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Far Cry 5
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Far Cry 5
Developer(s)
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft Toronto[a]
Publisher(s)
Ubisoft
Director(s)
Dan Hay
Patrik Methe
Producer(s)
Darryl Long
Programmer(s)
Cedric Decelle
Artist(s)
Jean-Alexis Doyon
Writer(s)
Jean-Sébastien Decant
Drew Holmes
Dan Hay
Composer(s)
Dan Romer
Series
Far Cry
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
March 27, 2018
Genre(s)
Action-adventure, first-person shooter
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
Far Cry 5 is an action-adventure first-person shooter game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Toronto and published by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the eleventh entry and the fifth main title in the Far Cry series, and was released on March 27, 2018.
The game takes place in the fictional Hope County, Montana, where charismatic preacher Joseph Seed and his cult Project at Eden's Gate holds a dictatorial rule over the area. The story follows an unnamed junior deputy sheriff, who becomes trapped in Hope County and works alongside factions of a resistance to liberate the county from Eden's Gate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Map maker/multiplayer
2 Synopsis
2.1 Setting and characters
2.2 Plot
2.2.1 Endings
3 Development
3.1 Writing
3.2 Music
3.3 Live action film
4 Reception
4.1 Controversy
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Similar to its predecessors, Far Cry 5 is an action-adventure first-person shooter set in an open world environment which the player can explore freely on foot or via various vehicles. Unlike previous titles in the series where the player takes on the role of a set character, the game gives the player the opportunity to customize their character's appearance.[1][2] The player has a variety of ranged and explosive weapons to fight against enemies, with the game placing a renewed emphasis on close-quarters combat compared to previous Far Cry titles by introducing a wider range of melee weapons.[3] In addition, Far Cry 5 features a new weapons ballistics system that includes elements like a bullet dropping over a distance to make it more realistic.[4]
Creative director Dan Hay described the design of the open world as being modeled on the outposts from previous titles in the Far Cry series. These outposts represented a small section of the map occupied by enemy forces and the player was tasked with liberating them by killing or neutralizing the enemy presence. The outposts were designed with multiple approaches for the player to take and it was this element that the development team tried to recreate in the wider game world of Far Cry 5. The player is dropped into the game world with little context, direction or objective markers and is instead required to navigate the world on their own. Hay expressed a desire to create what he termed the "anecdote factory", a game where two players could venture out from the same point in opposite directions and have completely different experiences that they would then share with one another anecdotally.[5] To assist with this, most of the game world is accessible to the player after completing the game's introductory missions and they are free to advance through these areas as they choose; by comparison, previous titles in the series gradually opened up the game world to the player with story missions guiding their progress through open areas.
The game also features a recruitment system in which the player can recruit locals in the county to fight alongside them similar to the "Buddy" system used in Far Cry 2 or the "Guns for Hire" system in Far Cry 4. In this Guns for Hire system, the player can recruit locals to join their cause at which point they will fight alongside the player. In addition to these Guns for Hire, the game also includes "Specialists" or non-playable characters with their own unique skills and personalities. The recruitment system replaces the beacon system used in previous titles. For example, Far Cry 4 featured bell towers that the player had to climb in order to open up parts of the map and various activities in the region. Far Cry 5 removed this system and instead rely on the player forging relationships with other characters to discover story missions, events and other characters.[citation needed]
The player has the ability to tame wild animals through the Specialists, which is based on a system that was previously introduced to the series in Far Cry Primal. The tamed wildlife will assist the player in combat and follow the player's orders. Different wildlife have different combat patterns.[6] A fishing mechanic was also introduced and a variety of fish can be caught.[7] The campaign can be played individually or with a partner through the game's cooperative multiplayer mode known as "Friends for Hire".[8]
Map maker/multiplayer[edit]
Far Cry Arcade allows players to build and share small maps that have single player, two-player cooperative, and multiplayer objectives. Players are able to construct maps using assets from Far Cry 5 as well as Far Cry 4, Far Cry Primal, Watch Dogs, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, and Assassin's Creed: Unity.[9] While a separate mode from the main game, the Arcade mode can also be accessed from arcade cabinets scattered around the game's map; successfully completing these maps can earn in-game money and other rewards for the main campaign.
Synopsis[edit]
Setting and characters[edit]
The game is set in the fictional Hope County, Montana, where a preacher named Joseph Seed (portrayed by Greg Bryk)[10] has risen to prominence. Seed believes that he has been chosen by God to protect the people of Hope County from an "inevitable collapse" and has established a congregation called the Project at Eden's Gate. Ostensibly, this is to fulfill his mission of leading the people to salvation;[11] in reality, Seed is a radical preacher and Eden's Gate is a militaristic doomsday cult. Under his rule, Eden's Gate has used both coercion and violence to forcibly convert the residents of Hope County, and intimidation to keep them from contacting the outside world for help. Seed has assumed the title of "the Father" and maintains control over Hope County with the aid of the Heralds: Jacob, "the Soldier" (Mark Pellegrino), a former US Army sniper and Joseph’s older brother who oversees the training and deployment of the cult's armed soldiers; John, "the Baptist" (Seamus Dever), Joseph’s younger brother and a lawyer who has been able to acquire much of the land in Hope County for Eden's Gate who leads the forcible conversion of residents; and Faith, "the Siren" (Jenessa Grant), an early member of the cult who rose up and acts as a pacifist to bring the people to trust in Joseph, but runs forced labour camps for residents who resist the cult.[11]
The player takes on the role of a rookie sheriff's deputy—referred to as "the Deputy"—who is part of a task force sent to arrest Seed. The residents of Hope County opposed to Seed include a cast of characters who join the fight with motives ranging from altruism to revenge, profit and boredom.[12][13]
Plot[edit]
A joint operation between the United States Marshals and the county sheriff's department – consisting of Sheriff Whitehorse (Christopher Heyerdahl), Deputy Marshal Burke (Doug Hutchison), deputies Hudson (Luisa D'Oliveira), Pratt (Julian Bailey) and an unnamed Junior Deputy – arrive at Eden's Gate to serve Joseph Seed with a federal arrest warrant on charges of kidnapping with the intent to harm. Although Joseph offers no resistance, he claims that God will not allow him to be detained. As he is escorted away, cult members attack the task force, causing their helicopter to crash. Joseph escapes and leads the cult in capturing the surviving task force members.[11]
The Deputy survives and escapes with the help of Richard "Dutch" Roosevelt (John Tench), a local survivalist with a deep distrust of government and a history of anti-social behavior. He explains to the Deputy that the cult has interpreted the attempt to arrest Joseph as the fulfilment of his prophecies. Believing the end of the world is upon them, they have begun "The Reaping", a concentrated effort to purge Hope County of sin. As the county is now cut off from the outside world, Dutch tasks the Deputy with contacting the fledgling resistance scattered throughout Hope County to gather allies, rescue the task force and erode the influence of Joseph and the Heralds. As they begin dismantling the cult's operations, the Deputy's influence as a leader of the Resistance grows. Although the Heralds begin to focus their efforts in stopping the Deputy, they maintain interest in recruiting them to their cause.
Joseph's older brother Jacob recruits and trains the cult's members at the Whitetail Mountains, and keeps a mentally damaged Deputy Pratt captive. Upon capturing the Deputy, he indoctrinates and mentally conditions them to The Platters' "Only You (And You Alone)", which he uses to trigger uncontrollable rage to his victims. Jacob manages to fully break the Deputy, who accidentally kills Resistance leader Eli during a lucid state before coming to their senses. In retaliation, the Deputy destroys Jacob's sound devices and eliminates his troops before confronting and defeating Jacob in the mountains. As he dies, Jacob ponders on how empires rise and fall, and how America will be next if they are not prepared. The Deputy retrieves his bunker key and rescues Pratt before destroying it.
Joseph's younger brother John, stationed at Holland Valley, forcibly indoctrinates the cult's beliefs onto the residents by immersing them in water as a "cleansing", engraving their "sins" on their bodies, and then ripping out said marked skin after atoning. John also has Hudson captured. John captures the Deputy several times and concludes that their sin is "Wrath", but the Deputy manages to escape from captivity several times. John eventually takes over safe zone Fall's End and forces the Deputy to confront them to rescue their allies. A counterattack by the Resistance forces John to escape, leading the Deputy to chase after him and engage him in an aerial dogfight before downing and mortally wounding him. Before dying, John remarks that the Deputy will not save anyone, and asserts that Joseph is still right. The Deputy rescues Hudson among other captive survivors and destroys John's bunker.
Faith, a former captive turned "sister" of the Seeds, oversees the production of Bliss, a hallucinatory gas that puts its victims in a trance-like state, at Henbane River. Staying in the Bliss for too long results in permanent mental instability and hypnotic manipulation from Faith. The Deputy joins the Resistance based in the Hope County Jail, where they reunite with Whitehorse, who informs them that Burke has been captured and is now under the influence of the Bliss. With the entire area covered in Bliss, the Deputy encounters Faith several times, where Faith attempts to persuade the Deputy to join them and live in paradise under the Bliss. The Deputy manages to rescue Burke, but a hypnotized Burke opens the jail to Eden's Gate before killing himself. Although the Resistance manages to repel the cult, they receive heavy losses and Whitehorse is captured. The Deputy battles Faith during a Bliss-influenced state and defeats her, and she warns them that Joseph is right about the end of the world, but it is up to the Deputy to decide what happens in the end. The Deputy rescues Whitehorse from Faith's bunker and destroys the production of Bliss alongside her bunker.
Radio broadcasts begin hinting that the world outside is in chaos and a nuclear war is imminent.[14] Killing his Heralds prompts Joseph to call the Deputy for a final confrontation at his church. He has captured Whitehorse, Pratt and Hudson at the gunpoint of several of the Deputy's allies that are hypnotized by the Bliss. Joseph offers the option for the Deputy to walk away with their friends unharmed if they leave him and Eden's Gate alone.[15]
Endings[edit]
If the Deputy decides to walk away, Joseph forgives the Deputy and enters the church with the Deputy's hypnotized allies. The Deputy, Whitehorse, Pratt and Hudson leave on a truck, and Whitehorse assures his comrades that they will call the National Guard to help liberate Hope County from the cult. As Whitehorse turns on the radio, "Only You" plays, and the Deputy is once again put into a trance.
If the Deputy chooses to resist, Joseph spews barrels of Bliss and forces the Deputy to fight and revive their hypnotized friends before defeating and apprehending Joseph. Suddenly, a nuclear bomb explodes in the distance, forcing everybody to flee. As more nuclear explosions rain down on Hope County, the Deputy, Whitehorse, Pratt, Hudson and the captured Joseph flee in a truck to Dutch's bunker, but they crash into a tree, which kills Whitehorse, Pratt, and Hudson. A freed Joseph drags the Deputy to the bunker where he kills Dutch and handcuffs the Deputy to a bed. Joseph laments the loss of his family and land, and asserts this is "the Collapse" that he had prophesied; he instead tells the Deputy that they are his new family now.[14][15]
A secret ending is found in the beginning of the game. The Deputy decides to not arrest Joseph during their first encounter. Whitehorse, who was against apprehending him head-on due to knowing that they would be ambushed and possibly killed, lowers Joseph's hands and orders the group to leave. Despite Burke's protests, Whitehorse asserts that it is "better to leave well enough alone" and that no one would leave alive if they arrested Joseph.
Development[edit]
The game was developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Toronto with Ubisoft Kiev, Ubisoft Shanghai, and Ubisoft Reflections offering assistance.[16] Dan Hay, who served as lead producer for Far Cry 3, was the lead director, with writing led by Drew Holmes, who had previously worked on BioShock Infinite and its downloadable content.[17] The game continue the series' practice of using the Dunia Engine, a modified version of the CryEngine.[18] The team chose Montana as the game's setting, as the state lies on the frontier of the United States. To create a realistic environment, the development team visited Montana for fourteen days to collect information regarding its biomes, environment, and the "self-reliant" nature of the locals, who do not want any authority or outsider to intervene in their life. The development team had previously carried out a similar research excursion to Nepal during development of Far Cry 4.[19] As the development team was no longer satisfied with having one core antagonist in each game, the cast of antagonists was significantly expanded.[20]
After the release of Far Cry Primal in 2016, Ubisoft stated that the next Far Cry title will take more development time and would not be released in 2017.[21] Far Cry 5 was announced by Ubisoft during the company's financial call, alongside two other major titles, The Crew 2 and Assassin's Creed Origins, which were released in fiscal year 2018.[22] Ubisoft released several teaser trailers and the game's cover art ahead of the game's official reveal on May 26, 2017.[23][24] The game was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One with support for PlayStation 4 Pro and Xbox One X. Free skin packs were made available for PlayStation 4 players at launch due to a marketing deal between Sony Interactive Entertainment and Ubisoft.[16] Though the game was initially set for release on February 27, 2018, Ubisoft pushed the date back a month to March 27, 2018.[25]
Writing[edit]
The setting and the tone of the game originated from separatism. According to Hay, he often felt unsafe when he was young because of the conflicts between the two superpowers during the Cold War. This manifested in the twenty-first century in the form of frequent terrorist attacks such as the September 11 attacks, and financial problems such as the subprime mortgage crisis and in turn caused people to become increasingly protective as they questioned the government. Ultimately the concept of the "global village" began to collapse, which sets the theme of the game and prompted the team to write a story that features a doomsday cult as the game's main antagonist. Hay started writing the story in late 2014; in February 2016, he investigated the details of the occupation and standoff of a wildlife refuge in Oregon, as he wanted to look for evidence that can show the rise of separatism.[11] To create a memorable story, the characters in the game were designed to have different views and opinions on important events, and different ideologies.[26] Despite the dark theme, the team wanted to ensure that the game is still fun and entertaining to play.[27] Therefore, the team implemented a large arsenal of weapons and open-ended gameplay possibilities for players to use.[28]
Music[edit]
The music in the game was written and composed by Dan Romer.[29] According to audio director Tony Gronick, the team desired to have music in the background through much of the game world, but want it to reflect on the nature of the cult, so that the player would be experiencing the cult's messaging throughout the game and tie it to the narrative. To do this, they create hymn-like gospel music, but with lyrics that described the cult's end-of-the-world teachings. Further, extending on the idea of multiple antagonists, the style of the music shifts as the player enters regions of the world controlled by the different cult members, from country to glam rock to industrial music, representing how the hymns of Joseph Seed evolve under his siblings' personal preferences.[29] The game also uses licensed music tracks when the player drives in vehicles, with the type of music played similarly influenced by the area they are in.[29] The ambient/post-rock band, Hammock, used some of the songs Romer produced for the game and reinterpreted them. After the game's release, the soundtrack was released in four parts; Dan Romer's original soundtrack and three parts in the Far Cry 5 Presents series: Into the Flames which collects cult songs written by Romer and performed by various artists, When the World Falls which is a choir version of those songs, and We Will Rise Again, Hammock's ambient reinterpretation.
Live action film[edit]
Coinciding with the release of the game, Ubisoft released a live action short film called Inside Eden's Gate. The film serves as a prologue to the events of the game, and follows three filmmakers as they travel across Hope County. They meet Mark and his sister, Faith who is in the game being taken in by the Eden's Gate cult.[30] It stars Greg Bryk and Kyle Gallner. Ubisoft made the film available on Amazon Prime. On April 4, the film was released on YouTube.[31]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (XONE) 84/100[32]
(PS4) 81/100[33]
(PC) 79/100[34]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 7.5/10[35]
EGM 7.5/10[36]
Game Informer 7.5/10[37]
Game Revolution [38]
GamesRadar+ [39]
Giant Bomb [40]
IGN 8.9/10[42]
Polygon 6.5/10[43]
Far Cry 5 received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[34][33][32]
Daemon Hatfield of IGN gave it a 8.9 rating, saying, "Far Cry 5 is another wide-open playground with all the necessary ingredients for causing a real ruckus: loads of enemies and allies, temperamental wildlife, and plenty of explosions."[42]
Far Cry 5 became the fastest-selling title in the history of the franchise, more than doubling the sales of Far Cry 4. It was the second-biggest launch of an Ubisoft title, behind Tom Clancy's The Division, grossing $310 million in its first week of sales. [44] The PlayStation 4 version sold 75,474 copies within its first week on sale in Japan, placing it at number two on the all format sales chart.[45]
Controversy[edit]
Far Cry 5's announcement in May 2017 came at a time of heightened political and ideological conflict around the world due to current political events such as the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States and the onset of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. Many journalists opined that Far Cry 5's setting and narrative concept, involving themes of religious fanaticism and the emergence of far-right political movements within the borders of the United States—as opposed to the more exotic locales depicted in other Far Cry titles—would likely make the game highly controversial in the current climate.[2][18][46] These journalists noted that due to the long development cycle, it was unlikely that Ubisoft intentionally designed the game's narrative around the political climate at the time of the announcement, adding that Ubisoft had been careful to downplay any perceived connections to then-current real world events.[46][47] Responding to the criticism, game director Dan Hay revealed that the story was written to discuss the consequences of beliefs and ideologies being taken to their most extreme form rather than as a response to a particular political event.[48] Hay stated they had come to setting the game around a cult in Montana as they felt Montana reflected a remote frontier most people were not aware of, comparable to their other Far Cry game settings, and that after visiting the state, found that Montana was a place "where people go to be alone, where they don't want to be messed with", further resonating with past Far Cry themes. However, after three years of development, Hay said: "we could have never imagined, and to be honest I wouldn't have wanted to... that in some ways, it's echoing out in the real world".[49]
Following its announcement, Far Cry 5 was the subject of an online petition lodged at Change.org by individuals objecting to what they called the portrayal of American Christians as villains and calling for the game's antagonists to be recast. The petition suggested followers of Islam, inner-city gang members, and other non-white antagonists as possible replacements. The petition also suggested changing the game's setting to Canada.[50] The petition itself was criticised by industry commentators who highlighted the game's exploration of its themes as being necessary in the contemporary social and political climate, and pointed to video gaming as a medium for social commentary.[47][51] Some publications questioned the authenticity of the petition, suggesting that it may have been intended as satire.[51][52][53]
Conversely, after the game's release, some outlets criticized it for trying to be inoffensive and apolitical rather than directly engaging with contemporary political issues. Polygon's Ben Kuchera described the game as a "defiantly inoffensive mess" which "wants to appeal to everyone, but ultimately says nothing"[54]. William Hughes writing for The A.V. Club disparagingly described the villains as an "easily digestible evil" deliberately crafted so as not to offend gamers of any political persuasion.[55]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Shanghai, Ubisoft Kiev, Ubisoft Pune, Ubisoft Chengdu, Red Storm Entertainment, and Ubisoft Reflections.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bell, Alice (May 26, 2017). "You get to customise your protagonist in Far Cry 5". VideoGamer.com. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Robinson, Martin (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 introduces airplanes, muscle cars and far-right fanatics". Eurogamer. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Lucas (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 – trailer, villainous cult-leaders, and a 2018 release date: everything you need to know". GamesRadar. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Nathan (2018-03-22). "A deep dive into what Ubisoft Montreal hopes to achieve with Far Cry 5". Finder.com.au. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walker, Austin (March 2, 2018). "Talking Cults and Culture with the Developers of 'Far Cry 5'". Vice. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Totilo, Stephen (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 is a game about resisting an American militia, will be out in February". Kotaku. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davenport, James (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 first look: Taking on doomsday preppers in backwater Montana". PC Gamer. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saed, Sherif (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 has a character creator, campaign fully playable in co-op – watch the reveal trailer". VG 247. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Jon (March 6, 2018). "Far Cry 5's Map Editor Offers More Creative Possibilities Than Ever Before". IGN. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (March 23, 2018). ""Are We In Trouble?" - Finding Far Cry 5's Villain Was A Real Challenge". GameSpot. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Takahashi, Dean (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 focuses a terrifyingly realistic armed cult". VentureBeat. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hall, Charlie (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 coming February 2018, watch the debut trailer". Polygon. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, James (June 12, 2017). "Far Cry 5's first gameplay trailer shows why it's good to have friends when a death cult comes to town". VG247. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Frushtick, Ryan (April 2, 2018). "Let's Talk About the Ending of Far Cry 5". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Tassi, Paul (April 5, 2018). "We Have To Talk About Far Cry 5's Insane And Explosive Ending(s)". Forbes. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Makuch, Eddie (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5's first trailer, release date, and many more details revealed". GameSpot. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ McKeand, Kirk (June 8, 2017). "BioShock Infinite writer Drew Holmes is penning Far Cry 5's story". PCGamesN. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mackovich, Sam (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 takes series to deadliest land of all: Disenfranchised America". Ars Technica. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Matthew (August 7, 2014). "Exclusive: Far Cry 4 behind-the-scenes trailer sees developers visit a Hindu temple". Digital Spy. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reparaz, Mikel (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 – what awaits you in Hope County, Montana". PlayStation Blog. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chalk, Andy (September 29, 2016). "Assassin's Creed and Far Cry may not return for 2017". PC Gamer. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kato, Matthew (May 16, 2017). "Ubisoft announces Far Cry 5 & The Crew 2". Game Informer. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Carter, Chris (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 is coming in February, watch the full trailer here". Destructoid. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vazquez, Suriel (May 24, 2017). "Far Cry 5 art reveals more about setting, characters". Game Informer. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schreier, Jason (December 7, 2017). "Ubisoft delays 3 games". Kotaku. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ McCaffery, Ryan (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 first look: a Montana uprising". IGN. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hall, Charlie (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 asks you to kill thy neighbor". Polygon. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Takahashi, Dean (May 26, 2017). "The dread, the separatism, and the coming collapse of America that inspired Far Cry 5". VentureBeat. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kelly, Andy (September 28, 2017). "The apocalyptic music of Far Cry 5". PC Gamer. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/gaming/2018/04/04/far-cry-5-live-action-film-ubisoft/
Jump up ^ Far Cry 5: Inside Eden’s Gate - Full Live Action Short Film
^ Jump up to: a b "Far Cry 5 for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Far Cry 5 for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Far Cry 5 for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porreca, Ray (March 26, 2018). "Review: Far Cry 5". Destructoid. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Plessas, Nick (March 27, 2018). "Far Cry 5 review". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cork, Jeff (March 26, 2018). "Big Sigh Country - Far Cry 5 - PlayStation 4". Game Informer. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Faulkner, Jason (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 Review - Welcome to No Hope County (PS4)". Game Revolution. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hurley, Leon (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 review". GamesRadar+. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gerstmann, Jeff (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 Review". Giant Bomb. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/far-cry-5-review-rocky-mountain-high/1900-6416885/
^ Jump up to: a b Hatfield, Daemon (March 27, 2018). "Far Cry 5 Review". IGN. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kuchera, Ben (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 review". Polygon. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://news.ubisoft.com/article/far-cry-5-breaks-franchise-sales-records
Jump up ^ Romano, Sal (April 4, 2017). "Media Create Sales: 3/26/18 – 4/1/18". Gematsu. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Plante, Chris (May 24, 2017). "Far Cry 5 promises to be controversial, but not for the usual reasons". The Verge. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rivera, Joshua (May 30, 2017). "Far Cry 5: the video game controversy America deserves right now". GQ. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Far Cry 5 game causes online outcry". BBC Technology. BBC. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Forward, Jordan (December 1, 2017). "How Far Cry 5 became more political than Ubisoft intended". PCGamesN. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Petition Calls for Ubisoft to Change Far Cry 5 Villains to Muslims or Change Setting to Canada". comicbook.com. May 30, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "There's no way this "Cancel Far Cry 5 petition" is actually real". Forbes.com. May 31, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 'Cancel Far Cry 5' petition is almost certainly a hoax". Techspot. May 31, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Petition to cancel Far Cry 5 reads a lot like something the game would parody". Destructoid. May 30, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kuchera, Ben (March 27, 2018). "Far Cry 5 doesn't want to offend anyone, so it will end up annoying everyone". Polygon. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ William, Hughes (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 cares less about politics than being the reinvention this series needed". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
External links[edit]
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Religion portal
Speculative fiction portal
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List of best Major League Baseball season win-loss records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams with the best season win-loss records in history, as determined by winning percentage (.700 or better), minimum 120 games played.
Contents
[hide]
1 Season records
2 Other teams
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Season records[edit]
The following teams finished the season with a .700 winning percentage or higher.
Since the season was expanded to 162 games in 1961, only two teams have managed a winning percentage greater than .700 (which requires 114 wins). These two are the 1998 New York Yankees and the 2001 Seattle Mariners.
Legend
NL = National League
AL = American League
AA = American Association
Season
Franchise
League
Wins
Losses
Pct.
Finish
1906 Chicago Cubs NL 116 36 .763 Lost 1906 World Series
1902 Pittsburg Pirates NL 103 36 .741 National League Champions
1886 Chicago White Stockings NL 90 34 .726 Lost 1886 World Series
1909 Pittsburg Pirates NL 110 42 .724 Won 1909 World Series
1954 Cleveland Indians AL 111 43 .721 Lost 1954 World Series
2001 Seattle Mariners AL 116 46 .716 Lost 2001 ALCS
1927 New York Yankees AL 110 44 .714 Won 1927 World Series
1886 Detroit Wolverines NL 87 36 .707 2nd place in National League
1897 Boston Beaneaters NL 93 39 .705 Lost 1897 Temple Cup
1907 Chicago Cubs NL 107 45 .704 Won 1907 World Series
1931 Philadelphia Athletics AL 107 45 .704 Lost 1931 World Series
1998 New York Yankees AL 114 48 .704 Won 1998 World Series
1887 St. Louis Browns AA 95 40 .704 Lost 1887 World Series
1939 New York Yankees AL 106 45 .702 Won 1939 World Series
Other teams[edit]
Prior to 1886, teams played .700 ball or better over shorter schedules, where there is much less of the "evening out" effect of a lengthier season.
For example, the Chicago White Stockings won the National League's first pennant in 1876 with a 52-14 record (.788), and won the 1880 NL pennant with a 67-17 record (.798), which stands as the overall percentage record between the National or the American League. The White Stockings' 1880 record would project to a record of 129-33 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the White Stockings' results (538 runs scored, 317 runs allowed) and a 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 120-42.
The all-time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who posted baseball's only perfect record at 67-0 (57-0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs) in 1869. Their record would stretch to 81-0 across the 1870 season before losing 8-7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14.[1][2]
While this record is considered by many to be pre-MLB, the MLB (professional baseball's current official organization) has officially recognized this year as the beginning of professional baseball.[3]
The second-best record belongs to the 1875 Boston Red Stockings of the National Association, who finished with a record of 71-8 (.899), but the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed. The Red Stockings record would project to 146-16 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the Red Stockings results (831 runs scored, 343 runs allowed) and the modern 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 138-24.
The National Association folded at the end of 1875, and the Red Stockings, who had won the last four pennants, joined the National League for 1876, being renamed the Red Caps. The team went 39-31 for a fourth-place finish in 1876 before winning the 1877 and 1878 pennants with records of 42-18 and 41-19.
The third-best record belongs to the St. Louis Maroons of the 1884 Union Association, who finished with a record of 94-19 (.832), but the Union Association was quite lopsided in talent distribution (team owner Henry Lucas was also league president, an obvious conflict-of-interest situation which is now banned, and bought all the best available players for his franchise), generally disorganized (six teams played close to full schedules, another four teams folded and one relocated during the course of the season), and poorly scheduled. The Maroons' record would project to 135-27 under the modern schedule of 162 games, while Pythagorean expectation based on the Maroons' results (887 runs scored, 429 runs allowed) and a 162-game schedule would translate to a record of 131-31, but these results are of questionable merit.
The Union Association folded at the end of 1884, and the Maroons joined the National League for 1885; playing against stiffer competition, they went 36-72 in 1885, and 43-79 in 1886, finishing in last and sixth in both seasons. In 1887, the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers, playing three more seasons below .500 before folding.
See also[edit]
List of worst Major League Baseball season records
List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ^ History: Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings webpage. 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Team website (2007). Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
Jump up ^ Reds Timeline. Cincinnati Reds webpage. http://mlb.mlb.com/cin/history/timeline.jsp. Retrieved September 1, 2013
Jump up ^ In conjunction with MLB's celebration in 1969 of the 100th anniversary of professional baseball, the Philadelphia Phillies conducted a fan vote to determine their all-time team. The players were honored on August 5, 1969, at Connie Mack Stadium before the Phillies' game against the San Francisco Giants. Although the Phillies were founded in 1883, MLB commissioner Bowie Kuhn presented to each all-time team player a framed picture of the "Greatest Phillies Team / 1869--1969". To see a photo of Kuhn and the framed picture, go to the following archived webpage and use the left click on the mouse to move the page upwards. Paul Lukas (August 6, 1969). "A Night to Remember". Reading Eagle. p. 48. Retrieved 2011-11-27. "Lending a big hand for the memorable occasion was baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn who presented the individual awards to each all-time team member."
External links[edit]
Records and statistics at Baseball Reference
Baseball Almanac study of best teams of all time
Excerpts from "Baseball Dynasties" by Neyer and Epstein
Neyer, Rob, and Eddie Epstein. Baseball Dynasties: The Greatest Teams of All Time. Norton, 2000, 384 p.
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Scandinavian Mountains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Scandinavian Mountains Airport.
Scandinavian Mountains
Skanderna, Fjällen, Kjølen, Köli, Skandit
Mount Áhkká in Stora Sjöfallet National Park, Northern Sweden
Highest point
Peak
Galdhøpiggen (Lom)
Elevation
2,469 m (8,100 ft) [1]
Coordinates
61°38′11″N 08°18′45″E / 61.63639°N 8.31250°E / 61.63639; 8.31250
Dimensions
Length
1,700 km (1,100 mi) [2]
Width
320 km (200 mi) [2]
Geography
The Scandinavian Mountains
Countries
Norway, Sweden and Finland
Range coordinates
65°N 14°E / 65°N 14°E / 65; 14Coordinates: 65°N 14°E / 65°N 14°E / 65; 14
The Scandinavian Mountains or the Scandes is a mountain range that runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Scandinavian Mountains are often erroneously thought to be equivalent to the Scandinavian Caledonides, an ancient mountain range and orogen covering roughly the same area. The western sides of the mountains drop precipitously into the North Sea and Norwegian Sea, forming the fjords of Norway, whereas to the northeast they gradually curve towards Finland. To the north they form the border between Norway and Sweden, still reaching 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high at the Arctic Circle. The mountain range just touches northwesternmost Finland, but are scarcely more than hills at their northernmost extension at the North Cape (Nordkapp).
The mountains are not very high, but are very steep at places; Galdhøpiggen in South Norway is the highest peak in mainland Northern Europe, at 2,469 metres (8,100 ft), Kebnekaise has the highest peak on the Swedish side, at 2,104 m (6,903 ft), whereas Halti is the highest peak in Finland, at 1,324 m (4,344 ft).
The combination of a northerly location and moisture from the North Atlantic Ocean has caused the formation of many ice fields and glaciers. Temperature drops with increasing altitude; in South Norway, permafrost becomes common from about 1,500 meters above sea level on the western slope, and at about 1,200 meters above sea level on the eastern slope near the border with Sweden. In Northern Norway, permafrost becomes common from around 800 to 900 meters above sea level on the western slope, and some 600 meters above sea level on the eastern slope.[3]
The Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands terrestrial ecoregion is closely associated with the mountain range.
Contents
[hide]
1 Names in Scandinavia
2 Orography
3 Geology
3.1 Bedrock
3.2 Origin of the mountains
3.3 Quaternary geology
4 Highest mountains
4.1 Norway
4.2 Sweden
4.3 Finland
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Names in Scandinavia[edit]
Its names in the Scandinavian languages are, in Swedish Skandinaviska fjällkedjan, Skanderna (encyclopaedic and professional usage), Fjällen ("The Fells", common in colloquial speech) or Kölen ("The Keel"), and in Norwegian Den skandinaviske fjellkjede, Skandesfjellene, Kjølen ("The Keel") or Nordryggen ("The North Ridge", name coined in 2013). The names Kölen and Kjølen are often preferentially used for the northern part, where the mountains form a narrow range near the border region of Norway and Sweden. In southern Norway there is a broad scatter of mountain regions with individual names, such as Dovrefjell, Hardangervidda, Jotunheimen, and Rondane.[4][5][6][7]
Orography[edit]
The mountain chain's highest summits are mostly concentrated in an area (of mean altitude of over 1,000 m[8]) between Stavanger and Trondheim in southern Norway, with numerous peaks over 1,300 m and some peaks over 2,000 m.[9] Around Trondheim Fjord peaks decrease in altitude to about 400–500 m rising again to heights in excess of 1,900 m further north in Swedish Lapland and nearby areas of Norway.[9][A] The southern part of the mountain range contains the highest mountain of Northern Europe, Galdhøpiggen at almost 2,500 m.[11] This part of the mountain chain is also broader and contains a series of plateaux and gently undulating surfaces[9][12] that hosts scattered inselbergs.[12] The plateaux and undulating surfaces of the southern Scandinavian Mountains form a series of stepped surfaces. Geomorphologist Karna Lidmar-Bergström and co-workers recognize five widespread stepped surfaces. On eastern Norway some of the stepped surfaces merge into a single surface. Dovre and Jotunheimen are rises from the highest of the stepped surfaces.[13] In south-western Norway the plateaux and gently undulating surfaces are strongly dissected by fjords and valleys.[14] The mountain chain is present in Sweden from northern Dalarna northwards; south of this point the Scandinavian Mountains lie completely within Norway.[9] Most of the Scandinavian Mountains lack "alpine topography",[B] and where it does have it does not relate to altitude.[12] Example of this is the distribution of cirques in southern Norway that can be found both near sea level and at 2,000 m. Most cirques are found between 1,000 and 1,500 m.[16]
To the east the Scandinavian Mountains proper bounds with mountains that are lower and less dissected and are known in Swedish as the förfjäll (literally "fore-fell"). Generally the förfjäll do not surpass 1,000 m above sea level. As a geomorphic unit the förfjäll extends across Sweden as a 650 km long and 40 to 80 km broad belt from Dalarna in the south to Norrbotten in the north. While lower than the Scandinavian Mountains proper, the förfjäll's pronounced relief, its large number of plateaux and its coherent valley system distinguish it from so-called undulating hilly terrain (Swedish: bergkullsterräng) and plains with residual hills (Swedish: bergkullslätt) found further east.[17]
Geology[edit]
Bedrock[edit]
Further information: Scandinavian Caledonides
Simplified geological map of Fennoscandia. The Caledonian nappes are shown in green. Note the windows of bedrock belonging to the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt in blue. The Svecofennian and Sveconorwegian provinces are shown in yellow and salmon respectively.
Reconstruction showing the collision of three paleocontinents during Caledonian orogeny approximately 390 million years ago. The red line shows where the Iapetus Suture extends in the present day. Note that Scandinavian Caledonides were just one branch of the Caledonian orogeny that affected much of what is now Europe.
Most of the rocks of the Scandinavian Mountains are Caledonian which means they were put in place by the Caledonian orogeny. Caledonian rocks overlie rocks of the much older Svecokarelian and Sveconorwegian provinces. The Caledonian rocks actually form large nappes (Swedish: skollor) that have been thrusted over the older rocks. Much of the Caledonian rocks have been eroded since they were put in place meaning that they were once thicker and more contiguous. It is also implyed from the erosion that the nappes of Caledonian rock reached once further east than they do today. The erosion has left remaining massifs of Caledonian rocks and windows of Precambrian rock.[18]
While there are some disagreements geologists generally recognize four units among the nappes: an Uppermost, an Upper, a Middle and a Lower one. The last one is made up Ediacaran (Vendian), Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian-aged sedimentary rocks. Pieces of Precambrian shield rocks are in some places also incorporated into the Lower nappes.[18]
It was during the Silurian and Devonian periods that the Caledonian nappes were stacked upon the older rocks and upon themselves. This occurred in connection to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean as the ancient continents of Laurentia and Baltica collided.[18] This collision produced a Himalayas-sized mountain range named the Caledonian Mountains roughly over the same area as the present-day Scandinavian Mountains.[19][20] In Scandinavia the Caledonian Mountains begun a post-orogenic collapse in the Devonian implying tectonic extension and subsidence.[21] Despite occurring in about the same area the ancient Caledonian Mountains and the modern Scandinavian Mountains are unrelated.[C]
Origin of the mountains[edit]
See also: Mountain formation
The origin of today's mountain topography is debated by geologists.[24] Geologically, the Scandinavian Mountains are an elevated, passive continental margin similar to the mountains and plateaux found on the opposite side of the North Atlantic in Eastern Greenland or in Australia's Great Dividing Range.[20] The Scandinavian Mountains attained its height by tectonic processes different from orogeny, chiefly in the Cenozoic.[23] A two-stage model of uplift has been proposed for the Scandinavian Mountains in southern Norway. A first stage in the Mesozoic and a second stage starting from the Oligocene.[19] The uplift of southern Norway has elevated the westernmost extension of the sub-Cambrian peneplain which forms part of what is known as the Paleic surface[D] in Norway.[26][27] In southern Norway the Scandinavian Mountains had their main uplift phase later (Neogene) than in northern Scandinavia which had its main phase of uplift in the Paleogene.[28] The various episodes of uplift of the Scandinavian Mountains were similar in orientation and tilted landsurfaces to the east while allowing rivers to incise the landscape.[29] Some of the tilted surfaces constitute the Muddus plains landscape of northern Sweden.[28] The progressive tilt contributed also to create the parallel drainage pattern of northern Sweden.[29] Uplift is thought to have been accommodated by coast-parallel normal faults and not by fault-less doming.[29][30] Therefore, the common labelling of the southern Scandivavian Mountains and the northern Scandinavian Mountains as two domes is misleading.[29]
Unlike orogenic mountains there is no widely accepted geophysical model to explain elevated passive continental margins such as the Scandinavian Mountains.[31] Various mechanisms of uplift have, however, been proposed over the years. A 2012 study argues that the Scandinavian Mountains and other elevated passive continental margins most likely share the same mechanism of uplift and that this mechanism is related to far-field stresses in Earth’s lithosphere. The Scandinavian Mountains can according to this view be likened to a giant anticlinal lithospheric fold. Folding could have been caused by horizontal compression acting on a thin to thick crust transition zone (as are all passive margins).[32][33]
Alternative lines of research have stressed the role of climate in inducing erosion that induces an isostatic compensation;[22] fluvial and glacial erosion and incision during the Quaternary is thought to have contributed to the uplift of the mountain by forcing an isostatic response.[22][24] The total amount of uplift produced by this mechanism could be as much as 500 m.[24] Others geoscientists have implied diapirism in the asthenosphere as being the cause of uplift.[22] One hypothesis claim that the early uplift of the Scandinavian Mountains could be indebted to changes in the density of the lithosphere and asthenosphere caused by the Iceland plume when Greenland and Scandinavia rifted apart about 53 million years ago.[34]
Quaternary geology[edit]
See also: Weichselian glaciation
Many slopes and valleys have straight courses due to the fact that they follow tectonic fractures that are more prone to erosion.[14] Another result of tectonics in the relief is that slopes corresponding to footwalls of normal faults tend to be straight.[12] There is evidence that the drainage divide between the Norwegian Sea and the south-east flowing rivers were once further west.[14] Glacial erosion is thought to have contributed to the shift of the divide, which in some cases ought to have been in excess of 50 km.[14] Much of the Scandinavian Mountains has been sculpted by glacal erosion. The mountain chain is dotted with glacial cirques usually separated from each other by pre-glacial surfaces.[9] Glacier erosion has been limited in these paleosurfaces which form usually plateaus between valleys. As such the paleosurfaces were subject of diverging and slow ice flow during the glaciations. In contrast valleys concentrated ice flow forming fast glaciers or ice streams.[16] At some locations coalesced cirques form arêtes and pyramidal peaks. Glacial reshaping of valleys is more marked in the western part of the mountain chain where drowned glacier-shaped valleys constitute the fjords of Norway. In the eastern part of the mountain chain glacial reshaping of valleys is weaker.[9] Many mountain tops contain blockfields which escaped glacial erosion either by having constituted nunataks in the glacial periods or by being protected from erosion under cold-based glacier ice.[14] Karst systems, with their characteristic caves and sinkholes occur at various locations in the Scandinavian Mountains but are more common in the northern parts. Present-day karst systems might have long histories dating back to the Pleistocene or even earlier times.[14] Much of the mountain range is mantled by deposits of glacial origin including till blankets, moraines, drumlins and glacifluvial material in the form of outwash plains and eskers. Bare rock surfaces are more common in the western side of the mountain range. Although the ages of these deposits and landforms vary, most of them were formed in connection to the Weichselian glaciation and the subsequent deglaciation.[14]
Reconstruction of Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum of the Weichselian and Würm glaciations periods. note that the whole of the Scandinavian Mountains are covered with glacier ice (white).
The Cenozoic glaciations that affected Fennoscandia most likely began in the Scandinavian Mountains.[35] It is estimated that during 50% of the last 2.75 million years the Scandinavian Mountains hosted mountain-centered ice caps and ice fields.[36] The ice fields from which the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet grew out multiple times most likely resembled today’s ice fields in Andean Patagonia.[35][E] During the last glacial maximum (ca. 20 ka BP) all the Scandinavian Mountains was covered by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. This ice sheet extended well beyond the mountains into Denmark, Germany, Poland and the former USSR. As the ice margin started to recede 22-17 ka BP the ice sheet became increasingly concentrated in the Scandinavian Mountains. Recession of the ice margin led the ice sheet to be concentrated in two parts of the Scandinavian Mountains, one part in Southern Norway and another in Northern Sweden and Norway. These two centres were for a time linked so that the linkage constituted a major drainage barrier that formed various large ephemeral ice-dammed lakes. About 10,1 ka BP the linkage had disappeared and so did the southern centre of the ice sheet thousand years later. The northern centre remained a few hundred years more and 9,7 ka BP the eastern Sarek Mountains hosted the last remnant of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet.[37] As the ice sheet retreated to the Scandinavian Mountains it was dissimilar to the early mountain glaciation that gave origin to the ice sheet as the ice divide lagged behind as the ice mass concentrated in the west.[35]
Highest mountains[edit]
Norway[edit]
Main article: List of mountains in Norway by height
Of the 10 highest mountain peaks in Scandinavia (prominence greater than 30 m or 98 ft), six are situated in Oppland, Norway. The other four are situated in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. There are 83 peaks equal to or taller than 2,200 m (7,218 ft) in Norway.[citation needed]
2,469 m (8,100 ft) Galdhøpiggen (Oppland)
2,465 m (8,087 ft) Glittertind (Oppland)
2,405 m (7,890 ft) Store Skagastølstind (Sogn og Fjordane)
2,387 m (7,831 ft) Store Styggedalstinden east (Sogn og Fjordane)
2,373 m (7,785 ft) Skarstind (Oppland)
2,369 m (7,772 ft) Vesle Galdhøpiggen (Oppland)
2,368 m (7,769 ft) Surtningssue (Oppland)
2,366 m (7,762 ft) Store Memurutinden (Oppland)
2,351 m (7,713 ft) Jervvasstind (Sogn og Fjordane)
2,348 m (7,703 ft) Sentraltind (Sogn og Fjordane)
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Galdhøpiggen seen from west, Norway's highest mountain
Glittertind
Falketind in Jotunheimen
Landscape between Abisko National Park and Kebnekaise
Sweden[edit]
There are 12 peaks in Sweden that reach above 2,000 m high (6,600 ft), or 13 depending on how the peaks are defined. This list is defined according to UIAA.[citation needed] Eight of them are located in Sarek National Park and the neighbouring national park Stora Sjöfallet. The other four peaks are located in the further north region of Kebnekaise. All mountain names are in Sami but with the more common Swedish spelling of it.
2,104 m (6,903 ft) Kebnekaise (Lappland) - Note: Altitude includes the peak glacier. If melting continues, Kebnekaise Nordtoppen, just 500 meters away, might become the highest point.
2,097 m (6,880 ft) Kebnekaise Nordtoppen (Lappland) - the highest fixed point in Sweden.
2,089 m (6,854 ft) Sarektjåkkå Stortoppen (Lappland)
2,076 m (6,811 ft) Kaskasatjåkka (Lappland)
2,056 m (6,745 ft) Sarektjåkkå Nordtoppen (Lappland)
2,043 m (6,703 ft) Kaskasapakte (Lappland)
2,023 m (6,637 ft) Sarektjåkkå Sydtoppen (Lappland)
2,016 m (6,614 ft) Akka Stortoppen (Lappland)
2,010 m (6,594 ft) Akka Nordvästtoppen (Lappland)
2,010 m (6,594 ft) Sarektjåkkå Buchttoppen (Lappland)
2,005 m (6,578 ft) Pårtetjåkka (Lappland)
2,002 m (6,568 ft) Palkatjåkka (Lappland)
Other popular mountains for skiers, climbers and hikers in Sweden
Sulitelma 1,860 m (Lappland)
Helagsfjället 1,796 m (Härjedalen)
Norra Storfjället 1,767 m (Lappland)
Templet 1,728 m (Jämtland)
Lillsylen 1,704 m (Jämtland)
Åreskutan 1,420 m (Jämtland)
Storvätteshågna 1,204 m (Dalarna)
Molnet 1,191 m (Dalarna)
Finland[edit]
Landscape as seen from Meekonvaara (1019m) towards the highest fells
1,324 m (4,344 ft) Halti (Lappi/Lappland and Norwegian Troms)
1,317 m (4,321 ft) Ridnitsohkka (Lappi/Lappland)
1,280 m (4,200 ft) Kiedditsohkka (Lappi/Lappland)
1,240 m (4,068 ft) Kovddoskaisi (Lappi/Lappland)
1,239 m (4,065 ft) Ruvdnaoaivi (Lappi/Lappland)
1,180 m (3,871 ft) Loassonibba (Lappi/Lappland)
1,150 m (3,773 ft) Urtasvaara (Lappi/Lappland)
1,144 m (3,753 ft) Kahperusvaarat (Lappi/Lappland)
1,130 m (3,707 ft) Aldorassa (Lappi/Lappland)
1,100 m (3,608 ft) Kieddoaivi (Lappi/Lappland)
As of July 2016[update], to mark the centenary of Finland's independence in 2017, the government of Norway is considering adjusting Norway's border with Finland in the Halti area, giving Finland a 1,331 m peak (one of the two peaks of Halti), which would become Finland's highest point.[38]
The highest independent prominence in Finland is Taivaskero (807 m high) in Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Scandinavian Mountains biogeographical region as defined by the European Agency of Environment and corrected by the Norwegian directorate for Nature Management: red = Alpine region, yellow = Atlantic region, green = Boreal region, blue = Arctic region
Dovrefjell
Jotunheimen
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The two high areas, north and south of Trondheim, have been usually referred to as "domes" but technically they are not geological domes.[10]
Jump up ^ A topography classification study found that 13.6% of the area of southern Norway has a proper "alpine relief", and that this is mostly concentrated in the fjord region of southwestern Norway and the valley of Gudbrandsdalen. About half of the "alpine relief" area is characterized has steep slopes and over-deepened glacial valleys. The other half is made up of coastal mountains and intermediate-relief glacial valleys.[15]
Jump up ^ The overlap between the Scandinavian Caledonides and the Scandinavian Mountains has led to various suggestions that the modern Scandinavian Mountains are a remnant of the Caledonide mountains.[20][22] A version of this argument was put forward in 2009 with the claim that the uplift of the mountains was attained by buoyancy of the surviving "mountain roots" of the Caledonian orogen.[20] This concept has been criticized since, at present, there is only a tiny "mountain root" beneath the southern Scandinavian Mountains and no "root" at all in the north. Further, the Caledonian Mountains in Scandinavia are known to have undergone orogenic collapse for a long period starting in the Devonian.[20][23][21] Another problem with this model is that it does not explain why other former mountains dating back to the Caledonian orogeny are eroded and buried in sediments and not uplifted by their "roots".[20]
Jump up ^ After being first described by Hans Reusch in 1901 the Paleic surface was subject of various interpretations in the 20th century.[20][25]
Jump up ^ These are the Northern Patagonian Ice Field, Southern Patagonian Ice Field and the Gran Campo Nevado.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Galdhøpiggen". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 18 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Lindström, Maurits. "fjällkedjan". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.cicero.uio.no/fulltext/index.aspx?id=9539
Jump up ^ "- Nordryggen, hæ ?" [The North Ridge, what]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 14 September 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.geo365.no/nordryggen/nordryggen-rotfestet-i-norsk-navnetradisjon/
Jump up ^ https://www.svd.se/fjallen-far-nytt-norskt-namn
Jump up ^ http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=5646122
Jump up ^ "The delineation of European mountain areas" (PDF). Mountain Areas in Europe – Final Report. European Commission. p. 27. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rudberg, Sten (1960). "Geology and Morphology". In Somme, Axel. Geography of Norden. pp. 27–40.
Jump up ^ Redfield, T.F.; Osmundsen, P.T. (2013). "The long-term topographic response of a continent adjacent to a hyperextended margin: A case study from Scandinavia". GSA Bulletin. 125 (1/2): 184–200. doi:10.1130/B30691.1.
Jump up ^ Skandinaviske fjellkjede
^ Jump up to: a b c d Osmundsen, P.T.; Redfield, T.F.; Hendriks, B.H.W.; Bergh, S.; Hansen, J.-A.; Henderson, I.H.C.; Dehls, J.; Lauknes, T.R.; Larsen, Y.; Anda, E.; Davidsen, B. (2010). "Fault-controlled alpine topography in Norway". Journal of the Geological Society, London. 167: 83–98. doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-019.
Jump up ^ Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Ollier, C.D.; Sulebak, J.R. (2000). "Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway". Global and Planetary Change. 24: 211–231.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Corner, Geoffrey (2004). "Scandes Mountains". In Seppälä, Matti. The Physical Geography of Fennoscandia. Oxford University Press. pp. 240–254. ISBN 0-19-924590-8.
Jump up ^ Etzelmüller, Bernd; Romstad, Bård; Fjellanger, Jakob (2007). "Automatic regional classification of topography in Norway". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 87: 167–180.
^ Jump up to: a b Hall, Adrian M.; Ebert, Karin; Kleman, Johan; Nesje, Atle; Ottesen, Dag (2013). "Selective glacial erosion on the Norwegian passive margin". Geology. 41 (12): 1203–1206.
Jump up ^ Terrängformer i Norden (in Swedish). Nordiska ministerrådet. 1984. p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lundqvist, Jan; Lundqvist, Thomas; Lindström, Maurits; Calner, Mikael; Sivhed, Ulf (2011). "Fjällen". Sveriges Geologi: Från urtid till nutid (in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Spain: Studentlitteratur. pp. 323–340. ISBN 978-91-44-05847-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Gabrielsen, Roy H.; Faleide, Jan Inge; Pascal, Christophe; Braathen, Alvar; Nystuen, Johan Petter; Etzelmuller, Bernd; O'Donnel, Sejal (2010). "Latest Caledonian to Present tectonomorphological development of southern Norway". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 27: 709–723. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.06.004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Green, Paul F.; Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Japsen, Peter; Bonow, Johan M.; Chalmers, James A. (2013). "Stratigraphic landscape analysis, thermochronology and the episodic development of elevated, passive continental margins". Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. 30: 18. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Dewey, J.F.; Ryan, P.D.; Andersen, T.B. (1993). "Orogenic uplift and collapse, crustal thickness, fabrics and metamorphic phase changes: the role of eclogites". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 76 (1): 325–343. doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.1993.076.01.16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Schiffer, Christian; Balling, Neils; Ebbing, Jörg; Holm Jacobsen, Bo; Nielsen, Søren Bom (2016). "Geophysical-petrological modelling of the East Greenland Caledonides – Isostatic support from crust and upper mantle". Tectonophysics. 692: 44–57. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.023.
^ Jump up to: a b Chalmers, J.A.; Green, P.; Japsen, P.; Rasmussen, E.S. (2010). "The Scandinavian mountains have not persisted since the Caledonian orogeny. A comment on Nielsen et al. (2009a)". Journal of Geodynamics. 50: 94–101. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2010.02.001.
^ Jump up to: a b c Medvedev, Sergei; Hartz, Ebbe H. (2015). "Evolution of topography of post-Devonian Scandinavia: Effects and rates of erosion". Geomorphology. 231: 229–245. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.010.
Jump up ^ Gjessing, Just (1967). "Norway's Paleic Surface". Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift. 21 (2): 69–132. doi:10.1080/00291956708621854.
Jump up ^ Lidmar-Bergström, Karna. "Paleiska ytan". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jarsve, Erlend M.; Krøgli, Svein Olav; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Gabrielsen, Roy H. (2014). "Automatic identification of topographic surfaces related to the sub-Cambrian peneplain (SCP) in Southern Norway—Surface generation algorithms and implications". Geomorphology. Elsevier. 211: 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.032.
^ Jump up to: a b Lidmar-Bergström, K.; Näslund, J.O. (2002). "Landforms and uplift in Scandinavia". In Doré, A.G.; Cartwright, J.A.; Stoker, M.S.; Turner, J.P.; White, N. Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, Mechanisms and Implications for Petroleum Exploration. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. The Geological Societ y of London. pp. 103–116.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Redfied, T.F.; Osmundsen, P.T. (2013). "The long-term topographic response of a continent adjacent to a hyperextended margin: A case study from Scandinavia". GSA Bulletin. 125 (1): 184–200. doi:10.1130/B30691.1.
Jump up ^ Rohrman, Max; van der Beek, Peter; Andriessen, Paul; Cloetingh, Sierd (1995). "Meso-Cenozoic morphotectonic evolution of southern Norway: Neogene domal uplift inferred from apatite fission track thermochronology". Tectonics. 14 (3): 704–718.
Jump up ^ Bonow, Johan M. (2009). "Atlantens kustberg och högslätter – gamla eller unga?" (PDF). www.geografitorget.se (in Swedish). Geografilärarnas Riksförening.
Jump up ^ Japsen, Peter; Chalmers, James A.; Green, Paul F.; Bonow, Johan M. (2012). "Elevated, passive continental margins: Not rift shoulders, but expressions of episodic, post-rift burial and exhumation". Global and Planetary Change. 90-91: 73–86.
Jump up ^ Løseth and Hendriksen 2005
Jump up ^ Nielsen, S.B.; Paulsen, G.E.; Hansen, D.L.; Gemmer, L.; Clausen, O.R.; Jacobsen, B.H.; Balling, N.; Huuse, M.; Gallagher, K. (2002). "Paleocene initiation of Cenozoic uplift in Norway". In Doré, A.G.; Cartwright, J.A.; Stoker, M.S.; Turner, J.P.; White, N. Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, Mechanisms and Implications for Petroleum Exploration. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. The Geological Societ y of London. pp. 103–116.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fredin, Ola (2002). "Glacial inception and Quaternary mountain glaciations in Fennoscandia". Quaternary International. 95–96: 99 –112.
Jump up ^ Kleman, J.; Stroeven, A. (1997). "Preglacial surface remnants and Quaternary glacial regimes in northwestern Sweden". Geomorphology. 19: 35 –54.
Jump up ^ Stroeven, Arjen P.; Hättestrand, Clas; Kleman, Johan; Heyman, Jakob; Fabel, Derek; Fredin, Ola; Goodfellow, Bradley W.; Harbor, Jonathan M.; Jansen, John D.; Olsen, Lars; Caffee, Marc W.; Fink, David; Lundqvist, Jan; Rosqvist, Gunhild C.; Strömberg, Bo; Jansson, Krister N. (2016). "Deglaciation of Fennoscandia". Quaternary Science Reviews. 147: 91–121.
Jump up ^ Henley, Jon (28 July 2016). "Norway considers giving mountain to Finland as 100th birthday present". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
External links[edit]
Media related to Scandinavian Mountains at Wikimedia Commons
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Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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United Kingdom
Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government
Royal Arms as used by Her Majesty's Government
Incumbent
James Brokenshire
since 30 April 2018
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
Style
The Right Honourable
(Formal prefix)
Communities Secretary
Appointer
Elizabeth II
Inaugural holder
David Miliband
Formation
6 May 2006
Website
http://www.communities.gov.uk/
The Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, or informally Communities Secretary is a Cabinet position heading the UK's Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, previously known as the Department for Communities and Local Government from 2006 to 2018.[1]
This department was created in 2006 by then British Prime Minister Tony Blair to replace the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
The Secretary of State took over the responsibilities of the Minister of State for Communities and Local Government. This post, within the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, was created in 2005, on the transfer of several of the functions of the then Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott.
List of Secretaries and Ministers[edit]
Minister of State for Communities and Local Government
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Party
Ministry
Ref.
The Right Honourable
David Miliband
MP for South Shields
(born 1965) 5 May
2005 5 May
2006 Labour Blair III [2]
Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Party
Ministry
Ref.
The Right Honourable
Ruth Kelly
MP for Bolton West
(born 1968) 6 May
2006 27 June
2007 Labour Blair III [3]
The Right Honourable
Hazel Blears
MP for Salford
(born 1956) 28 June
2007 5 June
2009 Labour Brown [4]
The Right Honourable
John Denham
MP for Southampton Itchen
(born 1953) 5 June
2009 11 May
2010 Labour [5]
The Right Honourable
Eric Pickles
MP for Brentwood and Ongar
(born 1952) 12 May
2010 11 May
2015 Conservative Cameron–Clegg
(Con.–L.D.) [6]
The Right Honourable
Greg Clark
MP for Tunbridge Wells
(born 1967) 11 May
2015 14 July
2016 Conservative Cameron II [7]
The Right Honourable
Sajid Javid
MP for Bromsgrove
(born 1969) 14 July
2016 8 January
2018 Conservative May I [8]
May II
Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Party
Ministry
Ref.
The Right Honourable
Sajid Javid
MP for Bromsgrove
(born 1969) 8 January
2018 30 April
2018 Conservative May II [8]
The Right Honourable
James Brokenshire
MP for Old Bexley and Sidcup
(born 1968) 30 April
2018 Conservative May II [9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government". Government of The United Kingdom. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rt Hon David Miliband". UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ruth Kelly". UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rt Hon Hazel Blears". UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rt Hon John Denham". UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rt Hon Sir Eric Pickles". UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rt Hon Greg Clark MP". UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rt Hon Sajid Javid MP". UK Parliament. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sajid Javid announced as new Home Secretary after Amber Rudd's resignation". Sky News. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
[show]
v
t
e
Secretaries of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government
Minister of State for Communities and Local Government
2005–06
Miliband
Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
2006–2018
Kelly
Blears
Denham
Pickles
Clark
Javid
Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government
2018-Present
Javid
Brokenshire
[show]
v
t
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United Kingdom Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
Headquarters: 2 Marsham Street
Ashdown House
Ministers
Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government
Minister of State for Regional Economic Development and Co-ordination
Minister of State for Housing and Planning
Parliamentary Under Secretaries of State
Executive agencies
Planning Inspectorate
Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre
Non-departmental
public bodies
Commission for Local Administration in England (Local Government Ombudsmen)
Homes and Communities Agency
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[show]
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t
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Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Great Offices of State
Prime Minister / First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer / Second Lord of the Treasury
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Exiting the European Union
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Northern Ireland
Scotland
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Wales
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Also attend Cabinet
Attorney General
Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Chief Whip
Leader of the House of Commons / Lord President of the Council
Minister of State for Climate Change and Industry
Minister of State for Immigration
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_State_for_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government&oldid=839820352"
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This page was last edited on 5 May 2018, at 22:02.
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