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Super Bowl XXXIV
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Super Bowl XXXIV
St. Louis Rams
(NFC)
Tennessee Titans
(AFC)
23 16
1
2
3
4
Total
STL 3 6 7 7 23
TEN 0 0 6 10 16
Date
January 30, 2000 (2000-01-30)
Stadium
Georgia Dome, Atlanta, Georgia
MVP
Kurt Warner, Quarterback
Favorite
Rams by 7[1][2]
Referee
Bob McElwee
Attendance
72,625[3]
Future Hall of Famers
Rams: Marshall Faulk, Orlando Pace, Kurt Warner
Titans: Bruce Matthews
Ceremonies
National anthem
Faith Hill
Coin toss
Super Bowl IV participants: Bud Grant, Lamar Hunt, Bobby Bell, Paul Krause, Willie Lanier, Alan Page, and Jan Stenerud
Halftime show
Phil Collins, Christina Aguilera, Enrique Iglesias, Toni Braxton, and Edward James Olmos
TV in the United States
Network
ABC
Announcers
Al Michaels, Boomer Esiason, Lesley Visser and Lynn Swann
Nielsen ratings
43.3
(est. 88.5 million viewers)[4]
Market share
63
Cost of 30-second commercial
$2.2 million
← XXXIII
Super Bowl
XXXV →
Super Bowl XXXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams (now the Los Angeles Rams) and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Tennessee Titans to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1999 season. The Rams defeated the Titans by the score of 23–16, capturing their first Super Bowl win and first NFL championship since 1951.[5] The game, played on January 30, 2000 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, was the fourth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games (the previous time this happened was Super Bowl XXVIII, and coincidentally that game was also played on January 30 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta).[6]
The Rams entered their second Super Bowl in team history with an NFC-best 13–3 regular season record. It was the franchise's first playoff appearance since 1989, when they were still in Los Angeles. The Titans, who were originally the Houston Oilers, also finished the regular season with a 13–3 record, but advanced to their first Super Bowl in team history after entering the playoffs as a wild-card team. Tennessee finished in second place in the AFC Central division behind the 14–2 Jacksonville Jaguars.[7]
The first two quarters of Super Bowl XXXIV were largely a defensive battle. Despite outgaining the Titans in total offensive yards in the first half, 294–89,[8] the Rams held only a 9–0 halftime lead on three field goals. St. Louis later scored their first touchdown midway through the 3rd quarter to go up 16–0. Tennessee then responded by scoring 16 consecutive points to tie the game with 2:12 left in regulation. This was the largest deficit to be erased in a Super Bowl and the first deficit that was greater than 10 points. On the Rams' ensuing drive, quarterback Kurt Warner completed a 73-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Isaac Bruce to regain the lead. The Titans then drove to the St. Louis 10-yard line with six seconds remaining, but on the final play of the game, Rams linebacker Mike Jones tackled Tennessee wide receiver Kevin Dyson one yard short of the goal line to prevent a potential game-tying touchdown. This play went into NFL lore as One Yard Short, or simply The Tackle.[9] Warner was then named Super Bowl MVP, becoming the sixth player to win both that award and the NFL MVP during the same season.[10][11] At the time, his 414 passing yards and 45 pass attempts without an interception broke Super Bowl records.[12][13][14]
This game is often referred to as the "Dot-com Super Bowl" due to the large amount of advertisements purchased by dot-com companies.[15][16] This game was later featured as one of NFL's Greatest Games as The Longest Yard.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 St. Louis Rams
1.2 Tennessee Titans
1.3 Playoffs
2 Pre-game notes
3 Television and entertainment
3.1 Pregame ceremonies
3.2 Halftime show
3.3 Commercials
4 Game summary
4.1 First Half
4.2 Third Quarter
4.3 Fourth Quarter
4.4 The final play
4.5 After the game
4.6 Box score
4.7 Statistical overview
5 Final statistics
5.1 Statistical comparison
5.2 Individual leaders
5.3 Records Set
6 Starting lineups
7 Officials
8 References
9 External links
10 See also
Background[edit]
NFL owners awarded Super Bowl XXXIV to Atlanta during their October 31, 1996 meeting held in New Orleans. Other cities under consideration were Miami, Tampa, and Los Angeles. Owners initially planned on selecting only two hosts (XXXIII and XXXIV), but decided to name three after strong showings by the respective delegations. Miami, Atlanta, and Tampa were selected to host XXXIII, XXXIV, and XXXV, respectively.[17][18]
St. Louis Rams[edit]
Further information: 1999 St. Louis Rams season
The Rams entered 1999 having been among the league's stragglers for a decade. The reasons are many, including, some suggest, mismanagement by executive John Shaw. The franchise moved to a taxpayer-funded stadium in St. Louis, Missouri for the 1995 season but continued to struggle. In 1997, the team hired Dick Vermeil as their head coach, bringing him back to the NFL after 15 years of retirement. Vermeil had previously turned the Philadelphia Eagles from one of the worst teams in the league into a Super Bowl team in 1980, but his first two seasons in St. Louis were hardly stellar, winning just 5 games in 1997 and 4 in 1998.
Little was expected of the Rams for 1999. Indeed, ESPN The Magazine's 1999 NFL preview predicted the Rams would be the worst team in the NFL; worse even than the Cleveland Browns, who had returned as an expansion team that year.
The Rams proceeded to shock the NFL with an NFC-best 13–3 regular season record and outscored their opponents 526–242, the highest scoring margin (284) of any Super Bowl champion. This was the Rams' first playoff appearance since 1989 and only the second Super Bowl appearance in team history.[19] St. Louis was led by undrafted quarterback Kurt Warner, who started the season as a backup to Trent Green. Green suffered a season-ending knee injury in the preseason, making Warner the team's new starter. Warner previously played for the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League and the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe.[20]
In his first NFL season in 1998, Warner played only one game and threw just 11 passes. But in 1999, he experienced one of the most spectacular seasons ever by a quarterback, recording a passer rating of 109.2, completing 65.1 percent of his passes for 4,353 yards, 41 touchdowns, and just 13 interceptions, and earning the NFL Most Valuable Player Award. Warner was not the only Rams player compiling significant statistics, though. Running back Marshall Faulk, in his first year in St. Louis after spending five seasons with the Indianapolis Colts, won the NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award. He scored 12 touchdowns, rushed for 1,381 yards, and recorded a team-leading 87 receptions for 1,048 yards. In all, Faulk gained a record 2,429 total yards and became just the second running back in NFL history to gain over 1,000 yards rushing and receiving in the same season (Roger Craig was the first to do it, in 1985).[21] Faulk held the NFL record for yards from scrimmage in a single season until Tennessee's Chris Johnson broke it in 2009.
Faulk wasn’t the only weapon at Warner's disposal in 1999. Veteran receiver Isaac Bruce was the top Rams receiver with 77 receptions for 1,165 yards and 12 touchdowns. while breakout rookie wide receiver Torry Holt recorded 52 receptions, 788 yards, and 6 touchdowns. Even the team's third wide receiver, Az-Zahir Hakim, was a big contributor by catching 36 passes for 677 yards and 8 touchdowns, while also returning punts for 461 yards and another touchdown. The Rams' offensive line was led by Pro Bowlers Orlando Pace and Adam Timmerman. Timmerman, acquired by the Rams in 1999, had previously won Super Bowl XXXI with the Green Bay Packers. On special teams, receiver Tony Horne returned 30 kickoffs for 892 yards and 2 touchdowns, giving him an NFL-leading 29.7 yards per return average.[22]
Overall, St. Louis' offense led the league in total yards gained (6,639), scoring (526 points), and passing touchdowns (42).
The Rams' defense led the league in fewest rushing yards allowed (1,189) and fewest rushing touchdowns allowed (4), while giving up just 242 points. Overall, the defense ranked 4th in the league in fewest total yards allowed (5,056).[21] The line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive end Kevin Carter and defensive end Grant Wistrom. Carter led the league with 17 sacks, while Wistrom recorded 8.5 sacks and 2 interceptions, returning both for touchdowns and a combined total of 131 yards. Behind them, the Rams had three linebackers: London Fletcher (66 tackles and 3 sacks), Mike Jones (4 interceptions for 96 return yards and 2 touchdowns, and 2 fumble recoveries for 51 return yards and 1 touchdown), and Todd Collins (72 tackles, 1 sack, and 2 interceptions for 16 yards). The secondary was led by Pro Bowler Todd Lyght (6 interceptions), Dexter McCleon (4 interceptions), and rookie Dré Bly (3 interceptions).[23]
Tennessee Titans[edit]
Further information: 1999 Tennessee Titans season
The Titans advanced to their first Super Bowl in team history, after originating as a charter member of the American Football League.[24] From 1960 to 1996, the team was owned by Houston, Texas businessman Bud Adams and known as the Houston Oilers. By 1995, however, Adams, like Frontiere, was lured to move his team from Houston, in this case to a new stadium in Nashville, Tennessee. Since this new stadium was not ready until the 1999 season, Adams decided to move his team to Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee in 1997 after playing before small Houston crowds in 1996.
The renamed Tennessee Oilers also played before sparse Memphis crowds, and thus spent the 1998 season playing at Nashville's Vanderbilt Stadium. After the new Adelphia Coliseum (now known as Nissan Stadium) was completed in 1999, the team's name was changed to Tennessee Titans.[25] [26] With Tennessee's Super Bowl appearance, every former AFL team had now played in the Super Bowl, including the original eight AFL teams and two AFL expansion teams: the Miami Dolphins and the Cincinnati Bengals.
The 1999 Titans were led by quarterback Steve McNair and running back Eddie George. McNair had missed five games due to injuries during the season, but he was still able to put up solid numbers, throwing for 2,179 yards and 12 touchdowns with only 8 interceptions. Despite his injury problems, McNair finished the season as the second-leading rusher on the team with 337 yards and scoring 8 touchdowns. George also had an outstanding season, rushing for 1,304 yards, and catching 47 passes for 458 yards (his receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns were all career highs). In all, George scored a grand total of 13 rushing and receiving touchdowns, and was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the 3rd consecutive year.[27]
Another contributor on the Titans' offense was fullback Lorenzo Neal, who frequently served as George's lead blocker and was widely considered one of the best blocking backs in the league. The team did not have any outstanding deep threats, but wide receiver Yancey Thigpen recorded 38 receptions for 648 yards, wide receiver Kevin Dyson had 54 receptions for 658 yards, and tight end Frank Wycheck caught 69 passes for 641 yards. Up front, their line was anchored by Pro Bowl tackle Bruce Matthews.[28]
Tennessee's defense was also extremely effective. Pro Bowl defensive end Jevon Kearse anchored the line, recording 14.5 sacks to go along with 8 forced fumbles and was named the NFL's Defensive Rookie of the Year. The linebacking corps was led by Eddie Robinson, who recorded 64 tackles and 6 sacks. Their secondary was led by cornerback Samari Rolle, who led the team with 4 interceptions.[29]
The Titans finished the regular season with a 13–3 record (including a home win over the Rams), but finished second behind the 14–2 Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Central. The Jaguars' only two losses were to the Titans, but Tennessee's three losses forced them to enter the playoffs as a wild-card team.[30]
Playoffs[edit]
For more details on this topic, see 1999–2000 NFL playoffs.
Playing in his first ever NFL playoff game, Warner threw for 395 yards and 5 touchdowns, with 1 interception, as the Rams defeated the Minnesota Vikings, 49–37, by scoring 35 unanswered points in the second half. Bruce caught 4 passes for 133 yards and a touchdown. Faulk gained 101 combined rushing/receiving yards and scored 2 touchdowns. Although Vikings quarterback Jeff George threw for 423 yards and 4 touchdowns, three of his scores occurred late in the 4th quarter, after the Rams had already put the game away.[31]
The Rams then narrowly defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 11–6 in a hard-fought defensive struggle in the NFC Championship Game. The first half ended with the Rams leading 5–3 on a Jeff Wilkins field goal and after a bad snap by the Buccaneers went through their own end zone for a safety. Tampa Bay then scored a field goal in the 3rd quarter to take the lead. But Warner threw a 30-yard go-ahead touchdown pass to receiver Ricky Proehl with 4:44 left in the game.[32]
Meanwhile, the Titans started out their postseason by narrowly defeating the Buffalo Bills, 22–16 on a famous, trick kickoff return play that became known in NFL lore as the Music City Miracle. Tennessee jumped to a 12–0 halftime lead with an Al Del Greco field goal, a safety by Kearse, and a McNair touchdown run. However, Buffalo came back to take the lead, 13–12 with Antowain Smith's two touchdown runs in the second half (the two-point conversion after Smith's second touchdown failed). In the 4th quarter, the Titans regained the lead after Del Greco kicked his second field goal. With 16 seconds left in the game, Bills kicker Steve Christie made what seemed to be the game-winning 41-yard field goal to give his team the lead, 16–15. However, Neal received the ensuing kickoff and handed the ball off to Wycheck, who then lateraled the ball to Dyson on the other side of the field, who eventually ran 75 yards to the end zone for the game-winning touchdown.[33] The play was reviewed to determine whether Wycheck had lateraled the ball to Dyson or made an illegal forward pass. Referee Phil Luckett upheld the original call on the field of a touchdown, giving Tennessee the win.
The Titans then defeated the Indianapolis Colts 19–16. After both teams exchanged field goals in the first half, George scored on a 68-yard touchdown run to give his team a 13–9 lead. Del Greco then kicked two more field goals in the 4th quarter to put the game away. George finished the game with a franchise playoff record 162 rushing yards and a touchdown, while Del Greco made four field goals.[34]
The Titans then eliminated the Jacksonville Jaguars, 33–14, in the AFC Championship Game. The Jaguars finished the 1999 regular season with a league-best 14–2 record, and advanced to the AFC title game after crushing the Miami Dolphins 62–7 and limiting future Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino to just 11 of 25 completions for 95 yards and 1 touchdown, with 2 interceptions. However, Tennessee's defense dominated the Jaguars in the AFC Championship Game, forcing 6 turnovers.[35] Jacksonville led 14–10 at halftime, but the Titans then scored 23 unanswered points on two touchdown runs by McNair, a safety, and Derrick Mason's 80-yard kickoff return for a touchdown. Although McNair passed for only 112 yards and one touchdown with one interception, he rushed for 91 yards and 2 touchdowns on 9 carries. George rushed for 86 yards and caught 3 passes for 19 yards.[36]
Pre-game notes[edit]
In January 2000, two ice storms struck the Atlanta area within a week of each other. The second storm occurred during the week the Super Bowl was hosted. Despite the rare adverse weather conditions, city and state crews kept streets and sidewalks free of ice, and MARTA public transport kept running. The Atlanta region does not receive more ice storms than most other areas of the country, and Super Bowl XXXIV was played indoors and unaffected by the elements. But some residents believe the poor weather during Super Bowl week negatively impacted the city's chances of hosting another Super Bowl, including the bid it lost for the Super Bowl XLIII.[37] That bid included meteorological data showing the rarity of such storms in the area.[38]
Nashville, home of the Titans, is also the midway point of the Atlanta-St. Louis highway corridor, which contains the entirety of Interstate 24, and uses other highways to complete the route.
This is, to date, the most recent Super Bowl in which neither team had won a Super Bowl before.
Television and entertainment[edit]
ABC televised the game in the United States with play-by-play announcer Al Michaels and color commentator Boomer Esiason. Chris Berman from Disney-owned corporate sibling ESPN hosted all the events. Berman was joined by fellow ESPN analyst Steve Young, while ESPN's Mike Tirico was on hand for the post-game presentation of the Vince Lombardi Trophy. Lesley Visser and Lynn Swann served as sideline reporters.
It was also the first Super Bowl to be aired in high definition and 5.1 Dolby Digital. ABC Sports chose to use the 720p format.[39]
Ironically, the ABC affiliate in St. Louis, KDNL-TV, has been regarded as one of the network's weakest affiliates since joining the network in 1995[citation needed]. The previous ABC affiliate, KTVI, in contrast, was one of the strongest affiliates[citation needed] – it had become a Fox station in 1995, and thus, has televised the majority of the Rams' games in this period.
The game was later featured as one of the NFL's Greatest Games as The Longest Yard.
Pregame ceremonies[edit]
The pregame show featured a tribute to "The Great American Music of the 20th Century". Narrated by the Smothers Brothers, the show highlighted some of the unique American musical styles such as gospel, big band, classical, country and rock. Singers Tina Turner and Travis Tritt along with the Georgia Tech Marching Band and the Georgia Mass Choir performed during the show.
Country singer Faith Hill then sang the national anthem.
To celebrate the 30th anniversary of Super Bowl IV, the following participants of the game were featured during the coin toss ceremony: Bud Grant, Lamar Hunt, Bobby Bell, Paul Krause, Willie Lanier, Alan Page, and Jan Stenerud.[40]
Halftime show[edit]
The E-Trade halftime show was produced by Disney and titled "Tapestry of Nations" after the Epcot parade of the same name. The show, narrated by actor Edward James Olmos, was inspired by Walt Disney World's millennium celebration. It featured a full symphony orchestra conducted by Steven Byess; a multi-generational, 80-person choir; and singers Phil Collins, Christina Aguilera, Enrique Iglesias, Tina Turner, and Toni Braxton.[41]
Setlist:[42]
"When the Heartache Is Over/Proud Mary" (Tina Turner)
"Reflections of Earth" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand" (Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias)
"Tapestry of Nations" Instrumental (Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack)
"Two Worlds" (Phil Collins)
"We Go On" (Toni Braxton)
Commercials[edit]
Main article: Dot-com commercials during Super Bowl XXXIV
This game is often referred to as the "dot-com" Super Bowl since it was held during the height of the dot-com bubble, and several Internet companies purchased television commercials. E-Trade ran a commercial featuring a chimpanzee dancing in an E-Trade T-shirt and the text "Well, we just wasted 2 million bucks." Lifeminders.com ran a commercial of plain typewritten text beginning with the line "This is the worst commercial on the Super Bowl. But it might be the best thing you see tonight." Pets.com famously paid millions for an advertisement featuring a sock puppet, though the company would collapse before the end of the year.[43]
Game summary[edit]
First Half[edit]
The two teams’ defenses seemed to dominate most of the first half. The Rams started the game out strong by taking the opening kickoff and marching to the Tennessee 17-yard line. But on third down, safety Blaine Bishop pressured quarterback Kurt Warner to throw an incomplete pass. Then the ensuing field goal attempt failed when punter/holder Mike Horan fumbled the snap. The Titans responded by moving the ball to the St. Louis 29-yard line, aided with running back Eddie George's 32-yard reception. However, they also came up empty after kicker Al Del Greco missed a 47-yard field goal attempt.
For the rest of the half, the Titans were forced to punt on all of their possessions. In contrast, the Rams were able to reach inside the Tennessee 20-yard line on all four of their remaining drives before halftime, but on each one, the Titans' defense forced St. Louis to settle for field goal attempts from kicker Jeff Wilkins, who was successful in making three of them, but missed one attempt from 34 yards. The Rams ended up leading at halftime, 9–0, but their scoring margin over the Titans seemed somewhat small, considering they drove into scoring range on every one of their first-half possessions and outgained Tennessee in total yards, 294–89.
Third Quarter[edit]
Both teams' offenses started to get going in the second half. The Titans took the opening kickoff of the 3rd quarter and drove 43 yards to the St. Louis 29-yard line. But Tennessee remained scoreless after defensive back Todd Lyght blocked Del Greco's 47-yard field goal attempt. After that, Warner converted a third down situation with a completion to Marshall Faulk, then on the next two plays threw a 31-yard strike to wide receiver Isaac Bruce and a 16-yard completion to tight end Ernie Conwell before finishing the 68-yard drive with a 9-yard touchdown pass to Torry Holt, giving St. Louis a 16–0 lead. On the completion to Conwell, Bishop combined to make the tackle, but suffered a spinal injury and had to leave the game. The game was delayed for several minutes while Bishop was being treated.
Tennessee wide receiver Derrick Mason returned the ensuing kickoff 35 yards to the 34-yard line. From there, five runs by George good for 24 yards, three completions from quarterback Steve McNair to tight end Frank Wycheck for 15 yards and a run by McNair for two advanced the ball to the St. Louis 25-yard line. Then McNair scrambled 23 yards to the 2-yard line, setting up a 1-yard touchdown run by George two plays later. The touchdown cut the Titans' deficit to 16–6 after McNair's pass to Wycheck on the two-point conversion attempt fell incomplete.[44]
Fourth Quarter[edit]
The Titans' first score sparked them to rally. After forcing the Rams to punt on their ensuing possession, a pair of 21-yard completions from McNair to tight end Jackie Harris and wide receiver Isaac Byrd aided a 13-play, 79-yard drive that was capped by George's 2-yard touchdown run to make the score 16–13. The Tennessee defense then forced the Rams to a three-and-out, and Horan's 30-yard punt gave the Titans the ball back at their 47-yard line. The Titans' offense then drove only 28 yards on their ensuing possession, but it was close enough for Del Greco to attempt a 43-yard field goal. This time, Del Greco's kick was good, tying the score at 16–16 with just 2:12 left in the game. The 16-point deficit was the largest deficit to be erased in a Super Bowl and the first greater than 10 points. It was also the first time in any Super Bowl a team down double digits in the 4th quarter had tied the game. Also, however, the Titans only tied the game and hadn't yet gained the lead.
Then on the Rams' first play of their ensuing drive, Warner threw a long pass that was caught at the Titans' 38-yard line by Bruce, who then ran it all the way into the end zone for a 73-yard touchdown to give St. Louis a 23–16 lead. Likewise, in the 1951 NFL Championship Game, quarterback Norm Van Brocklin's 73-yard game-winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Tom Fears broke a 17–17 tie in the fourth quarter and gave the Rams a seven-point victory to win the NFL title.[45] Warner's touchdown pass to Bruce was his only completion of the 4th quarter.
The Titans took over the ball at their own 12-yard line with 1:48 left in the game after committing a holding penalty on the ensuing kickoff. McNair started out the drive with a pair of completions to Mason and Wycheck for gains of 9 and 7 yards to reach the 28-yard line. After an incomplete pass, defensive back Dré Bly's 15-yard facemask penalty while tackling McNair on a 12-yard scramble gave the Titans a 1st down at the St. Louis 45-yard line. On the next play, St. Louis was penalized 5 yards for being offsides, moving the ball to the 40-yard line with 59 seconds left. McNair then ran for 2 yards, then threw a 7-yard completion to wide receiver Kevin Dyson. On the next play, Tennessee nearly lost the ball when Bly stepped in front of a pass intended for Mason, only to have it go right through his arms. Two plays later, with the Titans facing 3rd down and 5 to go, McNair was hit by two Rams defenders, but he escaped and completed a 16-yard pass to Dyson to gain a 1st down at the Rams 10-yard line. Tennessee then used up their final timeout with just six seconds left in the game, giving them a chance for one last play. This final play has gone down in NFL history as simply "The Tackle".[46][47]
The final play[edit]
On the final play of Super Bowl XXXIV, Rams' linebacker Mike Jones applies The Tackle to Titans receiver Kevin Dyson, who fell one yard short of the goal line.
The Titans had just used their final timeout with six seconds remaining. With the ball on the Rams' 10-yard line, the Titans were trailing by a touchdown and had one last opportunity to tie the game. The plan was to use tight end Frank Wycheck as a decoy. Wycheck would run straight up the field on the right side, to lure linebacker Mike Jones away from receiver Kevin Dyson. Dyson would then slant left through the middle of the field. With Jones occupying Wycheck, quarterback Steve McNair would pass the ball to Dyson, who would be open from about five yards out for the score.
As the play began, everything appeared to go as planned. Jones ran with Wycheck up the field at the beginning of the play. However, as the pass was being delivered to Dyson, Jones, who was at the goal line, glanced over his left shoulder and noticed an open Dyson catching the ball. Jones switched directions and ran towards the Titans receiver. Dyson ran directly toward the end zone, but his legs were wrapped up by Jones with about two and a half yards left to the goal line.
Since Dyson was being tackled by the legs, there was still the possibility he could reach towards the end zone and get the ball across the goal line. Both players went into a rolling motion as Dyson outstretched his hand with the football towards the goal line in the hopes of scoring the touchdown. Though his reach was close, and the ball mere inches away from the end zone, it was still not enough to score. As the rolling motion came to an end, with Jones now on top of Dyson's legs, his shoulder had touched the ground and, therefore, the game was over. Had Dyson scored and the extra point been converted, it would have been the first Super Bowl ever to go into overtime. Alternatively, had Dyson scored, the Titans could have attempted a 2-point conversion for the outright win.
Considering the magnitude of the Super Bowl, and the wild game that preceded it, "The Tackle" is considered one of the greatest and most exciting game-ending plays in modern NFL history. The image of Dyson stretching the ball towards the goal line with Jones wrapped around him has become a staple of NFL highlights. ESPN.com ranked "The Tackle" as the 35th greatest moment of the past 25 years in sports (as of 2007).[48] NFL.com ranked Jones' tackle of Dyson as the fourth greatest clutch moment in Super Bowl history.[49] Fox Sports ranked The Tackle as the Greatest Clutch Play in Super Bowl History (as of 2007). Like Dallas Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown, Jones was included on the NFL Network's "Top 10 One-Hit Wonders" list (Jones was #10, Brown was #3), although Jones also mirrored Brown in having a solid if unspectacular career outside of his Super Bowl heroics.
After the game[edit]
Kurt Warner at the Super Bowl XXXIV post-game press conference.
After the game, many sports writers commented on Warner's rise from an unknown backup to a Super Bowl MVP, but Warner himself wasn't impressed by it. "How can you be in awe of something that you expect yourself to do?" Warner pointed out. "People think this season is the first time I touched a football; they don't realize I've been doing this for years – just not on this level, because I never got the chance. Sure, I had my tough times, but you don't sit there and say, 'Wow, I was stocking groceries five years ago, and look at me now.' You don't think about it, and when you do achieve something, you know luck has nothing to do with it."
However, he later told The New York Times "I guess it is sort of a storybook ending. When you think about where I was and where I am now, it seems pretty incredible."[50]
Box score[edit]
Super Bowl XXXIV: St. Louis Rams 23, Tennessee Titans 16
1
2
3
4
Total
Rams 3 6 7 7 23
Titans 0 0 6 10 16
at Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Date: January 30, 2000
Game time: 6:25 p.m. EST
Game weather: Played indoors, domed stadium
[hide]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
STL
TEN
1 3:00 6 54 2:48 STL 27-yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 3 0
2 4:16 11 73 5:13 STL 29-yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 6 0
2 0:15 14 67 3:23 STL 28-yard field goal by Jeff Wilkins 9 0
3 7:20 8 68 3:59 STL Torry Holt 9-yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner, Jeff Wilkins kick good 16 0
3 0:14 12 66 7:06 TEN Eddie George 1-yard touchdown run, 2-point pass failed 16 6
4 7:21 13 79 7:15 TEN Eddie George 2-yard touchdown run, Al Del Greco kick good 16 13
4 2:12 8 28 4:05 TEN 43-yard field goal by Al Del Greco 16 16
4 1:54 1 73 0:18 STL Isaac Bruce 73-yard touchdown reception from Kurt Warner, Jeff Wilkins kick good 23 16
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
23
16
Statistical overview[edit]
Bruce caught 6 passes for 162 yards (3rd highest) and a touchdown, an average of 27 yards per catch. Holt had 7 receptions for 109 yards (the most ever by a rookie in a Super Bowl) and a touchdown. Bruce and Holt became the fourth pair of teammates to each have over 100 yards receiving in a Super Bowl, joining the Steelers' John Stallworth and Lynn Swann in Super Bowl XIII, the Bengals' Cris Collinsworth and Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI, and the Redskins' Gary Clark and Art Monk in Super Bowl XXVI.[51]
Rams starting running back Marshall Faulk was held to just 17 rushing yards, but gained 90 receiving yards on 5 receptions. McNair set a Super Bowl record for rushing yards by a quarterback, recording 64 yards on 8 carries. He also completed 22 out of 36 passes for 214 yards. George finished the game with 95 rushing yards, 35 receiving yards, and 2 touchdowns. Harris was the top receiver for Tennessee with 7 catches for 64 yards. Mason returned 5 kickoffs for 122 yards, and caught 2 passes for 18 yards.[52]
Rams coach Dick Vermeil became the oldest coach ever to win a Super Bowl (age 63). He also set the record for the longest amount of time between going to his first Super Bowl (Super Bowl XV in the 1980 season) to winning it for the first time.
This is the second, and to date, most recent, Super Bowl in which neither team committed any turnovers. The only other Super Bowl to date with this distinction is Super Bowl XXV.
Final statistics[edit]
Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIV, Super Bowl XXXIV Play Finder StL, Super Bowl XXXIV Play Finder Ten,USA Today Super Bowl XXXIV Play by Play
Statistical comparison[edit]
St. Louis Rams
Tennessee Titans
First downs 23 27
First downs rushing 1 12
First downs passing 18 13
First downs penalty 4 2
Third down efficiency 5/12 6/13
Fourth down efficiency 0/1 1/1
Net yards rushing 29 159
Rushing attempts 13 36
Yards per rush 2.2 4.4
Passing – Completions/attempts 24/45 22/36
Times sacked-total yards 1–7 1–6
Interceptions thrown 0 0
Net yards passing 407 208
Total net yards 436 367
Punt returns-total yards 2–8 1–(–1)
Kickoff returns-total yards 4–55 5–122
Interceptions-total return yards 0–0 0–0
Punts-average yardage 2–38.5 3–43.0
Fumbles-lost 2–0 1–0
Penalties-total yards 8–60 7–45
Time of possession 23:34 36:26
Turnovers 0 0
Individual leaders[edit]
Rams Passing
C/ATT1
Yds
TD
INT
Rating
Kurt Warner 24/45 414 2 0 99.7
Rams Rushing
Car2
Yds
TD
LG3
Yds/Car
Marshall Faulk 10 17 0 4 1.70
Robert Holcombe 1 11 0 11 11.00
Kurt Warner 1 1 0 1 1.00
Mike Horan 1 0 0 0 0.00
Rams Receiving
Rec4
Yds
TD
LG3
Target5
Torry Holt 7 109 1 32 11
Isaac Bruce 6 162 1 73 12
Marshall Faulk 5 90 0 52 6
Az-Zahir Hakim 1 17 0 17 5
Ernie Conwell 1 16 0 16 1
Ricky Proehl 1 11 0 11 4
Roland Williams 1 9 0 9 2
Robert Holcombe 1 1 0 1 1
Fred Miller 1 –1 0 –1 1
Titans Passing
C/ATT1
Yds
TD
INT
Rating
Steve McNair 22/36 214 0 0 77.8
Titans Rushing
Car2
Yds
TD
LG3
Yds/Car
Eddie George 28 95 2 13 3.39
Steve McNair 8 64 0 23 8.00
Titans Receiving
Rec4
Yds
TD
LG3
Target5
Jackie Harris 7 64 0 21 8
Frank Wycheck 5 35 0 13 8
Kevin Dyson 4 41 0 16 8
Eddie George 2 35 0 32 4
Isaac Byrd 2 21 0 21 3
Derrick Mason 2 18 0 9 4
Chris Sanders 0 0 0 0 1
1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted
Records Set[edit]
The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXIV, according to the official NFL.com boxscore,[53] the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book[54] and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary.[55]
Player Records Set [55]
Most passing yards, game 414 Kurt Warner0(St. Louis)
Most attempts, without
interception, game 45
Most rushing yards, game, quarterback 64 Steve McNair0(Tennessee)
Records Tied
Most punts, career 17 Mike Horan0(St. Louis)
Team Records Set [55]
Most yards passing (net) 407 yds Rams
Records Tied
Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Rams
Fewest first downs rushing 1
Most first downs, passing 18
Most first downs, penalty 4
Fewest turnovers, game 0 Rams
Titans
Fewest points, first half 0 Titans
Fewest punt return yards gained, game –1 yards
Fewest passing touchdowns 0
Turnovers are defined as the number of times losing the ball on interceptions and fumbles.
Records Tied, both team totals [55]
Total
Rams
Titans
Most field goals attempted 7 4 3
Fewest rushing attempts 49 13 36
Most passing yards (net) 615 407 208
Most first downs, penalty 6 4 2
Fewest times intercepted 0 0 0
Fewest fumbles lost 0 0 0
Fewest Turnovers 0 0 0
Starting lineups[edit]
Source:[56]
Hall of Fame‡
St. Louis
Position
Position
Tennessee
Offense
Torry Holt WR Kevin Dyson
Orlando Pace‡ LT Brad Hopkins
Tom Nütten LG Bruce Matthews‡
Mike Gruttadauria C Kevin Long
Adam Timmerman RG Benji Olson
Fred Miller RT Jon Runyan
Roland Williams TE Frank Wycheck
Isaac Bruce WR Isaac Byrd
Kurt Warner‡ QB Steve McNair
Marshall Faulk‡ RB Eddie George
Robert Holcombe FB TE Jackie Harris
Defense
Kevin Carter LE Jevon Kearse
Ray Agnew LDT Josh Evans
D'Marco Farr RDT Jason Fisk
Grant Wistrom RE Kenny Holmes
Mike Jones LLB Eddie Robinson
London Fletcher MLB Barron Wortham
Todd Collins RLB Joe Bowden
Todd Lyght LCB Denard Walker
Dexter McCleon RCB Samari Rolle
Billy Jenkins SS Blaine Bishop
Keith Lyle FS Anthony Dorsett
Special Teams
Jeff Wilkins K Al Del Greco
Mike Horan P Craig Hentrich
Officials[edit]
Referee: Bob McElwee #95 (third Super Bowl; previously worked XXII and XXVIII, the latter of which was the first Super Bowl played in Atlanta)
Umpire: Ron Botchan #110 fifth Super Bowl (XX, XXXVII, XXIX, XXI)
Head Linesman: Earnie Frantz #111 third Super Bowl (XXIV, XXXI)
Line Judge: Byron Boston #18 first Super Bowl
Field Judge: Al Jury #106 fifth Super Bowl (XX, XXII, XXIV, XXVIII)
Side Judge: Tom Fincken #47 third Super Bowl (XXIX, XXXVI)
Back Judge: Bill Leavy #127 first Super Bowl (Leavy later officiated Super Bowl XL as the referee)
Alternate Referee: Walt Coleman #65
Alternate Umpire: Bob Wagner #100[57]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ DiNitto, Marcus (January 25, 2015). "Super Bowl Betting History – Underdogs on Recent Roll". The Linemakers. Sporting News. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl History". Vegas Insider. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Winners". National Football League. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings, 1967–2009 – Ratings". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIV Sandler, Michael (2001). Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams Super Bowl XXXIV. Bearport Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59716-539-6.
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 4-5
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 5
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 5-6
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 8
Jump up ^ Following Bart Starr, Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana, Emmitt Smith, and Steve Young.
Jump up ^ Brenner (2000) p. 5
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Records: Individual - Passing". National Football League. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brenner, Richard (2000). Kurt Warner and Peyton Manning. East End Publishing. ISBN 0-943403-61-8.
Jump up ^ Warner's single game yardage record would later be broken by Tom Brady in Super Bowl LI.
Jump up ^ Shroeder, Charlie (February 2, 2008). "The Dot-Com Super Bowl". Weekend America. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Basich, Zoran (January 19, 2010). "Super Bowl Lures HomeAway, 10 Years After Dot-Com Debacle". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Florida's Super Bowls: Miami '99, Tampa '01 (part 1)". The Orlando Sentinel. November 1, 1996. p. 27. Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Florida's Super Bowls: Miami '99, Tampa '01 (part 2)". The Orlando Sentinel. November 1, 1996. p. 31. Retrieved January 17, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Sandler, Michael (2007). Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams: Super Bowl XXXIV (Super Bowl Superstars). Bearport Publishing. ISBN 1-59716-539-5.
Jump up ^ Sandler (2007) p. 18
^ Jump up to: a b Sandler (2007) p. 18-19
Jump up ^ Sandler (2007) p. 19
Jump up ^ Sandler (2007) p. 20-22
Jump up ^ Frisch, Aaron. The History of the Tennessee Titans (NFL Today). Creative Education. ISBN 1-58341-316-2.
Jump up ^ "Tennessee will have a name of its own". Tennessee Titans. July 29, 1998. Archived from the original on August 24, 2000. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Julie (2000). Tennessee Titans (NFL Today). Creative Education. ISBN 1-58341-062-7.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Jeff; Jones, Donn (2001). Tennessee Titans: Season to Remember. Sports & Entertainment Group w/Hambleton-Hill Publishing, Inc., Nashville. ISBN 1-58029-109-0.
Jump up ^ Fisher (2001) pg. 15–21
Jump up ^ Fisher (2001) pg. 17–18
Jump up ^ Fisher (2001) pg. 7
Jump up ^ Brenner (2000) page 7-8
Jump up ^ Brenner (2000) page 8
Jump up ^ Fisher (2001) pg. 28
Jump up ^ "The Official Website of the Indianapolis Colts". Colts.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIV
Jump up ^ "McNair, Titans rush into Super Bowl with win over Jags". CNN. Associated Press. February 6, 2000. Archived from the original on February 2, 2003. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Tampa to Host another Superbowl". wayback.archive.org. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Atlanta loses bid to host Super Bowl XLIII". May 25, 2005.
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 19
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 19-20
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 20
Jump up ^ [1] Archived June 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Kanner, Bernice (2003). The Super Bowl of Advertising. Bloomberg Press. ISBN 1-57660-131-5.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXIV play-by-play". USA Today. USATODAY.com. January 18, 2002.
Jump up ^ * Kurt Warner's 73-yard game-winning touchdown pass to Isaac Bruce broke a 16–16 tie in the fourth quarter and gave the Rams a seven-point victory to win the NFL title. Likewise, in the 1951 NFL Championship Game, quarterback Norm Van Brocklin's 73-yard game-winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Tom Fears broke a 17–17 tie in the fourth quarter and gave the Rams a seven-point victory to win the NFL title.
Jump up ^ Ratto, Ray (January 31, 2000). "The most Super of stops". ESPN. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Maske, Mark (January 31, 2000). "Rams Get Late Score, Final Tackle to Win, 23-16". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weinberg, Rick (August 4, 2004). "35: Rams win Super Bowl with game-ending tackle". ESPN. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reineking, Jim (February 1, 2016). "Top 50 clutch moments in Super Bowl history: 1-10". National Football League. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Mike (January 31, 2000). "SUPERBOWL XXXIV; Rams Win Super Bowl Thriller, as Titans Fall a Yard Short". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 2
Jump up ^ Michael (2001) p. 2-3
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXIV boxscore". NFL.com. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book" (PDF). National Football League. pp. 654–666. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Super Bowl XXXIV statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XXXIV–National Football League Game Summary" (PDF). National Football League. January 30, 2000. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SUPER BOWL XXXIV : RAMS VS. TITANS – NOTEBOOK; Titans Owner Is on Mission to Sign His Coach". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 28, 2000. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIV.
Super Bowl XXXIV: NFL Full Game on YouTube
Super Bowl official website
2006 NFL Record and Fact Book. Time Inc. Home Entertainment. ISBN 1-933405-32-5.
Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-933405-32-5.
The Sporting News: History of the Super Bowl (Last accessed December 4, 2005)
Super Bowl XXXIV at Pro Football Reference
Super Bowl play-by-plays from USA Today (Last accessed September 28, 2005)
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Rain of animals
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (June 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions. [show]
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A rain of fish was recorded in Singapore in 1861, when during three days of torrential rain numerous fish were found in puddles
Raining snakes, 1680.
Raining animals is a rare meteorological phenomenon in which flightless animals fall from the sky. Such occurrences have been reported in many countries throughout history.[1] One hypothesis is that tornadic waterspouts sometimes pick up creatures such as fish or frogs, and carry them for up to several miles.[1][2] However, this aspect of the phenomenon has never been witnessed by scientists.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Explanations
3 Occurrences
3.1 Fish
3.2 Spiders
3.3 Frogs and toads
3.4 Others
4 "Raining cats and dogs"
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Rain of flightless animals and things has been reported throughout history.[1] In the first century AD, Roman naturalist Pliny The Elder documented storms of frogs and fish.[4] In 1794, French soldiers witnessed toads fall from the sky during heavy rain at Lalain, near the French city of Lille.[5] Rural inhabitants in Yoro, Honduras, claim 'fish rain' happens there every summer, a phenomenon they call Lluvia de Peces.[6]
Explanations[edit]
Tornadoes and waterspouts may lift up animals into the air and deposit them miles away
French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775 – 1836) was among the first scientists to take seriously accounts of raining animals. Addressing the Society of Natural Sciences,[when?] Ampère suggested that at times frogs and toads roam the countryside in large numbers, and that violent winds could pick them up and carry them great distances.[3]
After a reported rain of fish in Singapore in 1861, French naturalist Francis de Laporte de Castelnau speculated that a migration of walking catfish had taken place, dragging themselves over land from one puddle to another, following the rain.[7]
Sometimes the animals survive the fall, suggesting the animals are dropped shortly after extraction. Several witnesses of raining frogs describe the animals as startled but healthy, and exhibiting relatively normal behavior shortly after the event. In some incidents, the animals are frozen to death or even completely encased in ice. There are examples where the product of the rain is not intact animals, but shredded body parts. Some cases occur just after storms having strong winds, especially during tornadoes.[citation needed]
A current scientific hypothesis involves tornadic waterspouts: a tornado that forms over the water.[1][8][9][10] Under this hypothesis, a tornadic waterspout transports animals to relatively high altitudes, carrying them over large distances. This hypothesis appears supported by the type of animals in these rains: small and light, usually aquatic,[11] and by the suggestion that the rain of animals is often preceded by a storm. However, the theory does not account for how all the animals involved in each individual incident would be from only one species, and not a group of similarly-sized animals from a single area.[12]
Doppler Image from Texas showing the collision of a thunderstorm with a group of bats in flight. The color red indicates the animals flying into the storm.
In the case of birds, storms may overcome a flock in flight, especially in times of migration. The image to the right shows an example wherein a group of bats is overtaken by a thunderstorm.[13] In the image, the bats are in the red zone, which corresponds to winds moving away from the radar station, and enter into a mesocyclone associated with a tornado (in green). These events may occur easily with birds, which can get killed in flight, or stunned and then fall (unlike flightless creatures, which first have to be lifted into the air by an outside force). Sometimes this happens in large groups, for instance, the blackbirds falling from the sky in Beebe, Arkansas, United States on December 31, 2010.[14] It is common for birds to become disoriented (for example, because of bad weather or fireworks) and collide with objects such as trees or buildings, killing them or stunning them into falling to their death. The number of blackbirds killed in Beebe is not spectacular considering the size of their congregations, which can be in the millions.[15] The event in Beebe, however, captured the imagination and led to more reports in the media of birds falling from the sky across the globe, such as in Sweden and Italy,[16] though many scientists claim such mass deaths are common occurrences but usually go unnoticed.[17] In contrast, it is harder to find a plausible explanation for rains of terrestrial animals.
Occurrences[edit]
The following list is a selection of examples.
Fish[edit]
Main article: Waterspout § Threat to marine animals
1555 engraving of rain of fish
Singapore, February 22, 1861[18]
Knighton, Powys, Wales, 18 August 2004.[19]
Madhesh, Nepal, May 15, 1900[20]
Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 1, 1903[21]
Marksville, Louisiana, October 23, 1947[22]
Kerala State, India, February 12, 2008[23]
Bhanwad, Jamnagar, India, Oct 24, 2009[24]
Lajamanu, Northern Territory, Australia, February 25 and 26, 2010,[25]
Loreto, Agusan del Sur, Philippines, January 13, 2012[26][27]
IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Sep 12, 2013[28]
The yearly Lluvia de Peces in Yoro, Honduras
Chilaw, Sri Lanka, 6 May 2014[29]
Nandigama, Andhra Pradesh India, 19 June 2015,[30]
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh India, 16 August 2015[31]
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 20 January 2016[32]
Pathapatnam, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, 19 May 2016[33]
Mexico, Tamaulipas, Tampico, 26 September 2017[34]
Spiders[edit]
Albury, Australia, 1974[35]
San Bernardo Mountain, Salta Province, Argentina, 2007[36]
Santo Antônio da Platina, Brazil, February 3, 2013[37]
Goulburn, Australia, 15 May 2015[35]
Frogs and toads[edit]
Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, June 2009 (occurrences reported throughout the month)[38]
Rákóczifalva, Hungary, 18–20 June 2010 (twice)[39]
Cabo Polonio, Uruguay, Since 2011 (twice)[40]
Others[edit]
Jellyfish: Bath, England, 1894[41]
Worms: Jennings, Louisiana, July 11, 2007[42]
"Raining cats and dogs"[edit]
A 19th-century English cartoon illustrating the phrase "it is raining cats and dogs" (and "pitchforks" too)
The English idiom "it is raining cats and dogs", used to describe an especially heavy rain, is of unknown etymology, and is not necessarily related to the "raining animals" phenomenon.[43] The phrase (with "polecats" instead of "cats") was used at least since the 17th century.[44][45] A number of improbable folk etymologies have been put forward to explain the phrase,[46] for example:
An "explanation" widely circulated by email claimed that in 16th-century Europe when peasant homes were commonly thatched, animals could crawl into the thatch to find shelter from the elements, and would fall out during heavy rain. However, there seems to be no evidence in support of either assertion.[47]
Drainage systems on buildings in 17th-century Europe were poor, and may have disgorged their contents during heavy showers, including the corpses of any animals that had accumulated in them. This occurrence is documented in Jonathan Swift's 1710 poem 'Description of a City Shower', in which he describes "Drowned puppies, stinking sprats, all drenched in mud,/Dead cats and turnip-tops come tumbling down the flood."
"Cats and dogs" may be a corruption of the Greek word Katadoupoi, referring to the waterfalls on the Nile,[43] possibly through the old French word catadupe ("waterfall").
The Greek phrase "kata doksa", which means "contrary to expectation" is often applied to heavy rain, but there is no evidence to support the theory that it was borrowed by English speakers.[43]
There may not be a logical explanation; the phrase may have been used just for its nonsensical humor value, like other equivalent English expressions ("it is raining pitchforks", "hammer handles", etc.).
Other languages have equally bizarre expressions for heavy rain:[48][49]
Afan Oromo: Waaqatu baqaqe ("the sky got torned")
Afrikaans: ou vrouens met knopkieries reën ("old women with clubs")
Bengali: মুষলধারে বৃষ্টি পড়ছে musholdhare brishṭi poṛchhe ("rain is falling like pestles")
Bosnian: padaju ćuskije ("crowbars")
Bosnian: lije ko iz kabla ("it's pouring like from a bucket")
Cantonese: "落狗屎" ("dog poo")
Chinese: "倾盆大雨" ("its pouring out of basins")
Catalan: Ploure a bots i barrals ("boats and barrels")
Croatian: padaju sjekire ("axes dropping")
Czech: padají trakaře ("wheelbarrows")
Czech: leje jako z konve ("like from a watering can")
Danish: det regner skomagerdrenge ("shoemakers' apprentices")
Dutch: het regent pijpenstelen ("pipe stems or stair rods")
Dutch (Flemish): het regent oude wijven ("old women")
Dutch (Flemish): het regent kattenjongen ("kittens")
Estonian: sajab nagu oavarrest ("It's raining like from a beanstalk")
Finnish: Sataa kuin Esterin perseestä ("It's raining like from Esteri's ass")
Finnish: Sataa kuin saavista kaatamalla ("It's raining like poured from a bucket")
French: il pleut comme vache qui pisse ("it is raining like a peeing cow")
French: il pleut des seaux ("it's raining buckets")
French: il pleut des hallebardes ("it is raining halberds"), clous ("nails"), or cordes ("ropes")
German: Es regnet junge Hunde ("young dogs") or Es schüttet wie aus Eimern ("like poured from buckets")
Greek: βρέχει καρεκλοπόδαρα ("chair legs")
Hindi: मुसलधार बारिश (musaldhār bārish) ("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]")
Hungarian: mintha dézsából öntenék ("like poured from a vat")
Icelandic: Það rignir eins og hellt sé úr fötu ("like poured from a bucket")
Kannada:ಮುಸಲಧಾರೆ, ಕುಂಭದ್ರೋಣ ಮಳೆ ("a stream of mallets")
Italian: piove a catinelle ("poured from a basin")
Latvian: līst kā no spaiņiem ("it's raining like from buckets")
Lithuanian: pila kaip iš kibiro ("it's pouring like from a bucket")
Malayalam: പേമാരി pemari ("mad rain")
Marathi: मुसळधार पाउस("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]")
Nepali: मुसलधारे झरी ("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]")
Norwegian: det regner trollkjerringer ("she-trolls")
Polish: leje jak z cebra ("like from a bucket")
Portuguese: chovem or está chovendo/a chover canivetes ("penknives")
Portuguese: chove a potes/baldes ("it is raining by the pot/bucket load")
Portuguese: chove a cântaros/canecos ("it is raining by the jug load")
Portuguese (Brazil): chovem cobras e lagartos ("snakes and lizards")
Portuguese (Brazil): está caindo um pau-d'água ("a stick of water is falling")
Portuguese (Brazil): está caindo um pé-d'água ("a foot of water is falling")
Romanian: plouă cu broaşte ("raining frogs")
Romanian: plouă cu găleata ("from a bucket")
Russian: льет как из ведра ("from a bucket")
Spanish: están lloviendo chuzos de punta ("shortpikes/icicles point first" - not only is it raining a lot, but it's so cold and windy that being hit by the drops hurts)
Spanish: está lloviendo a cántaros ("by the clay pot-full")
Spanish: llueven sapos y culebras ("toads and snakes")
Spanish (Argentina): caen soretes de punta ("pieces of dung head-first")
Spanish (Venezuela): está cayendo un palo de agua ("a stick of water is falling")
Spanish (Colombia): estan lloviendo maridos ("it's raining husbands")
Serbian: padaju sekire ("axes")
Swedish: Det regnar smådjävlar ("It is raining little devils")
Swedish: Det regnar småspik ("It is raining small nails")
Swedish: regnet står som spön i backen ("the rain stands like canes hitting the ground")
Tamil: பேய் மழை pei mazhi ("ghost rain")
Telugu: కుండపోత వర్షం kundapotha varsham ("torrential rain")
Turkish: bardaktan boşanırcasına ("like poured from a cup")
Urdu: musladhār bārish ("rain like a pestle [on a mortar]")
Welsh: mae hi'n bwrw hen wragedd a ffyn ("old ladies and sticks")
See also[edit]
Blood rain
Flying fish
Lluvia de Peces, (Honduras, "Fish rain")
Magnolia
Red rain in Kerala
Star jelly
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Can it rain frogs, fish or other objects". Library of Congress. August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ How can it rain fish? BBC News 20 August 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b When It Rains Animals: The Science of True Weather Weirdness. Alasdair Wilkins. March 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How can it rain fish?", by Edward Green, BBC
Jump up ^ Hasler, Joe. "Weird Stories of Objects Falling From the Sky - Explained". www.popularmechanics.com. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Rivas, Orsy Campos (November 7, 2004). "Lo que la lluvia regala a Yoro (discusses a rain of fishes that occurs annually in Honduras)". Hablemos.
Jump up ^ Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences. 52. 1861. pp. 880–81.
Jump up ^ Strange Rain: Why Fish, Frogs and Golf Balls Fall From the Skies. Sarah Zielinski, Smithsonian Magazine. 8 September 2015.
Jump up ^ What is animal rain phenomenon and how is it explained?. World Weather Online. 19 August 2014.
Jump up ^ When It Rains Animals: The Science of True Weather Weirdness. Alasdair Wilkins, iO9. 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Angwin, Richard (July 15, 2003). "Wiltshire weather". BBC.
Jump up ^ When Animals Rain From The Sky. Scribol.
Jump up ^ "Bat-eating Supercell". National Weather Service. March 19, 2006.
Jump up ^ "More than 1,000 blackbirds fall out of Arkansas sky". BBC News. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Why Are Birds Falling From the Sky?". National Geographic. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Now It's Dead Doves Falling From Sky in Italy". "AOL". 7 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "FACT CHECK: Mass bird, fish deaths occur regularly". "Associated Press". 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
Jump up ^ McAtee, Waldo L. (May 1917). "Showers of Organic Matter" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 45 (5): 223. Bibcode:1917MWRv...45..217M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1917)45<217:soom>2.0.co;2. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/features/halloween/raining_fish.shtml
Jump up ^ "Rained Fish", AP report in the Lowell (Mass.) Sun, May 16, 1900, p4
Jump up ^ "Canada Day weather through the years", reported in The Weather Network : [1] Archived 2012-06-30 at the Wayback Machine., June 27, 2012
Jump up ^ Greg Forbes. Spooky Weather. The Weather Channel. Posted: October 27, 2005 Archived December 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Fish Rain in Kerala, India
Jump up ^ "Fish Rain", reported in the India : [2], Oct 24, 2009
Jump up ^ "It's raining fish in Northern Territory", reported in news.com.au : [3], February 28, 2010
Jump up ^ Lani Nami Buan (January 15, 2012). "It's raining fish! It's normal". GMA News. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jereco O. Paloma (January 15, 2012). "Agusan's 'rain of fish' natural although unusual". SunStar Davao. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fish Rain", reported in the India : [4], Sep 12, 2013
Jump up ^ "Fish rain down on Sri Lanka village, reported in http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia : [5], 6 May 2014
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=So3c2GSXYs0
Jump up ^ Villagers wake up to find fish in fields!, The Times of India, August 17, 2015
Jump up ^ "Fish rain in diredawa Ethiopia.", http://mereja.com/news/1080799
Jump up ^ "Fish rain in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh". , One India Telugu, May 20, 2016
Jump up ^ "llovieron peces en Mexico, Tampico Tamaulipas".
^ Jump up to: a b Spiders Rain From Skies In Australian Town Of Goulburn, Huffington Post UK
Jump up ^ "It's Raining Spiders!".
Jump up ^ "Designer registra 'chuva de aranhas' em cidade do interior do Paraná". Globo.com. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Demetriou, Danielle (2009-06-10). "Sky 'rains tadpoles' over Japan". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Szemtanúk szerint békaeső hullott a településre". szoljon.hu. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
Jump up ^ http://ntd.la/como-fue-que-vivi-una-lluvia-de-ranas-y-sapos/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Fort, Charles (1919). "Ch. 4". The Book of the Damned. sacred-texts.com. p. 48.
Jump up ^ "Worms Fall from the Sky in Jennings". WAFB Channel 9. 7 July 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Raining Cats and Dogs, Anatoly Liberman
Jump up ^ Richard Brome (1652), The City Witt: "It shall rain dogs and polecats."
Jump up ^ Robert Laurence, Raining Cats And Dogs Archived 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed on 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Life in the 1500s". Snopes.com. 2007.
Jump up ^ Raining cats and dogs at The Phrase Finder site. Accessed on 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ WordReference.com Language Forums, accessed on 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ It's raining cats and dogs at Omniglot.com. Accessed through Google's cache on 2009-07-28.
Further reading[edit]
Bajkov, A.D. Do fish fall from the sky? Science, v. 109, April 22, 1949: 402.
Bourchier, Daniel. “It’s raining fish…no really.” Sunday Territorian, Australia, Feb. 28, 2010.
Branley, Franklyn M. It’s raining cats and dogs: all kinds of weather and why we have it. Illustrated by True Kelley. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1987. 112 p. (Juvenile)
Cerveny, Randall S. Freaks of the storm: from flying cows to stealing thunder, the world’s strangest true weather stories. New York, Thunder’s Mouth Press, c2006. 371 p.
Chandler, Barb. Froggy weather. Weatherwise, v. 57, Jan./Feb. 2004: 42.
Christian, Spencer and Antonia Felix. Can it really rain frogs?: the world’s strangest weather events. New York, Wiley, 1997. 121 p. (Juvenile).
Corliss, William. Tornados, dark days, anomalous precipitation, and related weather phenomena: a catalog of geophysical anomalies. Glen Arm, MD: Sourcebook Project, c1983. 196 p.
Dennis, Jerry. It’s raining frogs and fishes: four seasons of natural phenomena and oddities of the sky. New York, HarperCollins, c1992. 323 p.
Englebert, Phillis. The complete weather resource. Detroit, UXL, c1997-2000. 4 v.
“Frogs fall from the sky.” Herald Sun, Melbourne, Australia, June 8, 2005. p. 2.
Gray, J. E. The shower of fishes. Zoologist; a monthly journal of natural history, v. 17, 1859: 6540-41
Gudger, E. W. Do fish fall from the sky with rain? Scientific Monthly, v. 29, Dec. 1929: 523-527.
McAtee, Waldo L. Showers of organic matter. Monthly Weather Review, v. 45, May 1917: 217-224. [6] (PDF).
Posey, Carl A. The living earth book of wind and weather. Pleasantville, NY, Reader’s Digest Association, c1994. 224 p.
Waterspouts. In McGraw-Hill concise encyclopedia of science and technology. 5th edition. New York, McGraw-Hill, c2005. p. 2369-2370.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raining animals.
Raining cats and dogs
Mysterious Falls from the Sky. A review on the American perspective.
10 Craziest Things To Fall From the Sky
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