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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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"Centers for Disease Control" redirects here. For the Centers for Disease Control in Taiwan, see Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan). For the European Union agency, see European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Agency overview
Formed
July 1, 1946; 71 years ago (1946-07-01)
Preceding agencies
Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities (1942)
Office of Malaria Control in War Areas (1942–1946)
Communicable Disease Center (1946–1967)
National Communicable Disease Center (1967–1970)
Center for Disease Control (1970–1980)
Centers for Disease Control (1980–1992)
Jurisdiction
Federal government of the United States
Headquarters
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Employees
15,000
Annual budget
US$7.010 billion (2016 FY)
Agency executive
Brenda Fitzgerald, Director
Parent agency
United States Department of Health and Human Services
Website
www.cdc.gov
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services, headquartered near Atlanta, Georgia.[1][2][3]
Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the US and internationally.[4] The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. In addition, the CDC researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Organization
2.1 Global health
2.2 Travelers' Health
3 Budget and workforce
3.1 Directors
4 Data and survey systems
5 Diseases
5.1 Influenza
5.2 Other infectious diseases
5.3 Non-infectious diseases
5.4 Antibiotic resistance
6 Epidemic Intelligence Service
6.1 Epidemiologic Assistance
7 Foundation
8 Popular culture and controversies
8.1 Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male
8.2 CDC zombie apocalypse outreach campaign
8.3 Gun violence
9 Publications
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
See also: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention timeline
CDC headquarters in Druid Hills, Georgia, as seen from Emory University
CDC's Roybal campus in Atlanta, Georgia
Arlen Specter Headquarters and Emergency Operations Center
Tom Harkin Global Communications Center
CDC and MSF staff preparing to enter an Ebola treatment unit in Liberia, August 2014
The Communicable Disease Center was founded July 1, 1946, as the successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program[5] of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities.[6]
Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation.[7] The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control,[7] sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency.[8]
The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States.[9] The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street.
With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States[10] (see National Malaria Eradication Program).
Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering. In CDC's initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed, mostly with DDT. In 1946, there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn, somewhat fancifully, in the shape of a mosquito. Under Joseph Walter Mountin, the CDC continued to advocate for public health issues and pushed to extend its responsibilities to many other communicable diseases.[11]
In 1947, the CDC made a token payment of $10 to Emory University for 15 acres (61,000 m2) of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, still the home of CDC headquarters today. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind the “gift” was Robert W. Woodruff, chairman of the board of The Coca-Cola Company. Woodruff had a long-time interest in malaria control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, and a new Veterinary Diseases Division was established.[5] An Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) was established in 1951, originally due to biological warfare concerns arising from the Korean War; it evolved into two-year postgraduate training program in epidemiology, and a prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP), now found in numerous countries, reflecting CDC's influence in promoting this model internationally.[12]
The mission of CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when the Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was transferred to the CDC in 1957. Shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred (in 1960) to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established.[13]
It became the National Communicable Disease Center (NCDC) effective July 1, 1967.[6] The organization was renamed the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on June 24, 1970, and Centers for Disease Control effective October 14, 1980.[6] An act of the United States Congress appended the words "and Prevention" to the name effective October 27, 1992. However, Congress directed that the initialism CDC be retained because of its name recognition.[14]
Currently the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases, disabilities, injury control, workplace hazards, environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness. CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including birth defects, West Nile virus, obesity, avian, swine, and pandemic flu, E. coli, and bioterrorism, to name a few. The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of penicillin. In May 1994 the CDC admitted having sent several biological warfare agents to the Iraqi government from 1984 through 1989, including Botulinum toxin, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis and Dengue fever virus.[15]
On April 21, 2005, then–CDC Director Julie Gerberding, formally announced the reorganization of CDC to "confront the challenges of 21st-century health threats".[16] The four Coordinating Centers—established under the G. W. Bush Administration and Gerberding—"diminished the influence of national centers under [their] umbrella",[clarification needed] and were ordered cut under the Obama Administration in 2009.[17]
The CDC's Biosafety Level 4 laboratories are among the few that exist in the world,[18] as well as one of only two official repositories of smallpox in the world. The second smallpox store resides at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russian Federation.
The CDC revealed in 2014 that it had discovered several misplaced smallpox samples and also that lab workers had potentially been infected with anthrax.[19]
Organization[edit]
The CDC is organized into "Centers, Institutes, and Offices" (CIOs) which allow it to be responsive and effective in its interface with public health concerns. Each organizational unit implements the agency's response in a particular area of expertise. Within "Offices" are Centers, Divisions, and Branches.[20]
CIOs are:
CDC Washington Office
Center for Global Health
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support
Office of Equal Employment Opportunity
Office of Infectious Diseases
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP)
Viral Special Pathogens Branch (VSPB)
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Office of Minority Health and Health Equity
Office of Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury and Environmental Health
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response
Division of Emergency Operations
Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
Office of Public Health Science Services
Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services
National Center for Health Statistics
Office of the Associate Director for Communication
Office of the Associate Director for Policy
Office of the Associate Director for Science
Office of the Chief of Staff
Office of the Chief Operating Officer
Global health[edit]
The CDC partners with many international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and global divisions include: Division of Global HIV & TB (DGHT), Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (DPDM), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), and Global Immunization Division (GID).[21]
The CDC is integral in working with WHO in establishing the International Health Regulations (IHR), that is binding on 194 member countries, through the Global Disease Detection Program (GDD) and the WHO and CDC Global Surveillance Systems.[22]
Travelers' Health[edit]
For travelers, the CDC publishes the book, CDC Health Information for International Travel, available online and in print as a new edition every other year.[23] Known as the "yellow book", it includes current travel health guidelines, recommendations for vaccination, and information on specific travel destinations. The CDC website on travelers' health includes travel health notices consisting of three levels: Watch Level 1 (practice usual precautions), Alert Level 2 (practice enhanced precautions), and Warning Level 3 (avoid nonessential travel).[24]
Budget and workforce[edit]
CDC’s Fiscal Year 2014 budget was $6.9 billion.[25][26][needs update]
As of 2008, staff numbered approximately 15,000 (including 6,000 contractors and 840 Commissioned Corps officers) in 170 occupations. Eighty percent have earned bachelor's degrees or higher; almost half have advanced degrees (a master's degree or a doctorate such as a PhD, D.O., or M.D.).[27] CDC job titles include engineer, entomologist, epidemiologist, biologist, physician, veterinarian, behavioral scientist, nurse, medical technologist, economist, public health advisor, health communicator, toxicologist, chemist, computer scientist, and statistician.[28]
In addition to its Atlanta headquarters, the CDC has other locations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Those locations include Anchorage; Cleveland; Cincinnati; Detroit; Fort Collins; Hyattsville; Morgantown; Pittsburgh; Research Triangle Park; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Spokane, Washington; and Washington, D.C. The CDC also conducts the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the world’s largest, ongoing telephone health-survey system.[29]
The CDC offers grants that help many organizations each year bring health, safety and awareness to surrounding communities throughout the entire United States. As a government-run department, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention awards over 85 percent of its annual budget through these grants to accomplish its ultimate goal of disease control and quality health for all.[30]
The CDC operates the Public Health Associate Program (PHAP), a two-year paid fellowship for recent college graduates to work in public health agencies all over the United States. PHAP was founded in 2007 and currently has 159 associates in 34 states.[31]
Directors[edit]
David Sencer points to a depiction of Triatomine sp., which transmits Chagas disease.
The President of the United States appoints the director of the CDC and the appointment does not require Senate confirmation. The director serves at the pleasure of the President and may be fired at any time.[32][33]
Sixteen directors have served the CDC or its predecessor agencies.[34][35]
Louis L. Williams Jr., MD (1942–1943)
Mark D. Hollis, ScD (1944–1946)
Raymond A. Vonderlehr, MD (1947–1951)
Justin M. Andrews, ScD (1952–1953)
Theodore J. Bauer, MD (1953–1956)
Robert J. Anderson, MD, MPH (1956–1960)
Clarence A. Smith, MD, MPH (1960–1962)
James L. Goddard, MD, MPH (1962–1966)
David J. Sencer, MD, MPH (1966–1977)
William H. Foege, MD, MPH (1977–1983)
James O. Mason, MD, MPH (1983–1989)
William L. Roper, MD, MPH (1990–1993)
David Satcher, MD, PhD (1993–1998)
Jeffrey P. Koplan, MD, MPH (1998–2002)[36]
Julie Gerberding, MD, MPH (2002–2008)
Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH (2009–Jan 2017)[32]
Anne Schuchat, MD (RADM, USPHS)[37]
Brenda Fitzgerald, MD (2017- present)
Data and survey systems[edit]
CDC Scientific Data, Surveillance, Health Statistics, and Laboratory Information.[38]
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.[39]
Mortality Medical Data System.[40]
Abortion statistics in the United States[41]
Diseases[edit]
Donald Henderson as part of the CDC's smallpox eradication team in 1966.
Influenza[edit]
The CDC has launched campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza, including the H1N1 swine flu. The CDC has launched websites including Flu.gov to educate people in proper hygiene.[42]
Other infectious diseases[edit]
The CDC's website (see below) has information on other infectious diseases, including smallpox, measles, and others. The CDC runs a program that protects the public from rare and dangerous substances such as anthrax and the Ebola virus. The program, called the Select Agents Program, calls for inspections of labs in the U.S. that work with dangerous pathogens.[43]
During the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the CDC helped coordinate the return of two infected American aid workers for treatment at Emory University Hospital, the home of a special unit to handle highly infectious diseases.[44]
As a response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak, Congress passed a Continuing Appropriations Resolution allocating $30,000,000 towards CDC's efforts to fight the virus.[45]
Non-infectious diseases[edit]
The CDC also works on non-infectious diseases, including chronic diseases caused by obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco-use.[46]
Antibiotic resistance[edit]
The CDC implemented their National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria as a measure against the spread of antibiotic resistance in the United States. This initiative has a budget of $161 million and includes the development of the Antibiotic Resistance Lab Network.[47]
Epidemic Intelligence Service[edit]
The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) provides "Boots-on-the-ground disease detectives," which investigate public health problems.[48]
Epidemiologic Assistance[edit]
Within the EIS, the Epidemiologic Assistance (Epi-Aids) provides short-term epidemiologic assistance when asked by a governmental body.[49][50][51]
Foundation[edit]
The CDC Foundation operates independently from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization incorporated in the State of Georgia. The creation of the Foundation was authorized by section 399F of the Public Health Service Act to support the mission of CDC in partnership with the private sector, including organizations, foundations, businesses, educational groups, and individuals.[52][53]
Popular culture and controversies[edit]
Historically, the CDC has been relatively free of political manipulation.[54]
Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male[edit]
For 15 years, the CDC had direct oversight over the Tuskegee syphilis experiment.[55] In the study, which lasted from 1932 to 1972, a group of African American men (nearly 400 of whom had syphilis) were studied to learn more about the disease. Notably, the disease was left untreated in the research subjects and they never gave their informed consent to serve as research subjects. The Tuskegee Study was initiated in 1932 by the Public Health Service. The CDC took over the study in 1957.[56]
The CDC's response to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s has been criticized for promoting some public health policies that harmed HIV+ people and for providing ineffective public education. The agency's response to the 2001 anthrax attacks was also criticized for ineffective communication with other public health agencies and with the public.[54]
CDC zombie apocalypse outreach campaign[edit]
On May 16, 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's blog published an article instructing the public on what to do to prepare for a zombie invasion. While the article did not claim that such a scenario was possible, it did use the popular culture appeal as a means of urging citizens to prepare for all potential hazards, such as earthquakes, tornadoes, and floods.[57]
According to David Daigle, the Associate Director for Communications, Public Health Preparedness and Response, the idea arose when his team was discussing their upcoming hurricane-information campaign and Daigle mused that "we say pretty much the same things every year, in the same way, and I just wonder how many people are paying attention." A social-media employee mentioned that the subject of zombies had come up a lot on Twitter when she had been tweeting about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and radiation. The team realized that a campaign like this would most likely reach a different audience from the one that normally pays attention to hurricane-preparedness warnings and went to work on the zombie campaign, launching it right before hurricane season began. "The whole idea was, if you're prepared for a zombie apocalypse, you're prepared for pretty much anything," said Daigle.[58]
Once the blog article became popular, the CDC announced an open contest for YouTube submissions of the most creative and effective videos covering preparedness for a zombie apocalypse (or apocalypse of any kind), to be judged by the "CDC Zombie Task Force". Submissions were open until October 11, 2011.[59] They also released a zombie-themed graphic novella available on their website.[60] Zombie-themed educational materials for teachers are available on the site.[61]
Gun violence[edit]
One area of current partisan dispute related to CDC funding is studying gun violence. The 1996 Dickey Amendment states "none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control".[62] Advocates for gun control oppose the amendment and have tried to overturn it.[63]
The American Medical Association, the American Psychological Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics sent a letter to the leaders of the Senate Appropriations Committee in 2013 asking them "to support at least $10 million within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in FY 2014 along with sufficient new funding at the National Institutes of Health to support research into the causes and prevention of gun violence. Furthermore, we urge Members to oppose any efforts to reduce, eliminate, or condition CDC funding related to gun violence prevention research."[64] Congress maintained the ban in subsequent budgets.[63]
Publications[edit]
CDC publications[65]
State of CDC report[66]
CDC Programs in Brief[67]
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report[68]
Emerging Infectious Diseases (monthly journal)[69]
Preventing Chronic Disease
Vital statistics[70]
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Health and fitness portal
Medicine portal
For similar agencies elsewhere, see the list of national public health agencies.
References[edit]
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Coordinates: 33°47′56″N 84°19′32″W / 33.798817°N 84.325598°W / 33.798817; -84.325598
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&oldid=807182124"
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Dancing in the Dark (Howard Dietz and Arthur Schwartz song)
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"Dancing in the Dark"
Song
Published
1931
Composer(s)
Arthur Schwartz
Lyricist(s)
Howard Dietz
"Dancing in the Dark" is a popular song, with music by Arthur Schwartz and lyrics by Howard Dietz, that was first introduced by John Barker in the 1931 revue The Band Wagon. The song was first recorded by Bing Crosby on August 19, 1931 with Studio Orchestra directed by Victor Young,[1] staying on the pop charts for six weeks, peaking at #3,[2] and helping to make it a lasting standard.
The 1941 recording by Artie Shaw and His Orchestra[3] earned Shaw one of his eight gold records at the height of the Big Band era of the 1930s and 1940s.
It was subsequently featured in the classic 1953 MGM musical The Band Wagon and has since come to be considered part of the Great American Songbook. In the film it is orchestrally performed to a ballet dance set in Central Park. The song is given a 'sensual and dramatic'[4] orchestration by Conrad Salinger, with the dance choreographed by Michael Kidd and performed by Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse.
Contents
[hide]
1 Other recordings
2 In popular culture
3 Notes
4 External links
Other recordings[edit]
Barry Manilow - for his 1991 album Showstoppers
Bert Kaempfert - for his 1960 album Dancing in Wonderland[5]
Diana Krall - for her album The Look of Love (2001)
Ella Fitzgerald sang it live at a concert in 1970 and this has been issued on the album Ella in Budapest
Frank Sinatra - included on his 1959 album Come Dance with Me
Fred Astaire - recorded for his album The Astaire Story (1952)
Gordon MacRae - for his 1957 album Motion Picture Soundstage[6]
Jane Morgan - in the album Great Songs from the Great Shows of the Century[7](1959)
Jo Stafford - included in her 1953 album Broadway's Best
Johnny Mathis - for his album Love Is Everything (1965)
Mel Tormé - for his 1961 album My Kind of Music
Patti Page- included in her 1958 album I've Heard That Song Before[8]
Sarah Vaughan - for her album Great Songs from Hit Shows (1957)[9]
Tony Bennett recorded it twice, first in 1961 for the album My Heart Sings, and then in 1993 for the Steppin' Out album
Bea Wain - included in the album My Reverie (1982)[10]
Al Bowlly as part of a medley on a 78rpm record Al Bowlly Remembers Medley Part 1 (November 11, 1938) (See Al Bowlly Discography)
Julian "Cannonball" Adderley - in the 1958 album Somethin' Else
Diamanda Galas - included in the 2003 album La serpenta canta
Bill Evans - for the 1964 album Trio 64
Ray Conniff - included in his album 'S Wonderful! (1956)
and others.
In popular culture[edit]
Steve Martin was the host for the final episode of season 14 of Saturday Night Live. In the opening monologue, he visibly struggled to hold back tears as he paid tribute to Gilda Radner, who had died of cancer on the afternoon before the broadcast. Martin and Radner's "Dancing in the Dark" sketch, originally shown in episode 64 in 1978, was also offered in tribute.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p. 103. ISBN 0-89820-083-0.
Jump up ^ "45worlds.com". 45worlds.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexandra Carter, The Routledge Dance Studies Reader, 1998, p. 292.
Jump up ^ "discogs.com". discogs.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
External links[edit]
History of the song at jazzstandards

This pop standards-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_in_the_Dark_(Howard_Dietz_and_Arthur_Schwartz_song)&oldid=811309780"
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This page was last edited on 20 November 2017, at 20:37.
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