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2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup
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2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Tournament details
Host country
New Zealand
Dates
30 May – 20 June
Teams
24 (from 6 confederations)
Venue(s)
7 (in 7 host cities)
Final positions
Champions
Serbia (2nd title)
Runners-up
Brazil
Third place
Mali
Fourth place
Senegal
Tournament statistics
Matches played
52
Goals scored
154 (2.96 per match)
Attendance
396,668 (7,628 per match)
Top scorer(s)
Bence Mervó
Viktor Kovalenko
(5 goals each)
Best player
Adama Traoré
Best goalkeeper
Predrag Rajković
Fair play award
Ukraine
← 2013
2017 →
FIFA U-20 World Cup Trophy
The 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the twentieth edition of the U-20 World Cup since its inception in 1977 as the FIFA World Youth Championship. The competition took place for the first time in New Zealand,[1] the third time on Oceanian soil after Australia staged the 1981 and 1993 editions. A total of 52 matches were played in seven host cities.[2]
During the first meeting of the local organising committee in January 2013, provisional dates of June 19 to July 11 were given towards hosting of games, with a final decision on stadiums and cities originally meant to be taken in February 2013.[3] Two more postponements then followed.[4][5]
France, the 2013 champions, were not be able to defend their title as they failed to reach the final round of the UEFA qualifying tournament.[6] In doing so, they became the fourth consecutive incumbent title holder to fail to qualify for the subsequent tournament.
Serbia won the final against Brazil 2–1, becoming the first team representing the country to win a FIFA competition title since their independence from Yugoslavia and the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro. Yugoslavia previously won the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship.
Contents
[hide]
1 Host selection
2 Venues
3 Qualified teams
4 Draw and schedule
5 Match officials
6 Squads
7 Group stage
7.1 Group A
7.2 Group B
7.3 Group C
7.4 Group D
7.5 Group E
7.6 Group F
7.7 Ranking of third-placed teams
8 Knockout stage
8.1 Round of 16
8.2 Quarter-finals
8.3 Semi-finals
8.4 Third place match
8.5 Final
9 Awards
10 Goalscorers
11 Final ranking
12 Organization
12.1 Emblem and mascot
12.2 Ticketing
13 References
14 External links
Host selection[edit]
Four FIFA member associations officially submitted their bids to host the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup by the deadline of 11 February 2011.[7] On 3 March 2011, FIFA announced that the tournament would be held for the first time in New Zealand.[8][9] This is the third FIFA competition staged in this country, after the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship and the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.[8]
Bidding member associations
New Zealand
Peru
Tunisia
Wales
Venues[edit]
Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Hamilton, New Plymouth, Wellington and Whangarei were the 7 cities chosen to host the competition.[2]
Before the stadium announcements were made, Dunedin City council suggested in January 2013,[10] that it would not bid to host matches at Forsyth Barr Stadium (also known as Otago Stadium) unless the costs (an estimated $1m) could be lowered.[11] The stadium hosted seven matches there, the last of which being a Round of 16 game.[12]
Auckland
Christchurch
Dunedin
Hamilton
North Harbour Stadium Christchurch Stadium Otago Stadium Waikato Stadium
36°43′37″S 174°42′6″E / 36.72694°S 174.70167°E / -36.72694; 174.70167 (North Harbour Stadium) 43°32′37.32″S 172°36′14.76″E / 43.5437000°S 172.6041000°E / -43.5437000; 172.6041000 (Christchurch Stadium) 45°52′9″S 170°31′28″E / 45.86917°S 170.52444°E / -45.86917; 170.52444 (Otago Stadium) 37°46′52″S 175°16′6″E / 37.78111°S 175.26833°E / -37.78111; 175.26833 (Waikato Stadium)
Capacity: 25,317 Capacity: 17,308 Capacity: 23,095 Capacity: 19,237
New Plymouth
Auckland
Christchurch
Dunedin
Hamilton
New Plymouth
Wellington
Whangarei
2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup (New Zealand)
Wellington
Stadium Taranaki Wellington Regional Stadium
39°4′13″S 174°3′54″E / 39.07028°S 174.06500°E / -39.07028; 174.06500 (Stadium Taranaki) 41°16′23″S 174°47′9″E / 41.27306°S 174.78583°E / -41.27306; 174.78583 (Wellington Regional Stadium)
Capacity: 25,000[13] Capacity: 35,187
Whangarei
Northland Events Centre
35°44′3″S 174°19′46″E / 35.73417°S 174.32944°E / -35.73417; 174.32944 (Northland Events Centre)
Capacity: 8,016
Qualified teams[edit]
In addition to host nation New Zealand, 23 nations qualified from six separate continental competitions.
Confederation
Qualifying Tournament
Qualifier(s)
AFC (Asia) 2014 AFC U-19 Championship Myanmar1
North Korea
Qatar
Uzbekistan
CAF (Africa) 2015 African U-20 Championship Ghana
Mali
Nigeria
Senegal1
CONCACAF (North, Central America & Caribbean) 2015 CONCACAF U-20 Championship Honduras
Mexico
Panama
United States
CONMEBOL (South America) 2015 South American Youth Championship Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
Uruguay
OFC (Oceania) Host nation New Zealand
2014 OFC U-20 Championship Fiji1
UEFA (Europe) 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship Austria
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
Serbia2
Ukraine
1. ^ Teams that made their debut.
2. ^ Serbia made their first U-20 World Cup appearance as an independent nation. They were chosen as the descendant of the now-defunct Yugoslavia, which qualified in 1979 and 1987.
Draw and schedule[edit]
The final draw was held on 10 February 2015, 17:30 local time, at the SkyCity Grand, Auckland.[14][15] For the draw, the 24 teams were divided into four seeding pots:[16]
Pot 1: Hosts and continental champions of five confederations (except OFC)
Pot 2: Remaining teams from AFC and CAF
Pot 3: Remaining teams from CONCACAF and CONMEBOL
Pot 4: Remaining teams from OFC and UEFA
As a basic principle, teams from the same confederation could not be drawn against each other at the group stage. As the CAF U-20 Championship was not completed at the time of the draw, a separate draw took place on 23 March 2015 in Dakar, Senegal, at the tournament's conclusion to determine the groups where the 2nd, 3rd and 4th placed CAF teams would play in, to ensure there was no manipulation of games in the qualifying tournament ensuring fairness to all qualified teams.[17][18]
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Pot 4
New Zealand (Group A)
Argentina (Group B)
Qatar (Group C)
Mexico (Group D)
Nigeria (Group E)
Germany (Group F)
North Korea
Myanmar
Uzbekistan
Mali
Ghana
Senegal
Honduras
Panama
United States
Brazil
Colombia
Uruguay
Fiji
Austria
Hungary
Portugal
Serbia
Ukraine
The schedule of the tournament was unveiled on 20 November 2013.[19]
Match officials[edit]
A total of 21 referees, 6 support referees, and 42 assistant referees were selected for the tournament.[20][21]
Confederation
Referee
Assistant referees
Support referee
AFC Ryuji Sato Akane Yagi
Hiroshi Yamauchi Muhammad Taqi Aljaafari
Fahad Al-Mirdasi Abu Bakar Al-Amri
Abdullah Al-Shalawi
Kim Jong-hyeok Yoon Kwang-yeol
Yang Byoung-eun
CAF Gehad Grisha Berhe Tesfagiorghis
Waleed Ahmed Joseph Lamptey
Eric Otogo-Castane Elvis Noupue
Yahaya Mahamadou
Bernard Camille Marius Tan
Zakhele Siwela
CONCACAF Henry Bejarano Carlos Fernández
Octavio Jara Armando Castro
César Arturo Ramos Alberto Morín
Miguel Hernández
Jhon Pitti Gabriel Victoria
Juan Baynes
CONMEBOL Mauro Vigliano Ezequiel Brailovsky
Iván Núñez Jesús Valenzuela
Ricardo Marques Bruno Boschilia
Kléber Gil
Roddy Zambrano Juan Macias
Luis Vera
Daniel Fedorczuk Nicolás Taran
Richard Trinidad
OFC Matt Conger Simon Lount
Tevita Makasini Nick Waldron
UEFA Ivan Bebek Miro Grgić
Tomislav Petrović Liran Liany
Felix Zwayer Marco Achmüller
Thorsten Schiffner
István Vad István Albert
Vencel Tóth
Daniele Orsato Lorenzo Manganelli
Mauro Tonolini
Artur Soares Dias Álvaro Carvalho
Rui Barbosa
Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre
Sebastian Gheorghe
Antonio Mateu Lahoz Pau Cebrián Devis
Roberto Díaz Pérez
Squads[edit]
Main article: 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup squads
The 24 squads were officially announced by FIFA on 21 May 2015.[22][23] Each participating national association had to submit a final list of 21 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers) at least 10 days before the tournament start. These players were shortlisted from a provisional list of 35 players, including a minimum of four goalkeepers.[24] All players must have been born on or after 1 January 1995.[24] If a player listed in the final squad suffered a serious injury up until 24 hours before the kick-off of his team's first match, he could be replaced by a player from the provisional list with the approval of FIFA's medical and organising committees.[24]
In July 2015, it was reported that the New Zealand squad had included an ineligible player, South African Deklan Wynne not having completed the requisite period of residence in New Zealand.[25]
Group stage[edit]
Stages reached by each team
The winners and runners-up of each group and the best four third-placed teams advanced to the round of 16.[24] The rankings of teams in each group were determined as follows:
points obtained in all group matches;
goal difference in all group matches;
number of goals scored in all group matches;
If two or more teams were equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings were determined as follows:
points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned;
goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned;
number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned;
drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee.
All times are local, New Zealand Standard Time (UTC+12).[26]
Group A[edit]
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Group stage result
1
Ukraine 3 2 1 0 9 0 +9 7 Advance to knockout stage
2
United States 3 2 0 1 6 4 +2 6
3
New Zealand (H) 3 1 1 1 5 5 0 4
4
Myanmar 3 0 0 3 2 13 −11 0
Source: FIFA
(H) Host.
New Zealand v Ukraine
30 May 2015
13:00
New Zealand
0–0
Ukraine
Report
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 25,000
Referee: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)
United States v Myanmar
30 May 2015
16:00
United States
2–1
Myanmar
Tall 17'
Hyndman 56' Report Yan Naing Oo 9'
Northland Events Centre, Whangarei
Attendance: 5,816
Referee: Bernard Camille (Seychelles)
Myanmar v Ukraine
2 June 2015
13:00
Myanmar
0–6
Ukraine
Report Yaremchuk 51'
Luchkevych 54'
Kovalenko 57', 77'
Sobol 68'
Besyedin 71'
Northland Events Centre, Whangarei
Attendance: 4,985
Referee: Ricardo Marques (Brazil)
New Zealand v United States
2 June 2015
19:00
New Zealand
0–4
United States
Report Jamieson 6'
Hyndman 33'
Arriola 58'
Rubin 83'
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 15,678
Referee: Antonio Mateu Lahoz (Spain)
Myanmar v New Zealand
5 June 2015
19:00
Myanmar
1–5
New Zealand
Aung Thu 28' Report Billingsley 40'
Patterson 47'
Stevens 78'
Brotherton 81'
Lewis 89'
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 15,527
Referee: Jhon Pitti (Panama)
Ukraine v United States
5 June 2015
19:00
Ukraine
3–0
United States
Kovalenko 56', 74', 79' Report
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 7,694
Referee: Eric Otogo-Castane (Gabon)
Group B[edit]
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Group stage result
1
Ghana 3 2 1 0 5 3 +2 7 Advance to knockout stage
2
Austria 3 1 2 0 3 2 +1 5
3
Argentina 3 0 2 1 4 5 −1 2
4
Panama 3 0 1 2 3 5 −2 1
Source: FIFA
Argentina v Panama
30 May 2015
16:00
Argentina
2–2
Panama
Correa 14', 79' Report Rodríguez 19'
Escobar 84'
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 9,204
Referee: Artur Soares Dias (Portugal)
Ghana v Austria
30 May 2015
19:00
Ghana
1–1
Austria
Y. Yeboah 90+1' (pen.) Report Gschweidl 50'
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 9,204
Referee: Fahad Al-Mirdasi (Saudi Arabia)
Austria v Panama
2 June 2015
16:00
Austria
2–1
Panama
Hormechea 45+1' (o.g.)
Grubeck 51' Report Escobar 38'
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 2,009
Referee: Gehad Grisha (Egypt)
Argentina v Ghana
2 June 2015
19:00
Argentina
2–3
Ghana
Simeone 80'
Buendía 90' Report B. Tetteh 44'
Aboagye 59'
Y. Yeboah 69' (pen.)
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 5,542
Referee: Ivan Bebek (Croatia)
Austria v Argentina
5 June 2015
16:00
Austria
0–0
Argentina
Report
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 13,874
Referee: Ryuji Sato (Japan)
Panama v Ghana
5 June 2015
16:00
Panama
0–1
Ghana
Report Boateng 82'
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 3,637
Referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy)
Group C[edit]
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Group stage result
1
Portugal 3 3 0 0 10 1 +9 9 Advance to knockout stage
2
Colombia 3 1 1 1 3 4 −1 4
3
Senegal 3 1 1 1 3 5 −2 4
4
Qatar 3 0 0 3 1 7 −6 0
Source: FIFA
Qatar v Colombia
31 May 2015
13:00
Qatar
0–1
Colombia
Report Rodríguez 24'
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
Attendance: 7,461
Referee: Matt Conger (New Zealand)
Portugal v Senegal
31 May 2015
16:00
Portugal
3–0
Senegal
Martins 1'
Silva 90'
Santos 90+2' Report
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
Attendance: 10,362
Referee: César Arturo Ramos (Mexico)
Qatar v Portugal
3 June 2015
16:00
Qatar
0–4
Portugal
Report Silva 34'
Rodrigues 42', 66'
Vigário 74'
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
Attendance: 1,864
Referee: Daniel Fedorczuk (Uruguay)
Senegal v Colombia
3 June 2015
19:00
Senegal
1–1
Colombia
Thiam 23' Report Zapata 43' (pen.)
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
Attendance: 3,981
Referee: István Vad (Hungary)
Senegal v Qatar
6 June 2015
13:00
Senegal
2–1
Qatar
Sylla 76'
Koné 81' Report Afif 17' (pen.)
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
Attendance: 3,791
Referee: Felix Zwayer (Germany)
Colombia v Portugal
6 June 2015
13:00
Colombia
1–3
Portugal
Borré 74' Report Santos 3'
Silva 55' (pen.), 67'
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
Attendance: 6,950
Referee: Henry Bejarano (Costa Rica)
Group D[edit]
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Group stage result
1
Serbia 3 2 0 1 4 1 +3 6 Advance to knockout stage
2
Uruguay 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4[a]
3
Mali 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4[a]
4
Mexico 3 1 0 2 2 5 −3 3
Source: FIFA
Notes:
^ Jump up to: a b The final positions of Mali and Uruguay were decided by drawing of lots, conducted in Auckland and witnessed by both teams via a live video link, which placed Uruguay in second and Mali in third.[27] Both teams had advanced to the round of 16.
Mexico v Mali
31 May 2015
13:00
Mexico
0–2
Mali
Report A. Traoré 77'
Gbakle 79'
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
Attendance: 4,299
Referee: Felix Zwayer (Germany)
Uruguay v Serbia
31 May 2015
16:00
Uruguay
1–0
Serbia
Pereiro 56' Report
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
Attendance: 6,048
Referee: Ryuji Sato (Japan)
Mexico v Uruguay
3 June 2015
16:00
Mexico
2–1
Uruguay
Lozano 71'
Gutiérrez 90+3' Report Suárez 83'
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
Attendance: 2,038
Referee: Ovidiu Hațegan (Romania)
Serbia v Mali
3 June 2015
19:00
Serbia
2–0
Mali
S. Milinković-Savić 27'
Mandić 74' Report
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
Attendance: 4,012
Referee: Roddy Zambrano (Ecuador)
Serbia v Mexico
6 June 2015
16:00
Serbia
2–0
Mexico
Maksimović 2'
Živković 43' Report
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
Attendance: 9,248
Referee: Ricardo Marques (Brazil)
Mali v Uruguay
6 June 2015
16:00
Mali
1–1
Uruguay
A. Traoré 44' Report Acosta 17'
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
Attendance: 6,791
Referee: Artur Soares Dias (Portugal)
Group E[edit]
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Group stage result
1
Brazil 3 3 0 0 9 3 +6 9 Advance to knockout stage
2
Nigeria 3 2 0 1 8 4 +4 6
3
Hungary 3 1 0 2 6 5 +1 3
4
North Korea 3 0 0 3 1 12 −11 0
Source: FIFA
Nigeria v Brazil
1 June 2015
13:00
Nigeria
2–4
Brazil
Success 10'
Yahaya 28' Report Gabriel Jesus 4'
Judivan 34', 82'
Boschilia 59'
Stadium Taranaki, New Plymouth
Attendance: 5,887
Referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy)
North Korea v Hungary
1 June 2015
16:00
North Korea
1–5
Hungary
Choe Ju-song 32' Report Mervó 17', 49', 82'
Kalmár 33'
Forgács 60'
Stadium Taranaki, New Plymouth
Attendance: 8,153
Referee: Henry Bejarano (Costa Rica)
Nigeria v North Korea
4 June 2015
16:00
Nigeria
4–0
North Korea
Saviour 48', 51'
Sokari 71'
Success 80' Report
Stadium Taranaki, New Plymouth
Attendance: 1,114
Referee: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)
Hungary v Brazil
4 June 2015
19:00
Hungary
1–2
Brazil
Mervó 8' Report Danilo 50'
A. Pereira 86' (pen.)
Stadium Taranaki, New Plymouth
Attendance: 4,077
Referee: Fahad Al-Mirdasi (Saudi Arabia)
Hungary v Nigeria
7 June 2015
17:00
Hungary
0–2
Nigeria
Report Awoniyi 33', 54'
Stadium Taranaki, New Plymouth
Attendance: 3,184
Referee: Roddy Zambrano (Ecuador)
Brazil v North Korea
7 June 2015
17:00
Brazil
3–0
North Korea
Min Hyo-song 60' (o.g.)
Jean Carlos 66'
L. Pereira 86' Report
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 15,298
Referee: Matt Conger (New Zealand)
Group F[edit]
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Group stage result
1
Germany 3 3 0 0 16 2 +14 9 Advance to knockout stage
2
Uzbekistan 3 1 0 2 6 7 −1 3
3
Honduras 3 1 0 2 5 11 −6 3
4
Fiji 3 1 0 2 4 11 −7 3
Source: FIFA
Germany v Fiji
1 June 2015
13:00
Germany
8–1
Fiji
Stark 18', 27'
Stendera 20' (pen.)
Prömel 23'
Mukhtar 34', 40', 89' (pen.)
Stefaniak 68' Report Verevou 48'
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 5,296
Referee: Jhon Pitti (Panama)
Uzbekistan v Honduras
1 June 2015
16:00
Uzbekistan
3–4
Honduras
Khamdamov 31'
Shomurodov 79'
Urinboev 90+6' Report Benavídez 4'
Róchez 20', 90+2'
Álvarez 49'
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 6,679
Referee: Eric Otogo-Castane (Gabon)
Honduras v Fiji
4 June 2015
16:00
Honduras
0–3
Fiji
Report Verevou 14'
Waqa 19'
Álvarez 45' (o.g.)
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 1,220
Referee: Kim Jong-hyeok (South Korea)
Germany v Uzbekistan
4 June 2015
19:00
Germany
3–0
Uzbekistan
Stendera 33', 85'
Akpoguma 59' Report
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 3,393
Referee: César Arturo Ramos (Mexico)
Honduras v Germany
7 June 2015
14:00
Honduras
1–5
Germany
Schwäbe 19' (o.g.) Report Stendera 2' (pen.)
Brandt 30'
Mukhtar 50'
Prömel 62'
Stark 81'
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 12,045
Referee: Daniel Fedorczuk (Uruguay)
Fiji v Uzbekistan
7 June 2015
14:00
Fiji
0–3
Uzbekistan
Report Shomurodov 62'
Urinboev 63'
Kosimov 90+3'
Northland Events Centre, Whangarei
Attendance: 5,011
Referee: Bernard Camille (Seychelles)
Ranking of third-placed teams[edit]
The four best ranked third-placed teams also advanced to the round of 16. They were paired with the winners of groups A, B, C and D, according to a table published in Section 18 of the tournament regulations.[24]
Pos
Grp
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Result
1
A New Zealand (H) 3 1 1 1 5 5 0 4 Knockout stage
2
D Mali 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4
3
C Senegal 3 1 1 1 3 5 −2 4
4
E Hungary 3 1 0 2 6 5 +1 3
5
F Honduras 3 1 0 2 5 11 −6 3
6
B Argentina 3 0 2 1 4 5 −1 2
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored; 4) lots drawn by FIFA.
(H) Host.
Knockout stage[edit]
In the knockout stage, if a match is level at the end of regular time (two periods of 45 minutes), extra time is played (two periods of 15 minutes) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner. In the case of the third place match, as it is played just before the final, extra time is skipped and a penalty shoot-out takes place.[24]
Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final
11 June — New Plymouth
Brazil (pen.) 0 (5)
14 June — Hamilton
Uruguay 0 (4)
Brazil (pen.) 0 (3)
11 June — Hamilton
Portugal 0 (1)
Portugal 2
17 June — Christchurch
New Zealand 1
Brazil 5
11 June — Whangarei
Senegal 0
Austria 0
14 June — Wellington
Uzbekistan 2
Uzbekistan 0
10 June — Auckland
Senegal 1
Ukraine 1 (1)
20 June — Auckland
Senegal (pen.) 1 (3)
Brazil 1
10 June — Wellington
Serbia (a.e.t.) 2
United States 1
14 June — Auckland
Colombia 0
United States 0 (5)
10 June — Dunedin
Serbia (pen.) 0 (6)
Serbia (a.e.t.) 2
17 June — Auckland
Hungary 1
Serbia (a.e.t.) 2
10 June — Wellington
Mali 1 Third Place
Ghana 0
14 June — Christchurch 20 June — Auckland
Mali 3
Mali (pen.) 1 (4) Senegal 1
11 June — Christchurch
Germany 1 (3) Mali 3
Germany 1
Nigeria 0
Combinations of matches in the Round of 16
The third-placed teams which advanced to the round of 16 were placed with the winners of groups A, B, C and D according to a table published in Section 18 of the tournament regulations.[24]
Combination according to the four qualified teams
Third teams qualify from groups:
1A plays against:
1B plays against:
1C plays against:
1D plays against:
A B C D 3C 3D 3A 3B
A B C E 3C 3A 3B 3E
A B C F 3C 3A 3B 3F
A B D E 3D 3A 3B 3E
A B D F 3D 3A 3B 3F
A B E F 3E 3A 3B 3F
A C D E 3C 3D 3A 3E
A C D F 3C 3D 3A 3F
A C E F 3C 3A 3F 3E
A D E F 3D 3A 3F 3E
B C D E 3C 3D 3B 3E
B C D F 3C 3D 3B 3F
B C E F 3E 3C 3B 3F
B D E F 3E 3D 3B 3F
C D E F 3C 3D 3F 3E
Round of 16[edit]
Ghana v Mali
10 June 2015
16:00
Ghana
0–3
Mali
Report Samassékou 20'
Gbakle 53'
Doumbia 81'
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 2,235
Referee: Gehad Grisha (Egypt)
Serbia v Hungary
10 June 2015
16:00
Serbia
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Hungary
Šaponjić 90+1'
Talabér 118' (o.g.) Report Mervó 57'
Otago Stadium, Dunedin
Attendance: 5,149
Referee: Antonio Mateu Lahoz (Spain)
United States v Colombia
10 June 2015
19:30
United States
1–0
Colombia
Rubin 58' Report
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 6,062
Referee: Ivan Bebek (Croatia)
Ukraine v Senegal
10 June 2015
19:30
Ukraine
1–1 (a.e.t.)
Senegal
Besyedin 70' Report Sarr 83'
Penalties
Chumak
Kharatin
Habelok
Luchkevych
1–3
Sarr
Sylla
Niang
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 6,905
Referee: Ricardo Marques (Brazil)
Austria v Uzbekistan
11 June 2015
16:00
Austria
0–2
Uzbekistan
Report Khamdamov 47', 57'
Northland Events Centre, Whangarei
Attendance: 3,964
Referee: Jhon Pitti (Panama)
Germany v Nigeria
11 June 2015
19:30
Germany
1–0
Nigeria
Öztunalı 19' Report
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 5,288
Referee: Fahad Al-Mirdasi (Saudi Arabia)
Portugal v New Zealand
11 June 2015
19:30
Portugal
2–1
New Zealand
Guzzo 24'
Martins 87' Report Holthusen 64'
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
Attendance: 10,492
Referee: Kim Jong-hyeok (South Korea)
Brazil v Uruguay
11 June 2015
19:30
Brazil
0–0 (a.e.t.)
Uruguay
Report
Penalties
A. Pereira
Lucão
Danilo
Jajá
Gabriel Jesus
5–4
Arambarri
Amaral
Poyet
Acosta
Lemos
Stadium Taranaki, New Plymouth
Attendance: 4,358
Referee: István Vad (Hungary)
Quarter-finals[edit]
Brazil v Portugal
14 June 2015
13:00
Brazil
0–0 (a.e.t.)
Portugal
Report
Penalties
A. Pereira
Lucão
Danilo
Gabriel Jesus
3–1
Rony Lopes
Guzzo
André Silva
Nuno Santos
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
Attendance: 9,945
Referee: Felix Zwayer (Germany)
Mali v Germany
14 June 2015
13:00
Mali
1–1 (a.e.t.)
Germany
S. Coulibaly 58' Report Brandt 38'
Penalties
Hamidou
Guindo
Koné
A. Traoré
Samassékou
4–3
Akpoguma
Öztunalı
Steinmann
Brandt
Stark
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 7,007
Referee: César Arturo Ramos (Mexico)
United States v Serbia
14 June 2015
16:30
United States
0–0 (a.e.t.)
Serbia
Report
Penalties
Rubin
Payne
Arriola
Hyndman
Zelalem
Soñora
Delgado
Carter-Vickers
Requejo
5–6
Zdjelar
Mandić
Babić
Grujić
Živković
Rajković
Antonov
Veljković
Maksimović
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 10,826
Referee: Artur Soares Dias (Portugal)
Uzbekistan v Senegal
14 June 2015
16:30
Uzbekistan
0–1
Senegal
Report Thiam 77'
Wellington Regional Stadium, Wellington
Attendance: 10,258
Referee: Ovidiu Hațegan (Romania)
Semi-finals[edit]
Brazil v Senegal
17 June 2015
16:00
Brazil
5–0
Senegal
Correa 5' (o.g.)
Marcos Guilherme 7', 78'
Boschilia 19'
Jorge 35' Report
Christchurch Stadium, Christchurch
Attendance: 9,251
Referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy)
Serbia v Mali
17 June 2015
19:30
Serbia
2–1 (a.e.t.)
Mali
Živković 4'
Šaponjić 101' Report Koné 39'
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 10,818
Referee: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)
Third place match[edit]
Senegal v Mali
20 June 2015
13:30
Senegal
1–3
Mali
Wadji 64' Report A. Traoré 74', 83'
Samassékou 90+1'
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 12,421
Referee: Gehad Grisha (Egypt)
Final[edit]
Brazil v Serbia
20 June 2015
17:05
Brazil
1–2 (a.e.t.)
Serbia
A. Pereira 73' Report Mandić 70'
Maksimović 118'
North Harbour Stadium, Auckland
Attendance: 25,317
Referee: Fahad Al-Mirdasi (Saudi Arabia)
Awards[edit]
The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament.[28] They were all sponsored by adidas.
Golden Ball
Silver Ball
Bronze Ball
Adama Traoré Danilo Sergej Milinković-Savić
Golden Boot
Silver Boot
Bronze Boot
Viktor Kovalenko Bence Mervó Marc Stendera
5 goals, 2 assists 5 goals, 0 assists 4 goals, 4 assists
Golden Glove
Predrag Rajković
FIFA Fair Play Award
Ukraine
Goalscorers[edit]
5 goals
Viktor Kovalenko
Bence Mervó
4 goals
Hany Mukhtar
Marc Stendera
Adama Traoré
André Silva
3 goals
Niklas Stark
Dostonbek Khamdamov
2 goals
Ángel Correa
Andreas Pereira
Gabriel Boschilia
Judivan
Marcos Guilherme
Iosefo Verevou
Julian Brandt
Grischa Prömel
Yaw Yeboah
Bryan Róchez
Dieudonne Gbakle
Diadie Samassékou
Taiwo Awoniyi
Godwin Saviour
Isaac Success
Fidel Escobar
Ivo Rodrigues
Nuno Santos
Gelson Martins
Mamadou Thiam
Nemanja Maksimović
Staniša Mandić
Ivan Šaponjić
Andrija Živković
Artem Besyedin
Emerson Hyndman
Rubio Rubin
Eldor Shomurodov
Zabikhillo Urinboev
1 goal
Emiliano Buendía
Giovanni Simeone
Valentin Grubeck
Bernd Gschweidl
Danilo
Gabriel Jesus
Jean Carlos
Jorge
Léo Pereira
Rafael Santos Borré
Joao Rodríguez
Alexis Zapata
Saula Waqa
Kevin Akpoguma
Levin Öztunalı
Marvin Stefaniak
Clifford Aboagye
Emmanuel Boateng
Benjamin Tetteh
Kevin Álvarez
Jhow Benavidez
Dávid Forgács
Zsolt Kalmár
Souleymane Coulibaly
Aboubacar Doumbia
Youssouf Koné
Kevin Gutiérrez
Hirving Lozano
Yan Naing Oo
Aung Thu
Noah Billingsley
Sam Brotherton
Stuart Holthusen
Clayton Lewis
Monty Patterson
Joel Stevens
Kingsley Sokari
Musa Yahaya
Choe Ju-song
Jhamal Rodríguez
Raphael Guzzo
João Vigário
Akram Afif
Moussa Koné
Sidy Sarr
Alhassane Sylla
Ibrahima Wadji
Sergej Milinković-Savić
Valeriy Luchkevych
Eduard Sobol
Roman Yaremchuk
Paul Arriola
Bradford Jamieson IV
Maki Tall
Franco Acosta
Gastón Pereiro
Mathías Suárez
Mirjamol Kosimov
1 own goal
Marvin Schwäbe (playing against Honduras)
Kevin Álvarez (playing against Fiji)
Attila Talabér (playing against Serbia)
Min Hyo-song (playing against Brazil)
Chin Hormechea (playing against Austria)
Andelinou Correa (playing against Brazil)
Source: FIFA.com[29]
Final ranking[edit]
As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Final result
1
Serbia 7 5 1 1 10 4 +6 16 Champions
2
Brazil 7 4 2 1 15 5 +10 14 Runners-up
3
Mali 7 3 2 2 11 7 +4 11 Third place
4
Senegal 7 2 2 3 6 14 −8 8 Fourth place
5
Germany 5 4 1 0 18 3 +15 13 Eliminated in
Quarter-finals
6
Portugal 5 4 1 0 12 2 +10 13
7
United States 5 3 1 1 7 4 +3 10
8
Uzbekistan 5 2 0 3 8 8 0 6
9
Ukraine 4 2 2 0 10 1 +9 8 Eliminated in
Round of 16
10
Ghana 4 2 1 1 5 6 −1 7
11
Nigeria 4 2 0 2 8 5 +3 6
12
Uruguay 4 1 2 1 3 3 0 5
13
Austria 4 1 2 1 3 4 −1 5
14
New Zealand (H) 4 1 1 2 6 7 −1 4
15
Colombia 4 1 1 2 3 5 −2 4
16
Hungary 4 1 0 3 7 7 0 3
17
Mexico 3 1 0 2 2 5 −3 3 Eliminated in
Group stage
18
Honduras 3 1 0 2 5 11 −6 3
19
Fiji 3 1 0 2 4 11 −7 3
20
Argentina 3 0 2 1 4 5 −1 2
21
Panama 3 0 1 2 3 5 −2 1
22
Qatar 3 0 0 3 1 7 −6 0
23
Myanmar 3 0 0 3 2 13 −11 0
24
North Korea 3 0 0 3 1 12 −11 0
Source: FIFA
(H) Host.
Organization[edit]
Emblem and mascot[edit]
The official emblem of the tournament was unveiled on 20 November 2013.[30] The official mascot, a black sheep named Wooliam, was unveiled on 30 November 2014.[31]
Ticketing[edit]
Prior to being released for 'General sale' on June 13, 2014,[32] registered footballers in New Zealand were given 'priority treatment' by allowing them the option to buy tickets from two months earlier.[33]
In the first three months of tickets going on sale to residents, an estimated 25,000 were sold.[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Eight FIFA tournaments awarded". FIFA. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 Host Cities unveiled". FIFA. 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Fifa U-20 World Cup organisers unveiled". Stuff.co.nz. 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
Jump up ^ "NZ Football records fifth straight surplus". Yahoo! New Zealand. 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
Jump up ^ "U20 venues announcement pushed back". Newstalk.co.nz. 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Iceland spring surprise on France". UEFA.com. 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Remarkable interest in hosting FIFA competitions". FIFA. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Zealand to host 2015 U-20 World Cup". Stuff.co.nz. 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
Jump up ^ "2014 World Cup places unchanged". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 3 March 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dunedin drops world cup bid". Otago Daily Times. 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Dunedin 'wrong' to drop World Cup bid". Radio New Zealand. 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Dunedin Confirmed as a Host City for FIFA's Second Biggest Tournament". Dunedin City Council website. 2013-08-15.
Jump up ^ Yarrow Stadium (NZ)
Jump up ^ "Media accreditation for the Official Draw for the FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015". The Olympics Sports. 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Draw sets stage for New Zealand 2015". FIFA.com. 10 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "U-20 World Cup draw to be streamed live". FIFA.com. 9 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "African teams set to light up the FIFA U-20 World Cup". FIFA.com. 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup: African reps learn their fate". CAF. 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Match schedule for New Zealand 2015 revealed". Oceania Football Confederation. November 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Referee and assistant referees selected". FIFA.com. 26 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Referees and Assistant Referees for the FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015™" (PDF). FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Squads announced for New Zealand 2015". FIFA. 21 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 – List of Players" (PDF). FIFA.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Regulations – FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015" (PDF). FIFA.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Herald". APN. 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Match Schedule – FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015" (PDF). FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Final standings in Group D determined". FIFA.com. 6 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mali’s magician Traore nets top honour". FIFA.com. 20 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Statistics — Players — Top goals". FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Official emblem for New Zealand 2015 unveiled". FIFA.com. 20 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand 2015 Mascot fires up crowds in Auckland and Wellington". FIFA.com. 30 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand 2015 tickets on sale". FIFA.com. 2014-06-20.
Jump up ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015 kick-off times announced". New Plymouth District Council website. 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
Jump up ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup - Thousands of Tickets Sold and Thousands of Dollars Back to Clubs". World Football Insider. 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
External links[edit]
FIFA U-20 World Cup New Zealand 2015, FIFA.com
Official 2015 U20 Ticketing website
2015 FIFA U20 World Cup New Zealand Dedicated site
2015 U20 World Cup Facebook page
FIFA Technical Report
[show]
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Tournaments
Tunisia 1977
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text:
Armour
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Armour (disambiguation).
Armour (British English or Canadian English) or armor (American English; see spelling differences) is a protective covering that is used to prevent damage from being inflicted to an object, individual or vehicle by direct contact weapons or projectiles, usually during combat, or from damage caused by a potentially dangerous environment or action (e.g., cycling, construction sites, etc.).
Personal armour is used to protect soldiers and war animals. Vehicle armour is used on warships and armoured fighting vehicles.
A second use of the term armour describes armoured forces, armoured weapons, and their role in combat. After the evolution of armoured warfare, mechanised infantry and their weapons came to be referred to collectively as "armour".
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Personal
2.1 History
2.1.1 Early
2.1.1.1 13th century Italian
2.1.2 Later
2.1.3 Present
3 Vehicle
3.1 History
3.1.1 Ships
3.1.2 Trains
3.1.3 Armoured fighting vehicles
3.1.4 Aircraft
3.1.5 Present
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Etymology[edit]
Portrait of a Gentleman in armour with two pages. Paris Bordone.
The word "armour" began to appear in the Middle Ages as a derivative of Old French. It is dated from 1297 as a "mail, defensive covering worn in combat". The word originates from the Old French armure, itself derived from the Latin armatura meaning "arms and/or equipment", with the root armare meaning "arms or gear".[1]
Personal[edit]
Main article: Personal armour
Armour has been used throughout recorded history. It has been made from a variety of materials, beginning with rudimentary leather protection[citation needed] and evolving through mail and metal plate into today's modern composites. For much of military history the manufacture of metal personal armour has dominated the technology and employment of armour. Armour drove the development of many important technologies of the Ancient World, including wood lamination, mining, metal refining, vehicle manufacture, leather processing, and later decorative metal working. Its production was influential in the industrial revolution, and furthered commercial development of metallurgy and engineering. Armour was the single most influential factor in the development of firearms, which in turn revolutionised warfare.
History[edit]
The Dendra panoply, Mycenaean Greek armour, circa 1400 BC
Significant factors in the development of armour include the economic and technological necessities of its production. For instance, plate armour first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper. Also, modern militaries usually do not equip their forces with the best armour available because it would be prohibitively expensive. At times the development of armour has paralleled the development of increasingly effective weaponry on the battlefield, with armourers seeking to create better protection without sacrificing mobility.
Well-known armour types in European history include the lorica hamata, lorica squamata, and the lorica segmentata of the Roman legions, the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later medieval and renaissance knights, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I (1914–15). The samurai warriors of feudal Japan utilised many types of armour for hundreds of years up to the 19th century.
Early[edit]
Cuirasses and helmets were manufactured in Japan as early as the 4th century.[2]Tankō, worn by foot soldiers and keikō, worn by horsemen were both pre-samurai types of early Japanese armour constructed from iron plates connected together by leather thongs. Japanese lamellar armour (keiko) passed through Korea and reached Japan around the 5th century.[3] These early Japanese lamellar armours took the form of a sleeveless jacket, leggings and a helmet.[4]
Armour did not always cover all of the body; sometimes no more than a helmet and leg plates were worn. The rest of the body was generally protected by means of a large shield. Examples of armies equipping their troops in this fashion were the Aztecs (13th to 15th century CE).[5]
In East Asia many types of armour were commonly used at different times by various cultures including, scale armour, lamellar armour, laminar armour, plated mail, mail, plate armour and brigandine. Around the dynastic Tang, Song, and early Ming Period, cuirasses and plates (mingguangjia) were also used, with more elaborate versions for officers in war. The Chinese, during that time used partial plates for "important" body parts instead of covering their whole body since too much plate armour hinders their martial arts movement. The other body parts were covered in cloth, leather, lamellar, or Mountain pattern. In pre-Qin dynasty times, leather armour was made out of various animals, with more exotic ones such as the rhinoceros.
Mail, sometimes called "chainmail", made of interlocking iron rings is believed to have first appeared some time after 300 BC. Its invention is credited to the Celts, the Romans were thought to have adopted their design.[6]
Gradually, small additional plates or discs of iron were added to the mail to protect vulnerable areas. Hardened leather and splinted construction were used for arm and leg pieces. The coat of plates was developed, an armour made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat.
13th century Italian[edit]
Early plate in Italy, and elsewhere in the 13th–15th century, were made of iron. Iron armour could be carburised or case hardened to give a surface of harder steel.[7] Plate armour became cheaper than mail by the 15th century as it required much less labour and labour had become much more expensive after the Black Death, though it did require larger furnaces to produce larger blooms. Mail continued to be used to protect those joints which could not be adequately protected by plate, such as the armpit, crook of the elbow and groin. Another advantage of plate was that a lance rest could be fitted to the breast plate.[8]
The small skull cap evolved into a bigger true helmet, the bascinet, as it was lengthened downward to protect the back of the neck and the sides of the head. Additionally, several new forms of fully enclosed helmets were introduced in the late 14th century.
Heavily armoured riders and their barded war horses, 16th century
Probably the most recognised style of armour in the World became the plate armour associated with the knights of the European Late Middle Ages, but continuing to the early 17th century Age of Enlightenment in all European countries.
By about 1400 the full harness of plate armour had been developed in armouries of Lombardy.[9] Heavy cavalry dominated the battlefield for centuries in part because of their armour.
In the early 15th century, advances in weaponry allowed infantry to defeat armoured knights on the battlefield. The quality of the metal used in armour deteriorated as armies became bigger and armour was made thicker, necessitating breeding of larger cavalry horses. If during the 14–15th centuries armour seldom weighed more than 15 kg, then by the late 16th century it weighed 25 kg.[10] The increasing weight and thickness of late 16th century armour therefore gave substantial resistance.
In the early years of low velocity firearms, full suits of armour, or breast plates actually stopped bullets fired from a modest distance. Crossbow bolts, if still used, would seldom penetrate good plate, nor would any bullet unless fired from close range. In effect, rather than making plate armour obsolete, the use of firearms stimulated the development of plate armour into its later stages. For most of that period, it allowed horsemen to fight while being the targets of defending arquebuseers without being easily killed. Full suits of armour were actually worn by generals and princely commanders right up to the second decade of the 18th century. It was the only way they could be mounted and survey the overall battlefield with safety from distant musket fire.
The horse was afforded protection from lances and infantry weapons by steel plate barding. This gave the horse protection and enhanced the visual impression of a mounted knight. Late in the era, elaborate barding was used in parade armour.
Later[edit]
Elements of a Light-Cavalry Armor, ca. 1510, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Gradually, starting in the mid-16th century, one plate element after another was discarded to save weight for foot soldiers.
Back and breast plates continued to be used throughout the entire period of the 18th century and through Napoleonic times, in many European (heavy) cavalry units, until the early 20th century. From their introduction, muskets could pierce plate armour, so cavalry had to be far more mindful of the fire. In Japan armour continued to be used until the end of the samurai era, with the last major fighting in which armour was used happening in 1868.[11] Samurai armour had one last short lived use in 1877 during the Satsuma Rebellion.[12]
Though the age of the knight was over, armour continued to be used in many capacities. Soldiers in the American Civil War bought iron and steel vests from peddlers (both sides had considered but rejected body armour for standard issue). The effectiveness of the vests varied widely—some successfully deflected bullets and saved lives, but others were poorly made and resulted in tragedy for the soldiers. In any case the vests were abandoned by many soldiers due to their weight on long marches as well as the stigma they got for being cowards from their fellow troops.[13]
At the start of World War I, thousands of the French Cuirassiers rode out to engage the German Cavalry. By that period, the shiny armour plate was covered in dark paint and a canvas wrap covered their elaborate Napoleonic style helmets. Their armour was meant to protect only against sabres and light lances. The cavalry had to beware of high velocity rifles and machine guns, unlike the foot soldiers, who at least had a trench to protect them.
Present[edit]
Today, ballistic vests, also known as flak jackets, made of ballistic cloth (e.g. kevlar, dyneema, twaron, spectra etc.) and ceramic or metal plates are common among police forces, security staff, corrections officers and some branches of the military.
The US Army has adopted Interceptor body armour, which uses Enhanced Small Arms Protective Inserts (E-S.A.P.I) in the chest, sides and back of the armour. Each plate is rated to stop a range of ammunition including 3 hits from a 7.62×51 NATO AP round at a range of 10 m (33 ft).[14] Dragon Skin body armour is another ballistic vest which is currently in testing with mixed results.
Early Korean armour of Gaya, its nickname as the kingdom of Steel. Iron helmet and cuirass. 5th century. National Museum of Korea.
Medieval Germanic helmet.
Medieval horse armour on display at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha in Qatar.
Plate armour
Riot police with body protection against blows
Vehicle[edit]
Main article: Vehicle armour
The first modern production technology for armour plating was used by navies in the construction of the Ironclad warship, reaching its pinnacle of development with the battleship. The first tanks were produced during World War I. Aerial armour has been used to protect pilots and aircraft systems since the First World War.
In modern ground forces' usage, the meaning of armour has expanded to include the role of troops in combat. After the evolution of armoured warfare, mechanised infantry were mounted in armoured fighting vehicles and replaced light infantry in many situations. In modern armoured warfare, armoured units equipped with tanks and infantry fighting vehicles serve the historic role of both the battle cavalry, light cavalry and dragoons, and belong to the armoured branch.
History[edit]
Ships[edit]
Further information: Warship
HMS Warrior during her third commission between 1867 and 1871
The first ironclad battleship, with iron armour over a wooden hull, La Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in 1859[15] prompting the British Royal Navy to build a counter. The following year they launched HMS Warrior, which was twice the size and had iron armour over an iron hull. After the first battle between two ironclads took place in 1862 during the American Civil War, it became clear that the ironclad had replaced the unarmoured line-of-battle ship as the most powerful warship afloat.[16]
Ironclads were designed for several roles, including as high seas battleships, coastal defence ships, and long-range cruisers. The rapid evolution of warship design in the late 19th century transformed the ironclad from a wooden-hulled vessel which carried sails to supplement its steam engines into the steel-built, turreted battleships and cruisers familiar in the 20th century. This change was pushed forward by the development of heavier naval guns (the ironclads of the 1880s carried some of the heaviest guns ever mounted at sea)[citation needed], more sophisticated steam engines, and advances in metallurgy which made steel shipbuilding possible.
The rapid pace of change in the ironclad period meant that many ships were obsolete as soon as they were complete, and that naval tactics were in a state of flux. Many ironclads were built to make use of the ram or the torpedo, which a number of naval designers considered the crucial weapons of naval combat. There is no clear end to the ironclad period, but towards the end of the 1890s the term ironclad dropped out of use. New ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or armoured cruisers.
Trains[edit]
An armoured train from 1915
Armoured trains saw use during the 19th century in the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the First and Second Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902),the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921); the First (1914–1918) and Second World Wars (1939–1945) and the First Indochina War (1946–1954). The most intensive use of armoured trains was during the Russian Civil War (1918–1920).
Armoured cars saw use during World wars 1 and 2.
During the Second Boer War on 15 November 1899, Winston Churchill, then a war-correspondent, was travelling on board an armoured train when it was ambushed by Boer commandos. Churchill and many of the train's garrison were captured, though many others escaped, including wounded placed on the train's engine.
Armoured fighting vehicles[edit]
Main articles: Vehicle armour and Armoured fighting vehicle
Ancient siege engines were usually protected by wooden armour, often covered with wet hides or thin metal to prevent being easily burned.
Medieval war wagons were horse-drawn wagons that were similarly armoured. These contained guns or crossbowmen that could fire through gun-slits.
The first modern AFVs were armoured cars, developed circa 1900. These started as ordinary wheeled motor-cars protected by iron shields, typically mounting a machine gun.[17]
During World War I, the stalemate of trench warfare during on the Western Front spurred the development of the tank. It was envisioned as an armoured machine that could advance under fire from enemy rifles and machine guns, and respond with its own heavy guns. It utilized caterpillar tracks to cross ground broken up by shellfire and trenches.
Aircraft[edit]
With the development of effective anti-aircraft artillery in the period before the Second World War, military pilots, once the "knights of the air" during the First World War, became far more vulnerable to ground fire. As a response armour plating was added to aircraft to protect aircrew and vulnerable areas such as fuel tanks and engine.
Present[edit]
The US Military's M1 Abrams MBT uses composite, reactive, and cage armour
Tank armour has progressed from the Second World War armour forms, now incorporating not only harder composites, but also reactive armour designed to defeat shaped charges. As a result of this, the main battle tank (MBT) conceived in the Cold War era can survive multiple RPG strikes with minimal effect on the crew or the operation of the vehicle. The light tanks that were the last descendants of the light cavalry during the Second World War have almost completely disappeared from the world's militaries due to increased lethality of the weapons available to the vehicle-mounted infantry.
The armoured personnel carrier (APC) was devised during World War I. It allows the safe and rapid movement of infantry in a combat zone, minimising casualties and maximising mobility. APCs are fundamentally different from the previously used armoured half-tracks in that they offer a higher level of protection from artillery burst fragments, and greater mobility in more terrain types. The basic APC design was substantially expanded to an Infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) when properties of an armoured personnel carrier and a light tank were combined in one vehicle.
Naval armour has fundamentally changed from the Second World War doctrine of thicker plating to defend against shells, bombs and torpedoes. Passive defence naval armour is limited to kevlar or steel (either single layer or as spaced armour) protecting particularly vital areas from the effects of nearby impacts. Since ships cannot carry enough armour to completely prevent penetration by anti-ship missiles, they depend more on destroying an incoming missile before it hits, or causing it to miss its target.
Although the role of the ground attack aircraft significantly diminished after the Korean War, it re-emerged during the Vietnam War, and in the recognition of this, the US Air Force authorised the design and production of what became the A-10 dedicated anti-armour and ground-attack aircraft that first saw action in the Gulf War.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armour.
Battledress
Bomb suit
Linothorax
Powered exoskeleton
Rolled homogeneous armour
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition of armour in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Farris 1998, p. 75
Jump up ^ Robinson 2002, p. 10
Jump up ^ Robinson 2002, pp. 169–170
Jump up ^ Fagan 2004,[page needed]
Jump up ^ Gabriel 2007, p. 79
Jump up ^ Williams 2003, pp. 740–741.
Jump up ^ Williams 2003, p. 55
Jump up ^ Williams 2003, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Williams 2003, p. 916
Jump up ^ Robinson 1951,[page needed]
Jump up ^ Robinson 2002, p. 208
Jump up ^ Stewart, pp.74–5
Jump up ^ ArmorUP
Jump up ^ Sondhaus, pp.73–4
Jump up ^ Sondhaus, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Macksey, Kenneth (1980). The Guinness Book of Tank Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives Limited, ISBN 0-85112-204-3.
References[edit]
"Ballistic Protection Levels." BulletproofME.com Body Armor. ArmorUP L.P., n.d. 19 Oct. 2014
DiNardo, R L (January 1986). "The First Modern Tank: Gunther Burstyn and His Motorgeschutz". The Journal of Military History. 50 (1): 12–15. doi:10.2307/1988528. ISSN 0026-3931. OCLC 477932108.
Fagan, Brian (2004). The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05130-6.
Farris, William (1998). Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2030-5.
Gabriel, Richard (2007). The Ancient World. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33348-4.
Regan, Geoffrey (1993). The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders. Enfield: Guinness. ISBN 978-0-85112-728-6.
Reid, Peter (2007). Medieval Warfare. New York: Carrol & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1859-5.
Robinson, Basil William (1951). Arms and Armour of Old Japan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-290074-0.
Robinson, Henry (2002). Oriental Armour. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41818-6.
Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare 1815–1914. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21478-5.
Stewart, Gail B (2000). The Civil War: Weapons of War. San Diego: Lucent Publishers. ISBN 1-56006-626-1.
Williams, Alan (2003). "The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period". History of Warfare. Leiden: Brill. 12. ISBN 90-04-12498-5.
Willmott, H P (2003). First World War. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7894-9627-0.
[hide]
v
t
e
Components of medieval European armour
Head
Armet
Barbute
Bascinet
Burgonet
Cervelliere
Enclosed helmet
Close helmet
Great helm
Frog mouth
Hounskull
Lobster tail pot
Mail coif
Morion
Nasal helmet
Sallet
Spangenhelm
Kettle hat
Face
Visor
Falling buffe
Neck
Aventail
Bevor
Gorget
Pixane
Torso
Breastplate
Brigandine
Cuirass
Culet
Pauncer
Plackart
Fauld
Hauberk
Codpiece
Lance rest
Coat of plates
Jack of plate
Arms
Ailette
Besagew
Couter
Gauntlet
Pauldron
Rerebrace
Spaulder
Vambrace
Legs
Bases
Chausses
Cuisses
Greave
Poleyn
Sabaton
Schynbald
Tasset
Pieces
Gousset
Lame
Rondel
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