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Gender symbol
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A gender symbol is a pictogram or glyph used to represent either biological sex or sociological gender (a terminological distinction originating in 1950s sociology) in either biology, medicine, genealogy or selective breeding, or in sociology, gender politics, LGBT subculture and identity politics.
Pictograms used to indicate male and female public toilets became widely used beginning in the 1960s.[1]
The shape of the Mars symbol has been likened to an iron-tipped spear (i.e. a weapon mainly used by men) and shape of the Venus symbol to a bronze mirror or a distaff (associated with women in the past).[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biology and medicine
2 Sociology
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Biology and medicine[edit]
The two standard sex symbols are the Mars symbol ♂ (often considered to represent a shield and spear) for male and Venus symbol ♀ (often considered to represent a bronze mirror with a handle) for female, derived from astrological symbols, denoting the classical planets Mars and Venus, respectively. They were first used to denote the effective sex of plants (i.e. sex of individual in a given crossbreed, since most plants are hermaphroditic) by Carl Linnaeus in 1751.[2]
They are still used in scientific publications to indicate the sex of an individual, for example of a patient.[3] Pedigree charts published in scientific papers now more commonly use a square for male and a circle for female.[4]
Mars symbol (U+2642 ♂). The symbol for a male organism or man.
Venus symbol (U+2640 ♀). The symbol for a female organism or woman.
Square symbol (U+25A1 □). The symbol for a male family member in a pedigree chart.[4] A triangle is also often used.
Circle symbol (U+25CB ○). The symbol for a female family member in a pedigree chart.[4]
From the symbol of Mercury (U+263F ☿). This symbol is used to indicate a virgin female (for example, in genetic analysis). Also used in botany to indicate flower with both male and female reproductive organs. It can also be used as a unisex symbol.
Sociology[edit]
Main article: Public toilet § Gender and public toilets
Gender pictograms are frequently used to mark public toilets.
Standard AIGA symbols
Non-AIGA women's public restroom symbol
Non-AIGA Men's public restroom symbol
Since the 1970s, variations of gender symbols have also been used to express sexual orientation and political ideology. The first instance of this was the use of two interlocking male symbols to represent male homosexuality.[5] Since the 2000s, numerous such variants have been introduced in the context of LGBT culture and politics. Some of these symbols have been adopted into Unicode (in the Miscellaneous Symbols block) beginning with version 4.1 (2005):
Main article: LGBT symbols § Gender symbols
Unicode name
hex
dec
Meaning
Doubled female sign ⚢ U+26A2 ⚢ Female homosexuality
Doubled male sign ⚣ U+26A3 ⚣ Male homosexuality
Interlocked female and male sign ⚤ U+26A4 ⚤ Heterosexuality
Male and female sign ⚥ U+26A5 ⚥ Male and Female[6]
Male with stroke sign ⚦ U+26A6 ⚦ Transgender
Male with stroke and male and female sign ⚧ U+26A7 ⚧ Transgender
Neo-pagan male symbol ("blade")
Neo-pagan female symbol ("chalice")
See also[edit]
Alchemical symbol
Astrological symbols
Miscellaneous Symbols Unicode block
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ sex-segregated public bathrooms existed since at least the 1880s, originally labelled in writing. The stick-figure pictograms were popularized with their introduction by British Rail in the 1960s. The genius behind the stick figure toilet signs, BBC Future (2014). "One of the best early examples of intuitive global signs for public lavatories was that created for British Rail in the mid-1960s. [...] In the 1970s, the British example was developed on a more comprehensive basis in the United States. In 1974, the US Department of Transportation commissioned the American Institute of Graphic Arts to create a set of pictograms to be used throughout public transport networks whether road, rail, air or sea." "In Poland, meanwhile, you can come across lavatories indicating 'gents' with a triangle and 'ladies' with a circle, while in Lithuania men are represented by an inverted pyramid and women by a pyramid standing the right way up."
Jump up ^ Stearn, William T. (May 1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology". Taxon. 11 (4): 109–113. JSTOR 1217734. doi:10.2307/1217734.
Jump up ^ Zhigang, Zhigang; et al. (25 September 2009). "A HIV-1 heterosexual transmission chain in Guangzhou, China: a molecular epidemiological study". Virology Journal. BioMed Central. 6 (148): Figure 1. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-148. Retrieved 31 December 2015. (Mars male gender symbol) indicates male; (female Venus gender symbol) indicates female
^ Jump up to: a b c Schott, G D (24 Dec 2005). "Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree". BMJ. British Medical Journal. 331 (7531): 1509–1510. PMC 1322246  . PMID 16373733. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1509. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Symbolism". LGBTQA+ WebCenter. Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 31 December 2015. Double interlocking female symbols are often been used [sic] to symbolize lesbianism, but some feminists have instead used the double female symbols to represent sisterhood among women and three interlocking female symbols to denote lesbianism. In the 1970’s, some lesbian feminists used three interlocking female symbols to represent their rejection of male standards of monogamy.
Jump up ^ "Unicode Utilities: Character Properties". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gender symbols.
Decode Unicode, showing all Unicode symbols
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Petty cash
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Bookkeeping
Key concepts
Daybooks
Double-entry system
General ledger
T Accounts
Trial balance
Journal
Debits and credits
Chart of accounts
Petty cash
Imprest system
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Petty cash is a small amount of discretionary funds in the form of cash used for expenditures where it is not sensible to make any disbursement by cheque, because of the inconvenience and costs of writing, signing, and then cashing the cheque.[1]
The most common way of accounting for petty cash expenditures is to use the imprest system.[2] The initial fund would be created by issuing a cheque for the desired amount. An amount of $100 would typically be sufficient for most small business needs as the expenses to be covered are for small amounts. The bookkeeping entry for this initial fund would be to debit Petty Cash and credit bank account.
As expenditures are made, the custodian of the fund will reimburse employees and receive a petty cash voucher with a receipt/invoice attached in return. At any given time, the total of cash on hand plus reimbursed vouchers must equal the original fund.
When the fund gets low, e.g. $20 remaining, the custodian (a bookkeeper or a member of the administration staff) requests a top up and submits the vouchers for reimbursement. Assuming the vouchers add up to $80, an $80 top up cheque is issued and an $80 debit towards office expenses is recorded. Once the cheque is cashed, the custodian again has cash at the original amount of $100.
Audit controls[edit]
Oversight of petty cash is important because of the potential for abuse. Examples of petty cash controls include a limit (such as 10% of the total fund) on disbursements and monthly audits by someone other than the custodian.[3] Use of petty cash is sufficiently widespread that vouchers for use in reimbursement are available at any office supply store.
The petty cash daybook is one of the daybooks used in bookkeeping and the double-entry bookkeeping system.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ P. Hosein (29 July 1988). Principles of Accounts (Cxc). Heinemann. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-435-98309-3.
Jump up ^ Alan Trenerry (1999). Principles of Internal Control. UNSW Press. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-0-86840-401-1.
Jump up ^ Peggy M. Jackson (28 November 2006). Sarbanes-Oxley for Small Businesses: Leveraging Compliance for Maximum Advantage. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-470-05004-0.
Jump up ^ Diane Canwell; Jon Sutherland (2005). BTEC First Business. Nelson Thornes. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-0-7487-9431-7.
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Ambiguity
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For other uses, see Ambiguity (disambiguation).
"Ambiguous" redirects here. For the film, see Ambiguous (film).
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Sir John Tenniel's illustration of the Caterpillar for Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is noted for its ambiguous central figure, whose head can be viewed as being a human male's face with a pointed nose and chin or as being the head end of an actual caterpillar, with the first two right "true" legs visible.[1]
Ambiguity is a type of meaning in which several interpretations are plausible. A common aspect of ambiguity is uncertainty. It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning cannot be definitively resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps. (The ambi- part of the term reflects an idea of "two", as in "two meanings".)
The concept of ambiguity is generally contrasted with vagueness. In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted (although some may not be immediately obvious), whereas with information that is vague, it is difficult to form any interpretation at the desired level of specificity.
Context may play a role in resolving ambiguity. For example, the same piece of information may be ambiguous in one context and unambiguous in another.
Contents
1 Linguistic forms
2 Music
3 Visual art
4 Constructed language
5 Computer science
6 Mathematical notation
6.1 Names of functions
6.2 Expressions
6.3 Examples of potentially confusing ambiguous mathematical expressions
6.4 Notations in quantum optics and quantum mechanics
6.5 Ambiguous terms in physics and mathematics
7 Mathematical interpretation of ambiguity
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Linguistic forms[edit]
Structural analysis of an ambiguous Spanish sentence:
Pepe vio a Pablo enfurecido
Interpretation 1: When Pepe was angry, then he saw Pablo
Interpretation 2: Pepe saw that Pablo was angry.
Here, the syntactic tree in figure represents interpretation 2.
The lexical ambiguity of a word or phrase pertains to its having more than one meaning in the language to which the word belongs. "Meaning" here refers to whatever should be captured by a good dictionary. For instance, the word "bank" has several distinct lexical definitions, including "financial institution" and "edge of a river". Or consider "apothecary". One could say "I bought herbs from the apothecary". This could mean one actually spoke to the apothecary (pharmacist) or went to the apothecary (pharmacy).
The context in which an ambiguous word is used often makes it evident which of the meanings is intended. If, for instance, someone says "I buried $100 in the bank", most people would not think someone used a shovel to dig in the mud. However, some linguistic contexts do not provide sufficient information to disambiguate a used word.
Lexical ambiguity can be addressed by algorithmic methods that automatically associate the appropriate meaning with a word in context, a task referred to as word sense disambiguation.
The use of multi-defined words requires the author or speaker to clarify their context, and sometimes elaborate on their specific intended meaning (in which case, a less ambiguous term should have been used). The goal of clear concise communication is that the receiver(s) have no misunderstanding about what was meant to be conveyed. An exception to this could include a politician whose "weasel words" and obfuscation are necessary to gain support from multiple constituents with mutually exclusive conflicting desires from their candidate of choice. Ambiguity is a powerful tool of political science.
More problematic are words whose senses express closely related concepts. "Good", for example, can mean "useful" or "functional" (That's a good hammer), "exemplary" (She's a good student), "pleasing" (This is good soup), "moral" (a good person versus the lesson to be learned from a story), "righteous", etc. " I have a good daughter" is not clear about which sense is intended. The various ways to apply prefixes and suffixes can also create ambiguity ("unlockable" can mean "capable of being unlocked" or "impossible to lock").
Syntactic ambiguity arises when a sentence can have two (or more) different meanings because of the structure of the sentence—its syntax. This is often due to a modifying expression, such as a prepositional phrase, the application of which is unclear. "He ate the cookies on the couch", for example, could mean that he ate those cookies that were on the couch (as opposed to those that were on the table), or it could mean that he was sitting on the couch when he ate the cookies. "To get in, you will need an entrance fee of $10 or your voucher and your drivers' license." This could mean that you need EITHER ten dollars OR BOTH your voucher and your license. Or it could mean that you need your license AND you need EITHER ten dollars OR a voucher. Only rewriting the sentence, or placing appropriate punctuation can resolve a syntactic ambiguity.[2] For the notion of, and theoretic results about, syntactic ambiguity in artificial, formal languages (such as computer programming languages), see Ambiguous grammar.
Spoken language can contain many more types of ambiguities which are called phonological ambiguities, where there is more than one way to compose a set of sounds into words. For example, "ice cream" and "I scream". Such ambiguity is generally resolved according to the context. A mishearing of such, based on incorrectly resolved ambiguity, is called a mondegreen.
Semantic ambiguity happens when a sentence contains an ambiguous word or phrase—a word or phrase that has more than one meaning. In "We saw her duck" (example due to Richard Nordquist), the word "duck" can refer either
to the person's bird (the noun "duck", modified by the possessive pronoun "her"), or
to a motion she made (the verb "duck", the subject of which is the objective pronoun "her", object of the verb "saw").[2]
Lexical ambiguity is contrasted with semantic ambiguity. The former represents a choice between a finite number of known and meaningful context-dependent interpretations. The latter represents a choice between any number of possible interpretations, none of which may have a standard agreed-upon meaning. This form of ambiguity is closely related to vagueness.
Linguistic ambiguity can be a problem in law, because the interpretation of written documents and oral agreements is often of paramount importance.
Philosophers (and other users of logic) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing (or intentionally adding) ambiguity in arguments because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments. For example, a politician might say, "I oppose taxes which hinder economic growth", an example of a glittering generality. Some will think he opposes taxes in general because they hinder economic growth. Others may think he opposes only those taxes that he believes will hinder economic growth. In writing, the sentence can be rewritten to reduce possible misinterpretation, either by adding a comma after "taxes" (to convey the first sense) or by changing "which" to "that" (to convey the second sense) or by rewriting it in other ways. The devious politician hopes that each constituent will interpret the statement in the most desirable way, and think the politician supports everyone's opinion. However, the opposite can also be true – an opponent can turn a positive statement into a bad one if the speaker uses ambiguity (intentionally or not). The logical fallacies of amphiboly and equivocation rely heavily on the use of ambiguous words and phrases.
In continental philosophy (particularly phenomenology and existentialism), there is much greater tolerance of ambiguity, as it is generally seen as an integral part of the human condition. Martin Heidegger argued that the relation between the subject and object is ambiguous, as is the relation of mind and body, and part and whole.[3] In Heidegger's phenomenology, Dasein is always in a meaningful world, but there is always an underlying background for every instance of signification. Thus, although some things may be certain, they have little to do with Dasein's sense of care and existential anxiety, e.g., in the face of death. In calling his work Being and Nothingness an "essay in phenomenological ontology" Jean-Paul Sartre follows Heidegger in defining the human essence as ambiguous, or relating fundamentally to such ambiguity. Simone de Beauvoir tries to base an ethics on Heidegger's and Sartre's writings (The Ethics of Ambiguity), where she highlights the need to grapple with ambiguity: "as long as philosophers and they [men] have thought, most of them have tried to mask it...And the ethics which they have proposed to their disciples have always pursued the same goal. It has been a matter of eliminating the ambiguity by making oneself pure inwardness or pure externality, by escaping from the sensible world or being engulfed by it, by yielding to eternity or enclosing oneself in the pure moment." Ethics cannot be based on the authoritative certainty given by mathematics and logic, or prescribed directly from the empirical findings of science. She states: "Since we do not succeed in fleeing it, let us, therefore, try to look the truth in the face. Let us try to assume our fundamental ambiguity. It is in the knowledge of the genuine conditions of our life that we must draw our strength to live and our reason for acting". Other continental philosophers suggest that concepts such as life, nature, and sex are ambiguous. Corey Anton has argued that we cannot be certain what is separate from or unified with something else: language, he asserts, divides what is not, in fact, separate. Following Ernest Becker, he argues that the desire to 'authoritatively disambiguate' the world and existence has led to numerous ideologies and historical events such as genocide. On this basis, he argues that ethics must focus on 'dialectically integrating opposites' and balancing tension, rather than seeking a priori validation or certainty. Like the existentialists and phenomenologists, he sees the ambiguity of life as the basis of creativity.
In literature and rhetoric, ambiguity can be a useful tool. Groucho Marx's classic joke depends on a grammatical ambiguity for its humor, for example: "Last night I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I'll never know". Songs and poetry often rely on ambiguous words for artistic effect, as in the song title "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue" (where "blue" can refer to the color, or to sadness).
In the narrative, ambiguity can be introduced in several ways: motive, plot, character. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the latter type of ambiguity with notable effect in his novel The Great Gatsby.
Christianity and Judaism employ the concept of paradox synonymously with 'ambiguity'. Many Christians and Jews endorse Rudolf Otto's description of the sacred as 'mysterium tremendum et fascinans', the awe-inspiring mystery which fascinates humans.[dubious – discuss] The orthodox Catholic writer G. K. Chesterton regularly employed paradox to tease out the meanings in common concepts which he found ambiguous or to reveal meaning often overlooked or forgotten in common phrases. (The title of one of his most famous books, Orthodoxy, itself employing such a paradox.)
Metonymy involves the use of the name of a subcomponent part as an abbreviation, or jargon, for the name of the whole object (for example "wheels" to refer to a car, or "flowers" to refer to beautiful offspring, an entire plant, or a collection of blooming plants). In modern vocabulary, critical semiotics,[9] metonymy encompasses any potentially ambiguous word substitution that is based on contextual contiguity (located close together), or a function or process that an object performs, such as "sweet ride" to refer to a nice car. Metonym miscommunication is considered a primary mechanism of linguistic humor.
Music[edit]
In music, pieces or sections which confound expectations and may be or are interpreted simultaneously in different ways are ambiguous, such as some polytonality, polymeter, other ambiguous meters or rhythms, and ambiguous phrasing, or (Stein 2005, p. 79) any aspect of music. The music of Africa is often purposely ambiguous. To quote Sir Donald Francis Tovey (1935, p. 195), "Theorists are apt to vex themselves with vain efforts to remove uncertainty just where it has a high aesthetic value."
Visual art[edit]
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The Necker cube, an ambiguous image
In visual art, certain images are visually ambiguous, such as the Necker cube, which can be interpreted in two ways. Perceptions of such objects remain stable for a time, then may flip, a phenomenon called multistable perception. The opposite of such ambiguous images are impossible objects.
Pictures or photographs may also be ambiguous at the semantic level: the visual image is unambiguous, but the meaning and narrative may be ambiguous: is a certain facial expression one of excitement or fear, for instance?
Constructed language[edit]
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Some languages have been created with the intention of avoiding ambiguity, especially lexical ambiguity. Lojban and Loglan are two related languages which have been created for this, focusing chiefly on syntactic ambiguity as well. The languages can be both spoken and written. These languages are intended to provide a greater technical precision over big natural languages, although historically, such attempts at language improvement have been criticized. Languages composed from many diverse sources contain much ambiguity and inconsistency. The many exceptions to syntax and semantic rules are time-consuming and difficult to learn.
Computer science[edit]
In computer science, the SI prefixes kilo-, mega- and giga- were historically used in certain contexts to mean either the first three powers of 1024 (1024, 10242 and 10243) contrary to the metric system in which these units unambiguously mean one thousand, one million, and one billion. This usage is particularly prevalent with electronic memory devices (e.g. DRAM) addressed directly by a binary machine register where a decimal interpretation makes no practical sense.
Subsequently, the Ki, Mi, and Gi prefixes were introduced so that binary prefixes could be written explicitly, also rendering k, M, and G unambiguous in texts conforming to the new standard — this led to a new ambiguity in engineering documents lacking outward trace of the binary prefixes (necessarily indicating the new style) as to whether the usage of k, M, and G remains ambiguous (old style) or not (new style). Note also that 1 M (where M is ambiguously 1,000,000 or 1,048,576) is less uncertain than the engineering value 1.0e6 (defined to designate the interval 950,000 to 1,050,000), and that as non-volatile storage devices began to commonly exceed 1 GB in capacity (where the ambiguity begins to routinely impact the second significant digit), GB and TB almost always mean 109 and 1012 bytes.
Mathematical notation[edit]
Mathematical notation, widely used in physics and other sciences, avoids many ambiguities compared to expression in natural language. However, for various reasons, several lexical, syntactic and semantic ambiguities remain.
Names of functions[edit]
The ambiguity in the style of writing a function should not be confused with a multivalued function, which can (and should) be defined in a deterministic and unambiguous way. Several special functions still do not have established notations. Usually, the conversion to another notation requires to scale the argument or the resulting value; sometimes, the same name of the function is used, causing confusions. Examples of such underestablished functions:
Sinc function
Elliptic integral of the third kind; translating elliptic integral form MAPLE to Mathematica, one should replace the second argument to its square, see Talk:Elliptic integral#List of notations; dealing with complex values, this may cause problems.
Exponential integral[3]
Hermite polynomial[3]:775
Expressions[edit]
Ambiguous expressions often appear in physical and mathematical texts. It is common practice to omit multiplication signs in mathematical expressions. Also, it is common to give the same name to a variable and a function, for example, f = f ( x ) {\displaystyle f=f(x)} . Then, if one sees f = f ( y + 1 ) {\displaystyle f=f(y+1)} , there is no way to distinguish whether it means f = f ( x ) {\displaystyle f=f(x)} multiplied by ( y + 1 ) {\displaystyle (y+1)} , or function f {\displaystyle f} evaluated at argument equal to ( y + 1 ) {\displaystyle (y+1)} . In each case of use of such notations, the reader is supposed to be able to perform the deduction and reveal the true meaning.
Creators of algorithmic languages try to avoid ambiguities. Many algorithmic languages (C++ and Fortran) require the character * as symbol of multiplication. The Wolfram Language used in Mathematica allows the user to omit the multiplication symbol, but requires square brackets to indicate the argument of a function; square brackets are not allowed for grouping of expressions. Fortran, in addition, does not allow use of the same name (identifier) for different objects, for example, function and variable; in particular, the expression f=f(x) is qualified as an error.
The order of operations may depend on the context. In most programming languages, the operations of division and multiplication have equal priority and are executed from left to right. Until the last century, many editorials assumed that multiplication is performed first, for example, a / b c {\displaystyle a/bc} is interpreted as a / ( b c ) {\displaystyle a/(bc)} ; in this case, the insertion of parentheses is required when translating the formulas to an algorithmic language. In addition, it is common to write an argument of a function without parenthesis, which also may lead to ambiguity. Sometimes, one uses italics letters to denote elementary functions. In the scientific journal style, the expression s i n α {\displaystyle sin\alpha } means product of variables s {\displaystyle s} , i {\displaystyle i} , n {\displaystyle n} and α {\displaystyle \alpha } , although in a slideshow, it may mean sin  [ α ] {\displaystyle \sin[\alpha ]} .
A comma in subscripts and superscripts sometimes is omitted; it is also ambiguous notation. If it is written T m n k {\displaystyle T_{mnk}} , the reader should guess from the context, does it mean a single-index object, evaluated while the subscript is equal to product of variables m {\displaystyle m} , n {\displaystyle n} and k {\displaystyle k} , or it is indication to a trivalent tensor. The writing of T m n k {\displaystyle T_{mnk}} instead of T m , n , k {\displaystyle T_{m,n,k}} may mean that the writer either is stretched in space (for example, to reduce the publication fees) or aims to increase number of publications without considering readers. The same may apply to any other use of ambiguous notations.
Subscripts are also used to denote the argument to a function, as in F x {\displaystyle F_{x}} .
Examples of potentially confusing ambiguous mathematical expressions[edit]
sin 2  α / 2 {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\alpha /2} , which could be understood to mean either ( sin  ( α / 2 ) ) 2 {\displaystyle (\sin(\alpha /2))^{2}} or ( sin  ( α ) ) 2 / 2 {\displaystyle (\sin(\alpha ))^{2}/2} . In addition, sin 2  ( x ) {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}(x)} may mean sin  ( sin  ( x ) ) {\displaystyle \sin(\sin(x))} , as exp 2  ( x ) {\displaystyle \exp ^{2}(x)} means exp  ( exp  ( x ) ) {\displaystyle \exp(\exp(x))} (see tetration).
sin − 1  α {\displaystyle \sin ^{-1}\alpha } , which by convention means arcsin  ( α ) {\displaystyle \arcsin(\alpha )} , though it might be thought to mean ( sin  ( α ) ) − 1 {\displaystyle (\sin(\alpha ))^{-1}} , since sin n  α {\displaystyle \sin ^{n}\alpha } means ( sin  ( α ) ) n {\displaystyle (\sin(\alpha ))^{n}} .
a / 2 b {\displaystyle a/2b} , which arguably should mean ( a / 2 ) b {\displaystyle (a/2)b} but would commonly be understood to mean a / ( 2 b ) {\displaystyle a/(2b)} .
Notations in quantum optics and quantum mechanics[edit]
It is common to define the coherent states in quantum optics with | α ⟩ {\displaystyle ~|\alpha \rangle ~} and states with fixed number of photons with | n ⟩ {\displaystyle ~|n\rangle ~} . Then, there is an "unwritten rule": the state is coherent if there are more Greek characters than Latin characters in the argument, and n {\displaystyle ~n~} photon state if the Latin characters dominate. The ambiguity becomes even worse, if | x ⟩ {\displaystyle ~|x\rangle ~} is used for the states with certain value of the coordinate, and | p ⟩ {\displaystyle ~|p\rangle ~} means the state with certain value of the momentum, which may be used in books on quantum mechanics. Such ambiguities easily lead to confusions, especially if some normalized adimensional, dimensionless variables are used. Expression | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } may mean a state with single photon, or the coherent state with mean amplitude equal to 1, or state with momentum equal to unity, and so on. The reader is supposed to guess from the context.
Ambiguous terms in physics and mathematics[edit]
Some physical quantities do not yet have established notations; their value (and sometimes even dimension, as in the case of the Einstein coefficients), depends on the system of notations. Many terms are ambiguous. Each use of an ambiguous term should be preceded by the definition, suitable for a specific case. Just like Ludwig Wittgenstein states in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: "... Only in the context of a proposition has a name meaning."[4]
A highly confusing term is gain. For example, the sentence "the gain of a system should be doubled", without context, means close to nothing.
It may mean that the ratio of the output voltage of an electric circuit to the input voltage should be doubled.
It may mean that the ratio of the output power of an electric or optical circuit to the input power should be doubled.
It may mean that the gain of the laser medium should be doubled, for example, doubling the population of the upper laser level in a quasi-two level system (assuming negligible absorption of the ground-state).
The term intensity is ambiguous when applied to light. The term can refer to any of irradiance, luminous intensity, radiant intensity, or radiance, depending on the background of the person using the term.
Also, confusions may be related with the use of atomic percent as measure of concentration of a dopant, or resolution of an imaging system, as measure of the size of the smallest detail which still can be resolved at the background of statistical noise. See also Accuracy and precision and its talk.
The Berry paradox arises as a result of systematic ambiguity in the meaning of terms such as "definable" or "nameable". Terms of this kind give rise to vicious circle fallacies. Other terms with this type of ambiguity are: satisfiable, true, false, function, property, class, relation, cardinal, and ordinal.[5]
Mathematical interpretation of ambiguity[edit]
The Necker cube and impossible cube, an underdetermined and overdetermined object, respectively.
In mathematics and logic, ambiguity can be considered to be an instance of the logical concept of underdetermination—for example, X = Y {\displaystyle X=Y} leaves open what the value of X is—while its opposite is a self-contradiction, also called inconsistency, paradoxicalness, or oxymoron, or in mathematics an inconsistent system—such as X = 2 , X = 3 {\displaystyle X=2,X=3} , which has no solution.
Logical ambiguity and self-contradiction is analogous to visual ambiguity and impossible objects, such as the Necker cube and impossible cube, or many of the drawings of M. C. Escher.[6]
See also[edit]
Abbreviation
Ambiguity (law)
Ambiguity tolerance
Amphibology
Decision problem
Disambiguation (disambiguation)
Double entendre
Essentially contested concept
Fallacy
Formal fallacy
Golden hammer
Informal fallacy
Self reference
Semantics
Uncertainty
Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity
Word-sense disambiguation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "And do you see its long nose and chin? At least, they look exactly like a nose and chin, that is don't they? But they really are two of its legs. You know a Caterpillar has got quantities of legs: you can see more of them, further down." Carroll, Lewis. The Nursery "Alice". Dover Publications (1966), p 27.
^ Jump up to: a b Critical Thinking, 10th ed., Ch 3, Moore, Brooke N. and Parker, Richard. McGraw-Hill, 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Abramovits, M.; Stegun, I. Handbook on mathematical functions. p. 228.
Jump up ^ Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1999). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Dover Publications Inc. p. 39. ISBN 0-486-40445-5.
Jump up ^ Russell/Whitehead, Principia Mathematica
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Laurence (1996). "Reflexivity, Contradiction, Paradox and M. C. Escher". Leonardo. The MIT Press. 29 (4): 299–308. doi:10.2307/1576313. JSTOR 1576313
External links[edit]
Look up ambiguity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Ambiguity". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Ambiguity at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
Ambiguity at PhilPapers
Collection of Ambiguous or Inconsistent/Incomplete Statements
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text:
Siobhan Fallon Hogan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Siobhan Fallon Hogan
Fallon at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival
Born
Siobhan Fallon
(1961-05-13) May 13, 1961 (age 57)
Syracuse, New York, United States
Residence
Rumson, New Jersey
Occupation
Actress, comedian, writer
Years active
1990–present
Spouse(s)
Peter Hogan
Children
3
Siobhan Fallon Hogan (born May 13, 1961)[1][2] is an American actress and comedian. She appeared in films such as Men in Black, Forrest Gump, The Negotiator and Daddy Day Care.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Filmography
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
Fallon was born in Syracuse, New York, United States, the daughter of Jane (née Eagan) and William J. Fallon, an attorney.[3][4] She was raised Catholic.[5][6] She graduated from Le Moyne College in 1983. She made her television debut in an episode of The Golden Girls in 1990.[7] She appeared in 20 episodes on Saturday Night Live from 1991 to 1992. She also appeared in three episodes of Seinfeld as Elaine Benes' annoying roommate Tina. Thereafter, she began to appear in feature films. In 2000, she shared the screen with Bjork in Dancer in the Dark by Lars von Trier, as her character's sympathetic jail guard on death row. She also is featured on the soundtrack Selmasongs by Bjork, dueting on the track 107 steps. In 2003, she appeared as Mrs. Yelnats in the film Holes with Sigourney Weaver and Shia LaBeouf. She appeared in New in Town, released on January 30, 2009, with Renée Zellweger and Harry Connick, Jr.
Siobhan Fallon is a member of the Atlantic Theater Company.[8] She had been a resident of Middletown Township, New Jersey[9] and also has a summer home in Cazenovia, New York, a town outside Syracuse, where she grew up. A resident of Rumson, New Jersey, Fallon is married to commodities trader Peter Hogan and they have three children: Bernadette, Peter, and Sinead.[10]
Fallon was the speaker at the 2003 Cazenovia High School commencement.[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
1981 The Unnaturals (TV, as various, all episodes)
1990 The Golden Girls as Abby Wolfe (TV, one episode)
1991 Baby Talk (TV, one episode)
1991 Babes (TV, one episode)
1991–1992 Saturday Night Live (TV, 20 episodes)
1991–1994 Seinfeld (TV, in episodes "The Deal", "The Truth" and "The Opposite")
1994 Only You as Leslie
1994 Forrest Gump as Dorothy Harris (bus driver)
1994 The Paper as Lisa
1994 Greedy as Tina
1995 Jury Duty as Heather
1996 Good Money as Siobhan
1996 Striptease as Rita Grant
1997 Men in Black as Beatrice (Edgar's wife)
1997 Feds (TV, one episode)
1997 Fools Rush In as Lanie
1997 Nick and Jane as Julie
1998 The Negotiator as Maggie
1998 A Cool, Dry Place as Charlotte
1998 Krippendorf's Tribe as Lori
2000 Third Watch (TV, one episode)
2000 Dancer in the Dark as Brenda
2000 The Photographer as Crazy lady
2000 Boiler Room as Michelle, Harry's supervisor
2000–2003 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (TV, 2 episodes)
2001 Rain as bartender
2001 What's the Worst That Could Happen? as Edwina
2002 Big Trouble as Fly By Air ticket agent
2003 Holes as Mrs. Yelnats
2003 Daddy Day Care as Peggy
2003 Dogville as Martha
2004 Rescue Me as Phyllis Shea (TV, three episodes)
2005 Fever Pitch as Lana
2006 I'll Believe You as Larry Jean
2006 Charlotte's Web as Mrs. Zuckerman
2007 Funny Games as Betsy Thompson
2007 30 Rock (TV, one episode)
2008 Baby Mama as birthing teacher
2009 New in Town as Blanche Gunderson
2010 Sonny with a Chance as Bella
2010 The Bounty Hunter as Teresa
2010 The Secret Friend as Julie
2010 The Whole Truth (TV, one episode)
2010 Fred: The Movie as Hilda Figglehorn
2011 Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred as Hilda Figglehorn
2011 We Need to Talk About Kevin as Wanda
2011 Another Happy Day as Bonnie
2011 Someday This Pain Will Be Useful to You as Mrs. Beemer
2012 Fred: The Show as Hilda Figglehorn
2012 Fred 3: Camp Fred as Hilda Figglehorn
2015–2016 Wayward Pines as Arlene Moran (16 episodes)
2017 Going in Style as Mitzi
2018 The House that Jack Built as Lady 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Siobhan Fallon - Biography". Netglimse.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Siobhan Fallon Hogan". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Divine Comedian: Siobhan Fallon Hogan". USCatholic.org. 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
Jump up ^ "William Fallon Obituary - Syracuse, NY | Syracuse Post Standard". Obits.syracuse.com. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Faith and Hollywood: Interview with Siobhan Fallon of the Movie 'New in Town' - Living Faith - Home & Family - Catholic Online". Catholic.org. 2009-01-25. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
Jump up ^ "CUA Magazine". Cuamagazine.cua.edu. 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Siobhan Fallon biography". Starpulse.com. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Siobhan Fallon". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
Jump up ^ Chesek, Tom. "'09 Basie Awards bring out best of high school shows", Asbury Park Press, May 23, 2009. Accessed January 22, 2011. "Performing as master of ceremonies for this year's event was Count Basie Theatre board member Siobhan Fallon-Hogan, a Middletown resident...".
Jump up ^ "Rumson Screen Star’S Character Therapy", Red Bank Green, February 26, 2015. Accessed February 27, 2018. "Expect to see a bit more of her. Beginning this May, Siobhan Fallon Hogan, a Rumson resident of 10 years, will be a regular presence on Wayward Pines, the Fox TV “event thriller” limited series (starring Matt Dillon, Terrence Howard and an ensemble supporting cast) from producer M. Night Shyamalan."
External links[edit]
Siobhan Fallon Hogan on IMDb
Siobhan Fallon Hogan at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 1061612260
LCCN: no2004026798
MusicBrainz: 12c3d179-d09d-4ff1-8057-705d6d250508
VIAF: 311639422
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siobhan_Fallon_Hogan&oldid=841987911"
Categories:
American film actresses
American television actresses
Le Moyne College alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
People from Middletown Township, New Jersey
People from Rumson, New Jersey
People from Syracuse, New York
American people of Irish descent
1961 births
Living people
American women comedians
American sketch comedians
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Comedians from New York (state)
Hidden categories:
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