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Lodi dynasty
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Lodi dynasty
1451–1526
Map showing the territory under the Lodi dynasty, marked as Afghan Empire.
Capital Delhi
Languages Persian
Religion Sunni Islam
Government Monarchy
History
• Established 1451
• Disestablished 1526
Preceded by Succeeded by
Sayyid dynasty
Mughal Empire
Delhi Sultanate
Ruling dynasties
Mamluk dynasty[show]
Qutb al-Din Aibak 1206–1210
Aram Shah 1210–1211
Iltutmish 1211–1236
Rukn ud din Firuz 1236
Razia Sultana 1236-1240
Muiz ud din Bahram 1240–1242
Ala ud din Masud 1242–1246
Nasir ud din Mahmud 1246–1266
Ghiyas ud din Balban 1266–1287
Muiz ud din Qaiqabad 1287–1290
Shamsuddin Kayumars 1290
Khalji dynasty[show]
Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji 1290–1296
Alauddin Khalji 1296–1316
Shihabuddin Omar 1316
Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 1316–1320
Khusro Khan 1320
Tughlaq dynasty[show]
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 1320–1325
Muhammad bin Tughluq 1325–1351
Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388
Tughluq Khan 1388–1389
Abu Bakr Shah 1389–1390
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III 1390–1393
Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah 1393
Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 1394–1412/1413
Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 1394–1398
Sayyid dynasty[show]
Khizr Khan 1414–1421
Mubarak Shah 1421–1434
Muhammad Shah 1434–1445
Alam Shah 1445–1451
Lodi dynasty[hide]
Bahlul Khan Lodi 1451–1489
Sikandar Lodi 1489–1517
Ibrahim Lodi 1517–1526
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The Lodi dynasty (or Lodhi) was a Pashtun[1] dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1451 to 1526. It was the last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Bahlul Lodi
2 Sikandar Lodi
3 Ibrahim Lodi
4 Fall of the empire
5 Afghan factionalism
6 Rajput invasions and internal rebellions
7 Battle of Panipat, 1526
8 Accession of Babur and the Mughals
9 Mahmud Lodi
10 See also
11 Notes
12 Further reading
13 External links
Bahlul Lodi[edit]
Main article: Bahlul Lodi
Bahlul Khan Lodi (r. 1451–1489) was the nephew and son-in-law of Malik Sultan Shah Lodi, the governor of Sirhind in (Punjab), India and succeeded him as the governor of Sirhind during the reign of Sayyid dynasty ruler Muhammad Shah. Muhammad Shah raised him to the status of an emir. He was the most powerful of the Punjab chiefs and a vigorous leader, holding together a loose confederacy of Afghan and Turkish chiefs with his strong personality.[3] He reduced the turbulent chiefs of the provinces to submission and infused some vigour into the government.[citation needed] After the last Sayyid ruler of Delhi, Ala-ud-Din Aalm Shah voluntarily abdicated in favour of him, Bahlul Khan Lodi ascended the throne of the Delhi sultanate on 19 April 1451.[4] The most important event of his reign was the conquest of Jaunpur.[citation needed] Bahlul spent most of his time in fighting against the Sharqi dynasty and ultimately annexed it. He placed his eldest surviving son Barbak on the throne of Jaunpur in 1486.[citation needed]
Sikandar Lodi[edit]
Main article: Sikandar Lodi
Sikandar Lodi (r. 1489–1517) (born Nizam Khan), the second son of Bahlul, succeeded him after his death on 17 July 1489 and took up the title Sikandar Shah. He was nominated by his father to succeed him and was crowned sultan on 15 July 1489. He founded Agra in 1504 and built mosques. He shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra.[5] He abolished corn duties and patronized trade and commerce. He was a poet of repute, composing under the pen-name of Gulruk. He was also patron of learning and ordered Sanskrit work in medicine to be translated into Persian.[6] He curbed the individualistic tendencies of his Pashtun nobles and compelled them to submit their accounts to state audit. He was, thus, able to infuse vigor and discipline in the administration. His greatest achievement was the conquest and annexation of Bihar.[7]
Ibrahim Lodi[edit]
Main article: Ibrahim Lodi
Ibrahim Lodi.
Ibrahim Lodi (r. 1517–1526), the youngest son of Sikandar, was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.[8] He had the qualities of an excellent warrior, but he was rash and impolitic in his decisions and actions. His attempt at royal absolutism was premature and his policy of sheer repression unaccompanied by measures to strengthen the administration and increase the military resources was sure to prove a failure.[citation needed] Ibrahim faced numerous rebellions and kept out the opposition for almost a decade. He was engaged in warfare with the Afghans and the Mughal Empire for most of his reign and died trying to keep the Lodi Dynasty from annihilation. Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Panipat.[8] This marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise of the Mughal Empire in India led by Babur (r. 1526–1530).[9]
Fall of the empire[edit]
By the time Ibrahim ascended the throne, the political structure in the Lodi Dynasty had dissolved due to abandoned trade routes and the depleted treasury. The Deccan was a coastal trade route, but in the late fifteenth century the supply lines had collapsed. The decline and eventual failure of this specific trade route resulted in cutting off supplies from the coast to the interior, where the Lodi empire resided. The Lodi Dynasty was not able to protect itself if warfare were to break out on the trade route roads; therefore, they didn’t use those trade routes. Their trade and treasury declined, leaving them vulnerable to internal political problems.[10] In order to take revenge of the insults done by Ibrahim, the governor of Lahore, Daulat Khan Lodi asked the ruler of Kabul, Babur to invade his kingdom. Ibrahim Lodi was thus killed in a battle with Babur. With the death of Ibrahim Lodi, the Lodi dynasty also came to an end.[citation needed]
Afghan factionalism[edit]
Another problem Ibrahim faced when he ascended the throne in 1517 were the Pashtun nobles, some of whom supported Ibrahim's older brother, Jalaluddin, in taking up arms against his brother in the area in the east at Jaunpur. Ibrahim gathered military support and defeated his brother by the end of the year. After this incident, he arrested those Pashtun nobles who opposed him and appointed his own men as the new administrators. Other Pashtun nobles supported the governor of Bihar, Dariya Khan, against Ibrahim.[10]
Another factor that caused uprisings against Ibrahim was his lack of an apparent successor. His own uncle, Alam Khan, betrayed Ibrahim by supporting the Mughal invader Babur.[8]
Rajput invasions and internal rebellions[edit]
Rana Sanga, the Hindu Rajput leader of Mewar (r. 1509–1526), rose to be the greatest king of Rajputana. During his rule, Mewar reached the pinnacle of its glory.[citation needed] He extended his kingdom, defeated the Lodi king of Delhi and was acknowledged by all the Rajput clans as the leading prince of Rajputana. Daulat Khan, the governor of Punjab region asked Babur to invade the Lodi kingdom, with the thought of taking revenge from Ibrahim Lodi. Rana Sanga also offered his support to Babur to defeat Ibrahim Lodi.[10]
Battle of Panipat, 1526[edit]
Main article: Battle of Panipat (1526)
After being assured of the cooperation of Alam Khan and Daulat Khan, Governor of the Punjab, Babur gathered his army. Upon entering the Punjab plains, Babur's chief allies, namely Langar Khan Niazi advised Babur to engage the powerful Janjua Rajputs to join his conquest. The tribe's rebellious stance to the throne of Delhi was well known. Upon meeting their chiefs, Malik Hast (Asad) and Raja Sanghar Khan, Babur made mention of the Janjua's popularity as traditional rulers of their kingdom and their ancestral support for his patriarch Emir Timur during his conquest of Hind. Babur aided them in defeating their enemies, the Gakhars in 1521, thus cementing their alliance. Babur employed them as Generals in his campaign for Delhi, the conquest of Rana Sanga and the conquest of India.[citation needed]
The new usage of guns allowed small armies to make large gains on enemy territory. Small parties of skirmishers who had been dispatched simply to test enemy positions and tactics, were making inroads into India. Babur, however, had survived two revolts, one in Kandahar and another in Kabul, and was careful to pacify the local population after victories, following local traditions and aiding widows and orphans.[citation needed]
Despite both being Sunni Muslims, Babur wanted Ibrahim's power and territory.[9] Babur and his army of 24,000 men marched to the battlefield at Panipat armed with muskets and artillery. Ibrahim prepared for battle by gathering 100,000 men (well-armed but with no guns) and 1,000 elephants. Ibrahim was at a disadvantage because of his outmoded infantry and internecine rivalries. Even though he had more men, he had never fought in a war against gunpowder weapons and he did not know what to do strategically. Babur pressed his advantage from the start and Ibrahim perished on the battlefield in April 1526, along with 20,000 of his men.[8]
Accession of Babur and the Mughals[edit]
After Ibrahim's death, Babur named himself emperor over Ibrahim’s territory, instead of placing Alam Khan (Ibrahim's uncle) on the throne. Ibrahim's death marked the end of the Lodi dynasty and led to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. The remaining Lodi territories were absorbed into the new Mughal Empire. Babur continued to engage in more military campaigns.[11]
Mahmud Lodi[edit]
Ibrahim Lodi's brother, Mahmud Lodi, declared himself Sultan and continued to resist Mughal forces. He provided 10,000 Afghan soldiers to Rana Sanga in battle of Khanwa. After the defeat, Mahmud Lodi fled eastwards and again posed a challenge to Babur two years later at the Battle of Ghaghra.[12]
See also[edit]
Lodi (Pashtun tribe)
Lodi Gardens
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Lodi Dynasty. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 122–125. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Lodi dynasty
Jump up ^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India, Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.244
Jump up ^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India, Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.256
Jump up ^ Prof K.Ali (1950, reprint 2006)"A new history of Indo-Pakistan" Part 1, p.311
Jump up ^ Srivastava, A.L (1966). The Sultanate of Delhi (711 - 1526 A.D), Agra: Shiva Lal Agarwala and Company, p. 245
^ Jump up to: a b c d SarDesai, D. R. (2008). India The Definitive History. Westview Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-81334-352-5.
^ Jump up to: a b SarDesai, D. R. (2008). India The Definitive History. Westview Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-81334-352-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richards, John F. (August 1965). "The Economic History of the Lodi Period: 1451-1526". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 8 (1). JSTOR 3596342. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ SarDesai, D. R. (2008). India The Definitive History. Westview Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-81334-352-5.
Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358301/Mahmud-Lodi
Further reading[edit]
Desoulieres, Alain. "Mughal Diplomacy in Gujarat (1533–1534) in Correia's 'Lendas da India'". Modern Asian Studies. 22 (3): 454. JSTOR 312590. (Subscription required (help)).
Haider, Najaf (1996). "Precious Metal Flows and Currency Circulation in the Mughal Empire". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 39 (3): 298–364. JSTOR 3632649. (Subscription required (help)).
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2000). "A Note on the Rise of Surat in the Sixteenth Century". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 43 (1): 23–33. JSTOR 3632771. (Subscription required (help)).
Ud-Din, Hameed (January–March 1962). "Historians of Afghan Rule in India". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (1): 44–51. JSTOR 595978. (Subscription required (help)).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lodi dynasty.
A History of Sind, Volume II, Translated from Persian Books by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, chpt. 68
Coin Gallery - Lodhi Dynasty
[hide]
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Pashtun-related topics
Dynasties
Lodi dynasty
Suri dynasty
Hotak dynasty
Durrani dynasty
Barakzai dynasty
more
Key figures
Bahlul Lodi
Sher Shah Suri
Mirwais Hotak
Ahmad Shah Khan
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Dost Mohammad Khan
Malalai of Maiwand
Abdur Rahman Khan
Mahmud Tarzi
Soraya Tarzi
Amanullah Khan
Malala Yousafzai
Mohammed Nadir Shah
Pir of Manki Sharif
Bacha Khan
Wali Khan
Zahir Shah
Daoud Khan
Abdul Ahad Mohmand
Samad Khan
Mohammad Najibullah
Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Mohammed Omar
Hamid Karzai
Asfandyar Wali Khan
Zalmay Khalilzad
Mohammad Ashraf Ghani
Abdur Rab Nishtar
Abdul Waheed Kakar
Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)
Karnal Sher Khan
Faqir of Ipi
Culture
Pashtun culture
Pashtun cuisine
Pashtunwali
Pashto
Pashtunization
Pashtun dress
Pashto media
Pashto singers
Pashtun tribes
Loya jirga
Adam Khan and Durkhanai
Yusuf Khan and Sherbano
Jirga
Poets
Amir Kror Suri
Pir Roshan
Rahman Baba
Khushal Khattak
Nazo Tokhi
Abdul Hamid Baba
Hussain Hotak
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Hamza Baba
Ajmal Khattak
Kabir Stori
Ghani Khan
Topics and
controversies
Afghan (ethnonym)
Pashtunistan
Durand Line
Khudai Khidmatgar
Kalabagh Dam
Taliban
Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Anti-Pashtun sentiment
Battles and
conflicts
First Battle of Panipat
Battle of Gulnabad
Third Battle of Panipat
Battle of Attock
Battle of Multan
Battle of Shopian
Battle of Nowshera
Battle of Jamrud
Siege of Malakand
Anglo-Afghan Wars
Battle of Maiwand
Tirah Campaign
Battle of Saragarhi
Soviet–Afghan War
War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)
War in North-West Pakistan
War in Afghanistan (2015–present)
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