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Love & Hip Hop
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Love & Hip Hop
original title screen (2011)
Genre
Reality television
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Running time
41–44 minutes
Release
Original network
VH1
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
720p (HDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Chronology
Related shows
...New York
...Atlanta
...Hollywood
...Miami
Love & Hip Hop is a media franchise that consists of several reality television series broadcast on VH1. The shows document the lives and relationships of hip hop and R&B musicians, performers, managers, and record producers residing in varying regions throughout the United States. The original franchise version, Love & Hip Hop: New York, premiered on March 6, 2011. Its success resulted in spin-offs located in Atlanta, Hollywood, and Miami. The subsequent installments have proven similarly successful, and have resulted in spin-offs of their own.
As of January 1, 2018, 273 original episodes of LHHNY, LHHATL, LHHH, & LHHMIA have aired over nineteen seasons. The series is known for its large ensemble cast, with over 150 cast members.
Contents
[hide]
1 Franchise history
1.1 Proposed spin-offs
2 Domestic installments
3 Spin-offs
4 Specials
5 Cast crossovers
6 Cultural impact
7 References
8 External links
Franchise history[edit]
Love & Hip Hop had its origins as a 2006 pilot called Keeping Up With the Joneses, which centered around rapper Jim Jones and was produced by Stefan Springman and Toby Barraud.[1][2] When VH1 brought producer Mona Scott-Young on board, its focus shifted to include Jim's girlfriend Chrissy Lampkin and her circle of friends.[3] The series was first mentioned in VH1's programming development report in early 2010 as Diary of a Hip Hop Girlfriend.[4] On January 4, 2011, it was announced that Love & Hip Hop would debut on March 6, 2011, as an eight-episode series. The first season was later expanded to nine episodes in order to include the first season reunion, which aired on May 16, 2011.[5]
On May 25, 2011, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on November 14, 2011.[6] The season garnered big ratings for the network, averaging 2.8 million total viewers per episode, making it VH1's highest rated series in over three and a half years.[7]
On May 15, 2012, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, the Atlanta-based spin-off of Love & Hip Hop, would make its series premiere on June 18, 2012.[8] After its premiere, the show's audience grew substantially over the season, garnering even higher ratings than its predecessor. Its finale garnered 5.5 million people overall.[9]
On September 7, 2012, VH1 announced that Chrissy Lampkin and Jim Jones would leave Love & Hip Hop, to star in their own spin-off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones.[10] The third season of Love & Hip Hop, now titled Love & Hip Hop: New York in promotional material, premiered on January 7, 2013, with nearly a whole new cast.[11]
On April 1, 2013, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta would be returning for a second season on April 22, 2013.[12]
On October 10, 2013, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: New York would be returning for a fourth season on October 28, 2013. The season premiered back-to-back with the second season of Chrissy & Mr. Jones.[13]
On April 14, 2014, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta would be returning for a third season on May 5, 2014.[14]
On August 18, 2014, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood, the Los Angeles-based spin-off of Love & Hip Hop, would make its series premiere on September 15, 2014.[15]
On October 15, 2014, VH1 announced the spin-off K. Michelle: My Life, starring cast member K. Michelle, would make its series premiere on November 3, 2014.[16]
On December 2, 2014, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: New York would be returning for a fifth season on December 15, 2014.[17]
On April 9, 2015, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta would be returning for a fourth season on April 20, 2015, and would premiere alongside Love & Hip Hop Atlanta: The Afterparty Live!, a half-hour-long interactive after-show hosted by Big Tigger.[18]
On April 14, 2015, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: The Wedding, a two-hour special featuring the marriage between cast members Yandy Smith and Mendeecees Harris, would air live on May 25, 2015.[19]
On August 10, 2015, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood would be returning for a second season on September 7, 2015.[20]
On October 12, 2015, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: Out in Hip Hop, a round-table discussion moderated by T. J. Holmes of ABC News, would air on October 19, 2015. The special focused on the reality on being openly LGBT in the hip hop community, and coincided with the airing of the seventh episode "Truth", in which bisexual cast member Miles comes out to his ex-girlfriend Amber.[21]
On November 2, 2015, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: New York would be returning for a sixth season on December 14, 2015.[22]
On December 2, 2015, VH1 announced the spin-off Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood, starring Stevie J and Joseline Hernandez, would make its series premiere on January 25, 2016, back-to-back with the second season of K. Michelle: My Life.[23]
On March 8, 2016, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta would be returning for a fifth season on April 4, 2016.[24]
On August 3, 2016, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood would be returning for a third season on August 15, 2016.[25]
On August 8, 2016, VH1 and 345 Games announced the release of Love & Hip Hop: The Game, a mobile game for iOS and Android. It was released worldwide on September 22, 2016.[26]
On November 14, 2016, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop would be returning for a seventh season on November 21, 2016.[27]
On December 1, 2016, VH1 announced the spin-off Leave It To Stevie, starring Stevie J, would make its series premiere on December 19, 2016, back-to-back with the third season of K. Michelle: My Life.[28]
On February 21, 2017, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta would be returning for a sixth season on March 6, 2017.[29] On April 19, 2017, VH1 announced Joseline's Special Delivery, a special documenting the birth of Joseline's child, which aired between the season's eighth and ninth episodes on May 1, 2017.[30][31] Additionally, Dirty Little Secrets 2, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes, aired on May 10, 2017.[32]
On April 13, 2017, VH1 announced that season four of Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood would premiere on July 17, 2017.[33] On June 19, 2017, the season premiere date was moved to July 24, 2017. On July 3, 2017, three weeks before the season four premiere, VH1 aired Dirty Little Secrets, a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes from the show's first three seasons, along with interviews with the show's cast and producers.[34]
On October 2, 2017, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop: New York would return for an eighth season on October 30, 2017. A behind-the-scenes special, Dirty Little Secrets, aired on October 17, 2017. On November 16, 2017, VH1 announced that Remy & Papoose: A Merry Mackie Holiday, a holiday special starring Remy Ma and Papoose, would air on December 18, 2017.[35]
On October 30, 2017, VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop: Miami, the Miami-based spin-off of Love & Hip Hop, would make its series premiere on January 1, 2018.[36]
on December 7, 2017, VH1 announced that Leave It To Stevie would return for a second season on January 3, 2018.[37]
Proposed spin-offs[edit]
Since 2013, Mona Scott-Young has discussed expanding the franchise to other cities, such as Chicago,[38] New Orleans,[39] Detroit [40] and Houston.
On February 28, 2016, it was reported that potential spin-offs set in Miami and Houston were in pre-production and the producers were auditioning potential cast members.[41] However, Scott-Young denied reports of a spin-off being filmed in New Orleans, saying "I would love to do a show there but there is no Love & Hip Hop: New Orleans being cast or shot right now."[42][43] Love & Hip Hop: Houston was to feature Jhonni Blaze, Kirko Bangz, Kat St. John, Just Brittany, Nessacary, J. Prince Jr, Propain, the Sauce Twinz, the Charlo Brothers, DJ Eric, Lil' Keith, and Mehgan James as cast members. However, the show was put on hold indefinitely midway through filming in June 2016 due to concerns for the crew's safety, after several shoots were shut down by cast violence, as well as locals interrupting filming.[44] On July 7, 2017, Scott-Young said "Houston I love. We wanted to do Houston and we went into Houston to cast and we may go back to Houston." [45]
On September 23, 2014, Tammy Rivera and Waka Flocka Flame announced on social media that they would be leaving Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta to star in their own spin-off show Meet The Flockas.[46] However, the series never eventuated and Rivera returned to the main cast of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta in 2016. On October 11, 2017, Waka confirmed that Meet The Flockas was in production and would be produced by Mona Scott-Young.[47] Earlier on July 24, 2017, Safaree Samuels announced that he would be starring in his own spin-off Wild Safaree.[48] Both spin-offs have not been officially announced by VH1 as of December 2017.
Domestic installments[edit]
Series
Abbrev.
Series premiere
Series finale
No. of
seasons
Ref.
Love & Hip Hop: New York
LHHNY March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06) N/A 8 [49]
Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta
LHHATL June 18, 2012 (2012-06-18) N/A 6 [50]
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
LHHH September 15, 2014 N/A 4 [51]
Love & Hip Hop: Miami
LHHMIA January 1, 2018 N/A 1 [52]
Spin-offs[edit]
Series
(parent installment)
Cast member
Series premiere
Series finale
No. of
seasons
Ref.
Chrissy & Mr. Jones
(Love & Hip Hop: New York)
Chrissy Lampkin & Jim Jones September 24, 2012 (2012-09-24) December 16, 2013 (2013-12-16) 2 [53]
K. Michelle: My Life
(Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta)
K. Michelle November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03) February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06) 3 [54]
Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood
(Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta)
Stevie J & Joseline Hernandez January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25) March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21) 1 [55]
Leave It To Stevie
(Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta)
Stevie J December 19, 2016 (2016-12-19) N/A 2 [56]
Specials[edit]
Series
(parent installment)
Cast member
Premiere
Ref.
Love & Hip Hop Live: The Wedding
(Love & Hip Hop: New York)
Yandy Smith & Mendeecees Harris May 25, 2015 (2015-05-25) [57]
Love & Hip Hop: Out in Hip Hop
(Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood)
Milan Christopher & Miles Brock October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19) [58]
Love & Hip Hop: Joseline's Special Delivery
(Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta)
Joseline Hernandez May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01) [31]
Remy & Papoose: A Merry Mackie Holiday
(Love & Hip Hop: New York)
Remy Ma & Papoose December 18, 2017 (2017-12-18) [35]
Cast crossovers[edit]
Cast member
First
appearance
Series
Love & Hip Hop
Spin-offs
New York
Atlanta
Hollywood
Miami
Chrissy & Mr. Jones
K. Michelle: My Life
Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood
Leave It To Stevie
Chrissy Lampkin Love & Hip Hop: New York Main Guest[note 1] Main
Emily Bustamante Main Supporting
Somaya Reece Main Guest[note 2] Guest[note 2]
Jim Jones Supporting Guest[note 1] Main
Nancy "Mama" Jones Supporting Guest[note 1] Supporting
Rich Dollaz Supporting Supporting
Teairra Marí Supporting Main
Cisco Rosado Supporting Supporting
Mariahlynn Main Guest[note 3]
DJ Self Supporting Guest[note 2]
Felicia "Snoop" Pearson Main Guest[note 4]
Jade Wifey Supporting Supporting
Joseline Hernandez Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta Guest[note 5] Main Guest Main
Rasheeda Guest[note 5] Main
K. Michelle Main Main Guest
Karlie Redd Guest[note 5] Main Guest
Mimi Faust Main Supporting
Stevie J Guest[note 5] Main Main
Lil Scrappy Guest[note 5] Supporting Supporting
Ariane Davis Guest[note 5] Supporting
Momma Dee Guest[note 5] Supporting
Kirk Frost Guest[note 5] Supporting
Shay Johnson Supporting Main
Adiz "Bambi" Benson Guest[note 5] Supporting
Yung Joc Guest[note 5] Supporting Supporting
Jessica Dime Supporting Guest
Tommie Lee Main Supporting
D. Smith Supporting Guest[note 4]
Gunplay Supporting Main
Moniece Slaughter Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood Supporting Main
Ray J Guest[note 5] Main Supporting
Lil Fizz Guest Main
Nikki Mudarris Guest[note 5] Guest Main
Princess Love Guest[note 5] Main
Safaree Samuels Supporting Main Guest Supporting
Keyshia Cole Guest Main
Alexis Skyy Guest Supporting
Trina Love & Hip Hop: Miami Main Guest
Freddie Robinson Jr. Chrissy & Mr. Jones Guest Supporting
Talia Coles Guest Supporting
Deb Antney Supporting Supporting
Paris Phillips K. Michelle: My Life Guest Supporting
Jonathan Fernandez Supporting Guest Supporting
Tracie Renee Guest Supporting
Stevie Jordan Jr. Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood Guest Supporting
Sade Jordan Guest Supporting
Savannah Jordan Supporting Supporting
Faith Evans Leave It To Stevie Guest Guest Supporting
Eva Jordan Guest Guest Supporting
Dorian Jordan Guest Guest Supporting
Note:
^ Jump up to: a b c Appears in archival footage in the Dirty Little Secrets special only.
^ Jump up to: a b c Appears in an uncredited cameo only.
Jump up ^ Appears in the Joseline's Special Delivery special only.
^ Jump up to: a b Appears in the Love & Hip Hop: Out in Hip Hop special only.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live: The Wedding special only.
Cultural impact[edit]
During a speech at a campaign rally in North Carolina on November 4, 2016, President Barack Obama referenced the show, comparing the 2016 presidential race to reality television, saying "I mean, its like some Love & Hip Hop stuff." [59]
On a 2013 episode of the BET television series The Game, Wendy Raquel Robinson's character Tasha makes reference to the franchise, saying "Back in the day we weren't carrying ourselves like them damn crazies you see on Love & Hip Hop, we conducted ourselves as upstanding women who were looked up to in the community".
In the 2016 film Barbershop: The Next Cut, when Eve and Common's characters get into an argument over their relationship, Cedric the Entertainer's character makes a reference to the franchise, saying "This ain't no Love & Hip Hop reunion."
Lee Daniels is a fan of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta [60] and his 2016 Fox television series Star (set in Atlanta) makes several references to the show. Joseline Hernandez appears in a recurring role as Michelle, a stripper. In the second episode, Lenny Kravitz's character is seen watching a scene of the show featuring Mimi Faust and Stevie J. In a later scene in the same episode, Jessica Dime makes a cameo appearance as a stripper. The references to the franchise continue into the second season, with the premiere featuring Star (Jude Demorest) singing a line from Love & Hip Hop: New York cast member Mariahlynn's single "Once Upon A Time (I Was a Hoe)". Additionally, Star cast member Jasmine Burke guest starred in Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta's sixth season as herself.
In the 2017 pilot of the Netflix television adaptation Dear White People, a character attempts to break up an argument between two female characters by saying "Yo, fam, can we cut the Love & Hip Hop auditions and get to it?"
In an overview of the television cultural divide, The New York Times reported that Love & Hip Hop was most popular show in the Black Belt.[61]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "VH1 Announces Return of Love & Hip Hop New York | Reality TV News and Gossip". VH1 Blog. November 17, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1's Smash Hit "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta" Returns for an All-New Season of Hustle & Heartbreak Monday, April 20 at 8PM ET/PT - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. April 9, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1 Hosts Roundtable Discussion Moderated by T.J. Holmes on the Reality of Being Openly Gay in the Hip Hop Community with "LHH: Out in Hip Hop" Premiering Monday, October 19 at 11PM - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. October 12, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - The Beat Goes on at VH1 When "Love & Hip Hop: New York" Returns for Season 6 on Monday, December 14 at 8PM ET/PT - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. November 2, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1 "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta" Headliners Go West with the Series Premiere of "Stevie J & Joseline Go Hollywood" and the Second Season of "K. Michelle: My Life" - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. December 2, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1's Top Rated "Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta" Season 5 Premieres Monday, April 4 at 8PM ET/PT - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. March 8, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - VH1's "Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood" Season 3 Premieres Monday, August 15th at 8:00 PM ET/PT - TheFutonCritic.com". www.TheFutonCritic.com. August 3, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Joseline Hernandez Reveals Baby Girl Will Be Named Bonnie". VH1 News.
^ Jump up to: a b "Instagram post by Management:JoselineHernandez • Feb 4, 2017 at 1:44pm UTC". Instagram. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "From Spongebob to Hourglass: The Love & Hip Hop Hollywood Cast Members Reveal Which Areas They've Nipped and Tucked".
^ Jump up to: a b "Breaking News - VH1 Celebrates the Season with "Remy & Papoose: A Merry Mackie Holiday" - TheFutonCritic.com". www.thefutoncritic.com.
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Jump up ^ "Leave It To Stevie Returns to VH1 And You Won't Believe Which Love & Hip Hop Stars Are Joining Him For His Crazy Adventures!".
Jump up ^ http://madamenoire.com/271774/is-mona-scott-young-bringing-love-hip-hop-to-chicago/
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Jump up ^ [1]
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Jump up ^ "K.Michelle: My Life - Season 3 Episodes (TV Series) - VH1". VH1. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Love & Hip Hop Live: The Wedding - Season 1 Episodes (TV Series) - VH1". VH1. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "LHH: Out In Hip Hop - Season 1 Episodes (TV Series) - VH1". VH1. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jones, Jalessa (November 4, 2016). "Obama calls the 2016 election a reality show: It's like some 'Love & Hip Hop' stuff"". US Today.
Jump up ^ "Joseline Hernandez Discusses Filming Lee Daniels' New Series". VH1.
Jump up ^ Katz, Josh (December 27, 2016). "'Duck Dynasty' vs. 'Modern Family': 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide". The New York Times.
External links[edit]
Love & Hip Hop: New York
Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
Love & Hip Hop Live: The Wedding
Love & Hip Hop: Out in Hip Hop
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Step pyramid
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A step pyramid or stepped pyramid is an architectural structure that uses flat platforms, or steps, receding from the ground up, to achieve a completed shape similar to a geometric pyramid. Step pyramids are structures which characterized several cultures throughout history, in several locations throughout the world. These pyramids typically are large and made of several layers of stone. The term refers to pyramids of similar design that emerged separately from one another, as there are no firmly established connections between the different civilizations that built them.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mesopotamia
2 Ancient Egypt
3 Africa
4 Europe
5 Mesoamerica
6 South America
7 North America
8 Indonesia
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Further reading
Mesopotamia[edit]
Main article: Ziggurat
The 4100-year-old Great Ziggurat of Ur in southern Iraq
Ziggurats were huge religious monuments built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley and western Iranian plateau, having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels. There are 32 ziggurats known at, and near, Mesopotamia. Twenty-eight of them are in Iraq, and four of them are in Iran. Notable Ziggurats include the Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah, Iraq, the Ziggurat of Aqar Quf near Baghdad, Iraq, Chogha Zanbil in Khūzestān, Iran, the most recent to be discovered – Sialk near Kashan, Iran and others. Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites and Assyrians as monuments to local religions. The probable predecessors of the ziggurat were temples supported on raised platforms or terraces that date from the Ubaid period[1] during the fourth millennium BC, and the latest date from the 6th century BC. The earliest ziggurats probably date from the latter part of the Early Dynastic Period of Sumer.[2] Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure. Sun-baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colors and may have had astrological significance. Kings sometimes had their names engraved on these glazed bricks. The number of tiers ranged from two to seven, with a shrine or temple at the summit. Access to the shrine was provided by a series of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from base to summit. It was also called Hill of Heaven or Mountain of the gods.
Ancient Egypt[edit]
Pyramid of Djoser in 2010
Main article: Egyptian pyramids
The earliest Egyptian pyramids were step pyramids. During the Third Dynasty of Egypt, the architect Imhotep designed Egypt's first step pyramid as a tomb for the pharaoh, Djoser. This structure, the Pyramid of Djoser, was composed of a series of six successively smaller mastabas (an earlier form of tomb), one on top of another thus producing seven levels (including the rooftop) and four sides. Later pharaohs, including Sekhemkhet and Khaba, built similar structures, known as the Buried Pyramid and the Layer Pyramid, respectively.
In the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, the Egyptians began to build "true pyramids" with smooth sides. The earliest of these pyramids, located at Meidum, began as a step pyramid built for Sneferu. Sneferu later made other pyramids, the Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid at Dahshur, which were the first true pyramids to be built as such from the beginning. With this innovation, the age of Egyptian stepped pyramids came to an end.
Africa[edit]
One of the unique structures of Igboland was the Nsude Pyramids, at the Nigerian town of Nsude, northern Igboland. Ten pyramidal structures were built of clay/mud. The first base section was 60 ft. in circumference and 3 ft. in height. The next stack was 45 ft. in circumference. Circular stacks continued, till it reached the top. The structures were temples for the god Ala/Uto, who was believed to reside at the top. A stick was placed at the top to represent the god's residence. The structures were laid in groups of five parallel to each other. Because it was built of clay/mud like the Deffufa of Nubia, time has taken its toll requiring periodic reconstruction.[3]
Europe[edit]
Monte D' Accoddi, Sardinia
A step pyramid exists in the archaeological site of Monte d'Accoddi, in Sardinia, dating to the 4th millennium BC.: "a trapezoidal platform on an artificial mound, reached by a sloped causeway. At one time a rectangular structure sat atop the platform ... the platform dates from the Copper Age (c. 2700–2000 BC), with some minor subsequent activity in the Early Bronze Age (c. 2000–1600 BC). Near the mound are several standing stones, and a large limestone slab, now at the foot of the mound, may have served as an altar."[4]
Mesoamerica[edit]
Main article: Mesoamerican pyramids
Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacan, Mexico
The most prolific builders of these step pyramids were the pre-Columbian civilizations. The remains of step pyramids can be found throughout the Mayan cities of the Yucatán, as well as in Aztec and Toltec architecture. In many of these cases, successive layers of pyramids were built on top of the pre-existing structures, with which the pyramids expanded in size on a cyclical basis. This is true of the Great Pyramid of Cholula and of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan.
South America[edit]
Step pyramids were also a part of South American architecture, such as that of the Moche and the Chavín culture.
North America[edit]
Monk's Mound in summer. The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs.
There are a number of earthwork step pyramids within North America. Often associated with mounds and other mortuary complexes across the Eastern Woodlands (concentrated in the North American Southeast), step pyramids were constructed as ceremonial centres by the Mississippian cultures (900-1500 CE), and are regarded as a facet of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex.
The largest earthen work step pyramid of this type in North America is Monk's Mound, located in present-day Cahokia, Illinois. With the base of the structure exceeding 16 acres[5] Monks Mound is also one of the largest pyramids by area in the world (after La Danta and Great Pyramid of Cholula).
Indonesia[edit]
Borobudur, Central Java
The main pyramid of Sukuh temple
As well as menhirs, stone tables, and stone statues Austronesian megalithic culture in Indonesia also featured earth and stone step pyramid structure, referred to as punden berundak as discovered in Pangguyangan site near Cisolok[6] and in Cipari near Kuningan.[7] The construction of stone pyramids is based on the native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode for the spirit of the ancestors.[8]
The step pyramid is the basic design of 8th century Borobudur Buddhist monument in Central Java.[9] However the later temples built in Java were influenced by Indian Hindu architecture, as displayed by the towering spires of Prambanan temple. In the 15th century Java during the late Majapahit period saw the revival of Austronesian indigenous elements as displayed by Sukuh temple that somewhat resembles a Mesoamerican pyramid, and also stepped pyramids of Mount Penanggungan.[10]
See also[edit]
Pyramids of Güímar
List of Mississippian sites
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Crawford, page 73
Jump up ^ Crawford, page 73-74
Jump up ^ Basden, G. S. Among the Ibos of Nigeria, 1921 Psychology Press: p. 109, ISBN 0-7146-1633-8 [1]
Jump up ^ Blake, Emma; Arthur Bernard Knapp (2004). The archaeology of Mediterranean prehistory. Wiley Blackwell. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-631-23268-1. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Warren King Morehead, The Cahokia mounds: with 16 plates; a preliminary paper, The University of Illinois, 1922
Jump up ^ "Pangguyangan". Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat (in Indonesian).
Jump up ^ I.G.N. Anom; Sri Sugiyanti; Hadniwati Hasibuan (1996). Maulana Ibrahim; Samidi, eds. Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 87.
Jump up ^ Timbul Haryono (2011). Sendratari mahakarya Borobudur (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. p. 14. ISBN 9789799103338.
Jump up ^ R. Soekmono (2002). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 (in Indonesian). Kanisius. p. 87. ISBN 9789794132906.
Jump up ^ Edi Sedyawati; Hariani Santiko; Hasan Djafar; Ratnaesih Maulana; Wiwin Djuwita Sudjana Ramelan; Chaidir Ashari (2013). Candi Indonesia: Seri Jawa: Indonesian-English, Volume 1 dari Candi Indonesia, Indonesia. Direktorat Pelestarian Cagar Budaya dan Permuseuman, Seri Jawa. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. ISBN 9786021766934.
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Step pyramids.
Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, (New York 1993), ISBN 0-521-38850-3.
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