter Street to the north. The house was constructed in 1684 and either torn down or relocated in 1830.[2]
Other sources indicate that a sailor and the young wife of the older owner were caught and entombed in their trysting spot by her husband. When the Usher House was torn down in 1830, two bodies were found embraced in a cavity in the cellar.[3]
Another source of inspiration may be from an actual couple by the name Mr. and Mrs. Luke Usher, the friends and fellow actors of his mother Eliza Poe.[4] The couple took care of Eliza's three children (including Poe) during her time of illness and eventual death.[citation needed]
German writer E. T. A. Hoffmann, who was a role model and inspiration for Poe, published the story Das Majorat in 1819. There are many similarities between the two stories, like the breaking in two of a house, eerie sounds in the night, the story within a story and the house owner being called "Roderich". As Poe was familiar with Hoffmann's works he certainly knew the story and cleverly drew from it using the element for his own purposes.[5]
Another German author, Heinrich Clauren's, 1812 story The Robber's Castle, as translated into English by John Hardman and published in Blackwood's Magazine in 1828 as "The Robber's Tower", may have served as an inspiration according to Arno Schmidt and Thomas Hansen.[6]
As well as common elements, such as a young woman with a fear of premature burial interred in a sepulchre directly beneath the protagonist's chamber, stringed instruments and the living twin of the buried girl, Diane Hoeveler identifies textual evidence of Poe's use of the story, and concludes that the inclusion of Vigiliae Mortuorum secundum Chorum Ecclesiae Maguntinae (Vigils for the Dead according to the Use of the Church of Mainz) is drawn from the use of a similarly obscure book in "The Robber's Tower".[7][8]
Analysis[edit]
"The Fall of the House of Usher" is considered the best example of Poe's "totality", wherein every element and detail is related and relevant.[9]
The theme of the crumbling, haunted castle is a key feature of Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto (1764), which largely contributed in defining the Gothic genre. The presence of a capacious, disintegrating house symbolizing the destruction of the human body is a characteristic element in Poe's later work.[10]
"The Fall of the House of Usher" shows Poe's ability to create an emotional tone in his work, specifically feelings of fear, doom, and guilt.[11]
These emotions center on Roderick Usher, who, like many Poe characters, suffers from an unnamed disease. Like the narrator in "The Tell-Tale Heart", his disease inflames his hyperactive senses. The illness manifests physically but is based in Roderick's mental or even moral state. He is sick, it is suggested, because he expects to be sick based on his family's history of illness and is, therefore, essentially a hypochondriac.[12] Similarly, he buries his sister alive because he expects to bury her alive, creating his own self-fulfilling prophecy.[citation needed]
The House of Usher, itself doubly referring both to the actual structure and the family, plays a significant role in the story. It is the first "character" that the narrator introduces to the reader, presented with a humanized description: its windows are described as "eye-like" twice in the first paragraph. The fissure that develops in its side is symbolic of the decay of the Usher family and the house "dies" along with the two Usher siblings. This connection was emphasized in Roderick's poem "The Haunted Palace" which seems to be a direct reference to the house that foreshadows doom.[13]
L. Sprague de Camp, in his Lovecraft: A Biography, wrote that "[a]ccording to the late [Poe expert] Thomas O. Mabbott, [H. P.] Lovecraft, in 'Supernatural Horror', solved a problem in the interpretation of Poe" by arguing that "Roderick Usher, his sister Madeline, and the house all shared one common soul".[14]
The explicit psychological dimension of this tale has prompted many critics to analyze it as a description of the human psyche, comparing, for instance, the House to the unconscious, and its central crack to a split personality. Mental disorder is also evoked through the themes of melancholy, possible incest, and vampirism. An incestuous relationship between Roderick and Madeline is never explicitly stated, but seems implied by the strange attachment between the two.[15]
Opium, which Poe mentions several times in both his prose and poems, is mentioned twice in the tale. The gloomy sensation occasioned by the dreary landscape around the Usher mansion is compared by the narrator to the sickness caused by the withdrawal symptoms of an opiate-addict. The narrator also describes Roderick Usher's appearance as that of an "irreclaimable eater of opium."[16]
Allusions and references[edit]
The opening epigraph quotes "Le Refus" (1831) by the French songwriter Pierre-Jean de Béranger, translated to English as "his heart is a suspended lute, as soon as it is touched, it resounds". Béranger's original text reads "Mon cœur" (my heart) and not "Son cœur" (his/her heart).
The narrator describes one of Usher's musical compositions as "a ... singular perversion and amplification of the wild air of the last waltz of Von Weber". Poe here refers to a popular piano work of his time — which, though going by the title "Weber's Last Waltz" was actually composed by Carl Gottlieb Reissiger.[17] A manuscript copy of the music was found among Weber's papers upon his death in 1826 and the work was mistakenly attributed to him.
Usher's painting reminds the narrator of the Swiss-born British painter Henry Fuseli.
Literary significance and criticism[edit]
Along with "The Tell-Tale Heart", "The Black Cat" and "The Cask of Amontillado", "The Fall of the House of Usher" is considered among Poe's most famous works of prose.[18]
This highly unsettling macabre work is recognized as a masterpiece of American Gothic literature. Indeed, as in many of his tales, Poe borrows much from the already developed Gothic tradition. Still, as G. R. Thomson writes in his Introduction to Great Short Works of Edgar Allan Poe, "the tale has long been hailed as a masterpiece of Gothic horror; it is also a masterpiece of dramatic irony and structural symbolism."[19]
"The Fall of the House of Usher" has been criticized for being too formulaic. Poe was criticized for following his own patterns established in works like "Morella" and "Ligeia," using stock characters in stock scenes and stock situations. Repetitive themes like an unidentifiable disease, madness, and resurrection are also criticized.[20] Washington Irving explained to Poe in a letter dated November 6, 1839, "You have been too anxious to present your pictures vividly to the eye, or too distrustful of your effect, and had laid on too much colouring. It is erring on the best side--the side of luxuriance."[21]
John McAleer maintained that the idea for "objectifying Ahab's flawed character" came from the "evocative force" of Poe's 'The Fall of the House of Usher.' In both Ahab and the house of Usher, the appearance of fundamental soundness is visibly flawed — by Ahab's livid scar, and by the fissure in the masonry of Usher.[22]
In other media[edit]
In film
La Chute de la maison Usher is a 1928 silent French horror film directed by Jean Epstein starring Marguerite Gance, Jean Debucourt, and Charles Lamy. Actress Gwendoline Watford made her film debut playing Lady Usher in The Fall of the House of Usher, a British black and white film version made in 1947 but not released until 1950.[citation needed]
In the low-budget Roger Corman B-film from 1960, known in the United States as House of Usher starring Vincent Price as Roderick Usher, the narrator is Philip Winthrop (Mark Damon), who had fallen in love with the sickly Madeline (Myrna Fahey) during her brief residence in Boston and become engaged to her. As Roderick reveals, the Usher family has a history of evil and cruelty so great that he and Madeline pledged in their youth never to have children and to allow their family to die with them. Winthrop tries desperately to convince Madeline to leave with him in spite of Roderick's disapproval, and is on the point of succeeding when Madeline falls into a deathlike catalepsy; her brother (who knows that she is still alive) convinces Winthrop that she is dead and rushes to have her placed in the family crypt. When she wakes up, Madeline goes insane from being buried alive and breaks free. She confronts her brother and begins throttling him to death. Suddenly the house, already aflame due to fallen coals from the fire, begins to collapse, and Winthrop flees as Roderick is killed by Madeline and both she and the Ushers' sole servant are consumed by the falling house. The film was Corman's first in a series of eight films inspired by the works of Edgar Allan Poe.
Another monochrome version appeared on British television in 1966 as part of the first series of Mystery and Imagination (1966–68) starring Denholm Elliott as Roderick Usher. It's one of only two surviving episodes of the otherwise lost first series (the other being "The Open Door" starring Jack Hawkins. It is available on the Network DVD label in the UK. It was filmed on studio sets, recorded on videotape and broadcast on ITV on 12 February 1966.[citation needed]
A devout fan of the works of Poe, cult director Curtis Harrington tackled the story in his first and last films. Casting himself in dual roles as Roderick and Madeline Usher in both versions, Harrington shot his original 10-minute silent short on 8mm in 1942,[23] and he shot a new 36 minute version simply titled Usher on 35mm[23] in 2000 which he intended to utilize in a longer Poe anthology film that never came to fruition.[24] Both versions were included on the 2013 DVD/Blu-ray release Curtis Harrington: The Short Film Collection.
In theater, animation and music
In the early 1970s, Steven Berkoff worked on a theatrical adaptation called 'The Fall of the House of Usher' whose 35 brief scenes follow closely the course of Poe's story. Published by Amber Lane Press, it was performed at the Edinburgh Festival in 1974 and subsequently at the Hampstead Theatre Club in 1975.[citation needed]
In 2002 Lance Tait wrote a one-act play The Fall of the House of Usher, based on Poe's tale. Laura Grace Pattillo wrote in The Edgar Allan Poe Review (2006), "[Tait's] play follows Poe's original story quite closely, using a female Chorus figure to help further the tale as the 'Friend' (as Tait names the narrator) alternates between monologue and conversation with Usher."[25]
The Fall of the House of Usher (2015), narrated by Christopher Lee, animated short film which is part of Extraordinary Tales[26][27]
Between 1908-17, French composer Claude Debussy worked on an opera called La chute de la maison Usher. The libretto was his own, based on Poe, and the work was to be a companion piece to another short opera (Le diable dans le beffroi) based on Poe's "The Devil in the Belfry". At Debussy's death the work was unfinished, however. In recent years completions have been attempted by three different musicologists.[citation needed]
Another operatic version, composed by Philip Glass in 1987 with a libretto by Arthur Yorinks, premiered at the American Repertory Theatre and the Kentucky Opera in 1988 and was revived at the Nashville Opera in 2009.[28] The Long Beach Opera mounted a version of this work in February 2013 at the Warner Grand Theatre in San Pedro, Los Angeles.[29]
In 2008, a musical theatre adaptation ("Usher") written by two Yale students (Sarah Hirsch and Molly Fox) won the Best Musical award at the New York International Fringe Festival.[30][31][32]
Dave Malloy's 2014 song cycle Ghost Quartet includes, amongst other interwoven narratives a retelling of the story, with several major changes. These changes include the presence of two Usher children, and the moving of Roderick's symptoms to his wife, Lady Usher.[33]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Poe, Edgar A. "The Fall of the House of Usher." 1839. Elements of Literature. Fifth Course. Austin: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2009. 321-333. Print.
Jump up ^ An Historic Corner, Tremont Street and Temple Place by Walter K. Watkins, in Days and Ways in Old Boston by William S. Rossiter (ed.), Boston: R.H. Stearns & Co., 1915, pp. 91-132
Jump up ^ A.I.A. Guide to Boston. Susan and Michael Southworth, p. 59
Jump up ^ Allen, Hervey. Israfel: The Life and Times of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1934: 683.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, E. T. A. (1990). Kaiser, Gerhard R., ed. Nachtstücke. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam. ISBN 978-3-15-000154-7.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Thomas S. (Spring 1992). "Poe's 'German' Source for 'The Fall of the House of Usher': The Arno Schmidt Connection". Southern Humanities Review. 26 (2): 101–13.
Jump up ^ Perry, Dennis; Sederholm, Carl (2009). Poe, "The House of Usher," and the American Gothic. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–10.
Jump up ^ Hoeveler, Diane Long (2008). "Reading Poe Reading Blackwood's: The Palimpsestic Subtext in "The Fall of the House of Usher"". In Lewes, Darby. Double Vision: Literary Palimpsests of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Lexington Books. pp. 227–29.
Jump up ^ Beebe, Maurice. "The Universe of Roderick Usher" as collected in Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, Robert Regan, ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1967. p. 123.
Jump up ^ Hutchisson, James M. Poe, Jackson, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Press, 2005, p. 38.
Jump up ^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York City: Cooper Square Press, 1992; ISBN 0-8154-1038-7, p. 111
Jump up ^ Butler, David. "Usher's Hypochondriasis: Mental Alienation and Romantic Idealism in Poe's Gothic Tales", collected in On Poe: The Best from "American Literature. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8223-1311-1, pp. 189–90.
Jump up ^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York City: Cooper Square Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7 p. 111.
Jump up ^ de Camp, L. Sprague, Lovecraft: A Biography (Doubleday, 1975).
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8071-2321-8 p. 297.
Jump up ^ Hayter, Alethea (2015). Opium and the Romantic Imagination. London: Faber & Faber. Chapter VI: Poe. ISBN 9780571306015.
Jump up ^ "Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - General Topics - A Few Minor Poe Topics". eapoe.org.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, J. Gerald. "Introduction: Poe in Our Time" collected in A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe. Oxford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0-19-512150-3 pg. 9
Jump up ^ Thomson, G. R. Great Short Works of Edgar Allan Poe (HarperCollins, 1970), p. 36.
Jump up ^ Krutch, Joseph Wood. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926. p. 77
Jump up ^ The Best Horror Short Stories 1800-1849: A Classic Horror Anthology Editor Andrew Barger Annotated Edition Publisher Bottletree Books LLC, 2010 ISBN 978-1-933747-22-4, Length 233, p. 179
Jump up ^ McAleer, John J. "Poe and Gothic Elements in 'Moby-Dick'", Emerson Society Quarterly, No. 27 (II Quarter 1962): pg. 34.
^ Jump up to: a b Toscano, Mark (2013). Conversations in the Back of the Theatre: Preserving the Short films of Curtis Harrington (DVD Booklet). Drag City/Flicker Alley.
Jump up ^ "Retrospective in Terror: An Interview with Curtis Harrington". Terror Trap. April 2005. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
Jump up ^ Pattillo, Laura Grace (Spring 2006). "The Fall of the House of Usher and Other Plays Inspired by Edgar Allan Poe". The Edgar Allan Poe Review. 7 (1): 80–82. JSTOR 41506252.
Jump up ^ Young, Deborah (March 26, 2015). "'Extraordinary tales': Hong Kong Review". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Extraordinary tales in tha Haifa film festival". Archived from the original on 2015-10-07.
Jump up ^ Waleson, Heidi (November 24, 2009). "Two by Philip Glass". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ginell, Richard. "Review: Long Beach Opera charts 'The Fall of the House of Usher'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dorof, Jacob. "Two Eli productions stand out at New York's Fringe". Yale Daily News.
Jump up ^ Trav, S.D. (August 12, 2008). "Fringe Festival 2008 Reviews!". The Village Voice.
Jump up ^ Siegal, Barbara. "Usher-- the musical, not the person who seats you". Talkin' Broadway. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Malloy, Dave "Ghost Quartet", davemalloy.com; accessed December 27, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Evans, Walter (1977). "'The Fall of the House of Usher' and Poe's Theory of the Tale". Studies in Short Fiction. 14 (2): 137–144. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris and Sheila Fitzgerald. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1988. 403–5.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Fall of the House of Usher
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Fall of the House of Usher.
The Fall of the House of Usher at Project Gutenberg
The Fall of the House of Usher at Project Gutenberg (audiobook)
The Fall of the House of Usher public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Full text as reprinted in The Works of the Late Edgar Allan Poe (1850)
Full text at Bartleby.com
"The Fall of the House of Usher" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
Full text at American Literature
Analysis by Martha Womack
William B. Cairns (1920). "Fall of the House of Usher, The". Encyclopedia Americana.
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Edgar Allan Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839)
Film
La Chute de la maison Usher (1928, French)
The Fall of the House of Usher (1928, American)
The Fall of the House of Usher (1950)
House of Usher (1960)
The Fall of the Louse of Usher (2002)
Descendant (2003)
Usher (2004)
The House of Usher (2006)
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The Fall of the House of Usher (Glass)
The Fall of the House of Usher (Hammill)
Usher House (Getty)
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text:
Book of Jasher (biblical references)
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The Book of Jasher (also, Jashar) or the Book of the Upright or the Book of the Just Man (Hebrew: סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר; transliteration: sēfer hayyāšār) is an unknown book mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. The translation "Book of the Just Man" is the traditional Greek and Latin translation, while the transliterated form "Jasher" is found in the King James Bible, 1611.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical references
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Biblical references[edit]
The book appears to be referenced from around the reign of David. 2 Samuel 1:18 states:
To teach the Sons of Judah the use of the bow; behold it is written in the Book of the Upright (Sēper haYYāšār; Hebrew: עַל־סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר; literally, "upon the Book of the Upright").
David's lament for Jonathan immediately follows.[1] The King James Version of the English Bible has the phrase "the use of" in italics, showing that it is material the translator(s) added in order to render the original text into what they considered understandable and comfortable English. Other versions, such as the English Standard Version, indicate that what David taught the people was The Bow, that is, a poetic lament regarding the death of Saul and Jonathan.[2] If the interpretation offered in the ESV footnote is to be accepted, then The Bow is a lament or a tune that was — at the time of the composition of the Book of Samuel — also included in the extra-canonical Book of Jashar.
The Book of Jasher is also mentioned in the Biblical Book of Joshua amid the descriptions of Joshua's military exploits in the land of Canaan, specifically after Adonizedek, king of Jerusalem, and his allies attacked Gibeon for allying themselves with Israel and Joshua and the Israelites came to Gibeon's aid (Joshua 9-10). When "YHWH gave the Amorites over to the sons of Israel", Joshua told the sun to stand still over Gibeon and the moon to stand still over Valley of Aijalon (Joshua 9:1-2). Then the Book of Joshua 10:13 states:
And the Sun stood still, and the Moon stayed,
until the people had avenged themselves on their enemies.
Is this not written in the Book of the Upright (Sēper haYYāšār)?[3]
The presence of this event in a book of poetry has been interpreted as a poetic description of the prolonged battle.[4] Some think the reference to the Book of Jashar was inserted because Joshua wanted to show to those who disbelieved the event that others, besides himself, accepted it and recorded it, thus authenticating the event.[citation needed]
The Septuagint translation renders sefer hayashar in both cases as 'Book of the Just'. The reference to the bow is here missing, so that the text reads:
And he gave orders to teach it the sons of Iouda: behold it is written in the Book of the Just.[5]
According to the Medieval Jewish scholar Rashi, Sefer HaYashar refers to the Pentateuch, as a fulfillment of Jacob's prophecy regarding Ephraim — “His seed will fill the nations” (Gen. 48:19) — and that this prophecy refers to Joshua's renown after the miracle of the standing of the sun.[6]
See also[edit]
Book of Jasher (Pseudo-Jasher) - an 18th-century literary forgery which purports to be an English translation of the lost Book of Jasher.
Sefer haYashar (midrash) - a Hebrew midrash, also known as The Book of Jasher, named after the lost Book of Jasher.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible, KJV 1 Sam. 1:18.
Jump up ^ The Holy Bible, English Standard Version (ESV): Containing the Old and New Testaments. Wheaton: Crossway. 2007.
ESV 2 Samuel 1:17-18 text reads: "And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and Jonathan his son, and he said it should be taught to the people of Judah; behold, it is written in the Book of Jashar. He said: …."
ESV 2 Samuel 1:18 footnote 1, at "he said it," reads: "Septuagint; Hebrew the Bow, which may be the name of the lament's tune."
Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible, KJV Josh. 10:13.
Jump up ^ Harry Whittaker. Bible Studies. Cannock: Biblia. pp. 72–73. 'The sun stood still.'
Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible, LXX 2 Sam. 1:18, accessed 14 January 2014.
The LXX text recorded in BLB is: καὶ εἶπεν τοῦ διδάξαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ιουδα ἰδοὺ γέγραπται ἐπὶ βιβλίου τοῦ εὐθοῦς.
Jump up ^ "Yehoshua - Joshua - Chapter 10". The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary. The Judaica Press. External link in |work= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
External links[edit]
The Book Of Jasher public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Book of Jasher pdf
[hide]
v
t
e
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
Old Testament
Book of the Wars of the Lord
Book of Jashar
Manner of the Kingdom
Book of Songs
Acts of Solomon
Chronicles of the Kings of Israel
Chronicles of the Kings of Judah
Annals of King David
Book of Samuel the Seer
Book of Nathan
Book of Gad
Prophecy of Ahijah
Book of the Kings of Judah and Israel
Book of Jehu
Story of the Book of Kings
Acts of Uziah
Ascension of Isaiah
Acts of the Kings of Israel
Sayings of the Seers
Laments for Josiah
New Testament
Book of Enoch
Assumption of Moses
Epistle to the Laodiceans
Deuterocanon
Story of Ahikar
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text:
History of rugby union matches between England and Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
England and Scotland have been playing each other at rugby union since 1871 when Scotland beat England in the first ever rugby union international. A total of 136 matches have been played, with England having won 75 times, Scotland 43 times and eighteen matches have been drawn.
Apart from fixtures played in the Home Nations / Five Nations / Six Nations Championship competitions, two games have been played at the Rugby World Cup in 1991 and 2011, in both of which England were victorious. The sides also met in 1971 in a match to commemorate the centenary of the first match between the sides, with Scotland winning.
The 1938 Calcutta Cup match was the first live televised rugby international. It was broadcast by BBC Television.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Calcutta Cup
2 Summary
2.1 Overall
2.2 Records
3 Results
4 Breakdown
5 References
6 External links
Calcutta Cup[edit]
Further information: Calcutta Cup
The Calcutta Cup has been the trophy for the annual fixture between the teams since 1879 and is currently played for in the Six Nations Championship match.
Summary[edit]
Overall[edit]
Details
Played
Won by
England
Won by
Scotland
Drawn
England points
Scotland points
In England 66 45 14 7 944 543
In Scotland 69 29 29 11 676 632
Neutral venue 1 1 0 0 16 12
Overall 136 75 43 18 1,636 1,187
Records[edit]
Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.
Record
England
Scotland
Longest winning streak 10 (16 Feb 1991–2 Apr 2000) 4 (21 Mar 1970–17 Mar 1973)
Largest points for
Home 61 (11 March 2017) 33 (15 February 1986)
Away 35 (21 February 2004) 22 (19 March 2005)
Largest winning margin
Home 40 (3 March 2001, 11 March 2017) 27 (15 February 1986)
Away 26 (2 February 2002) 15 (9 March 1901)
Results[edit]
No.
Date
Venue
Score
Winner
Competition
1
27 March 1871 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 1G – 0 Scotland 1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match
2
5 February 1872 Kennington Oval, London 2G – 1G England 1871-72 Home Nations rugby union matches
3
3 March 1873 West of Scotland F.C., Glasgow 0 – 0 draw 1872-73 Home Nations rugby union matches
4
23 February 1874 Kennington Oval, London 1G – 0 England 1873-74 Home Nations rugby union matches
5
8 March 1875 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 0 – 0 draw 1874-75 Home Nations rugby union matches
6
6 March 1876 Kennington Oval, London 1G – 0 England 1875-76 Home Nations rugby union matches
7
5 March 1877 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 1G – 0 Scotland 1876-77 Home Nations rugby union matches
8
4 March 1878 Kennington Oval, London 0 – 0 draw 1877-78 Home Nations rugby union matches
9
10 March 1879 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 1G – 1G draw 1878-79 Home Nations rugby union matches
10
28 February 1880 Whalley Range, Manchester 2G – 1G England 1879-80 Home Nations rugby union matches
11
19 March 1881 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 1G – 1G draw 1880-81 Home Nations rugby union matches
12
4 March 1882 Whalley Range, Manchester 0 – 0G (2T) Scotland 1881-82 Home Nations rugby union matches
13
3 March 1883 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh (1T) 0G – 0G (2T) England 1883 Home Nations Championship
14
1 March 1884 Rectory Field, London 1G – 0 England 1884 Home Nations Championship
15
13 March 1886 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 0 – 0 draw 1886 Home Nations Championship
16
5 March 1887 Whalley Range, Manchester 0 – 0 draw 1887 Home Nations Championship
17
1 March 1890 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 0 – 6 England 1890 Home Nations Championship
18
7 March 1891 Athletic Ground, Richmond 3 – 9 Scotland 1891 Home Nations Championship
19
6 March 1892 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 0 – 5 England 1892 Home Nations Championship
20
4 March 1893 Headingley, Leeds 0 – 8 Scotland 1893 Home Nations Championship
21
17 March 1894 Raeburn Place, Edinburgh 6 – 0 Scotland 1894 Home Nations Championship
22
9 March 1895 Athletic Ground, Richmond 3 – 6 Scotland 1895 Home Nations Championship
23
14 March 1896 Hampden Park, Glasgow 11 – 0 Scotland 1896 Home Nations Championship
24
13 March 1897 Fallowfield, Manchester 12 – 3 England 1897 Home Nations Championship
25
12 March 1898 Powderhall, Scotland 3 – 3 draw 1898 Home Nations Championship
26
11 March 1899 Rectory Field, London 0 – 5 Scotland 1899 Home Nations Championship
27
10 March 1900 Inverleith, Edinburgh 0 – 0 draw 1900 Home Nations Championship
28
9 March 1901 Rectory Field, London 3 – 18 Scotland 1901 Home Nations Championship
29
15 March 1902 Inverleith, Edinburgh 3 – 6 England 1902 Home Nations Championship
30
21 March 1903 Athletic Ground, Richmond 6 – 10 Scotland 1903 Home Nations Championship
31
19 March 1904 Inverleith, Edinburgh 6 – 3 Scotland 1904 Home Nations Championship
32
18 March 1905 Athletic Ground, Richmond 0 – 8 Scotland 1905 Home Nations Championship
33
17 March 1906 Inverleith, Edinburgh 3 – 9 England 1906 Home Nations Championship
34
16 March 1907 Rectory Field, England 3 – 8 Scotland 1907 Home Nations Championship
35
21 March 1908 Inverleith, Edinburgh 16 – 10 Scotland 1908 Home Nations Championship
36
20 March 1909 Athletic Ground, Richmond 8 – 18 Scotland 1909 Home Nations Championship
37
19 March 1910 Inverleith, Edinburgh 5 – 14 England 1910 Five Nations Championship
38
18 March 1911 Twickenham, London 13 – 8 England 1911 Five Nations Championship
39
16 March 1912 Inverleith, Edinburgh 8 – 3 Scotland 1912 Five Nations Championship
40
15 March 1913 Twickenham, London 3 – 0 England 1913 Five Nations Championship
41
21 March 1914 Inverleith, Edinburgh 15 – 16 England 1914 Five Nations Championship
42
20 March 1920 Twickenham, London 13 – 4 England 1920 Five Nations Championship
43
19 March 1921 Inverleith, Edinburgh 0 – 18 England 1921 Five Nations Championship
44
18 March 1922 Twickenham, London 11 – 5 England 1922 Five Nations Championship
45
17 March 1923 Inverleith, Edinburgh 6 – 8 England 1923 Five Nations Championship
46
15 March 1924 Twickenham, London 19 – 0 England 1924 Five Nations Championship
47
21 March 1925 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 14 – 11 Scotland 1925 Five Nations Championship
48
20 March 1926 Twickenham, London 9 – 17 Scotland 1926 Five Nations Championship
49
19 March 1927 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 21 – 13 Scotland 1927 Five Nations Championship
50
17 March 1928 Twickenham, London 6 – 0 England 1928 Five Nations Championship
51
16 March 1929 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 12 – 6 Scotland 1929 Five Nations Championship
52
15 March 1930 Twickenham, London 0 – 0 draw 1930 Five Nations Championship
53
21 March 1931 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 28 – 19 Scotland 1931 Five Nations Championship
54
19 March 1932 Twickenham, London 16 – 3 England 1932 Home Nations Championship
55
18 March 1933 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 3 – 0 Scotland 1933 Home Nations Championship
56
17 March 1934 Twickenham, London 6 – 3 England 1934 Home Nations Championship
57
16 March 1935 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 10 – 7 Scotland 1935 Home Nations Championship
58
21 March 1936 Twickenham, London 9 – 8 England 1936 Home Nations Championship
59
20 March 1937 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 3 – 6 England 1937 Home Nations Championship
60
19 March 1938 Twickenham, London 16 – 21 Scotland 1938 Home Nations Championship
61
18 March 1939 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 6 – 9 England 1939 Home Nations Championship
62
15 March 1947 Twickenham, London 24 – 5 England 1947 Five Nations Championship
63
20 March 1948 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 6 – 3 Scotland 1948 Five Nations Championship
64
19 March 1949 Twickenham, London 19 – 3 England 1949 Five Nations Championship
65
18 March 1950 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 13 – 11 Scotland 1950 Five Nations Championship
66
17 March 1951 Twickenham, London 5 – 3 England 1951 Five Nations Championship
67
15 March 1952 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 3 – 19 England 1952 Five Nations Championship
68
21 March 1953 Twickenham, London 26 – 8 England 1953 Five Nations Championship
69
20 March 1954 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 3 – 13 England 1954 Five Nations Championship
70
19 March 1955 Twickenham, London 9 – 6 England 1955 Five Nations Championship
71
17 March 1956 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 6 – 11 England 1956 Five Nations Championship
72
16 March 1957 Twickenham, London 16 – 3 England 1957 Five Nations Championship
73
15 March 1958 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 3 – 3 draw 1958 Five Nations Championship
74
21 March 1959 Twickenham, London 3 – 3 draw 1959 Five Nations Championship
75
19 March 1960 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 12 – 21 England 1960 Five Nations Championship
76
18 March 1961 Twickenham, London 6 – 0 England 1961 Five Nations Championship
77
17 March 1962 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 3 – 3 draw 1962 Five Nations Championship
78
16 March 1963 Twickenham, London 10 – 8 England 1963 Five Nations Championship
79
21 March 1964 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 15 – 6 Scotland 1964 Five Nations Championship
80
20 March 1965 Twickenham, London 3 – 3 draw 1965 Five Nations Championship
81
19 March 1966 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 6 – 3 Scotland 1966 Five Nations Championship
82
18 March 1967 Twickenham, London 27 – 14 England 1967 Five Nations Championship
83
16 March 1968 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 6 – 8 England 1968 Five Nations Championship
84
15 March 1969 Twickenham, London 8 – 3 England 1969 Five Nations Championship
85
21 March 1970 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 14 – 5 Scotland 1970 Five Nations Championship
86
20 March 1971 Twickenham, London 15 – 16 Scotland 1971 Five Nations Championship
87
27 March 1971 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 26 – 6 Scotland RFU centenary match
88
18 March 1972 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 23 – 9 Scotland 1972 Five Nations Championship
89
17 March 1973 Twickenham, London 20 – 13 England 1973 Five Nations Championship
90
2 February 1974 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 16 – 14 Scotland 1974 Five Nations Championship
91
15 March 1975 Twickenham, London 7 – 6 England 1975 Five Nations Championship
92
21 February 1976 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 22 – 12 Scotland 1976 Five Nations Championship
93
15 January 1977 Twickenham, London 26 – 6 England 1977 Five Nations Championship
94
4 March 1978 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 0 – 15 England 1978 Five Nations Championship
95
3 February 1979 Twickenham, London 7 – 7 draw 1979 Five Nations Championship
96
15 March 1980 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 18 – 30 England 1980 Five Nations Championship
97
21 February 1981 Twickenham, London 23 – 17 England 1981 Five Nations Championship
98
16 January 1982 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 9 – 9 draw 1982 Five Nations Championship
99
5 March 1983 Twickenham, London 12 – 22 Scotland 1983 Five Nations Championship
100
4 February 1984 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 18 – 6 Scotland 1984 Five Nations Championship
101
16 March 1985 Twickenham, London 10 – 7 England 1985 Five Nations Championship
102
15 February 1986 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 33 – 6 Scotland 1986 Five Nations Championship
103
4 April 1987 Twickenham, London 21 – 12 England 1987 Five Nations Championship
104
5 March 1988 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 6 – 9 England 1988 Five Nations Championship
105
4 February 1989 Twickenham, London 12 – 12 draw 1989 Five Nations Championship
106
17 March 1990 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 13 – 7 Scotland 1990 Five Nations Championship
107
16 February 1991 Twickenham, London 21 – 12 England 1991 Five Nations Championship
108
26 October 1991 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 6 – 9 England 1991 Rugby World Cup semi-final
109
18 January 1992 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 7 – 25 England 1992 Five Nations Championship
110
6 March 1993 Twickenham, London 26 – 12 England 1993 Five Nations Championship
111
5 February 1994 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 14 – 15 England 1994 Five Nations Championship
112
18 March 1995 Twickenham, London 24 – 12 England 1995 Five Nations Championship
113
2 March 1996 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 9 – 18 England 1996 Five Nations Championship
114
1 February 1997 Twickenham, London 41 – 13 England 1997 Five Nations Championship
115
22 March 1998 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 20 – 34 England 1998 Five Nations Championship
116
20 February 1999 Twickenham, London 24 – 21 England 1999 Five Nations Championship
117
2 April 2000 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 19 – 13 Scotland 2000 Six Nations Championship
118
3 March 2001 Twickenham, London 43 – 3 England 2001 Six Nations Championship
119
2 February 2002 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 3 – 29 England 2002 Six Nations Championship
120
22 March 2003 Twickenham, London 40 – 9 England 2003 Six Nations Championship
121
21 February 2004 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 13 – 35 England 2004 Six Nations Championship
122
19 March 2005 Twickenham, London 43 – 22 England 2005 Six Nations Championship
123
25 February 2006 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 18 – 12 Scotland 2006 Six Nations Championship
124
3 February 2007 Twickenham, London 42 – 20 England 2007 Six Nations Championship
125
8 March 2008 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 15 – 9 Scotland 2008 Six Nations Championship
126
21 March 2009 Twickenham, London 26 – 12 England 2009 Six Nations Championship
127
13 March 2010 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 15 – 15 draw 2010 Six Nations Championship
128
13 March 2011 Twickenham, London 22 – 16 England 2011 Six Nations Championship
129
1 October 2011 Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand 16 – 12 England 2011 Rugby World Cup
130
4 February 2012 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 6 – 13 England 2012 Six Nations Championship
131
2 February 2013 Twickenham, London 38 – 18 England 2013 Six Nations Championship
132
8 February 2014 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 0 – 20 England 2014 Six Nations Championship
133
14 March 2015 Twickenham, London 25 – 13 England 2015 Six Nations Championship
134
6 February 2016 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 9 – 15 England 2016 Six Nations Championship
135
11 March 2017 Twickenham, London 61 – 21 England 2017 Six Nations Championship
136
24 February 2018 Murrayfield, Edinburgh 25 – 13 Scotland 2018 Six Nations Championship
Breakdown[edit]
In the World Cup, the teams have played on two occasions, 1991 and 2011, with England winning both. In these games, England have scored 25 points, and Scotland 18.
In the Home Nations Championship (1871–1909 and 1932–1939), England played Scotland on 44 occasions, England winning 16, Scotland 19 and nine matches have been drawn. In these games, England have scored 149 points, and Scotland 204.
In the Five Nations (1910–1931 and 1947–1999), England played Scotland on 70 occasions, England winning 43, Scotland 19 and eight matches have been drawn. In these games, England have scored 946 points, and Scotland 688.
In the Six Nations (2000–present), England have played Scotland on 18 occasions, England winning 14, Scotland 4 and one match has been drawn. In these games, England have scored 514 points, and Scotland 257.
In other test matches, England have played Scotland on just one occasion, in 1971, at Murrayfield, to mark the 100th anniversary of the very first match played between England and Scotland at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, with Scotland winning the match by 26 points to 6.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "TELEVISION – Monday, March 14 to Saturday, March 19" (PDF). Radio Times. 11 March 1938. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
External links[edit]
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Living in a Box (song)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Living in a Box"
Single by Living in a Box
from the album Living in a Box
Released
23 March 1987
Format
7", 12", CD
Recorded
1985–1987
Genre
Sophisti-pop[1]
Length
3:02
6:10
Label
Chrysalis
Songwriter(s)
Marcus Vere, Steve Piggot
Producer(s)
Richard James Burgess, Tom Lord-Alge
Living in a Box singles chronology
"Living in a Box"
(1987) "Scales of Justice"
(1987)
"Living in a Box"
(1987) "Scales of Justice"
(1987)
"Living in a Box" is a song by Living in a Box released on 23 March 1987 as their first single from the album of the same name.
It was the group's biggest hit single, together with 'Room In Your Heart', both reaching No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart,[2] 'Living In A Box' became the group's only Top 40 hit in the United States, peaking at No. 17 on the Billboard Hot 100.
The song was covered by Bobby Womack, who had worked with Living in a Box on their debut album; his version reached No. 70 in the UK,[3] and was a minor US hit. The song's title came from a comment by a friend of the band's songwriter and keyboard player Marcus Vere. The friend lived in a small council flat in Sheffield, England prompting him to remark "I feel like I'm living in a cardboard box!", referring to the sense of feeling enclosed.
Use in media[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Was used in the 1987 live action Masters of the Universe movie.
Was featured in the 1987 coming of age teen drama Can't Buy Me Love.
From August 2013, the song was used in a Vodafone TV commercial.
The song is featured in the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows versions of Grand Theft Auto V on Non Stop Pop FM.
Was featured in the 2016 Black Mirror episode, San Junipero.
Has been used numerous times on BBC renovation show Homes Under the Hammer, particularly when the show is featuring very small properties / rooms.
Opening theme song of The Aaron Rand Show on CJAD 800, a radio station in Montreal.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Inskeep, Thomas; Soto, Alfred. "The Bluffer's Guide – Sophisti-Pop". Stylus. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 325. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 608. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.

This 1980s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Living_in_a_Box_song rootpage-Living_in_a_Box_song skin-vector action-view