text:
Rule of thumb
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A rule of thumb is a principle with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable for every situation. It is an easily learned and easily applied procedure for approximately calculating or recalling some value, or for making some determination. It is based not on theory but on practical experience.[1] Compare this to heuristic, a similar concept used in mathematical discourse, psychology, and computer science, particularly in algorithm design.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the phrase
1.1 Thumb as measurement device
1.2 Reference to spousal abuse
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Origin of the phrase[edit]
The exact origin of the phrase is uncertain.[2] The earliest known citation comes from J. Durham’s Heaven upon Earth, 1685, ii. 217: "Many profest Christians are like to foolish builders, who build by guess, and by rule of thumb."[1][a]
Sir William Hope wrote in his The Compleat Fencing Master, 1692: "What he doth, he doth by rule of Thumb, and not by Art."[3] James Kelly's The Complete Collection of Scottish Proverbs, 1721, p. 257, includes: "No Rule so good as Rule of Thumb, if it hit."[4]
According to phrases.org.uk, "The phrase joins the whole nine yards as one that probably derives from some form of measurement but which is unlikely ever to be definitively pinned down."[2]
Thumb as measurement device[edit]
The term is thought to originate with carpenters who used the length of the tip of their thumbs (i.e., inches) rather than rulers for measuring things, cementing its modern use as an imprecise yet reliable and convenient standard.[1][5][b][c]
Reference to spousal abuse[edit]
Caricature condemning Buller: Judge Thumb – Patent Sticks for Family Correction – Warranted Lawful!
It is often claimed that the term rule of thumb is derived from a law that limited the maximum thickness of a stick with which it was permissible for a man to beat his wife.[5][7] English common law before the reign of Charles II permitted a man to give his wife "moderate correction", but no rule of thumb has ever been the law in England.[2][8][d]
Belief in the existence of a "rule of thumb" to excuse spousal abuse can be traced as far back as 1782, the year that James Gillray published his satirical cartoon Judge Thumb. The cartoon lambastes English judge Sir Francis Buller for allegedly ruling that a man may legally beat his wife provided that he used a stick no thicker than his thumb, although there is no other written record of Buller making such a pronouncement.[10][11]
In the United States, where the "rule of thumb" was mentioned in case law, it was usually to reject it as a legal standard.[9] Legal decisions in Mississippi (1824) and North Carolina (1868 and 1874) make reference to—and reject—an unnamed "old doctrine" or "ancient law" by which a man was allowed to beat his wife with a stick no wider than his thumb.[8][e][f] In 1976, women's rights activist Del Martin used the phrase "rule of thumb" as a metaphorical reference to describe such a doctrine. She was interpreted by many[Like whom?] as claiming the doctrine as a direct origin of the phrase, and the connection gained currency in 1982, when the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights issued a report on wife abuse titled "Under the Rule of Thumb".[8][10]
See also[edit]
Right-hand rule
Oersted's law
Rule of 72
Pattern language
Heuristic argument
Common sense
Back-of-the-envelope calculation
Modulor
Satisficing
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The phrase also exists in other languages, for example Italian Regola del pollice, Swedish tumregel, Norwegian and Danish tommelfingerregel, sometimes in the variant "rule of fist", for example Finnish nyrkkisääntö, Estonian rusikareegel, German Faustregel and Pi mal Daumen, Hungarian ökölszabály or Dutch vuistregel, as well as in Turkish parmak hesabı, and in Hebrew כלל אצבע (rule of finger) and in Persian قاعده سرانگشتی, which is translated as "finger tip's rule".[citation needed]
Jump up ^ This sense of thumb as a unit of measure also appears in Dutch, in which the word for thumb, duim, also means inch.[6][non-primary source needed]
Jump up ^ The use of a single word or cognate for "inch" and "thumb" is common in many Indo-European languages, for example, French: pouce inch/thumb; Italian: pollice inch/thumb; Spanish: pulgada inch, pulgar thumb; Portuguese: polegada inch, polegar thumb; Swedish: tum inch, tumme thumb; [angulam] error: [undefined] error: {{lang}}: no text (help): text has italic markup (help) inch, anguli finger; Slovak: palec, Slovene: palec inch/thumb, Czech: palec inch/thumb. Also in some other languages such as Thai: nîw inch/finger, Hungarian: hüvelyk inch/thumb.[original research?]
Jump up ^ According to Jonathan Fast, "no British law, Common or Parliamentary, ever permitted wife beating under any circumstances".[9]
Jump up ^ In State v. Oliver (North Carolina, 1874), the judge's ruling stated: "We assume that the old doctrine that a husband had the right to whip his wife, provided that he used a switch no larger than his thumb, is not the law in North Carolina."[9][12]
Jump up ^ The Massachusetts Body of Liberties adopted in 1641 by the Massachusetts Bay colonists states, “Every married woman shall be free from bodily correction or stripes by her husband, unless it be in his own defense from her assault.”[9][13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "rule of thumb, n. and adj.". OED Online. September 2016. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 October 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, Gary. "'Rule of thumb' – the meaning and origin of this phrase". Phrasefinder.
Jump up ^ www.sirwilliamhope.org
Jump up ^ Kelly, James (1721). The Complete Collection of Scottish Proverbs, p. 257.
^ Jump up to: a b Sommers, Christina Hoff (1995). Who stole feminism? : how women have betrayed women (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0684801568. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Kramers, Jacob (1974) Kramers Woordenboek Nederlands. Van Goor, the Hauge.
Jump up ^ Freyd, Jennifer; Johnson, JQ (1998). "Commentary: Domestic Violence, Folk Etymologies, & 'Rule of Thumb'". dynamic.uoregon.edu.
^ Jump up to: a b c Does "rule of thumb" refer to an old law permitting wife beating?, The Straight Dope, May 12, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fast, Jonathan. Beyond Bullying: Breaking the Cycle of Shame, Bullying, and Violence. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780199383665.
^ Jump up to: a b Kelly, Henry Ansgar (September 1994). "Rule of Thumb and the Folklaw of the Husband's Stick" (PDF). Journal of Legal Education. 44 (3): 341–65. JSTOR 42893341.
Jump up ^ Foyster, Elizabeth (2005). Marital violence : an English family history, 1660–1857 (1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0521834511. There is absolutely no proof that Buller, who became known as 'Judge Thumb', ever made this statement in any formal capacity, and it did not become a legal precedent.
Jump up ^ Calvert, Robert (1974). "Criminal and Civil Liability in Husband-Wife Assaults". In Steinmetz, S.K.; Straus, M.A. Violence in the Family. New York: Harper and Row.
Jump up ^ "The Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641)". history.hanover.edu. Hanover, Indiana: Hanover College, Department of History.
External links[edit]
Look up rule of thumb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Rules of Thumb.org: Collection of reader-submitted rules of thumb, compiled by Tom Parker
North Carolina – Violence women, European Men Profeminist Network: Discussion of spurious legal "rule of thumb"
Babelite: Multilingual Idioms Dictionary.
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text:
Grammy Award for Best New Artist
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Best New Artist" redirects here. For other uses, see Best New Artist (disambiguation).
Grammy Award for Best New Artist
Gilded gramophone trophy presented to Grammy Award winners
Country
United States
Presented by
National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences
First awarded
1959
Last awarded
2018
Currently held by
Alessia Cara (2018)
Website
grammy.com
The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959.[1] Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out, for records released in the previous year. The award was not presented in 1967. The official guidelines are as follows: "For a new artist who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist." Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist.
It is sometimes asserted, with varying degrees of sincerity, that winning the award is a curse, as several award winners (particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year.[2][3] This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders: "We got two of the five Grammys – one was Best New Artist. So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who's gotten it since."[4]
The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated. This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album. The award was revoked, but was not handed out to another artist.
Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception, the honor has been presented to 26 solo female artists, 18 duos or groups, and 11 solo male artists. Between 1997 and 2003, all the winners were solo female artists. Also, from 1993 to 2005, no winner was a solo male artist. In 2006, John Legend broke this trend, which started with Marc Cohn in 1992. Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year: Bob Newhart in 1961, Christopher Cross in 1981, Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003.
Of all the winners, only three have been country artists. In 1997, LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award.[5][6] She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007[6][7] and Zac Brown Band in 2010.[8] Additionally, 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year, in which Maren Morris and Kelsea Ballerini were both nominated.[9]
1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside the United States (Winner Culture Club, Eurythmics, and Musical Youth were from England, Big Country was from Scotland, and Men Without Hats were from Canada).[10]
Rules changes[edit]
Over the years, the eligibility rules for this category have changed several times. In 2010, Lady Gaga's exclusion from the Best New Artist category caused the Recording Academy to change eligibility requirements for the next ceremony. She was ineligible for the nomination because her hit "Just Dance" had been nominated in 2008. The new rule stated that an artist can be nominated as long as that artist has not previously released an entire album and has subsequently not won a Grammy.[11][12] In June 2016, the Grammy organization amended the Best New Artist rules once again, to remove the album barrier “given current trends in how new music and developing artists are released and promoted”.[13] To be eligible in the category of Best New Artist, the artist, duo, or group:
Must have released a minimum of five singles/tracks or one album, but no more than 30 singles/tracks or three albums.
May not have entered into this category more than three times, including as a performing member of an established group.
Must have achieved a breakthrough into the public consciousness and impacted the musical landscape during the eligibility period.
These new rules will be effective from the 2017 Grammy season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Rules changes
2 1960s
3 1970s
4 1980s
5 1990s
6 2000s
7 2010s
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
1960s[edit]
The Beatles members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison (clockwise from top left)
Year[I]
Recipient
Nominees
Ref.
1959 Darin, BobbyBobby Darin
Edd Byrnes
Johnny Restivo
Mark Murphy
Mavis Rivers
[14]
1961 Newhart, BobBob Newhart
Joanie Sommers
Leontyne Price
Miriam Makeba
The Brothers Four
[15]
1962 Nero, PeterPeter Nero
Ann-Margret
Dick Gregory
The Lettermen
Timi Yuro
[16]
1963 Goulet, RobertRobert Goulet
Allan Sherman
Peter, Paul and Mary
The Four Seasons
The New Christy Minstrels
Vaughn Meader
[17]
1964 The Swingle Singers
John Gary
Trini Lopez
The J's with Jamie
Vikki Carr
[18]
1965 The Beatles
Antonio Carlos Jobim
Astrud Gilberto
Morgana King
Petula Clark
[19]
1966 Jones, TomTom Jones
Glenn Yarbrough
Herman's Hermits
Horst Jankowski
Marilyn Maye
Sonny & Cher
The Byrds
[20]
1967 no award [II]
1968 Gentry, BobbieBobbie Gentry
Harpers Bizarre
Jefferson Airplane
Lana Cantrell
The 5th Dimension
[21]
1969 Feliciano, JoséJosé Feliciano
Cream
Gary Puckett & The Union Gap
Jeannie C. Riley
O. C. Smith
[22]
1970s[edit]
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
The Carpenters members Karen Carpenter and Richard Carpenter
Year[I]
Recipient
Nominees
Ref.
1970 Crosby, Stills & Nash
Chicago
Led Zeppelin
Oliver
The Neon Philharmonic
[23]
1971 The Carpenters
Anne Murray
Elton John
Melba Moore
The Partridge Family
[24]
1972 Simon, CarlyCarly Simon
Bill Withers
Chase
Emerson, Lake & Palmer
Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds
[25]
1973 America
Eagles
Harry Chapin
John Prine
Loggins and Messina
[26]
1974 Midler, BetteBette Midler
Barry White
Eumir Deodato
Marie Osmond
Maureen McGovern
[27]
1975 Hamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch
Bad Company
David Essex
Graham Central Station
Johnny Bristol
Phoebe Snow
[28]
1976 Cole, NatalieNatalie Cole
Amazing Rhythm Aces
Brecker Brothers
KC and the Sunshine Band
Morris Albert
[29]
1977 Starland Vocal Band
Boston
Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band
The Brothers Johnson
Wild Cherry
[30]
1978 Boone, DebbyDebby Boone
Andy Gibb
Foreigner
Shaun Cassidy
Stephen Bishop
[31]
1979 A Taste of Honey
Chris Rea
Elvis Costello
The Cars
Toto
[32]
1980s[edit]
Cyndi Lauper
Sade
Year[I]
Recipient
Nominees
Ref.
1980 Jones, Rickie LeeRickie Lee Jones
Dire Straits
Robin Williams
The Blues Brothers
The Knack
[33]
1981 Cross, ChristopherChristopher Cross
Amy Holland
Irene Cara
Robbie Dupree
The Pretenders
[34]
1982 Easton, SheenaSheena Easton
Adam and the Ants
James Ingram
Luther Vandross
The Go-Go's
[35]
1983 Men at Work
Asia
Jennifer Holliday
Stray Cats
The Human League
[36]
1984 Culture Club
Big Country
Eurythmics
Men Without Hats
Musical Youth
[10]
1985 Lauper, CyndiCyndi Lauper
Corey Hart
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
Sheila E.
The Judds
[37]
1986 Sade
A-ha
Freddie Jackson
Katrina and the Waves
Julian Lennon
[38]
1987 Hornsby, BruceBruce Hornsby and the Range
Glass Tiger
Nu Shooz
Simply Red
Timbuk3
[39]
1988 Watley, JodyJody Watley
Breakfast Club
Cutting Crew
Terence Trent D'Arby
Swing Out Sister
[40]
1989 Chapman, TracyTracy Chapman
Rick Astley
Take 6
Toni Childs
Vanessa L. Williams
[41]
1990s[edit]
Mariah Carey
Sheryl Crow
Lauryn Hill
Christina Aguilera
Alicia Keys
Year[I]
Recipient
Nominees
Ref.
1990 Milli Vanilli (Vacated)
Indigo Girls
Neneh Cherry
Soul II Soul
Tone Lōc
[42]
1991 Carey, MariahMariah Carey
Lisa Stansfield
The Black Crowes
The Kentucky Headhunters
Wilson Phillips
[43]
1992 Cohn, MarcMarc Cohn
Boyz II Men
C+C Music Factory
Color Me Badd
Seal
[44]
1993 Arrested Development
Billy Ray Cyrus
Jon Secada
Kris Kross
Sophie B. Hawkins
[45]
1994 Braxton, ToniToni Braxton
Belly
Blind Melon
Digable Planets
SWV
[46]
1995 Crow, SherylSheryl Crow
Ace of Base
Counting Crows
Crash Test Dummies
Green Day
[47]
1996 Hootie & the Blowfish
Alanis Morissette
Brandy
Joan Osborne
Shania Twain
[48]
1997 Rimes, LeAnnLeAnn Rimes
Garbage
Jewel
No Doubt
The Tony Rich Project
[49]
1998 Cole, PaulaPaula Cole
Erykah Badu
Fiona Apple
Hanson
Puff Daddy
[50]
1999 Hill, LaurynLauryn Hill
Andrea Bocelli
Backstreet Boys
Dixie Chicks
Natalie Imbruglia
[51]
2000s[edit]
Norah Jones
Evanescence
Maroon 5
John Legend
Carrie Underwood
Amy Winehouse
Year[I]
Recipient
Nominees
Ref.
2000 Aguilera, ChristinaChristina Aguilera
Britney Spears
Kid Rock
Macy Gray
Susan Tedeschi
[52]
2001 Lynne, ShelbyShelby Lynne
Brad Paisley
Jill Scott
Papa Roach
Sisqó
[53]
2002 Keys, AliciaAlicia Keys
David Gray
India.Arie
Linkin Park
Nelly Furtado
[54]
2003 Jones, NorahNorah Jones
Ashanti
Avril Lavigne
John Mayer
Michelle Branch
[55]
2004 Evanescence
50 Cent
Fountains of Wayne
Heather Headley
Sean Paul
[56]
2005 Maroon 5
Gretchen Wilson
Los Lonely Boys
Joss Stone
Kanye West
[57]
2006 Legend, JohnJohn Legend
Ciara
Fall Out Boy
Keane
Sugarland
[58]
2007 Underwood, CarrieCarrie Underwood
Chris Brown
Corinne Bailey Rae
Imogen Heap
James Blunt
[59]
2008 Winehouse, AmyAmy Winehouse
Feist
Ledisi
Paramore
Taylor Swift
[60]
2009 Adele
Duffy
Jonas Brothers
Jazmine Sullivan
Lady Antebellum
[61]
2010s[edit]
Year[I]
Image
Recipient
Nominees
Ref.
2010 Zac Brown Band
Keri Hilson
MGMT
Silversun Pickups
The Ting Tings
[62]
2011 Esperanza Spalding
Drake
Florence and the Machine
Justin Bieber
Mumford & Sons
[63]
2012 Justin Vernon, lead singer and guitarist Bon Iver
J. Cole
Nicki Minaj
Skrillex
The Band Perry
[64]
2013 Nate Ruess, lead singer Fun
Alabama Shakes
Hunter Hayes
Frank Ocean
The Lumineers
[65]
2014 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
Ed Sheeran
James Blake
Kacey Musgraves
Kendrick Lamar
[65]
2015 Sam Smith
Bastille
Brandy Clark
Haim
Iggy Azalea
[66]
2016 Meghan Trainor
Courtney Barnett
James Bay
Tori Kelly
Sam Hunt
[65]
2017 Chance the Rapper
Kelsea Ballerini
The Chainsmokers
Maren Morris
Anderson Paak
[67]
2018 Alessia Cara
Khalid
Lil Uzi Vert
Julia Michaels
SZA
[68]
^[I] Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.
^[II] Award for Best New Artist was not presented during the 9th Grammy Awards.[69][70]
^[III] Milli Vanilli were originally presented with the award, but were later stripped of it after it was discovered that they did not perform their own vocals on their debut album. The award was revoked, but was not handed out to another artist, therefore rendering the 1990 recipient vacant.
See also[edit]
List of Grammy Award categories
References[edit]
General
"Grammy Awards: New Artist". Rock on the Net. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Just what is 'alternative'? - today > entertainment - Music - TODAY.com". TODAY.com. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Grammys: The curse of the Best New Artist award?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2014-01-25.
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External links[edit]
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Grammy Award for Best New Artist
Bobby Darin (1960)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist&oldid=832335958"
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The Breakfast Club
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes. For other uses, see The Breakfast Club (disambiguation).
The Breakfast Club
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Hughes
Produced by
Ned Tanen
John Hughes
Written by
John Hughes
Starring
Emilio Estevez
Paul Gleason
Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy
Music by
Keith Forsey
Gary Chang
Cinematography
Thomas Del Ruth
Edited by
Dede Allen
Production
company
A&M Films
Channel Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
February 15, 1985 (1985-02-15)
Running time
97 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1 million[2]
Box office
$51.5 million[3]
The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written, produced, and directed by John Hughes, starring Emilio Estevez, Paul Gleason, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy. The storyline follows five teenagers, each members of different high school cliques, who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes, while facing a strict disciplinarian.
The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15, 1985. It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget. Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time, as well as one of Hughes' most memorable and recognizable works. The media referred to the film's five main actors as members of a group called the "Brat Pack."
The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School, the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes' friends. Thus, those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of "The Breakfast Club." In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[4][5]
The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
3.3 Poster
4 Themes
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Box office
6.3 Accolades
7 Legacy
8 Soundtrack
8.1 Track listing
8.2 Critical reception
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
On Saturday, March 24, 1984, five students report at 7:00 a.m. for all-day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer, Illinois. While not complete strangers, each of them comes from a different clique, and they seem to have nothing in common: the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish, the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark, the geekish intellect Brian Johnson, the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds, and the rebellious delinquent John Bender.
They gather in the high school library, where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak, move from their seats, or sleep until they are released at 3:00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand-word essay, in which each must describe "who you think you are." He then leaves, returning only occasionally to check on them. John, who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon, ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students, teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire. Allison is initially quiet, except for an occasional random outburst. Over the course of the day, Vernon gives John several weekends' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet, but he escapes and returns to the library.
The students pass the hours by talking, arguing, and, at one point, smoking marijuana that John retrieves from his locker. Gradually, they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets: Allison is a compulsive liar; Andrew cannot easily think for himself; John comes from an abusive household; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way. They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents, which are a key cause for their personal issues as well: Allison's parents ignore her due to their own problems; Andrew's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible; John's father verbally and physically abuses him; Brian's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades; and Claire's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments. The students realize that, even with their differences, they face similar pressures and complications in their lives.
Despite their differences in social status, the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses. Claire gives Allison a makeover, to reveal just how pretty she really is, which sparks romantic interest in Andrew. Claire decides to break her "pristine" virgin appearance by kissing John in the closet and giving him a hickey. Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention, their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards.
As the detention nears its end, the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left. Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave. As the students part ways outside the school, Allison and Andrew kiss, as do Claire and John. Allison rips Andrew's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep, and Claire gives John one of her diamond earrings, which he attaches to his earlobe. Vernon reads the essay (read by Brian in voice-over), in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are, using simple definitions and stereotypes. One by one, the five students' voices add, "But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain, and an athlete, and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal." Brian signs the letter as "The Breakfast Club." John raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home.
Cast[edit]
Judd Nelson as John Bender
Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish
Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark
Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson
Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds
Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon
John Kapelos as Carl Reed
Ron Dean as Mr. Clark
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes' 1984 film Sixteen Candles. Towards the end of filming, Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club. Hall became the first to be cast, agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson. Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds, but she was "really upset" because she wanted to play Claire Standish. She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part.[7] The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy.
Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender. However, when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke, Estevez was recast. Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender, which was the last role to be cast, though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson. Hughes eventually cast Cusack, but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began, because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role. At one point, Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off-camera, and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him.[7][8]
Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos.[9]
Filming[edit]
In 1999, Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience.[10] Hughes ultimately convinced the film's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot, he could greatly minimize their risk. Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut. Hughes opted for an insular, largely one room set and wrote it about high school students, who would be played by younger actors.[11]
Principal photography began on March 28, 1984, and ended in May. Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines, Illinois, shuttered in 1981. The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes' 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School. The library at Maine North High School, considered too small for the film, prompted the crew to build the set in the school's gymnasium.[12] The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence.[13] On the Ferris Bueller's Day Off DVD commentary (featured on the 2004 DVD version), Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money, and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film. The first print was 150 minutes in length.[14]
During a cast reunion in honor of the film's 25th anniversary, Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director's Cut existed but Hughes' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts.[8]
In 2015 the first draft of the film's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building.[15]
Poster[edit]
The film's poster, featuring the five characters huddled together, was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting. The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on.[16] The poster refers to the five "types" of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film, and in a different sequence, stating "They were five total strangers with nothing in common, meeting for the first time. A brain, a beauty, a jock, a rebel and a recluse."
Themes[edit]
The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood, by adults and by themselves. It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs, as well as the lofty expectations of their parents, teachers, and other authority figures. On the surface, the students have little in common with each other. However, as the day rolls on, they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations.[17][18] Stereotyping is another theme. Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down, the characters "empathize with each other's struggles, dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions, and discover that they are more similar than different."[19]
The main adult character, Mr. Vernon, is not portrayed in a positive light. He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film. Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon.[17]
Release[edit]
The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15, 1985 in the United States.
Home media[edit]
In 2003, the film was released on DVD as part of the "High School Reunion Collection."[20] In 2008, a "Flashback Edition" DVD was released with several special features, including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson.[21] A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray was released in 2010,[22] and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal's 100th Anniversary series.[23][24] On March 10, 2015, the 30th Anniversary Edition was released. This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD, Digital HD and Blu-ray.[25]
On October 16, 2017, The Criterion Collection announced that the film will be released in a special edition in January 2018.[26]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received high critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 88% approval rating based on 59 reviews, with an approval rating of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus states, "The Breakfast Club is a warm, insightful, and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers."[27] Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62% based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews."[28]
Kathleen Carroll from the New York Daily News stated, "Hughes has a wonderful knack for communicating the feelings of teenagers, as well as an obvious rapport with his exceptional cast - who deserves top grades."[29]
Box office[edit]
In February 1985, the film debuted at #3 at the box office (behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford).[30] Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide, the film is a box office success, given its alleged $1 million budget.[31]
Accolades[edit]
Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005.
Award
Nominee
Result
Silver Bucket of Excellence Award Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Paul Gleason
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy Won
Legacy[edit]
The Breakfast Club is known as the "quintessential 1980s film" and is considered as one of the best films of the decade.[32] In 2008, Empire magazine ranked it #369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.[33] It then rose 331 places to rank at #38 on their 2014 list.[34] Similarly, The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list[35] and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[36] In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie, Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club.[37]
In 2005, the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards. For the event, MTV attempted to reunite the original cast. Sheedy, Ringwald, and Hall appeared together on stage, with Kapelos in the audience; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates. Estevez could not attend because of other commitments, and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on-stage reunion, prompting Hall to joke that the two were "in Africa with Dave Chappelle." Yellowcard performed Simple Minds' anthem for the film, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," at the awards. At the 82nd Academy Awards (March 7, 2010), Sheedy, Hall, Ringwald, and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes—who had died a few months prior—along with other actors who had worked with him, including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink, Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone.
Soundtrack[edit]
The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
February 19, 1985
Recorded
1984
Genre
Rock, new wave
Length
38:02
Label
A&M Records
Producer
various artists
Singles from The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
"Don't You"
Released: February 20, 1985 (US), April 8, 1985 (UK)
Audio sample
Simple Minds—Don't You (Forget About Me)
file
help
The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19, 1985 by A&M Records. The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The song "Don't You (Forget About Me)" performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20, 1985 in the United States and on April 8, 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Track listing[edit]
"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Simple Minds
"Waiting" – E.G. Daily
"Fire in the Twilight" – Wang Chung
"I'm the Dude" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Heart Too Hot to Hold" – Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill
"Dream Montage" (instrumental) – Gary Chang
"We Are Not Alone" – Karla DeVito
"Reggae" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Didn't I Tell You?" – Joyce Kennedy
"Love Theme" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
Critical reception[edit]
In a June 25, 1985 review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "D−" and said that it has "utterly negligible" songs, and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," best known for being played during the film's opening and closing credits.[38] In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that, apart from Simple Minds' "undisputed masterpiece," the album is largely "disposable" and marred by "'80s artifacts" and "forgettable instrumentals."[39]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club". Bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 80's: 'The Breakfast Club'". Retrieved September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gross data for the film The Breakfast Club from movie data base site Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps (December 14, 2016). "'Breakfast Club,' 'Rushmore' Among Films Added to National Film Registry". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan (December 14, 2016). "National Film Registry honors 'Breakfast Club,' 'Rushmore' and other teen angst movies". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breakfast Club 30". BreakfastClub30.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Itzkoff, Dave (September 17, 2010). "She Won't Forget About Him: Molly Ringwald Remembers John Hughes". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Julie (September 21, 2010). "'The Breakfast Club' Cast Reunites, But Where's Emilio? 'Working on 'Mighty Ducks 5". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 56–57.
Jump up ^ "Premiere, December 1999, Oral history "Breakfast Club"". comcast.net.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. p. 47.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. p. 58.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 59, 69.
Jump up ^ Dameron, Emerson (August 11, 2009). "John Hughes: The Director's Cut". Newcity Film. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Johnson (April 21, 2015). "Original 'Breakfast Club' screenplay found in District 207 cabinet during move". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 79-80, 325-326.
^ Jump up to: a b Loukides, Paul (1996). Beyond the Stars 5: Themes and Ideologies in American Popular Film. Popular Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780879727017.
Jump up ^ Barsanti, Chris (2010). Filmology: A Movie-a-Day Guide to the Movies You Need to Know. Adams Media. p. 49.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club". Oup.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (High School Reunion Collection): Molly Ringwald, Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Ally Sheedy, John Kapelos, Paul Gleason, John Hughes, Ned Tanen: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (Flashback Edition): Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Molly Ringwald, Ally Sheedy, Judd Nelson, Paul Gleason, Mercedes Hall, John Kapelos, Ron Dean, Perry Crawford, Fran Gargano, John Hughes, Tim Gamble, Jackie Burch, Thomas del Ruth: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (25th Anniversary Edition) [Blu-ray]: Emilio Estevez, Paul Gleason, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Ally Sheedy, John Hughes: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy) : Universal's 100th Anniversary". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Celebrating 100 years of iconic movie moments". Universal 100th. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club 30th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nordine, Michael (October 16, 2017). "The Criterion Collection Announces January 2018 Titles, Including 'The Breakfast Club' and 'I, Daniel Blake'". IndieWire. Penske Business Media, LLC. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (1985)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Cathleen (February 15, 1985). "'The Breakfast Club' is an endearing teenage comedy: 1985 review". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office: February 15-18, 1985—4-day President's Day Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Dunkleberger, Amy (2007). So You Want to Be a Film Or TV Screenwriter?. Enslow Publishers, Inc. p. 73.
Jump up ^ "Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time — Empire — www.empireonline.com". Empire.
Jump up ^ "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. April 29, 2003. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's The 50 Best High School Movies". AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Scott, A. O. (December 14, 2001). "FILM REVIEW; Pretty in Prank: A Spoof of a Lampoon of a Satire of..." The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (June 25, 1985). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Breakfast Club [Original Soundtrack]". AllMusic. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Ringwald, Molly (April 6, 2018). "What About "The Breakfast Club"? - Revisiting the movies of my youth in the age of #MeToo". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
External links[edit]
1980s portal
Film in the United States portal
Comedy portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Breakfast Club
The Breakfast Club on IMDb
The Breakfast Club at the TCM Movie Database
The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo
The Breakfast Club at Rotten Tomatoes
The Breakfast Club at Metacritic
[hide]
v
t
e
John Hughes
Director
and writer
Sixteen Candles (1984)
The Breakfast Club (1985)
Weird Science (1985)
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Curly Sue (1991)
Writer only
National Lampoon's Class Reunion (1982)
Mr. Mom (1983)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Nate and Hayes (1983)
National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985)
Pretty in Pink (1986)
Some Kind of Wonderful (1987)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)
Home Alone (1990)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Dutch (1991)
Beethoven (1992)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Dennis the Menace (1993)
Baby's Day Out (1994)
Miracle on 34th Street (1994)
101 Dalmatians (1996)
Flubber (1997)
Home Alone 3 (1997)
Reach the Rock (1998)
Just Visiting (2001)
Maid in Manhattan (2002, story)
Drillbit Taylor (2008, original character)
Related
Don't You Forget About Me (2009 documentary)
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