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Alone (TV series)
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Alone
Genre
Reality
Survival
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
44
Production
Executive producer(s)
Russ McCarroll
Zachary Behr
Gretchen Palek
Shawn Witt
David George
Brent Montgomery
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
Leftfield Pictures
Distributor
History Channel
Release
Original network
History
Original release
June 18, 2015 (2015-06-18) – present
External links
Website
www.history.com/shows/alone
Alone is an American reality television series on the History channel. The first, second and fourth seasons were filmed on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and the third near Nahuel Huapi National Park in Patagonia. It follows the self-documented daily struggles of 10 individuals (7 paired teams in season 4) as they survive in the wilderness for as long as possible. The participants are isolated from each other and all other humans, and the one who remains the longest wins a grand prize of $500,000.
The series premiered on June 18, 2015. On August 19, before the finale of season 1, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season, which would begin production in the fall of 2015 on Vancouver Island, Canada.[1] Season 2 premiered on April 21, 2016. Season 3 was filmed in the second quarter of 2016 in Patagonia, and premiered on December 8.[2] One day before the season 3 premiere, History announced that casting had begun for season 4.
In January 2017, a Danish version of the series premiered with the name "Alone in the Wilderness" (Danish: Alene i vildmarken) on DR3. It featured ten contestants and was filmed in northern Norway. They got to choose 12 items from a list of 18.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Format and rules
1.1 Seasons 1-3
1.2 Season 4
2 Reception
3 Series overview
3.1 Season 1
3.1.1 Location
3.1.2 Episodes
3.1.3 Contestants
3.2 Season 2
3.2.1 Location
3.2.2 Episodes
3.2.3 Contestants
3.3 Season 3
3.3.1 Location
3.3.2 Episodes
3.3.3 Contestants
3.4 Season 4
3.4.1 Location
3.4.2 Episodes
3.4.3 Contestants
4 References
Format and rules[edit]
Seasons 1-3[edit]
Ten contestants are dropped off in remote areas of Northern Vancouver Island (seasons 1 and 2) and Patagonia (season 3), far enough apart to ensure that they will not come in contact with one another.[4] Contestants each select 10 items of survival gear from a pre-approved list of 40, and are issued a kit of standard equipment, clothing and first aid/emergency supplies.[5] They are also given a set of cameras to document their daily experiences and emotions. Attempting to live in the wild for as long as possible, the contestants must find food, build shelters, and fend off predators while enduring extreme isolation and psychological distress.
Contestants who wish to withdraw from the competition for any reason (referred to as "tapping out") may signal a rescue crew using a provided satellite telephone. In addition, medical professionals conduct periodic health checks on the contestants and may, at their discretion, disqualify and evacuate anyone they feel is unable to continue participating safely. The last remaining contestant wins a $500,000 cash prize.[4] Contestants are warned that the show might last for up to a year.[6]
Season 4[edit]
Fourteen contestants, consisting of seven family-member pairs, are individually dropped off in remote areas of Northern Vancouver Island. The two members of each team choose 10 items of survival gear to be equally divided between them. The team chooses one member to be taken to a campsite; the other begins approximately 10 mi (16.09 km) away and must hike to the site, using only a compass and bearing to find the way. Either member may tap out at any time, but doing so removes both of them from the competition. The last remaining team wins the $500,000 prize.
Reception[edit]
The series received positive reviews in its first season and outstanding reviews for its third season, and earned a respectable 2.5 million total viewers, placing it in the top three new nonfictional cable series of 2015.[7][irrelevant citation]
Series overview[edit]
Season 1[edit]
The first season premiered on June 18, 2015. It was won by Alan Kay, who lost over 60 pounds during the course of the season. His staple foods were limpets and seaweed. He also consumed mussels, crab, fish and slugs.[8] Lucas Miller enjoyed his time on the show and was selected based on his work as a wilderness therapist. His most difficult experience with the show was making honest confessions to the camera.[9] Sam Larson described his time on the show as "playing in the woods". He set a goal for himself to last 50 days. After he reached his goal, a large storm hit the island, which Larson described as being larger than any he had seen and prompting his decision to leave the island. Larson said that the loneliness and solitude took the most time to adjust to and that his preparation for the show mostly consisted of mental preparation.[10]
Location[edit]
Quatsino
Location of Quatsino in British Columbia
The season was shot in Quatsino Territory, located near Port Hardy, British Columbia.
Quatsino is a small hamlet of 91 people located on Quatsino Sound in Northern Vancouver Island, Canada, only accessible by boat or float plane. Its nearest neighbour is Coal Harbour, to the east, about 20 minutes away by boat, and Port Alice, to the south, about 40 minutes away by boat. The largest town in the region, Port Hardy, is located about an hour northeast by boat and vehicle.
Episodes[edit]
No. in season
Title
Original air date
Beginning quote
Viewers (millions)
1 "And So It Begins" June 18, 2015 "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately... and see if I could not learn what it had to teach." - Henry David Thoreau 1.582[11]
2 "Of Wolf and Man" June 25, 2015 "If you live among wolves you have to act like a wolf." - Nikita Khrushchev 1.697[12]
3 "The Talons of Fear" July 2, 2015 "Extinction is the rule. Survival is the exception." - Carl Sagan 1.864[13]
4 "Stalked" July 9, 2015 "Hunger, love, pain, fear are some of those inner forces which rule the individual's instinct for self preservation." - Albert Einstein 2.082[14]
5 "Winds of Hell" July 16, 2015 "The strong survive, but the courageous triumph." - Michael Scott 2.082[15]
6 "Rain of Terror" July 23, 2015 "Extraordinary people survive under the most terrible circumstances and they become more extraordinary because of it."- Robertson Davies 2.181[16]
7 "The Hunger" July 30, 2015 "Humans are not the fastest or the strongest animals on the planet, but when it comes to survival, we have had the unique advantage of being clever." - David Perlmutter 2.092[17]
8 "The Freeze" August 6, 2015 "If quick, I survive.
If not quick, I am lost.
This is 'death.'" - Sun Tzu 1.803[18]
9 "Brokedown Palace" August 13, 2015 "Does anything in nature despair except man?" - May Sarton 1.939[19]
10 "Triumph" August 20, 2015 "Courage is not having the strength to go on; it is going on when you don't have the strength." - Theodore Roosevelt 2.375[20]
11 "After the Rescue" August 5, 2015 "This is the chance in a lifetime. But it's not worth dying over." - Wayne
Contestants[edit]
Contestants were supplied with a satellite phone to choose when to "tap out" by contacting a rescue team.
Name
Age
Gender
Hometown
Country
Status
Ref
Alan Kay 40 Male Blairsville, Georgia United States Winner - 56 days [21]
Sam Larson 22 Male Lincoln, Nebraska United States 55 days [22]
Mitch Mitchell 34 Male Bellingham, Massachusetts United States 43 days [23]
Lucas Miller 32 Male Quasqueton, Iowa United States 39 days
Dustin Feher 37 Male Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania United States 8 days
Brant McGee 44 Male Albemarle, North Carolina United States 6 days [24]
Wayne Russell 46 Male Saint John, New Brunswick Canada 4 days [25]
Joe Robinet 31 Male Windsor, Ontario Canada 4 days [25]
Chris Weatherman 41 Male Umatilla, Florida United States 2 days [26]
Josh Chavez 31 Male Jackson, Ohio United States 1 day [27]
Season 2[edit]
Season 2 began on April 21, 2016.[4] The season had 13 one-hour episodes.[28]
Location[edit]
Quatsino
Location of Quatsino in British Columbia
The second season was also set on Vancouver Island, in Quatsino Territory, located near Port Hardy, British Columbia.
Episodes[edit]
No. in season
Title
Original air date
Beginning quote
Viewers (millions)
Special "Alone: Making the Cut" April 14, 2016 "The farther one gets into the wilderness, the greater is the attraction of its lonely freedom." - Theodore Roosevelt 1.096[29]
1 "Once More Unto the Breach" April 21, 2016 "The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown." - H. P. Lovecraft 1.520[30]
2 "The Knife's Edge" April 28, 2016 "The very basic core of a man's living spirit is his passion for adventure." - Christopher McCandless 1.507[31]
3 "The Beasts of the Night" May 5, 2016 "Use your fear... It can take you to a place where you store your courage." - Amelia Earhart 1.637[32]
4 "Hunger's Grip" May 12, 2016 "The instinct to survive will never change, neither will the human body's amazing ability to endure." - John 'Lofty' Wiseman 1.579[33]
5 "Storm Rising" May 17, 2016 "Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will." - Mahatma Gandhi 1.751[34]
6 "Adrift" May 26, 2016 "Voyaging through wildernesses is essential to the growth and maturity of the human spirit." - Steven Callahan 1.718[35]
7 "Trial By Fire" June 9, 2016 "In nature there are neither rewards nor punishments; there are consequences." - R.G. Ingersoll 1.597[36]
8 "The Ascent" June 16, 2016 "Why wilderness? Because we like the taste of freedom, because we like the smell of danger." - Edward Abbey 1.678[37]
9 "The Madness" June 23, 2016 "Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better." - Albert Einstein 1.609[38]
10 "The Gamble June 30, 2016 "The world breaks everyone, and afterward, some are strong at the broken places." - Ernest Hemingway 1.698[39]
11 "Winter's Fury" July 7, 2016 "To live is to suffer, to survive is to find some meaning in the suffering." - Friedrich Nietzsche 1.615[40]
12 "Into the Abyss" July 14, 2016 "You're never more alive than when you're almost dead." - Tim O'Brien 1.598[41]
13 "The End Game" July 14, 2016 "Endurance is not just the ability to bear a hard thing, but to turn it into glory." - William Barclay 1.541[41]
Special "The Reunion"
Host: Kevin Burkhardt July 21, 2016 0.788[42]
Contestants[edit]
Contestants are supplied with a satellite phone to choose when to "tap out", contacting a rescue team and ending their participation.
Name
Age
Gender
Hometown
Country
Status
Ref
David McIntyre 50 Male Kentwood, Michigan United States Winner - 66 days [43]
Larry Roberts 44 Male Rush City, Minnesota United States 64 days [43]
Jose Martinez Amoedo 45 Male Santa Pola, Valencia Spain 59 days [43]
Nicole Apelian 45 Female Portland, Oregon United States 57 days [43]
Justin Vititoe 35 Male Augusta, Georgia United States 35 days [43]
Randy Champagne 28 Male Flagstaff, Arizona & Boulder, Utah United States 21 days [43]
Mike Lowe 55 Male Lewis, Colorado United States 21 days [43]
Tracy Wilson 44 Female Aiken, South Carolina United States 7 days [43]
Mary Kate Green 36 Female Homer, Alaska United States 7 days
(medically evacuated) [43]
Desmond White 37 Male Coolidge, Arizona United States ~5 hours [43]
Season 3[edit]
The third season premiered on December 8, 2016.[44] The winner, Zachary Fowler, had lost 70 lbs (a third of his starting body weight) before the end of his stay. The person who stayed the second-longest, Carleigh Fairchild, was pulled out because, at 101 lbs, she had lost nearly 30% of her starting body weight and had a BMI of 16.8. Participants were automatically "pulled" at a BMI of 17 or less. The fourth longest stayer, Dave Nessia, was pulled out when, due to inadequate caloric intake, his systolic pressure barely exceeded his diastolic pressure (80/60 mmHg), putting him in danger of death due to inadequate perfusion of the internal organs.
Location[edit]
Location of Lakes Soberania, Montes and Escondido in Patagonia, Argentina[45]
The third season was set in Patagonia, Argentina, in South America. The contestants were spread across multiple lakes in the foothills of the Andes Mountain Range. Unlike seasons 1 and 2, which were located on the Pacific Ocean, season 3's food resources are mostly limited to Brown and Rainbow Trout, forage, small birds, and the possibility of wild boar. They also were at a disadvantage because they had no access to the 'flotsam and jetsam' that washes up on the Pacific Coast. They also had no salt source.
The weather in Patagonia is comparable to Vancouver Island, with rainfall averaging 78 inches a year. However, unlike Vancouver Island, snowfall is extremely common in the winter.
Predators in Patagonia include wild boar and puma.
Episodes[edit]
No. in season
Title
Original air date
Beginning quote
Viewers (millions)
Special "Making The Cut: Season 3" December 8, 2016 "There are no limits. There are only plateaus, and you must not stay there, you must go beyond them" - Bruce Lee 0.997[46]
1 "A New Land" December 8, 2016 "The first virtue in a soldier is endurance; courage is only the second virtue." - Napoleon Bonaparte 1.245[46]
2 "First Blood" December 15, 2016 "If people think nature is their friend, then they sure don't need an enemy." - Kurt Vonnegut 1.499[47]
3 "Eternal Darkness" December 22, 2016 "The very basic core of a man's living spirit is his passion for adventure." - Christopher McCandless 1.543[48]
4 "Outfoxed" December 29, 2016 "With foxes we must play the fox." - Thomas Fuller 1.732[49]
5 "The Lone Wolf" January 5, 2017 "Fortune always favors the brave, and never helps a man who does not help himself." - P. T. Barnum 1.790[50]
6 "Along Came a Spider" January 12, 2017 "All that an obstacle does with brave men is, not to frighten them, but to challenge them." - Woodrow Wilson 1.855[51]
7 "Hungry Beasts" January 19, 2017 "If you don't hunt it down and kill it, it will hunt you down and kill you." - Flannery O'Connor 1.748[52]
8 "Of Feast & Famine" January 26, 2017 "We are all sentenced to solitary confinement inside our own skins, for life." - Tennessee Williams 1.811[53]
9 "The Point of No Return" February 2, 2017 "Being alone is scary, but not as scary as feeling alone." - Amelia Earhart 1.864[54]
10 "Day 87" February 9, 2017 "I have often marveled at the thin line which separates success from failure." - Ernest Shackleton 2.117[55]
Special "The Reunion"
Host: Kevin Burkhardt February 9, 2017 1.328[55]
Contestants[edit]
Contestants are supplied with a satellite phone to choose when to "tap out" by contacting a rescue team and ending their participation.
Name
Age
Gender
Hometown
Country
Status
Ref
Zachary Fowler 36 Male Appleton, Maine United States Winner - 87 days [56]
Carleigh Fairchild 28 Female Edna Bay, Alaska United States 86 days (medically evacuated) [56]
Megan Hanacek 41 Female Port McNeill, British Columbia Canada 78 days [56]
Dave Nessia 49 Male Salt Lake City, Utah United States 73 days (medically evacuated) [56]
Callie North 27 Female Lopez Island, Washington United States 72 days [56]
Greg Ovens 53 Male Canal Flats, British Columbia Canada 51 days [56]
Dan Wowak 34 Male Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania United States 51 days [56]
Britt Ahart 40 Male Mantua, Ohio United States 35 days [56]
Zachary Gault 22 Male Caledon, Ontario Canada 8 days (medically evacuated) [56]
Jim Shields 37 Male Langhorne, Pennsylvania United States 3 days [56]
Season 4[edit]
Officially titled "Alone: Lost & Found", the fourth season premiered on June 8, 2017.[57]
Location[edit]
Quatsino
Location of Quatsino in British Columbia
The fourth season was again set on Vancouver Island, in Quatsino Territory, located near Port Hardy, British Columbia.
Episodes[edit]
No. in season
Title
Original air date
Beginning quote
Viewers (millions)
Special "Making the Cut: Season 4" June 8, 2017 "A brother is a friend given by nature" - Jean Baptiste Legouve 1.278[58]
1 "Divide and Conquer" June 15, 2017 "Freedom is something that dies unless it's used." - Hunter S. Thompson 1.715[59]
2 "Hell on Earth" June 22, 2017 "The clearest way into the universe is through a forest wilderness" - John Muir 1.471[60]
3 "Margin of Error" June 29, 2017 "Alone, we can do so little; together we can do so much." - Helen Keller 1.540[61]
4 "The Last Mile" July 6, 2017 "Without a family, man, alone in the world, trembles with the cold." - Andre Maurois 1.538[62]
5 "Double or Nothing" July 13, 2017 "Coming together is a beginning,
staying together is progress,
and working together is success." - Henry Ford 1.434[63]
6 "Thicker Than Water" July 20, 2017 "Men argue. Nature acts." - Voltaire 1.539[64]
7 "Hooked" July 27, 2017 "Either men will learn to live like brothers, or they will die like beasts." - Max Lerner 1.638[65]
8 "Flare-Up" August 3, 2017 "Hell is other people." - Jean-Paul Sartre 1.459[66]
9 "My Brother's Keeper" August 10, 2017 "The strength of the team is each individual member. The strength of each member is the team." - Phil Jackson 1.410[67]
10 "Flesh and Blood" August 17, 2017 "Heroism is endurance for one moment more." - George F. Kennan 1.378[68]
Special "Tales from the Island"
Host: Kevin Burkhardt August 17, 2017 0.787[68]
Contestants[edit]
Contestants are individually supplied with satellite phones to use in contacting a rescue team if they wish to leave the competition ("tap out"). If either member of a team taps out, then both members are eliminated.
Team
Name
Age
Gender
Hometown
Country
Status
Ref
Baird (brothers) Jim Baird* 35 Male Toronto, Ontario Canada Linked up - 10 days
Winners - 75 days [69]
Ted Baird 32 Male Toronto, Ontario Canada
Brockdorff (father/son) Pete Brockdorff† 61 Male Poolesville, Maryland United States Linked up - 9 days
Tap Out - 74 days (medically evacuated) [69]
Sam Brockdorff* 26 Male Poolesville, Maryland United States
Whipple (husband/wife) Brooke Whipple† 45 Female Fox, Alaska United States Linked up - 9 days
Tap Out - 49 days [69]
Dave Whipple* 40 Male Fox, Alaska United States
Wilkes (brothers) Chris Wilkes† 44 Male Hattiesburg, Mississippi United States Linked up - 8 days
Tap Out - 14 days [69]
Brody Wilkes* 33 Male Kentwood, Louisiana United States
Bosdell (brothers) Shannon Bosdell† 44 Male Wrangell, Alaska United States 5 days (medically evacuated) [69]
Jesse Bosdell* 31 Male Skowhegan, Maine United States
Ribar (father/son) Alex Ribar* 48 Male Montville, Maine United States 2 days [69]
Logan Ribar† 19 Male Liberty, Maine United States
Richardson (brothers) Brad Richardson* 23 Male Fox Lake, Illinois United States 1 day (medically evacuated) [69]
Josh Richardson† 19 Male Fox Lake, Illinois United States
* hiking team member (other team member sets up camp)
† team member who tapped out
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Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 16, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 23, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 30, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 7, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.6.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 14, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 21, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.20.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 28, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.27.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 4, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.3.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 11, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.10.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 18, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.17.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Alone Cast". Retrieved 10 June 2017.
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Napoleon Dynamite
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the film. For the television series based on the film, see Napoleon Dynamite (TV series). For the singer, see Elvis Costello.
Napoleon Dynamite
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jared Hess
Produced by
Jeremy Coon
Chris Wyatt
Sean Covel
Jory Weitz
Screenplay by
Jared Hess
Jerusha Hess
Based on
Peluca
by Jared Hess
Starring
Jon Heder
Jon Gries
Efren Ramirez
Tina Majorino
Aaron Ruell
Diedrich Bader
Haylie Duff
Music by
John Swihart
Cinematography
Munn Powell
Edited by
Jeremy Coon
Production
company
MTV Films
Napoleon Pictures
Access Films
Distributed by
Fox Searchlight Pictures (North America)
Paramount Pictures (International)
Release date
January 17, 2004 (2004-01-17) (Sundance)
June 11, 2004 (2004-06-11) (United States)
Running time
95 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$400,000[1]
Box office
$46.1 million[1]
Napoleon Dynamite is a 2004 American comedy film produced by Jeremy Coon, Chris Wyatt, Sean Covel and Jory Weitz, written by Jared and Jerusha Hess and directed by Jared Hess. The film stars Jon Heder in the role of the title character, for which he was paid $1,000. After the film's runaway success, Heder re-negotiated his compensation and received a cut of the profits. The film was Jared Hess' first full-length feature and is partially adapted from his earlier short film, Peluca. Napoleon Dynamite was acquired at the Sundance Film Festival by Fox Searchlight Pictures and Paramount Pictures, in association with MTV Films. It was filmed in and near Franklin County, Idaho in the summer of 2003. It debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2004. The film's total worldwide gross revenue was $46,118,097.[2] The film has since developed a cult following.[3][4]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Background
3.1.1 Origins
3.1.2 Production
3.2 Opening sequence
3.3 Dance scene
3.4 Origin of the name "Napoleon Dynamite"
3.5 Lawsuit against Fox Searchlight Pictures
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response and box office
5.2 Awards
6 Soundtrack
7 Animated series
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite is a socially awkward 16-year-old boy from Preston, Idaho, who lives with his grandmother, Carlinda Dynamite, and his older brother, Kipling Ronald "Kip" Dynamite. Kip, 32, is unemployed and boasts of spending hours on Internet chat rooms with his girlfriends and aspiring to be a cage fighter. Napoleon daydreams his way through school, doodling ligers and fantasy creatures and reluctantly deals with the various bullies who torment him, particularly the obnoxious sports jock, Don. Napoleon likes to make up stories about himself and his outlandish "skills" while having a sullen and aloof personality.
Napoleon's grandmother breaks her coccyx in a quad-bike accident and asks their Uncle Rico to look after the boys while she recovers. Rico, a middle-aged and flirtatious steak-loving former athlete who lives in a campervan, treats Napoleon like a child. He uses the visiting opportunity to team up with Kip in a get-rich-quick scheme to sell numerous items door-to-door. Kip wants money to visit his Internet girlfriend LaFawnduh while Rico believes riches will help him get over his failed dreams of NFL stardom and his recent breakup with his girlfriend.
Napoleon becomes friends with two students at his school: Deb, a shy girl who runs various small businesses to raise money for college; and Pedro, a bold yet calm transfer student from Juarez, Mexico. During this time, preparations begin for the high school dance. Pedro first asks Summer Wheatley, a popular and snobby girl, to be his dance partner, but is rebuffed. He then asks Deb, who accepts happily. Pedro encourages an upset Napoleon to find a date for himself, and he picks an attractive classmate called Trisha from the school yearbook. As a gift, he draws a bad picture of her and delivers it to Trisha's mother, who is incidentally a customer of Rico. Rico tells embarrassing stories about Napoleon to evoke sympathy from her. She buys the goods and also forces Trisha to reluctantly accept Napoleon's request. Trisha dances with Napoleon at first, but then deliberately abandons him later, causing Deb to pity Napoleon as she dances with him instead.
Inspired by an election poster at the dance, Pedro decides to run for class president, putting him against Summer. The two factions put up flyers and give out accessories to the students to attract voters. In an attempt to increase their respect by demonstrating "skills", Napoleon and Pedro enter a Future Farmers of America competition, grading milk and cow udders. They do well and win medals, but this does little for their popularity. Incidentally, Napoleon visits an op-shop and buys a dance instructional VHS called "D-Qwon's Dance Grooves", becoming a skillful dancer.
Kip, meanwhile, is head-over-heels in love since LaFawnduh has come to visit him from Detroit. She gives Kip an urban makeover, outfitting him in hip-hop regalia. Seeing that he dances, LaFawnduh also gives Napoleon a mixtape.
Rico's ongoing scheme causes friction with Napoleon as he continues to spread embarrassing rumors about him to his prospective customers. Rico later tries to sell Deb a breast-enhancement product, claiming it was Napoleon's suggestion, which causes her to break off their friendship. His scheme ends when he visits the wife of the town's martial arts instructor, Rex, to try and sell her the breast enhancements; Rex walks in and beats him up after witnessing Rico's demonstration.
On the day of the class president elections, Summer gives a speech before the student body, and then presents a dance skit to "Larger than Life" by the Backstreet Boys with a school club. Pedro and Napoleon then discover that a skit was also required from them, and a despondent Pedro gives an unimpressive speech. In an attempt to save Pedro's campaign, Napoleon gives the sound engineer LaFawnduh's tape, and spontaneously performs an elaborate dance routine to "Canned Heat" by Jamiroquai. Summer and her boyfriend Don are unimpressed, but the routine receives a standing ovation from all the other students, including Deb.
The film concludes with Pedro becoming the class president, LaFawnduh leaving with Kip on a bus for Michigan, Rico reuniting with his estranged girlfriend, Grandma returning from the hospital, and Napoleon and Deb making up and playing tetherball.
In a post-credits scene, Kip and LaFawnduh are married in an outdoor ceremony in Preston. Napoleon, absent for the vows, arrives riding a horse, claiming that it is a "wild honeymoon stallion" that he has tamed himself. Kip flicks LaFawnduh's garter as a "keepsake" towards Napoleon, Pedro and Rico (who catches it) before he and LaFawnduh ride off across the fields.
Cast[edit]
The cast of Napoleon Dynamite
Jon Heder as Napoleon Dynamite
Efren Ramirez as Pedro Sánchez
Tina Majorino as Deborah "Deb" Bradshaw
Aaron Ruell as Kipling "Kip" Dynamite
Jon Gries as Rico Dynamite
Haylie Duff as Summer Wheatley
Emily Kennard as Trisha Jenner
Shondrella Avery as LaFawnduh Lucas
Sandy Martin as Grandma Carlinda Dynamite
Diedrich Bader as Rex
Trevor Snarr as Don
Ellen Dubin as Aunt Ilene
Production[edit]
Background[edit]
Origins[edit]
Pedro's house, located in Preston, Idaho.
See also: Peluca
Jon Heder and Jared Hess were both students at the film program at Brigham Young University in 2002 and decided to collaborate on a class project. The duo produced a 9-minute short film shot on black-and-white 16mm film entitled Peluca, about a nerdy high school student named Seth, for a class assignment.[5]
We went up to Preston and shot the short film over two days in black and white. We knew that we wanted to do a feature — we'd already started writing a script for what would become Napoleon at that point — but we wanted to do a short film on the character to bring him to life. It was for a class assignment, and we were still trying to figure out the best way to end it.
Peluca was shown at the 2003 Slamdance Film Festival[6] and was well received. Jeremy Coon, who was the brother of a good friend of Hess's in film school, convinced Hess to drop out of school and adapt it into a feature-length film, and helped him find investors for the project.[7]
Hess sent the short film along with the script to a variety of different casting directors; many of whom thought the film idea was "too weird or they just didn't like the character. They were like, 'The script's funny, but I think you need to recast this guy with somebody else,'" Hess explained.[5]
Production[edit]
Preston High School was one of the filming locations for the movie.
Hess describes the film as being "so autobiographical."[5] "I grew up in a family of six boys in Preston, Idaho and the character of Napoleon was a hybrid of all the most nerdy and awkward parts of me and my brothers growing up. Jerusha really was like Deb growing up. Her mom made her a dress when she was going to a middle school dance and she said, 'I hadn't really developed yet, so my mom overcompensated and made some very large, fluffy shoulders." Some guy dancing with her patted the sleeves and actually said, 'I like your sleeves…they’re real big,"' Hess said in an interview with Rolling Stone.[5]
Hess shot the film on location in Preston, in Southeastern Idaho, located near the Utah border, in July of 2003. Operating on a tight budget of $400,000, Hess cast many of his friends from school, including Heder and Aaron Ruell, and relied on the generosity of Preston locals who provided housing and food to crew members.[8]
"It was very, very hot," Hess recalled in a Rolling Stone interview. "But it was so much fun being in this rural farm town making a movie. We shot it in 23 days, so we were moving very, very fast; I just didn’t have a lot of film to be able to do a lot of takes. It was a bunch of friends getting together to make a movie. It was like, 'Are people going to get this? Is it working?'"[5]
The film is set during the 2004-2005 school year, as shown on Napoleon's student ID card in the title sequence.[9][10] However, the film contains a number of anachronisms indicating that it would be more appropriately set in the 1980s or 1990s. For example, Deb wears a side ponytail and Napoleon wears Moon Boots, both popular fashion trends of the 1980s.[10] One scene is set at a school dance which only plays 1980s music such as Alphaville's "Forever Young," while a later scene features students performing a sign language rendition of "The Rose" sung by Bette Midler.[9] Much of the technology in the film is also archaic; Napoleon uses a VCR and Walkman cassette player, Kip connects to the Internet via a pay-per-minute dial-up connection and Uncle Rico drives a 1975 Dodge Tradesman.[10][11] The song Napoleon Dynamite dances to at the end of the film—Canned Heat by Jamiroquai—came out in 1999.
Opening sequence[edit]
The film was originally made without opening titles; audiences at test screenings were confused about when the film was set. Eight months after the film was completed, the title sequence was filmed in the cinematographer's basement.[12] Aaron Ruell, who played Kip, suggested the idea of the title sequence. The sequence shows a pair of hands placing and removing several objects on a table. Objects like plates of food had the credits written in condiments, while other objects like a Lemonheads box or a tube of ChapStick had the credits printed on them. Hess explains:
We actually had Jon Heder placing all the objects in and out [of frame], and then showed it to Searchlight who really liked it and thought it was great, but some lady over there was like "There are some hangnails or something — the hands look kinda gross! It's really bothering me, can we re-shoot some of those? We'll send you guys a hand model." We were like "WHAT?!". This, of course, was my first interaction with a studio at all, so they flew out a hand model a couple weeks later, who had great hands but was five or six shades darker than Jon Heder. So we reshot, but they're now intermixed, so if you look there are like three different dudes' hands (our producers are in there too). It all worked out great, though, and was a lot of fun.[12]
Dance scene[edit]
The Hesses wrote the climactic dance scene because they knew Heder liked to dance.[13] "Jared's wife was like, "Jon, I hear you’re pretty good dancer. I've seen you boogie; it’s pretty sweet," recalled Heder. "And I was like, 'Well, I like to dabble.' I liked to mess around sometimes in front of friends and dance. But I did take pride in it. I won’t be modest. I wasn’t great but I did like to mess around...Cut to two years later: after we had shot the short, they were like, 'Okay we’re going to have you dancing in the movie as the climax. This is going to make or break the film.'"
When it came to shooting the dance scene for the final film, the producers scheduled to film it towards the end of the film. When they finally got to the scene, they were running out of money and film. They only had one roll of film (approximately 10.5 minutes) left to shoot.[14]
"It was a lot of pressure," Heder observed. "I was like, 'Oh, crap!' This isn't just a silly little scene. This is the moment where everything comes, and he’s making the sacrifice for his friend. That’s the whole theme of the movie. Everything leads up to this. Napoleon’s been this loser. This has to be the moment where he lands a victory. He gets up there, and it's quiet: no reaction from the audience."[13]
The dance was spontaneously improvised by Heder with help from Tina Majorino and additional moves taken from Saturday Night Fever, Michael Jackson and Soul Train.[14] "They were like, 'No, Jon, just figure it out.' So I just winged it. I danced three times and they took the best pieces from each of those."[13]
It wasn't immediately apparent that Jamiroquai's "Canned Heat" would be the song picked for the scene.[13]
"When you’re shooting in independent film, you don’t know what you're going to get the rights to," Heder explained. "We thought Jamiroquai might be expensive. So we danced to three different songs. To that song and another Jamiroquai song, "Little L." We danced to Michael Jackson, something off of Off the Wall. Just those three. And then we got the rights to Jamiroquai. And I think that was half our budget."[13]
Origin of the name "Napoleon Dynamite"[edit]
Upon the film's release, it was noted that the name "Napoleon Dynamite" had originally been used by musician Elvis Costello, most visibly on his 1986 album Blood & Chocolate,[15][16] although he had used the pseudonym on a single B-side as early as 1982.[17] Filmmaker Jared Hess states that he was not aware of Costello's use of the name until two days before the end of shooting, when he was informed by a teenage extra.[18] He later said, "Had I known that name was used by anybody else prior to shooting the whole film, it definitely would have been changed ... I listen to hip-hop, dude. It's a pretty embarrassing coincidence."[18] Hess claims that "Napoleon Dynamite" was the name of a man he met around 2000 on the streets of Cicero, Illinois, while doing missionary work for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[19][20]
Costello believes that Hess got the name from him, whether directly or indirectly. Costello said, "The guy just denies completely that I made the name up ... but I invented it. Maybe somebody told him the name and he truly feels that he came to it by chance. But it's two words that you're never going to hear together."[21]
Lawsuit against Fox Searchlight Pictures[edit]
On August 30, 2011, Napoleon Pictures filed a lawsuit against Fox Searchlight for $10 million for underreporting royalties and taking improper revenue deductions. In its term sheet, Fox agreed to pay 31.66% of net profits on home video. The lawsuit says that a 2008 audit revealed that Fox was only paying net royalties on home videos at a 9.66% rate, and there were underreported royalties and improper deductions.[22]
Napoleon Pictures also alleges that Fox has breached the agreement in multiple other respects, including underreporting pay television license fees, failing to report electronic sell-through revenue, charging residuals on home video sales, as well as overcharging residuals on home video sales, deducting a number of costs and charges Fox has no right to deduct and/or for which there is no supporting documentation.[22]
In May 2012, Fox went to trial after failing to win a summary judgment on the case. The trial began on June 19, 2012.[23] On November 28, 2012, a 74-page decision sided with Fox on 9 of the 11 issues. Napoleon Pictures was awarded $150,000 based on Fox accounting irregularities.[24]
Release[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17, 2004 and was theatrically released on June 11, 2004 in the United States by Fox Searchlight Pictures, Paramount Pictures and MTV Films.
Home media[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite was released on VHS and DVD on December 21, 2004, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in North America and by Paramount Home Entertainment in all other territories.
Reception[edit]
Critical response and box office[edit]
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 71% of 170 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "A charming, quirky, and often funny comedy."[25] Rolling Stone magazine complimented the film, saying, "Hess and his terrific cast — Heder is geek perfection — make their own kind of deadpan hilarity. You'll laugh till it hurts. Sweet."[26] The Christian Science Monitor called the film "a refreshing new take on the overused teen-comedy genre" and said that the film "may not make you laugh out loud — it's too sly and subtle for that — but it will have you smiling every minute, and often grinning widely at its weirded-out charm."[27]
Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice praised the film as "an epic, magisterially observed pastiche on all-American geekhood, flooring the competition with a petulant shove."[28] In a mixed review, The New York Times praised Heder's performance and the "film's most interesting quality, which is its stubborn, confident, altogether weird individuality", while criticizing the film's resolution that comes "too easily."[29] Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film one-and-a-half stars, writing that he felt that "the movie makes no attempt to make [Napoleon] likable" and that it contained "a kind of studied stupidity that sometimes passes as humor".[30] At the time, Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C-.[31] Entertainment Weekly later ranked Napoleon #88 on its 2010 list of The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years, saying, "A high school misfit found a sweet spot, tapping into our inner dork."[32] The film was on several year-end lists. Rolling Stone placed it at number 22 of the 25 Top DVDs of 2004.[33]
The term "The Napoleon Dynamite Problem" has been used to describe the phenomenon where "quirky" films such as Napoleon Dynamite, Lost in Translation and I Heart Huckabees prove difficult for researchers to create algorithms that are able to predict whether or not a particular viewer will like the film based on their ratings of previously viewed films.[34] Despite a very limited initial release, Napoleon Dynamite was a commercial success. It was filmed on an estimated budget of a mere $400,000, and less than a year after its release, it had grossed $44,940,956. It also spawned a slew of merchandise, from refrigerator magnets to T-shirts to Halloween costumes.
Awards[edit]
Best Feature Film at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival the same year. The film's budget was only $400,000. When the film rights were sold to a major distributor, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox supplied additional funds for the post-credits scene.
In 2005, the film — itself an MTV Films production — won three MTV Movie Awards, for Breakthrough Male Performance, Best Musical Performance, and Best Movie. The film is #14 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies".
It won the 2005 Golden Trailer Awards for Best Comedy.
It won the 2005 Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Score (John Swihart).
Four awards at the Teen Choice Awards. Choice Movie: Female Breakout Star for Haylie Duff, Choice Movie: Dance Scene, Choice Movie: Hissy Fit for Jon Heder, and Choice Movie: Comedy.
The 2004 Film Discovery Jury Award for Best Feature
April 2005, the Idaho Legislature approved a resolution commending the filmmakers for producing Napoleon Dynamite, specifically enumerating the benefits the movie has brought to Idaho, as well as for showcasing various aspects of Idaho's culture and economy.[35][36]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Napoleon Dynamite original soundtrack
Animated series[edit]
Main article: Napoleon Dynamite (TV series)
In April 2010, Fox announced that an animated series was in development. It was also revealed that the entire original cast would return to reprise their roles.[37] The series debuted on Sunday, January 15, 2012. Director Jared Hess, his co-screenwriter wife Jerusha, and Mike Scully are the producers of the show, in association with 20th Century Fox Television.[38] On May 14, 2012, it was announced that Fox had canceled the series after 6 episodes.[39] The complete series was released on DVD on November 4, 2014 by Olive Films.[40]
See also[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite Festival
Napoleon Dynamite: The Game
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Napoleon Dynamite (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite - Box Office Data, DVD Sales, Movie News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ "How 'Napoleon Dynamite' Became A Cultural Phenomenon (And Then Reached Critical Mass)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
Jump up ^ "The New Cult Canon: Napoleon Dynamite". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wood, Jennifer (2014-08-28). "Here There Be Ligers: An Oral History of Napoleon Dynamite". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Slamdance Official Website Archive". Sundance. Retrieved September 15, 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Vice, Jeff (2004-07-02). "Playing with 'Dynamite': BYU student hits the big time with his first movie". Deseret News. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite: Sweet skills". Idaho Press. 2008-03-14. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Napoleon Dynamite (2004) Movie Review". BeyondHollywood.com. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lyle, Jason Garrett (2008). Social Outcast Cinema: Generic Evolution and Identification in Early 21st Century Teen Film. Regent University. p. 71. ISBN 9780549518389. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Ingrassia, Bob (October 4, 2010). "Land of 10,000 Lakes ... and Uncle Rico's van from "Napoleon Dynamite"". Fast Horse. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Q&A with director Jared Hess". Art of the Title Sequence. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Exclusive Interview with Jon Heder of Napoleon Dynamite". Portland Monthly. 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Napoleon Dynamite-(Commentary by Jared Hess, Actor Jon Heder and Producer Jeremy Coon) (DVD). Fox Searchlight Pictures. 2005.
Jump up ^ "Blood And Chocolate (reissue) - Elvis Costello And The Attractions". The Elvis Costello Home Page.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite (2004)".
Jump up ^ "The Elvis Costello Home Page". Elviscostello.info. 1982-07-23. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Stereogum article: "Napoleon Dynamite Vs. Elvis Costello".
Jump up ^ Willman, Chris (July 16, 2004). "Did Napoleon Dynamite Borrow Elvis' Alias?". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ "In 'Napoleon Dynamite,' Nerdity Without Shame". Washington Post. June 20, 2004.
Jump up ^ Contact Music article: "Costello Adamant Napoleon Dynamite Was His Idea".
^ Jump up to: a b "'Napoleon Dynamite' Producers Sue Fox Searchlight for $10 Million in Profits". Hollywood Reporter. 2011-01-09. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Fox Stands Trial in $10 Million 'Napoleon Dynamite' Case". Hollywood Reporter. 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ "'Napoleon Dynamite' Lawsuit: Fox Wins Major Ruling". Hollywoodreporter.com. 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (June 24, 2004), "Napoleon Dynamite (Film)". Rolling Stone. (951):186
Jump up ^ Sterritt, David (June 11, 2004), "Revenge of the (Idaho) nerd in 'Napoleon Dynamite'". Christian Science Monitor. 96 (138)
Jump up ^ Michael Atkinson (June 1, 2004). "Deadpan Walking. Welcome to the droll house: American geekhood finds a new icon in a clueless Idaho teen". Village Voice.
Jump up ^ SCOTT, A. O. (June 11, 2004), "FILM REVIEW; A Nerdy Nobody of a Hero Who Proves to Be Napoleonic." New York Times. :15
Jump up ^ "Reviews :: Napoleon Dynamite". rogerebert.com. Chicago Sun Times.
Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa (June 18, 2004), "NAPOLEON DYNAMITE (Film)". Entertainment Weekly. (770):60-63
Jump up ^ (June 4, 2010), "88. NAPOLEON DYNAMITE". Entertainment Weekly. (1105/1106):90
Jump up ^ (November 25, 2004), "Napoleon Dynamite (Film)". Rolling Stone (962):82
Jump up ^ Thompson, Chris (21 November 2008). "If You Liked This, You're Sure to Love That". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Idaho's resolution commending Jared and Jerusha Hess". Archived from the original on January 1, 2006. Retrieved 2005-12-26. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Text of A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION STATING LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS AND COMMENDING JARED AND JERUSHA HESS AND THE CITY OF PRESTON FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THE MOVIE "NAPOLEON DYNAMITE."". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Fox Developing Napoleon Dynamite Animated Television Series". /Film. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 17, 2010). "Fox Announces Animated Comedies 'Napoleon Dynamite' & 'Allen Gregory' For Next Season". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Napoleon Dynamite' Canceled, 'Bob's Burgers' Renewed By Fox - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David. "Napoleon Dynamite - Olive Films Announces 'The Complete Animated Series' on DVD". tvshowsondvd.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
External links[edit]
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Order of operations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations (or operator precedence) is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which procedures to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression.
For example, in mathematics and most computer languages, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation.[1][2] Thus, the expression 2 + 3 × 4 is interpreted to have the value 2 + (3 × 4) = 14, not (2 + 3) × 4 = 20. With the introduction of exponents in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication and could be placed only as a superscript to the right of their base.[1] Thus 3 + 52 = 28 and 3 × 52 = 75.
These conventions exist to eliminate ambiguity while allowing notation to be as brief as possible. Where it is desired to override the precedence conventions, or even simply to emphasize them, parentheses ( ) (sometimes replaced by brackets [ ] or braces { } for readability) can indicate an alternate order or reinforce the default order to avoid confusion. For example, (2 + 3) × 4 = 20 forces addition to precede multiplication, and (3 + 5)2 = 64 forces addition to precede exponentiation.
Contents
1 Definition
1.1 Examples
1.2 Exceptions
2 Mnemonics
3 Special cases
4 Calculators
5 Programming languages
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Definition[edit]
The order of operations used throughout mathematics, science, technology and many computer programming languages is expressed here:[3][citation needed]
exponents[1] and roots
multiplication[1] and division[1]
addition[1] and subtraction[1]
This means that if a mathematical expression is preceded by one binary operator and followed by another, the operator higher on the list should be applied first.[1]
The commutative and associative laws of addition and multiplication allow adding terms in any order, and multiplying factors in any order—but mixed operations must obey the standard order of operations.
It is helpful[clarification needed] to treat division as multiplication by the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) and subtraction as addition of the opposite (additive inverse).[citation needed] Thus 3 ÷ 4 = 3 × ¼; in other words the quotient of 3 and 4 equals the product of 3 and ¼. Also 3 − 4 = 3 + (−4); in other words the difference of 3 and 4 equals the sum of 3 and −4. Thus, 1 − 3 + 7 can be thought of as the sum of 1, −3, and 7, and add in any order: (1 − 3) + 7 = −2 + 7 = 5 and in reverse order (7 − 3) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5, always keeping the negative sign with the 3.
The root symbol √ requires a symbol of grouping around the radicand. The usual symbol of grouping is a bar (called vinculum) over the radicand. Other functions use parentheses around the input to avoid ambiguity. The parentheses are sometimes omitted if the input is a monomial. Thus, sin 3x = sin(3x), but sin x + y = sin(x) + y, because x + y is not a monomial.[1] Some calculators and programming languages require parentheses around function inputs, some do not.
Symbols of grouping can be used to override the usual order of operations.[1] Grouped symbols can be treated as a single expression.[1] Symbols of grouping can be removed using the associative and distributive laws, also they can be removed if the expression inside the symbol of grouping is sufficiently simplified so no ambiguity results from their removal.
Examples[edit]
1 + 3 + 5 = 4 + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7. {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1+3}}+5={\sqrt {4}}+5=2+5=7.}
A horizontal fractional line also acts as a symbol of grouping:
1 + 2 3 + 4 + 5 = 3 7 + 5. {\displaystyle {\frac {1+2}{3+4}}+5={\frac {3}{7}}+5.}
For ease in reading, other grouping symbols, such as curly braces { } or square brackets [ ], are often used along with parentheses ( ). For example:
[ ( 1 + 2 ) − 3 ] − ( 4 − 5 ) = [ 3 − 3 ] − ( − 1 ) = 1. {\displaystyle [(1+2)-3]-(4-5)=[3-3]-(-1)=1.}
Exceptions[edit]
There are differing conventions concerning the unary operator − (usually read "minus"). In written or printed mathematics, the expression −32 is interpreted to mean 0 − (32) = − 9,[1][4] but in some applications and programming languages, notably Microsoft Excel (and other spreadsheet applications) and the programming language bc, unary operators have a higher priority than binary operators, that is, the unary minus has higher precedence than exponentiation, so in those languages −32 will be interpreted as (−3)2 = 9.[5] This does not apply to the binary minus operator −; for example while the formulas =-2^2 and =0+-2^2 return 4 in Microsoft Excel, the formula =0-2^2 returns −4. In cases where there is the possibility that the notation might be misinterpreted, a binary minus operation can be enforced by explicitly specifying a leading 0 (as in 0-2^2 instead of just -2^2), or parentheses can be used to clarify the intended meaning.
Similarly, there can be ambiguity in the use of the slash symbol / in expressions such as 1/2x.[6] If one rewrites this expression as 1 ÷ 2x and then interprets the division symbol as indicating multiplication by the reciprocal, this becomes:
1 ÷ 2 × x = 1 × ½ × x = ½ × x.
With this interpretation 1 ÷ 2x is equal to (1 ÷ 2)x.[1][7] However, in some of the academic literature, multiplication denoted by juxtaposition (also known as implied multiplication) is interpreted as having higher precedence than division, so that 1 ÷ 2x equals 1 ÷ (2x), not (1 ÷ 2)x. For example, the manuscript submission instructions for the Physical Review journals state that multiplication is of higher precedence than division with a slash,[8] and this is also the convention observed in prominent physics textbooks such as the Course of Theoretical Physics by Landau and Lifshitz and the Feynman Lectures on Physics.[nb 1]
Mnemonics[edit]
Mnemonics are often used to help students remember the rules, involving the first letters of words representing various operations. Different mnemonics are in use in different countries.[9][10][11]
In the United States, the acronym PEMDAS is common. It stands for Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division, Addition/Subtraction. PEMDAS is often expanded to the mnemonic "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally".[6]
Canada and New Zealand use BEDMAS, standing for Brackets, Exponents, Division/Multiplication, Addition/Subtraction.
Most common in the UK, India and Australia[12] are BODMAS meaning Brackets, Order, Division/Multiplication, Addition/Subtraction. Nigeria and some other West African countries also use BODMAS. Similarly in the UK, BIDMAS is used, standing for Brackets, Indices, Division/Multiplication, Addition/Subtraction.
These mnemonics may be misleading when written this way.[6] For example, misinterpreting any of the above rules to mean "addition first, subtraction afterward" would incorrectly evaluate the expression[6]
10 − 3 + 2.
The correct value is 9 (and not 5, as if the addition would be carried out first and the result used with the subtraction afterwards).
Special cases[edit]
If exponentiation is indicated by stacked symbols, the usual rule is to work from the top down, because exponentiation is right-associative in mathematics thus:[1][13]
abc = a(bc)
which typically is not equal to (ab)c.
However, some computer systems may resolve the ambiguous expression differently.[14] For example, Microsoft Excel evaluates a^b^c as (ab)c, which is opposite of normally accepted convention of top-down order of execution for exponentiation. Thus 4^3^2 is evaluated to 4,096 instead of 262,144. Another difference in Microsoft Excel is -a^b which is evaluated as (-a)^b instead of -(a^b). For compatibility, the same behavior is observed on LibreOffice. The computational programming language MATLAB is another example of a computer system resolving the stacked exponentiation in the non-standard way.
Calculators[edit]
Main article: Calculator input methods
Different calculators follow different orders of operations. Many simple calculators without a stack implement chain input working left to right without any priority given to different operators, for example typing
1 + 2 × 3 yields 9,
while more sophisticated calculators will use a more standard priority, for example typing
1 + 2 × 3 yields 7.
The Microsoft Calculator program uses the former in its standard view and the latter in its scientific and programmer views.
Chain input expects two operands and an operator. When the next operator is pressed, the expression is immediately evaluated and the answer becomes the left hand of the next operator. Advanced calculators allow entry of the whole expression, grouped as necessary, and evaluates only when the user uses the equals sign.
Calculators may associate exponents to the left or to the right depending on the model or the evaluation mode. For example, the expression a^b^c is interpreted as a(bc) on the TI-92 and the TI-30XS MultiView in "Mathprint mode", whereas it is interpreted as (ab)c on the TI-30XII and the TI-30XS MultiView in "Classic mode".
An expression like 1/2x is interpreted as 1/(2x) by TI-82, but as (1/2)x by TI-83 and every other TI calculator released since 1996,[15] as well as by all Hewlett-Packard calculators with algebraic notation. While the first interpretation may be expected by some users, only the latter is in agreement with the standard rule that multiplication and division are of equal precedence,[16][17] so 1/2x is read one divided by two and the answer multiplied by x.
When the user is unsure how a calculator will interpret an expression, it is a good idea to use parentheses so there is no ambiguity.
Calculators that utilize reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as postfix notation, use a stack to enter formulas without the need for parentheses.[6]
Programming languages[edit]
Some programming languages use precedence levels that conform to the order commonly used in mathematics,[14] though others, such as APL, Smalltalk or Occam, have no operator precedence rules (in APL, evaluation is strictly right to left; in Smalltalk and Occam, it is strictly left to right).
In addition, because many operators are not associative, the order within any single level is usually defined by grouping left to right so that 16/4/4 is interpreted as (16/4)/4 = 1 rather than 16/(4/4) = 16; such operators are perhaps misleadingly referred to as "left associative". Exceptions exist; for example, languages with operators corresponding to the cons operation on lists usually make them group right to left ("right associative"), e.g. in Haskell, 1:2:3:4:[] == 1:(2:(3:(4:[]))) == [1,2,3,4].
The logical bitwise operators in C (and all programming languages that borrow precedence rules from C, for example, C++, Perl and PHP) have a precedence level that the creator of the C language considered unsatisfactory.[18] However, many programmers have become accustomed to this order. The relative precedence levels of operators found in many C-style languages are as follows:
1 () [] -> . :: Function call, scope, array/member access
2 ! ~ - + * & sizeof type cast ++ -- (most) unary operators, sizeof and type casts (right to left)
3 * / % MOD Multiplication, division, modulo
4 + - Addition and subtraction
5 << >> Bitwise shift left and right
6 < <= > >= Comparisons: less-than and greater-than
7 == != Comparisons: equal and not equal
8 & Bitwise AND
9 ^ Bitwise exclusive OR (XOR)
10 | Bitwise inclusive (normal) OR
11 && Logical AND
12 || Logical OR
13 ? : Conditional expression (ternary)
14 = += -= *= /= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= Assignment operators (right to left)
15 , Comma operator
Examples: (Note: in the examples below, '≡' is used to mean "is equivalent to", and not to be interpreted as an actual assignment operator used as part of the example expression.)
!A + !B ≡ (!A) + (!B)
++A + !B ≡ (++A) + (!B)
A + B * C ≡ A + (B * C)
A || B && C ≡ A || (B && C)
A && B == C ≡ A && (B == C)
A & B == C ≡ A & (B == C)
Source-to-source compilers that compile to multiple languages need to explicitly deal with the issue of different order of operations across languages. Haxe for example standardizes the order and enforces it by inserting brackets where it is appropriate.[19]
The accuracy of software developer knowledge about binary operator precedence has been found to closely follow their frequency of occurrence in source code.[20]
See also[edit]
Associativity
Common operator notation (for a more formal description)
Commutativity
Distributivity
Hyperoperation
Operator (programming)
Operator associativity
Operator overloading
Operator precedence in C and C++
Polish notation
Reverse Polish notation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, the third edition of Mechanics by Landau and Lifshitz contains expressions such as hPz/2π (p. 22), and the first volume of the Feynman Lectures contains expressions such as 1/2√N (p. 6–7). In both books these expressions are written with the convention that the solidus is evaluated last.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bronstein, Ilja Nikolaevič; Semendjajew, Konstantin Adolfovič (1987) [1945]. "2.4.1.1.". In Grosche, Günter; Ziegler, Viktor; Ziegler, Dorothea. Taschenbuch der Mathematik (in German). 1. Translated by Ziegler, Viktor. Weiß, Jürgen (23 ed.). Thun and Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Harri Deutsch (and B. G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig). pp. 115–120. ISBN 3-87144-492-8.
Jump up ^ "Ask Dr. Math". Math Forum. 22 November 2000. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Order of Operations Lessons". Algebra.Help. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Allen R. Angel, Elementary Algebra for College Students 8/E; Chapter 1, Section 9, Objective 3
Jump up ^ "Formula Returns Unexpected Positive Value". Support.microsoft.com. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ball, John A. (1978). Algorithms for RPN calculators (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 31. ISBN 0-471-03070-8.
Jump up ^ "division and multiplication have the same priority", http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-rules-2009-1.pdf
Jump up ^ "Physical Review Style and Notation Guide" (PDF). American Physical Society. Section IV–E–2–e. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-rules-2009-1.pdf
Jump up ^ "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (PEMDAS)--Forever!". Education Week - Coach G's Teaching Tips. 1 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "What is PEMDAS? - Definition, Rule & Examples". Study.com.
Jump up ^ http://syllabus.bos.nsw.edu.au/assets/global/files/maths_s3_sampleu1.doc
Jump up ^ Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel W.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W., eds. (2010). NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), U.S. Department of Commerce, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19225-5. MR 2723248. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Exponentiation Associativity and Standard Math Notation Codeplea. 23 Aug 2016. Retrieved 20 Sep 2016.
Jump up ^ "Implied Multiplication Versus Explicit Multiplication on TI Graphing Calculators". Texas Instruments. 2011-01-16. 11773. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
Jump up ^ Zachary, Joseph L. (1997). "Introduction to scientific programming - Computational problem solving using Maple and C - Operator precedence worksheet". Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Zachary, Joseph L. (1997). "Introduction to scientific programming - Computational problem solving using Mathematica and C - Operator precedence notebook". Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Dennis M. Ritchie: The Development of the C Language. In History of Programming Languages, 2nd ed., ACM Press 1996.
Jump up ^ 6÷2(1+2)=? Andy Li's Blog. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Developer beliefs about binary operator precedence" Derek M. Jones, CVu 18(4):14–21
External links[edit]
"Order of operations". PlanetMath.
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