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Voortrekkers
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For the youth organisation, see Voortrekkers (youth organisation).
For the yacht, see Voortrekker (yacht).
"The Voortrekkers" redirects here. For the Poul Anderson short story, see The Dark Between the Stars (collection).
Voortrekkers
Voortrekkers great exodus of 1837-1838 from the British Cape Colony to find Boer autonomy and freedom
Date
1837-1838
Location
Cape Colony, Southern Africa, British Empire
Participants
Boer farmers
Outcome
Boers achieved autonomy and freedom from British colonial rule by establishing an independent Boer republic in the hinterland of South Africa
Deaths
Boers, Zulus, Bantus, Hottentots
The Voortrekker Flag
A map charting the routes of the largest trekking parties during the first wave of the Great Trek (1835-1840) along with key battles and events.
Louis Tregardt's route (1833 to 1838)
Survivors of Tregardt's trek evacuated by sea, 1839
Van Rensburg's route, after it separated from Tregardt's
Hendrik Potgieter's trek, campaign and scouting routes
Gerrit Maritz's route
Piet Retief's route, including missions with his entourage
Piet Uys's route
[hide]
v
t
e
Great Trek
* Piet Retief Delegation massacre * Weenen Massacre * Battle of Italeni * Battle of Blood River * Battle of Maqongqo * Voortrekkers
The Voortrekkers (Afrikaans and Dutch for pioneers, literally "fore-pullers", "those in front who pull", "fore-trekkers") were Boer pastoralists from the frontiers of the Cape Colony who migrated eastwards during the Great Trek. The Voortrekkers, who were descended from the Dutch East India Company's original settlers at the Cape, undertook the Great Trek in several parties, under several different leaders, due to grievances with the then-British colonial administration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Leaders
2 Origins
3 Reasons for the Great Trek
4 History
4.1 Piet Retief Delegation Massacre
4.2 Bloukrans (Weenen) Massacre
4.3 Battle of Italeni
4.4 Battle of Blood River
4.5 Migration to the Waterberg
4.6 Struggle against the Ndebele
5 Culture
6 Memorials
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 References
10 External links
Leaders[edit]
Voortrekker Leaders arranged in order by size of party {number of families in brackets}:-[1]
Hendrik Potgieter (19 December 1792 - 16 December 1852), (his party included that of Sarel Cilliers), {158},
Sarel Cilliers (7 September 1801 - 4 October 1871),
Piet Retief (12 November 1780 - 6 February 1838), {139}, Murdered during massacre of his delegation by order of Dingane. See List of massacres in South Africa.
Jan du Plessis, (his party included that of Jacobus Christoffel Potgieter), {116},
Jacobus Christoffel Potgieter,
Pieter Daniël Jacobs, {85},
Petrus Lafras Uys (Piet) (1797 - 11 April 1838), {79},
Johannes Stephanus Maritz, {68},
Gerhardus Marthinus Maritz (Gerrit / Gert) (1 March 1797 - 23 September 1838), {57}, Gerrit Maritz
Karel Pieter Landman, {54},
Jacob De Klerk, Jr., {52},
Philippus Albertus Opperman, Sr., {41},
Andries Pretorius (27 November 1798 - 23 July 1853), {38},
Gerrit Reynier Van Rooyen, {29},
Gerhardus Jacobus Rudolph, (c. 1797 - 24 July 1851),[2] {26}, (Cousin of Gert Maritz. Joined his party during the trek).
Louis Jacobus Nel, {26},
Lucas Johannes Meyer, {24},
Joachim Christoffel Espag or Esbach, {23},
Johan Hendrik De Lange, {15},
Hercules Philip Malan, {13},
Louis Tregardt (10 August 1783 - 25 October 1838), {13},
Stephanus Petrus Erasmus, {9},
Johannes Jacobus (Lang Hans) Janse van Rensburg (12 August 1779 - July 1836), {7}, Murdered during massacre of his trek party by order of Manukosi. See List of massacres in South Africa
Arie Zacharias Visagie, {6},
David Stephanus Fourie, {6},
Jan Matthys De Beer, {6},
Hermanus Stephanus Lombard, {2},
Johannes Jacobus Erasmus, {1}.
The total number of families that trekked under a trek leader is 1093. From available sources it was found that during the years 1835 to 1845 a total of about 2540 families took part in the Great Trek.[3]
Statue of Andries Pretorius in front of the City Hall of Pretoria
Origins[edit]
The Voortrekkers mainly came from the farming community of the Eastern Cape although some (such as Piet Retief) originally came from the Western Cape farming community while others (such as Gerrit Maritz) were successful tradesmen in the frontier towns. Some of them were wealthy men though most were not as they were from the poorer communities of the frontier. It was recorded[where?][by whom?] that the 33 Voortrekker families at the Battle of Vegkop lost 100 horses, between 4,000 and 7,000 cattle, and between 40,000 and 50,000 sheep.[citation needed]
The Voortrekkers were mainly of Trekboer (migrating farmer) descent living in the eastern frontiers of the Cape. Hence, their ancestors had long established a semi-nomadic existence of trekking into expanding frontiers.[4] Amongst the Voortrekkers were poor men too belonging to the squatter or bywoner class.[5]
Reasons for the Great Trek[edit]
The reasons for the mass emigration from the Cape Colony have been much discussed over the years. Afrikaner historiography has emphasized the hardships endured by the frontier farmers which they blamed on British policies of pacifying the Xhosa tribes.[citation needed] Other historians[who?] have emphasized the harshness of the life in the Eastern Cape (which suffered one of its regular periods of drought in the early 1830s) compared to the attractions of the fertile country of Natal, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. Growing land shortages have also been cited as a contributing factor. The true reasons were obviously very complex and certainly consisted of both "push" factors (including the general dissatisfaction of life under British rule) and "pull" factors (including the desire for a better life in better country.)
Reasons for the Great Trek were many:-
During the ten years following 1818, Natal south of the Tugela and most of the great plateau had been emptied of people by a cataclysmic disaster which black Africans still speak of with awe as the Mfecane - "the crushing."[6]
The revocation of Lord Glenelg of the Province of Queen Adelaide and restoring it to the Xhosa.
The continued chronic insecurity on the frontier.
Being (wrongly) blamed by the (British) Government for provoking an unjust war.
The Colony was perceived as being no place for Christian people to live.
Land was becoming scarce and expensive owing to natural increase in the Afrikaans-speaking population and the advent of 5,000 British settlers during 1820.
Persistent drought.
The advance of the English tongue, especially in official circles, at the expense of the taal (Afrikaans language).
The emancipation of the slaves ordained by the British in 1833.
The inadequate compensation for the freed slaves by the British.
The emancipation of the slaves took effect during harvest season.
Chronic mortification at the way the Boers' actions were so freely criticized by the missionaries.
The official recognition of the equality between colored men and whites.[7]
The Commisie Treks returned filled with enthusiasm for the countries (Natal and Zoutpansberg) they had visited. In both places, they said, was land for the taking, land where their countrymen could set up independent states.[8]
The British authorities had stopped ammunition being traded across the Orange, and someone like Jan Pretorius, the sub-leader of the Tregardt trek, wanted to buy gunpowder from the Portuguese in Lourenco Marques, and he thought that joining Tregardt's caravan was the safest way of getting there.[9]
History[edit]
Piet Retief Delegation Massacre[edit]
Main article: Piet Retief Delegation massacre
The Voortrekkers migrated into Natal in 1837 and negotiated a land treaty in February 1838 with the Zulu King Dingane. Upon reconsideration, Dingane doublecrossed the Voortrekkers, killing the delegation of 100 including their leader Piet Retief on 6 February 1838. The land treaty was later found in Piet Retief's possession. It gave the Voortrekkers the land between the Tugela River and Port St. Johns.
View of the Bloukrans Memorial commemorating the death of the Boers who lost their lives at Moordspruit, 17 February 1838.
Bloukrans (Weenen) Massacre[edit]
Main article: Weenen Massacre
On 17 February 1838 Dingane sent an impi against the Voortrekkers which resulted in the Blaauwkrans Massacre where over 500 Voortrekkers were killed by Zulu warriors.
Amongst those killed were:-
Joachim Johannes Prinsloo, ≈ 30/3/1783 (Acquitted Slagtersnek rebel)[10]
Martha Louisa Prinsloo, (Wife of Joachim Johannes Prinsloo, above)[11]
Battle of Italeni[edit]
Main article: Battle of Italeni
After the massacre of Piet Retief and his men by Dingane on 6 February 1838, a number of Voortrekker camps were also attacked by the Zulu impis. These Voortrekkers appealed to other treks, particularly those of Piet Uys and Hendrik Potgieter in the Orange Free State, for help. Both treks sent out commandos to help.
During the subsequent fighting against the Zulu, Uys, his son, the Malan brothers, and five of the volunteers were killed: 64-65 (for ten Voortrekker dead during the battle). The part of Uys' commando that remained behind (under the command of Field Cornet Potgieter), were surrounded and had to fight their way out. Due to the outcome of the battle, the Voortrekker forces involved in the fighting subsequently became known as the Vlugkommando (Flight Commando).
Battle of Blood River[edit]
Main article: Battle of Blood River
Andries Pretorius filled the Voortrekker leadership vacuum, hoping to punish Dingane, retrieve stolen livestock and reclaim the land Dingane had granted to Retief. When Dingane sent an impi (armed force) of around 15,000 to 21,000 Zulu warriors to attack the local contingent of Voortrekkers in response, the Voortrekkers sent out the Vegkommando (Fight commando) and in turn defended themselves at a battle at Ncome River (called the Battle of Blood River) on 16 December 1838, where the vastly outnumbered Voortrekker contingent defeated the Zulu warriors. This date later became known as the Day of the Vow, as the Voortrekkers made a vow to God that they would honor the date if he were to deliver them from what they viewed as almost insurmountable odds. The victory of the besieged Voortrekkers at Ncome River was considered[by whom?] a turning point.
Copy of the treaty between Piet Retief and Dingane which led to the establishment of the Natalia Republic
The Voortrekkers set up the Natalia Republic in 1839 which was situated between the Tugela River and Port St. Johns as per the land treaty between Dingane and Retief, but Britain annexed this area in 1843, whereupon most of the local Boers trekked further north, joining other Voortrekkers who had established themselves in that region.
Migration to the Waterberg[edit]
Other Voortrekkers migrated north to the Waterberg area, where some of them settled and began ranching operations, which activities enhanced the pressure placed on indigenous wildlife by pre-existing tribesmen, whose Bantu predecessors had previously initiated such grazing in the Waterberg region. These Voortrekkers arriving in the Waterberg area believed they had reached the Nile River area of Egypt - based upon their understanding of the local topography.[12][13]
Struggle against the Ndebele[edit]
Armed conflict, first with the Matabele people (a.k.a. Northern Ndebele) under Mzilikazi in the area which was to become the Transvaal, then against the Zulus under Dingane, went the Voortrekkers' way, mostly because of their tactics, their horsemanship and the effectiveness of their superior technology in the form of muzzle-loading guns. This success led to the establishment of a number of small Boer republics, which slowly coalesced into the Orange Free State and the South African Republic or were absorbed by the British Empire. These two states would survive until their annexation in 1900 by the United Kingdom during the Second Anglo-Boer War.
Culture[edit]
The Pionier Museum in Pretoria is housed in an early Voortrekker house and is a 'living museum' displaying the daily lives and practices of a typical Voortrekker family. The pioneers relied heavily on preserved foodstuffs such as Beskuit, Biltong and Droëwors.
Memorials[edit]
Voortrekker Monument
The Voortrekkers are commemorated by the Voortrekker Monument located on Monument Hill overlooking Pretoria, the former capital of the South African Republic and the current and historic administrative capital of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria was named after the Voortrekker leader Andries Pretorius.
The Voortrekkers had a distinctive flag, used mainly by the Voortrekkers who followed Andries Hendrik Potgieter, which is why it was also known as the Potgieter Flag. This flag was used as the flag of the Zoutpansberg Republic until this republic was incorporated into the Transvaal Republic also known as the South African Republic. A version of this flag was used at Potchefstroom, one of the first independent Boer towns and republics established by local Voortrekkers.
See also[edit]
South Africa portal
Trekboers
Voortrekker Monument
Great Trek
Weenen massacre
Battle of Blood River
Boer republics
Transvaal civil war, 1854 conflict
First Boer War, 1880 conflict
Bandeirantes (pioneers of the Brazilian mainland)
List of massacres in South Africa
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Visagie, Jan C. Voortrekkerstamouers 1835 - 1845. Protea Boekhuis. Pretoria. 2011. Page 15.
Jump up ^ Visagie, Jan C., Voortrekkerstamouers 1835 - 1845. Protea Boekhuis. Pretoria. 2011. Bladsy 431.
Jump up ^ Visagie, Jan C. Voortrekkerstamouers 1835 - 1845. Protea Boekhuis. Pretoria. 2011. Page 14 and 15.
Jump up ^ Brian M. Du Toit. The Boers in East Africa: Ethnicity and Identity. Page 1.
Jump up ^ Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. John Murray. Great Britain. 1972. Page 37.
Jump up ^ Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. John Murray. Great Britain. 1972. Page 26.
Jump up ^ Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. John Murray. Great Britain. 1972. Pages 21 and 22.
Jump up ^ Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. John Murray. Great Britain. 1972. Page 23.
Jump up ^ Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. John Murray. Great Britain. 1972. Pages 36 and 37.
Jump up ^ Visagie, Jan C., Voortrekkerstamouers 1835 - 1845. Protea Boekhuis, Pretoria, 2011. ISBN 978-1-86919-372-0. Page 401.
Jump up ^ Visagie, Jan C., Voortrekkerstamouers 1835 - 1845. Protea Boekhuis, Pretoria, 2011. ISBN 978-1-86919-372-0. Page 401.
Jump up ^ Taylor, 2003
Jump up ^ Lumina, 2006
References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
William Taylor, Gerald Hinde and David Holt-Biddle, The Waterberg, Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa (2003) ISBN 1-86872-822-6
Lumina Tech, C.Michael Hogan, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, The Waterberg Biosphere, Lumina Technologies, May 22, 2006. [1]
External links[edit]
The Voortrekker Monument.
History of the Voortrekker monument
Voortrekker Monument in Depth.
360 degree Virtual Tour of Voortrekker Monument
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voortrekkers&oldid=821735825"
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text:
Loving Vincent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Loving Vincent
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Dorota Kobiela
Hugh Welchman
Produced by
Hugh Welchman
Ivan Mactaggart
Sean M. Bobbitt
Written by
Dorota Kobiela
Hugh Welchman
Jacek Dehnel
Starring
Robert Gulaczyk
Douglas Booth
Jerome Flynn
Saoirse Ronan
Helen McCrory
Chris O'Dowd
John Sessions
Eleanor Tomlinson
Aidan Turner
Music by
Clint Mansell
Cinematography
Tristan Oliver
Edited by
Dorota Kobiela
Justyna Wierszynska
Production
company
BreakThru Productions
Trademark Films
Distributed by
Altitude Film Distribution (UK)
Next Film (Poland)[1]
Release date
June 12, 2017 (2017-06-12) (Annecy)[2]
September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22) (United States)[1]
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) (Poland)[3]
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) (United Kingdom)
Running time
95 minutes[4]
Country
Poland
United Kingdom
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5.5 million[5]
Box office
$30.5 million[6]
Loving Vincent is a 2017 experimental animated biographical drama film about the life of painter Vincent van Gogh, and in particular, the circumstances of his death. It is the first fully painted animated feature film.[7] The film, written and directed by Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman, is a Polish production, funded by the Polish Film Institute, and partially through a Kickstarter campaign.[8]
First conceived as a 7 minute short movie in 2008,[7] Loving Vincent was idealized by Dorota Kobiela, a painter herself, after studying the techniques and the artist's story through his letters.[9]
Each of the film's 65,000 frames is an oil painting on canvas, using the same technique as Van Gogh, created by a team of 125 painters.[10] The film premiered at the 2017 Annecy International Animated Film Festival.[2] It won Best Animated Feature Film Award at the 30th European Film Awards in Berlin and was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 90th Academy Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Awards and accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
One year after Vincent van Gogh's suicide, Postman Joseph Roulin asks his son Armand to deliver Van Gogh's last letter to his brother, Theo. Roulin finds the death suspicious, as merely weeks earlier Van Gogh claimed through letters that his mood was calm and normal. Armand reluctantly agrees and heads for Paris.
Père Tanguy, a Montmartre art supplier, tells Armand that Theo actually died six months after Vincent. He suggests that Armand travel to Auvers-sur-Oise and look for Dr. Paul Gachet, who housed Van Gogh after his release from an asylum, shared his love for art, and attended the funeral. Once there, Armand learns that the doctor is out on business. So he stays at the same inn that Van Gogh did during his time in the area. There he meets the temporary proprietress Adeline Ravoux, who was fond of Van Gogh and who was also surprised by his death. At her suggestion, Armand visits the local boatman, who informs him that Van Gogh kept close company with Dr. Gachet's sheltered daughter, Marguerite. When Armand visits her, Marguerite denies and is angered when Armand implies that Van Gogh's suicidal mood could have resulted from an argument with her father.
Throughout the investigation, Armand begins to suspect a local boy named René Secretan, who reportedly liked to torment Van Gogh, was in possession of a gun, and had often drunkenly waved it around town. Dr. Mazery, who examined Van Gogh, also claims that the shot must have come from a few feet away, ruling out suicide. When Armand implicates René, Marguerite confesses that she was in close, but not romantic, relations with Van Gogh, but she does not believe that René was capable of murder.
Dr. Gachet finally returns and promises to deliver Armand's letter to Theo's widow. He admits there was an argument between them – Van Gogh accused Gachet of being a coward for not pursuing his dreams, to which Gachet angrily accused Van Gogh of deteriorating Theo's health by overly depending on his brother. Gachet posits that this accusation drove Van Gogh to suicide in order to release Theo from the burden. After Armand returns home, Postman Roulin later receives word from Theo's widow, Johanna, thanking Armand for returning the letter. Johanna attaches to her letter to Armand one of van Gogh's letters to her – signed, "Your loving Vincent."
Cast[edit]
Directors Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman at the film's French premiere in Paris, with actor Pierre Niney who provided the voice of Armand Roulin in the French version.
The leading cast is as follows:[11][12][13]
Robert Gulaczyk as Vincent van Gogh
Douglas Booth as Armand Roulin
Jerome Flynn as Paul Gachet
Saoirse Ronan as Marguerite Gachet
Helen McCrory as Louise Chevalier
Chris O'Dowd as Postman Joseph Roulin
John Sessions as Père Tanguy
Eleanor Tomlinson as Adeline Ravoux
Aidan Turner as Boatman
Production[edit]
The filmmakers chose classically trained painters over traditional animators. Welchman said he wanted to avoid animators with "personalised styles" and opted for people who "were very pure oil painters".[14] In total there were 125 painters from over twenty countries, which was more than envisioned and due to a difficulty in obtaining funding, resulting in a shorter schedule for the crew to work within. There were, in total, about 5,000 applicants, many of whom became interested after watching an online "recruitment teaser" for the project.[14]
Van Gogh paintings informed the storyboard for the project, which were modified for the screen. These modifications ranged from simple alterations to re-imaginings incorporating different weather effects or time of day.[14] A total of 65,000 frames were painted, but since artists painted multiple frames from the same shot on a single surface, only 1,000 paintings survived.[14]
The film uses a form of rotoscoping. Production for the film began with a live-action cast filming against a green screen. After filming, editors composited Van Gogh paintings into scene backgrounds, and finally cut the movie together as usual. However, once the actual film was complete, they shot each individual frame onto a blank canvas, and artists painted over each image. The entire process, from the actual filming to completion of the paintings, took four years to finish. Even Welchman himself admitted, "We have definitely without a doubt invented the slowest form of filmmaking ever devised in 120 years."[15]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
At the end of its American theatrical run, the film has grossed over an estimated $30.5 million (in USD) worldwide on a budget of $5.5 million, with United States earnings totaling $6.7 million. The film has most notably grossed $3 million in South Korea, $1.5 million in Italy and $10.8 million in China.[16]
Critical response[edit]
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 84% based on 131 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Loving Vincent's dazzling visual achievements make this Van Gogh biopic well worth seeking out – even if its narrative is far less effectively composed."[17] Metacritic reports a score of 62 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[18]
Awards and accolades[edit]
The film won the "Most Popular International Feature" award at the 2017 Vancouver International Film Festival.[19] It was nominated in the Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017[20] for Best Original Score in an Animated Film. It won the Audience Award at the 2017 Annecy International Animated Film Festival[21] and the Golden Goblet for Best Animation Film at the Shanghai International Film Festival.[22] It won the XII Festival de Cine Inédito de Mérida (FCIM) after obtaining the highest score among the projected films and also the highest score obtained in the history of the event.[23] On December 9, 2017, the film won Best Animated Feature Film Award at the 30th European Film Awards in Berlin.[24] The film also received Best Animated Feature nominations at both the Academy Awards and Golden Globes.
Year
Ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.
2017 30th European Film Awards Best Animated Feature Film Loving Vincent Won [25]
Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017 Best Original Score Clint Mansell Nominated [20]
Florida Film Critics Circle Best Animated Film Loving Vincent Nominated [26][27]
2018 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman Nominated [28]
St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature Nominated [29]
Washington, D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated [30]
22nd Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Loving Vincent Nominated [31]
Boston Society of Film Critics Best Animated Film 2nd Place [32][33]
23rd Critics' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman Nominated [34]
90th Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Dorota Kobiela, Hugh Welchman and Ivan Mactaggart Nominated
45th Annie Awards Best Animated Feature — Independent Hugh Welchman and Ivan Mactaggart Nominated [35]
Outstanding Achievement for Music in an Animated Feature Production Clint Mansell Nominated
Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production Dorota Kobiela, Hugh Welchman and Jacek Dehnel Nominated
71st British Academy Film Awards Best Animated Film Dorota Kobiela, Hugh Welchman and Ivan Mactaggart Nominated [36]
North Texas Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman 2nd Place [37]
St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature Nominated [38]
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Film Loving Vincent Nominated [39]
Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Film Won [40]
Denver Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Film Nominated [41]
Georgia Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Nominated [42]
Art Directors Guild Production Design in an Animated Feature Matthew Button Nominated [43]
Golden Eagle Award (Russia) Best Foreign Language Film Loving Vincent Won
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "LOVING VINCENT IS RELEASED IN POLAND, CANADA AND VIETNAM". Loving Vincent. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mayorga, Emilio (June 14, 2017). "'Loving Vincent' Gets Standing Ovation at Annecy". Variety. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Loving Vincent". Altitude. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "LOVING VINCENT (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Van Gogh, a new film and a tantalising question: was Vincent murdered?". The Daily Telegraph. June 27, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Loving Vincent (2017)". The Numbers. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Macdonald, Fiona (October 16, 2017). "Loving Vincent: The film made entirely of oil paintings". BBC. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Watch the Mesmerizing Trailer for a Movie About Van Gogh Fully Animated From Oil Paintings". Slate. February 29, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "An interview with 'Loving Vincent' director Dorota Kobiela". The Daily Californian. 2017-09-28. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
Jump up ^ "How do you paint 65,000 pictures like Van Gogh?". BBC. October 29, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Waring, Olivia (2016) This animated Van Gogh movie rendered entirely in paint looks unbelievably stunning; Metro 87.1M, 23 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
Jump up ^ ‘Loving Vincent’ Starring Vincent van Gogh; Fashion Industry Broadcast FIB, 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Loving Vincent (2016) Full Cast & Crew; IMDb. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Vollenbroek, Tunde. "'Loving Vincent': 6 Facts About The First Oil Painted Animated Feature". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/loving-vincent-entirely-hand-painted-film-about-vincent-van-goghs-life/
Jump up ^ Hopewell, John. "'Loving Vincent' Passes $20 Million at Worldwide Box Office". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Loving Vincent (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Loving Vincent Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indian Horse Wins Coveted VIFF Super Channel People's Choice Award" (Press release). Greater Vancouver International Film Festival Society. October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pond, Steve (October 26, 2017). "Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film, TV, & Video Game Music". Shoot Online. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Annecy Audience Award 2017
Jump up ^ Winners Of 20th Golden Goblet Awards
Jump up ^ http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3197262/0/loving-vincent-gana-xii-festival-cine-inedito-merida-con-mayor-puntuacion-historia-certamen/
Jump up ^ "THE 30TH EUROPEAN FILM AWARDS: WINNERS". Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "European Film Awards Nominations: 'The Square', 'Loveless', 'On Body And Soul' & More". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "'The Shape of Water' Leads 2017 Florida Film Critics Awards Nominations". Florida Film Critics Awards. December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Dunkirk' Wins Top Prizes in 2017 Florida Film Critics Awards". Florida Film Critics Awards. December 23, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes Winners: Complete List". Variety. January 7, 2018. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Amidi, Amid (December 12, 2017). "Annual StLFCA Awards". Sf. Louis Film Association. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brown, Tracy (December 7, 2017). "The 2017 WAFCA Awards". Washington D.C. Film Critics Association. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (28 November 2017). "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". TheWrap. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boston Society of Film Critics - Current Winners". Boston Society of Film Critics. December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boston Society of Film Critics - Past Award Winners". Boston Society of Film Critics. December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Critics' Choice Awards: 'The Shape of Water' Leads With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. December 6, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (4 December 2017). "Annie Awards: Disney/Pixar's 'Coco' Tops Nominations". Deadline.com. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (January 9, 2018). "'The Shape Of Water' Leads BAFTA Film Awards Nominations – Full List". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (December 23, 2017). "Best of 2017 from the NTFCA". North Texas Film Critics Association. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Amidi, Amid (December 12, 2017). "Annual StLFCA Awards". Sf. Louis Film Association. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Amidi, Amid (December 14, 2017). "Phoenix Film Critics Society". 2017 Awards NOMINATIONS. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Call Me By Your Name' Leads Denver Film Critics Society (DFCS) Nominations". Awards Watch. January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017 Awards". Georgia Film Critics Association. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Art Directors Guild Awards: 'Dunkirk,' 'Shape of Water,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Among Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. January 9, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Loving Vincent on IMDb
Loving Vincent at Rotten Tomatoes
Loving Vincent Painters
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Vincent van Gogh
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Bulb Fields
Drawbridge in Nieuw-Amsterdam
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Three Figures near a Canal with Windmill
Two Rats
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Cart with Black Ox
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Still Life with Straw Hat
The Potato Eaters
Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette
Vase with Red Poppies
Poppy Flowers
Wheat Field with a Lark
View of Paris from Vincent's Room in the Rue Lepic
Portrait of Père Tanguy
A Woman Walking in a Garden
Imperial Fritillaries in a Copper Vase
Agostina Segatori Sitting in the Café du Tambourin
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Les Arènes
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Crab on its Back
Two Crabs
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Irises
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Self-portrait (1889)
Self-portrait without beard
Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear
A Meadow in the Mountains: Le Mas de Saint-Paul
Enclosed Field with Peasant
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Green Wheat Field with Cypress
Ivy
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At Eternity's Gate
Thatched Cottages and Houses
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Doctor Gachet's Garden in Auvers
Houses at Auvers
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Still Life: Vase with Pink Roses
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Other works
Drawings, water-colours and prints
87 Hackford Road
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The Painter of Sunflowers (1888 painting)
Lust for Life (1934 novel
1956 film)
Van Gogh (1948 film)
Van Gogh (1956 opera)
"Vincent" (1971 song)
Vincent (1987 film)
Vincent & Theo (1990 film)
Vincent and Me (1990 film)
Dreams (1990 film)
Vincent (1990 opera)
Van Gogh (1991 film)
Vincent in Brixton (2003 play)
"Vincent and the Doctor" (2010 TV episode)
Loving Vincent (2017 film)
Cataloguers
Jacob Baart de la Faille (1928 and 1970; "F")
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The Art of Happiness (2014)
Song of the Sea (2015)
My Life as a Zucchini (2016)
Loving Vincent (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loving_Vincent&oldid=846573110"
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Minecart
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Cart from 16th century, found in Transylvania
The minecart or mine cart (also known as a mine trolley) is a type of rolling stock found on a mine railway, used for moving ore and materials procured in the process of traditional mining. Minecarts are seldom used in modern operations, having largely been superseded in underground operations (especially coal mines) by more efficient belt conveyor systems that allow machines such as longwall shearers and continuous miners to operate at their full capacity, and above ground by large dumpers.
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1 Design and operation
2 Name
3 Minecarts in popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Design and operation[edit]
Minecarts range in size and usage, and are usually made of steel for hauling ore. Shaped like large, rectangular buckets, minecarts ride on metal tracks and were originally pushed or pulled by men and animals (supplemented later by rope-haulage systems). They were generally introduced in early modern time, replacing containers carried by men. Originally, they didn't run on a real "rail", where the wheels would have a rim to fit into the tracks, but with plain wheels on a wooden plank way, hold in track by a pin fitting into a guide groove, or by the underside of the cart itself which was lower than the wheels and fitted between the planks ("Hungarian system").[1][better source needed]
As mines increased in size and output, the aforementioned methods became impractical because of the distances and quantities of material involved, so larger carts would be used, hauled by narrow gauge diesel and electric locomotives (in coal mining operations, where gas that is flammable would present a problem, the locomotives would be flameproof or battery powered). These were also used to pull trains transporting miners to the workfaces.
Minecarts were very important in the history of technology because they evolved into railroad cars. See History of rail transport.
Mining cart shown in De Re Metallica (1556). The guide pin fits in a groove between two wooden planks.
Child laborers on a minecart at Bessie Mine, Alabama, c. 1910-1911. Photo by Lewis Hine.
A mine car is weighed in a Kentucky coal tipple in 1946, before the coal is dumped into a railroad car.
Name[edit]
Throughout the world, there are different titles for such carts. In South Africa, for instance, a minecart is referred to as a cocopan,[2] in German it is called Hund (alternative spelling "Hunt"), a homonym to "Hund" = "Dog". In Wales, UK, minecarts are known as drams. In the U.S. and elsewhere the term skip is used.[3]
Minecarts in popular culture[edit]
Minecarts have been depicted as a type of thrill ride; for instance Indiana Jones uses one in an escape scene. There are also real roller coasters whose design depict a mine cart track. Minecart levels, a term used for levels in which the player character takes a high-speed ride in a minecart, are one of the most common level types in video games, especially side-scrolling video games.[4] A minecart is also featured in Hoodwinked. Minecarts and tracks can be crafted by the player in Minecraft and used for transportation. They are also found in abandoned mineshafts that generate naturally as a part of the game's procedural generation.
In Great Britain, restored mine carts (known as "tubs") containing floral displays can commonly be seen on village greens and outside pubs in former coal mining areas such as Northumberland and County Durham.
See also[edit]
Mine car
Corf
References[edit]
Jump up ^ de:Hunt#Geschichte
Jump up ^ Dictionary definition of "Cocopan"
Jump up ^ "Copper Country". Engineering & Mining Journal. New York: McGraw Hill. 26: 1109–1110. 26 June 1915.
Jump up ^ "The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Mine Cart Level". Next Generation. No. 15. Imagine Media. March 1996. p. 37.
Periscope Film (2008). Mining Haulage: The Classic Mine Technology Book From 1907. Lulu.com. pp. 1–51. ISBN 098165262X. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
Rakes, Paul H. (2012). "Coal Mine Mechanization." The West Virginia Encyclopedia. West Virginia Humanities Council, Charleston, WV.
External links[edit]
Media related to Mining carts at Wikimedia Commons
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Topsy and Tim
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Rosie and Jim.
Topsy and Tim is a series of children's books written by Jean Adamson and Gareth Adamson about twins and their adventures. They were first published in 1960 and were relaunched in new editions in February 2003.[1]
Since 1960 more than 130 Topsy and Tim titles have been published with sales of more than 21 million.
Contents
1 Origin
2 Television series
2.1 Bevanfield Films
2.2 CBeebies
3 Books
4 References
5 External links
Origin[edit]
In an interview with The Guardian,[2] Jean Adamson said that she and her future husband had been trained as book illustrators at Goldsmiths College. They decided to get married and quit their jobs in order to write and illustrate their own children's books. Their approach was shaped by a visit to a children's bookshop in Newcastle where they realised that there were few books depicting actual contemporary children. Jean Adamson explained that books were also influenced by the post-war mood:
At that time, not so terribly long after the end of the war, England was just waking up, bright colours were coming in, there was a lovely optimistic feeling in the air. So I said ‘why don’t we do books with real live little children in, with the little adventures and so on that they have in the house?’[3]
Television series[edit]
The books have been adapted for television twice.
Bevanfield Films[edit]
Firstly by Bevanfield Films for Video Collection International, 60 episode 5 minute animated series narrated by Roger Blake and was shown on ITV.
CBeebies[edit]
In 2013 a live-action series was made for CBeebies, with 3 series produced and 71 episodes made. Further details can be seen here: List of Topsy and Tim episodes. No further episodes are planned for production.
Books[edit]
Topsy and Tim’s ABC Book
Topsy and Tim’s Counting Book
Topsy and Tim’s Monday Book
Topsy and Tim’s Tuesday Book
Topsy and Tim’s Wednesday Book
Topsy and Tim’s Thursday Book
Topsy and Tim’s Friday Book
Topsy and Tim’s Saturday Book
Topsy and Tim’s Sunday Book
Topsy and Tim go in an Aeroplane
Topsy and Tim Meet the Babysitter
Topsy and Tim at the Bank
Topsy and Tim have a Barbecue
Topsy and Tim in Belgium (1974)
Topsy and Tim’s Birthday Party
Topsy and Tim at the Biscuit Factory (1987)
Topsy and Tim's Bonfire Night
Topsy and Tim's New Brother (1975)
Topsy and Tim go Camping (1977)
Topsy and Tim’s Caravan Holiday (1979)
Topsy and Tim's Chocolate Cook Book (1983)
Topsy and Tim at the Circus (1977)
Topsy and Tim’s Coach Journey (1986)
Topsy and Tim can Cook
Topsy and Tim Cross the Channel (1974)
Topsy and Tim go to the Dentist
Topsy and Tim go to the Doctor
Topsy and Tim Help the Dustmen (1982)
Topsy and Tim have their Eyes Tested
Topsy and Tim at the Fairground
Topsy and Tim at the Farm
Topsy and Tim in the Farmyard
Topsy and Tim at the Fire Station
Topsy and Tim go Fishing
Topsy and Tim's Foggy Day (1962)
Topsy and Tim at the Football Match
Topsy and Tim’s New Friends
Topsy and Tim’s Games Book
Topsy and Tim’s Garden
Topsy and Tim in the Gym
Topsy and Tim at the Hairdressers
Topsy and Tim go Hill Walking
Topsy and Tim go on Holiday
Topsy and Tim go to Holland
Topsy and Tim Learn to Horse Ride
Topsy and Tim go to Hospital
Topsy and Tim at the Jumble Sale
Topsy and Tim in the Kitchen
Topsy and Tim at the Library
Topsy and Tim Meet the Monsters
Topsy and Tim’s Motorway Games / Car Games
Topsy and Tim growing up stories
Topsy and Tim Move House
Topsy and Tim can make Music
Topsy and Tim’s Music Book
Topsy and Tim's Paddling Pool
Topsy and Tim’s New Playground
Topsy and Tim at the Pantomime
Topsy and Tim can play Party Games
Topsy and Tim can Look after Pets
Topsy and Tim’s Pet Show
Topsy and Tim’s Pets
Topsy and Tim’s Picnic
Topsy and Tim’s Playing Rhymes
Topsy and Tim Visit the Police Station
Topsy and Tim go Pony Trekking
Topsy and Tim at the Post Office
Topsy and Tim can Print in Colour
Topsy and Tim go to Prison
Topsy and Tim Choose a Puppy
Topsy and Tim Ride their Bikes
Topsy and Tim take no Risks
Topsy and Tim at the Safari Park
Topsy and Tim go Safely
Topsy and Tim at School
Topsy and Tim go to School
Topsy and Tim’s School Outing
Topsy and Tim’s School Play
Topsy and Tim’s New School
Topsy and Tim at the Seaside
Topsy and Tim’s New Shoes
Topsy and Tim go Shopping
Topsy and Tim go Sailing
Topsy and Tim can Sing and Play
Topsy and Tim's Snowy Day
Topsy and Tim’s Sports Day
Topsy and Tim at the Supermarket
Topsy and Tim Learn to Swim
Topsy and Tim Tell the Time
Topsy and Tim Visit the Tower of London
Topsy and Tim’s Train Journey (1978)
Topsy and Tim at the TV Studio
Topsy and Tim at the Vet
Topsy and Tim at the Wedding (1976)
Topsy and Tim’s Word Book
Topsy and Tim at the Zoo
Topsy and Tim go on an Aeroplane
Topsy and Tim Have a Birthday Party
Topsy And Tim The New Baby
Topsy and Tim on the Farm
Topsy and Tim Meet the Firefighters
Topsy and Tim Play Football
Topsy and Tim Make a New Friend
Topsy and Tim Meet New Friends
Topsy and Tim Visit the Dentist
Topsy and Tim First French Words
Topsy and Tim Little abc Library
Topsy and Tim First Numbers
Topsy and Tim A Special Visit
Topsy and Tim and the new puppy
Topsy and Tim Have Chickenpox
Topsy and Tim Little Shoppers
Topsy and Tim and the Bully
Topsy and Tim Help a Friend
Topsy and Tim The Big Surprise
Topsy and Tim Old Shoes, New Shoes
Topsy and Tim Buckets and Spades
Topsy and Tim Go to the Park
Topsy and Tim Go to the Zoo
Topsy and Tim Go on a Train
Surprises for Topsy and Tim
Topsy and Tim Look After Their Pets
Topsy and Tim Busy Builders
Topsy and Tim First School Stories
Topsy and Tim Start School
Topsy and Tim Meet the Ambulance Crew
Topsy and Tim Have Horse Riding Lessons
Topsy and Tim at the School Fair
Topsy and Tim Go Shopping
Topsy and Tim Small Pets
Topsy and Tim Have New Bikes
Adventures of Topsy and Tim
Topsy and Tim Red Boots, Yellow Boots
Topsy and Tim Learn abc
Topsy and Tim Meet the Police
Topsy and Tim Little Lost Rabbit
Topsy and Tim Have Itchy Heads
Topsy and Tim First Words
Topsy and Tim First Writing
Topsy and Tim and Their New School Friend
Topsy and Tim Go for Gold
Topsy and Tim Visit London
Topsy and Tim Meet Father Christmas
Topsy and Tim The Big Race
Topsy and Tim at Granny and Grandpa's
Topsy and Tim Learn About Time
Topsy and Tim Learn to Count
Topsy and Tim Learn Opposites
Topsy and Tim Visit the Doctor
Topsy and Tim at the Sea Life Centre
Topsy and Tim Stay with a Friend
Topsy and Tim Have Their Hair Cut
Topsy and Tim at the Gym Club
Topsy and Tim and the Dinosaurs
Topsy and Tim visit Europe
Topsy and Tim Go Green
Topsy and Tim Safety First
Topsy and Tim go out and about
Topsy and Tim growing up stories
Topsy and Tim Our Day
Topsy and Tim Can Help Birds
Happy Days with Topsy and Tim
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BBC News:Relaunch for Topsy and Tim
Jump up ^ Michelle Pauli, Linda Nylind and Pascal Wyse (2010) 'Jean Adamson: Living with Topsy Louisa Odell and Tim' Frank Odell The Guardian online audio slideshow. 2 November. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/audioslideshow/2010/oct/28/topsy-tim-jean-adamson
Jump up ^ Michelle Pauli, Linda Nylind and Pascal Wyse (2010) 'Jean Adamson: Living with Topsy and Tim' The Guardian online audio slideshow. 2 November. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/audioslideshow/2010/oct/28/topsy-tim-jean-adamson
External links[edit]
Children's literature portal
Penguin Books:Jean Adamson
Topsy and Tim on IMDb
Peppa pig :other books for Toddlers.
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