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Gotham (TV series)
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Gotham
Genre
Action[1]
Crime[2]
Police procedural[3]
Based on
Characters published
by DC Comics
Developed by
Bruno Heller
Starring
Ben McKenzie
Donal Logue
David Mazouz
Zabryna Guevara
Sean Pertwee
Robin Lord Taylor
Erin Richards
Camren Bicondova
Cory Michael Smith
Victoria Cartagena
Andrew Stewart-Jones
John Doman
Jada Pinkett Smith
Morena Baccarin
James Frain
Jessica Lucas
Chris Chalk
Drew Powell
Nicholas D'Agosto
Michael Chiklis
Maggie Geha
Benedict Samuel
Crystal Reed
Alexander Siddig
Composer(s)
Graeme Revell
David E. Russo
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
77 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Danny Cannon
Bruno Heller
John Stephens
Ben Edlund
Ken Woodruff
Producer(s)
Scott White
Rebecca Perry Cutter
Location(s)
New York City, New York
Cinematography
David Stockton
Thomas Yatsko
Christopher Norr
Crescenzo Notarile
Editor(s)
Daniel Gabbe
David Ekstrom
Mark C. Baldwin
John Ganem
Barrie Wise
Leland Sexton
Sarah C. Reeves
Running time
42–49 minutes
Production company(s)
Primrose Hill Productions
DC Entertainment
Warner Bros. Television
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
Fox
Picture format
16:9 (HDTV)
Original release
September 22, 2014 (2014-09-22) – present
External links
Official website
www.fox.com/gotham
Production
website
www.warnerbros.com/tv/gotham
Gotham is an American crime drama television series developed by Bruno Heller, based on characters published by DC Comics and appearing in the Batman franchise, primarily those of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne. The series stars Ben McKenzie as the young Gordon, while Heller executive produces, along with Danny Cannon, who also directed the pilot.
Originally the series would have related only on Gordon's early days with the Gotham City Police Department, but the series subsequently included the Wayne character and the origin stories of several Batman villains, including Penguin,[4] Riddler,[4] Catwoman,[4] Poison Ivy,[5] Scarecrow,[6] Mr. Freeze,[7] Hugo Strange[8], Ra's al Ghul[9] and Solomon Grundy.[10]
Gotham premiered on Fox on September 22, 2014. In May 2017, Fox renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 21, 2017.[11][12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Release
4.1 Broadcast
4.2 Marketing
4.3 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
5.2 Critical response
5.2.1 Season 1
5.2.2 Season 2
5.2.3 Season 3
5.3 Awards and nominations
6 Other media
6.1 Comic books
6.2 Novels
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Main article: List of Gotham episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings
First aired
Last aired
Rank
Avg. viewers
(in millions)
1 22 September 22, 2014 (2014-09-22) May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04) 68 7.56[13]
2 22 September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21) May 23, 2016 (2016-05-23) 89 5.37[14]
3 22 September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19) June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05) 100 4.52[15]
4 TBA September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21) TBA TBA TBA
In the first season, James Gordon, a new recruit in the Gotham City Police Department is paired with veteran detective Harvey Bullock to solve the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne. Gordon meets the Waynes' son Bruce who is now in the care of butler Alfred Pennyworth. In addition, he also encounters gang member Oswald Cobblepot, forensics worker Edward Nygma, street orphans Selina Kyle and Pamela "Ivy" Pepper, assistant district attorney Harvey Dent, and medical doctor Leslie Thompkins. Gordon becomes involved with Gotham's crime families including gangster Fish Mooney and crime lords Carmine Falcone and Salvatore Maroni.[4]
In the second season, Gordon deals with a series of events that are being orchestrated by Theo Galavan and his sister Tabitha as part of a plan to take over Gotham as the new Mayor of Gotham City and exacting revenge against the Wayne Family. After Galavan is murdered in his run for mayor, the Gotham City Police Department deals with the actions of Victor Fries. The enigmatic Hugo Strange and his assistant Ethel Peabody conduct a series of bizarre experiments underneath Arkham Asylum in the underground Indian Hill facility that is secretly owned by Wayne Enterprises and overseen by the Court of Owls.
In the third season taking place six months later, Gordon has become a bounty hunter as he works to track down Indian Hill experiments that escaped as well as a revived Fish Mooney. While planning to get Leslie Thompkins back, he also encounters Carmine Falcone's son Mario Calvi as well as hypnotist Jervis Tetch who arrives to look for his sister Alice where she possesses poisonous blood that drives many crazy in various ways. Meanwhile, Ivy is aged up to an adult woman following an encounter with one of Fish Mooney's Indian Hill followers and Jerome Valeska is revived to resume his previous vendetta against the city. Gordon has to deal with the Court of Owls working on behalf of Ra's al Ghul and the League of Shadows, Penguin and Ivy teaming up to form an army, and Edward Nygma embraces his new identity as "The Riddler".
In the fourth season, Bruce Wayne is a masked vigilante, patrolling Gotham's streets at night, wearing dark clothes and a hooded black balaclava. Cobblepot begins a campaign to dominate the city's underworld by profiting off licensed crime, Nygma finds his mental faculties diminished as a side-effect of having been flash-frozen, Jonathan Crane is seen embracing his role as the Scarecrow, the League of Shadows begin their next plot involving an ancient embalming knife, and Butch Gilzean seemingly returns from the dead as Solomon Grundy.
Cast and characters[edit]
See also: List of Gotham characters
Ben McKenzie as James Gordon – In September 2013, it was reported that Fox was developing a TV series centred on James Gordon's early days as a police detective and the origin stories of various Batman villains.[16] In February 2014, McKenzie was cast as the lead character.[17] When describing his character in an interview, McKenzie stated that Gordon "is a truly honest man. The last honest man in a city full of crooked people. He's not an anti-hero, he's a true hero – but he will have to compromise."[18]
Donal Logue as Harvey Bullock – In early 2014, it was announced that Logue was cast as Harvey Bullock, a character who serves as James Gordon's ethically conflicted and compromised partner in the GCPD.[19]
David Mazouz as Bruce Wayne – In March 2014, Mazouz was cast as Bruce Wayne.[20] When discussing his character, Mazouz stated that "you never got to explore what Bruce Wayne was going through or his grieving process or what his anger makes him do. At this point in his life, he's angry, he's scared, he's compulsive, and he's lonely. He's looking for any meaning to his parents' death. You'll see the things that he'll do to himself and to other people while he's grieving, and you'll see how he becomes a regular kid again."[21]
Zabryna Guevara as Sarah Essen – In February 2014, Guevara was confirmed for the series. Descriptions revealed her character to be a police captain at the GCPD and James Gordon's direct superior.[22][23]
Sean Pertwee as Alfred Pennyworth – In February 2014, Pertwee was cast as Alfred Pennyworth in the series.[22][23] Pertwee's character takes inspiration from the Earth One iteration of Alfred Pennyworth.[24]
Robin Lord Taylor as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin – In February 2014, Taylor was cast as Oswald Cobblepot, an intelligent low-level thug who used to work for Fish Mooney.[22][23]
Erin Richards as Barbara Kean – In February 2014, Richards was confirmed to have been cast in the show. Richards portrays James Gordon's fiancee, Barbara Kean, though their relationship deteriorates over the course of the season.[22][23] She renews a past romantic relationship with Renee Montoya.[25]
Camren Bicondova as Selina "Cat" Kyle – In March 2014, Bicondova was confirmed to have joined the show's cast.[20] According to Bicondova, "The main word that I can think of to characterize Selina is that she's just surviving. She's very mischievous and very challenging to play at times, because she feels emotions but she hides them. I realized that she isn't just a street thief and a survivor; she's actually a normal girl."[26]
Cory Michael Smith as Edward Nygma / Riddler – Smith joined the cast in April 2014.[27][28] In May 2014, Smith was promoted to a series regular.[29][30] "What I love about the character's history is how diverse it is", says Smith. "When I was auditioning for Gotham, I got a handful of comics from different decades, so I had a perspective—it's been around for 75 years, which is a long time. I wanted to see an evolution of the comics—and of the character. Going from this quite innocent, well-intentioned, joyful person to starting to find this other part of him that he didn't know he had. He's a person who's constantly abused, and it's out of anger and exhaustion, and then realizing that when you start taking control of situations like that, you can gain power that way—it'll be something that he can start to enjoy."[31][32]
Victoria Cartagena as Renee Montoya – Cartagena joined the series in May 2014, but she was not a regular in season 2.[30][33]
Andrew Stewart-Jones as Crispus Allen – Stewart-Jones joined the series in May 2014, but he was not a regular in season 2.[30][33]
John Doman as Carmine Falcone – Doman first appeared in the series pilot as Carmine Falcone, a mob boss with ties to James Gordon's father.[34] oman continued to appear throughout the season.
Jada Pinkett Smith as Fish Mooney – Smith was cast as Fish Mooney in February 2014.[35] She appeared throughout the season until her character was seemingly killed in the show's Season 1 finale after being dropped off the side of a tall building by Penguin.[36] When asked if her character will return in future seasons, Smith replied, "If she survives the fall. I signed for a year. I don't think any of us really thought that Fish would have the life that she's had or be one of the favorite characters on the show. She was there to service a purpose, as far as helping to tell Penguin's story. I'm a smart girl. I understood I was there to service Penguin. If she survives, I would definitely be willing to do whatever was necessary to continue servicing the story of Gotham."[37] In January 2016 it was announced that Smith would be reprising the role for the second half of season 2.[38]
Morena Baccarin as Leslie "Lee" Thompkins – Morena Baccarin was cast in October 2014.[39] Baccarin was promoted to a series regular for the second season, after recurring in the first season.[40]
James Frain as Theo Galavan / Azrael – In June 2015, Frain was announced as a series regular for season two.[41]
Jessica Lucas as Tabitha Galavan / Tigress – In June 2015, Lucas was announced as series regular for season two.[41]
Chris Chalk as Lucius Fox – In March 2015, Chalk was announced as Lucius Fox,[42] and was promoted to a series regular for the second season.[43]
Drew Powell as Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy[44] – Fish Mooney's right-hand man and mob enforcer. Victor Zsasz later "worked on" Butch, causing him to obey Oswald Cobblepot's every command, although this was later undone by Tabitha Galavan. Powell was promoted to a series regular for the second season.[45]
Nicholas D'Agosto as Harvey Dent – In July 2014, it was announced that Harvey Dent would appear in the show.[46] D'Agosto was revealed to portray Harvey Dent in October 2014,[47] and was promoted to a series regular for the second season.[48]
Michael Chiklis as Nathaniel Barnes / The Executioner[49] – In July 2015, Chiklis was announced as a series regular for season two as Captain Nathaniel Barnes.[50]
Maggie Geha as Ivy "Pamela" Pepper – A young woman and old friend of Selina's who develops pheromone-based powers after consuming a mysterious elixir. The character was portrayed by Clare Foley as a recurring character in the first and second seasons. Starting with the second episode of season three, she was promoted to series regular with the role recast with Geha. Peyton List takes over the role in the fourth season, as a recurring character.[51][52]
Benedict Samuel as Jervis Tetch – In August 2016, Samuel was announced as a series regular for season 3. He is described as a psychotic hypnotist with a steadfast desire to find his missing sister Alice.[53]
Alexander Siddig as Ra's al Ghul – The powerful head of the League of Assassins with a keen eye on Bruce Wayne. In March 2017, Siddig was announced to portray Ra's in the season 3 finale[54]before being upgraded to a series regular for season 4.[55]
Crystal Reed as Sofia Falcone – The daughter of Carmine Falcone who is returning to Gotham to help Gordon take down the Penguin.[56] Reed was announced to portray Sofia Falcone and upgraded to a series regular for season 4.[55]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Initially, Heller said he was hesitant about doing a series about superheroes, telling website Digital Spy that "I don't really know how to write about people with super powers".[57] Further elaborating to Entertainment Weekly that "I don't think Batman works very well on TV",[58] adding that "Frankly, all those superhero stories I've seen, I always love them until they get into the costume",[58] noting that at that point "they've stopped becoming humans."[58] It was Heller's son who suggested that the focus of the series be Commissioner Gordon from which Heller then further developed into the idea of Gordon being the investigator who investigated Bruce Wayne's parents' murder an idea he says that "gave us a starting point and allowed us to tell the saga from a much earlier point than before".[57]
On September 24, 2013, Fox announced that it had bypassed the traditional pilot phase and placed a straight-to-series order for Gotham, to be written and executive produced by Heller.[59] Gotham received a series order from Fox on May 5, 2014,[60] with the first season reported to consist of 16 episodes, rather than the standard 13 or 22.[61] On January 17, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season.[62]
Fox's Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly stated, "We were only contractually obligated to order 13, and we ordered 16, because we think that's the way that show, at least in its first iteration, will be very strong to arc to. Could we do more next season? We certainly could, but that’s where we're starting with that one. That show is going to have a very strong, serialized element."[63] On October 13, Fox ordered an additional six episodes for the show, bringing the first season order to a full 22 episodes.[64]
Speaking of the project at the 2014 winter TCA press tour, Reilly described the series as "this operatic soap that has a slightly larger-than-life quality. This is not some adjunct companion series. This is the Batman franchise, just backing it up [in chronology]."[65] He later added that the series is separate from any DC film universe.[66] As part of a settlement with his heirs, Gotham and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice were the first productions by DC that credited Bill Finger as co-creator of Batman.[67]
Casting[edit]
In January 2014, rumors arose that Donal Logue would portray Gordon in the series. Logue denied these rumors via Twitter.[68] Logue was eventually cast as Harvey Bullock.[69]
In February 2014, Ben McKenzie was cast as James Gordon.[70] McKenzie had shot a previous pilot with Heller for CBS, which led to Heller writing his characterization of Gordon with Mckenzie in mind.[71] Casting Bruce Wayne was challenging in part because, as Heller put it "It's such an important casting and it would've been very dangerous to cast the wrong person" adding that the casting process for Wayne "took a lot of negotiation, a lot of back and forth so that everyone was happy and comfortable."[57] In early March 2014, David Mazouz was cast as Bruce Wayne while Camren Bicondova was cast as Selina Kyle.[72] At the 2014 Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo, DC's Jim Cunningham said that Renee Montoya would be a character on the show.[73]
Filming[edit]
In February 2014, it was reported that production would begin in New York City in March.[69] Filming for the first season finished on March 24, 2015.[74]
Music[edit]
In July 2014, it was announced that Graeme Revell would be the composer for the series.[75]
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
The series premiered on Nine Network in Australia on October 12.[76] In Canada, it is shown in simulcast on CTV and reran on M3.[77] In New Zealand, it premiered on TV2 on September 28.[78] In the United Kingdom, it premiered on Channel 5 on October 13.[79] The channel also screen the second season but after failing to screen the third season it was announced in August 2017 that the season would premiere exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray and be on Netflix from September 1.[80] In Ireland, it premiered on RTÉ2 on 26 January 2015.[81]
Marketing[edit]
The pilot was screened at the Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment panel at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2014.[82]
Home media[edit]
In September 2014, Warner Bros. sold the series' worldwide video on demand rights to Netflix.[83] The first season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 8, 2015.[84]
Reception[edit]
In early October 2014, market research firm Survata polled more than 1,400 viewers to determine that Gotham was the major TV premiere, out of 24, that viewers were most interested to watch that year.[85]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 Monday 8:00 pm 22 September 22, 2014 (2014-09-22) 8.21[86] May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04) 4.93[87] 2014–15 68 7.56 2.8[88]
2 22 September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21) 4.57[89] May 23, 2016 (2016-05-23) 3.62[90] 2015–16 89 5.37 2.0[91]
3 22 September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19) 3.90[92] June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05) 3.03[93] 2016–17 100 4.52 1.6[94]
4 Thursday 8:00 pm TBA September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21) 3.21[95] TBA TBD 2017–18 TBD TBD TBD
In Australia, the first and second episodes received 1.24 million and 896,000 viewers, respectively.[96] The timeshifted broadcasts were watched by 1.43 and 1.03 million, respectively.[97] The Canadian debut got 3.38 million viewers, making it the second most-watched telecast of the night and week.[98] The UK premiere was watched by 3.20 million viewers. The airings on the 1-hour and 24-hour timeshift channels were watched by 597,000 and 142,000 viewers, respectively.[99] In New Zealand, it was the most-watched program on the network, with 278,540 viewers.[100] The time shifted version was watched by 39,580 viewers.[101]
Critical response[edit]
Rotten Tomatoes ratings per season
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Rating
80%[102] 81%[103] 89%[104]
Season 1[edit]
Season 1 of Gotham received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season a rating of 80% based on 86 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's consensus states, "High production values, a talented cast, and an appealingly stylized approach to the Batman mythos help Gotham overcome its occasionally familiar themes."[102] Metacritic gives the season a score of 71 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[105]
David Hinckley of the New York Daily News praised the first episode for playing "like a 45-minute movie, with stunning visuals that never feel like a shrunken TV version of the Batman films against which it will inevitably be measured" and lauded Logue's Harvey Bullock as a scene-stealer.[106] The San Jose Mercury News' Chuck Barney called the pilot "a fun, dark, moody and well-paced first hour" and McKenzie's James Gordon a commanding lead, while saying Jada Pinkett Smith is "an absolute blast to watch."[107] Matt Brennan of Indiewire said that Gotham was "the perfect antidote to superhero fatigue", praising the "bright, pop-inflected aesthetic, with urban backdrops that appear as though cut out from the panels of a comic book."[108]
Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly criticized the first half of season one along with the mid-season premiere. He found the personalities of the most characters "already nearly fully formed; all they can become is more or less than what they already are." Jensen added that Gordon not being Gotham's redeemer hurt the premise of the show and heavily criticized what he saw as the under-use of Jada Pinkett Smith's character. In the end, he does not see Gotham "as a show for comic book fanboys" but rather as "a post-fanboy, or fanboy-irrelevant."[109] Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club lamented that "there have been dozens of interpretations of Batman and his city in the 75 years since their creation, and Gotham has trouble finding the right balance of influences".[110]
Season 2[edit]
The second season of Gotham received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 81% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While still tonally uneven in season two, Gotham is back with a renewed focus, moving away from disjointed case-of-the-week plots into a darker, more stable serialized story."[103] Metacritic gives the season a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[111]
Season 3[edit]
The third season of Gotham received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 84% based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10.[104]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.
2014 Critics' Choice Television Awards Most Exciting New Series Gotham Won [112]
2015 American Society of Cinematographers Episode of a Regular Series Christopher Norr
"Spirit of the Goat" Nominated [113]
[114]
Television Movie, Miniseries or Pilot David Stockton
"Pilot" Nominated
Art Directors Guild One-hour period or fantasy single-camera television series Doug Kraner
"Pilot," "Selina Kyle," "Arkham" Nominated [115]
[116]
Gracie Awards Outstanding Drama Gotham Won [117]
Motion Picture Sound Editors TV Short Form Music Score Ashley Revell
"Lovecraft" Nominated [118]
[119]
NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Jada Pinkett Smith Nominated [120]
People's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama Gotham Nominated [121]
[122]
Favorite Actor In A New TV Series Benjamin McKenzie Nominated
Favorite Actress In A New TV Series Jada Pinkett Smith Nominated
Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Gotham Nominated [123]
Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Camren Bicondova Nominated
Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program (One Hour or More) Doug Kraner
"Pilot" Nominated [124]
Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series or Movie Lisa Padovani
"Under the Knife" Nominated
Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series George Haddad
"All Happy Families Are Alike" Nominated
Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Thomas Joseph Mahoney
"Lovecraft" Nominated
2016 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Drama Gotham Nominated [125]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show: Drama Gotham Nominated [126]
[127]
Choice TV Actor: Drama Benjamin McKenzie Nominated
Choice TV: Villain Cameron Monaghan Nominated
Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series Crescenzo Giacomo Notarile
"Azrael" Nominated [128]
Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series George Haddad
"Azrael" Nominated
Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Limited Series, or Movie Norman Douglass Nominated
2017 Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Gotham Nominated [129]
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Action Show Gotham Nominated [130]
Choice TV: Villain Cory Michael Smith Nominated [131]
Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series George Haddad
"Destiny Calling" Nominated [132]
Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Thomas Joseph Mahoney
"Heavydirtysoul" Won
Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series, Limited Series, or Movie Norman Douglass Nominated
Other media[edit]
Comic books[edit]
On February 1, 2016, Fox began airing episodes of a five-part motion comic titled Gotham Stories, meant to tie into the series' second season.[133][134]
Novels[edit]
On January 31, 2017, the first Gotham tie-in novel was published by Titan. Dawn of Darkness by Jason Starr is described as an "official prequel" to the TV series, set two months prior to the beginning of the series.[135]
See also[edit]
Bruce Wayne (TV series)
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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Gotham
Episodes
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"Pilot"
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"The Anvil or the Hammer"
"All Happy Families Are Alike"
Season 2
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"Damned If You Do..."
"Knock, Knock"
"The Last Laugh"
"Strike Force"
"Scarification"
"By Fire"
"Mommy's Little Monster"
"Tonight's the Night"
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"A Legion of Horribles"
"Transference"
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Mad City
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"Look into My Eyes"
"New Day Rising"
"Anything for You"
"Follow the White Rabbit"
"Red Queen"
"Blood Rush"
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Athletics abbreviations
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The sports under the umbrella of athletics, particularly track and field use a large number of statistics. In order to report that information efficiently, numerous abbreviations have grown to be common in the sport.
Starting in 1948 by Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson, Track and Field News became the leader in creating and defining abbreviations in this field. But these abbreviations have also been adopted by, among others, the IAAF; the world governing body, various domestic governing bodies, the Association of Track and Field Statisticians, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, the Associated Press and the individual media outlets who receive their reports. These abbreviations also appear in Wikipedia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Times and marks
1.1 Records
1.2 Bests
1.3 Circumstances and conditions
1.4 Disqualifications
2 Initialisms
2.1 Organising bodies
2.2 Publications and statisticians
3 Events
4 Competitions
5 References
6 External links
Times and marks[edit]
Almost all races record a time. Evolving since experiments in the 1930s, to their official use at the 1968 Summer Olympics and official acceptance in 1977, fully automatic times have become common. As this evolution has occurred, the rare early times were specified as FAT times. As they are now commonplace, automatic times are now expressed using the hundredths of a second. Hand times (watches operated by human beings) are not regarded as accurate and thus are only accepted to the accuracy of a tenth of a second even when the watch displays greater accuracy. If the mark was set before 1977, a converted time to the tenth was recorded for record purposes, because they did not have a system to compare between the timing methods. Frequently in those cases there is a mark to the 100th retained for that race. Over this period of evolution, some reports show hand times also followed with an "h" or "ht" to distinguish hand times.
With two different timing methods came the inevitable desire to compare times. Track and Field News initiated adding .24 to hand times as a conversion factor. Many electronic hand stopwatches display times to the hundredth. Frequently those readings are recorded, but are not accepted as valid (leading to confused results). Some lolllokvsdkjfobpd#
meets have even hand timed runners and have switched places according to the time displayed on the stopwatch.  All of this is, of course, wrong.  Hand times are not accurate enough to be accepted for record purposes for short races.  Human reaction time is not perfectly identical between different human beings. Hand times involve human beings reacting, pushing the stopwatch button when they see the smoke or hear the sound of the Starting pistol, then reacting (possibly anticipating) the runner crossing the finish line. The proper procedure for converting hand times would be to round any hundredths up to the next higher even tenth of a second and then add the .24 to get a time for comparison purposes only.[1] But many meets displayed the converted marks accurate to the hundredth making the results look like they were taken with fully automatic timing. In these cases, some meets have displayed a 4 or a 0 in the hundredths column for all races. When detected, reports of these times are followed by a "c" or ' to indicate converted times.

Road race times are only considered accurate to a full second. To distinguish a full second time with hours, from a minute time with hundredths of a second, colons are used to separate hours from minutes, and minutes from seconds. A period is used to separate seconds from hundredths of a second.
Transponder timing is becoming more common. The RFID detection system times the transponder chip, usually located on a runner's shoe as opposed to the official timing of the torso. Accurate to a full second, this is not significant, but in breaking microscopic ties, the data does not correspond to timing rules. Most road races cannot fit all participants onto the start line. Depending on the size of the field, some athletes could be several city blocks away from the start line and in the large crowd, could take minutes to get across the line. Results frequently indicate two times, the "gun time" would be the official time from the firing of the starting gun, but the mat time shows the time the shoe crossed a sensing mat at the start line to the time the shoe crossed the sensing mat at the finish line.
Occasionally, when breaking ties using photo finish, times are displayed to the thousandth of a second. These times to the thousandth are not used for record purposes but times to the thousandth can be used to break ties between adjacent heats. Rules specify if a tie is broken this way, that all heats involved are recorded with the same timing system.
Records[edit]
Most records are subject to ratification by the governing body for that record. On the world level, that is the IAAF. Each body has their own procedure for ratifying the records: for example, USATF, the governing body for the United States, only ratifies records once a year at their annual meeting at the beginning of December. Until a record is ratified, it is regarded as "Pending" which is sometimes indicated by a following P
WR = World Record
OR = Olympic Record
CR = Championship Record
GR = Games Record
AR = Area (or continental) Record
NR = National Record (for a specific country)
MR = Meet Record
DLR = Diamond League Record
When a J is added, it indicates a junior record (if a junior does not reach their 20th birthday in the calendar year of the mark)
WJR = World Junior Record
AJR = Area (or continental) Junior Record
NJR = National Junior Record (for a specific country)
# = indicates a record has not been accepted, or there is some sort of irregularity with a result
X = indicates the athlete has been disqualified after the performance (usually, this is for taking performance-enhancing drugs)
Bests[edit]
Some records are ratified or tracked, but they are not to the same standard of quality or accuracy as a record. The term is "bests." IAAF lists bests for the Youth division and for road racing records such as the marathon. It also tracks athlete personal achievements as bests. A Y indicates Youth. A youth athlete has not reached or will not reach their 18th birthday in the calendar year of competition.
WYB = World Youth Best (the best mark achieved by an athlete in the youth age category)
WB = World Best (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)
PB = Personal Best (the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level)
SB = Season's Best (the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level within a given season)
WL = World Leader (the best mark achieved worldwide within a given season)
Circumstances and conditions[edit]
A = a mark set at altitude
w = a wind assisted mark
NWI = No Wind Information
For events where wind assistance is a factor (outdoor races 220 yards or less, Long Jump and Triple Jump), the wind reading is usually reported in metres per second or "m/s"
a = in a road race, indicates a course that has conditions that assist the athlete (downhill, favoring wind, point to point)
+ = indicates a time was taken at an intermediate distance in a longer race
c = indicates a converted mark
DNF = Did not finish
DNS = Did not start
DQ = Disqualified
i = indoors
n = non-winning time
h = hand timed
Mx = mixed gender race
NH = No height
NM = No mark
NT = No time
ND = No distance[2]
AC = Also competed
Q = automatic qualifier in a major competition See Qualifying standards in athletics
q = secondary qualifier, by next best time or distance to complete the prescribed field size, rather than achieving a place or measurement goal
Wo = women only race
y = race measurement was in yards
Disqualifications[edit]
Athlete disqualifications often reference the IAAF rule number under which the athlete was disqualified.
This is typically written in the format (false start as example): DQ R162.7[3]
40.1 – Doping violation during or in connection with the championships
40.8 – Prior doping violation leading to suspension during the period of the championships
41.1 – Doping violation by one or more relay team members
142.4 – Failure to participate honestly with bona fide effort
144.2 – Giving or receiving assistance (e.g. pacing, use of electronic devices)
145.2 – Acting in an unsporting or improper manner (unsportsmanlike conduct)
149 - Entry to championships on the grounds of invalid performances
162.7 – False start
163.2 – Jostling or obstructing another athlete on the track
163.3 – Running out of lane
163.5 – Running out of lane (before 800 m breakline)
168.6 – Knocking down hurdle out of lane
168.7 – Illegal hurdle clearance and/or deliberately knocking down hurdle
170.6 – Baton not carried by hand; gloves or substances worn to give a better grip of the baton
170.6c – Dropped baton not retrieved by the athlete who dropped it
170.7 – Baton not passed within take-over zone
170.8 – Obstructing another team by athlete without baton
170.11 – Unverified team composition or running order
170.17 – Outgoing runner in 4x400m relay begins running and/or breaks from lane too early
218.4 – Illegal change of position by waiting relay runner (indoor events)
230.6a – Failure to comply with definition of race walking according to three different judges
240.8e – Illegal action by person authorised to hand refreshment to athlete
240.8f – More than two team officials stationed behind drinks table and/or running beside an athlete while taking on refreshment or water
Initialisms[edit]
Organising bodies[edit]
The various organizing bodies of the sport are abbreviated into alphabet soup.
AAA = Amateur Athletic Association of England – England
AAA = Asian Athletics Association
AAU = Amateur Athletic Union USA amateur sports umbrella governing body formed 1887 until broken up in 1979 – USA
AK = Athletics Kenya – Kenya
ANA = Authorised Neutral Athletes
ANZ = Athletics New Zealand – New Zealand
APA = Association of Panamerican Athletics – North and South America
ARAF = All-Russia Athletic Federation – Russia
BAAA = Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations – Bahamas
BFLA = Belarus Athletic Federation – Belarus
CAA = Confederation of African Athletics
CACAC = Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation – Central America and Caribbean
CBAt = Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo – Brasil
CISM = International Military Sports Council – Military athletics
CONSUDATLE = Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo – South America
CTAA = Chinese Taipei Athletics Association – Taiwan
DAF = Danish Athletics Federation – Denmark
DLFV = 1949-1990 during the existence of East Germany
DLV = Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verband – Germany
EAA or EA = European Athletic Association/European Athletics
EAF = Ethiopian Athletic Federation – Ethiopia
FCA = Federación Cubana de Atletismo – Cuba
FFA = Fédération française d'athlétisme – France
FIDAL = Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera – Italy
FISU = International University Sports Federation – Student athletics
IAAF = International Association of Athletics Federations – World
IAU = International Association of Ultrarunners
IOC = International Olympic Committee – Olympics
IPC = International Paralympic Committee – Paralympic athletics
JAAA = Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association – Jamaica
JAAF = Japan Association of Athletics Federations – Japan
KNAU = Royal Dutch Athletics Federation – Netherlands
OAA = Oceania Athletics Association
NACAC = North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association – North America
NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association – USA Colleges and Universities
NFHS = National Federation of State High School Associations – USA High Schools
RFEA = Real Federación Española de Atletismo – Spain
TAC = The Athletics Congress, predecessor to USA Track & Field 1979-1992 – USA
UKA = UK Athletics – United Kingdom
USATF = USA Track & Field – USA
WAVA = 1977-2001 World Association of Veteran Athletes – World Masters (athletes over age 35)
WMA = since 2001 World Masters Athletics – World Masters (athletes over age 35)
WMRA = World Mountain Running Association
Publications and statisticians[edit]
ARRS = Association of Road Racing Statisticians
ATFS = Association of Track and Field Statisticians
AW = Athletics Weekly
NUTS = National Union of Track Statisticians – United Kingdom
T&FN = Track & Field News
Events[edit]
Due to the large number of athletics events that are regularly contested, presentations of results and statistics often use abbreviations to refer to the events, rather than the full form.
CE = Combined events
DMR = Distance medley relay
DT = Discus throw
HJ = High jump
HM = Half marathon
HT = Hammer throw
JT = Javelin throw
LJ = Long jump
mh = metres hurdles (e.g. 400mh for 400 metres hurdles)
PV = Pole vault
SMR = Sprint medley relay
SP = Shot put
st. or s'chase = Steeplechase
TJ = Triple jump
WT = Weight throw
XC = Cross country running
Competitions[edit]
AAG = All-Africa Games
AfC = African Championships in Athletics
AsC = Asian Athletics Championships
CWG = Commonwealth Games
EC or ECh = European Athletics Championships
ECCC = European Cross Country Championships
EIC = European Athletics Indoor Championships
EJC = European Athletics Junior Championships
EG = European Games
ETC = European Team Championships
ISTAF = Internationales Stadionfest Berlin
OG = Olympic Games
WC or WCh = World Championships in Athletics
WHM = IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
WIC = IAAF World Indoor Championships
WJC = IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics
WXC = IAAF World Cross Country Championships
WYC = IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics
PAG = Pan American Games
SAG = South Asian Games
SEAG = Southeast Asian Games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "FAT vs Handheld Times". Gordie Richardson Oakland County 7th & 8th Grade Track Meet. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
Jump up ^ https://sports.stackexchange.com/a/465
Jump up ^ Butler, Mark et al. (2013). IAAF Statistics Book Moscow 2013 (archived), p. 71. IAAF. Retrieved on 2015-07-06.
External links[edit]
GBR Athletics abbreviations
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&oldid=842306479"
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