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Michael Kelso
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Michael Kelso
That '70s Show character
First appearance
"That '70s Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Last appearance
"Misfire"
(episode 8.04)
(as a regular cast member)
"That '70s Finale"
(episode 8.22)
(guest appearance)
Created by
Mark Brazill
Portrayed by
Ashton Kutcher
Joey Hiott (Kelso at 7)
Ethan Peck (Kelso at 14)
Information
Occupation
Male underwear model (formerly)
Assistant chef (formerly)
Waiter (formerly)
Police officer (formerly)
Security guard (currently)
Family
John Kelso (father)
Mrs. Kelso (mother)
Casey Kelso (brother)
Unnamed sister
4 other brothers (unnamed)
Significant other(s)
Jackie Burkhart (ex-girlfriend)
Laurie Forman (ex-girlfriend)
Annette (ex-girlfriend)
Brooke Rockwell (ex-girlfriend/mother of his child)
Angie Barnet (ex-girlfriend)
Children
Betsy[1] Kelso
(daughter, with Brooke; b. 1979)
Nationality
American
Michael Christopher Kelso is a fictional character and one of the five male leads on Fox Network's That '70s Show, portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.[2] Tall, lanky and long-haired, Kelso had been accepted as the local idiot until he moved to Chicago for the eighth season.[3] His behavior is very much in line with a stereotypical oversexed lunkhead or a male-bimbo who gets through life on his good looks.[4][5] He spends most of the series in a mutually parasitic relationship with the equally vapid Jackie Burkhart, whom he continues to obsess over following their numerous breakups.[6][7][8]
In spite of his stupidity, Kelso is shown on several occasions not to be immature, simply unmotivated; when he is either forced to or chooses to, Kelso displays startling intelligence unbecoming of his usual personality or hi-jinks. Near the end of the series, Kelso becomes one of the first characters to completely break away from adolescence and into adulthood when he impregnates a girl with whom he had a one-night stand; to his friends' surprise, Kelso took responsibility for the child, moving to Chicago to take a job to support and be near his newborn daughter.[9][10]
Contents
1 Storylines
1.1 Season 8
1.2 Reunion
2 Personality
3 Family
4 Reception
5 Other appearances
6 References
7 External links
Storylines[edit]
Michael Kelso was first introduced in "That 70s Pilot" as Eric Forman's lesser-intelligent, loudly obnoxious friend who is dating a preppy, younger student Jackie Burkhart. But later during the season the couple goes through multiple breakups.[5]
Much to his friends' annoyance, he frequently claims to be breaking up with Jackie but does not go through with it, in hopes she'll 'put out' eventually.[7] Because of her, he misses out on a Todd Rundgren concert, instead spending the evening making out in the back of the Vista Cruiser. As the series progresses, it is later revealed that Michael cheats on his girlfriend (most notably with Pam Macy). At one point, Jackie finds out and banned Kelso from coming to her ski trip, though Michael still attempts to find a way there.[11] Kelso also unwittingly gets his friends into trouble after driving them around in an apparently stolen car.[12][13] They were arrested, though Eric's connections with his father got them out of trouble.[12][13] Eventually, Kelso loses his virginity to Jackie, though they go through a scare that she may be pregnant,[6][12] which turns out to be a false alarm.[6][14]
Eventually, Kelso purchases a van which becomes the main focus of his secondary story during seasons 2 and 3.[15] On one occasion, Jackie wishes to decorate the van resulting in it becoming temporarily covered in stuffed animals, though all were removed soon after.[16][17] The van becomes the gang's main source of transportation on long distance journeys, such as Van Stock and to the Ice Shack. However, it ultimately meets its fate when it sinks to the bottom of a river.[18]
Like Eric, Kelso buys his girlfriend Jackie a promise ring to show how important the relationship is to him.[19][20] However, while Jackie is overjoyed with her ring, Donna becomes unsure of her future with Eric, causing Eric to break up with her.[19]
The fourth season premiere episode sees Eric envisioning a possible future with Donna, a woman he has not actually met.[21] In this future, Kelso and Jackie have broken up once again only to consistently re-kindle their relationship for a one-night stand every time they reunite.[21] Kelso also spends most of that season attempting to pry Eric from his depression, though ultimately chooses Fun Land over Eric in the second episode, only to get lost and brought back by a concerned mother.[22][23] The mother, however, kicks him out of her car after he threatens her children following their insults to him, causing Kelso to walk home.[22] Kelso is also elected for Snow King at the snow prom much to Jackie's disapproval.[22]
Class Picture is a flash-back episode revealing how each of the gang members met.[24] Kelso and Eric's meeting is not explained thoroughly, though it is presumed they simply met in first grade.[24] However, Forman's first impression of Kelso is remembered as Kelso showing up at the door without pants.[24] After a quick reminder, Kelso exclaimed 'My pants!!' before rushing home. It is also revealed he is the only male member of the gang not to have seen Donna's breasts, though she allows him to see them after.[24] Kelso later invented a day which he named 'Prank Day' where he attempts to prank his friends as many times as possible.[25] During the Season 4 finale, Jackie misleadingly believes that Kelso is proposing to her, causing him to decide to run off to California.[26] After meeting up with Donna, who had recently been humiliated by her then boyfriend and Kelso's brother, Casey, they both take off.[26]
When Kelso returns at the beginning of Season 5, he finds out that Jackie has moved on to Hyde, which makes him extremely jealous and he spends the majority of the season trying to get her back.[27] Eventually, Kelso claims to be over Jackie and renews his friendship with Hyde, and begins a relationship with Annette (Jessica Simpson), a girl he had a short relationship with in California.[27][28] Jackie, in the same manner as Kelso had, becomes jealous and even goes so far as to yell, "Get off my boyfriend!" when she sees Kelso and Annette kissing.[29] Kelso responded positively to this and began to make a big show of it. Annette leaves him at the school dance, telling him he isn't over Jackie, and Kelso soon realizes that Annette is right.[29] So when Jackie breaks up with Hyde, Kelso does all he can to win her over, even competing with Hyde at some point.[30] However, when Jackie chooses Hyde over him, he respects her decision and even helps to bring the two together again.[31] From then on, Kelso and Jackie share a relationship as friends. In Season 6, Kelso is the focus of a major plot twist in which he accidentally impregnates a girl named Brooke in a bathroom at a Molly Hatchet concert.[32][33] Brooke initially does not want Kelso in the baby's life, much to Kelso's relief.[34][35] However, a pep-talk from Donna causes him to change his mind as he attempts to prove to Brooke he can be a father.[34] In the seventh season, Betsy Kelso, is born.[36][37] Brooke leaves for Chicago, giving Kelso permission to see Betsy whenever he can.
Kelso becomes a policeman, albeit a bumbling one.[38] He attempts to take his job seriously by growing a mustache and calling himself "Mike," and even going as far as flushing Hyde's marijuana stash down the toilet (in The Circle), but he quickly reverts when Hyde and Fez shave his mustache and made the mustache resemble the mustache Adolf Hitler was famous for. He eventually sets the police academy on fire using a flare gun, but even before then, had broken into the academy and gets his supervisor's squad car stolen by Hyde & Fez.
At the end of Season 7, Kelso drives Jackie to Chicago after her break-up with Hyde.[39] When Hyde follows her there to propose, he finds Kelso naked, wrapped in a towel, making a comment implying that he and Jackie were about to have sex.[40] Although Kelso frequently makes sexual comments to every female on the show, including Jackie and Donna, Hyde believes the two really were about to engage in sex, and drives off to Las Vegas, effectively ending his relationship with Jackie.
Season 8[edit]
Ashton Kutcher did not renew his contract for the eighth and final season of the series[41] but he appeared in a recurring guest role in the first four episodes of season 8 in order to bring closure to the character.[42]
The series begins with Kelso avoiding Hyde after he catches him about to have sex with Jackie in a motel room.[43] When Hyde finally catches Kelso, he punches him in the face and then decides to resume their friendship. With this storyline resolved and the end of Hyde and Jackie's relationship, Kelso resumes his police work duties. However, when Randy and Fez decide to throw a bachelor party for Hyde after his marriage to a stripper, Kelso is fired due to misuse of police equipment and unprofessional behavior.[43] This causes Kelso to wonder what he has going for him and decides that Jackie is the one for him all along. He decides to propose to Jackie, seeing as she was the one he has always loved.[42] He later rethinks this decision, deciding against it after a job offer is given to him. However, Fez had already told Jackie about his plans. Feeling pressured to do something, and scared that he might lose all his future chances with Jackie, he attempts to propose, albeit with a balloon (which is how Jackie wants to be proposed to), at the Forman's anniversary, but Jackie says no, much to Kelso's relief. They both decide they have a lot of maturing to do, many things to take care of in their own lives and, even though they both admit to loving each other, agree that it is not the right time to get married.[42] He then joins his friends for one final circle before his departure.[42] Kelso does not appear in succeeding episodes, although he is occasionally referenced by the remaining characters. He returns, though, in the series finale to welcome in the New Year with his friends, much to their pleasure.[44]
Reunion[edit]
The Fox Network announced on April 4, 2012 that Ashton Kutcher as well as other cast members of That '70s Show had signed on to reprise their roles for a special Fox 25th anniversary reunion special.[45] The episode aired on April 22, 2012 as part of a two-hour special.[46] The cast reflected on the show after 100 episodes.[47]
Personality[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Among Kelso's most famous personality traits are conceit and sheer stupidity, performing a great number of idiocies on a regular daily basis. Despite his stupid nature, he shows moments of shining intellect, demonstrating the ability to do fast mathematical division and fixing Red's Pong machine. During a flashback scene, it is implied that Kelso used to be a bookish, motivated student until Hyde introduced him and Eric to marijuana when they were in junior high. Throughout the series, Kelso has made a large quantity of moronic quotes and performed many dimwitted blunders, and possesses numerous infantile qualities such as enjoying Christmas specials deemed childish by his peers and fussing when something is preventing him from viewing them. It also been hinted Kelso loves dogs. Like the other teenage male central characters of the series, Kelso also possesses an abundance of "horny" personality traits and appears especially fond of the idea of having sexual relations and the willingness to spoil his virginity results in the impregnation of a librarian named Brooke and the birth of a little girl named Betsy toward the end of the series. He fancies himself as quite attractive and capable of winning the affections of women such as Jackie Burkhart, with whom he has shared an on-again/off-again relationship throughout the course of the series. Kelso also likes bands such as Led Zeppelin, Foghat, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, KISS, Ted Nugent, Pink Floyd, AC/DC, The Rolling Stones, The Who and Molly Hatchet. It is revealed in the Halloween special that Kelso is a year older than the other teenagers due to being held back a year in the first grade, which angers Hyde knowing that all along Kelso is legally allowed to purchase beer for the teenagers.
It is clear from Jackie and Kelso's relationship that Kelso definitely is not the one wearing the pants in his relationships; he is easily manipulated (Laurie pointed this out once and called him a "tool") and never fulfills his promise of breaking up with his girlfriend, although later it may simply be because he is afraid to break a woman's heart.[48] When he dates Annette in Season 5, he even remarks "It's good to be under someone's thumb again!" with a grin, suggesting he prefers his women to be controlling. After uttering this line, Fez asks him, "What did your mother do to you?" which Kelso answers with a stupid grin. In the Season 2 episode "Kelso's Serenade," he says, "I wish Jackie was still controlling me, I love being on a short leash."
Kelso often remarks that he has an entire future planned out for him. He says this several times in the third and fourth season. This was apparently a way to convince others he was mature, but his friends viewed it as boastful and annoying. Kelso's only plan was to coast through his life on his good looks, and when he believes this might not happen, he greatly overreacts. He also has fallen off the water tower every year since Jr. High, a fact either explaining or explained by his idiocy.
Kelso is naive and simple-minded compared to his other friends. Also, Fez describes him as being delicate and sensitive. However, as the series progresses, a slight growth and maturity can be seen in his character.
Family[edit]
Kelso's family is frequently referred to by other characters as being a large one, despite only one of his siblings actually appearing on-screen throughout the show's run. Some episodes portray his household as loud and obnoxious, such as when he opens the door, yelling can be heard. From the characters' dialogue, it can be assumed he is one of six Kelso boys and also has a younger sister, which Hyde implies to be fairly unattractive.
One grandmother, mentioned in the episode Dine and Dash, has, in Kelso's words, "honkin' whiskers." Despite Kelso's protests that his own mom is very beautiful, Jackie insists she too has the same whiskers then calls her "whisker face."
Kelso's father, John Kelso, appeared in the episode Career Day, portrayed by Francis Guinan. John Kelso's office job as a specialized statistician is unclear and confusing to Michael, who decides to make it up and say his dad is a farmer.
Reception[edit]
Kelso is considered by many fans as the breakout character of the series.[who?] In the earlier seasons he is a supporting main character but in seasons 6-7 he becomes one of the shows leads along with Eric, Donna and Hyde. Kelso was also described by TV Guide's as one of 'TVs Most Lovable Lunkheads.'[49]
Other appearances[edit]
Kelso was portrayed once again by Ashton Kutcher in a Robot Chicken sketch entitled "That '00s Show".
Critics have noted striking similarities to the portrayal of Kutcher's character Walden Schmidt on Two and a Half Men to that of Kelso. Walden's personality, however, drastically changed since his initial appearances and by the series' end he was a completely changed man.[50] Other similarities drawn are between that of his role as Jesse Montgomery III in the stoner film Dude, Where's My Car? (2000).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 2. September 22, 2004. 03:48 minutes in. Fox. Jackie: "What's her name?" Kelso: "Betsy."
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show: Cast & Details". TV Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show: Season 01". Star Pulse. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Ashton Kutcher: Actor". People Magazine. May 8, 2000. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Andy Meisler (October 10, 1999). "TELEVISION/RADIO; Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Pill". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 18. 21 Feb 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday, Bloody Sunday". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 10. 29 Nov 1998.
Jump up ^ "The Trials of Michael Kels". That '70s Show. Season 3. Episode 69. 13 Mar 2001.
Jump up ^ "It's Only Rock and Roll". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 158. 6 Oct 2004.
Jump up ^ "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Ski Trip". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 13. 17 Jan 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Stolen Car". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 15. 24 Jan 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b "That '70s Show: Stolen Car". Star Pulse. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show: The Pill". Star Pulse. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Red's Last Day". That '70s Show. Season 2. Episode 27. 5 Oct 1999.
Jump up ^ "Eric Gets Suspended". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Eric Gets Suspended". That '70s Show. Season 2. Episode 34. 30 Nov 1999.
Jump up ^ "Episode #309 "Ice Shack"". Carsey-Werner Productions. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Promise Ring". That '70s Show. Season 3. Episode 76. 22 May 2001.
Jump up ^ "Promise Ring". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "It's a Wonderful Life". That '70s Show. Season 4. Episode 77. September 25, 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Eric's Depression". That '70s Show. Season 4. Episode 78. September 26, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Episode #402 "Eric's Depression"". Carsey-Werner Productions. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Class Picture". That '70s Show. Season 4. Episode 96. 19 Mar 2002.
Jump up ^ "Prank Day". That '70s Show. Season 4. Episode 97. 26 Mar 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b "Love, Wisconsin Style (Part 1)". That '70s Show. Season 4. Episode 103. 21 May 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b "Going to California (Part 2)". That '70s Show. Season 5. Episode 104. 17 September 2002.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show: Season 05:Synopsis". MSN. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Get Off My Boyfriend". That '70s Show. Season 5. Episode 116. 29 Jan 2003.
Jump up ^ "Graduation". That '70s Show. Season 5. Episode 128. 14 May 2003.
Jump up ^ "The Kids are Alright". That '70s Show. Season 6. Episode 129. 29 Oct 2003.
Jump up ^ "Acid Queen". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "The Acid Queen". That '70s Show. Season 6. Episode 132. 19 Nov 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b "I'm Free". That '70s Show. Season 6. Episode 133. 26 Nov 2003.
Jump up ^ "I'm Free". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Let's Spend the Night Together". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 155. 15 September 2004.
Jump up ^ "Episode #702 "Let's Spend the Night Together"". Carsey-Werner Productions. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Young Man Blue". That '70s Show. Season 6. Episode 137. 14 Jan 2004.
Jump up ^ "Short and Curlies". That '70s Show. Season 7. Episode 177. 18 May 2005.
Jump up ^ "Episode #725 "Til The Next Goodbye"". Carsey-Werner Productions. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ Lisa Bernhard (May 18, 2005). "Ashton, Topher Departing 'That '70s Show'". Fox News. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Misfire". That '70s Show. Season 8. Episode 182. 16 Nov 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bohemian Rhapsody (Part 1)". That '70s Show. Season 8. Episode 179. 2 Nov 2005.
Jump up ^ "Episode Detail: That '70s Finale - That '70s Show". TV Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ Jethro Nededog (4 April 2012). "Ashton Kutcher Signs on for 'That '70s Show' Reunion on 'Fox's 25th Anniversary Special'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ Matthew Wright (Apr 8, 2012). "That '70s Show reunion added to Fox's 25th Anniversary Special". The National Post. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "That '70s Show Special". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Battle of the Sexists". That '70s Show. Season 1. Episode 104. 20 September 1998.
Jump up ^ "TV's Most Lovable Lunkheads". TV Guide. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ "Kutcher's channeling Kelso. Bring back Sheen". The Vancouver Sun. September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
External links[edit]
Ashton Kutcher interview about Kelso on Spike TV
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Rockefeller family
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See also: Rockefeller
Rockefeller family
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New York, United States
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McCormick family
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Kykuit
The Rockefeller family (/ˈrɒkəfɛlər/) is an American industrial, political, and banking family that owns one of the world's largest fortunes. The fortune was initially made in the US petroleum industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries by John D. Rockefeller and his brother William Rockefeller, primarily through Standard Oil.[1] The family is also known for its long association with, and control of, Chase Manhattan Bank.[2] The Rockefellers are considered to be[who?] one of the most powerful families, if not the most powerful family,[3] in the history of the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Family background
2 Real estate and institutions
3 Conservation
4 Politics
5 The family archives
6 Family wealth
7 Family residences
8 Legacy
9 Generational philanthropy
10 Political offices held
11 Members
11.1 Ancestors
11.2 Descendants of John Davison Rockefeller Sr.
11.3 Descendants of William Avery Rockefeller Jr.
11.4 Spouses
12 Select bibliography
13 See also
14 Notes
14.1 References
15 External links
Family background[edit]
One of the founding members of the Rockefeller family was businessman William Rockefeller Sr. born in Granger, New York, to a Protestant family. He had six children with his first wife Eliza Davison, the most prominent of which were oil tycoons John Davison Rockefeller and William Rockefeller, co-founders of Standard Oil. Oil baron John D. Rockefeller was a devout Northern Baptist, and he supported many church-based institutions.[4][5][6]
Real estate and institutions[edit]
30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, NY, U.S.
One Chase Manhattan Plaza
Rockefeller Center at night, December 1934
Riverside Church
The Cloisters, Upper Manhattan
The family was heavily involved in numerous real estate construction projects in the U.S. during the 20th century.[7] Chief among them:
Rockefeller Center, a multi-building complex built at the start of the Depression in Midtown Manhattan, financed solely by the family
International House of New York, New York City, 1924 (Junior) {Involvement: John III, Abby Aldrich, David & Peggy, David Jr., Abby O'Neill}
Wren Building, College of William and Mary, Virginia, from 1927 (Renovation funded by Junior)
Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1927 onwards (Junior, Abby Aldrich, John III and Winthrop), historical restoration
Museum of Modern Art, New York City, from 1929 (Abby Aldrich, John Jr., Blanchette, Nelson, David, David Jr., Sharon Percy Rockefeller)
Riverside Church, New York City, 1930 (John Jr.)
The Cloisters, New York City, from 1934 (John Jr.)
The Interchurch Center, New York City, 1948 (John Jr.)
Asia Society (Asia House), New York City, 1956 (John III)
One Chase Manhattan Plaza, New York City, 1961 (David)
Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, 1962 (Nelson)
Lincoln Center, New York City, 1962 (John III)
World Trade Center Twin Towers, New York City, 1973–2001 (David and Nelson)
Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, 1974 (David)
Council of the Americas/Americas Society, New York City, 1985 (David)
In addition to this is Senior and Junior's involvement in seven major housing developments:
Forest Hill Estates, Cleveland, Ohio
City Housing Corporation's efforts, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, New York City
Thomas Garden Apartments, The Bronx, New York City
Paul Laurence Dunbar Housing, Harlem, New York City
Lavoisier Apartments, Manhattan, New York City
Van Tassel Apartments, Sleepy Hollow, New York (formerly North Tarrytown)
A development in Radburn, New Jersey[8][9]
A further project involved David Rockefeller in a major middle-income housing development when he was elected in 1947 as chairman of Morningside Heights, Inc., in Manhattan by fourteen major institutions that were based in the area, including Columbia University. The result, in 1951, was the six-building apartment complex known as Morningside Gardens.[10]
Senior's donations led to the formation of the University of Chicago in 1889; the Central Philippine University in the Philippines (The first Baptist university and second American university in Asia); and notable for the Chicago School of Economics.[11] This was one instance of a long family and Rockefeller Foundation tradition of financially supporting Ivy League and other major colleges and universities over the generations—seventy-five in total. These include:
Harvard University
Dartmouth College
Princeton University
University of California, Berkeley
Stanford University
Yale University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Brown University
Tufts University
Columbia University
Cornell University
University of Pennsylvania
Case Western Reserve University
Institutions overseas such as London School of Economics and University College London, among many others.[12]
Senior (and Junior) also created
Rockefeller University in 1901
General Education Board in 1902, which later (1923) evolved into the International Education Board
Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1910
Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913 (Junior)
International Health Division in 1913
China Medical Board in 1915.
Rockefeller Museum, Israel, 1925–30
In the 1920s, the International Education Board granted important fellowships to pathbreakers in modern mathematics, such as Stefan Banach, Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, and André Weil, which was a formative part of the gradual shift of world mathematics to the US over this period.
To help promote cooperation between physics and mathematics Rockefeller funds also supported the erection of the new Mathematical Institute at the University of Göttingen between 1926 and 1929
The rise of probability and mathematical statistics owes much to the creation of the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris, partly by the Rockefellers' finances, also around this time.[13]
John D Jr. established International House at Berkeley.
Junior was responsible for the creation and endowment of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, which operates the restored historical town at Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the most extensive historic restorations ever undertaken.
Conservation[edit]
Beginning with John D. Rockefeller Sr., the family has been a major force in land conservation.[14] Over the generations, it has created more than 20 national parks and open spaces, including the Cloisters, Acadia National Park, Forest Hill Park, the Nature Conservancy, the Rockefeller Forest in California's Humboldt Redwoods State Park (the largest stand of old-growth redwoods), and Grand Teton National Park, among many others. John Jr., and his son Laurance (and his son Laurance Jr. aka Larry) were particularly prominent in this area.
The family was honored for its conservation efforts in November 2005, by the National Audubon Society, one of America's largest and oldest conservation organizations, at which over 30 family members attended. At the event, the society's president, John Flicker, notably stated: "Cumulatively, no other family in America has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller family has made".[14]
In 2016 fifth-generation descendants of John Sr. criticized ExxonMobil, one of the successors to his company Standard Oil, for their record on climate change. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Rockefeller Family Fund both backed reports suggesting that ExxonMobil knew more about the threat of global warming than it had disclosed. David Kaiser, grandson of David Rockefeller Sr. and president of the Rockefeller Family Fund, said that the "...company seems to be morally bankrupt." Valerie Rockefeller Wayne, daughter of former Senator Jay Rockefeller, said, "Because the source of the family wealth is fossil fuels, we feel an enormous moral responsibility for our children, for everyone -- to move forward."[15]
Politics[edit]
The Population Council, founded by the family in 1952.
Kykuit, the landmark family home of the Rockefeller family, located in Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Prominent banker and philanthropist David Rockefeller Sr. was the family patriarch until his death in 2017. In 1960, when his brother Nelson Rockefeller was governor of New York, David Sr. successfully pressed for a repeal of a New York state law that restricted Chase Manhattan Bank from operating outside the city. David Jr. was twice offered the post of Treasury secretary by President Richard M. Nixon, but declined on both occasions. In 1979, he used his high-level contacts to bring Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran, who had been overthrown in the Iranian Revolution and was in poor health, for medical treatment in the United States. In 1998, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton for his work on International Executive Service Corps.[16]
The family archives[edit]
The Rockefeller Archive Center, an independent foundation that was until 2008 a division of Rockefeller University,[17] is a three-level underground archive below the Martha Baird Rockefeller Hillcrest house on the family estate at Pocantico (see Kykuit). Along forty-foot-long walls of shelves on rails, maintained by ten full-time archivists, is the entire repository of personal and official papers and correspondence of the complete family and its members, along with historical papers of its numerous foundations, as well as other non-family philanthropic institutions. These include: the Commonwealth Fund, Charles E. Culpeper Foundation, Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, and the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation.
In total, it holds over 70 million pages of documents and contains the collections of forty-two scientific, cultural, educational and philanthropic organizations.
Only the expurgated records of deceased family members are publicly available to scholars and researchers; all records pertaining to living members are closed to historians. However, as Nelson Rockefeller's researcher, Cary Reich, discovered, in the case of Nelson's voluminous 3,247 cubic feet (91.9 m3) of papers, only about one-third of these files had been processed and released to researchers up to 1996. He reports that it will be many years before all the papers will be open to the public, despite Nelson's having died in 1979.[18]
The Center maintains that this repository of records, covering 140-plus years of the records of the family, in addition to non-Rockefeller philanthropic collections, gives unique insights into United States and world issues and social developments in both the 19th and 20th centuries.
Records in the collection are available up until only the early 1960s, generally 1961. Major subjects in the collection include:
Agriculture
The Arts
African-American history
Education
International Relations
Economic Development
Labor
Medicine
Philanthropy
Politics
Population
Religion
Social Sciences
Social Welfare
Women's history[19]
Family wealth[edit]
The Rockefeller brothers
John Davison Rockefeller Sr.
William Avery Rockefeller Jr.
The combined wealth of the family – their total assets and investments plus the individual wealth of its members – has never been known with any precision. The records of the family archives relating to both the family and individual members' net worth are closed to researchers.[20]
From the outset, and even today, the family's wealth has been under the complete control of the male members of the dynasty, through the family office. Despite strong-willed wives who had influence over their husbands' decisions—such as the pivotal female figure Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, wife of Junior—in all cases they received allowances only and were never given even partial responsibility for the family fortune.[21]
Much of the wealth has been locked up in the notable family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation), and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Bank, the corporate successor to Chase Manhattan Bank. These trusts have consisted of shares in the successor companies to Standard Oil and other diversified investments, as well as the family's considerable real estate holdings. They are administered by a trust committee that oversees the fortune.
Management of this fortune today also rests with professional money managers who oversee the principal holding company, Rockefeller Financial Services, which controls all the family's investments, now that Rockefeller Center is no longer owned by the family. The present chairman is David Rockefeller Jr.
In 1992, it had five main arms:
Rockefeller & Co. (Money management: Universities have invested some of their endowments in this company);
Venrock Associates (Venture Capital: an early investment in Apple Computer was one of many it made in Silicon Valley entrepreneurial start-ups);
Rockefeller Trust Company (Manages hundreds of family trusts);
Rockefeller Insurance Company (Manages liability insurance for family members);
Acadia Risk Management (Insurance Broker: Contracts out policies for the family's vast art collections, real estate and private planes.)[22]
In September 2014, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund announced it will divest its investments in fossil fuel companies.[23] In March 2015, the chair of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund stated two conclusions, one that; "it’s immoral to continue down the fossil fuel path", and secondly that it is "financially imprudent to stay invested in companies whose profits depend on defying ... the international effort to restrain climate change."[24]
Family residences[edit]
The Casements - the family's landmark winter residence
Over the generations the family members have resided in some notable historic homes. A total of 81 Rockefeller homes are on the National Register of Historic Places.[25] Not including all homes owned by the five brothers, some of the more prominent of these are:
One Beekman Place - The residence of Laurance in New York City
10 West Fifty-fourth Street - A nine-story single family home, the former residence of Junior before he shifted to 740 Park Avenue, and the largest residence in New York City at the time, it was the home for the five young brothers. It was later given by Junior to the Museum of Modern Art
740 Park Avenue - Junior and Abby's famed 40-room triplex apartment in the luxury New York City apartment building, which was later sold for a record price;
Bassett Hall - The house at Colonial Williamsburg bought by Junior in 1927 and renovated by 1936, it was the favorite residence of both Junior and Abby and is now a house museum at the family-restored Colonial Revival town
The Casements - A three-story house at Ormond Beach in Florida, where Senior spent his last winters, from 1919 until his death;
The Eyrie - A sprawling 100-room summer holiday home on Mount Desert Island in Maine, demolished by family members in 1962
Forest Hill - The family's country estate and summer home in Cleveland, Ohio for four decades. Built and occupied by Senior, it burned down in 1917
Golf House at Lakewood, New Jersey - The former three-story clubhouse for the elite Ocean County Hunt and Country Club, which Senior bought in 1902 to play golf on its golf course
Kykuit also known as the John D. Rockefeller Estate - The landmark six-story, 40-room home on the vast Westchester County family estate, home to four generations of the family
The JY Ranch - The landmark ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, the holiday resort home built by Junior and later owned by Laurance, which was used by all members of the family and had many prominent visitors, including presidents, until Laurance donated it to the federal government in 2001
Legacy[edit]
A trademark of the dynasty over its 140-plus years has been the remarkable unity it has maintained, despite major divisions that developed in the late 1970s, and unlike other wealthy families such as the Du Ponts and the Mellons. A primary reason has been the lifelong efforts of "Junior" to not only cleanse the name from the opprobrium stemming from the ruthless practices of Standard Oil, but his tireless efforts to forge family unity even as he allowed his five sons to operate independently. This was partly achieved by regular brothers and family meetings, but it was also because of the high value placed on family unity by first Nelson and John III, and later especially with David.[26]
Regarding achievements, in 1972, on the 100th anniversary of the founding of Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy, the Carnegie Corporation, which has had a long association with the family and its institutions, released a public statement on the influence of the family on not just philanthropy but encompassing a much wider field. Summing up a predominant view amongst the international philanthropic world, albeit one poorly grasped by the public, one sentence of this statement read: "The contributions of the Rockefeller family are staggering in their extraordinary range and in the scope of their contribution to humankind."[27]
John D. Rockefeller gave away US$540 million over his lifetime (in dollar terms of that time), and became the greatest lay benefactor of medicine in history.[28] His son, "Junior," also gave away over $537 million over his lifetime, bringing the total philanthropy of just two generations of the family to over $1 billion from 1860 to 1960.[29] Added to this, the New York Times declared in a report in November 2006 that David Rockefeller's total charitable benefactions amount to about $900 million over his lifetime.[30]
The combined personal and social connections of the various family members are vast, both in America and throughout the world, including the most powerful politicians, royalty, public figures, and chief businessmen. Notable figures through Standard Oil alone have included Henry Flagler and Henry H. Rogers. Contemporary figures include Henry Kissinger, Richard Parsons (Chairman and CEO of Time Warner), C. Fred Bergsten, Peter G. Peterson (Senior Chairman of the Blackstone Group), and Paul Volcker.
In 1991 the family was presented with the Honor Award from the National Building Museum for four generations worth of preserving and creating some of the U.S.'s most important buildings and places. David accepted the award on the family's behalf.[31] The ceremony coincided with an exhibition on the family's contributions to the built environment, including John Sr.'s preservation efforts for the Hudson River Palisades, the restoration of Williamsburg, Virginia, construction of Rockefeller Center, and Governor Nelson's efforts to construct low- and middle-income housing in New York state.[32]
The Rockefeller name is imprinted in numerous places throughout the United States, most notably in New York City, but also in Cleveland, where the family originates:
The Rockefeller Center - A landmark 19-building 22-acre (89,000 m2) complex in the center of Manhattan established by Junior: Older section constructed from 1930–1939; Newer section constructed during the 1960s-1970s;
The Rockefeller University - Renamed in 1965, this is the distinguished Nobel prize-winning graduate/postgraduate medical school (formerly the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, established by Senior in 1901);
The Rockefeller Foundation - Founded in 1913, this is the famous philanthropic organization set up by Senior and Junior;
The Rockefeller Brothers Fund - Founded in 1940 by the third-generation's five sons and one daughter of Junior;
The Rockefeller Family Fund - Founded in 1967 by members of the family's fourth-generation;
The Rockefeller Group - A private family-run real estate development company based in New York that originally owned, constructed and managed Rockefeller Center, it is now wholly owned by Mitsubishi Estate Co. Ltd;
The Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors - is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that advises donors in their philanthropic endeavors throughout the world;
The Rockefeller Research Laboratories Building - A major research center into cancer that was established in 1986 and named after Laurance, this is situated at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center;
The Rockefeller Center - Home of the International Student Services office and department of philosophy, politics and law at the State University of New York at Binghamton;
The Rockefeller Chapel - Completed in 1928, this is the tallest building on the campus of the University of Chicago, established by Senior in 1889;
The Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior in 1906, this building houses the Case Western Reserve University Physics Department;
The Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior and completed in 1906, this building houses the Cornell University Physics Department;[33]
The Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior in 1887, who granted Vassar College a $100,000 ($2.34 million in 2006 dollars) allowance to build additional, much needed lecture space. The final cost of the facility was $99,998.75. It now houses multi-purpose classrooms and departmental offices for political science, philosophy and math;
The Rockefeller Hall - Established by Senior and completed in 1886, this is the oldest building on the campus of Spelman College;
The Rockefeller College - Named after John D. Rockefeller III, this is a residential college at Princeton University;
The Michael C. Rockefeller Arts Center - Completed in 1969 in memory of Nelson Rockefeller's son, this is a cultural center at the State University of New York at Fredonia;
The Michael C. Rockefeller Collection and the Department of Primitive Art - Completed in 1982 after being initiated by Nelson, this is a wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art;
The David and Peggy Rockefeller Building - A tribute to David's wife, Peggy Rockefeller, this is a new (completed in 2004) six-story building housing the main collection and temporary exhibition galleries of the family's Museum of Modern Art;
The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden - Completed in 1949 by David, this is a major outdoor feature of the Museum of Modern Art;
The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum - Opened in 1957 by Junior, this is a leading folk art museum just outside the historic district of Junior's Colonial Williamsburg;
The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Hall - The freshman residence hall on the campus of Spelman College;
The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Building - Completed in 1918, it is among other things a student residence hall at Spelman College, after the wife of Senior and after whom the College was named;
The Rockefeller State Park Preserve - Part of the 3,400-acre (14 km2) family estate in Westchester County, this 1,233-acre (5 km2) preserve was officially handed over to New York State in 1983, although it had previously always been open to the public;
The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park - Established as a historical museum of conservation by Laurance during the 1990s.
The John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway - Established in 1972 through Congressional authorization, connecting Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks;
The Rockefeller Forest - Funded by Junior, this is located within Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California's largest redwood state park;
Either of two US congressional committees {in 1972 - John D. III and 1975 - Nelson dubbed the Rockefeller Commission}.
Rockefeller Park, a scenic park featuring gardens dedicated to several world nations along Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. between University Circle and Lake Erie in Cleveland.
The Winthrop Rockefeller Institute of the University of Arkansas System was established in 2005 with a grant from the Winthrop Rockefeller Charitable Trust. The educational center with conference and lodging facilities is located on Petit Jean Mountain near Morrilton, Arkansas, on the original grounds of Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller’s model cattle farm.
The David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University.
The Rockefeller Quad at the Loomis Chaffee School
The Rockefeller Complex library at Nørrebro in Denmark
John Jr., through his son Nelson, purchased and then donated the land upon which sits the United Nations headquarters, in New York, in 1946. Earlier, in the 1920s, he had also donated a substantial amount towards the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in France after World War I, such as the Rheims Cathedral, the Fontainebleau Palace and the Palace of Versailles, for which he was later (1936) awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand Croix of the Legion d'Honneur (subsequently also awarded decades later to his son, David Rockefeller).
He also funded the notable excavations at Luxor in Egypt, as well as establishing a Classical Studies School in Athens. In addition, he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem - the Rockefeller Museum.[34]
Generational philanthropy[edit]
The members of the Rockefeller family are noted for their philanthropy; a Rockefeller Archive Center study in 2004 documents an incomplete list of 72 major institutions that the family has created and/or endowed up to the present day. Historically, the major focus of their benefactions have been in the educational, health and conservation areas.
Family leaders in both philanthropy and business have included John D. Sr., John D. Jr. ("Junior"), John D. III, Laurance, and David. Several family members have held high public office, including Vice President of the United States (Nelson Rockefeller), United States Senator (Jay Rockefeller), state governor (Nelson, Jay, and Winthrop Rockefeller), and lieutenant governor (Winthrop Paul Rockefeller). Another noted family member was Michael Rockefeller, son of Nelson Rockefeller, an anthropologist who came to media attention after he was presumed killed in New Guinea in 1961.
The corporate, financial, and personal affairs of the family - numbering around 150 blood relatives of John D. Rockefeller - are run from the family office, Room 5600, known officially as "Rockefeller Family and Associates". It comprises three floors of the GE Building in Rockefeller Center; all private family legal matters are handled by the family-associated New York law firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy. Room 5600 is also the base of the current family historian, Peter J. Johnson, who assisted with David Rockefeller's Memoirs, published in 2002.
To distinguish the generations and facilitate communication, the fourth generation is generically known as "The Cousins" (24 in all, with 21 still living) and the younger family members are known as the "Fifth/Sixth" generation. Many if not all of these family members are involved in institutionalised philanthropic pursuits. Family links are solidified through the practice of ritualised family meetings - which started with the regular "brothers' meetings" held in Room 5600 or in their respective private residences, beginning in 1945. Family get-togethers are held today at the "Playhouse", in the Westchester County family estate of Pocantico, in June (the "cousins weekend") and December of each year (see Kykuit).
Political offices held[edit]
Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979)
1st Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, 1944–1945
1st Under Secretary Health, Education and Welfare, 1953–1954
Governor of New York, 1959–1973
US Vice President, 1974–1977
Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973)
Governor of Arkansas, 1967–1971
Jay Rockefeller (b. 1937)
Member of West Virginia House of Delegates, 1966–1968
Secretary of State of West Virginia, 1969–1973
Governor of West Virginia, 1977–1985
US Senator for West Virginia, 1985–2015
Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006)
Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas, 1996–2006
Members[edit]
Ancestors[edit]
Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller (1783/1784–1857) (m. 1806) Lucy Avery (1786–1867) (ten children)
William Avery "Devil Bill or Big Bill" Rockefeller Sr.[35] (1810–1906) (m.1837) Eliza Davison (1813–1889) (eight children)
Lucy Rockefeller (1838–1878) (m. 1856) Pierson D. Briggs
Clorinda Rockefeller (c. 1838–?, died young) (daughter from Nancy Brown)
John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (1839–1937) (m. 1864) Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (1839–1915)
Cornelia Rockefeller (c. 1840–?) (daughter from Nancy Brown)
William Avery Rockefeller Jr. (1841–1922) (m. 1864) Almira Geraldine Goodsell
Mary Ann Rockefeller (1843–1925) (m.1872) William Cullen Rudd
Franklin "Frank" Rockefeller (1845–1917) (m.1870) Helen Elizabeth Scofield
Frances Rockefeller (1845–1847)
William W. Rockefeller (1788–1851) (m. early 19th century) Eleanor Kisselbrack (1784–1859)
Descendants of John Davison Rockefeller Sr.[edit]
The total number of blood relative descendants as of 2006 was about 150.[citation needed]
Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller (1866–1906) (m.1889) Charles Augustus Strong (1862–1940)
Margaret Rockefeller Strong (1897–1985) (m.1st.1927) George de Cuevas (1885–1961), (m. 2nd 1977) Raimundo de Larrain
Alice Rockefeller (1869–1870)
Alta Rockefeller (1871–1962) (m.1901) Ezra Parmelee Prentice (1863–1955)
John Rockefeller Prentice (1902–1972) (m.1941) Abra Cantrill (1912–1972)
Abra Prentice Wilkin (born 1942)
Mary Adeline Prentice Gilbert (1907–1981) (m.1937) Benjamin Davis Gilbert (1907–1992)
Spelman Prentice (1911–2000) (m.3rd.1972) Mimi Walters (four children)
Edith Rockefeller (1872–1932) (m. 1895) Harold Fowler McCormick
John Rockefeller McCormick (1896–1901)
Editha McCormick (1897–1898)
Harold Fowler McCormick Jr. (1898–1973) (m.1931) Anne "Fifi" Potter (1879–1969)
Muriel McCormick (1902–1959) (m.1931) Elisha Dyer Hubbard (1906)
Mathilde McCormick (1905–1947) (m.1923) Max Oser (1877–1942) (one child)
John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960) (m. 1st 1901) Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich (1874–1948)
Abigail Aldrich "Babs" Rockefeller (1903–1976)
Abigail Rockefeller "Abby" Milton O'Neill (born 1928)
Marilyn Ellen Milton (1931–1980) (two children)
John Davison Rockefeller III (1906–1978) (m.1932) Blanchette Ferry Hooker (four children)
John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born 1937) (m. 1967) Sharon Percy (four children)
Justin Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1979) m. Indré Vengris
Hope Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1938) (one child)
Alida Ferry Rockefeller Messinger (born 1949) (m.1st 1978–1986) Mark Dayton (m.2nd) William Messinger
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979) (m.1st 1930–1962) Mary Todhunter Clark (m.2nd 1963) Margaretta Large "Happy" Fitler (1926–2015) (seven children)
Rodman Clark Rockefeller (1932–2000) (m.1st 1953–1979) Barbara Ann Olsen (m. 2nd 1980) Alexandra von Metzler (four children)
Steven Clark Rockefeller (born 1936)
Mary Clark Rockefeller (born 1936) m.1st (1961-1974) William J. Strawbridge (three children)
Michael Clark Rockefeller (1938–1961)
Mark Fitler Rockefeller (born 1967)
Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910–2004) (m.1934) Mary French
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Chasin (1936–2015)
Marion French Rockefeller (born 1938)
Dr. Lucy Rockefeller Waletzky (born 1941)
Laurance Rockefeller Jr. (born 1944) (m. 1982) Wendy Gordon (two children)[36]
Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973) (m. 1st 1948, div. 1954) Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (1916–2008) (m. 2nd 1956, div. 1971) Jeannette Edris (1918–1997)
Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006) (m. 1st 1971, div. 1979) Deborah Cluett Sage (m. 2nd 1983) Lisenne Dudderar (seven children)
David Rockefeller (1915–2017) (m. 1940) Margaret McGrath (1915–1996)
David Rockefeller Jr. (born 1941) (m. 1st divorced) Diana Newell-Rowan (m. 2nd 2008) Susan Cohn (two children)
Abigail Rockefeller (born 1943)
Neva Goodwin Rockefeller (born 1944)
Margaret Dulany "Peggy" Rockefeller[37] (born 1947)
Richard Gilder Rockefeller (1949–2014);[38][39] married to Nancy King[37] (two children, two step-children)[37][38]
Eileen Rockefeller[37] (born 1952) m. Paul Growald (two children)
Descendants of William Avery Rockefeller Jr.[edit]
An article in the New York Times in 1937 stated that William Rockefeller had, at that time, 28 great-grandchildren.[citation needed]
Lewis Edward Rockefeller (1865–1866)
Emma Rockefeller McAlpin (1868–1934)
William Goodsell Rockefeller (1870–1922) (five children)
William Avery Rockefeller III (1896–1973) (three children)
Elsie Rockefeller m. William Proxmire
Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller (1899–1983) (seven children)
Godfrey Anderson Rockefeller (1924–2010)
James Stillman Rockefeller (1902–2004) (four children)
John Davison Rockefeller II (1872–1877)
Percy Avery Rockefeller (1878–1934) m. Isabel Goodrich Stillman (five children)
Isabel Stillman Rockefeller (1902–1980) m. Frederic Walker Lincoln IV
Avery Rockefeller (1903–1986) m. 1923 Anna Griffith Mark (three children)
Faith Rockefeller Model (1909–1960)
Robert Model (born 1942)
Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge (1882–1973) m. Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr.
Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr. (1908–1930)
Spouses[edit]
Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (1839–1915) – John D. Rockefeller Sr.
Abby Greene Aldrich (1874–1948) – John D. Rockefeller Jr.
Martha Baird Allen (1895–1971) – John D. Rockefeller Jr.
Mary Todhunter Clark "Tod" (1907–1999) – Nelson Rockefeller
Margaretta "Happy" Fitler (1926–2015) – Nelson Rockefeller
Anne Marie Rasmussen – Steven Clark Rockefeller
Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909–1992) – John D. Rockefeller III
Mary French (1910–1997) – Laurance Rockefeller
Wendy Gordon – Laurance "Larry" Rockefeller Jr.
Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (1916–2008) – Winthrop Rockefeller
Jeannette Edris (1918–1997) – Winthrop Rockefeller
Deborah Cluett Sage – Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
Lisenne Dudderar – Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
Margaret "Peggy" McGrath (1915–1996) – David Rockefeller
Diana Newell Rowan – David Rockefeller Jr.
Nancy King – Richard Gilder Rockefeller.
Sarah Elizabeth "Elsie" Stillman (1872–1935) – William Goodsell Rockefeller
Isabel Goodrich Stillman (1876–1935) – Percy Avery Rockefeller
[show]
Family tree
William Rockefeller Sr.
John D. Rockefeller William Rockefeller Frank Rockefeller
Elizabeth Rockefeller Strong Alta Rockefeller Prentice Edith Rockefeller McCormick John D. Rockefeller Jr. William Goodsell Rockefeller Percy Avery Rockefeller Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge
Abby Rockefeller Mauzé John D. Rockefeller III Nelson Rockefeller Laurance Rockefeller Winthrop Rockefeller David Rockefeller William Avery Rockefeller III Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller James Stillman Rockefeller Isabel Rockefeller Lincoln Avery Rockefeller
Jay Rockefeller Hope Aldrich Rockefeller Alida Rockefeller Messinger Rodman Rockefeller Steven Clark Rockefeller Michael Rockefeller Mark Rockefeller Laura Rockefeller Chasin Marion Rockefeller Weber Lucy Aldrich Rockefeller Winthrop Paul Rockefeller David Rockefeller Jr. Neva Goodwin Peggy Dulany Richard Rockefeller Eileen Rockefeller Growald Godfrey A. Rockefeller
Justin Rockefeller Meile Rockefeller
Select bibliography[edit]
Abels, Jules. The Rockefeller Billions: The Story of the World's Most Stupendous Fortune. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965.
Aldrich, Nelson W. Jr. Old Money: The Mythology of America's Upper Class. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
Allen, Gary. The Rockefeller File. Seal Beach, California: 1976 Press, 1976.
Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Democratic Experience. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
Brown, E. Richard. Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
Caro, Robert A. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Vintage, 1975.
Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. London: Warner Books, 1998.
Collier, Peter, and David Horowitz. The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
Elmer, Isabel Lincoln. Cinderella Rockefeller: A Life of Wealth Beyond All Knowing. New York: Freundlich Books, 1987.
Ernst, Joseph W., editor. "Dear Father"/"Dear Son:" Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller Jr. New York: Fordham University Press, with the Rockefeller Archive Center, 1994.
Flynn, John T. God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1932.
Fosdick, Raymond B. John D. Rockefeller Jr.: A Portrait. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
Fosdick, Raymond B. The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Transaction Publishers, Reprint, 1989.
Gates, Frederick Taylor. Chapters in My Life. New York: The Free Press, 1977.
Gitelman, Howard M. Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988.
Gonzales, Donald J., Chronicled by. The Rockefellers at Williamsburg: Backstage with the Founders, Restorers and World-Renowned Guests. McLean, Virginia: EPM Publications, Inc., 1991.
Hanson, Elizabeth. The Rockefeller University Achievements: A Century of Science for the Benefit of Humankind, 1901-2001. New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 2000.
Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991.
Hawke, David Freeman. John D.: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), 1882-1911. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955.
Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1989.
Josephson, Emanuel M. The Federal Reserve Conspiracy and the Rockefellers: Their Gold Corner. New York: Chedney Press, 1968.
Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons. London: Harcourt, 1962.
Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 2003.
Klein, Henry H. Dynastic America and Those Who Own It. New York: Kessinger Publishing, [1921] Reprint, 2003.
Kutz, Myer. Rockefeller Power: America's Chosen Family. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. America's Sixty Families. New York: Vanguard Press, 1937.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rich and the Super-Rich: A Study in the Power of Money Today. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1968.
Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rockefeller Syndrome. Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1975.
Manchester, William R. A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1959.
Moscow, Alvin. The Rockefeller Inheritance. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1977.
Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
Nevins, Allan. Study In Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.
Okrent, Daniel. Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center. New York: Viking Press, 2003.
Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
Roberts, Ann Rockefeller. The Rockefeller Family Home: Kykuit. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1998.
Rockefeller, David. Memoirs. New York: Random House, 2002.
Rockefeller, Henry Oscar, ed. Rockefeller Genealogy. 4 vols. 1910 - ca.1950.
Rockefeller, John D. Random Reminiscences of Men and Events. New York: Doubleday, 1908; London: W. Heinemann. 1909; Sleepy Hollow Press and Rockefeller Archive Center, (Reprint) 1984.
Roussel, Christine. The Art of Rockefeller Center. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2006.
Scheiffarth, Engelbert. Der New Yorker Gouverneur Nelson A. Rockefeller und die Rockenfeller im Neuwieder Raum Genealogisches Jahrbuch, Vol 9, 1969, p16-41.
Sealander, Judith. Private Wealth and Public Life: Foundation Philanthropy and the Reshaping of American Social Policy, from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard. Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics Between the Two World Wars: Documents and Studies for the Social History of Mathematics in the 20th Century. Boston: Birkhauser Verlag, 2001.
Stasz, Clarice. The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
Tarbell, Ida M. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New York: Phillips & Company, 1904.
Winks, Robin W. Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst for Conservation, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Young, Edgar B. Lincoln Center: The Building of an Institution. New York: New York University Press, 1980.
See also[edit]
AIG
Asia Society
Bilderberg Group
Brookings Institution
Carnegie Corporation
Chase Bank
Chevron Corporation
Citibank
Colonial Williamsburg
Council of the Americas
Council on Foreign Relations
ExxonMobil
Ford family
General Electric
General Education Board
Grand Teton National Park
Institute for Pacific Relations
Kykuit
Lincoln Center
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
Ludlow massacre
MacArthur Foundation
McCormick family
Montgomery Burns
Museum of Modern Art
Population Council
Rainbow Room
RCA
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller Foundation
Rockefeller Republican
Rockefeller University
Rothschild family
Spelman College
Standard Oil
Trilateral Commission
United Nations Association
University of Chicago
Venrock Associates
Gianni Agnelli
William Adams Delano (Delano & Aldrich)
J. Richardson Dilworth
Allen Dulles
John Foster Dulles
Henry Morrison Flagler
Frederick Taylor Gates
Wallace Harrison
Richard Holbrooke
Henry Kissinger
Ivy Lee
William Lyon Mackenzie King
John J. McCloy
Richard Parsons
Charles Pratt
Henry H. Rogers
George Shultz
Jerry Speyer
Ida Tarbell
Paul Volcker
John C. Whitehead
James Wolfensohn
Owen D. Young
William Zeckendorf
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ World's largest private fortune - see Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr., London: Warner Books, 1998. (p.370)
Jump up ^ The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis, David N. Gibbs, University of Chicago Press 1991, page 113
Jump up ^ The Rockefeller inheritance, Alvin Moscow, Doubleday 1977, page 418
Jump up ^ Martin, Albro (1999), "John D. Rockefeller", Encyclopedia Americana, 23
Jump up ^ Chernow 1998, p. 52.
Jump up ^ "The 9 most amazing facts about John D. Rockefeller". Oil Patch Asia.
Jump up ^ The Edifice Complex: The Architecture of Power, By Deyan Sudjic, Penguin, 7 Apr 2011, page 245–255
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, OMR"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
Jump up ^ "John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Van Tassel Apartments, Rockefeller Archive Newsletter, Fall 1997" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-02-19.
Jump up ^ The Morningside Heights housing project - see David Rockefeller, Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002. (pp.385-87).
Jump up ^ "UChicago.edu, "News, Nobel"". News.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
Jump up ^ Funded colleges and Ivy League universities - see Robert Shaplen, Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964. (passim)
Jump up ^ Google Books: Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics. Books.google.com. 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Depalma, Anthony (November 15, 2005). "They Saved Land Like Rockefellers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller descendants speak out against company to which they owe their prosperity". CBS News. December 2, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Smith, Timothy R. "David Rockefeller Sr., steward of family fortune and Chase Manhattan Bank, dies at 101". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
Jump up ^ Rockarch.org; see also "New Governance at the Rockefeller Archive Center," Rockefeller Archive Center Newsletter, 2008, p.3
Jump up ^ Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC) papers on Nelson not released - see Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958, New York: Doubleday, 1996.(pp.774-5) (Note: Reich died before completing the second volume of his life.)
Jump up ^ "The Rockefeller Archive Center". Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, JDR"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
Jump up ^ Women in the family with no control over the family fortune—see Bernice Kert, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 1993. (p.100)
Jump up ^ Managing the family wealth, 1992 New York Times article Rockefeller Family Tries to Keep A Vast Fortune From Dissipating (see External Links). (Note: The names and nature of these departments may have changed since 1992.)
Jump up ^ Schwartz, John (September 21, 2014). "Rockefellers, Heirs to an Oil Fortune, Will Divest Charity of Fossil Fuels". The New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rockefeller Wayne, Valerie (30 March 2015). "The fossil fuel path is immoral and financially imprudent". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Amazon Books: Forest Hill". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
Jump up ^ Family unity maintained over the decades - see John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988. (pp.370-71, passim); David's unifying influence - see Memoirs (pp.346-7)
Jump up ^ Carnegie.Org "Rockefellers" Archived August 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Greatest benefactor of medicine in history - see Ron Chernow, Titan: op.cit. (p.570)
Jump up ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "JDR Jr"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
Jump up ^ New York Times, November 21, 2006
Jump up ^ Barbara Gamarekian (1991-03-15). "Museum Honors All Rockefellers and Gifts". Washington Post. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Jene Stonesifer (1991-03-14). "Rockefellers and Design". Washington Post. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Cornell.Edu "Infobase" Retrieved 2007-01-30.
Jump up ^ Restorations and constructions in France, Egypt, Greece and Jerusalem - see Memoirs, (pp.44-48).
Jump up ^ Chernow, R. (1998). Titan: The life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
Jump up ^ Deutsch, Claudia H. (15 January 2006). "AT LUNCH WITH: WENDY GORDON; Living Green, but Allowing for Shades of Gray".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Berger, Joseph, "A Rockefeller Known Not for Wealth but for His Efforts to Help", New York Times, June 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Santora, Marc, "Richard Rockefeller Killed in New York Plane Crash", New York Times, June 13, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
Jump up ^ Fallows, James, "Richard Rockefeller, MD What would you do, if you could do anything? An inspiring answer to that question.", June 14, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
References[edit]
Rose, Kenneth W., Select Rockefeller Philanthropies, Booklet (pdf, 23 pages) of the Rockefeller Archive Center, 2004.
Origin of Rockenfeld, in German
Descendants of Goddard Rockenfeller
Listing of University of Chicago Nobel Laureates, News Office, University of Chicago website, undated.
Depalma, Anthony, They Saved Land Like Rockefellers, The New York Times Archive, November 15, 2005.
Carnegie Corporation of New York, Celebrating 100 years of Andrew Carnegie's Philanthropy - awarding the inaugural Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy to David and Laurance Rockefeller, 2001.
The Rockefeller Archive Center, John D. Rockefeller, Junior, 1874–1960, Overview of his life and philanthropy, 1997.
Strom, Stephanie, Manhattan: A Rockefeller Plans a Huge Bequest, The New York Times Archive, November 21, 2006.
O'Connell, Dennis, Top 10 Richest Men Of All Time, AskMen.com, undated.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rockefeller family.
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children of Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910–2004)
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children of David Rockefeller (1915–2017)
children of Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller (1899–1983)
John Davison Rockefeller IV
Hope Aldrich Rockefeller
Alida Ferry Rockefeller
Rodman Clark Rockefeller
Steven Clark Rockefeller
Michael Clark Rockefeller
Mark Fitler Rockefeller
Laura Spelman Rockefeller
Marion French Rockefeller
Lucy Aldrich Rockefeller
Laurance Spelman Rockefeller Jr.

Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
Abigail Aldrich Rockefeller
Margaret Dulany Rockefeller
Richard Gilder Rockefeller
Eileen Rockefeller
Godfrey Anderson Rockefeller
children of John Davison Rockefeller IV (1937)
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children of Rodman Clark Rockefeller (1932–2000)
Meile Louise Rockefeller
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