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Address Resolution Protocol
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The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given network layer address, typically an IPv4 address. This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite. ARP was defined in 1982 by RFC 826,[1] which is Internet Standard STD 37.
ARP has been implemented with many combinations of network and data link layer technologies, such as IPv4, Chaosnet, DECnet and Xerox PARC Universal Packet (PUP) using IEEE 802 standards, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). IPv4 over IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 is the most common usage.
In Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) networks, the functionality of ARP is provided by the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP).
Contents
1 Operating scope
2 Packet structure
3 Example
4 ARP probe
5 ARP announcements
6 ARP mediation
7 Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP
8 ARP spoofing and Proxy ARP
9 Alternatives to ARP
10 ARP stuffing
11 Standards documents
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Operating scope[edit]
The Address Resolution Protocol is a request-response protocol whose messages are encapsulated by a link layer protocol. It is communicated within the boundaries of a single network, never routed across internetworking nodes. This property places ARP into the link layer of the Internet protocol suite.[2]
Packet structure[edit]
The Address Resolution Protocol uses a simple message format containing one address resolution request or response. The size of the ARP message depends on the link layer and network layer address sizes. The message header specifies the types of network in use at each layer as well as the size of addresses of each. The message header is completed with the operation code for request (1) and reply (2). The payload of the packet consists of four addresses, the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts.
The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet. In this scenario, the packet has 48-bit fields for the sender hardware address (SHA) and target hardware address (THA), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses (SPA and TPA). The ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes.
Internet Protocol (IPv4) over Ethernet ARP packet
octet offset
0
1
0
Hardware type (HTYPE)
2
Protocol type (PTYPE)
4
Hardware address length (HLEN) Protocol address length (PLEN)
6
Operation (OPER)
8
Sender hardware address (SHA) (first 2 bytes)
10
(next 2 bytes)
12
(last 2 bytes)
14
Sender protocol address (SPA) (first 2 bytes)
16
(last 2 bytes)
18
Target hardware address (THA) (first 2 bytes)
20
(next 2 bytes)
22
(last 2 bytes)
24
Target protocol address (TPA) (first 2 bytes)
26
(last 2 bytes)
Hardware type (HTYPE)
This field specifies the network link protocol type. Example: Ethernet is 1.
Protocol type (PTYPE)
This field specifies the internetwork protocol for which the ARP request is intended. For IPv4, this has the value 0x0800. The permitted PTYPE values share a numbering space with those for EtherType.[3][4][5]
Hardware length (HLEN)
Length (in octets) of a hardware address. Ethernet addresses size is 6.
Protocol length (PLEN)
Length (in octets) of addresses used in the upper layer protocol. (The upper layer protocol specified in PTYPE.) IPv4 address size is 4.
Operation
Specifies the operation that the sender is performing: 1 for request, 2 for reply.
Sender hardware address (SHA)
Media address of the sender. In an ARP request this field is used to indicate the address of the host sending the request. In an ARP reply this field is used to indicate the address of the host that the request was looking for. (Not necessarily address of the host replying as in the case of virtual media.) Switches do not pay attention to this field, particularly in learning MAC addresses. The ARP PDU is encapsulated in Ethernet frame, and that is why Layer 2 devices examine it.
Sender protocol address (SPA)
Internetwork address of the sender.
Target hardware address (THA)
Media address of the intended receiver. In an ARP request this field is ignored. In an ARP reply this field is used to indicate the address of the host that originated the ARP request.
Target protocol address (TPA)
Internetwork address of the intended receiver.
ARP protocol parameter values have been standardized and are maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).[6]
The EtherType for ARP is 0x0806. This appears in the Ethernet frame header when the payload is an ARP packet and is not to be confused with PTYPE, which appears within this encapsulated ARP packet.
Example[edit]
Two computers in an office (computer 1 and computer 2) are connected to each other in a local area network by Ethernet cables and network switches, with no intervening gateways or routers. Computer 1 has a packet to send to Computer 2. Through DNS, it determines that Computer 2 has the IP address 192.168.0.55. To send the message, it also requires Computer 2's MAC address. First, Computer 1 uses a cached ARP table to look up 192.168.0.55 for any existing records of Computer 2's MAC address (00:eb:24:b2:05:ac). If the MAC address is found, it sends an Ethernet frame with destination address 00:eb:24:b2:05:ac, containing the IP packet onto the link. If the cache did not produce a result for 192.168.0.55, Computer 1 has to send a broadcast ARP message (destination FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF MAC address), which is accepted by all computers on the local network, requesting an answer for 192.168.0.55. Computer 2 responds with its MAC and IP addresses. Computer 2 may insert an entry for Computer 1 into its ARP table for future use. Computer 1 caches the response information in its ARP table and can now send the packet.[7]
ARP probe[edit]
An ARP probe is an ARP request constructed with an all-zero sender IP address (SPA). The term is used in the IPv4 Address Conflict Detection specification (RFC 5227). Before beginning to use an IPv4 address (whether received from manual configuration, DHCP, or some other means), a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use, by broadcasting ARP probe packets.[8]
ARP announcements[edit]
ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol. This is useful for updating other hosts' mappings of a hardware address when the sender's IP address or MAC address has changed. Such an announcement, also called a gratuitous ARP message, is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the sender's protocol address (SPA) in the target field (TPA=SPA), with the target hardware address (THA) set to zero. An alternative way is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender's hardware and protocol addresses (SHA and SPA) duplicated in the target fields (TPA=SPA, THA=SHA).
The gratuitous ARP request message and the gratuitous ARP reply messages are standards-based methods,[9][10] but the "ARP Request" is preferred.[11] Some devices may be configured for the use of either of these two types of GARP.[12]
An ARP announcement is not intended to solicit a reply; instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet. The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only processed after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields.[13][14][15]
Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup. That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise occur if, for example, a network card was recently changed (changing the IP-address-to-MAC-address mapping) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches.
Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to provide load balancing for incoming traffic. In a team of network cards, it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets.
ARP announcements can be used to defend link-local IP addresses in the Zeroconf protocol (RFC 3927), and for IP address takeover within high-availability clusters.[clarification needed][example needed]
ARP mediation[edit]
ARP mediation refers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses through a Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) when different resolution protocols are used on the connected circuits, e.g., Ethernet on one end and Frame Relay on the other. In IPv4, each Provider Edge (PE) device discovers the IP address of the locally attached Customer Edge (CE) device and distributes that IP address to the corresponding remote PE device. Then each PE device responds to local ARP requests using the IP address of the remote CE device and the hardware address of the local PE device. In IPv6, each PE device discovers the IP address of both local and remote CE devices and then intercepts local Neighbor Discovery (ND) and Inverse Neighbor Discovery (IND) packets and forwards them to the remote PE device.[16]
Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP[edit]
Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (Inverse ARP or InARP) is used to obtain Network Layer addresses (for example, IP addresses) of other nodes from Data Link Layer (Layer 2) addresses. It is primarily used in Frame Relay (DLCI) and ATM networks, in which Layer 2 addresses of virtual circuits are sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling, and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before those virtual circuits can be used.[17]
Since ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses, InARP may be described as its inverse. In addition, InARP is implemented as a protocol extension to ARP: it uses the same packet format as ARP, but different operation codes.
The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (Reverse ARP or RARP), like InARP, translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses. However, in ARP the requesting station queries the Layer 3 address of another node, whereas RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes. RARP is obsolete; it was replaced by BOOTP, which was later superseded by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).[18]
ARP spoofing and Proxy ARP[edit]
A successful ARP spoofing attack allows an attacker to perform a man-in-the-middle attack.
Main article: ARP spoofing
Main article: Proxy ARP
Because ARP does not provide methods for authenticating ARP replies on a network, ARP replies can come from systems other than the one with the required Layer 2 address. An ARP proxy is a system which answers the ARP request on behalf of another system for which it will forward traffic, normally as a part of the network's design, such as for a dialup internet service. By contrast, in ARP spoofing the answering system, or spoofer, replies to a request for another system's address with the aim of intercepting data bound for that system. A malicious user may use ARP spoofing to perform a man-in-the-middle or denial-of-service attack on other users on the network. Various software exists to both detect and perform ARP spoofing attacks, though ARP itself does not provide any methods of protection from such attacks.[19]
Alternatives to ARP[edit]
Each computer maintains a database of the mapping of Layer 3 addresses (e.g., IP addresses) to Layer 2 addresses (e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses), which is maintained primarily by the reception of ARP packets from the local network link. Thus, it is often called the ARP cache. Traditionally, other methods were also used to maintain this table, such as static configuration files,[20] or centrally maintained lists.
Since at least the 1980s,[21] networked computers have a utility called 'arp' for interrogating or manipulating this table.[22][23][24]
ARP stuffing[edit]
Embedded systems such as networked cameras[25] and networked power distribution devices,[26] which lack a user interface, can use so-called ARP stuffing to make an initial network connection, although this is a misnomer, as ARP is not involved.
This is a solution to an issue in network management of consumer devices, specifically the allocation of IP addresses of ethernet devices where:
the user doesn't have the ability to control DHCP or similar address allocation protocols
the device doesn't have a user interface to configure it with
the user's computer can't communicate with it because it has no suitable IP address.
The solution adopted is as follows:
The user's computer has an IP address stuffed manually into its address table (normally with the arp command with the MAC address taken from a label on the device)
The computer sends special packets to the device, typically a ping packet with a non-default size.
The device then adopts this IP address
The user then communicates with it by telnet or web protocols to complete the configuration.
Such devices typically have a method to disable this process once the device is operating normally, as it is vulnerable to attack.
Standards documents[edit]
RFC 826 - Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol, Internet Standard STD 37.
RFC 903 - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, Internet Standard STD 38.
RFC 2390 - Inverse Address Resolution Protocol, draft standard
RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection, proposed standard
See also[edit]
ARP spoofing
Arping
Arptables
Arpwatch
Bonjour Sleep Proxy
Cisco HDLC
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Proxy ARP
References[edit]
Jump up ^ David C. Plummer (November 1982). "RFC 826, An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol -- or -- Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware". Internet Engineering Task Force, Network Working Group.
Jump up ^ Braden, R. (October 1989). "RFC 1122 - Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers". Internet Engineering Task Force.
Jump up ^ IANA ARP - "Protocol Type"
Jump up ^ IANA - Ethertype values
Jump up ^ RFC 5342
Jump up ^ "IANA ARP parameter assignments". IANA. 2009-04-24.
Jump up ^ Chappell, Laura A. and Tittel, Ed. Guide to TCP/IP, Third Edition. Thomson Course Technology, 2007, pp. 115-116.
Jump up ^ Cheshire, S. (July 2008). "RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection". Internet Engineering Task Force.
Jump up ^ Perkins, C. (November 2010). "RFC 5944 - IP Mobility Support for IPv4, Revised". Internet Engineering Task Force. A gratuitous ARP MAY use either an ARP Request or an ARP Reply packet. [...] any node receiving any ARP packet (Request or Reply) MUST update its local ARP cache with the Sender Protocol and Hardware Addresses in the ARP packet [...]
Jump up ^ Perkins, C. (October 1996). "RFC 2002 - IP Mobility Support". Internet Engineering Task Force.
Jump up ^ Cheshire, S. (July 2008). "RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection". Internet Engineering Task Force. Why Are ARP Announcements Performed Using ARP Request Packets and Not ARP Reply Packets?
Jump up ^ "FAQ: The Firewall Does not Update the Address Resolution Protocol Table". Citrix. 2015-01-16. [...] garpReply enabled [...] generates ARP packets that [...] are of OPCODE type REPLY, rather than REQUEST.
Jump up ^ Gratuitous ARP in DHCP vs. IPv4 ACD Draft Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ RFC 2002 Section 4.6
Jump up ^ RFC 2131 DHCP – Last lines of Section 4.4.1
Jump up ^ Shah, H.; et al. (June 2012). "RFC 6575 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Mediation for IP Interworking of Layer 2 VPNs". Internet Engineering Task Force.
Jump up ^ T. Bradley; et al. (September 1998). "RFC 2390 - Inverse Address Resolution Protocol". Internet Engineering Task Force.
Jump up ^ Finlayson, Mann, Mogul, Theimer (June 1984). "RFC 903 - A Reverse Address Resolution Protocol". Internet Engineering Task Force. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Steve Gibson (2005-12-11). "ARP Cache Poisoning". GRC.
Jump up ^ Sun Microsystems. "SunOS manual page for ethers(5) file". Retrieved 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ University of California, Berkeley. "BSD manual page for arp(8C) command". Retrieved 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ Canonical. "Ubuntu manual page for arp(8) command". Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ Apple Computer. "Mac OS X manual page for arp(8) command". Retrieved 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ Microsoft. "Windows help for arp command". Retrieved 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ Axis Communication. "Axis P13 Network Camera Series Installation Guide" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ American Power Corporation. "Switched Rack Power Distribution Unit Installation and Quick Start Manual" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-09-28.
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about Address Resolution Protocol
ARP Sequence Diagram (pdf)
Gratuitous ARP
ARP-SK ARP traffic generation tools
Sample Capture file from WireSharkWiki
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Chicken Little (2005 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Chicken Little
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mark Dindal
Produced by
Randy Fullmer
Screenplay by
Steve Bencich
Ron J. Friedman
Ron Anderson
Story by
Mark Dindal
Mark Kennedy
Based on
Henny Penny
Starring
Zach Braff
Joan Cusack
Dan Molina
Steve Zahn
Garry Marshall
Amy Sedaris
Mark Walton
Don Knotts
Music by
John Debney
Edited by
Dan Molina
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures[1]
Walt Disney Feature Animation[2]
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures Distribution[1]
Release date
October 30, 2005 (2005-10-30) (El Capitan Theatre)
November 4, 2005 (2005-11-04) (United States)
Running time
81 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$150 million[4]
Box office
$314.4 million[4]
Chicken Little is a 2005 American 3D computer-animated science fiction comedy film, produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and loosely based on the original fable of the same name. The 46th Disney animated feature film, it was directed by Mark Dindal from a screenplay by Steve Bencich, Ron J. Friedman, and Ron Anderson, based on a story by Mark Kennedy and Dindal. The film is dedicated to Disney artist and writer Joe Grant, who died before the film's release.
Chicken Little was animated in-house at Walt Disney Feature Animation's main headquarters in Burbank, California and released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 4, 2005, in Disney Digital 3-D (the first film to be released in this format) along with the standard 2-D version. It is Disney's first fully computer animated feature film, as Pixar's films were distributed, but not produced by Disney, and Dinosaur (2000) was a combination of live-action and computer animation.
Chicken Little was Disney's second adaptation of the fable after a propaganda cartoon made during World War II.[5] The film is also the last Disney animated film made before Pixar executive John Lasseter was named chief creative officer of Disney Animation and the last Disney film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation before the studio was renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios.[6] Chicken Little grossed $314 million worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Writing
3.2 Casting
3.3 Animation
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Home video release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical reaction
6 Soundtrack
6.1 Track listing
7 Video games
8 Cancelled sequel
9 References
10 External links
Plot
In the small town of Oakey Oaks, Chicken Little rings the school bell and warns everyone to run for their lives. This sends the whole town into a frenzied panic. Eventually, the Head of the Fire Department calms down enough to ask him what's going on, and he explains that a piece of the sky shaped like a stop sign had fallen on his head when he was sitting under the big oak tree in the town square; however, he is unable to find the piece. His father, Buck Cluck, assumes that this "piece of sky" was just an acorn that had fallen off the tree and had hit him on the head, making Chicken Little the laughing stock of the town.
A year later, Chicken Little has become infamous in the town for being crazy. His only friends are outcasts like himself: Abby Mallard (who has a crush on him), Runt of the Litter (who ironically is extremely large), and Fish Out of Water (who wears a helmet full of tap water).
Trying to help, Abby encourages Chicken Little to talk to his father, but he really only wants to make his dad proud of him. As a result, he joins his school's baseball team in an attempt to recover his reputation and his father's pride, but is made last until the ninth inning of the last game. Chicken Little is reluctantly called to bat by the coach (even though the coach is certain that he will lose the game for them). Little is able to hit the ball and make it past first, second, and third bases, but is met at home plate by the outfielders. He tries sliding onto home plate but is touched by the ball. While it's presumed he lost the game, the umpire brushes away the dust to reveal Chicken Little's foot barely touching home plate, thus declaring Little safe and the game won; Little is hailed as a hero for winning the pennant.
Later that night back at home, he is hit on the head by the same "piece of the sky" — only to find out that it is not a piece of the sky, but a device which blends into the background (which would thereby explain why Chicken Little was unable to find it last time). He calls his friends over to help figure out what it is.
When Fish pushes a button on the back of the hexagon, it flies into the sky, taking Fish with it. It turns out to be part of the camouflage of an invisible UFO. Chicken Little manages to ring the bell to warn everyone, but the aliens see the crowds coming and manage to escape, leaving an orange alien child behind. No one believes the story of the alien invasion, and Chicken Little is ridiculed yet again... until the next day. He and his friends discover the orange alien, and a few minutes later a whole fleet of alien ships descends on the town and start what appears to be an invasion. The invasion is actually a misunderstanding, as the two aliens are looking for their lost child and attack only out of concern. As the aliens rampage throughout Oakey Oaks, vaporizing everything in their path, Little realizes he must return the alien to his parents to save the planet. First, though, he must confront his father and regain his trust.
In the invasion, Buck, now regaining his pride and trust in his son, defends him from the aliens until they get vaporized. It is then discovered that the aliens weren't vaporizing people, but the ray guns had teleported them aboard the UFO. Afterwards, the aliens return everything to normal (except Foxy Loxy, whose brain got scrambled, turning her into a Southern belle, and as a result, Runt falls for her), and everyone is grateful for Chicken Little's efforts to save the town.
Cast
Zach Braff as Chicken Little, a young and diminutive rooster who suffers under the reputation for being crazy since he caused a panic saying the sky was falling.
Joan Cusack as Abigail "Abby" Mallard (also known as the Ugly Duckling), a female duck (implied swan) with buckteeth. She takes a generally optimistic approach to life. Unfortunately, she is often teased by Foxy for her appearance. She is Chicken Little's best friend, and by the end, his girlfriend.
Dan Molina as Fish Out of Water, a goldfish with a scuba helmet filled with water who lives on the surface. He makes gurgling sounds, cannot speak properly and acting out what he feels. He is not very shy around others and he will perform brave stunts without fear.
Steve Zahn as Runt of the Litter, a large pig with a huge heart who is much larger than the other children, but is far smaller than the other massive members of his family. Runt is easily frightened, anxious, and prone to panic.
Garry Marshall as Buck "Ace" Cluck, Chicken Little's widowed father and a former high school baseball star.
Amy Sedaris as Foxy Loxy, a mean, young fox who is a baseball star and the "hometown hero". She is also a tomboy and one of the "popular kids" at school. In the original fable as well as the 1943 short film, Foxy is a male fox.
Mark Walton as Goosey Loosey, a dim-witted goose and Foxy Loxy's best friend and henchwoman.
Don Knotts as Turkey Lurkey, a turkey and the mayor of Oakey Oaks, who is friendly and sensible, but not very bright.
Sean Elmore, Matthew Michael Joston, and Evan Dunn as Kirby, an energetic and hyper alien child.
Fred Willard as Melvin, Kirby's father and Tina's husband.
Catherine O'Hara as Tina, Kirby's mother and Melvin's wife.
Mark Dindal as Morkubine Porcupine, one of the cool kids. Dindal also provides the voice of Coach in the film.
Patrick Stewart as Mr. Woolensworth, the class' sheep language teacher.
Wallace Shawn as Principal Fetchit, the school's principal.
Patrick Warburton as Alien Cop
Adam West as Ace - Hollywood Chicken Little
Harry Shearer as Dog Announcer, the baseball announcer at Chicken Little's school and a news reporter for Oakey Oaks.
Production
Writing
In September 2001, director Mark Dindal developed the idea for Chicken Little, with its title character envisioned as an overreacting, doom and gloomy female chicken, that went to summer camp to build confidence so she wouldn't overreact, as well as repair her relationship with her father. At the summer camp, she would uncover a nefarious plot that her camp counselor, who was to be voiced by Penn Jillette, was planning against her hometown.[7] Dindal would later pitch his idea to Michael Eisner who suggested it would be better to change Chicken Little into a male because as Dindal recalled, "if you're a boy and you're short, you get picked on."[8]
In January 2003, when David Stainton became Disney's new president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, he decided the story needed a different approach, and told the director the script had to be revised, and during the next three months, it was rewritten into a tale of a boy, trying to save his town from space aliens.[9]
During the rewriting process, Dindal, along with three credited writers and nine others, threw out twenty-five scenes to improve the character development and add more emotional resonance with the parent-child relationship. Dindal admitted that "It took us about 2½ years to pretty much get back to where we started... But in the course of that, the story got stronger, more emotional, and funnier, too."[9][10]
Casting
When originally envisioned as a female character, Holly Hunter provided the voice for the title character for eight months, until it was decided for Chicken Little to be a male.[7] Against forty actors competing for the title role, Zach Braff auditioned where Dindal noted he "pitched his voice slightly to sound like a junior high kid. Right there, that was really unique — and then he had such great energy."[11]
In April 2002, Variety reported that Sean Hayes was to voice a character named the Ugly Duckling,[12] but the character was rewritten into a female.[13] Now conceived as Abby Mallard, Hunter, Jamie Lee Curtis, Sarah Jessica Parker, Jodie Foster, Geena Davis, and Madonna were considered, but Joan Cusack won the role for her natural comedy.[14] In December 2003, it was announced Braff and Cusack were cast, along with other cast members including Steve Zahn, Amy Sedaris, Don Knotts, Katie Finneran, and Garry Marshall.[15]
Marshall was asked to provide a voice for Kingdom of the Sun, which was re-conceived into The Emperor's New Groove and directed by Dindal, but was removed from the project for being "too New York".[10] When he was approached to provide the voice for Buck Cluck, Marshall claimed "I said I don't do voices. You want a chicken that talks like me, fine. So they hired me and they didn't fire me, and it was like a closure on animation."[16]
Animation
To visualize this story, Disney selected 50 percent of its new CGI animation team from its 2D animation staff, and placed them through a rigorous eighteen-month training program, which included an introductory to Alias's Maya that would serve as the main 3D animation software used on the project. As some of the animators had worked on Dinosaur (2000), which used live-action backgrounds,[17] the animation team took inspiration for its staging, coloring, and theatrical lighting from Mary Blair's background designs featured in Peter Pan (1953), and Alice in Wonderland (1951).
For the aesthetics in the background designs, the background layout artists sparingly use digital matte paintings to render out the naturalistic elements, including the trees and the baseball diamond, but they were retouched using Adobe Photoshop as background cards featured in the film.[18] The lighting department would utilize the "Lumiere" software to enhance virtual lighting for the shading form and depth and geometric rendering for the characters' shadows,[19] as well as use real lighting to create cucaloris.[18]
For the characters' designs and animation style, Dindal sought to capture the "roundness" as seen in the Disney animated works from the 1940s to 1950s,[18] by which the characters' fluidity of motion was inspired from the Goofy cartoon How to Play Baseball (1942).[18] Under visual effects supervisor Steve Goldberg who spearheaded the department, the Maya software included the software program "Shelf Control" that provided an outline of characters that can be viewed on screen and provided a direct link to the controls for specific autonomy, as well as new electronic tablet screens were produced that allowed for the artists to draw digital sketches of the characters to rough out their movements, which was then transferred to the 3D characters.[19]
All of the characters were constructed using geometric polygons.[18] For the title character, there was approximately fourteen to fifteen character designs before settling the design composed of an ovular egghead shape with oversized glasses. The final character was constructed of 5,600 polygons, 700 muscles, and more than 76,000 individual feathers, of which 55,000 are placed on his head.[16]
Following the casting of Braff, supervising animator Jason Ryan adapted Braff's facial features during recording sessions to better combine the dorkiness and adorability the filmmakers desired. "He's got this really appealing face and eye expressions," Ryan said, adding that he was amazed by Braff's natural vocal abilities.[11] Next, the animators would utilize the software program "Chicken Wire", where digital wire deformers were provided for the animators to manipulate the basic geometric shapes to get their desired facial features. Lastly, a software development team constructed XGen, a computer software program for texturing the hair, cloth, feathers, and leaves.[19]
Release
The film was originally scheduled for release on July 1, 2005,[20] but on December 7, 2004, its release date was pushed back to November 4, 2005, the release date that was originally slated for Disney/Pixar's Cars.[21][22] The release date change was also the day before DreamWorks Animation changed the release date of Shrek the Third, from November 2006 to May 2007.[23] Cars was later released on June 9, 2006.
At the time of the release of Chicken Little, the co-production deal between Disney and Pixar was set to expire with the release of Cars in 2006. The end result of the contentious negotiations between Disney and Pixar was viewed to depend heavily on how Chicken Little performed at the box office. If successful, the film would have given Disney leverage in its negotiations for a new contract to distribute Pixar's films. A failure would have allowed Pixar to argue that Disney could not produce CGI films.[24]
On October 30, 2005, the film premiered at the El Capitan Theater, with the cast and filmmakers as attendees, which was followed with a ballroom bash at the Hollywood and Highland Center.[25][26] Along with its standard theatrical release, the film was the first Disney in-house release to be rendered in Disney Digital 3D, that was produced by Industrial Light & Magic, and exhibited via Dolby Digital Cinema servers at approximately 100 selected theaters in twenty five top markets.[27]
Marketing
Accompanied with the theatrical release, Disney Consumer Products released a series of plush items, toys, activity sets, keepsakes and apparel.[28]
Home video release
Chicken Little was first released on DVD on March 21, 2006, in a single disc edition.[29] The DVD contained the film accompanied with deleted scenes, three alternate openings, a making-of featurette, an interactive game, a karaoke sing along, two music videos, and animation test footage of the female Chicken Little.[30][31] The DVD sold over 2.7 million DVD units during its first week accumulating $48 million in consumer spending. Overall, consumer spending on its initial home video release grossed $142.6 million.[32] The film was released for the first time on Blu-ray on March 20, 2007, and contained new features not included on the DVD. A 3D Blu-ray version was released on November 8, 2011.[33]
Reception
Box office
In its opening weekend, Chicken Little debuted at #1, being the first Disney animated film to do so since Dinosaur, taking $40 million and tying with The Lion King as the largest opener for a Disney animated film.[34] It also managed to claim #1 again in its second week of release, earning $31.7 million, beating Sony's sci-fi family film, Zathura.[35] The film grossed $135,386,665 in North America, and $179,046,172 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $314,432,837.[4]
This reversed the slump that the company had been facing since 2000, during which time it released several films that underperformed, most notably Treasure Planet (2002) and Home on the Range (2004). However, these films received better critical reception.[36][37]
Critical reaction
Critical response aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, reports that 36% of 159 surveyed critics gave positive reviews; the average score is 5.5/10. The critical consensus states: "In its first non–Pixar CGI venture, Disney expends more effort in the technical presentation, than in crafting an original storyline."[38] Another review aggretator, Metacritic, gave the film an average score of 48 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[39] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[40]
James Berardinelli, writing his review for ReelViews, gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four lambasting that "It is bogged down by many of the problems that have plagued Disney's recent traditional animated features: anonymous voice work, poor plot structure, and the mistaken belief that the Disney brand will elevate anything to a "must see" level for viewers starved for family friendly fare."[41] On the syndicated television program Ebert & Roeper, critics Richard Roeper and Roger Ebert gave the film "Two Thumbs Down" with the former saying "I don't care whether the film is 2-D, 3-D, CGI, or hand-drawn, it all goes back to the story."[42]
In his print review featured in the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert stated the problem was the story, and wrote "As a general rule, if a movie is not about baseball or space aliens, and you have to use them, anyway, you should have started with a better premise." Ebert concluded his review with "The movie did make me smile. It didn't make me laugh, and it didn't involve my emotions, or the higher regions of my intellect, for that matter. It's a perfectly acceptable feature cartoon for kids up to a certain age, but it doesn't have the universal appeal of some of the best recent animation."[43]
Writing in The New York Times, film critic A.O. Scott stated the film is "a hectic, uninspired pastiche of catchphrases and clichés, with very little wit, inspiration or originality to bring its frantically moving images to genuine life."[44] Entertainment Weekly film reviewer Lisa Schwarzbaum, who graded the film a C, wrote that the "banality of the acorns dropped in this particular endeavor, another in a new breed of mass-market comedy that substitutes self-reference for original wit and pop songs for emotional content."[45]
However, Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film a positive review saying the film was "shiny and peppy, with some solid laughs and dandy vocal performances".[46] The Hollywood Reporter film critic Michael Rechtshaffen opined that "While some half-hatched plotting prevents it from approaching the sublime levels of a Toy Story or The Incredibles, the picture zips along quite agreeably with a zany energy and vividly rendered, terrifically voiced, madcap characters.[47]
Angel Cohn of TV Guide gave the film 3 stars alluding the film that would "delight younger children with its bright colors and constant chaos, while adults are likely to be charmed by the witty banter, subtle one liners, and a sweet father son relationship."[48] Peter Rainer, writing in The Christian Science Monitor, graded the film with a A- applauding that the "visuals are irrepressibly witty and so is the script, which morphs from the classic fable into a spoof on War of the Worlds. I prefer this version to Spielberg's."[49]
Soundtrack
Chicken Little
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
November 1, 2005
Genre
Rock, pop, R&B, film score
Length
39:05
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
John Debney
Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology
Home on the Range
(2004)Home on the Range2004 Chicken Little
(2005) Meet the Robinsons
(2007)Meet the Robinsons2007
The soundtrack album contains original score composed and produced by John Debney, with a music by a wide range of artists, some musical veterans, such as Patti LaBelle and Diana Ross, as well as others.[50] Uniquely for a Disney animated film, several of the songs are covers of classic popular songs, such as Elton John and Kiki Dee's "Don't Go Breaking My Heart", Carole King's "It's Too Late", and the Spice Girls' signature hit "Wannabe". The soundtrack was released on November 1, 2005, by Walt Disney Records.[50]
Track listing
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "Stir It Up" Joss Stone and Patti LaBelle 3:42
2. "One Little Slip" Barenaked Ladies 2:53
3. "Shake a Tail Feather" The Cheetah Girls 3:05
4. "All I Know" Five for Fighting 3:25
5. "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" Diana Ross 3:28
6. "It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)" R.E.M. 4:04
7. "We Are the Champions" Zach Braff 0:38
8. "Wannabe" Joan Cusack and Steve Zahn 0:50
9. "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" The Chicken Little Cast 1:53
10. "The Sky Is Falling" (score) John Debney 2:49
11. "The Big Game" (score) John Debney 4:04
12. "Dad Apologizes" (score) John Debney 3:14
13. "Chase to Cornfield" (score) John Debney 2:00
14. "Dodgeball" (score) John Debney 1:15
15. "Driving with Dad" (score) John Debney 1:45
Total length: 39:05
Video games
Chicken Little spawned two video games. The first, Chicken Little, is an action-adventure video game released for Xbox on October 18, 2005 by Buena Vista Games. Two days later it was released for PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube and Game Boy Advance (October 20, 2005), and later Microsoft Windows (November 2, 2005). Chicken Little for Game Boy Advance was developed by A2M, while BVG's recently acquired development studio, Avalanche Software, developed the game for the consoles.[51]
The second video game, Disney's Chicken Little: Ace in Action, is a multi-platform video game, for the Wii, Nintendo DS, Xbox, and PlayStation 2 inspired by the "superhero movie within the movie" finale of the film. It features Ace, the superhero alter ego of Chicken Little, and the Hollywood versions of his misfit band of friends: Runt, Abby and Fish-Out-of-Water.
Chicken Little appears as a summon gem in the video game Kingdom Hearts II.[52]
Cancelled sequel
DisneyToon Studios originally planned to make a direct-to-video sequel to Chicken Little, tentatively titled Chicken Little 2: The Ugly Duckling Story.[53] Directed by Klay Hall, the story would involve Chicken Little in the middle of a love triangle between his childhood sweetheart, Abby Mallard, and a very attractive newcomer, Raffaela, a French sheep. Being at a great disadvantage, Abby would go to great lengths to give herself a makeover. According to Tod Carter, a story artist on the film, early screenings of the story reel were very well received, prompting Disney to think about increasing the budget, in order to match the production quality with the quality of the story.[54] Soon after 2006, when John Lasseter became Walt Disney Animation Studios' new chief creative officer, he called for all sequels and future sequels that DisneyToon had planned to be cancelled.[53] According to Carter, this was a reaction to the sales figures for current projects and the overall market, adding: "The executives didn't feel that the original film had a wide enough market to draw upon to support the sequel."[54]
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Jump up ^ "Chicken Little Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chicken Little (2005): Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gray, Brandon (November 7, 2005). "Welcome to the Cluck: 'Chicken Little,' 'Jarhead' Top Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James. "Chicken Little (United States, 2005)". ReelViews. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (host); Roeper, Richard (host) (November 2005). "Chicken Little Review". Ebert & Roeper. Buena Vista Television.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 3, 2005). "Chicken Little Movie Review". rogerebert.com. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott, A. O. (November 4, 2005). "A Chick Flick With Aliens Falling From the Sky". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa (November 4, 2005). "Chicken Little Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Burr, Ty (November 4, 2005). "Disney's digital animation can't bump Pixar in the pecking order". Boston.com. The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen, Michael (October 30, 2005). "Chicken Little Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. WDWMagic.com. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Angel. "Chicken Little: Review". TV Guide. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rainer, Peter (November 8, 2005). "Movie Guide". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Walt Disney Records (October 25, 2005). "Get Ready to Shake Your Tail Feather to the Sounds of Walt Disney Records' "Chicken Little Soundtrack"; Featuring Fresh (Not Frozen) Hits from Patti LaBelle and Joss Stone, The Cheetah Girls, Barenaked Ladies and Five for Fighting" (Press release). Business Wire. Archived from the original on August 23, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Buena Vista Games (October 18, 2005). "One Little Chicken, One Big Video Game Adventure!; Disney's Chicken Little Video Games Inspired by Walt Disney Feature Animation's First Fully Computer Animated Motion Picture Hatches on Store Shelves". Business Wire. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Square Enix and Disney's Buena Vista Games Unveil All-Star Voice Cast for Kingdom Hearts II". Square Enix via PR Newswire. March 28, 2006. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Hill, Jim (June 20, 2007). "Say "So Long !" to direct-to-video sequels : DisneyToon Studios tunes out Sharon Morrill". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Noyer, Jérémie (October 20, 2008). "DisneyToon Studios and The Sequels That Never Were, with Tod Carter". Animated Views. Archived from the original on June 22, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
External links
2000s portal
Disney portal
Film in the United States portal
Comedy portal
Cartoon portal
Official website
Chicken Little production notes at The Walt Disney Company Nordic
Chicken Little on IMDb
Chicken Little at the TCM Movie Database
Chicken Little at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Chicken Little at AllMovie
Chicken Little at Box Office Mojo
Chicken Little at Rotten Tomatoes
Disney's Chicken Little at MobyGames
Disney's Chicken Little: Ace in Action at MobyGames
Disney's Chicken Little: Ace in Action (Nintendo DS) at MobyGames
[show]
v
t
e
Chicken Little
Film
Chicken Little (1943)
Chicken Little (2005)
Video games
Chicken Little (2005)
Disney's Chicken Little: Ace in Action (2006)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Mark Dindal
Cats Don't Dance (1997)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Chicken Little (2005)
[show]
v
t
e
Disney theatrical animated features
Walt Disney
Animation Studios
films
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Live-action films
with animation
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1948)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
DisneyToon Studios
films
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
A Goofy Movie (1995)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Return to Never Land (2002)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Bambi II (2006)
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Other Disney units films
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)
Recess: School's Out (2001)
Teacher's Pet (2004)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Mars Needs Moms (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Related lists
Unproduced films
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Walt Disney Animation Studios
[show]
List of feature films
Released
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Upcoming films
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Associated productions
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1949)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
[show]
People
Executives
Edwin Catmull
Roy Conli
Roy E. Disney
Walt Disney
Don Hahn
Jeffrey Katzenberg
John Lasseter
Peter Schneider
Thomas Schumacher
David Stainton
Disney's Nine Old Men
Les Clark
Marc Davis
Ollie Johnston
Milt Kahl
Ward Kimball
Eric Larson
John Lounsbery
Wolfgang Reitherman
Frank Thomas
[show]
Related topics
History
Disney animators' strike
Disney Renaissance
Methods and
technologies
12 basic principles of animation
Computer Animation Production System
Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
Multiplane camera
Documentaries
Frank and Ollie (1995)
The Sweatbox (2001)
Dream On Silly Dreamer (2005)
Waking Sleeping Beauty (2009)
Other Disney
animation units
Disney Television Animation
DisneyToon Studios (WDAS unit)
Lucasfilm Animation
Marvel Animation
Pixar Animation Studios
Circle 7 (defunct)
Miscellaneous
Alice Comedies
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
List of Disney animated shorts
List of Disney theatrical animated features
unproduced
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Mickey Mouse (film series)
Silly Symphonies
Once Upon a Time
Authority control
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Little_(2005_film)&oldid=814822252"
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