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Once Upon a Time in the West
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This article is about the spaghetti western film. For other uses, see Once Upon a Time in the West (disambiguation).
Once Upon a Time in the West
Theatrical release poster by Frank McCarthy
Directed by
Sergio Leone
Produced by
Fulvio Morsella
Screenplay by
Sergio Donati
Sergio Leone
Story by
Dario Argento
Bernardo Bertolucci
Sergio Leone
Starring
Claudia Cardinale
Henry Fonda
Jason Robards
Charles Bronson
Gabriele Ferzetti
Woody Strode
Jack Elam
Lionel Stander
Paolo Stoppa
Frank Wolff
Keenan Wynn
Music by
Ennio Morricone
Cinematography
Tonino Delli Colli
Edited by
Nino Baragli
Production
companies
Euro International Film[1][2]
Paramount Pictures[2][3]
Rafran Cinematografica[1][2][3]
Finanzia San Marco[2][3]
Distributed by
Euro International Film (Italy)
Paramount Pictures (United States)
Release date
20 December 1968 (1968-12-20) (Rome)
21 December 1968 (1968-12-21) (Italy)
Running time
165 minutes
Country
Italy[1][2][4]
United States[1][2][4]
Language
English
Budget
$5 million
Box office
$5,321,508 (US)[5]
14,873,804 admissions (France)[6] 13,000,000 admissions (Germany)[7]
Once Upon a Time in the West (Italian: C'era una volta il West)[8] is a 1968 epic Spaghetti Western film co-written and directed by Sergio Leone. It stars Henry Fonda, cast against type, as the villain,[9] Charles Bronson as his nemesis, Claudia Cardinale as a newly widowed homesteader, and Jason Robards as a bandit. The screenplay was written by Sergio Donati and Leone, from a story by Dario Argento, Bernardo Bertolucci and Leone. The widescreen cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the acclaimed film score was by Ennio Morricone.
After directing The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Leone decided to retire from Westerns and desired to produce his film based on The Hoods, which eventually became Once Upon a Time in America. However, Leone accepted an offer from Paramount Pictures to provide access to Henry Fonda and to use a budget to produce another Western film. He recruited Bertolucci and Argento to devise the plot of the film in 1966, researching other Western films in the process. After Clint Eastwood turned down an offer to play the movie's protagonist, Bronson was offered the role. During production, Leone recruited Donati to rewrite the script due to concerns over time limitations.
The original version by the director was 166 minutes (2 hours and 46 minutes) when it was first released on December 21, 1968. This was the version that was to be shown in European cinemas and was a box office success. For the US release on May 28, 1969, Once Upon a Time in the West was edited down to 145 minutes (2 hours and 25 minutes) by Paramount and was a financial flop. The film is considered by some[who?] to be the first installment in Leone's Once Upon a Time Trilogy, followed by Duck, You Sucker!, called Once Upon a Time... the Revolution in parts of Europe, and Once Upon a Time in America, though the films do not share any characters in common.
In 2009, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[10]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Origins
3.2 Style and pacing
3.3 Locations
3.4 Casting
3.5 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Accolades
5 Releases
5.1 European release
5.2 American release
5.3 Director's cut
5.4 Home video releases
6 Film references
7 Notes
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
The film portrays two conflicts that take place around Flagstone, a fictional town in the American Old West: a land battle related to construction of a railroad, and a mission of vengeance against a cold-blooded killer. A struggle exists for Sweetwater, a piece of land in the desert outside Flagstone which contains the region's only other water source. The land was bought by Brett McBain (Frank Wolff), who foresaw that the railroad would have to pass through that area to provide water for the steam locomotives. When crippled railroad tycoon Morton (Gabriele Ferzetti) learns of this, he sends his hired gun Frank (Henry Fonda) to intimidate McBain to move off the land, but Frank instead kills McBain and his three children, planting evidence to frame the bandit Cheyenne (Jason Robards). Meanwhile, a former prostitute (Claudia Cardinale) arrives at Flagstone from New Orleans, revealing that she is McBain's new wife and therefore owner of the land.
The film had opened with a mysterious harmonica-playing gunman (Charles Bronson), whom Cheyenne later dubs "Harmonica", shooting three men sent by Frank to kill him. In a roadhouse on the way to Sweetwater, where he also encounters Mrs McBain, Harmonica informs Cheyenne that the three gunfighters appeared to be posing as Cheyenne's men. Cheyenne arrives at Sweetwater soon after and both men seem attracted to Mrs McBain. Harmonica explains that, according to the contract of sale, she will lose Sweetwater unless the station is built by the time the track's construction crews reach that point, so Cheyenne puts his men to work building it.
Frank turns against Morton, who wants to make a deal with Mrs McBain, and immobilises him under guard on his private train out in the desert. Instead Mrs McBain allows Frank to seduce her, seemingly to save her life, and is then forced to sell her property in an auction where Frank's men intimidate the other bidders. Harmonica disrupts Frank's plan to keep the price down when he arrives, holding Cheyenne at gunpoint, and makes a much higher bid with the reward money for the wanted Cheyenne. But as Cheyenne is placed on a train bound for the Yuma prison, two members of his gang purchase one-way tickets for the train, intending to help him escape.
Morton now pays Frank's men to turn against him. However, Harmonica helps Frank kill them by directing his attention to their whereabouts from the room where Mrs McBain is taking a bath – to her outrage. On Frank's return to Morton's train he finds that Morton and his remaining men have been killed in a battle with Cheyenne's gang. Frank then goes to Sweetwater to confront Harmonica. On two occasions, Frank has asked him who he is, but both times Harmonica only answered with names of men "who were alive before they knew you". This time, Harmonica says he will reveal who he is "only at the point of dying".
As the two prepare for a gun duel, Harmonica's motive is revealed in a flashback. A younger Frank forces a boy to support his older brother on his shoulders, while his brother's neck is in a noose strung from an arch. As the boy struggles to hold his brother's weight, Frank stuffs a harmonica into the panting boy's mouth. The older brother curses Frank and the boy (who has grown up to be Harmonica) collapses to the ground. Back in the present, Harmonica draws first and stuffs his instrument into the dying Frank's mouth as a reminder.
At the house again, Harmonica and Cheyenne say goodbye to Mrs McBain, who is supervising construction of the railway station as the track-laying crews reach Sweetwater. As the two men ride off, Cheyenne falls, admitting that he was mortally wounded by Morton during the fight with Frank's gang. While Harmonica rides away with Cheyenne's dead body, the work train arrives and Mrs McBain carries water to the rail workers.
Cast[edit]
Claudia Cardinale as Jill McBain
Henry Fonda as Frank
Jason Robards as Manuel "Cheyenne" Gutiérrez
Charles Bronson as "Harmonica"
Gabriele Ferzetti as Mr. Morton
Paolo Stoppa as Sam, the Coachman
Marco Zuanelli as Wobbles
Keenan Wynn as the Sheriff of Flagstone
Frank Wolff as Brett McBain
Lionel Stander as the barman
Woody Strode as Stony, first gunman
Jack Elam as Snaky, second gunman
Al Mulock as Knuckles, third gunman
Enzo Santaniello as Timmy McBain
Simonetta Santaniello as Maureen McBain
Stefano Imparato as Patrick McBain
Antonio Palombi as the old Stationmaster
Claudio Mancini as brother of "Harmonica"
Dino Mele as young "Harmonica"
Michael Harvey as Frank's Lieutenant
Benito Stefanelli as Frank's Lieutenant
Aldo Sambrell as Cheyenne's Lieutenant
With the death of Gabriele Ferzetti in 2015,[11] Claudia Cardinale is the sole surviving member of the film's main cast.
Production[edit]
Origins[edit]
After making his American Civil War epic The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Leone had intended to retire from making Westerns, believing he had said all he wanted to say. He had come across the novel The Hoods by the pseudonymous "Harry Grey", an autobiographical book based on the author's own experiences as a Jewish hood during Prohibition, and planned to adapt it into a film (this would eventually, seventeen years later, become his final film, Once Upon a Time in America). Leone though was offered only Westerns by the Hollywood studios. United Artists (who had produced the Dollars Trilogy) offered him the opportunity to make a film starring Charlton Heston, Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson, but Leone refused. However, when Paramount offered Leone a generous budget along with access to Henry Fonda—his favorite actor, and one whom he had wanted to work with for virtually all of his career—Leone accepted the offer.
Leone commissioned Bernardo Bertolucci and Dario Argento—both of whom were film critics before becoming directors—to help him develop the film in late 1966. The men spent much of the following year watching and discussing numerous classic Westerns such as High Noon, The Iron Horse, The Comancheros, and The Searchers at Leone's house, and constructed a story made up almost entirely of "references" to American Westerns.
Ever since The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, which originally ran for three hours, Leone's films were usually cut (often quite dramatically) for box office release. Leone was very conscious of the length of Once Upon a Time in the West during filming and later commissioned Sergio Donati, who had worked on several of Leone's other films, to help him refine the screenplay, largely to curb the length of the film towards the end of production. Many of the film's most memorable lines of dialogue came from Donati, or from the film's English dialogue adapter, expatriate American actor Mickey Knox.[12]
Style and pacing[edit]
For Once Upon a Time in the West, Leone changed his approach over his earlier Westerns. Whereas the "Dollars" films were quirky and up-tempo, a celebratory yet tongue-in-cheek parody of the icons of the Wild West, this film is much slower in pace and sombre in theme. Leone's distinctive style, which is very different from, but very much influenced by, Akira Kurosawa's Sanshiro Sugata (1943), is still present but has been modified for the beginning of Leone's second trilogy, the so-called Once Upon a Time Trilogy. The characters in this film are also beginning to change markedly over their predecessors in the Dollars Trilogy. They are not quite as defined and, unusual for Leone characters up to this point, they begin to change (or at least attempt to) over the course of the story. This signals the start of the second phase of Leone's style, which would be further developed in Duck, You Sucker! and Once Upon a Time in America.
The film features long, slow scenes in which there is very little dialogue and little happens, broken by brief and sudden violence. Leone was far more interested in the rituals preceding violence than in the violence itself. The tone of the film is consistent with the arid semi-desert in which the story unfolds, and imbues it with a feeling of realism that contrasts with the elaborately choreographed gunplay.
Sergio Leone liked to tell the story of a cinema in Paris where the film ran uninterrupted for two years. When he visited this theatre, he was surrounded by fans who wanted his autograph, as well as the projectionist, who was less than enthusiastic. Leone claimed the projectionist told him "I kill you! The same movie over and over again for two years! And it's so SLOW!"[13]
Locations[edit]
Monument Valley, Arizona
Most of the film was shot in Cinecittà studios, Rome. The brick arch where Bronson's character flashbacks to his youth and the original lynching incident was built near a small airport fifteen miles north of Monument Valley, in Utah and two miles from U.S. Route 163 (which links Gouldings Lodge and Mexican Hat). The opening sequence with the three gunmen meeting the train was one of the sequences filmed in Spain. Shooting for scenes at Cattle Corner Station, as the location was called in the story, was scheduled for four days and was filmed at the 'ghost' train station in the municipality of La Calahorra, county of Gaudix, near Guadix, in the Province of Granada, Spain, as were the scenes of Flagstone, and shooting for the scenes in the middle of the railway were filmed along the Guadix - Hernan Valle railway line.[14][15][16]
Casting[edit]
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Fonda did not accept Leone's first offer to play Frank, so Leone flew to New York to convince him, telling him: "Picture this: the camera shows a gunman from the waist down pulling his gun and shooting a running child. The camera tilts up to the gunman's face and...it's Henry Fonda." After meeting with Leone, Fonda called his friend Eli Wallach, who had co-starred in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Wallach advised Fonda to do the film, telling him "You will have the time of your life."
When he accepted the role, Fonda came to the set with brown contacts and facial hair. Fonda felt having dark eyes and facial hair would blend well with his character's evil and also help the audience to accept this "new" Fonda as the bad guy, but Leone immediately told him to remove the contacts and facial hair. Leone felt that Fonda's blue eyes best reflected the cold, icy nature of the killer. It was one of the first times in a Western film where the villain would be played by the lead actor.
Leone originally offered the role of Harmonica to Clint Eastwood; when he turned it down, Leone hired Charles Bronson who had originally been offered and turned down the part of the Man with No Name in A Fistful of Dollars. James Coburn was also approached for Harmonica, but demanded too much money.
Robert Ryan was offered the role of the Sheriff played by Keenan Wynn. Ryan initially accepted, but backed out after being given a larger role in Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch.
Enrico Maria Salerno and Robert Hossein were both offered the role of Morton before Gabriele Ferzetti was cast; Hossein had accepted, but had to drop out for a theatre commitment. Ferzetti, who considers it one of his best roles, referred to his casting as "Fate, Destiny" in an interview for the DVD release.
Actor Al Mulock (featured as Knuckles in the opening train sequence, as well as in Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly) committed suicide during shooting of the film by leaping from his Guadix hotel room in full costume. Frank Wolff, the actor who plays McBain, also committed suicide in a Rome hotel in 1971.
Following the film's completion, Once Upon a Time in the West was dubbed into several languages, including Italian, French, German, Spanish and English. For the English dub, the voices of much of the American cast, including Fonda, Bronson, Jason Robards, Jack Elam, Wynn, Wolff and Lionel Stander, were used. However, the rest of the cast had to be dubbed by other actors, including Ferzetti, who was dubbed by actor Bernard Grant (who is believed to have voiced Gian Maria Volontè and Aldo Giuffrè in the Dollars Trilogy), and Claudia Cardinale, who was voiced by Grant's wife, Joyce Gordon.[17]
Music[edit]
Main article: Once Upon a Time in the West (soundtrack)
The music was written by composer Ennio Morricone, Leone's regular collaborator, who wrote the score under Leone's direction before filming began. As in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, the haunting music contributes to the film's grandeur and, like the music for The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, is considered one of Morricone's greatest compositions.
The film features leitmotifs that relate to each of the main characters (each with their own theme music) as well as to the spirit of the American West.[18] Especially compelling are the wordless vocals by Italian singer Edda Dell'Orso during the theme music for the Claudia Cardinale character. It was Leone's desire to have the music available and played during filming. Leone had Morricone compose the score before shooting started and would play the music in the background for the actors on set.[18]
Except for about a minute of the "Judgment" motif, before Harmonica kills the three outlaws, no soundtrack music is played until at the end of the second scene, when Henry Fonda makes his first entry. During the beginning of the film, Leone instead uses a number of natural sounds, for instance a turning wheel in the wind, sound of a train, grasshoppers, shotguns while hunting, wings of pigeons, etc., in addition to the diegetic sound of the harmonica.
Reception[edit]
Once Upon a Time in the West was reviewed in 1969 in the Chicago Sun-Times by Roger Ebert, who gave it two-and-a-half out of four stars. He found it to be "good fun" and "a painstaking distillation" of Leone's famous style, with intriguing performances by actors cast against their type and a richness of detail projecting "a sense of life of the West" made possible by Paramount's bigger budget for this Leone film. Ebert complained, however, of the film's length and convoluted plot, which he said only becomes clear by the second hour. While viewing Cardinale a good casting choice, he said she lacked the "blood-and-thunder abandon" of her performance in Cartouche (1962), blaming Leone for directing her "too passively".[19]
In subsequent years, the film developed a greater standing among critics as well as a cult following.[20] Directors such as Martin Scorsese, George Lucas, Quentin Tarantino,[21] and Vince Gilligan[22] have cited the film as an influence on their work. It has also appeared on prominent all-time critics lists, including Time magazine's 100 greatest films of the 20th century and Empire's 500 greatest movies of all time, where it was the list's highest-ranking Western at number 14.[21] Popular culture scholar Christopher Frayling regarded it as "one of the greatest films ever made".[23]
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 56 critics and gave the film a score of 98%.
Accolades[edit]
Time named Once Upon a Time in the West as one of the 100 greatest films of all-time.[24]
In They Shoot Pictures, Don't They's list of the 1000 Greatest Films, Once Upon a Time in the West is placed at number 62.[25]
Total Film magazine placed Once Upon a Time in the West in their special edition issue of the 100 Greatest Movies.[26]
In 2008, Empire held a poll of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time", taking votes from 10,000 readers, 150 filmmakers and 50 film critics. "Once Upon a Time in the West" was voted in at number 14, the highest Western on the list.[27]
In 2009, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".[10]
In 2013, The Guardian ranked it #1 in its "Top 10 movie westerns" list.[28]
In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films.[29] Once Upon A Time In The West placed 30th on their list.[30]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
Frank – Nominated Villain[31]
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[32]
Releases[edit]
European release[edit]
The movie was a massive hit in France,[6] and was easily the most successful film released there in 1969 with 14.8 million admissions, ranking 7th of all time.[33][34] It sparked a brief fashion trend for duster coats which took such proportions that Parisian department stores such as Au Printemps had to affix signs on escalators warning patrons to keep their "maxis," as they were called, clear from the edges of moving steps to prevent jamming.
It was also the most popular film in Germany with admissions of 13 million, ranking third of all time.[7]
American release[edit]
In the US, Paramount edited the film to about 145 minutes for the wide release, but the film underperformed at the box office, earning $2.1M in rentals in North America.[35]
The following scenes were cut for the American release:
The entire scene at Lionel Stander's trading post. Cheyenne (Robards) was not introduced in the American release until his arrival at the McBain ranch later in the film. Stander remained in the credits, even though he did not appear in this version at all.
The scene in which Morton and Frank discuss what to do with Jill at the Navajo Cliffs.
Morton's death scene was reduced considerably.
Cheyenne's death scene was completely excised.
Otherwise, one scene was slightly longer in the US version than in the international film release:
Following the opening duel (where all four gunmen fire and fall), Charles Bronson's character stands up again showing that he had only been shot in the arm. This part of the scene had been originally cut by director Sergio Leone for the worldwide theatrical release. It was added again for the U.S. market because the American distributors feared American viewers would not understand the story otherwise, especially since Harmonica's arm wound is originally shown for the first time in the scene at the trading post which was cut for the shorter U.S. version.
The English-language version was restored to approximately 165 minutes for a re-release in 1984, and for its video release the following year.
Director's cut[edit]
In Italy, a 175-minute director's cut features a yellow tint filter, and several scenes augmented with additional material. This director's cut was released on home video until the early 2000s, and still airs on TV, but more recent home video releases have used the international cut.
Home video releases[edit]
After years of public requests, Paramount released a 2-Disc "Special Collector's Edition" of Once Upon a Time in the West on November 18, 2003, with a running time of 165 minutes (158 minutes in some regions).[nb 1] This release is the color 2.35:1 aspect ratio version in anamorphic wide-screen, closed captioned and Dolby. Commentary is also provided by film experts and historians including John Carpenter, John Milius, Alex Cox, film historian and Leone biographer Sir Christopher Frayling, Dr. Sheldon Hall, as well as actors Claudia Cardinale and Gabriele Ferzetti, and director Bernardo Bertolucci, a co-writer of the film.
The second disc has special features, including three recent documentaries on several aspects of the film:
An Opera of Violence
The Wages of Sin
Something to Do with Death
The film was released on Blu-ray on May 31, 2011.
Film references[edit]
Leone's intent was to take the stock conventions of the American Westerns of John Ford, Howard Hawks and others, and rework them in an ironic fashion, essentially reversing their intended meaning in their original sources to create a darker connotation.[36] The most obvious example of this is the casting of veteran film good guy Henry Fonda as the villainous Frank, but there are also many other, more subtle reversals throughout the film. According to film critic and historian Christopher Frayling, the film quotes from as many as 30 classic American Westerns.
The major films referenced include:
The Comancheros (1961): The names "McBain" and "Sweetwater" may come from this film. (Contrary to popular belief, the name of the town "Sweetwater" was not taken from Victor Sjöström's silent epic drama The Wind. Bernardo Bertolucci has stated that he looked at a map of the southwestern United States, found the name of the town in Arizona, and decided to incorporate it into the film. However, both "Sweetwater" and a character named "McBain" appeared in The Comancheros, which Leone admired.[37])
Johnny Guitar (1954): Jill and Vienna have similar backstories (both are former prostitutes who become saloonkeepers), and Harmonica, like Sterling Hayden's title character, is a mysterious, gunslinging outsider known by his musical nickname. Some of West's central plot (Western settlers vs. the railroad company) may be recycled from Nicholas Ray's film.[37]
The Iron Horse (1924): West may contain several subtle references to this film, including a low angle shot of a shrieking train rushing towards the screen in the opening scene, and the shot of the train pulling into the Sweetwater station at the end.[37]
Shane (1953): The massacre scene in West features young Timmy McBain out hunting with his father, just as Joey does in this movie. The funeral of the McBains is borrowed almost shot-for-shot from Shane.[37]
The Searchers (1956): Leone admitted that the rustling bushes, the silencing of insect sounds, and the fluttering grouse that suggest menace approaching the farmhouse when the McBain family is massacred were all taken from The Searchers. The ending of the film—where Western nomads Harmonica and Cheyenne move on rather than join modern society—also echoes the famous ending of Ford's film.[37]
Winchester '73 (1950): It has been claimed that the scenes in West at the trading post are based on those in Winchester '73, but the resemblance is slight.[37]
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962): The dusters (long coats) worn by Cheyenne and his gang (and by Frank and his men while impersonating them) resemble those worn by Liberty Valance (Lee Marvin) and his henchmen when they are introduced in this film. In addition, the auction scene in West was intended to recall the election scene in Liberty Valance.[37]
The Last Sunset (1961): The final duel between Frank and Harmonica is shot almost identically to the duel between Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson in this film.[37]
Duel in the Sun (1946): The character of Morton, the crippled railroad baron in West, was based on the character played by Lionel Barrymore in this film.[37]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The 7-minute regional variation in DVD running time is due to the 4% speed difference between the 24 fps NTSC and 25 fps PAL video formats. There is no difference in content.
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
Italy portal
Film portal
List of Italian films of 1968
List of highest-grossing films in France
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Once Upon a Time in the West". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Once upon a Time in the West (1968)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Film Releases". Variety Insight. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "C'era una volta il West". LUMIERE. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Information for Once Upon a Time in the West". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Box office information for film at Box Office Story
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 100 Deutschland". Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "C'era una volta il West". Wikipedia (in Italian). 2016-10-18.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (25 April 2007). "Top 25 Greatest Villains - Henry Fonda as Frank". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "25 new titles added to National Film Registry". Yahoo News. Yahoo. Associated Press. 2009-12-30. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
Jump up ^ La Repubblica. "Addio a Gabriele Ferzetti, il seduttore introverso del nostro cinema". Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Kiral, Cenk (April 9, 1998). "An Exclusive Interview With Mickey Knox". Fistful-of-leone.com. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
Jump up ^ Frayling, Christopher (2012). Sergio Leone: Something to do with Death. University of Minnesota Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780816646838.
Jump up ^ "La Calahorra, una estación de cine para los 'western' españoles", 20 Minutos, 1 March 2013 (in Spanish). Accessed 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Estados Unidos en Granada. La Calahorra: escenario de WEsterns", Guía Repsol, 10 October 2015 (in Spanish). Accessed 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Location Filming for Once Upon A Time in the West". Fistfuloflocations.com. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
Jump up ^ Howard Hughes (2007). Stagecoach to Tombstone: The Filmgoers' Guide to the Great Westerns. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 9781845115715. p.166.
^ Jump up to: a b Kehr, Dave (2011). "Once Upon a Time in the West". When movies mattered : reviews from a transformative decade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-42941-0.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (June 6, 1969). "Once Upon a Time in the West (1969)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mathijs, Ernest; Sexton, Jamie (2012). "Cult Pastiche". Cult Cinema: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1444396439.
^ Jump up to: a b Snider, Eric (April 19, 2012). "My Shame List: Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)". MTV. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Breaking Bad Series Creator Vince Gilligan Answers Viewer Questions". AMC.com. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Frayling, Christopher (2005). Once Upon a Time in Italy: The Westerns of Sergio Leone. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810958848.
Jump up ^ "Time Magazine's All-Time 100 Movies | The Moving Arts Film Journal". Themovingarts.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
Jump up ^ "TSPDT - 1,000 Greatest Films (Full List)". Theyshootpictures.com. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Movies of All Time". Drskantze.com. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Empire's 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time". Empireonline.com. 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
Jump up ^ The Guardian (2013). "Top 10 movie westerns". Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "The 100 best action movies". Time Out. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-28. Retrieved 2015-08-06. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-06.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-06.
Jump up ^ Box office information for 1969 in France at Box Office Story
Jump up ^ "Top250 Tous Les Temps En France (reprises incluses)". Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Big Rental Films of 1969", Variety, 7 January 1970 p 15
Jump up ^ 'An Opera of Violence', documentary on the DVD Once Upon a Time in the West: Special Collector's Edition
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Frayling[full citation needed]
Further reading[edit]
Fawell, John (2005). The Art of Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West: A Critical Appreciation. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2092-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to C'era una volta il West.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Once Upon a Time in the West
Once Upon a Time in the West on IMDb
Once Upon a Time in the West at the TCM Movie Database
Once Upon a Time in the West at AllMovie
Once Upon a Time in the West at the American Film Institute Catalog
Once Upon a Time in the West at Metacritic
Once Upon a Time in the West at Rotten Tomatoes
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Films directed by Sergio Leone
They Stole a Tram (1954) (uncredited)
The Last Days of Pompeii (1959) (uncredited)
The Colossus of Rhodes (1961)
A Fistful of Dollars (1964)
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General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union
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General Secretariat of the
Council of the European Union
Incumbent
Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen
since 1 July 2015
Appointer
Council of the European Union
Term length
Five years
Constituting instrument
Treaties of the European Union
Inaugural holder
Christian Calmes
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9 September 1952
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The General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union, also known as Council Secretariat, assists the Council of the European Union, the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, the European Council and the President of the European Council. The General Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union. The Secretariat is divided into seven directorates-general, each administered by a director-general.
The Secretariat is based in Brussels, in the Justus Lipsius building. The respective secretariats of the Schengen Agreement and of now-defunct Western European Union and European Political Cooperation have along the years been integrated with the Council Secretariat.
The current secretary-general is Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, who was appointed on 1 July 2015.[1] He succeeded from Uwe Corsepius.
Contents
[hide]
1 Tasks
2 Organisation
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Tasks[edit]
It "shall be closely and continually involved in organising, coordinating and ensuring the coherence of the Council's work and implementation of its annual programme".[2] This involves 'traditional tasks', such as planning, convening and organizing the meetings (around 100 sessions of the Council, and more than 3500 meetings of working parties and other gatherings every year, e.g. extraordinary Council meetings or EU meetings with other states), arranging rooms and translation, making the minutes, acting as the Council's registrar and memory by keeping archives, and being a depositary for international agreements.[3]
It acts as a legal adviser and political counsellor to the EU Presidency. It advises the Presidency, especially in working out the compromises on which Council decisions and other acts will be based. Members of the Secretariat's Legal Service are on hand at all important meetings to advise on issues raised in the discussions and to clarify the legal aspects of certain procedures. The Legal Service also represents the Council before the Court of Justice of the European Union, the General Court (European Union) and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal.[3]
The Council Secretariat also plays an important role in the EU's intergovernmental conferences (IGC), because it provides the IGC Secretariat. Apart from legal advice, it also tries to be an honest broker among member states. Close observer have argued that the Council Secretariat, together with the Presidency, is the most important actor in the IGC.[4]
Organisation[edit]
The organisation of the General Secretariat is decided by a simple majority of votes by the Council.[5] The Secretary-General is also appointed by the Council.[5]
It currently consists of 7 directorates-general, the Legal Service, 5 departments under the Secretary-General (e.g. internal audit, general political questions) and has around 3200 employees.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Common Foreign and Security Policy
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
History of the European Union
Intergovernmental Conference
President of the European Parliament
Secretariat-General of the European Commission
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen appointed new Secretary-General of the Council". consilium.europa.eu. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Council Decision of 22 March 2004 adopting the Council's Rules of Procedure
^ Jump up to: a b "An Introduction to the Council of the European Union", European Communities, 2008, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Gray & Stubb (2001)
^ Jump up to: a b Art. 240(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
Further reading[edit]
Beach, Derek (January 2004). "The unseen hand in treaty reform negotiations: the role and influence of the Council Secretariat". Journal of European Public Policy. Taylor and Francis. 11 (3): 408–439. doi:10.1080/rjpp13501760410001100279.
Christiansen, Thomas (December 2002). "Out of the shadows: The General Secretariat of the Council of Ministers". The Journal of Legislative Studies, special issue: The Unseen Hand: Unelected EU Legislators. Taylor and Francis. 8 (4): 80–97. doi:10.1080/13572330200870006.
Duke, Simon; Vanhoonacker, Sophie (2006). "Administrative Governance in the CFSP: development and practice". European Foreign Affairs Review. Wolters Kluwer. 11 (2): 163–182.
Gray, Mark; Stubb, Alexander (September 2001). "Keynote article: the Treaty of Nice – negotiating a poisoned chalice?". Journal of Common Market Studies. Wiley. 39 (S1): 5–23. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.39.s1.2.
Hayes-Renshaw, Fiona; Wallace, Helen (1997). The Council of Ministers. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312164119.
Westlake, Martin (1995). The Council of the European Union. London New York: Cartermill Stockton. ISBN 9781561591411.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutCouncil of the European Unionat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Council website: http://www.consilium.europa.eu – Europa
PRADO - The Council of the European Union Public Register of Travel- and ID Documents Online
General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union
Main CFSP bodies in the Council Secretariat: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr
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Ross Geller
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This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ross Geller
Friends character
First appearance
"The Pilot"
Last appearance
"The Last One"
Created by
David Crane
Marta Kauffman
Portrayed by
David Schwimmer
Information
Full name
Dr. Ross Eustace Geller, Ph.D.
Occupation
Paleontologist at New York Museum of Prehistoric History (season 1-6)
College professor at New York University (season 6-10)
Title
Doctor
Professor
Family
Jack Geller (father)
Judy Geller (mother)
Monica Geller (younger sister)
Spouse(s)
Carol Willick (1987-1994)
Emily Waltham (1998)
Rachel Green (1999, 2004-)
Children
Ben Geller (son)
Emma Geller-Green (daughter)
Religion
Judaism
Nationality
American
Ross Eustace Geller, Ph.D.[1], is a fictional character from the NBC sitcom Friends, portrayed by David Schwimmer. Ross is considered by many to be the most intelligent member of the group and is noted for his goofy but lovable demeanor.[2] His relationship with Rachel Green was included in TV Guide's list of the best TV couples of all time, as well as Entertainment Weekly's "30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples".[3] Kevin Bright, one of the executive producers of the show had worked with Schwimmer before, so the writers were already developing Ross’s character in Schwimmer’s voice. And hence, Schwimmer was the first person to be cast on the show.
Contents
1 Appearances
2 Relationships
2.1 Rachel Green
2.2 Carol Willick
2.3 Emily Waltham
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
Appearances[edit]
Ross is a paleontologist and has a Ph.D. from Columbia University. An ongoing theme of his narrative arc is his romantic feelings toward Rachel Green, an infatuation that began in high school. A theme of Friends is their on-again, off-again romantic relationship.
Born on October 18, 1967, and raised on Long Island, Ross is the elder brother of Monica Geller. Ross and Monica are Jewish and see themselves as at least cultural Jews, with Ross taking a more active role in wanting to teach his son, Ben, about the faith. Ross gets divorced and is newly single in the very first episode because his wife, Carol, has realized she's a lesbian. Later he dates Rachel but it results in a break-up. Afterward, Ross gets married to Emily which doesn't last long. Also, he marries Rachel in Las Vegas when the two are drunk and then ultimately that too results in a divorce. In the whole series, Ross gets divorced 3 times.
A running theme in Ross' narrative is his competition with his younger sister, manifested through wrestling and paranoia. As children, they took part in an American football match for the Geller Cup every Thanksgiving. This ended in its sixth year after Monica "accidentally" broke Ross' nose. The siblings came up with a dance in primary school called "The Routine", which later on allowed them to perform in a New Year's Eve TV broadcast.[4]
When they were kids, Monica used to hate Ross because he always had his way and he was loved more than her as he was their parents’ first child. But eventually as the time passed and they grew up, she started loving him more than she used to and they also grew closer to each other though the competition between them was still visible as seen in "The One with the Football".
Ross often comes into conflict with his close friend, Phoebe Buffay. His rationality and Phoebe's eccentricity lead to conflict over evolution, gravity, and whether Phoebe's mother was reincarnated as a cat. It is also revealed that Phoebe once mugged Ross (stealing a copy of the comic book Science Boy that Geller had created) when they were teenagers. The two are roommates for a few weeks when a fire forces Phoebe to move into Chandler Bing and Monica's apartment and Phoebe want to give the newly engaged couple some privacy. In a "flashback" episode, they are alone at the bar and start kissing, but the moment quickly passes when Ross keeps bumping his head. Phoebe also helps Ross on numerous occasions, ultimately making him realize that he loves Rachel and they both are meant to be together.
Ross' best friend since college is Chandler. In college, they were in a band called Way/No Way, and Ross blamed Chandler when he was caught smoking marijuana. Chandler becomes Ross' brother-in-law after he marries Monica. Though they are best friends, at times Chandler gets annoyed with Ross' geeky behavior.
Ross is friends with Rachel Green, whom he has a crush on since high school. Rachel viewed Ross as ‘Monica’s geeky older brother’ during high school. Despite having a huge crush on her, he never told her and eventually let go of his feelings for her. But he again discovers feelings for her in the first episode of the series. They get close to each other and have on and off relationship. In the final season of the show, Rachel tells him that he means more to her than any other member of their group.
He is also close friends with Joey Tribbiani and helps him with movie and stage auditions. He kisses Joey once in order to help him practice a role as a gay man, only to find out that Joey had already done the audition and didn't get the part. Joey and Ross also briefly try to cut Chandler out of their friend group after he ignores them. Joey and Ross fall asleep together on the couch after watching Die Hard. Toward the end of the series, however, Ross and Joey are seen to become closer friends, often hanging out together after Chandler gets married.
Ross often tries to bring out the best of his friends in difficult situations. For instance, in season 2, he encourages Joey to audition for Another World after being fired from Days of Our Lives, despite Joey's refusal to present himself for a two-line part of a secondary character, in season 7, he buys Phoebe the bike of her dreams but threatens to take it away from her because of her reluctance to learn how to ride it. Also, when he discovers that Joey has a crush on Rachel, he tells him to tell her about it and go for it instead of hiding it, even though he has problems with the idea of Joey and Rachel being together. Above all Ross is a very sweet, loving and adorable guy who is always looking out for everyone's best interests and often the most mature compared to the rest of the gang, despite his ego, outbursts, and paranoia.
He has two children. Ross' son, Ben, was conceived while Ross and Carol were still married and born at the end of Season 1. Ross shares joint custody of Ben with his ex-wife Carol and her wife Susan.
Ben appeared in a total 16 (17) episodes and was played chronologically: as an infant by Michael Gunderson Season 1 to 2, by brothers Charles Thomas Allen and John Christopher Allen from Season 3 to 5, and by Cole Sprouse from Season 6 to 8.
Ross' daughter with Rachel, Emma Geller-Green, was born at the end of Season 8. Rachel's pregnancy was originally revealed in the season finale of Season 7. The conception of Emma was predominantly the result of a one-night stand, which was later revealed in the Season 8 episode, "The One With The Videotape".
Ross claims to have "given up a career in basketball" to become a paleontologist, and claims to have had the idea for Jurassic Park and Die Hard stolen from him. He also had major interest in music when he used to play keyboard for hours in the basement of their house in Long Island.
Ross had a pet in the earlier seasons of the show; a White-headed capuchin monkey named "Marcel".
Relationships[edit]
Over the course of the show, Ross dates a considerable number of women. He married three times and is divorced three times. His proclivity to marry and divorce is a running gag within the series.
Julie. An old graduate school colleague, portrayed by Lauren Tom. She first appears in the final scene of the season 1 finale, returning with Ross from an archeological dig in China. They start dating in season 2 but break up after Ross discovers Rachel's feelings for him and he decides he wants to be with her instead.
Bonnie. A love interest (played by Christine Taylor) introduced to Ross by Phoebe, Bonnie is formerly a militant bald woman who no longer shaves her head. She enjoyed a sex-filled relationship with Ross, until a conniving Rachel broke them up by first setting Bonnie up to shave her head again, and later by revealing she was interested in reuniting with Ross.
Mona. A love interest he met at Monica and Chandler's wedding (portrayed by Bonnie Somerville), who later broke up with him when she found out that his roommate, Rachel Green, was pregnant with Ross's child. Ross becomes paranoid after Mona proposes to send out Christmas cards together, and in a panic decides to give her a key to his apartment. It is later revealed that Mona is unable to say "I love you" yet, and delivers what the female friends refer to as "an emotional slap in the face" with "I love spending time with you".
Chloe. Ross's only relationship with Chloe (referred to in a few prior episodes as "The cute girl from the copy place with the belly button ring") was a one-night stand during a "break" with his relationship with Rachel, which interferes with their attempt to get back together. Although only covered over two episodes in season 3, Ross' fling with Chloe would be the basis of the "We were on a break!" running joke that would last until the very end of the series.
Janice. Ross has a brief fling with Janice, Chandler's ex-girlfriend, in season 5. Phoebe said they would have very hairy children. Janice ironically dumps Ross because he whines too much. Ross, worried about how he would react, tells Chandler, who laughs.
Elizabeth Stevens. A pretty 20-year-old student who Ross teaches during his first year as a professor. The two go through a tremendous amount of effort to keep their relationship a secret from the faculty, as Ross would get fired for dating a student. He even tries to get on good terms with Elizabeth's father Paul (Bruce Willis), who in turn threatens to report him to the university. Ross eventually manages to blackmail Paul into pretending to like him by threatening to reveal Paul's embarrassing mirror dance routine to Rachel (who dates him briefly). Despite Paul no longer being a threat, Ross eventually realizes he sees no future in his relationship with Elizabeth and decides to break up with her due to her immaturity.
Charlie Wheeler. Ross meets Charlie (Aisha Tyler) in "The One With The Soap Opera Party".[5] She is a paleontologist who has recently joined Ross's department. She initially dates Joey before breaking up with him and gravitating toward Ross, after realizing she has more things in common with Ross. She eventually reconciles with her ex-boyfriend and breaks up with Ross.
Cheryl. A very attractive woman that Ross briefly dates. He decides he wants to pursue a relationship with her, but is stifled by her incredibly filthy apartment. Despite her own living quarters being littered with garbage and infested with all kinds of pests, she can't stand the "weird smell" of Ross' apartment, which is why she doesn't like being there. After Ross breaks off the relationship after being covered in all kinds of trash in an attempt to make out with Cheryl, Monica later visits her and offers to clean her apartment, revealing she "couldn't sleep" after Ross told her about it.
Jill Green. Ross very briefly dates Rachel's spoiled younger sister Jill (played by Reese Witherspoon) after her father sends her to New York to take lessons from Rachel in self-sufficiency. Although Jill actually finds Ross a geek, she dates him out of spite because Rachel is uncomfortable with it and tells her "she's always wanted what she couldn't have".
Rachel Green[edit]
Rachel is Ross's most significant relationship during the series. His attraction to her is established early on; Ross met Rachel through his sister Monica, who was Rachel's best friend in high school. He developed an unrequited crush on her, but never followed through on it. After leaving college, Ross married Carol, whom he had met at college, and had seemingly put his feelings for Rachel aside before he met her again in The Pilot.
They have an on-again, off-again dynamic throughout most of the show.
In the Season 1 finale, Ross has to go to China for his work so he asks Chandler to give Rachel a present on her birthday which he had bought for her. Chandler does give the present to Rachel during her birthday celebration while Ross is in China but also lets out that Ross loves Rachel, prompting Rachel to panic and start thinking about Ross in a romantic way. After Ross arrives back from China, Rachel goes to the airport to receive him on realising that she likes him, but she sees him with Julie and reluctantly backs off.
In Season 2 episode The One Where Ross Finds Out, Rachel is on a date with a guy when she confesses to Ross over the phone in a drunken state that she had feelings for him but now she is over him. Ross hears this message the next day at Monica’s apartment with Rachel begging him not to check his messages. Later, in the same episode they share a passionate kiss at the doors of Central Perk. Later he breaks up with Julie but Rachel decides she doesn't want to be with him after finding out that he had made a list, on the insistence of Chandler, comparing the good and bad qualities about her and Julie.
The two begin dating each other only from Episode 15 of Season 2 after in the earlier episode The One with the Prom Video it is revealed that Ross despite being two years senior to Rachel had decided to be her date on her and Monica’s prom, as Rachel's date had not arrived, only to be left disappointed as her date arrives and they both along with Monica and her date take off for the prom. Rachel famously kisses Ross on learning this revelation. However, they take a break from their relationship on their one-year anniversary together. That night, Ross cheats on Rachel, officially ending the relationship. They get together again at the end of Season 3 but again break up at the start of Season 4. Some of the later episodes show them to be still in love with each other such as when Ross cancels his Discovery channel show appearance to be with Rachel when she breaks her rib or when Rachel flies to London to tell Ross before his wedding with Emily, that she's still in love with him, only to realize that it would be better not to tell.
Ross and Rachel also marry each other after getting heavily drunk in Las Vegas. This marriage ends in a divorce after a failed application for an annulment.
In the 7th season premiere, after the news of Monica and Chandler’s engagement, Ross and Rachel kiss, and Monica is hurt by this as she believed that Rachel was trying to “steal her thunder”. The kiss is later revealed to have happened because Rachel was upset thinking about the fact that she was “not even close” to being engaged.
In the 8th season finale, Ross’s daughter with Rachel named Emma Geller-Green is born, as a result of their one night stand prior to Chandler and Monica’s wedding.
In the final episode of the show, when Rachel is moving to Paris for her job with a new fashion brand, Ross tells her at the airport that he loves her and asks not to leave. Rachel initially doesn't heed his feelings, but when the plane is about to take off, she realizes that she loves him too and gets off the plane. They profess their love for each other and decide to be together once and for all. Ross and Rachel eventually got married shortly after the series finale.
Carol Willick[edit]
Carol (Anita Barone for pilot episode, Jane Sibbett thereafter) is Ross's first wife and the mother of his son Ben. In the very first episode, Carol has just moved out of their apartment after coming out of the closet as a lesbian and leaving Ross for a woman named Susan Bunch, who she later marries.
In the early days, however, Ross and Carol seemed to have had a very passionate relationship. Carol is the only woman he's ever had sex with (and hence lost his virginity to) at the start of the series. It is also revealed they shared a steamy session at Disneyland behind the "Dutch children" in It's a Small World, which got them a lifetime ban from the theme park.
Ross maintains a fairly healthy relationship with Carol after their divorce and both decide to raise Ben together through shared parenting, but he doesn't hide his contempt for Susan as he believes she destroyed their marriage. He briefly considers getting back together with Carol and they even share a kiss at a sushi restaurant, but Carol makes it clear that she can't reciprocate his feelings and has chosen to be with Susan.
Carol's lack of romantic feelings towards Ross is reinforced in the flashback episode "The One that Could have Been" (season 6). Exploring what could have happened if Ross and Carol never got divorced, it is revealed that they have been on a sexual dry spell that's lasted for months. Carol is very excited when Ross proposes they have a threesome with another woman. Picking Susan, whom she met at her gym just like in the "real life scenario", the two girls end up mostly having sex without Ross. While explaining to Joey that he felt like a third wheel and ended up being so bored he made himself a sandwich, Ross realizes his wife is a lesbian all the same.
Emily Waltham[edit]
During the fourth season, Ross meets and falls in love with Emily Waltham (Helen Baxendale), a British woman who is set up with Ross by Rachel. Ross spontaneously asks Emily to move in with him. This escalates into a marriage proposal. The two plan a wedding in London, to which Rachel is invited.
During the ceremony, Ross, upon seeing Rachel, has a slip of the tongue and says Rachel's name instead of Emily's during his vows. Emily is furious and exits her own marriage. Emily however decides to forgive Ross, and reaches the airport but is annoyed to see Rachel and Ross boarding the plane together. She flees away again, and Ross follows her only to lose her and also Rachel goes to the place alone. Emily, later, calls Ross only to confront him by saying that he has to stop calling / harassing her relatives, but Ross makes her reveal her love for him. She said that she will return only if Ross stops being friends with Rachel. Unable to do so, Ross ends his marriage with Emily.
Reception[edit]
Ross Geller has become a well-known figure in pop culture, in particular due to his relationship with Rachel Green, his neurotic nature and his love for dinosaurs.
In 2015, a play titled Ross & Rachel debuted at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.[6]
In October 2016, Ross Geller was voted "the Best Friends Character" in an international poll held by Comedy Central, during six weeks of "FriendsFest" on the channel.[7]
See also[edit]
List of Friends characters
References[edit]
Friends portal
Jump up ^ Galindo, Buzz (August 7, 2013). "25 Fascinating Facts You Might Not Know About "Friends"". BuzzFeed. BuzzFeed, Inc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015. The full names of the characters are ... Ross Eustace Geller.
Jump up ^ Couric, Katie (May 5, 2004). "Dateline NBC - Newsmakers - NBCNews.com". MSNBC. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bierly, Mandi; Fog, Henning (July 25, 2013). "30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples | Photo 24 of 30". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Anonymous. "Plot Summary for "Friends" The One with the Routine (1999)".
Jump up ^ Sonia Saraiya. "David Schwimmer puts in the work: On learning wine, waiting tables and why he "campaigned for years for a black girlfriend" for Ross Geller". Salon. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ross & Rachel - Assembly Festival – Edinburgh Fringe". www.assemblyfestival.com. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
Jump up ^ "It's Official: Ross Geller Is The Best Friend".
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Friends
Characters
Chandler Bing
Phoebe Buffay
Monica Geller
Ross Geller
Rachel Green
Joey Tribbiani
Episodes
Season 1
"The Pilot" (1.01)
"The One with the Sonogram at the End" (1.02)
Season 2
"The One with the Lesbian Wedding" (2.11)
"The One After the Superbowl" (2.12–2.13)
"The One with the Prom Video" (2.14)
"The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies" (2.18)
Season 3
"The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy" (3.01)
"The One Where No One's Ready" (3.02)
Season 4
"The One with the Embryos" (4.12)
"The One with Ross's Wedding" (4.23–4.24)
Season 5
"The One After Ross Says Rachel" (5.01)
"The One Hundredth" (5.03)
"The One with All the Thanksgivings" (5.08)
"The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey" (5.15)
"The One Where Rachel Smokes" (5.18)
"The One Where Ross Can't Flirt" (5.19)
"The One with the Ride-Along" (5.20)
Season 6
"The One After Vegas" (6.01)
"The One with the Apothecary Table" (6.11)
"The One with the Proposal" (6.24–6.25)
Season 7
"The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding" (7.23–7.24)
Season 8
"The One with Rachel's Date" (8.05)
"The One with the Rumor" (8.09)
Season 9
–
Season 10
"The Last One" (10.17–10.18)
Related articles
Music
"I'll Be There for You"
Joey
Mad About You
Awards and nominations
Friends ... 'Til the End
Hello Friends
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