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World Trade Center (1973–2001)
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This article is about the World Trade Center building complex prior to the September 11 attacks. For the current buildings, see World Trade Center (2001–present).
World Trade Center
The original World Trade Center in March 2001. The tower on the left, with antenna spire, was 1 WTC. The tower on the right was 2 WTC. All seven buildings of the WTC complex are partially visible; refer to map below. The red granite-clad building left of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center. In the background is the East River.
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Location within Manhattan
Record height
Tallest in the world from 1971 to 1973[I]
Preceded by
Empire State Building
Surpassed by
Willis Tower
General information
Status
Destroyed
Location
Lower Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates
40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W / 40.71167°N 74.01250°W / 40.71167; -74.01250Coordinates: 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W / 40.71167°N 74.01250°W / 40.71167; -74.01250
Groundbreaking
August 5, 1966
Construction started
1 WTC: August 1968
2 WTC: January 1969
3 WTC: December 1979
4, 5, and 6 WTC: 1970
7 WTC: 1983
Completed
1 WTC: December 23, 1970
2 WTC: July 19, 1971
3 WTC: July 1981
4, 5, and 6 WTC: 1975
7 WTC: May 1987[1]
Opening
April 4, 1973
Destroyed
September 11, 2001
Owner
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
[show]
Other information
Height
Antenna spire
1 WTC: 1,728 feet (526.7 m)
Roof
1 WTC: 1,368 feet (417 m)
2 WTC: 1,362 feet (415.1 m)
3 WTC: 250 feet (76.2 m)
4 and 5 WTC: 120 feet (36.6 m)
6 WTC: 110 feet (33.5 m)
7 WTC: 610 feet (185.9 m)
Top floor
1 WTC: 1,355 feet (413 m)
2 WTC: 1,348 ft (411 m)
Technical details
Floor count
1 and 2 WTC: 110 floors
3 WTC: 22 floors
4 and 5 WTC: 9 floors
6 WTC: 8 floors
7 WTC: 47 floors
Floor area
1 and 2 WTC: 4,300,000 sq ft (400,000 m2) each
4, 5, and 6 WTC: 500,000 sq ft (50,000 m2) each
7 WTC: 1,868,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)
Lifts/elevators
1 and 2 WTC: 99 each
Design and construction
Architect
Minoru Yamasaki
Emery Roth & Sons
Developer
Engineer
Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson,[2] Leslie E. Robertson Associates
Main contractor
Tishman Realty & Construction Company
References
I. ^ World Trade Center at Emporis
[3]
The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured the landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4, 1973, and were destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the "Twin Towers"—the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All were built between 1975 and 1985, with a cost of $400 million ($2,300,000,000 in 2014 dollars).[4] The complex was located in New York City's Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.[5][6]
The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13, 1975,[7] a bombing on February 26, 1993,[8] and a bank robbery on January 14, 1998.[9] In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a private company to manage, and awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001.[10]
On the morning of September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the North and South Towers within minutes of each other; two hours later, both had collapsed. The attacks killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft.[11] Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the buildings in the complex and caused catastrophic damage to ten other large structures in the surrounding area. The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months,[12][13] during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished.
The World Trade Center complex was rebuilt over more than a decade. The site is being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers, while a memorial to those killed in the attacks and a new rapid transit hub have both opened. One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the United States, is the lead building for the new complex, reaching more than 100 stories[14] on completion in November 2014.[15]
Contents
[hide]
1 Before the World Trade Center
2 Design and construction
2.1 Design
2.2 Construction
2.3 Criticism
3 Complex
3.1 North and South Towers
3.2 Top of the World observation deck
3.3 Windows on the World restaurant
3.4 Other buildings
4 Major events
4.1 February 13, 1975, fire
4.2 February 26, 1993, bombing
4.3 January 14, 1998, robbery
4.4 Other events
5 Lease
6 Destruction
7 New World Trade Center
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Before the World Trade Center
The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River, with the shoreline in the vicinity of Greenwich Street. It was on this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, the Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, and were discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of a second ship from the eighteenth century were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, about 20 feet below the surface.[16]
Later, the area became Radio Row. New York City's Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966, was a warehouse district on the Lower West Side in the Financial District. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually the area held several blocks of electronics stores, with Cortlandt Street as its central axis. The used radios, war surplus electronics (e.g., ARC-5 radios), junk, and parts often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, attracting collectors and scroungers. According to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business.[17]
The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project[18] but the plans were put on hold in 1949.[19] During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan.[20]
Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center. They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street Seaport; and the west side, near the H&M station, Hudson Terminal.[21](p56) Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center.[22] As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project.[23] Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate.[24]
The Radio Row in 1936, with the Cortlandt Street station in the background, as seen in a photograph by Berenice Abbott
At the time, ridership on New Jersey's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River.[25] In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority offered to take over the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad to have it become the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH). The Port Authority also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan, a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH.[24] With the new location and Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad, New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project.[26] In compensation for Radio Row business owners' displacement, the PANYNJ gave each business $3,000 each, without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous the business was.[21](p68) After the area had been purchased for the World Trade Center in March 1964,[27] Radio Row was demolished starting in March 1965.[28] It was completely demolished by 1966.[29]
Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council. Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues. On August 3, 1966, an agreement was reached that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.[30] In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased.[31]
Design and construction
Main article: Construction of the World Trade Center
Design
A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers.
Play media
(video) The World Trade Center in the 1970s, including scenes of its construction.
On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects.[32] Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers; Yamasaki's original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[33] but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m2) of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.[34]
Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side.[33][35] The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches (46 cm) wide, which reflected Yamasaki's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure.[36] Yamasaki's design included building facades sheathed in aluminum-alloy.[37] The World Trade Center was one of the most-striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier, and it was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.[38]
A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators; the taller the building, the more elevators are needed to service the building, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks.[34] Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two "sky lobbies"—floors where people could switch from a large-capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. This system, inspired by the local-express train operation that the New York City Subway system used,[39] allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently, increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts.[40][41] Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.[42]
The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing the tube-frame structural system used in the twin towers. The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers, Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers, and Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B) as mechanical engineers. Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and Rino M. Monti, the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, oversaw the project.[43] As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. Nonetheless, the structural engineers of the World Trade Center ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes.[44]
The tube-frame design, earlier introduced by Fazlur Khan, was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads. The World Trade Center towers used high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses that were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core columns. The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, each consisting of three columns, three stories tall, connected by spandrel plates.[45] The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop.[46] Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, transmitting shear stress between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically, so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor.[44]
The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower. The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads, providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls.[47] The floors consisted of 4 inches (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors.[48] The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants.
Hat trusses (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building.[48] Only 1 WTC (north tower) actually had an antenna fitted; it was added in 1978.[49] The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower.[48]
The tube frame design, using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material, created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures, such as the Empire State Building that have thick, heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements.[21](p138) During the design process, wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces.[50] Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate; however, many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects.[21](p139–144) One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sway. These viscoelastic dampers, used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications, reduced the building sway to an acceptable level.[21](p160–167)
Construction
World Trade Center under construction in May 1971
In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.[27] Demolition work began on March 21, 1966, to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for construction of the World Trade Center.[28] Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.[51]
The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below.[52] To construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build a "bathtub" with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson River out.[53] The slurry method selected by Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr., involved digging a trench, and as excavation proceeded, filling the space with a "slurry" mixture composed of bentonite and water, which plugged holes and kept groundwater out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in, forcing the "slurry" out. It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed. It was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin.[54] The 1,200,000 cubic yards (920,000 m3) of material excavated were used (along with other fill and dredge material) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City.[55][56]
In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers, and Karl Koch was hired to erect the steel.[57] Tishman Realty & Construction was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project.[58] Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968; construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969.[59] The original Hudson Tubes, carrying PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service as elevated tunnels during the construction process until 1971 when a new PATH station opened.[60]
The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970, while 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurred later on July 19, 1971.[59] The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15, 1970;[1] the South Tower accepted tenants in January 1972.[61] When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.[62] The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4, 1973.[63]
In addition to the twin towers, the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low-rise buildings, which were built in the early 1970s. The 47-story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s, to the north of the main complex. Altogether, the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16-acre (65,000 m2) superblock.[64]
Criticism
The WTC site building arrangement
Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial. The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row, home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents, many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation.[65] A group of small businesses affected sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority's power of eminent domain.[66] The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court; the Court refused to accept the case.[67]
Private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York, led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien, expressed concerns about this much "subsidized" office space going on the open market, competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies.[68][69] The World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979 and then only due to the fact that the complex's subsidy by the Port Authority made rents charged for its office space relatively cheaper than that of comparable office space in other buildings.[70] Others questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a "mistaken social priority".[71]
The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the American Institute of Architects and other groups.[37][72] Lewis Mumford, author of The City in History and other works on urban planning, criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as "just glass-and-metal filing cabinets".[73] The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to "the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in".[74] The twin towers' narrow office windows, only 18 inches (46 cm) wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow slots, were disliked by many.[36] Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs also criticized plans for the WTC's construction, arguing that the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers to enjoy.[75]
The trade center's "superblock", replacing a more traditional, dense neighborhood, was regarded by some critics as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan. For example, in his book The Pentagon of Power, Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an "example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city".[76]
For many years, the immense Austin J. Tobin Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers.[77] In fact, some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes.[78] In 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations, which involved replacing marble pavers with gray and pink granite stones, adding new benches, planters, new restaurants, food kiosks and outdoor dining areas.[79]
Complex
On a typical weekday 50,000 people worked in the towers[80] with another 200,000 passing through as visitors.[81] The complex was so large that it had its own zip code: 10048.[82] The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower. The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise, and became seen as a New York icon, in the same league as the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building and the Statue of Liberty.[83]
North and South Towers
Lobby of Tower 1, looking south along the east side of the building, August 19, 2000.
One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center, commonly the Twin Towers, the idea of which was brought up by Minoru Yamasaki, were designed as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls.[84][85] They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center.[59] The North Tower (One World Trade Center), the tallest building in the world at 1,368 feet (417 m) by the time of its completion, began construction in 1966 with the South Tower (2 World Trade Center);[86] extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process, and the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970, while it was still under construction.[87][88] When completed in 1973, the South Tower, Two World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet (415 m); the South Tower's rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft (415 m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft (400 m) high.[89] Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000 m2) of the total 16 acres (65,000 m2) of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His tongue-in-cheek response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale."[90]
South Tower lobby interior, overlooking the elevator core and red carpet from the balcony, October 1988.
When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after a 40-year reign. The North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall and featured a telecommunications antenna or mast that was added at the top of the roof in 1978 and stood 362 feet (110 m) tall. With the 362-foot (110 m)-tall antenna/mast, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m).[89] Chicago's Sears Tower, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop.[91] Throughout their existence, the WTC towers had more floors (at 110) than any other building.[89] This number was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010.[92][93]
Top of the World observation deck
Two World Trade Center's observation deck with visitors looking down at Midtown Manhattan.[94]
Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off-limits to the public, the South Tower featured an indoor and outdoor public observation area called Top of the World Trade Center Observatories on its 107th and 110th floors. Visitors would pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing,[95] then were sent to the 107th floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet (400 m). The columns on each face of the building were narrowed on this level to allow 28 inches of glass between them. The Port Authority renovated the observatory in 1995, then leased it to Ogden Entertainment to operate. Attractions added to the observation deck included a simulated helicopter ride around the city. The 107th floor food court was designed with a subway car theme and featured Sbarro and Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs.[96][97] Weather permitting, visitors could take two short escalator rides up from the 107th floor viewing area to an outdoor viewing platform on the 110th floor at a height of 1,377 ft (420 m).[98] On a clear day, visitors could see up to 50 miles (80 km).[96] An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building.[97]
Windows on the World restaurant
Main article: Windows on the World
Windows on the World restaurant interior, November 4, 1999
The North Tower had a restaurant on its 106th and 107th floors called Windows on the World, which opened in April 1976. The restaurant was developed by Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17 million.[99] Aside from the main restaurant, two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower: "Hors d'Oeuvrerie" (offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening) and "Cellar in the Sky" (a small wine bar).[100] Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly. Windows on the World was closed following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[99] Upon reopening in 1996, Hors d'Oeuvrerie and Cellar in the Sky were replaced with the "Greatest Bar on Earth" and "Wild Blue".[100] In 2000, its last full year of operation, Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.[101] The Skydive Restaurant, opened in 1976 on the 44th floor of the North Tower, was also operated by Windows on the World restaurant, but served only lunch.
Other buildings
The World Financial Center and Battery Park City, next to the World Trade Center, were built on reclaimed land.
Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 acres (65,000 m2) block. One was the 22-floor hotel, which opened in 1981 as the Vista Hotel, and in 1995 became the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC) at the southwest corner of the site. Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. 6 World Trade Center, at the northwest corner, housed the United States Customs Service and the U.S. Commodities Exchange. 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station and 4 World Trade Center was at the southeast corner. In 1987, a 47-floor office building called 7 World Trade Center was built north of the block. Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall, which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority's own PATH trains connecting Manhattan to New Jersey.[102]
One of the world's largest gold depositories was stored underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault.[103] Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks, $230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC, which included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce silver bars.[104]
Major events
February 13, 1975, fire
On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower. Fire spread through the tower to the 9th and 14th floors by igniting the insulation of telephone cables in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors. Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately and the original fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor, fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower. In addition to damage caused by the fire on the 9th – 14th floors, water from the extinguishing of the fires damaged a few floors below. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems.[7]
February 26, 1993, bombing
Main article: 1993 World Trade Center bombing
Underground bombing aftermath
The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower.[8] The blast opened a 100 foot (30 m) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3.[105] Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured during escape attempts complicated by smoke infiltration from the base of the building up to the 93rd floor of both towers. Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that contained no emergency lighting, some taking two hours or more to reach safety.[106][107]
Yousef fled to Pakistan after the bombing but was arrested in Islamabad in February 1995, and was extradited back to the United States to face trial.[108] Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman was convicted in 1996 for involvement in the bombing and other plots.[109] Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted in November 1997 for their carrying out the bombing.[110] Four others had been convicted in May 1994 for their involvement in the 1993 bombing.[111] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower, toppling both landmarks.[112]
Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns.[113] The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side. The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5, which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex, was heavily damaged.[114] After the bombing, the Port Authority installed photoluminescent markings in the stairwells.[115] The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed.[116] As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower, a reflecting pool was installed with the names of those who had been killed in the blast.[117] However, the memorial was destroyed following the September 11 attacks. Names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.
January 14, 1998, robbery
Main article: 1998 Bank of America robbery
In January 1998, Mafia member Ralph Guarino, who had gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center, arranged a three-man crew for a heist that netted over $2 million from a Brinks delivery to the eleventh floor of the World Trade Center.[9]
Other events
In 1974, French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the towers on a tightrope, as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire (2008), based on Petit's book To Reach the Clouds: My High Wire Walk Between the Twin Towers (2002)[118] (released in paperback with the title Man on Wire (2008)[119]) and depicted in the feature film The Walk (2015).[21]:219 Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable.[120]
In 1977, Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower (2 WTC).[121]
In 1983, on Memorial Day, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower (1 WTC). His stunt was meant to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers.[122][123]
The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower.[124]
Lease
In 1998, the Port Authority approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center.[125] In 2001, the Port Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a private entity. Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust, a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties,[126] and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group.[10] By privatizing the World Trade Center, it would be added to the city's tax rolls[10] and provide funds for other Port Authority projects.[127] On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the lease for the World Trade Center, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.[128] Vornado outbid Silverstein by $600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease, which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.[129] Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26, 2001,[130] and closed on July 24, 2001.[131]
Destruction
Main article: Collapse of the World Trade Center
See also: September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 11, and United Airlines Flight 175
The scene just after United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower; a fireball rises high.
On September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the northern façade of the North Tower at 8:46:40 a.m., the aircraft striking between the 93rd and 99th floors. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03:11 a.m., a second group crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking it between the 77th and 85th floors.[132] The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people.[133] Flight 175 had a much more off-centered impact compared to Flight 11, and a single stairwell was left intact; however, only a few people managed to pass through it successfully before the tower collapsed. Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower, thus affecting more floors, a smaller number, fewer than 700, were killed instantly or trapped.[134]
At 9:59 a.m., the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. The fire caused steel structural elements, already weakened from the plane impact, to fail. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m., after burning for approximately 102 minutes.[135] At 5:20 p.m.[136] on September 11, 2001, 7 World Trade Center started to collapse with the crumble of the east penthouse, and it collapsed completely at 5:21 p.m.[136] owing to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure.[137]
World Trade Center site after 9/11 attacks, seen from above with original building locations
The Marriott World Trade Center, a hotel, was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later were demolished.[138] The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned owing to the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside; it was deconstructed, with work completed in early 2011.[139][140] The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned owing to extensive damage in the attacks and is slated for deconstruction.[141]
In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks, as over 50,000 people could be inside the World Trade Center, although the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated that approximately 17,400 occupants were in the towers at the time of the attacks.[142] Ultimately, 2,753 death certificates (excluding those for hijackers) were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks in New York City, including one filed for Felicia Dunn-Jones, who was added to the official death toll in May 2007; Dunn-Jones died five months later from a lung condition linked to exposure to dust during the collapse of the World Trade Center.[143] Three other victims were then added to the official death toll by the city medical examiner's office: Dr. Sneha Anne Philip, who was last seen the day before the attacks; Leon Heyward, a man who developed lymphoma and subsequently died in 2008 as a result of dust ingestion during the events following the attacks to the Twin Towers;[144][145] and Jerry Borg, who died in December 2010 of pulmonary sarcoidosis determined in June 2011 to be the result of dust from the attacks.[11] 2,192 civilians died in and around the World Trade Center, including 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. (an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of One World Trade Center),[146] 295 employees of Marsh & McLennan Companies (which was located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–101, the location of Flight 11's impact), and 175 employees of Aon Corporation.[147] In addition to the civilian deaths, 343 New York City Fire Department (FDNY) firefighters were killed in the attacks, as well as 71 law enforcement officers, including 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) and 23 members of the New York City Police Department (NYPD).[148][149][150] Ten years after the attacks, remains of only 1,629 victims had been identified.[151] Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed, only 20 were pulled out alive.[152]
New World Trade Center
Main article: World Trade Center (2001–present)
Rebuilding of the
World Trade Center
One WTC
Construction
In popular culture
2–7 WTC
2
3
4
5
7
Other elements
Liberty Park
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Performing Arts Center
Transportation Hub
Vehicular Security Center
Westfield World Trade Center
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
v
t
e
Over the following years, plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process,[153] organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design.[154] Memory Foundations, designed by Daniel Libeskind, was selected as the master plan;[155] however, substantial changes were made to the design.[156]
The National September 11 Memorial. The reflecting pools are on the site of the Twin Towers.
The first new building at the site was 7 WTC, which opened in May 2006.[157] The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11, 2011[158] and the museum opened in May 2014.[159] 1 WTC opened on November 3, 2014;[15] 4 WTC opened on November 13, 2013;[160] and 3 WTC is expected to open in spring 2018,[161]
As of November 2013[update], according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc., the new 2 WTC will not be built to its full height until sufficient leasing is established to make the building financially viable.[162] In Summer 2015, Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned Tower 2 with News Corp as the core tenant; the Bjarke Ingels-designed structure was expected to be finished by 2020.[163] 5 WTC will be developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, but above-ground construction was suspended in November 2013 due to a lack of tenants[164] as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.[165]
See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City
The Philippe Petit high wire walk between the Towers
The Sphere
World Trade Center in popular culture
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Reeve, Simon (1999). The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1-55553-509-7.
Ruchelman, Leonard I. (1977). The World Trade Center: Politics and Policies of Skyscraper Development. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2180-9.
National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NCSTAR 1–6) (PDF). Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
"World Trade Center Building Performance Study". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 2002. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center (New York City).
World Trade Center – Silverstein Properties
World Trade Center – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
World Trade Center at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Building the Twin Towers: A Tribute – slideshow by Life magazine
New York: A Documentary film features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center in the seventh and final episode of the series directed by Ric Burns.
Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-6369, "World Trade Center Site", 103 photos, 21 data pages, 8 photo caption pages
Records
Preceded by
Empire State Building Tallest building in the world
1970–1974 (North Tower) Succeeded by
Willis Tower
Tallest building in the United States
1970–1974 (North Tower)
Tallest building with the most floors
1970–2001
Tallest building with the most floors ever
1970–2008 Succeeded by
Burj Khalifa
Preceded by
City National Plaza Tallest twin towers in the world
1970–1998 Succeeded by
Petronas Towers
[show]
v
t
e
New York City's World Trade Center
First WTC
(1973–2001)
Construction
Towers
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Windows on the World
Mall
The Bathtub
Tenants
One
Two
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Art
Bent Propeller
The Sphere
The World Trade Center Tapestry
World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture
Ideogram
Sky Gate, New York
Major events
February 13, 1975 fire
February 26, 1993 bombing
January 14, 1998 robbery
September 11, 2001 attacks
Collapse
Timeline
Victims
Aftermath
Deutsche Bank Building
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
Second WTC
(2001–present)
Site, towers,
and structures
One
Construction
Two
Three
Four
Five
Seven
Performing Arts Center
Vehicular Security Center
Liberty Park
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
Westfield Mall
Rapid transit
PATH stations
Transportation Hub
New York City Subway stations
Chambers Street – WTC / Park Place (2, 3, A, C, and E trains)
Cortlandt Street (N, R, and W trains)
Cortlandt Street (1 and 2 trains)
Fulton Street (2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, J, and Z trains)
Fulton Center
Corbin Building
Dey Street Passageway
9/11 memorials
9/11 Tribute Center
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Competition
Memory Foundations
Tribute in Light
America's Response Monument
Empty Sky
Relics from original WTC
The Sphere
Cross
Survivors' Staircase
People
Minoru Yamasaki
Emery Roth & Sons
Larry Silverstein
Austin J. Tobin
David Childs
Michael Arad
THINK Team
Daniel Libeskind
Leslie E. Robertson
Other
Park51
Project Rebirth
Take Back The Memorial
West Street pedestrian bridges
In popular culture
Film
Music
9/11-related media
featuring One WTC
10048 ZIP code
Former: IFC
Former: Twin Towers 2
Brookfield Place
Brookfield Place
200 Liberty Street
225 Liberty Street
200 Vesey Street
250 Vesey Street
Winter Garden Atrium
New York Mercantile Exchange
[show]
v
t
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September 11 attacks
Timeline
Planning
September 11, 2001
World Trade Center collapse
Remainder of September
October
Post-October
Victims
Casualties
emergency workers
Hijacked airliners
American Airlines Flight 11
United Airlines Flight 175
American Airlines Flight 77
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Suspected hijackings
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Crash sites
World Trade Center
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Aftermath
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the 28 pages
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War games
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Raising the Flag at Ground Zero
Tourist Guy hoax
Iraq War
Twin Towers 2
Henryk Siwiak homicide
Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip
Book
Category
Portal
WikiProject
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan
Lower Manhattan
below 14th St
(CB 1, 2, 3)
Alphabet City
Battery Park City
Bowery
Chinatown
Civic Center
Cooperative Village
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Essex Crossing
Financial District
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Little Fuzhou
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Little Italy
Little Syria
Lower East Side
Meatpacking District
NoHo
Nolita
Radio Row
SoHo
South Street Seaport
South Village
Tribeca
Two Bridges
West Village
World Trade Center

Midtown (CB 5)
Columbus Circle
Diamond District
Flatiron District
Garment District
Herald Square
Koreatown
Madison Square
NoMad
Silicon Alley
Theater District
Times Square
West Side (CB 4, 7)
Chelsea
Hell's Kitchen
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Little Spain
Manhattan Valley
Manhattantown
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Pomander Walk
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Tenderloin
Upper West Side
East Side (CB 6, 8)
Carnegie Hill
Gashouse District
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Kips Bay
Lenox Hill
Murray Hill
Peter Cooper Village
Rose Hill
Stuyvesant Square
Stuyvesant Town
Sutton Place
Tudor City
Turtle Bay
Union Square
Upper East Side
Waterside Plaza
Yorkville
Upper Manhattan
above 110th St
(CB 9, 10, 11, 12)
Astor Row
East Harlem
Hamilton Heights
Harlem
Hudson Heights
Inwood
Le Petit Senegal
Manhattanville
Marble Hill (Bx CB 8)
Marcus Garvey Park
Morningside Heights
Sugar Hill
Sylvan
Washington Heights
Islands
Ellis Island (CB 1)
Governors Island (CB 1)
Liberty Island (CB 1)
Randalls Island (CB 11)
Roosevelt Island (CB 8)
Wards Island (CB 11)
Community boards: 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
[show]
v
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Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Seaports
Howland Hook
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Red Hook
Airports
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Outerbridge Crossing
Rail
Passenger
AirTrain JFK
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ExpressRail
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Bus stations
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Roadways
Dyer Avenue
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George Washington Bridge Plaza
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Other
178th–179th Street Tunnels
Bathgate Industrial Park
Battery Park City Ferry Terminal
Essex County Resource Recovery Facility
Four World Trade Center
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North Bergen Park & Ride
Police Department
One World Trade Center
South Waterfront, Hoboken
Teleport
Queens West
World Trade Center
Historical
111 Eighth Avenue
Hudson Terminal
World Trade Center (1973–2001)
[show]
v
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e
Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City
Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (c. 1643)
Trinity Church (85 m) (1846)
New York World Building (94 m) (1890)
Manhattan Life Insurance Building (100 m) (1894)
Park Row Building (119 m) (1899)
Singer Building (187 m) (1908)
Metropolitan Life Tower (213 m) (1909)
Woolworth Building (241 m) (1913)
40 Wall Street (283 m) (1930)
Chrysler Building (320 m) (1930)
Empire State Building (443 m) (1931)
World Trade Center (526 m) (1973)
Empire State Building (443 m) (2001)
One World Trade Center (541 m) (2014)
[show]
v
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Supertall skyscrapers
[show]
Current
North America
432 Park Avenue
Aon Center
Bank of America Plaza
Bank of America Tower
Chrysler Building
Empire State Building
Franklin Center
JPMorgan Chase Tower
John Hancock Center
One World Trade Center
One57
The New York Times Building
Trump Tower Chicago
Two Prudential Plaza
U.S. Bank Tower
Wells Fargo Plaza
Willis Tower
Wilshire Grand Center
South America
Gran Torre Santiago
Asia
23 Marina
85 Sky Tower
Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper (Abeno Harukas)
Abraj Al Bait
ADNOC Headquarters
Almas Tower
Al Hamra Tower
Arraya Tower
Aspire Tower
Baiyoke Tower II
Bank of China Tower
Burj Al Arab
Burj Khalifa
Cayan Tower
The Center
Central Plaza
Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower
China World Trade Center Tower III
Chongqing IFS T1
Chongqing World Financial Center
CITIC Plaza
Eton Place Dalian
Diwang International Fortune Center
East Pacific Center
Emirates Office Tower
Elite Residence
Etihad Towers
Federal Land Tower
Fortune Center
Gate to the East
Greenland Puli Center
Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith
HHHR Tower
International Commerce Centre
International Finance Centre
Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza
Jin Mao Tower
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai
Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower
Kingdom Centre
KK100
Leatop Plaza
Longxi International Hotel
Lotte World Tower
MahaNakhon
Minsheng Bank Building
Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1
Nina Tower
Northeast Asia Trade Tower
Ocean Heights
Pearl River Tower
Petronas Towers
Ping An Finance Centre
Princess Tower
Rose Tower
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai World Financial Center
Shimao International Plaza
Shun Hing Square
Taipei 101
Telekom Tower
Tianjin World Financial Center
The Address Downtown Dubai
The Index
The Landmark
The Marina Torch
The Pinnacle
The Wharf Times Square
Wanda Plaza
Wenzhou World Trade Center
White Magnolia Plaza
World Trade Center Abu Dhabi
Wuxi Maoye City - Marriott Hotel
Suning Plaza 1, Wuxi
Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center
Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower
Zifeng Tower
Europe
City of Capitals
Eurasia
Federation Tower
Mercury City Tower
OKO Tower
The Shard
Australia
Q1
[show]
Under construction
North America
111 West 57th Street
125 Greenwich Street
3 Hudson Boulevard
30 Hudson Yards
35 Hudson Yards
3 World Trade Center
45 Broad Street
50 Hudson Yards
53W53
9 DeKalb Avenue
Central Park Tower
Comcast Technology Center
Manhattan West Tower 1
One Vanderbilt
Salesforce Tower
Wanda Vista
Asia
China
Baoneng Center
Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center
Changsha A9 Financial District
Changsha IFS Tower T1
Chengdu Greenland Tower
China Resources Centre Block A
China Resources Headquarters
Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1
Concord International Centre
Dalian Greenland Center
Dalian International Trade Center
Deji Plaza
Dongguan International Trade Center 1
Eye of Spring Trade Center
Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B
Goldin Finance 117
Greenland Group Suzhou Center
Guangxi Finance Plaza
Haikou Tower
Hanking Center
Heartland 66 Office Tower
Hon Kwok City Center
Huaguoyuan Tower 1
Huaguoyuan Tower 2
Jin Wan Plaza 1
Jinan Center Financial City
Logan Century Center 1
Mandarin Oriental Chengdu
Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower
Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1
Ningbo Center
One Shenzhen Bay
Phoenix Towers
Rose Rock International Finance Center
Runhua Global Center 1
Shenglong Global Center
Shimao Hunan Center
Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1
South Asian Gate
Spring City 66
Suning Plaza Tower 1, Zhenjiang
Suzhou IFS
Suzhou Zhongnan Center
Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center
Tianjin Modern City Office Tower
Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower
Wuhan Center
Wuhan Greenland Center
Xiamen International Centre
Yantai Shimao No.1 The Harbour
Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1
Zhujiang New City Tower
India
Lokhandwala Minerva
Namaste Tower
Oasis Tower
Orchid Crown
Palais Royale, Mumbai
World One
Saudi Arabia
Capital Market Authority Headquarters
Diamond Tower
Jeddah Tower
Lamar Towers
South Korea
LCT Landmark Tower
LCT Residential Tower A
LCT Residential Tower B
Parc1 Tower
UAE
Address Boulevard
Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower
DAMAC Residenze
Dubai Pearl
Marina 101
Marina 106
The Skyscraper (Dubai)
other
Abu Dhabi Plaza
Gate of Kuwait
Gate of Taipei
Iconic Tower
KL118
Pertamina Energy Tower
Ryugyong Hotel
The Stratford Residences
VietinBank Business Center Office Tower
Europe
Lakhta Center
Australia
Australia 108
[show]
Construction delayed or suspended
Al Quds Endowment Tower
Barwa Tower
Burj Al Alam
Busan Lotte Town Tower
Doha Convention Center Tower
Dubai Towers Doha
Forum 66
India Tower
JW Marriott International Finance Centre
Lighthouse Tower
Millennium Tower
Orchid Heights
Pentominium
Plaza Rakyat
Qatar National Bank Tower
Skycity
Signature Tower Jakarta
Sino-Steel Tower
Square Capital Tower
Tameer Commercial Tower
The Pinnacle
Tour Financial Hub Center
Two World Trade Center
[hide]
Former
World Trade Center (1973–2001)
See also
Proposed supertall skyscrapers
List of architects of supertall buildings
[show]
v
t
e
Architecture by Minoru Yamasaki
Skyscrapers
One Woodward Avenue (1963)
IBM Building (1963)
The Century Plaza Hotel (1966)
M&T Bank Center, Buffalo (1967)
World Trade Center Tower 1, Tower 2, Buildings 4, 5 and 6 (1970–1971)
Montgomery Ward Corporate Headquarters Tower (1972)
Century Plaza Towers (1975)
Bank of Oklahoma (1977)
Rainier Bank Tower (1977)
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond (1978)
100 Washington Square (1981)
Torre Picasso (1988)
Columbia Center (1989–2000)
Airports
St. Louis Lambert International Airport main terminal (1956)
Dhahran International Airport terminal (1961)
Eastern Airlines terminal at Logan Airport (1969)
King Fahd International Airport master plan (1977)
Houses of worship
North Shore Congregation Israel (1964)
Temple Beth El (1974)
Shinji Shumeikai Founder's Hall (1982)
Other buildings
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building annex (1951)
Pruitt–Igoe housing project (1954)
Grosse Pointe University School (1954)
Military Personnel Records Center (1955)
McGregor Memorial Conference Center (1957)
Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex (1959)
Robertson Hall at Princeton University (1965)
Pacific Science Center (1962)
Irwin Library at Butler University (1963)
Oberlin Conservatory of Music (1963)
Quo Vadis Entertainment Center (1966)
Dr. John Archer Library (1967)
Japan Center (1968)
Tulsa Performing Arts Center (1976)
Istanbul Cevahir (1987)
Landscape architecture
Wascana Centre and University of Regina - Regina Campus (1961–1967)
List of works by Minoru Yamasaki
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Four World Trade Center

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Five World Trade Center

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World Trade Center (PATH station)

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West Street (Manhattan)

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Port Authority Trans-Hudson

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6 World Trade Center

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4 World Trade Center (1975-2001)

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