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Knuckleball
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This article is about the baseball pitch. For the 2012 documentary film, see Knuckleball!
Hall of Fame knuckleballer Hoyt Wilhelm shows how he placed his fingers before a pitch.
A knuckleball or knuckler is a baseball pitch thrown to minimize the spin of the ball in flight, causing an erratic, unpredictable motion. The air flow over a seam of the ball causes the ball to transition from laminar to turbulent flow. This transition adds a deflecting force on the side of the baseball. This makes the pitch difficult for batters to hit, but also difficult for pitchers to control and catchers to catch; umpires are challenged as well, as the ball's irregular motion through the air makes it harder to call balls and strikes.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Grip and motion
2.1 Cricket
3 Naming and relationship to other pitches
4 Rarity
5 Use in pitching
6 Catching
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Origins[edit]
The origins of the knuckleball are unclear. Toad Ramsey of the Louisville Colonels in the old American Association—his pitch likely resembled the knuckle curve—and Eddie Cicotte of the major leagues' Chicago White Sox, who in 1908, was nicknamed "Knuckles", are two possible creators of the pitch.[2] Other accounts attribute the pitch's creation to Charles H. Druery, a pitcher for the Blue Ridge League.[3] In 1917, Druery taught the pitch to Eddie Rommel who became successful with the knuckleball for the Philadelphia Athletics.[4]
Grip and motion[edit]
Eddie Cicotte, who is sometimes credited with inventing the knuckleball
As used by Cicotte, the knuckleball was originally thrown by holding the ball with the knuckles, hence the name of the pitch. Ed Summers, a Pittsburgh teammate of Cicotte who adopted the pitch and helped develop it, modified this by holding the ball with his fingertips and using the thumb for balance. This grip can also include digging the fingernails into the surface of the ball. The fingertip grip is more commonly used today by knuckleball pitchers, like retired Boston Red Sox pitcher Tim Wakefield, who had a knuckleball with a lot of movement. There are other prominent knuckleball pitchers like Hall of Famer Phil Niekro, who had a very effective knuckler and knuckle curve, and former Cy Young Award winning pitcher R.A. Dickey. However, young pitchers with smaller hands tend to throw the knuckleball with their knuckles. Sometimes young players will throw the knuckleball with their knuckles flat against the ball, giving it less spin but also making it difficult to throw any significant distance.
Regardless of how the ball is gripped, the purpose of the knuckleball is to have the least possible amount of rotational spin. Created by the act of throwing a ball, the ball's trajectory is significantly affected by variations in airflow caused by differences between the smooth surface of the ball and the stitching of its seams. The asymmetric drag that results tends to deflect the trajectory toward the side with the stitches.
Over the distance from the pitcher's mound to home plate, the effect of these forces is that the knuckleball can "flutter," "dance," "jiggle," or curve in two different directions during its flight. A pitch thrown completely without spin is less desirable, however, than one with only a very slight spin (so that the ball completes between one-quarter and one-half a rotation on its way from the pitcher to the batter). This will cause the position of the stitches to change as the ball travels, which changes the drag that gives the ball its motion, thus making its flight even more erratic. Even a ball thrown without rotation will "flutter", due to the "apparent wind" it feels as its trajectory changes throughout its flight path.[5]
Hitting a knuckleball is different enough from other aspects of baseball that players specifically prepare for the pitch during batting practice before games they expect it in.[6] According to physicist Robert Adair, due to the physiological limitation of human reaction time, a breaking knuckleball may be impossible to hit except by luck.[2] If a knuckleball does not change direction in mid-flight, however, then it is easy to hit due to its lack of speed. (A common phrase for hitting a knuckleball is "if it's low, let it go; if it's high, let it fly"; meaning that a batter should attempt to hit a knuckleball only if it crosses the plate high in the strike zone.) Since it typically only travels 60 to 70 miles per hour (97 to 113 km/h),[7] far slower than the average major league fastball 85 to 95 miles per hour (137 to 153 km/h), it can be hit very hard if there is no movement. One 2007 study offered evidence for this conclusion.[8] To reduce the chances of having the knuckleball get hit for a home run, some pitchers will impart a slight topspin so that if no force causes the ball to dance, it will move downward in flight. Another drawback is that runners on base can usually advance more easily than if a conventional pitcher is on the mound. This is due to both the knuckleball's low average speed and its erratic movement, which force the catcher to keep focusing on the ball even after the runners start stealing their next bases. However, since a typical major league starting rotation exceeds the length of a series against any one opponent, one way a manager can mitigate this disadvantage is to adjust his team's pitching rotation so as to eliminate (or at least minimize) games in which a knuckleballer would pitch against teams with a preponderance of fast baserunners. Some knuckleball pitchers, such as Hoyt Wilhelm and Tim Wakefield, had catchers specifically assigned to them to catch their knuckleballs.
A paper presented at the 2012 Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association argues, based on PITCHf/x data, that knuckleballs do not make large and abrupt changes in their trajectories on the way to home plate—or at least, no more abrupt than a normal pitch. It speculates that the appearance of abrupt shifting may be due to the unpredictability of the changes in direction.[9]
Cricket[edit]
The knuckleball are also employed by the Indian cricket fast bowlers Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Zaheer Khan as their slower delivery. The physics of the operation are largely the same. However, the seam on a cricket ball is equatorial, and thus the extent of erratic movement is reduced due to the symmetry (at least in the conventional release position where the planes of the ball's trajectory and the seam are nearly co-planar). In addition, the lack of backspin does shorten the length of the delivery, and also tends to make the ball skid off the pitch—faster than it would come off a normal delivery.[10]
Naming and relationship to other pitches[edit]
Tim Wakefield in his throwing motion, showing his grip of the knuckleball
Since it developed during a period when the spitball was legal and commonly used, and was similarly surprising in its motion, the knuckleball was sometimes called the "dry spitter". Cicotte was widely reported to throw both the knuckleball and a variant on the spitball known as a "shine ball" (because he would "shine" one side of a dirty ball by rubbing it on his uniform). However, Cicotte called the shine ball "a pure freak of the imagination", claiming that he did this to disconcert hitters and that the pitch was still a knuckleball.
Other names for the knuckleball have generally alluded to its motion and slower speed. These include the flutterball, the floater, the dancer, the butterfly ball (the name for the pitch used by French language game commentators employed by the Montreal Expos), the ghostball, and the bug.
The knuckle curve has a somewhat similar name because of the grip used to throw it (also with the knuckles or fingernails), but it is generally thrown harder and with spin. The resulting motion of the pitch more closely resembles a curveball, which explains the combination name. Toad Ramsey, a pitcher from 1885 to 1890, is credited in some later sources with being the first knuckleballer, apparently based primarily on accounts of how he gripped the ball; however, based on more contemporary descriptions of his pitch as an "immense drop ball", it may be that his pitch was a form of knuckle curve. Two later pitchers, Jesse Haines and Freddie Fitzsimmons, were sometimes characterized as knuckleball pitchers even by their contemporaries, but in their cases this again refers to a harder-thrown, curving pitch that would probably not be called a knuckleball today. Historically, the term "knuckle curve" had a usage that was different from what it has in the game today. Many current pitchers throw a curveball using a grip with the index finger touching the ball with the knuckle or the fingertip (also called a spike curve). This modern pitch type is unrelated to the knuckleball.
Rarity[edit]
As of 2004[update], only about 70 Major League Baseball pitchers have regularly used the knuckleball during their careers, and its use has become more rare over time. This can be attributed to a variety of factors. The first is selection bias in scouting. Because the speed of any prospect's pitch is one of the quickest and easiest metrics in judging the skill of the prospect, the knuckleball, which is thrown slower than any other pitch, gets overlooked. Tim Wakefield argues that "The problem is that [baseball] is so radar gun-oriented." Former knuckleballer and pitching coach Charlie Hough says that the increased rarity of the knuckleball is due to scouts increasingly looking only for the best arm.[11] This effect is increasing over time as the modern game continues to emphasize power in pitching and average pitch speed increases.[12]
Another factor contributing to the rarity of the knuckleball is the difficulty of throwing the pitch. R.A. Dickey estimates that it takes at least a year to grasp the fundamentals of the knuckleball. The knuckleball is radically different than any other pitch in a pitcher's arsenal, and less predictable, thus difficult to control. It is for this reason that the knuckleball is widely regarded as unreliable, and knuckleball pitchers are prone to extended slumps, such as when Tim Wakefield was released from the Pirates in a mid-career slump during spring training in 1995.[11] Another reason for the difficulty of the knuckleball is due to the network effect. Because there are so few knuckleball pitchers, the resources for learning and improving the knuckleball are few compared to more common pitches. Pitching coaches often struggle with knuckleball pitchers due to a lack of experience with the pitch. "I think the hardest thing for me is just the alone-ness that you feel sometimes because nobody else really does it", said Wakefield.[11]
Coaches have also been seen as a barrier to succeeding with the knuckleball. Jim Bouton said, "coaches don't respect it. You can pitch seven good innings with a knuckleball, and as soon as you walk a guy they go, 'See, there's that damn knuckleball.'" R.A. Dickey argues that, "for most managers, it takes a special manager to be able to really trust it – the bad and the good of it. Coaches are quick to banish the pitch after one bad outing. This was common due to the amount of practice one must put into the pitch. And traditionally, if you look at Tim Wakefield, Joe and Phil Niekro, Tom Candiotti, Wilbur Wood, Hoyt Wilhelm and all the guys that threw it, through their success they had guys who really believed in what it could do long-term and committed to giving them the ball every fifth day to do it."[11]
In 1991, Hall of Fame catcher Rick Ferrell was quoted as saying, "I think the knuckleball is fading out." Ferrell knows knuckleballs; he had the task of being the Washington Senators' catcher in 1944 and '45, when the Senators had four knuckleball pitchers in their starting rotation. Furthermore, other factors, such as a dearth of knuckleball teachers and the dramatic increase in the running game (base stealing is often easier against knuckleball pitchers), may be contributing to its demise. Says Bob Humphrey, a former major-league knuckleball pitcher: "you just don't have time to mess with it." A fast-track scheme is developing, eliminating the knuckleballer pitcher's chief ally: time. Tom Candiotti said: "to get signed, you have to be impressive on the radar guns." The knuckleball takes time to master and is not an attractive pitch on the radar guns, both of which may be contributing to its demise.[13][14]
Perhaps as a result, knuckleball pitchers often view themselves as members of an exclusive club, with its own uniform number (49, first worn by Wilhelm) and leader (Phil Niekro, whom The New Yorker in 2004 called "the undisputed Grand Poobah" of the group after Wilhelm's death).[2] Because they cannot discuss pitching with non knuckleball-using teammates, they often share tips and insights even if on competing teams, and believe that they have a responsibility to help younger players develop the pitch.[15] When, in 2012, R. A. Dickey became the first Cy Young Award-winning knuckleball pitcher, he called the award "a victory for … the knuckleball fraternity", and of the dozens of phone calls he received after the announcement, Niekro's was the only one he answered.[16]
When originally developed, the knuckleball was used by a number of pitchers as simply one pitch in their repertoire, usually as part of changing speeds from their fastball. It is almost never used in a mixed repertoire today, however, and some believe that to throw the knuckleball effectively with some semblance of control over the pitch, one must throw it more or less exclusively.[17] At the same time, pitchers rarely focus on the knuckleball if they have reasonable skill with more standard pitches. Unlike conventional pitches, which perform fast results without much exertion, a knuckleball pitcher must train his body and muscle memory to be able to execute a 65 mph pitch with under one rotation.[18]
Use in pitching[edit]
The knuckleball does provide some advantages to its practitioners. It does not need to be thrown hard (in fact, throwing too hard may diminish its effectiveness), and is therefore less taxing on the arm. This means knuckleball pitchers can throw more innings than other pitchers, and, requiring less time to recover after pitching, can pitch more frequently. The lower physical strain also fosters longer careers. Some knuckleballers have continued to pitch professionally well into their forties; examples include Tim Wakefield, Hoyt Wilhelm, R.A. Dickey, Charlie Hough, Tom Candiotti, and the brothers Phil Niekro and Joe Niekro.[2] Pitchers like Bouton have found success as knuckleballers after their ability to throw hard declined.
Hoyt Wilhelm, Phil Niekro, and Jesse Haines, three pitchers who primarily relied on the knuckleball, have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Additionally, Ted Lyons, another member of the Hall of Fame, relied heavily on the knuckleball after injuring his arm in 1931.[19] Niekro was given the nickname "Knucksie" during his career. Other prominent knuckleball pitchers have included Josh Turley, Joe Niekro (Phil's brother), Charlie Hough, Dave Jolly, Ben Flowers, Wilbur Wood, Barney Schultz, Tom Candiotti, Bob Purkey, Steve Sparks, Eddie Rommel, Tim Wakefield, Steven Wright, and Dickey. During the 1945 season, with talent depleted by call-ups to fight in World War II, the Washington Senators had a pitching rotation which included four knuckleball pitchers (Dutch Leonard, Johnny Niggeling, Mickey "Itsy Bitsy" Haefner and Roger Wolff) who combined for 60 complete games and 60 wins, carrying the Senators to second place.
Dickey of the Atlanta Braves is one of only a few knuckleballers in the big leagues, joined by Steven Wright of the Boston Red Sox. Dickey routinely throws an unusually fast knuckleball at 80 mph (130 km/h). Minor leaguers Charlie Zink of the Lancaster Barnstormers, Joseph Zeller of the Peoria Chiefs, and Charlie Haeger of the Albuquerque Isotopes also throw the knuckleball. Dickey himself has taken an active involvement in helping younger knuckleballers coming through, and in 2012, he started providing personal coaching lessons to 18-year-old knuckleball pitcher Stephen Orso.[20] [21] In November 2008, it was announced that 16-year-old knuckleballer Eri Yoshida was drafted as the first woman ever to play in Japanese professional baseball for the Kobe 9 Cruise of the Kansai Independent Baseball League. On March 2, 2010, she trained with Tim Wakefield at the Boston Red Sox minor-league training facility.[22] And on April 8, 2010, she signed with the Chico Outlaws, debuting on May 29, 2010.[23] Former Detroit Tigers reliever Eddie Bonine also throws a knuckleball, though he does so infrequently as compared to pitchers who use it as a primary pitch. Lance Niekro, son of Joe Niekro, attempted to convert from a position player to a knuckleball pitcher. He started the 2009 season with the Gulf Coast League Braves, but is currently retired and coaching college baseball at Florida Southern.
Catching[edit]
“ The way to catch a knuckleball is to wait until it stops rolling and pick it up. ”
— Bob Uecker[1]
As with hitters, the unpredictable motion of the knuckleball makes it one of the most difficult pitches for catchers to handle, and they tend to be charged with a significantly higher number of passed balls. Former catcher Bob Uecker, who caught for Phil Niekro said, "The way to catch a knuckleball is to wait until it stops rolling and pick it up."[1] Bouton said, "Catchers hate it. Nobody likes to warm up with you." According to Adair, the 150 ms minimum human reaction time may be too slow to adjust to a knuckleball's changing direction.[2]
A team will sometimes employ a catcher solely for games started by a knuckleballer.[24] The "knuckleball catcher" is equipped with an oversized knuckleball catcher's mitt,[25] similar to a first baseman's glove; Doug Mirabelli, formerly of the Red Sox, used a softball catcher's mitt. The Boston Red Sox did this fairly systematically in their 2004 world championship season, with Mirabelli regularly catching in place of Jason Varitek when Tim Wakefield was pitching. This use of a "specialist" catcher continued into the 2008 season following the signing of Kevin Cash, and 2009 saw George Kottaras fulfill this role. On August 26, the first time Victor Martinez caught Wakefield, he used a first baseman's glove, instead of a regular catcher's mitt.[26] For a catcher, a key disadvantage to using a first baseman's glove instead of a regular catcher's mitt is that first baseman's gloves are not designed for easy extraction of a ball from the glove, a trait which further intensifies the difficulty a catcher endures in preventing baserunners from stealing bases.
On occasion, teams have traded knuckleball pitchers and their catchers in the same transaction. For example, Josh Thole and Mike Nickeas went with Dickey when the pitcher was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays in late 2012, and the team later signed Henry Blanco, who also caught for Dickey.[24]
The record for passed balls in an inning (4 passed balls) was first set by Ray Katt of the New York Giants in 1954, catching Hoyt Wilhelm.[27] It was tied by Geno Petralli of the Texas Rangers in 1987 while trying to catch knuckleball pitcher Charlie Hough, and tied again in 2013 when Ryan Lavarnway of the Boston Red Sox passed four balls in the first inning, catching knuckleballer Steven Wright in Wright's first major league start.[27] Varitek holds the postseason record with three passed balls in the 13th inning of Game 5 of the 2004 American League Championship Series while catching Wakefield.[28] In the 2013 season, J. P. Arencibia (then catching for the Toronto Blue Jays) set a franchise record by allowing 4 passed balls in the season opening game (a 4–2 loss) while catching for knuckleballer R.A. Dickey. He never caught for Dickey again.
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
List of knuckleball pitchers
Knuckleball!, 2012 documentary
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c Hoffman, Benjamin. "Not So Easy on the Eyes" New York Times (June 23, 2012)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McGrath, Ben (May 17, 2004). "Project Knuckleball". The New Yorker.
Jump up ^ "Charles H. Druery" (PDF). Watertown Daily. 27 December 1968. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Knuckle Ball Inventor Dead". Cumberland Evening Times. 27 December 1968. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
Jump up ^ Nathan, Alan M. "The Physics of Baseball: Knuckleball Research". Retrieved 2014-09-18.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Dave (2012-12-21). "I am 2-time NL MVP Dale Murphy, former MLB player for the Braves, Phillies and Rockies. AMA!". Reddit. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Neyer, Rob (June 24, 2012). "Will R.A. Dickey's Angry Knuckleball Change The Game?". Baseball Nation. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Walsh, John (November 27, 2007). "Butterflies are not bullets". The Hardball Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Nathan, Alan M. (February 29, 2012). "Analysis of knuckleball trajectories" (PDF). Procedia Engineering. 34: 116–121. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.021. Retrieved October 31, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Selvey, Mike; Marks, Vic; Bull, Andy; Hopps, David (April 4, 2011). "Cricket World Cup: The writers' verdicts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Knuckleballers' paths as tricky as the pitch". Major League Baseball.
Jump up ^ "MLB pitchers setting velocity records, altering balance of power". TribLIVE.com.
Jump up ^ "Knuckleball pitchers may be a dying breed". Herald-Journal – via Google News Archive Search.
Jump up ^ "The art of the mysterious knuckleball is on the verge of extinction". The Tuscaloosa News – via Google News Archive Search.
Jump up ^ McAdam, Sean (2008-07-22). "Wakefield, Dickey share a unique relationship". ESPN. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
Jump up ^ Schilken, Chuck (2012-11-15). "R.A. Dickey calls Cy Young Award a victory for all knuckleballers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
Jump up ^ "The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers". google.com.
Jump up ^ Nate Beard. "The Future of the Knuckleball". Bleacher Report.
Jump up ^ Administrator. "The Sunday Saga of Ted Lyons". sabr.org.
Jump up ^ Martin, Dan (20 June 2012). "Mets pitcher OK with sharing his secrets". www.nypost.com. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Phil (24 September 2012). "Striking A Blow For Slow". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 2014-03-10. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Speier, Alex (March 3, 2010). "Knuckleball life comes full circle for Wakefield". WEEI. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Witz, Billy (May 30, 2010). "Japan's 'Knuckle Princess' Arrives in U.S." New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Keating, Steve (2013-04-02). "Arencibia lives knuckleball nightmare on opening day". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Jeff. "All-Star Game 2012: The Glove To Catch R.A. Dickey". SB Nation. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Barbarisi, Dan (August 26, 2009). "Victor Martinez passes the Wakefield test". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Red Sox catcher Ryan Lavarnway ties big league record with four passed balls". mlb.com. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mark Feinsand (19 October 2004). "Yanks, Sox headed back to NY". MLB.com. Retrieved 2014-09-18. The passed balls allowed Yankees batter Gary Sheffield to reach first after a strikeout, and then advance to second and third. But no runs scored, and the Red Sox won the game.
Bibliography
Adair, Robert Kemp (1990). The physics of baseball (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-096461-8.
McGrath, Ben (May 17, 2004). "Project Knuckleball". The New Yorker. An article in The New Yorker about the history of the knuckleball and contemporary knuckleball pitchers.
Center, Bill (June 28, 2008). "Q&A with Josh Banks". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Knuckleball
Knuckleball Headquarters – Comprehensive collection of information about the pitch and those who have thrown it
The (Mostly) Complete List of Knuckleball Pitchers – A list of just about everyone who's thrown the pitch in the major leagues, with links to each player's career stats.
NPR.org on the Red Sox's re-acquisition of Doug Mirabelli

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Haley Joel Osment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Haley Joel Osment
Osment at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival
Born
(1988-04-10) April 10, 1988 (age 30)
Los Angeles, California, U.S
Residence
New York City
Alma mater
Tisch School of the Arts
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1992–present
Relatives
Emily Osment (sister)
Haley Joel Osment (born April 10, 1988) is an American actor. After a series of roles in television and film during the 1990s, including a small part in Forrest Gump playing the title character's son (also named Forrest Gump), Osment rose to fame for his performance as a young unwilling medium in M. Night Shyamalan's thriller film The Sixth Sense, which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He subsequently appeared in leading roles in several high-profile Hollywood films, including Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence and Mimi Leder's Pay It Forward.
He made his Broadway debut in 2008 in a short-lived revival of David Mamet's play American Buffalo, starring John Leguizamo and Cedric the Entertainer.[1] Osment is also known for his voice-roles of Sora and Vanitas in the Kingdom Hearts video games, as well as his more recent roles in comedies such as Sex Ed and The Spoils of Babylon.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Osment was born in Los Angeles, California,[2] the son of Theresa (née Seifert), a teacher, and Michael Eugene Osment,[3] a theater and film actor, both natives of Birmingham, Alabama. Osment was raised Roman Catholic.[4] He has one sibling, actress Emily Osment, who is almost four years younger. Osment's parents have described his childhood as a "good old-fashioned Southern upbringing". His father said that when Osment was learning to speak, he deliberately avoided using baby talk when communicating with his son.[5]
Osment was a student at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Cañada, California.[6] As a child, he wrestled and played basketball, football, and golf.[7]
Career[edit]
Osment's acting career began at the age of four, when his mother took him to a new IKEA store and they encountered a talent scout looking for new actors. Osment put his name down and got called back for an audition. Asked to describe the biggest thing he had ever seen, Osment described an IMAX theater screen and won the part in a Pizza Hut TV commercial, advertising their "Big Foot" pizza.[5] The commercial launched his career, and later that year he starred in the ABC TV sitcom Thunder Alley, his first role in series television.[8] His first feature film role was as Forrest Gump's son, also named Forrest Gump, in the 1994 film of the same name.[9] He also had a small part in another 1994 film, Mixed Nuts. Throughout the rest of the 1990s, Osment played regular or recurring roles in various TV series; including The Jeff Foxworthy Show and the final season of Murphy Brown, where he replaced Dyllan Christopher as Murphy's son, Avery.
Osment in 2001
In addition, he made numerous guest appearances on shows, including The Larry Sanders Show, Walker, Texas Ranger,[10] Touched by an Angel, Chicago Hope, The Pretender, and Ally McBeal. He appeared in the 1996 film Bogus, alongside Whoopi Goldberg and Gérard Depardieu and the 1998 made-for-TV movie The Lake, as well as I'll Remember April (1999), with future The Sixth Sense co-star Trevor Morgan.
Osment first achieved stardom in 1999, when he appeared in The Sixth Sense, co-starring Bruce Willis. For his portrayal of Cole Sear, a psychic child, Osment won the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor. He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second-youngest performer ever to receive an Academy nomination for a supporting role, but lost the final Oscar vote to Michael Caine (with whom he would later work, appearing together in Secondhand Lions). One of Osment's lines in The Sixth Sense, "I see dead people," became a popular catchphrase and is often repeated or parodied on television programs and in other media. The phrase is #44 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Movie Quotes. He made three minor (voice-only) guest appearances on the animated TV series Family Guy in 2000 and 2001.[citation needed]
The 2000 Academy Awards ceremony honored another future co-star, Kevin Spacey, who, along with Helen Hunt, appeared in Osment's next film, Pay It Forward (2000). The following year, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence, cementing his stature as one of the leading young actors in Hollywood. This role earned him his second Saturn Award for Best Younger Actor, and another critical acclaim. In reviewing the movie, critic Roger Ebert claimed that: "Osment, who is onscreen in almost every scene, is one of the best actors now working".[11] In 2001, Osment starred in the Polish film, Edges of the Lord, as Romek. The movie was never released theatrically in the United States. Between 2002 and 2003, Osment lent his voice to films such as The Country Bears, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II and The Jungle Book 2, all from Walt Disney Pictures. He returned to live action with the 2003 film, Secondhand Lions.
Osment lent his voice to the video game series Kingdom Hearts, providing the voice of Sora, the series' main character, and also Vanitas, a villain from the same series. Osment also voiced the character of Takeshi Jin in the English version of the Immortal Grand Prix anime television series.
He appeared in Home of the Giants, playing a high school journalist opposite Ryan Merriman and Danielle Panabaker. He subsequently worked on Montana Amazon as both an actor and executive producer. The film starred Olympia Dukakis and debuted at the Orlando and Big Apple Film Festivals in November 2010, winning Best Feature Film at the latter.[12]
Osment made his Broadway debut at the Belasco Theatre in November 2008 playing the role of "Bobby", a young heroin addict, in a revival of David Mamet's American Buffalo; co-starring with John Leguizamo and Cedric the Entertainer.[13] The show opened to mixed reviews, and a provisional statement was made on November 20, 2008, that it would close after the first week.[14]
In 2010, Osment signed for a leading role in the comedy film Sex Ed from MPCA, to play a college graduate who wants to teach geometry, but ends up as a sex education teacher while inexperienced himself.[15] In January 2011, Entertainment Weekly reported that Osment had joined the cast of Sassy Pants, a comedy about a homeschooler with an over-bearing mother.[16]
Variety reported on June 27, 2011 that Osment would star in Wake the Dead, a modern-day retelling of the Frankenstein story, with production to begin the last quarter of 2011.[17] As of mid-2014, no published status was available.
In 2013, he appeared in a series of episodes of Amazon's Alpha House. He also co-starred in the Will Ferrell and Adam McKay-produced comedy melodrama miniseries The Spoils of Babylon and The Spoils Before Dying for IFC. Kevin Smith has further added to Osment's career resurgence with roles in the first two films of his True North Trilogy, first as Teddy Craft in Tusk and next as a fictionalized version of Canadian journalist Adrien Arcand in Yoga Hosers.
In 2017, Osment held a recurring role in season 4 of HBO's Silicon Valley as VR expert and tech financier Keenan Feldspar. Also in 2017, Osment made an appearance on BBC America's Top Gear America as one of the guests in the fourth episode of Season 1.[18]
Personal life[edit]
Osment is an avid golfer who began playing at the age of 7.[19] He played for the U.S. team in the All Star Cup 2005, under team leader Mark O'Meara,[19] and has participated in the Annual Michael Douglas & Friends Celebrity Golf Tournament.
Osment was involved in a single-driver automobile accident on July 20, 2006; he struck a brick mailbox and overturned his car while driving near his home. He suffered injuries including a broken rib, fractured shoulder blade, cuts, and abrasions.[20][21] Osment pleaded no contest to one count each of misdemeanor driving under the influence of alcohol and misdemeanor drug possession on October 19, 2006.[21] He was sentenced to three years probation, 60 hours in an alcohol rehabilitation and education program, a fine of $1500, and a minimum requirement of 26 Alcoholics Anonymous meetings over a six-month period.[21][22]
Osment plays the guitar and piano.[23] He currently lives in New York City and graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts[24] in 2011.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 Forrest Gump Forrest Gump, Jr. Young Artist Award for Best Performance by an Actor Under Ten in a Motion Picture
1994 Mixed Nuts Little Boy
1995 For Better or Worse Danny
1996 Bogus Albert Franklin Nominated – Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Actor Age Ten or Under
1997 Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas Chip (voice) Direct-to-video
1999 The Sixth Sense Cole Sear Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actor – Newcomer (Internet Only)
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Young Performer
Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor
Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor
Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor
Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Youth in Film
Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Most Promising Actor
MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor
Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent
Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor
Teen Choice Award for Film – Choice Breakout Performance
Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
YoungStar Award for Best Young Actor/Performance in a Motion Picture Drama
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Actor
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo (Shared with Bruce Willis)
Nominated – Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Debut
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
1999 I'll Remember April Peewee Clayton
2000 Pay It Forward Trevor McKinney Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor – Drama/Romance
Nominated – Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
2000 Spot the Dog Spot the Dog (voice) Direct-to-video
2001 A.I. Artificial Intelligence David Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Young Performer
Nominated – Empire Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Youth Performance
Nominated – Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
2001 Edges of the Lord Romek
2002 The Hunchback of Notre Dame II Zephyr (voice) Direct-to-video
Nominated – Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role
2002 The Country Bears Beary Barrington (voice)
2003 Secondhand Lions Walter Caldwell Critics Choice Award – Best Young Actor in Drama
Nominated – Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
Nominated – Tony Award – Best Rising Star
2003 The Jungle Book 2 Mowgli (voice) Nominated – World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written for a Film (Shared with Paul Grabowsky, Lorraine Feather, Mae Whitman, and Connor Funk)
Nominated – Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role – Young Actor
2007 Home of the Giants Robert "Gar" Gartland
2010 Montana Amazon Womple Dunderhead Also executive producer
2012 Sassy Pants[25] Chip Hardy
2013 I'll Follow You Down Erol[26] Released as Continuum outside North America
2014 Tusk Teddy Craft[27]
2014 Sex Ed Ed Cole
2015 Wrestling Isn't Wrestling Theater Audience Member Short film
2015 The World Made Straight Shank
2015 Entourage Travis McCredle
2016 Me Him Her Haley
2016 Yoga Hosers Adrien Arcand
2016 Almost Friends Ben
2017 Izzy Gets the F*ck Across Town Walt
TBA Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile Jerry Thompson In post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 The Larry Sanders Show Little Boy Episode: "The Fourteenth Floor"
1994 Lies of the Heart: The Story of Laurie Kellogg Kyle Television film
1994–1995 Thunder Alley Harry Turner 27 episodes
1995–1997 The Jeff Foxworthy Show Matt Foxworthy 35 episodes
1997 Walker, Texas Ranger Lucas Simms 2 episodes
1997 Last Stand at Saber River Davis Cable Television film
1997–1998 Murphy Brown Avery Brown #2 6 episodes
1998 Chicago Hope Nathan Cacaci Episode: "Memento Mori"
1998 Touched by an Angel John Henry Episode: "Flights of Angels"
1998 The Pretender Davey Simpkins 2 episodes
1998 The Lake Dylan Hydecker Television film
1998 Ransom of Red Chief Andy Dorset Television film
1998 Cab to Canada Bobby Television film
1999 Ally McBeal Eric Stall Episode: "Angels and Blimps"
1999 Hey Arnold! Curly Gammelthorpe Voice role; "Deconstructing Arnold"
2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Myka Voice role; "Lone Wolf"
2000–2001 Family Guy Various characters Voice role; 3 episodes
2005 Immortal Grand Prix Takeshi Jin Voice role (English version); 26 episodes
2013–2014 Alpha House Shelby Mellman[28] 12 episodes
2014 The Spoils of Babylon Winston Morehouse 3 episodes
2015 The Spoils Before Dying Alistair St. Barnaby-Bixby-Jones 5 episodes
2015–2016 Comedy Bang! Bang! Slow Joey 10 episodes
2015 Drunk History Kid Blink Episode: "Journalism"
2016 The Eric Andre Show Guest Episode: "Dennis Rodman; Haley Joel Osment"
2017 Teachers Damien 2 episodes
2017 Oasis[29] Sy Amazon pilot episode
2017 Silicon Valley[30][31] Keenan Feldspar 3 episodes
2017 Top Gear America[18][32] Himself Episode: "Drive Your Life"
2017 Future Man[33] Dr. Stu Camillo 3 episodes
2018 Swedish Dicks[34] Dave Episode: "Floyd Cal Who"
2018 The X-Files[35][36] Davey James, young John James Episode: "Kitten"
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
2002 Kingdom Hearts Sora (voice)
2004 Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories Sora (archived audio)
2005 Kingdom Hearts II Sora (voice)
2007 Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories Sora (voice)
2009 Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days Sora (voice) (archived audio)
2010 Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Vanitas / Sora (voices)
2010 Kingdom Hearts Re:coded Sora (voice)
2012 Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Sora / Vanitas (voices)
2013 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix Sora (voice) (archived audio)
2014 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Sora / Vanitas (voices) (archived and new audio)
2017 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Sora / Vanitas (voices) (archived and new audio)
2019 Kingdom Hearts III Sora / Vanitas (voices)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Revival of Mamet's American Buffalo Finds a Broadway Home". Playbill. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Haley Joel Osment profile at FilmReference.com". filmreference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ Navarro, Mireya (September 23, 2007). "When Childhood Is a Tough Role". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
Jump up ^ Duke, Paul F. (April 25, 2000). "Osment, Dafoe honing 'Edges'". Variety. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Copelan, Libby (July 2, 2001). "Acting Older Than His Age". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-10-01 – via kidactors.com.
Jump up ^ "'Sixth Sense' Star Charged With DUI". Zap2it.com. Tribune Media Services. August 18, 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Haley and the ego problem". London: The Daily Telegraph. November 4, 1999. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ King, Susan (September 2, 1999). "Young actor receives rave reviews". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
Jump up ^ "'Something Special' About Haley Joel Osment". St. Petersburg Times. June 30, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Walker told me I have aids". YouTube. April 5, 2006. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert. "A.I. Artificial Intelligence". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
Jump up ^ Daniel Loria (November 12, 2010). "'Montana Amazon' Wins Big at the Big Apple Film Festival". indieWIRE. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Playbill, August 26, 2008
Jump up ^ 'American Buffalo' Goes the Way of the Buffalo, New York Times, 2008-11-20
Jump up ^ Borys Kit (October 14, 2010). "'The Sixth Sense' actor to star in MPCA comedy". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kate Ward (January 31, 2011). "Haley Joel Osment to star in coming-of-age comedy. But can the child star come of age himself?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Justin Kroll (June 27, 2011). "Osment energizes Frankenstein project". Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drive Your Life". BBC America. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "All-Star Cup 2005". SkyOne.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
Jump up ^ "StarPulse". Police Suspect Alcohol Was a Factor in Haley Joel Osment's Crash. July 21, 2006. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c "DeseretNews.com". Osment pleads no contest to misdemeanor charges. Retrieved October 20, 2006.
Jump up ^ No Contest for Haley Joel from E! News
Jump up ^ "Haley Joel Osment Interview". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Navarro, Mireya (September 23, 2007). "When Childhood Is a Tough Role". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
Jump up ^ Ward, Kate (January 31, 2011). "Haley Joel Osment to star in coming-of-age comedy. But can the child star come of age himself?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 29, 2012. Osment [...] has joined the cast of Sassy Pants, a comedy about a homeschooler [...] with an overbearing mother
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr (February 9, 2012). "Haley Joel Osment Set For 'I'll Follow You Down'". Deadline New York. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Haley Joel Osment Sees Tusk People". Dread Central. October 18, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra (November 14, 2013). "Four Eccentric Senators as Capitol Hill Roomies". New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schwindt, Oriana (March 2, 2017). "Amazon Sets 2017 Pilot Season Lineup With Projects From Amy Sherman-Palladino, 'Game of Thrones' Actors". Variety. Retrieved March 17, 2017. The pilot also stars ... Haley Joel Osment as Sy
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (March 29, 2017). "Silicon Valley: Haley Joel Osment to guest in multiple episodes". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nakhnikian, Elise (May 28, 2017). "Silicon Valley Recap: Season 4, Episode 6, 'Customer Service'". Slant Magazine. Retrieved May 29, 2017. VR superstar Keenan Feldspar (Haley Joel Osment)
Jump up ^ "List of Movies and TV Shows: Haley Joel Osment". TV Guide. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (October 31, 2016). "Haley Joel Osment Embarks On 'Strange New Things' At Amazon". deadline.com. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 20, 2017. Osment most recently recurred on Hulu's Future Man
Jump up ^ "Haley Joel Osment For Swedish Dicks Season Two". Nordic Drama. November 10, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (October 31, 2017). "'The X-Files': Haley Joel Osment To Guest Star In Fox Event Series". Deadline. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The X-Files: Season 11, Episode 6 Kitten". TV Guide. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haley Joel Osment.
Official website
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Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer
Jonathan Lipnicki (1996)
Jurnee Smollett (1997)
Ian Michael Smith (1998)
Haley Joel Osment (1999)
Jamie Bell (2000)
Dakota Fanning (2001)
Kieran Culkin (2002)
Keisha Castle-Hughes (2003)
Freddie Highmore / Emmy Rossum (2004)
Freddie Highmore / Dakota Fanning (2005)
Paul Dano / Abigail Breslin (2006)
Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada / Nikki Blonsky (2007)
Dev Patel (2008)
Saoirse Ronan (2009)
Hailee Steinfeld (2010)
Thomas Horn (2011)
Quvenzhané Wallis (2012)
Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013)
Ellar Coltrane (2014)
Jacob Tremblay (2015)
Lucas Hedges (2016)
Brooklynn Prince (2017)
show
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Noah Hathaway (1984)
Barret Oliver (1985)
Carrie Henn (1986)
Kirk Cameron (1987)
Fred Savage (1988)
Adan Jodorowsky (1989/90)
Edward Furlong (1991)
Scott Weinger (1992)
Elijah Wood (1993)
Kirsten Dunst (1994)
Christina Ricci (1995)
Lucas Black (1996)
Jena Malone (1997)
Tobey Maguire (1998)
Haley Joel Osment (1999)
Devon Sawa (2000)
Haley Joel Osment (2001)
Tyler Hoechlin (2002)
Jeremy Sumpter (2003)
Emmy Rossum (2004)
Dakota Fanning (2005)
Ivana Baquero (2006)
Freddie Highmore (2007)
Jaden Smith (2008)
Saoirse Ronan (2009)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2010)
Joel Courtney (2011)
Suraj Sharma (2012)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2013)
Mackenzie Foy (2014)
Ty Simpkins (2015)
Tom Holland (2016)
show
v
t
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MTV Movie Award for Next Generation
Best Breakthrough Performance
Edward Furlong (1992)
Marisa Tomei (1993)
Alicia Silverstone (1994)
Kirsten Dunst (1995)
George Clooney (1996)
Matthew McConaughey (1997)
Heather Graham (1998)
James Van Der Beek & Katie Holmes (1999)
Haley Joel Osment & Julia Stiles (2000)
Sean Patrick Thomas & Erika Christensen (2001)
Orlando Bloom & Mandy Moore (2002)
Eminem & Jennifer Garner (2003)
Shawn Ashmore & Lindsay Lohan (2004)
Jon Heder & Rachel McAdams (2005)
Isla Fisher (2006)
Jaden Smith (2007)
Zac Efron (2008)
Robert Pattinson & Ashley Tisdale (2009)
Shailene Woodley (2012)
Rebel Wilson (2013)
Will Poulter (2014)
Dylan O'Brien (2015)
Daisy Ridley (2016)
Best Breakout Star
Anna Kendrick (2010)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2011)
Next Generation
Daniel Kaluuya (2017)
show
v
t
e
Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film
1979–1990
Dennis Christopher (1979)
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Ricky Schroder (1981)
Henry Thomas (1982)
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb140714800 (data)
GND: 142297372
ISNI: 0000 0001 1450 6115
LCCN: no00068091
MusicBrainz: 1cbeee82-76e6-4c3a-b0f6-727031b066c0
SUDOC: 072293403
VIAF: 85562619
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haley_Joel_Osment&oldid=845871521"
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Thorin Oakenshield
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Thorin Oakenshield
Aliases
King under the Mountain
King of Durin's Folk
Race
Dwarf
Information
Book(s)
The Hobbit (1937)
The Return of the King (1955)
Unfinished Tales (1980)
Thorin II Oakenshield, son of Thráin, son of Thrór, King under the Mountain is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 novel The Hobbit. Thorin is the leader of the Company of Dwarves who aim to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from Smaug the dragon. He is the son of Thráin II, grandson of Thrór, and becomes King of Durin's Folk during their exile from Erebor. Thorin's background is further elaborated in Appendix A of Tolkien's 1955 novel The Return of the King.
Contents
1 Characteristics
2 Biography
3 Appearances
3.1 The Hobbit
3.2 The Lord of the Rings
3.3 Unfinished Tales
4 Names and titles
5 Adaptations
6 Family tree
7 References
8 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Thorin is described as haughty, stern, and officious. He sings and plays the harp, wears a gold chain, and has a long beard. He wears a distinctive sky blue hood with a long silver tassel. He refers to his home in the Blue Mountains as "poor lodgings in exile". He is a capable and a cunning warrior, if not a particularly inspiring or clever leader. While shorter than Elves or Men, Thorin is said to be quite tall for a Dwarf. Thorin was smart, proud, brave, vengeful, and stubborn. He was infamous for a high sense of his importance and rank. He shared the greed of his family, though he valued the welfare of others as well.
Biography[edit]
In the year T.A. 2746, Thorin II was born to Thráin II in the Lonely Mountain. The dwarves of the Lonely Mountain were forced to flee by the dragon Smaug in T.A. 2770 while Thorin was quite young. In exile, he became a capable warrior, and while still young participated in the Battle of Azanulbizar in T.A. 2799. During the fighting, his shield broke, and he took up an oak branch to serve as a shield; "Oakenshield" thus became his epithet. Thorin became King-in-Exile of Durin's Folk after his father presumably died in the dungeons of Dol Guldur. He led the expedition recounted in The Hobbit to win the Lonely Mountain back from Smaug, but was killed in the Battle of Five Armies described at the end of that book.
Appearances[edit]
The Hobbit[edit]
In The Hobbit, Thorin and twelve other Dwarves visited Bilbo Baggins on Gandalf's advice to hire Bilbo as a burglar to steal their treasure back from the dragon Smaug. Smaug had attacked Erebor (the Lonely Mountain) about 150 years before, and had taken both the dwarves' mountain and their treasure. Thorin was determined to get the treasure back, and especially wanted the Arkenstone, the Heart of the Mountain, an heirloom of his house.
On the journey the company encountered a band of trolls, and Thorin alone of the Dwarves was not taken unawares. He found the Elven blade Orcrist in the trolls' cache, and used the sword thereafter until it was taken when he was captured by the wood-elves. He and Gandalf fought valiantly in the goblin tunnels in the Misty Mountains. When the dwarves were captured by the wood-elves of Mirkwood, Thorin insisted that the others not disclose their quest to their captors. He was the first to emerge from the barrels at Lake-town and marched right up to the leaders of the town, declaring himself as King Under the Mountain.
With provisions from Lake-town, Thorin led the company to Erebor. After Smaug was destroyed, the dwarves reclaimed the treasure, and Thorin, very pleased with Bilbo, gave the Hobbit a chain-mail coat made of mithril as the first instalment of his payment. Faced with demands from Thranduil the Elvenking and Bard the Bowman for a fair share of the treasure to be distributed to the wood-elves and the men of Lake-town, Thorin let greed get the better of him and refused to acknowledge their right to any of the hoard. He fortified the Mountain against his new rivals, and sent to his cousin Dáin Ironfoot for reinforcements. Thorin was furious when Bilbo stole the Arkenstone to use as a bargaining counter, and drove him from the Mountain. The growing conflict was averted only by an invasion of goblins and wargs, whereupon the dwarves joined forces with the wood-elves, the men of Lake-town, and the great eagles in what became known as the Battle of Five Armies. During the battle, Thorin was mortally wounded, but he made his peace with Bilbo before he died.
If more of us valued food and cheer and song above hoarded gold, it would be a merrier world. But, sad or merry, I must leave it now. Farewell.
Thorin, The Hobbit
When Thorin died, he was buried with the Arkenstone, and Orcrist was returned and laid upon his tomb. The blade would glow blue should Orcs approach, and they could thus not take the Mountain by surprise. Thorin was succeeded as leader of Durin's Folk by his cousin Dáin.
The Lord of the Rings[edit]
Part III of Appendix A in The Return of the King gives an overview of the history of Durin's Folk and gives more of Thorin's background. He was born in T.A. 2746, and when Smaug attacked Erebor in 2770, Thorin was driven into exile with the other surviving dwarves. In 2799 when he was 53 (a young age for a Dwarf), he marched with a mighty dwarf-army against the orcs of Moria. In the Battle of Azanulbizar in Nanduhirion beneath the East-gate of Moria, Thorin's shield was broken, and he used his axe to chop a branch from an oak tree to defend himself, thus earning the epithet "Oakenshield". After the battle Thorin led his people to establish a foothold in the Ered Luin - the Blue Mountains west of the Shire.
Unfinished Tales[edit]
Unfinished Tales, a book of Tolkien's essays and stories about Middle-earth published posthumously in 1980, elaborates on Thorin's reasons for accepting Bilbo into his company. As depicted in the story "The Quest of Erebor", Thorin met with Gandalf in Bree shortly before the quest began. Gandalf persuaded him that stealth, rather than force, was needed to infiltrate Erebor; they would therefore need a burglar. Gandalf feared that Sauron could use Smaug as a weapon, and was concerned that Thorin's pride and quick temper would ruin the mission to destroy the dragon. He thought that Bilbo would be a calming influence on Thorin, as well as a genuinely valuable addition to the company. Thorin, who did not think much of Hobbits, reluctantly agreed, realizing that Bilbo's presence would be a small price to pay for Gandalf's help.
Names and titles[edit]
Tolkien adopted Thorin's name from the Old Norse poem "Völuspá", part of the Poetic Edda.[1] The name "Thorin" (Þorinn) appears in stanza 12, where it is used for a dwarf, and the name "Oakenshield" (Eikinskjaldi) in stanza 13.[2] The names also appear in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda.[3] The Norse Þorinn means darer or bold one,[4] which is apt for the dwarf who initiated the quest of Erebor.
As he was by right of birth the king of Erebor following the death of his father Thráin, he was King under the Mountain in exile until Smaug was destroyed. Upon Thorin's death, the title passed to Dáin, his cousin and nearest heir.
Adaptations[edit]
Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield in The Hobbit
In the 1977 animated version of The Hobbit, Thorin is voiced by Hans Conried. In the 1982 game The Hobbit Thorin appears as an AI controlled character and one of his seemingly random actions ("Thorin sits down and starts singing about gold", which occurs when the player does nothing for a while) became quite famous.[5]
In the 2003 video game, Thorin is voiced by Clive Revill. Thorin briefly appears in The Lord of the Rings Online during the prologue for the Dwarven characters, set shortly before The Quest for Erebor. In the game the stronghold in the Ered Luin of the refugees from Erebor bears the name "Thorin's Hall" in his honour.
In the Extended Edition of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) Gandalf briefly mentions Thorin as the one who gave the mithril shirt to Bilbo as a gift.
In the three-film adaptation of The Hobbit (2012–2014), Thorin is portrayed by Richard Armitage.[6] The film adaptation adds to Thorin's quest a personal vendetta against the orc Azog, who murdered Thorin's grandfather, Thrór. Thorin and Azog face each other once again following the dwarves' escape from Goblin-Town, and Thorin sets out to kill Azog once and for all during the Battle of the Five Armies. After a prolonged fight, Thorin and Azog mortally wound each other, and Thorin dies in Bilbo's arms.
Family tree[edit]
Durin's Folk
Durin I Dwarves of Moria
Durin II
Durin III
Durin IV
Durin V
Durin VI
Náin I
Thráin I
Thorin I
Glóin
Óin
Náin II
Dáin I Borin
Frór Thrór Grór Farin
Thráin II Náin Fundin Gróin
Dís Thorin II Oakenshield Dáin II Ironfoot Dwalin Balin Glóin Óin Ori, Dori, Nori Bifur, Bofur, Bombur
Fili, Kili Thorin III Stonehelm Gimli
Durin VII
* Names in italics are Thorin and his company from The Hobbit
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Solopova, Elizabeth (2009), Languages, Myths and History: An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J.R.R. Tolkien's Fiction, New York City: North Landing Books, p. 20, ISBN 0-9816607-1-1
Jump up ^ "Poetic Edda". Translated by Henry Adams Bellows. 1936. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sturluson, Snorri. "Prose Edda". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007. Tr. Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur. The names appear as Thorinn and Eikinskjaldi. The name ultimately derives from that of the Norse god Thor.
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J.R.R. (2007). "Return to Bag End". In Rateleff, John D. The History of The Hobbit. 2. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-00-725066-5.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Stuart (December 1991). "Top 100 Speccy Games". Your Sinclair. New York City: Dennis Publishing (72): 28.
Jump up ^ Winning, Josh (July 18, 2011). "See Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield in The Hobbit". Total Film. London, England: Future Publishing. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
External links[edit]
Middle-earth portal
Children and Young Adult Literature portal
Fictional characters portal
Thorin at The Thain's Book
Thorin at Tolkiengateway.net
Thorin at LOTR Wikia
Preceded by
Thráin II Kings of Durin's folk Succeeded by
Dáin II Ironfoot
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FEV1/FVC ratio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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TLC
Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.
TV
Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (TV indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or VT is used.)
RV
Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
ERV
Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position
IRV
Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level
IC
Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV
IVC
Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration
VC
Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.
VT
Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or VT is used.)
FRC
Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position
RV/TLC%
Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC
VA
Alveolar gas volume
VL
Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway.
FVC
Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort
FEVt
Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first t seconds
FEV1
Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration
FEFx
Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to amount of FVC already exhaled
FEFmax
The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver
FIF
Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIFmax. Unless otherwise specified, volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.)
PEF
Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter
MVV
Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort
v
t
e
The FEV1/FVC ratio, also called Tiffeneau-Pinelli index,[1] is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive lung disease.[2][3] It represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of forced expiration to the full vital capacity.[4]
Normal values are approximately 80%.[5] Predicted normal values can be calculated online and depend on age, sex, height, and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based upon.
A derived value of FEV1% is FEV1% predicted, which is defined as FEV1% of the patient divided by the average FEV1% in the population for any person of similar age, sex and body composition.
Disease states[edit]
In obstructive lung disease, the FEV1 is reduced due to an obstruction of air escaping from the lungs. Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio will be reduced.[4] More specifically, according to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, the diagnosis of COPD is made when the FEV1/FVC ratio is less than 0.7 and the FEV1 is less than 80% of predicted;[6] however, other authoritative bodies have different diagnostic cutoff points.[7] The Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease criteria also require that values are after bronchodilator medication has been given to make the diagnosis. According to the European Respiratory Society (ERS) criteria, it is FEV1% predicted that defines when a patient has COPD—that is, when the patient's FEV1% is less than 88% of the predicted value for men, or less than 89% for women.[7]
In restrictive lung disease, the FEV1 and FVC are equally reduced due to fibrosis or other lung pathology (not obstructive pathology). Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio should be approximately normal, or even increased due to decrease of a greater magnitude in FVC as compared to FEV1 (because of the decreased compliance associated with the presence of fibrosis in some pathological conditions).[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Minelli R. Appunti dalle lezioni di fisiologia umana. La Goliardica Pavese, Pavia, 1992.
Jump up ^ Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL, et al. (2008). "Using the lower limit of normal for the FEV1/FVC ratio reduces the misclassification of airway obstruction". Thorax. 63 (12): 1046–51. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.098483. PMID 18786983.
Jump up ^ Sahebjami H, Gartside PS (1996). "Pulmonary function in obese subjects with a normal FEV1/FVC ratio". Chest. 110 (6): 1425–9. doi:10.1378/chest.110.6.1425. PMID 8989055.
^ Jump up to: a b c Interpreting spirometry. gp-training.net
Jump up ^ "Forced Expiration". Johns Hopkins University.
Jump up ^ Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care (partial update). NICE.org.uk. June 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Nathell, L.; Nathell, M.; Malmberg, P.; Larsson, K. (2007). "COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques". Respiratory research. 8 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-8-89. PMC 2217523  . PMID 18053200.
[hide]
v
t
e
Respiratory physiology
Respiration
breath
inhalation
exhalation
respiratory rate
respirometer
pulmonary surfactant
compliance
elastic recoil
hysteresivity
airway resistance
bronchial
hyperresponsiveness
constriction
dilatation
mechanical ventilation
Control
pons
pneumotaxic center
apneustic center
medulla
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
chemoreceptors
central
peripheral
pulmonary stretch receptors
Hering–Breuer reflex
Lung volumes
VC
FRC
Vt
dead space
CC
PEF
calculations
respiratory minute volume
FEV1/FVC ratio
Lung function tests
spirometry
body plethysmography
peak flow meter
nitrogen washout
Circulation
pulmonary circulation
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
pulmonary shunt
Interactions
ventilation (V)
Perfusion (Q)
Ventilation/perfusion ratio
V/Q scan
zones of the lung
gas exchange
pulmonary gas pressures
alveolar gas equation
alveolar–arterial gradient
hemoglobin
oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation
2,3-BPG
Bohr effect
Haldane effect)
carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift)
oxyhemoglobin
respiratory quotient
arterial blood gas
diffusion capacity (DLCO)
Insufficiency
high altitude
oxygen toxicity
hypoxia
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