text:
Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
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United States
Assistant Secretary of State
for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
Seal of the United States Department of State
Incumbent
Susan Thornton
Acting
since March 9, 2017
Reports to
Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
Nominator
President of the United States
Inaugural holder
William Walton Butterworth
Formation
1949
Website
Official website
The Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs is the head of the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs within the United States Department of State. The Assistant Secretary guides operation of the U.S. diplomatic establishment in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and advises the Secretary of State and the Under Secretary for Political Affairs on matters relating to the area. The last permanent Assistant Secretary was Daniel R. Russel, who left on March 8, 2017. Susan Thornton is now Acting Assistant Secretary.[1]
The Department of State established the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in 1949, after the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of Government recommended that certain offices be upgraded to bureau level and after Congress increased the number of Assistant Secretaries of State from six to ten. On November 1, 1966, the Department by administrative action changed the incumbent's designation to Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. The Division of Far Eastern Affairs, established in 1908, was the first geographical division to be established in the Department of State.[2]
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 1949—1966[edit]
Name
Assumed office
Left office
President served under
William Walton Butterworth[3] September 29, 1949 July 4, 1950 Harry S. Truman
Dean Rusk March 28, 1950 December 9, 1951 Harry S. Truman
John Moore Allison February 1, 1952 April 7, 1953 Harry S. Truman
Walter S. Robertson April 8, 1953 June 30, 1959 Dwight D. Eisenhower
J. Graham Parsons July 1, 1959 March 30, 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower
Walter P. McConaughy April 24, 1961 December 3, 1961 John F. Kennedy
W. Averell Harriman December 4, 1961[4] April 3, 1963 John F. Kennedy
Roger Hilsman May 9, 1963 March 15, 1964 John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson
List of Assistant Secretaries of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 1966—present[edit]
Name
Assumed office
Left office
President served under
William Bundy March 16, 1964 May 4, 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson
Marshall Green May 5, 1969 May 10, 1973 Richard Nixon
G. McMurtrie Godley [5] Richard Nixon
Robert S. Ingersoll January 8, 1974 July 9, 1974 Richard Nixon
Philip Habib September 27, 1974 June 30, 1976 Gerald Ford
Arthur W. Hummel, Jr. July 12, 1976 March 14, 1977 Gerald Ford
Richard Holbrooke March 31, 1977 January 13, 1981 Jimmy Carter
John H. Holdridge May 28, 1981 January 10, 1983[6] Ronald Reagan
Paul Wolfowitz December 22, 1982 March 12, 1986 Ronald Reagan
Gaston J. Sigur, Jr. March 12, 1986 February 21, 1989 Ronald Reagan
Richard Armitage [7] George H. W. Bush
Richard H. Solomon June 23, 1989 July 10, 1992 George H. W. Bush
William Clark, Jr. July 10, 1992 April 23, 1993 George H. W. Bush
Winston Lord April 23, 1993 February 18, 1997 Bill Clinton
Stanley O. Roth August 5, 1997 January 20, 2001 Bill Clinton
James A. Kelly May 1, 2001 January 31, 2005 George W. Bush
Christopher R. Hill April 8, 2005 April 21, 2009 George W. Bush and Barack Obama
Kurt M. Campbell June 2, 2009 February 8, 2013 Barack Obama
Daniel R. Russel July 12, 2013 March 8, 2017 Barack Obama and Donald Trump
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dexter Filkins:
Nine months into Trump’s term, he still has not named an Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs... Susan Thornton, despite being rejected by the White House, has stayed on as the acting Assistant Secretary.
—  https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/16/rex-tillerson-at-the-breaking-point/amp
October 6, 2017
Jump up ^ "Assistant Secretaries of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs". Archived from the original on 23 September 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
Jump up ^ Butterworth was initially appointed as "Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs." On March 20, 1950, his title was changed to "Assistant Secretary of State for Japanese Affairs."
Jump up ^ Initially commissioned during a recess of the Senate. He was later confirmed and re-commissioned on March 5, 1962.
Jump up ^ Godley was never commissioned and President Nixon withdrew his nomination before the Senate acted upon it.
Jump up ^ https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/holdridge-john-herbert
Jump up ^ Nomination withdrawn.
[hide]
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United States Assistant Secretaries of State (and Equivalent Ranks)
Reporting to the Under Secretary for
Political Affairs
African Affairs
East Asian and Pacific Affairs
European and Eurasian Affairs
International Organization Affairs
Near Eastern Affairs
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Reporting to the Under Secretary for
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Reporting to the Under Secretary for
Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
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Reporting to the Under Secretary for
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Administration
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Reporting to the Under Secretary for
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Conflict and Stabilization Operations
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Population, Refugees, and Migration
Trafficking in Persons (Ambassador-at-Large)
War Crimes Issues (Ambassador-at-Large)
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Intelligence and Research
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Chief of Protocol
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Global AIDS Coordinator (Ambassador-at-Large)
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Magistrate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the musical group, see Magistrates (band).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Magistrate
Sir Lyman Poore Duff, a former justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
Occupation
Names
Judge, Justice of the Peace, magistrate
Occupation type
Profession
Activity sectors
Law
Description
Competencies
Analytical mind, critical thinking, impartiality, common sense
Education required
Usually experience as an advocate (varies by jurisdiction)
Fields of
employment
Courts
Related jobs
Barrister, solicitor, prosecutor
The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a magistratus was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive powers. In other parts of the world, such as China, a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court, and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters. In other jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales), magistrates may be volunteers without formal legal training who perform a judicial role with regard to minor matters.
Contents
1 Original meaning
2 Continental Europe and its former colonies
2.1 Mexico
3 English common law tradition
3.1 United Kingdom
3.1.1 England and Wales
3.1.2 Scotland
3.2 Australia
3.2.1 Federal Magistrate
3.2.2 State Magistrate
3.3 Hong Kong
3.4 India
3.5 Bangladesh
3.5.1 Executive Magistrate
3.6 New Zealand
3.7 Sri Lanka
3.8 United States
3.8.1 Federal courts
3.8.2 State courts
4 Other traditions
4.1 China
4.2 Switzerland
4.3 Taiwan
4.4 Kenya
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Original meaning[edit]
In ancient Rome, the word magistratus referred to one of the highest offices of state. Analogous offices in the local authorities, such as municipium, were subordinate only to the legislature of which they generally were members, ex officio, often a combination of judicial and executive power, constituting one jurisdiction. In Rome itself, the highest magistrates were members of the so-called cursus honorum -'career of honors'. They held both judicial and executive power within their sphere of responsibility (hence the modern use of the term "magistrate" to denote both judicial and executive officers), and also had the power to issue ius honorarium, or magisterial law. The Consul was the highest Roman magistrate. The Praetor (the office was later divided into two, the Urban and Peregrine Praetors) was the highest judge in matters of private law between individual citizens, while the Curule Aediles, who supervised public works in the city, exercised a limited civil jurisdiction in relation to the market.[1] Roman magistrates were not lawyers, but were advised by jurists who were experts in the law.
The term was maintained in most feudal successor states to the western Roman Empire. However, it was used mainly in Germanic kingdoms, especially in city-states, where the term magistrate was also used as an abstract generic term denoting the highest office, regardless of the formal titles (e.g. Consul, Mayor, Doge), even when that was actually a council. The term "chief magistrate" applied to the highest official, in sovereign entities the head of state and/or head of government.
Continental Europe and its former colonies[edit]
See also: Examining magistrate
Under the "civil law" systems of European countries, such as Belgium, France, Italy and the Netherlands, magistrat (French), magistrato (Italian) and magistraat (Dutch) are generic terms which comprise both prosecutors and judges, distinguished as the 'standing' versus 'sitting' magistrature, respectively.
In Portugal, besides being used in the scope of the judiciary to designate prosecutors and judges, the term magistrado was also used to designate certain government officials, like the former civil governors of district. These were referred as "administrative magistrates" to distinguish them from the judiciary magistrates. The President of Portugal is considered the Supreme Magistrate of the Nation.
In Finland, maistraatti (the Finnish-language cognate of "magistrate", officially translated as "local register office"[2]) is a state-appointed local administrative office whose responsibilities include keeping population information and public registers, acting as a public notary and conducting civil marriages.
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico's Federal Law System, a magistrado (magistrate) is a superior judge (and the highest-ranking State judge), hierarchically beneath the Supreme Court Justices (Ministros de la Corte Suprema).
The magistrado reviews the cases seen by a judge in a second term if any of the parties disputes the verdict. For special cases, there are magistrados superiores (superior magistrates) who review the verdicts of special court and tribunal magistrates.
English common law tradition[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
Main article: Magistrate (England and Wales)
In the courts of England and Wales, magistrates—also known as justices of the peace (JPs)—are volunteers who hear prosecutions for and dispose of 'summary offences' and some 'triable-either-way offences' by making orders with regard to and placing additional requirements on offenders. Magistrates/JPs are limited to issuing sentences of no longer than twelve months. Magistrates/JPs have other limitations in their sentencing authority with powers extending to fines, community orders which can include curfews, electronic tagging, requirements to perform unpaid work up to 300 hours, and supervision for up to three years. In more serious cases, magistrates can send 'either-way' offenders to the Crown Court for sentencing when the magistrate feels a penalty should be imposed that is more severe than the magistrate is capable of sentencing.
A wide range of other legal matters is within the remit of magistrates. In the past, magistrates have been responsible for granting licenses to sell alcohol, for instance,[3] but this function is now exercised by local councils; though, there is a right of appeal to the magistrates' court. Magistrates are also responsible for granting search warrants to the police and other authorities; therefore, it used to be a requirement that they live within a 15-mile (24 km) radius of the area they preside over (the commission area) in case they are needed to sign a warrant after hours. However, commission areas were replaced with Local Justice Areas by the Courts Act 2003, meaning magistrates no longer need to live within 15 miles (24 km); although, in practice, many still do. Section 7 of the Courts Act 2003 states that "There shall be a commission of the peace for England and Wales—…b) addressed generally, and not by name, to all such persons as may from time to time hold office as justices of the peace for England and Wales". Thus, every magistrate in England and Wales may act as a magistrate anywhere in England or Wales.
There are two types of magistrates[4] in England and Wales: justices of the peace and district judges (formerly known as stipendiary magistrates) who hold office as members of the professional judiciary. According to requirements, around 50% of magistrates are women. Over 41% of magistrates are retired from employment while others may be self-employed or able to arrange leave from their employment.[citation needed]
No formal qualifications are required, but magistrates require intelligence, common sense, integrity, and the capacity to act fairly. Membership is widely spread throughout the area covered and drawn from all walks of life. Police officers, traffic wardens, and members of the armed forces, as well as their close relatives will not be appointed, nor will those convicted of certain criminal offences including recent minor offences. All magistrates receive three days of training before sitting, carried out in conjunction with a mentoring program (mentors are magistrates with at least three years' service),[5] which covers basic law and procedure. They continue to receive training throughout their judicial career. Additional training is given to magistrates choosing to sit in the Youth Court or those dealing with family matters. New magistrates sit with mentors on at least six occasions during their first eighteen months.
Magistrates are unpaid appointees, but they may receive allowances to cover traveling expenses, subsistence, and loss of earnings for those not paid by their employer while sitting as a magistrate, up to £116.78 a day. A justice of the peace may sit at any magistrates' court in England and Wales, but in practice, they are appointed to their local bench (a colloquial and legal term for the local court) and are provided with advice (especially on sentencing) by a legally qualified Clerk to the Justices. They will normally sit as a panel of three with two as a minimum. Many are members of the Magistrates' Association, which provides advice and training and represents the approximately 28,000 magistrates to the government. The Association also represents magistrates on the Sentencing Guidelines Council.[citation needed]
Members of the second group are known as District Judges (Magistrates' Courts). Unlike magistrates, District Judges (Magistrates' Courts) sit alone. They are appointed by open competition through a process administered by the JAC and are required to be qualified solicitors, barristers, or chartered legal executives. Some also sit in the family court. Questions have been raised by the Magistrates' Association as to the legal safeguards of a single District Judge allowed to hear a case, decide the outcome, and pass sentence without reference to another party.[6]
Scotland[edit]
In the courts of Scotland, the office of stipendiary magistrate was established by Section 5 of the District Courts (Scotland) Act 1975,[7]:Section 5 and was replaced by the office of summary sheriff by Section 218 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014.[8] In Scotland, the lowest level of law-court, the Justice of the Peace Court, is presided over by a Justice of the Peace. Stipendiary magistrates are, ex officio, justices of the peace, and when sitting in a JP court had the summary criminal jurisdiction and powers of a sheriff.[7]:Section 5
Australia[edit]
Federal Magistrate[edit]
A Federal Magistrate was an office created on 23 December 1999 along with the establishment of the Federal Magistrates Court by the Australian Government as a result of royal assent of the Federal Magistrates Act 1999 (Cth).[9] Its first judicial officers were appointed in 2000; it first applications were filed on 23 June 2000 and the Court’s first sittings were conducted on 3 July 2000 in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Newcastle, Parramatta and Townsville.
The Federal Magistrates' Court of Australia dealt with more minor Commonwealth law matters which had previously been heard by the Federal Court of Australia (administrative law, bankruptcy, consumer protection, trade practices, human rights, and copyright) or the Family Court (divorce, residence [or custody], and contact with [or access to] the children, property division upon divorce, maintenance, and child support). In some areas, such as bankruptcy and copyright, the court had virtually unlimited jurisdiction.
The Federal Magistrates would hear shorter or less complex matters or matters in which the monetary sum in disputes does not exceed given amounts. For instance, property divisions where the total assets are A$700,000 or less and consumer law matters (trade practices) where the amount claimed is less than $750,000. The first Chief Federal Magistrate, Diana Bryant left the court in 2004 when she was appointed Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia, the third person to be appointed that position since the establishment of the Family Court.
Eventually, the Federal Magistrates Court assumed a significant part of the workload of the Federal Court and the Family Court. By May 2004, the court was dealing with 73% of the total number of applications made in the three courts (see the Annual Report of the Federal Magistrates' Court 2004/2005). The Federal Magistrates Court was exercising jurisdiction well in excess of that of the state magistrates' courts, and similar to that of the District and County courts of the Australian states.
On 12 April 2013, in recognition of its increased jurisdiction and its role as an intermediate court servicing regional centres as well as capital cities throughout Australia, the Federal Magistrates Court was renamed the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, the Act renamed as the Federal Circuit Court of Australia Act 1999, and its judicial officers received the title "Judge" instead of "Federal Magistrate".[10]
State Magistrate[edit]
The State Magistrates in Australia derive from the English Magistrates. All Magistrates are salaried officers.
The jurisdiction of the magistrates varies from state to state. They preside over courts which are, depending on the state, called Magistrates’ Courts, Local Courts, or Courts of Petty Sessions.
Magistrates hear bail applications, motor licensing applications, applications for orders restraining a given individual from approaching a specific person (“intervention orders” or “apprehended violence orders”), summary criminal matters, the least serious indictable criminal matters, and civil matters where the disputed amount does not exceed A$40,000 to A$100,000 (depending on the State).
In some states, such as Queensland and NSW, the Magistrate may appear robed; although, some Magistrates are known to prefer a business suit. Magistrates presiding in the Koori Court (which deals with Aboriginal defendants) were originally of a mind not to appear robed; however, elders within the Indigenous community urged Magistrates to continue wearing robes to mark the solemnity of the court process to defendants. Robing is being considered for Magistrates in other states; however, neither Counsel nor solicitors appear robed in any Australian Magistrates' court. Robing in summary courts is unlikely to extend to the legal profession.
Historically, Magistrates in Australia have been referred to as “Your Worship”. (From Old English weorthscipe, meaning being worthy of respect.) However, members of the magistracy are now addressed as "Your Honour" in all states. This was partly to recognize the increasing role magistrates play in the administration of justice, but also to recognize the archaic nature of "Your Worship", and the tendency for witnesses and defendants to incorrectly use "Your Honour" in any event. It is also acceptable to address a magistrate simply as Sir or Madam.
Hong Kong[edit]
Main article: Magistrates' Court (Hong Kong)
There are currently seven magistrates' courts in Hong Kong. Magistrates exercise criminal jurisdiction over a wide range of offences. Although there is a general limit of two years' imprisonment or a fine of HK$100,000, certain statutory provisions give Magistrates the power to sentence up to three years' imprisonment and to impose a fine up to HK$5,000,000.
India[edit]
This article is part of a series on
Judiciary of India
Law of India
Administration[show]
Ministry of Law and Justice
Department of Legal Affairs
Legislative Department
Department of Justice
Law Commission of India
Civil courts[show]
Supreme Court of India
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High courts in India
Chief justices of high courts in India
Judges of high courts
District courts/additional district judge's courts
Civil judge (sr. division)'s courts
Civil judge (jr. division)'s courts
Criminal courts[show]
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
Judges of the supreme court
High courts in India
Chief justices of high courts in India
Judges of high courts
Session courts/courts of additional sessions judge
Courts of assistant sessions judges
Chief judicial magistrates
Additional chief judicial magistrates
Chief metropolitan magistrates
Judicial magistrate of first classs/metropolitan magistrates
Special judicial magistrates
Judicial magistrate of second classs
Courts of executive magistrates[show]
Divisional commissioners
District magistrates
Additional district magistrates
Sub-divisional magistrates
Special executive magistrates
Legal profession[show]
Bar Council
Attorney General of India
Solicitor General of India
Additional solicitors general
Advocates in India
All India Bar Examination
Legal education[show]
Legal education in India
Autonomous law schools in India
List of law schools in India
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See also: Judiciary of India
There are four categories of magistrates in the Judiciary of India. This classification is given in the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC). It stipulates that in each sessions district, there shall be:
a Chief Judicial Magistrate
a Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate
a Judicial Magistrates First Class, and
an Executive Magistrates [including DM, ADMs, SDMs]
1.The Chief Judicial Magistrate [CJM] (including Additional Chief Judicial Magistrates.) CJMs hear all types of criminal cases. All magistrates' courts are controlled by the CJM. The CJM looks over the work of judicial magistrates, but cannot take any action against them. The CJM can only report the misbehavior of judicial magistrates to the High Court. A court of Chief Judicial Magistrates can sentence a person to jail up to ten years and impose fines of up to ₹30,000 (US$440). The CJM is the most senior among all magistrates in their district.
2. There is a Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate (SDJM) in every subdivision. They hear cases related to the Dowry Act, EC Act, and other criminal cases. They also maintain and control the judicial court below them. A court of Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrates may sentence a person to fines of up to ten years and impose fine up to ₹25,000 (US$360). Judicial magistrates can try criminal cases.
3. A Judicial Magistrate First Class can sentence a person to jail for up to seven years and impose a fine of up to ₹15,000 (US$220).
4. An Executive Magistrate is an officer of the Executive branch (as opposed to the Judicial branch) who is invested with specific powers under both the CrPC and the Indian Penal Code (IPC). These powers are conferred by Sections 107-110, 133, 144, 145, and 147 of the CrPC. These officers cannot try any accused nor pass verdicts. A person arrested on the orders of a court located outside the local jurisdiction should be produced before an Executive Magistrate who can also set the bail amount for the arrested individual to avoid police custody, depending on the terms of the warrant. The Executive Magistrate also can pass orders restraining persons from committing a particular act or preventing persons from entering an area (Section 144 CrPC). There is no specific provision to order a "curfew". The Executive Magistrates alone are authorised to use force against people. In plain language, they alone can disperse an "unlawful assembly". Technically, the police are to assist the Executive Magistrate. Executive Magistrates can dictate to the police the manner of force (baton charge/ tear gas/blank fire/firing) and also, how much force should be used. They can also seek the assistance of the Armed Forces to quell a riot.
Each District contains the following Judicial Magistrates:
a Chief Judicial Magistrate [CJM]
One or two Additional Chief Judicial Magistrates [ACJM]
One or two Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrates [SDJM]
Five Judicial Magistrates 1st class [JM]
There are, in each Administrative District (as opposed to a Sessions District) the following kinds of Executive Magistrates:
a District Magistrate (DM)
Two or more Additional District Magistrates (ADM)
Four or more Subdivisional District Magistrates (SDM)and
At least ten Executive Magistrates
All the Executive Magistrates of the district, except the ADM, are under the control of the DM.
These magistrates are normally conferred on the officers of the Revenue Department, although an officer can be appointed exclusively as an Executive Magistrate. Normally, the Collector of the district is appointed as the DM. Similarly, the Sub-Collectors are appointed as the SDMs. Tehsildars and Deputy/Additional Tehsildars are appointed as Executive Magistrates.
Under the old CrPC, there was no distinction between the Executive and Judicial Magistrates; some states still follow the old CrPC.
Bangladesh[edit]
According to the Code of Criminal Procedure(CrPC),1898; there are two classes of Magistrates in Bangladesh, namely: -
(a) Judicial Magistrate; and
(b) Executive Magistrate.
There shall be four classes of judicial Magistrate, namely:
(a) Chief Metropolitan Magistrate in Metropolitan Area and Chief judicial Magistrate to other areas
(b) Magistrate of the first class, who shall in Metropolitan area, is known as Metropolitan Magistrate
(c) Magistrate of the second class
(d) Magistrate of the third class
Executive Magistrate[edit]
Main article: Executive Magistrate of Bangladesh
According to the section-10(6)of the Code of Criminal Procedure(CrPC)1898, members of Bangladesh Civil Service(Administration) Cadre, who are in the capacity of Assistant Commissioner, Upozila Nirbahi Officer(UNO), and Additional Deputy Commissioner(ADC) shall be Executive Magistrates and may exercise the power of Executive Magistrate within their existing respective local areas. Besides this, according to the provision of the section-10(5) of CrPC,1898; The Government may, if it thinks it expedient or necessary, appoint any persons employed in the Bangladesh Civil Service (Administration) to be an Executive Magistrate and confer the powers of an Executive Magistrate on any such member.
Every Administrative District has the following Executive Magistrates:
(a) District Magistrate: In every district and in every Metropolitan Area, the Government shall appoint as many persons as it thinks fit to be Executive Magistrates and shall appoint one of them to be the District Magistrate.
(b) Additional District Magistrate (ADM): The Government may also appoint any Executive Magistrate to be an Additional District Magistrate. Additional District Magistrates shall have all or any of the powers of a District Magistrate under this Code or under any other law for the time being in force, as the Government may direct.
(c) Additional Deputy Commissioner (ADC): All the ADC's in the district are Executive Magistrate.
(d) Upazila Nirbahi Officer or Sub-District Executive Officer
(e) Assistant Commissioner; including Senior Assistant Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner (Land)
New Zealand[edit]
The position of stipendiary magistrate in New Zealand was renamed in 1980 to that of district court judge. The position was often known simply as magistrate, or the postnominal initials SM after a magistrate's name in newspapers' court reports.
In the late 1990s, a position of community magistrate was created for district courts on a trial basis. Under this system, two community magistrates were initially required to sit to consider a case; some of these community magistrates are still serving.
Sri Lanka[edit]
In Sri Lanka, a magistrate is a Judicial Officer appointed to preside over a Magistrates' Court to a particular jurisdiction under the Judicature Act No 02 of 1978. The post was formally known as Police Magistrate when, magistrates' courts were known as police magistrate courts. Magistrates have jurisdiction over the criminal cases filed under the penal code. They carryout first mortem and post mortem examinations; issue search warrants; arrest warrants produce suspected persons; and grant bail. In many cases magistrates preside over primary courts[11] Unofficial magistrates can be appointed from among the senior lawyers of the local bar.[12] There are four types of magistrate;
Chief Magistrate (only of the metropolitan area of Colombo)
Magistrate
Additional Magistrate (found when there are more than one Magistrate in one station)
Unofficial Magistrate
United States[edit]
Magistrates are somewhat less common in the United States than in Europe, but the position does exist in some state jurisdictions and in federal courts.
The term "magistrate" is often used (chiefly in judicial opinions) as a generic term for any independent judge who is capable of issuing warrants, reviewing arrests, etc.[13][14] When used in this way, it does not denote a judge with a particular office. Instead, it denotes (somewhat circularly) a judge or judicial officer who is capable of hearing and deciding a particular matter. That capability is defined by State statute or by common law. In Virginia, for example, the Constitution of 1971 created the office of magistrate to replace the use in cities and counties of the justice of the peace, which is common in many states for this function.
As noted above, the terms "magistrate" or "chief magistrate" were sometimes used in the early days of the republic to refer to the President of the United States, as in President John Adams's message to the U.S. Senate upon the death of George Washington: "His example is now complete, and it will teach wisdom and virtue to magistrates, citizens, and men, not only in the present age, but in future generations, as long as our history shall be read" (December 19, 1799).
Federal courts[edit]
Main article: United States magistrate judge
In the United States federal courts, a magistrate judge is a judicial officer authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 631 et seq. They were formerly known as U.S. commissioners, and then as magistrates. Magistrate judges, as they have been designated since 1990, are appointed by the life-term federal district judges of a particular court, serving terms of eight years if full-time, or four years if part-time, and may be reappointed. Magistrate judges conduct a wide range of judicial proceedings to expedite the disposition of the civil and criminal caseloads of the United States district courts. Congress set forth in the statute the powers and responsibilities that could be delegated by district court judges to magistrate judges. To achieve maximum flexibility in meeting the needs of each court, however, Congress left to the individual courts the actual determination of which duties to assign to magistrate judges.
State courts[edit]
In many state court systems in the United States, magistrate courts are the successor to Justice of the Peace courts, and frequently have authority to handle the trials of civil cases up to a certain dollar amount at issue, applications for bail, arrest and search warrants, and the adjudication of petty or misdemeanor criminal offences. In Ohio, magistrates are subordinate to the judge or judges who appoint them, and all of their decisions are subject to the review, amendment, approval, or reversal by a judge. In some states, including West Virginia and Georgia, magistrates are elected and not appointed.
Other traditions[edit]
China[edit]
Main article: County magistrate
Magistrate, or chief magistrate, is also a common translation of the Chinese xianzhang (县长/縣長 literally: county leader) the political head of a county or xiàn (县/縣) which ranks in the third level of the administrative hierarchy of China. The translation dates from imperial China in which the county magistrate was the lowest official in the imperial Chinese bureaucracy and had judicial in addition to administrative functions.
In modern-day China, the county leader is elected by the local people's congress but the process is controlled by the Communist Party. Although there are elections at the lower township level, these elections (with one exception, which was considered irregular and illegal) have not extended up to the county level. County leaders, particularly in rural areas, can affect the lives of ordinary people by enforcing central government regulations or by turning a blind eye to their violation.[citation needed]
Switzerland[edit]
In Switzerland, magistrate is a designation for the persons holding the most senior executive and judicial offices. On the federal level, the members of the Federal Council, the Federal Chancellor, and the judges on the Federal Supreme Court are called magistrates.[15] The designation of magistrate is not a title or style. It does not, by itself, confer any particular privileges.
Taiwan[edit]
In Taiwan, magistrates are the heads of government of counties. The county magistrate elections are heavily and sometimes bitterly contested, and are often a stepping-stone to higher office. County magistrate elections were first open to election in the 1960s and, before the end of martial law in 1991, were the highest elected position of any real power, and hence, the focus of election campaigns by the Tangwai movement.
Kenya[edit]
In Kenya, there are five categories of magistrates, namely: Resident Magistrate, Senior Resident Magistrate, Principal Magistrate, Senior Principal Magistrate, and Chief Magistrate. Chief Magistrate is the highest ranking among magistrates and also assumes administrative control of magistrate courts in his or her jurisdiction. A Chief Magistrate has jurisdiction in a dispute that does not exceed seven million Kenya shillings. For Senior Principal Magistrates, the limit is in disputes not exceeding five million Kenya shillings; for Principal Magistrates it is disputes not exceeding four million Kenya shillings. Senior Resident Magistrates have jurisdiction in disputes not exceeding three million Kenya shillings and Resident Magistrates in disputes not exceeding two million Kenya shillings.[16]
In popular culture[edit]
The British humorist P.G. Wodehouse wrote in one of his Jeeves and Wooster stories, "Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit" (1955), "Well, you know what magistrates are. The lowest form of pond life. When a fellow hasn't the brains and initiative to sell jellied eels, they make him a magistrate." Bertie Wooster often appeared before magistrates when he was arrested for minor offences.
A plump and foolish magistrate is a key character in Amy Tan's children's book (and the related PBS television show) Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat.
In the post-colonial novel Waiting for the Barbarians by J. M. Coetzee, the story is told from the narrative perspective of the magistrate of one of the settlements in what is presumed to be Africa.
In the Walt Disney movie Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier, Crockett is appointed magistrate of the local community.
Magistrates appear in the Star Trek universe as well. On Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Constable Odo often threatens detainees or those he suspects are guilty of various crimes and violations that he will send them to the magistrate, or tells them sarcastically, in response to their pleas of innocence, to "Tell it to the magistrate."
In the first installment of the popular StarCraft real-time strategy series, one plays as a magistrate working for the Confederacy, a cruel government. One later joins the Sons of Korhal, aiding in the rebellion.
See also[edit]
Executive Magistrate of Bangladesh
Agoranomi
Chief magistrate
Justice in Eyre
Lawspeaker
Magistratus
Resident magistrate
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ p4 and p18, Nicholas, Barry, An Introduction to Roman Law (Oxford University Press, 1975) ISBN 0-19-876063-9
Jump up ^ toimitusneuvosto, www.maistraatti.fi -. "Startpage". www.maistraatti.fi.
Jump up ^ Under a law of 1729 which instituted Brewster sessions, a special meeting of quarter sessions (Richardson, John (1974) The Local Historian's Encyclopedia. New Barnet: Historical Publications; p. 270; Hey, David, ed. (1996) The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History. Oxford University Press; pp. 46-47)
Jump up ^ Courts and Tribunals Judiciary, Magistrates: who are they.... Retrieved: 4 January 2015.
Jump up ^ The Magistracy and the work of magistrates Archived 2008-12-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ John Thornhill, Chairman of the Magistrates' Association - Solicitors Journal - April 2011
^ Jump up to: a b UK Parliament. District Courts (Scotland) Act 1975 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ Scottish Parliament. Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ Federal Magistrates Act 1999 (Cth) s 8.
Jump up ^ Federal Attorney-General's announcement Archived 2013-04-20 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ICTA. "Judicial Hierarchy". www.jsc.gov.lk.
Jump up ^ "opinio02". www.island.lk.
Jump up ^ Education 2020 Homeschool Console; Government course - Vocabulary, "usage" section for magistrate: "The term, magistrate, is often used for any independent judge who is capable of issuing warrants and reviewing arrests."
Jump up ^ "Van Wer County Ohio Common Pleas Court General Division". vwcommonpleas.org.
Jump up ^ See art. 1 of the Bundesgesetz über Besoldung und berufliche Vorsorge der Magistratspersonen, SR/RS 172.121.
Jump up ^ "Kenya Law: Home Page". www.kenyalaw.org.
References[edit]
Etymology Online
Van Wert County, Ohio Court Personnel
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Magistrate
Look up magistrate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Become a magistrate (GOV.UK, England and Wales)
Criminal courts - magistrates' courts (GOV.UK, England and Wales)
How sentencing works: You be the Judge
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text:
List of amendments to the United States Constitution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 33 constitutional amendments approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification since 1789. For proposals to amend the United States Constitution introduced in but not approved by the U.S. Congress, see List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution.
This article is part of a series on the
Constitution of the
United States of America
Preamble and Articles
of the Constitution
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
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Thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution have been proposed by the United States Congress and sent to the states for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on March 4, 1789. Twenty-seven of these, having been ratified by the requisite number of states, are part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states. Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it.
Article Five of the United States Constitution detailed the two-step process for amending the nation's frame of government. Amendments must be properly Proposed and Ratified before becoming operative. This process was designed to strike a balance between the excesses of constant change and inflexibility.[1]
An amendment may be proposed and sent to the states for ratification by either:
The United States Congress, whenever a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives deem it necessary;
OR
A national convention, called by Congress for this purpose, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds (currently 34) of the states.
To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either (as determined by Congress):
The legislatures of three-fourths (currently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period—if any;
OR
State ratifying conventions in three-fourths (currently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period—if any.
Upon being properly ratified, an amendment becomes an operative addition to the Constitution.
Approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in Congress since 1789 (as of December 2014).[2] Collectively, members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two–year term of Congress.[3] Most, however, never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed, and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process. Beginning in the early 20th century, Congress has usually, but not always, stipulated that an amendment must be ratified by the required number of states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states in order to become part of the Constitution. Congress' authority to set ratification deadline was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939).
The thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution—both ratified and unratified—are listed and detailed in the tables below.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ratified amendments
1.1 Synopsis of each ratified amendment
1.2 Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment
2 Unratified amendments
2.1 Synopsis of each unratified amendment
2.2 Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Ratified amendments[edit]
Synopsis of each ratified amendment[edit]
No.
Subject
Date submitted for Ratification[4]
Date ratification completed[4]
Ratification time span
1st Prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
2nd Protects the right to keep and bear arms. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
3rd Places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent, prohibiting it during peacetime. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
4th Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause as determined by a neutral judge or magistrate. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
5th Sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain, protects the right to due process, and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
6th Protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury, including the rights to be notified of the accusations, to confront the accuser, to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
7th Provides for the right to trial by jury in certain civil cases, according to common law. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
8th Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishment. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
9th Protects rights not enumerated in the Constitution. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
10th Reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the states or the people through the Constitution. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
11th Makes states immune from suits from out-of-state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders; lays the foundation for sovereign immunity. March 4, 1794 February 7, 1795 11 months
3 days
12th Revises presidential election procedures by having the President and Vice President elected together as opposed to the Vice President being the runner up. December 9, 1803 June 15, 1804 6 months
6 days
13th Abolishes slavery, and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. January 31, 1865 December 6, 1865 10 months
6 days
14th Defines citizenship, contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause, the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and deals with post–Civil War issues. June 13, 1866 July 9, 1868 2 years
0 months
26 days
15th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude. February 26, 1869 February 3, 1870 11 months
8 days
16th Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. July 12, 1909 February 3, 1913 3 years
6 months
22 days
17th Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. May 13, 1912 April 8, 1913 10 months
26 days
18th Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States.
(Repealed December 5, 1933, via 21st Amendment.) December 18, 1917 January 16, 1919 1 year
0 months
29 days
19th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex. June 4, 1919 August 18, 1920 1 year
2 months
14 days
20th Changes the date on which the terms of the President and Vice President (January 20) and Senators and Representatives (January 3) end and begin. March 2, 1932 January 23, 1933 10 months
21 days
21st Repeals the 18th Amendment and makes it a federal offense to transport or import intoxicating liquors into US states and territories where such transport or importation is prohibited by the laws of those states and territories. February 20, 1933 December 5, 1933 9 months
15 days
22nd Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president: a person cannot be elected president more than twice, and a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected cannot be elected more than once. March 24, 1947 February 27, 1951 3 years
11 months
6 days
23rd Grants the District of Columbia electors (the number of electors being equal to the least populous state) in the Electoral College. June 16, 1960 March 29, 1961 9 months
12 days
24th Prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax or any other tax. September 14, 1962 January 23, 1964 1 year
4 months
27 days
25th Addresses succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. July 6, 1965 February 10, 1967 1 year
7 months
4 days
26th Prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens, eighteen years of age or older, to vote on account of age. March 23, 1971 July 1, 1971 3 months
8 days
27th Delays laws affecting Congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives. September 25, 1789 May 5, 1992[5] 202 years
7 months
10 days
Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment[edit]
" Y " indicates that the state ratified the amendment.
" N " indicates that the state rejected the amendment and has not ratified it.
" Y(‡) " indicates that the state's ratification of the amendment came after the state had officially rejected it.
" Y(×) " indicates that after officially ratifying the amendment the state rescinded that ratification, but later re-ratified it.
" — " indicates that the state did not complete action on the amendment.
" … " indicates that the amendment was ratified before that state joined the Union.
State
(in order of statehood)
1–10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
· Delaware Y Y N Y(‡) Y(‡) Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Pennsylvania Y — Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —
· New Jersey Y — Y Y(‡) Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Georgia Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y — Y — — — Y Y
· Connecticut Y Y N Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Massachusetts Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y —
· Maryland Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· South Carolina Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y N Y — — Y Y Y
· New Hampshire Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Virginia Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y N — Y Y(‡) Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y
· New York Y Y Y Y Y Y(×) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —
· North Carolina Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y — Y Y Y Y
· Rhode Island Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
· Vermont Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Kentucky … Y Y Y(‡) Y(‡) Y(‡) Y — Y Y Y Y — — Y Y — Y
· Tennessee … … Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Ohio … … Y Y Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Louisiana … … … Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y — Y — — Y Y Y
· Indiana … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Mississippi … … … Y(‡) Y Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y — Y — N Y — —
· Illinois … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Alabama … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Maine … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Missouri … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Arkansas … … … Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y N — Y Y Y
· Michigan … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Florida … … … Y Y Y — — Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y — Y
· Texas … … … Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y
· Iowa … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Wisconsin … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· California … … … Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Minnesota … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Oregon … … … Y Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Kansas … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y
· West Virginia … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
· Nevada … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
· Nebraska … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Colorado … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· North Dakota … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y — — Y
· South Dakota … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y — — Y
· Montana … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Washington … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
· Idaho … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
· Wyoming … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y
· Utah … … … … … … N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
· Oklahoma … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — N Y — Y Y Y
· New Mexico … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
· Arizona … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y — Y Y Y
· Alaska … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y
· Hawaii … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y
State
(in order of statehood)
1–10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Unratified amendments[edit]
Synopsis of each unratified amendment[edit]
Title
Subject
Status
Congressional Apportionment Amendment Would strictly regulate the size of congressional districts for representation in the House of Representatives. Pending since September 25, 1789
Titles of Nobility Amendment Would strip citizenship from any United States citizen who accepts a title of nobility from a foreign country. Pending since May 1, 1810
Corwin Amendment Would make the states' "domestic institutions" (slavery) impervious to the constitutional amendment procedures established in Article V and immune to abolition or interference from Congress. Pending since March 2, 1861
Child Labor Amendment Would empower the federal government to limit, regulate, and prohibit child labor. Pending since June 2, 1924
Equal Rights Amendment Would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights by the federal or state governments on account of sex. Initial ratification period ended March 22, 1979, and extension period ended June 30, 1982; amendment failed
District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment Would have treated the District of Columbia as if it were a state regarding representation in the United States Congress (including repealing the 23rd Amendment), representation in the Electoral College and participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended. Ratification period ended August 22, 1985; amendment failed
Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment[edit]
" Y " indicates that the state ratified the amendment.
" N " indicates that the state rejected the amendment and has not ratified it.
" Y(‡) " indicates that the state's ratification of the amendment came after the state had officially rejected it.
" Y(×) " indicates that after officially ratifying the amendment the state rescinded that ratification.
" ⋈ " indicates that the state did not complete action on the amendment during the stated ratification period.
" " An empty cell indicates that the state has not completed action on the pending amendment.
State
(in alphabetical order)
· Alabama ⋈ ⋈
· Alaska Y ⋈
· Arizona Y ⋈ ⋈
· Arkansas Y ⋈ ⋈
· California Y Y ⋈
· Colorado Y Y ⋈
· Connecticut N N N Y Y
· Delaware N Y N Y Y
· Florida N ⋈ ⋈
· Georgia N Y N ⋈ ⋈
· Hawaii Y Y
· Idaho Y Y(×) ⋈
· Illinois Y Y ⋈ ⋈
· Indiana Y(‡) Y ⋈
· Iowa Y Y Y
· Kansas Y(‡) Y ⋈
· Kentucky Y Y Y Y(‡) Y(×) ⋈
· Louisiana N ⋈ Y
· Maine Y(‡) Y Y
· Maryland Y Y Y(×) N Y Y
· Massachusetts N Y N Y Y
· Michigan Y Y Y
· Minnesota Y(‡) Y Y
· Mississippi ⋈ ⋈
· Missouri N ⋈ ⋈
· Montana Y Y ⋈
· Nebraska Y(×) ⋈
· Nevada Y Y ⋈
· New Hampshire Y Y Y(‡) Y ⋈
· New Jersey Y Y Y Y Y
· New Mexico Y(‡) Y ⋈
· New York Y N Y ⋈
· North Carolina Y Y N ⋈ ⋈
· North Dakota Y Y ⋈
· Ohio Y Y(×) Y Y Y
· Oklahoma Y ⋈ ⋈
· Oregon Y Y Y
· Pennsylvania Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y ⋈
· Rhode Island Y N Y Y Y
· South Carolina Y N ⋈ ⋈
· South Dakota N Y(×) ⋈
· Tennessee Y N Y(×) ⋈
· Texas N Y ⋈
· Utah Y(‡) ⋈ ⋈
· Vermont Y Y N Y ⋈
· Virginia Y N ⋈ ⋈
· Washington Y Y ⋈
· West Virginia Y Y Y
· Wisconsin Y Y Y
· Wyoming Y Y ⋈
Number of ratifications:
11
12
5(×2)
28
35(×5)
16
See also[edit]
History of the United States Constitution
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ England, Trent & Spalding, Matthew. "Essays on Article V: Amendments". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution". Statistics & Lists. United States Senate.
Jump up ^ "C-SPAN's Capitol Questions". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Congress, House. The Constitution of the United States of America, As Amended, H. Doc. 102-188, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., (Washington: GPO, 1992).
Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2012. pp. 105–108. ISBN 9781615307555.
General
Congressional Research Service. (1992). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. (Senate Document No. 103–6). (Johnny H. Killian and George A. Costello, Eds.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amendments to the United States Constitution.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
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The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation is available at:
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values: قائمة تعديلات دستور الولايات المتحدة – Arabic

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