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Pennsylvania Avenue
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This article is about a street in Washington, D.C. For other uses, see Pennsylvania Avenue (disambiguation).
Pennsylvania Avenue
Looking southeast down Pennsylvania Avenue, NW towards the United States Capitol seen here from the Old Post Office Pavilion.
Length
35.1 mi (56.5 km)
Location
Washington, D.C.
Prince George's County, Maryland
Coordinates
38°53′37″N 77°01′26″W / 38.893738°N 77.023901°W / 38.893738; -77.023901
Pennsylvania Avenue is a street in Washington, D.C. that connects the White House and the United States Capitol. Called "America's Main Street",[1] it is the location of official parades and processions, as well as protest marches. Moreover, Pennsylvania Avenue is an important commuter route and is part of the National Highway System.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Route
2 History
2.1 Parades and protests
2.2 Enaction of security measures
3 Sites of interest
4 Transit service
4.1 Metrobus
4.2 DC Circulator
4.3 MTA Commuter Bus
4.4 TheBus
4.5 Washington Metro
5 References
6 External links
Route[edit]
Pennsylvania Avenue NW street sign near The White House
A 1942 photo of a DC 4 shield.
The avenue runs for a total of 5.8 miles (9.3 km) inside Washington, but the 1.2 miles (1.9 km) of Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House to the United States Capitol building is considered the most important. It continues within the city for 3.5 miles (5.6 km), from the southeast corner of the Capitol grounds through the Capitol Hill neighborhood, and over the Anacostia River on the John Philip Sousa Bridge. Crossing the entire width of Prince George's County, Maryland, it ends 14.5 miles (23.3 km) from the DC line at its junction with MD Route 408 at Waysons Corner near the Patuxent River, for a total length of 20.3 miles (32.7 km). At this point, as a limited-access highway, it becomes Southern Maryland Boulevard. On October 20, 2012, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley issued a proclamation which named the part of Pennsylvania Avenue east of Water Street in Upper Marlboro and just north of her home town of Croom, Maryland the Stephanie Roper Highway [4] In addition to its street names, in Maryland it is designated as Maryland Route 4. At one point in the mid-20th century, Pennsylvania Avenue was designated DC 4, an extension of Maryland Route 4 that reached at least the east side of the White House.[citation needed]
Northwest of the White House, Pennsylvania Avenue runs for 1.4 miles (2.3 km) to its end at M Street NW in Georgetown, just beyond the Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge over Rock Creek. From 1862 to 1962, streetcars ran the length of the avenue from Georgetown to the Anacostia River.
History[edit]
Further information: Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site
Drawing of Pennsylvania Avenue and the Capitol before it was burned down in 1814
Intersection of 11th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW in 1921
Although Pennsylvania Avenue extends six miles (10 km) within Washington, D.C., the expanse between the White House and the Capitol constitutes the ceremonial heart of the nation. Washington called this stretch "most magnificent & most convenient"[citation needed].
Laid out by Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant, Pennsylvania Avenue was one of the earliest streets constructed in the Federal City.[5] The first reference to the street as Pennsylvania Avenue comes in a 1791 letter from Thomas Jefferson. One theory is that the street was named for Pennsylvania as consolation for moving the capital from Philadelphia.[6] Both Jefferson and George Washington considered the avenue an important feature of the new capital. After inspecting L'Enfant's plan, President Washington referred to the thoroughfare as a "Grand Avenue".[citation needed] Jefferson concurred, and while the "grand avenue" was little more than a wide dirt road ridiculed as "The Great Serbonian Bog", he planted it with rows of fast-growing Lombardy poplars.[citation needed]
At one time Pennsylvania Avenue provided an unobstructed view between the White House and the Capitol. The construction of an expansion to the Treasury Building blocked this view, and supposedly President Andrew Jackson did this on purpose. Relations between the president and Congress were strained, and Jackson did not want to see the Capitol out his window,[7] though in reality the Treasury Building was simply built on what was cheap government land.
In an effort to tame dust and dirt, Pennsylvania Avenue was first paved using the macadam method in 1832, but over the years other pavement methods were trialed on the avenue: cobblestones in 1849 followed by Belgian blocks and then, in 1871, wooden blocks. In 1876, as part of an initiative begun by President Ulysses S. Grant to see Washington City's streets improved, Pennsylvania Avenue was paved with asphalt by Civil War veteran William Averell[8] using Trinidad lake asphalt.[9]
On September 30, 1965, portions of the avenue and surrounding area were designated the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site. The National Park Service administers this area which includes the United States Navy Memorial, Old Post Office Tower, and Pershing Park.[6] Congress created the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation (PADC) on October 27, 1972 to rehabilitate the street between the Capitol and the White House, an area seen as blighted. The new organization was given the mandate of developing Pennsylvania Avenue "in a manner suitable to its ceremonial, physical, and historic relationship to the legislative and executive branches of the Federal Government".[6]
In 2010, the District of Columbia designated Pennsylvania Avenue from the southwestern terminus of John Philip Sousa Bridge to the Maryland state line to be a "D.C. Great Street". The city spent $430 million to beautify the street and improve the roadway.[10]
Parades and protests[edit]
Ever since an impromptu procession formed around Jefferson's second inauguration, every United States president except Ronald Reagan has paraded down the Avenue after taking the oath of office (Reagan paraded up the avenue for his first inauguration, in 1981, but not for the second in 1985 because of freezing temperatures which high winds made it dangerous). From William Henry Harrison to Gerald Ford, the funeral corteges of seven of the eight presidents who died in office and two former presidents followed this route. Franklin Roosevelt was the only president who died in office whose cortege did not follow this route. Lyndon B. Johnson and Ford were the former presidents whose funeral cortege followed this route. For LBJ, it was along the route from the Capitol to the National City Christian Church, where he worshiped often, because the funeral was held there. Ford's went up Pennsylvania Avenue because it paused at the White House en route to the Washington National Cathedral, where the funeral was held. Abraham Lincoln's funeral cortege solemnly proceeded along Pennsylvania Avenue in 1865; only weeks later the end of the American Civil War was celebrated when the Army of the Potomac paraded more joyously along the avenue.
Looking southeast down Pennsylvania Avenue towards the Old Post Office Pavilion and United States Capitol.
As well as being the scene of official functions, Pennsylvania Avenue is the traditional parade and protest route of ordinary citizens. During the depression of the 1890s, for example, Jacob Coxey marched 500 supporters down Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol to demand federal aid for the unemployed. Similarly, on the eve of Woodrow Wilson's 1913 inauguration, Alice Paul masterminded a parade, the Woman Suffrage Procession, highlighting the women's suffrage movement. In July 1932, a contingent of the Bonus Expeditionary Force carried flags up Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House where they planned to form picket lines. Pennsylvania Avenue also has served as a background for more lighthearted celebrations, including a series of day- and nighttime Shriner's parades in the 1920s and 1930s. Thomas and Concepcion Picciotto are the founders of the White House Peace Vigil, the longest running anti-nuclear peace vigil in the US, at Lafayette Square on the 1600 block of Pennsylvania Avenue.[11][12]
Crossroads of K Street and Pennsylvania Avenue in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood
Enaction of security measures[edit]
Protesters marching down Pennsylvania Avenue during the September 15, 2007 anti-war protest.
After the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the Secret Service closed the portion of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House to all vehicular traffic. Pedestrian and bicycle traffic, however, was still permitted on the sidewalk. After 9/11 this policy was made permanent. Near the White House traffic is redirected to H Street or Constitution Avenue, both of which eventually link back with Pennsylvania Avenue. Plans drafted by District officials after the September 11th attacks call for Pennsylvania Avenue downtown to be used as a dividing line for any mass evacuation of the city. People north of the avenue would be directed north while those south of the avenue would be directed south. No vehicles would be allowed to cross the avenue.[citation needed]
In 2002, the National Capital Planning Commission invited several prominent landscape architects to submit proposals for the redesign of Pennsylvania Avenue at the White House, with the intention that the security measures would be woven into an overall plan for the precinct and a more welcoming public space might be created. The winning entry by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Inc., Landscape Architects proposed a very simple approach to planting, paving and the integration of security measures. Construction was completed in 2004.[13]
Sites of interest[edit]
From east to west:
John Philip Sousa Bridge
Barney Circle
United States Capitol
Peace Monument
National Gallery of Art, East Building
John Marshall Park
Embassy of Canada
Newseum
Federal Trade Commission
National Archives Building
United States Navy Memorial
J. Edgar Hoover Building (FBI headquarters)
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building (Department of Justice headquarters)
Old Post Office Pavilion
Ronald Reagan Building
The White House is at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.
John A. Wilson Building
Freedom Plaza
Pershing Park
Treasury Building
White House
Lafayette Park
Blair House
Renwick Gallery
World Bank
Mexican Embassy
The George Washington University
International Finance Corporation
Washington Circle
Spanish Embassy
Rock Creek Park
Georgetown
The National Theatre and Warner Theatre use Pennsylvania Avenue mailing addresses, although the theaters are nearby on E Street and 13th Street respectively.
Transit service[edit]
Pennsylvania Avenue is served by multiple buses, and several rail lines intersect it.
Storefronts along Pennsylvania Avenue in the Capitol Hill neighborhood
Metrobus[edit]
The following Metrobus routes travel along the street (listed from west to east):
36 (Branch Ave. to Independence Ave., then 7th St. NW to 15th St. NW, then Eye St. NW to M St. NW)
32 (Minnesota Ave. to Independence Ave., then 7th St. NW to 15th St. NW, then Eye St. NW to M St. NW)
38B (Eye St. NW to M St. NW)
31, D5 (Washington Circle to M St. NW)
39 (Limited stop service from Southern Ave. to Independence Ave., then 7th St. NW to 15th St. NW, then Eye St. NW to Washington Circle)
37 (Limited stop service from 7th St. NW to 15th St. NW)
P6 (4th St. NW to 11th St. NW)
54 (6th St. NW to 11th St. NW)
P1, P2 (4th St. NW to 9th St. NW)
N22 (8th St. SE to Independence Ave.)
M5 (Minnesota Ave. to North Carolina Ave.)
K11 (Early weekend morning service from Forestville Rd. to Walters La., then Shadyside Ave. to Potomac Ave.)
M6 (Alabama Ave. to Potomac Ave.)
J13 (Early Saturday morning service eastbound only from Forestville Rd. to Old Marlboro Pike, then both directions from 38th St. SE to Potomac Ave.)
B2, V7, V8, V9 (Minnesota Ave. to Potomac Ave.)
V12 (Brooks Dr. to Shadyside Ave.)
K12 (Forestville Rd. to Walters La.)
J11 (Presidential Pkwy. to Forestville Rd.)
J12 (Eastbound only from Forestville Rd. to Old Marlboro Pike)
DC Circulator[edit]
The DC Circulator travels along the street:
East-West line (20th St. NW to M St. NW)
MTA Commuter Bus[edit]
The following MTA Maryland Commuter Bus routes travel along the street:
904 (Anacostia Freeway to Independence Ave., then 7th St. NW to 11th St. NW)
905 (7th St. NW to 11th St. NW)
TheBus[edit]
The following routes of TheBus serve Pennsylvania Ave. in Prince George's County:
24 (Old Silver Hill Rd. to Brooks Dr.)
20 (Marlboro Pike to Donnell Dr.)
Washington Metro[edit]
The following Washington Metro stations have entrances located near Pennsylvania Avenue:
Potomac Avenue, Eastern Market, Federal Triangle, Foggy Bottom–GWU
Blue Line
Orange Line
Silver Line
Archives
Green Line
Yellow Line
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Avenue, National Historic Site. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Transportation and Related Agencies (1995). Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1995. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-16-046724-0.
Jump up ^ Scot Schraufnagel (11 August 2011). Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress. Scarecrow Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8108-7455-8.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Roper Highway
Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...." (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S., Jean Jules Jusserand, popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-0-9727611-0-9). The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as "Major Peter Charles L'Enfant" and as "Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant" on its website.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site and Old Post Office Building". Washington, DC: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
Jump up ^ "FAQs: Main Treasury Building". United States Department of the Treasury.
Jump up ^ Lively, Mathew W. (2013-04-08). "William Averell Paves the Way to the White House, Literally". Civil War Profiles. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
Jump up ^ McNichol, Dan (2005). "Chapter 4: Asphalting the Avenues". Paving the Way: Asphalt in America. Lanham, Maryland: National Asphalt Pavement Association. pp. 38–55. ISBN 0-914313-04-5.
Jump up ^ Thomson, Robert (May 30, 2010). "Patience Required for Travelers on Pennsylvania Avenue". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ The Oracles of Pennsylvania Avenue Archived 2012-07-10 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Colman McCarthy (February 8, 2009). "From Lafayette Square Lookout, He Made His War Protest Permanent". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Manny (November 10, 2004). "America's Main Street Revisited; Pennsylvania Ave. Reopened to Pedestrians". Washington Post. p. A01.
External links[edit]
Route map: Google
KML file (edit • help)
Display on Google Maps
Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Avenue
KML is from Wikidata
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pennsylvania Avenue.
Pennsylvania Avenue restoration project
National Park Service
Allen, Henry, and Andrew Cutraro. The Two Sides of America's Boulevard. The Washington Post Magazine. 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
The Library of Congress American Memory project
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Fast Food Song
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Fast Food Song"
Single by Fast Food Rockers
from the album It's Never Easy Being Cheesy
Released
9 June 2003
Format
CD
Recorded
2003
Genre
Pop, bubblegum dance
Songwriter(s)
Mike Stock, Steve Crosby, Sandy Rass, Eric Dikeb, Martin Neumayer, Bob Patmore
Producer(s)
Mike Stock, Steve Crosby, Sandy Rass
Fast Food Rockers singles chronology
"Fast Food Song"
(2003) "Say Cheese (Smile Please)"
(2003)
"Fast Food Song"
(2003) "Say Cheese (Smile Please)"
(2003)
"Fast Food Song" is a song made famous by the British-based band the Fast Food Rockers, although it existed long before they recorded it,[1] as a popular children's playground song. The chorus was based on the Moroccan folk tune "A Ram Sam Sam". It mentions the fast food restaurants McDonald's, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut.[2]
It was released in June 2003 as the lead single from their album It's Never Easy Being Cheesy. The song was highly successful on the UK Singles Chart, reaching number two in the official charts. The song also achieved minor chart success worldwide and reached number twenty-four on the Irish Charts and number fifty-six on the Australian ARIA Charts. The song was co-written and produced by Mike Stock. The song is mildly controversial for supposedly promoting the excessive consumption of fast food by children, which is why some UK-based radio stations will not play the song when it is requested.
The original version of this song was written and recorded in Dutch by Eric Dikeb, called "Pizza-ha-ha", even though it is better known as "De Pizza Hut". The fast food song is only one of the many adaptations of the Dutch original. other versions include "De Pizzadans", recorded by Dynamite, which was a hit in Belgium.[3] An English-language version has also been recorded by Eric Dikeb for the Philipenes market, in support of a local charity.
The Fast Food Song has also been used in many advertising campaigns in the United Kingdom, for fast food restaurants, especially around the time of the release. Many people[weasel words] have seen the song as promotional towards the chains, and see it as more of an advert than a song.[according to whom?]
The band are widely considered to be one-hit wonders, though their two follow up singles "Say Cheese (Smile Please)" and "I Love Christmas" both achieved mild success in the UK Singles Chart reaching number 10 and 25, respectively. One version was written for Butlins, where the lyrics were changed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
2 DJ Ötzi version
2.1 Track listings
2.2 Chart performance
3 References
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2003)
Peak
position
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles) 8
Ireland (IRMA)[4] 24
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[5] 1
United Kingdom (The Official Charts Company)[6] 2
DJ Ötzi version[edit]
"Burger Dance"
Single by DJ Ötzi
from the album Flying to the Sky
Released
28 July 2003
Format
CD
Genre
Pop
Length
3:24
Songwriter(s)
Eric Dikeb, Gerhard Friedle, Van Hoover
DJ Ötzi singles chronology
"Ramalamadingdong"
(2003) "Burger Dance"
(2003) "Not Without Us"
(2004)
"Ramalamadingdong"
(2003) "Burger Dance"
(2003) "Not Without Us"
(2004)
A version recorded by Austrian artist DJ Ötzi featuring Eric Dikeb was released in July 2003 titled "Burger Dance". It reached number-one in Germany, peaked at number 3 in Austria, and at number 7 in Switzerland.
The song is based on the original Dutch "Pizza ha-ha", including the parts that invite audience participation. It therefore also uses samples of "A Ram Sam Sam" and some sections of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" particularly "Glory Glory Hallelujah".
Track listings[edit]
CD Maxi-single (Europe, 2003)
"Burger Dance" (Party Version) – 3:24
"Summer Of '69" – 3:21
"Burger Dance" (International Remix) – 3:17
"Burger Dance" (Single Version) – 3:42
"Burger Dance" (Karaoke Version) – 3:24
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2003)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[7] 3
Germany (Media Control Charts)[8] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[7] 7
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Phyllis S Weikart and Jane Allman (1988), Movement plus rhymes, songs & singing games : activities for children ages 3–7, High/Scope Press, Ypsilanti, Michigan, p. 58
Jump up ^ Bullock, Darryl W (4 February 2015). The World's Worst Records: Volume One: An Arcade of Audio Atrocity. Bristol Green Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-4826-2446-5.
Jump up ^ Bubblegum Dancer: Fast Food Rockers Archived 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Search for Irish peaks
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Life Is Life (Here We Go)", UK Singles Chart". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Burger Dance", in various singles charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_Food_Song&oldid=844652628"
Categories:
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Debut singles
Eurodance songs
Fast Food Rockers songs
2003 songs
Songs written by Mike Stock (musician)
Songs about food
Number-one singles in Scotland
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Uterus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Womb" redirects here. For other uses, see Womb (disambiguation).
"Hystera" and "Uterine" redirect here. For the state of mind, see Hysteria. For siblings with the same mother but different fathers, see Uterine siblings.
Uterus
Image showing different structures around and relating to the human uterus.
Details
Precursor
Paramesonephric duct
Artery
Ovarian artery, uterine artery
Vein
Uterine veins
Lymph
Body and cervix to internal iliac lymph nodes, fundus to para-aortic lymph nodes, lumbar and superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
Identifiers
Latin
Uterus
Greek
Hystera
MeSH
A05.360.319.679
TA
A09.1.03.001
FMA
17558
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of humans and most other mammals. In the human, the lower end of the uterus, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other end, the fundus, is connected to the fallopian tubes. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation. In the embryo the uterus develops from the paramesonephric ducts which fuse into the single organ known as a simplex uterus. The uterus has different forms in many other animals and in some it exists as two separate uteri known as a duplex uterus.
In English, the term uterus is used consistently within the medical and related professions, while the Germanic-derived term womb is also commonly used in everyday contexts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Layers
1.2 Support
1.2.1 Major ligaments
1.3 Axes
1.4 Position
1.5 Blood supply
1.6 Nerve supply
1.7 Development
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Uterus transplantation
4 Other animals
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The uterus is located within the pelvic region immediately behind and almost overlying the bladder, and in front of the sigmoid colon. The human uterus is pear-shaped and about 7.6 cm (3 in.) long, 4.5 cm broad (side to side) and 3.0 cm thick.[1] A typical adult uterus weighs about 60 grams. The uterus can be divided anatomically into four regions: The fundus, corpus (body), cervix and the internal os. The cervix protrudes into the vagina. The uterus is held in position within the pelvis by condensations of endopelvic fascia, which are called ligaments. These ligaments include the pubocervical, transverse cervical ligaments or cardinal ligaments, and the uterosacral ligaments. It is covered by a sheet-like fold of peritoneum, the broad ligament.[2]
Diagram showing regions of the uterus
From outside to inside, regions of the uterus include:
Cervix uteri – "neck of uterus"
External orifice of the uterus
Cervical canal
Internal orifice of the uterus
Body (Latin: Corpus)
Uterine cavity
Fundus (uterus)
Layers[edit]
Uterine wall thickness (cm)[3]
Location
Mean (mm)
Range (mm)
Anterior wall 23 17 - 25
Posterior wall 21 15 - 25
Fundus 20 15 - 22
Isthmus 10 8 - 22
The uterus has three layers, which together form the uterine wall. From innermost to outermost, these layers are as follows:
Endometrium
is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus. It has a basal layer and a functional layer; the functional layer thickens and then is sloughed during the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle. During pregnancy, the uterine glands and blood vessels in the endometrium further increase in size and number. Vascular spaces fuse and become interconnected, forming the placenta, which supplies oxygen and nutrition to the embryo and fetus.[4][5] Commensal organisms are present in the uterus and form the uterine microbiome.[6][7][8][9]
Myometrium
The uterus mostly consists of smooth muscle, known as "myometrium." The innermost layer of myometrium is known as the junctional zone, which becomes thickened in adenomyosis.
Perimetrium
Serous layer of visceral peritonium. It covers the outer surface of the uterus.[10]
Vertical section of mucous membrane of human uterus.
Support[edit]
Uterus covered by the broad ligament
The uterus is primarily supported by the pelvic diaphragm, perineal body and the urogenital diaphragm. Secondarily, it is supported by ligaments and the peritoneal ligament the broad ligament of uterus.[11]
Major ligaments[edit]
It is held in place by several peritoneal ligaments, of which the following are the most important (there are two of each):
Name
From
To
Uterosacral ligament Posterior cervix Anterior face of sacrum
Cardinal ligaments Side of the cervix Ischial spines
Pubocervical ligament[11] Side of the cervix Pubic symphysis
Axes[edit]
Normally the uterus lies in anteversion & anteflexion. In most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina, against the urinary bladder. This position is referred to as anteversion of the uterus. Furthermore, the long axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward at the level of the internal os with the long axis of the cervix. This position is termed anteflexion of the uterus.[12] Uterus assumes anteverted position in 50% women, retroverted position in 25% women and rest have midposed uterus.[1]
Position[edit]
The uterus is in the middle of the pelvic cavity in frontal plane (due to ligamentum latum uteri). The fundus does not surpass the linea terminalis, while the vaginal part of the cervix does not extend below interspinal line. The uterus is mobile and moves posteriorly under the pressure of a full bladder, or anteriorly under the pressure of a full rectum. If both are full, it moves upwards. Increased intraabdominal pressure pushes it downwards. The mobility is conferred to it by musculo-fibrous apparatus that consists of suspensory and sustentacular part. Under normal circumstances the suspensory part keeps the uterus in anteflexion and anteversion (in 90% of women) and keeps it "floating" in the pelvis. The meaning of these terms are described below:
Distinction
More common
Less common
Position tipped "Anteverted": Tipped forward "Retroverted": Tipped backwards
Position of fundus "Anteflexed": Fundus is pointing forward relative to the cervix "Retroflexed": Fundus is pointing backwards
Sustentacular part supports the pelvic organs and comprises the larger pelvic diaphragm in the back and the smaller urogenital diaphragm in the front.
The pathological changes of the position of the uterus are:
retroversion/retroflexion, if it is fixed
hyperanteflexion – tipped too forward; most commonly congenital, but may be caused by tumors
anteposition, retroposition, lateroposition – the whole uterus is moved; caused by parametritis or tumors
elevation, descensus, prolapse
rotation (the whole uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis), torsion (only the body of the uterus rotates around)
inversion
In cases where the uterus is "tipped", also known as retroverted uterus, women may have symptoms of pain during sexual intercourse, pelvic pain during menstruation, minor incontinence, urinary tract infections, fertility difficulties,[13] and difficulty using tampons. A pelvic examination by a doctor can determine if a uterus is tipped.[14]
Blood supply[edit]
Vessels of the uterus and its appendages, rear view.
Schematic diagram of uterine arterial vasculature seen as a cross-section through the myometrium and endometrium.
The uterus is supplied by arterial blood both from the uterine artery and the ovarian artery. Another anastomotic branch may also supply the uterus from anastomosis of these two arteries.
Nerve supply[edit]
Afferent nerves supplying uterus are T11 and T12. Sympathetic supply is from hypogastric plexus and ovarian plexus. Parasympathetic supply is from second, third and fourth sacral nerves.
Development[edit]
Bilateral Müllerian ducts form during early fetal life. In males, MIF secreted from the testes leads to their regression. In females, these ducts give rise to the Fallopian tubes and the uterus. In humans the lower segments of the two ducts fuse to form a single uterus, however, in cases of uterine malformations this development may be disturbed. The different uterine forms in various mammals are due to various degrees of fusion of the two Müllerian ducts.
Function[edit]
The reproductive function of the uterus is to accept a fertilized ovum which passes through the utero-tubal junction from the fallopian tube (uterine tube). The fertilized ovum divides to become a blastocyst, which implants into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, attaches to a wall of the uterus, creates a placenta, and develops into a fetus (gestates) until childbirth. Due to anatomical barriers such as the pelvis, the uterus is pushed partially into the abdomen due to its expansion during pregnancy. Even during pregnancy the mass of a human uterus amounts to only about a kilogram (2.2 pounds).
The uterus also plays a role in sexual response, by directing blood flow to the pelvis and ovaries, and to the external genitals, including the vagina, labia, and clitoris.
Clinical significance[edit]
A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus which may be carried out for a number of reasons including the ridding of tumours both benign and malignant. A complete hysterectomy involves the removal of the body, fundus, and cervix of the uterus. A partial hysterectomy may just involve the removal of the uterine body while leaving the cervix intact. It is the most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure.
Some pathological states include:
Prolapse of the uterus
Carcinoma of the cervix – malignant neoplasm
Carcinoma of the uterus – malignant neoplasm
Fibroids – benign neoplasms
Adenomyosis – ectopic growth of endometrial tissue within the myometrium
Endometritis, infection at the uterine cavity.
Pyometra – infection of the uterus, most commonly seen in dogs
Uterine malformations mainly congenital malformations including Uterine Didelphys, bicornuate uterus and septate uterus. It also includes congenital absence of the uterus Rokitansky syndrome
Asherman's syndrome, also known as intrauterine adhesions occurs when the basal layer of the endometrium is damaged by instrumentation (e.g. D&C) or infection (e.g. endometrial tuberculosis) resulting in endometrial scarring followed by adhesion formation which partially or completely obliterates the uterine cavity.
Hematometra, which is accumulation of blood within the uterus.
Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a uterine fluid accumulation in a postmenopausal woman.
Accumulation of fluids other than blood or of unknown constitution. One study came to the conclusion that postmenopausal women with endometrial fluid collection on gynecologic ultrasonography should undergo endometrial biopsy if the endometrial lining is thicker than 3 mm or the endometrial fluid is echogenic. In cases of a lining 3 mm or less and clear endometrial fluid, endometrial biopsy was not regarded to be necessary, but endocervical curettage to rule out endocervical cancer was recommended.[15]
Myometritis – inflammation of the muscular uterine wall.[16]
Uterus transplantation[edit]
In 2012, the world's first womb transplant from a dead donor was performed on a Turkish woman who was born without a womb, but has her own ovaries. She is in good condition and the womb is functional. In the year 2000 in Saudi Arabia a similar transplant was performed, but from a live donor. Although womb transplants have been successful in animals such as mice, rats and sheep, the prevailing opinion in the field is that the risks are too great. Apart from risks of rejection of the new womb, there is concern that the drugs necessary for prevention of rejection of the donated womb might harm the fetus.[17]
Other animals[edit]
Most animals that lay eggs, such as birds and reptiles, including most ovoviviparous species, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. However, recent research into the biology of the viviparous (not merely ovoviviparous) skink Trachylepis ivensi has revealed development of a very close analogue to eutherian mammalian placental development.[18]
In monotremes, mammals which lay eggs, namely the platypus and the echidnas, either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization.
Marsupials have two uteri, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and which both use a third, middle "vagina" which functions as the birth canal.[19] Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline placenta (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a "true" placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. However, bandicoots also have a rudimentary chorioallantoic placenta, similar to those of placental mammals.
The fetus usually develops fully in placental mammals and only partially in marsupials including kangaroos and opossums. In marsupials the uterus forms as a duplex organ of two uteri. In monotremes (egg-laying mammals) such as the platypus, the uterus is duplex and rather than nurturing the embryo, secretes the shell around the egg. It is essentially identical with the shell gland of birds and reptiles, with which the uterus is homologous.[20]
In mammals, the four main forms of the uterus are: duplex, bipartite, bicornuate and simplex.[21]
Duplex
There are two wholly separate uteri, with one fallopian tube each. Found in marsupials (such as kangaroos, Tasmanian devils, opossums, etc.), rodents (such as mice, rats, and guinea pigs), and lagomorpha (rabbits and hares).
Bipartite
The two uteri are separate for most of their length, but share a single cervix. Found in ruminants (deer, moose, elk etc.), hyraxes, cats, and horses.
Bicornuate
The upper parts of the uterus remain separate, but the lower parts are fused into a single structure. Found in dogs, pigs, elephants, whales, dolphins, and tarsiers, and strepsirrhine primates among others.
Simplex
The entire uterus is fused into a single organ. Found in higher primates (including humans and chimpanzees) . Occasionally, some individual females (including humans) may have a bicornuate uterus, a uterine malformation where the two parts of the uterus fail to fuse completely during fetal development.
Two uteri usually form initially in a female and usually male fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteri, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteri may not have completely fused.
Additional images[edit]
Schematic frontal view of female anatomy
Uterus and uterine tubes.
Sectional plan of the gravid uterus in the third and fourth month.
Fetus in utero, between fifth and sixth months.
Female pelvis and its contents, seen from above and in front.
The arteries of the internal organs of generation of the female, seen from behind.
Median sagittal section of female pelvis.
(Description located on image page)
Uterus
See also[edit]
Menopause
Artificial uterus
Social uterus
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Manual of Obstetrics. (3rd ed.). Elsevier 2011. pp. 1–16. ISBN 9788131225561.
Jump up ^ Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd edition
Jump up ^ Page 135 in: Nandita Palshetkar, Rishma Dhillon Pai, Hrishikesh D Pai (2012). Textbook of Hysteroscopy. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9789350257814. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Blue Histology - Female Reproductive System. School of Anatomy and Human Biology — The University of Western Australia Accessed 20061228 20:35
Jump up ^ Guyton AC and Hall JE, eds. (2006). "Chapter 81 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones". Textbook of Medical Physiology (11th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1018ff. ISBN 9780721602400. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Franasiak, Jason M.; Scott, Richard T. (2015). "Reproductive tract microbiome in assisted reproductive technologies". Fertility and Sterility. 104 (6): 1364–1371. ISSN 0015-0282. PMID 26597628. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.10.012.
Jump up ^ Verstraelen, Hans; Vilchez-Vargas, Ramiro; Desimpel, Fabian; Jauregui, Ruy; Vankeirsbilck, Nele; Weyers, Steven; Verhelst, Rita; De Sutter, Petra; Pieper, Dietmar H.; Van De Wiele, Tom (2016). "Characterisation of the human uterine microbiome in non-pregnant women through deep sequencing of the V1-2 region of the 16S rRNA gene". PeerJ. 4: e1602. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4730988  . PMID 26823997. doi:10.7717/peerj.1602.
Jump up ^ Mor, Gil; Kwon, Ja-Young (2015). "Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 213 (4): S131–S137. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 26428492. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039.
Jump up ^ Payne, Matthew S.; Bayatibojakhi, Sara (2014). "Exploring Preterm Birth as a Polymicrobial Disease: An Overview of the Uterine Microbiome". Frontiers in Immunology. 5: 595. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 4245917  . PMID 25505898. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00595.
Jump up ^ Ross, Michael H.; Pawlina, Wojciech. Histology, a text and atlas (Sixth ed.). p. 848.
^ Jump up to: a b The Pelvis University College Cork Archived from the original on 2008-02-27
Jump up ^ Snell, Clinical Anatomy by regions, 8th edition
Jump up ^ "Retroverted Uterus: What it is & How it Affects Pregnancy". www.womens-health.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Tipped Uterus:Tilted Uterus AmericanPregnancy.org. Accessed 25 March 2011
Jump up ^ Takacs P, De Santis T, Nicholas MC, Verma U, Strassberg R, Duthely L (November 2005). "Echogenic endometrial fluid collection in postmenopausal women is a significant risk factor for disease". J Ultrasound Med. 24 (11): 1477–81. PMID 16239648.
Jump up ^ "Myometritis - Medical Definition from MediLexicon". www.medilexicon.com.
Jump up ^ "The world's first womb transplant: Landmark surgery brings hope to millions of childless women – and it could be in Britain soon". May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Blackburn, D. G.; Flemming, A. F. (2011). "Invasive implantation and intimate placental associations in a placentotrophic African lizard, Trachylepis ivensi (scincidae)". Journal of Morphology. 273: 137–59. PMID 21956253. doi:10.1002/jmor.11011.
Jump up ^ Ronald M. Nowak (7 April 1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 390–392. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Lewitus, Eric, and Christophe Soligo. "Life-history correlates of placental structure in eutherian evolution." Evolutionary Biology 38.3 (2011): 287-305.
External links[edit]
Look up womb or uterus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Gray's s268
Anatomy photo:43:01-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "The Female Pelvis: Organs in the Female and male Pelvis in situ"
Encyclopedia.com
Uterus Anatomy
Uterus Pregnancy
[hide]
v
t
e
Female reproductive system
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