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Blue Harvest
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This article is about the Family Guy episode. For the Star Wars film that had this name as a working title, see Return of the Jedi.
"Blue Harvest"
Family Guy episode
The poster for "Blue Harvest"
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 1
Directed by
Dominic Polcino
Written by
Alec Sulkin
George Lucas (1977 Screenplay)
Production code
5ACX16
5ACX22
Original air date
September 23, 2007
Guest appearance(s)
Chevy Chase as Clark Griswold
Beverly D'Angelo as Ellen Griswold
Mick Hucknall as himself
Rush Limbaugh as Galactic political commentator
Helen Reddy as herself
Don Tai as Thai TIE Fighter pilot
Leslie Nielsen as Dr. Barry Rumack (archive audio)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Meet the Quagmires" Next →
"Movin' Out (Brian's Song)"
Family Guy (season 6)
List of Family Guy episodes
"Blue Harvest" is the hour-long premiere of the sixth season of the American animated television series Family Guy and the first part of the series' trilogy Laugh It Up, Fuzzball. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 23, 2007. The episode is a retelling and parody of the 1977 blockbuster film, Star Wars, recasting the show's characters into Star Wars roles. The plot follows Peter as he retells the story of Star Wars while the electricity is out in their house.
It was written by Alec Sulkin and directed by Dominic Polcino. To produce the installment the staff asked Lucasfilm, the company who owns the rights to the Star Wars franchise, for permission. Blue Harvest guest starred Chevy Chase, Beverly D'Angelo, Mick Hucknall, Leslie Nielsen, and Rush Limbaugh. The episode also included recurring voice actors Lori Alan, Adam West, Ralph Garman, Danny Smith, John Viener, Steve Callaghan, Kirker Butler, Mark Hentemann, Johnny Brennan, Jon Benjamin, Phil LaMarr, and Wally Wingert. The episode contains various references to popular culture, specifically the Star Wars film series. It was viewed by 10.86 million viewers on its original broadcast and received generally positive reviews from critics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
5 DVD release
6 Sequels
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
While the Griffins are watching television, the power goes out and they are left with no other form of entertainment. While they wait for the power to return, Peter decides to retell the story of Star Wars beginning with "Part IV."
A Rebel ship is captured by a Star Destroyer. On the ship are the droids C-3PO (Quagmire), R2-D2 (Cleveland) and the rebel leader Princess Leia (Lois). While the ship is boarded by stormtroopers, Leia tries to send an MPEG to Obi-Wan Kenobi through R2, but encounters so many complications that R2 offers to deliver the message himself. Leia is captured by Darth Vader (Stewie) while R2 and 3PO flee to Tatooine in an escape pod, where they are captured by Jawas.
The droids are sold to a family of moisture farmers, whose nephew Luke Skywalker (Chris) wishes to join the Rebellion and fight the Empire. While cleaning the droids, Luke stumbles upon Leia's message inside R2, who later decides to leave the farm. Luke and C-3PO pursue him but are attacked by Sand People. Luke is knocked out by one of them (Opie) and is found by Obi-Wan Kenobi (Herbert), who takes them to his hut. Leia's message explains that R2 contains the plans to the Death Star, which must be sent to her father on her home planet of Alderaan and asks Obi-Wan to help. Obi-Wan tells Luke that he must learn the ways of The Force and accompany him to Alderaan, and gives him his own lightsaber. Realizing that the Empire must be looking for the droids, Luke returns home to discover that his home has been destroyed and his aunt and uncle killed.
Luke, Obi-Wan, and the droids travel to Mos Eisley to find a pilot to take them to Alderaan. At a local cantina they hire smuggler Han Solo (Peter) and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca (Brian), who agree to take them with their ship, the Millennium Falcon. The group is soon spotted by stormtroopers and they flee into space, evading the pursuing Star Destroyers before jumping into hyperspace. Leia is imprisoned on the Death Star, where commanding officer Grand Moff Tarkin (Adam West) has Alderaan destroyed. The Millennium Falcon exits hyperspace and is captured by the Death Star's tractor beam and brought into its hangar bay. Disguising themselves as stormtroopers, Han and Luke along with Chewbacca set off to rescue the captive Princess while Obi-Wan goes to shut off the tractor beam and R2 and C3PO stay behind. Han, Luke and Chewie rescue Leia, and the four dive into a garbage chute to escape stormtroopers and find a couch in the garbage masher below. As they flee the Death Star, Obi-Wan turns off the tractor beam before being confronted by Darth Vader in a lightsaber duel. Vader strikes Obi-Wan down as the others board the Falcon, taking the couch with them.
The Falcon journeys to the Rebel base at Yavin IV, where the Rebels analyze the Death Star plans and find a weakness. Luke joins the assault team while Han collects his reward for the rescue and prepares to leave. The Rebel fighters attack the Death Star but suffer heavy losses during the assault. During his run, Luke hears Obi-Wan's voice telling him to use the Force, and he turns off his targeting computer. Vader appears with his own group of fighters, and is about to fire at Luke's starfighter when Han arrives in the Falcon and attacks Vader and his men, sending Vader's ship off into space. Guided by the Force, Luke fires into the port, destroying the Death Star, and he returns to the Rebel base with his friends to celebrate their victory.
Back at the Griffins' home, Peter wraps up the story as the power comes back on. Everyone thanks Peter for keeping them entertained, although Chris points out that Robot Chicken already told that story. Peter dismisses and mocks that show, and Chris storms off.
Production[edit]
Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane served as executive producer for the episode.
"Blue Harvest" originally aired on September 23, 2007, as the premiere for the sixth season of Family Guy.[1][2] The episode was written by Alec Sulkin, who has been with the show since the fourth season.[2] It was directed by series veteran Dominic Polcino, who has been directing for the series since its first season.[3] Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors.[2] The episode's music was composed by Walter Murphy.[2]
Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane explained that the reason they made a parody of Star Wars in particular was because the show's staff members were huge fans of the films.[4] They also chose Star Wars because Lucasfilm allowed it.[4] MacFarlane stated that creating parodies based on Raiders of the Lost Ark or Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan was originally considered, but they assumed they would be unable to gain permission from the owners of those properties (in this case Paramount Pictures).[4] Lucasfilm only gave the show's staff one condition, which was that the characters had to look exactly like they do in the movies.[4]
Clips of the episode were shown to audience members at Star Wars Celebration IV, where a panel was hosted by MacFarlane, Sulkin and Polcino, and executive producer David A. Goodman.[5][6] The episode was also previewed at the 2007 Comic-Con International.[7]
In addition to the regular cast, actors Chevy Chase and Beverly D'Angelo, musician Mick Hucknall, singer Helen Reddy, and political commentator Rush Limbaugh made guest appearances.[2] Recurring guest voice actors Phil LaMarr, Johnny Brennan, John Benjamin, Lori Alan, Adam West, Ralph Garman, writer Danny Smith, writer John Viener, executive producer Steve Callaghan, Kirker Butler, executive producer Mark Hentemann writer Wally Wingert and Alec Sulkin also made minor appearances in the episode.[2]
Cultural references[edit]
The episode was a retelling of George Lucas' Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.
"Blue Harvest" contains many references to popular culture, particularly to the Star Wars film series. Most of the episode itself is a retelling of George Lucas' film Star Wars.[8] The episode's name is a reference to the fake working title for the production of Return of the Jedi.[8]
One of the band members that plays at the cantina asks for any song request and then he subtly responds to his own question by saying "play that same song," a reference to the fact that the song being played in the film scene lasts a long time.[9]
When Peter is about to begin telling the story he says that it is about "love and loss, fathers and sons, and the foresight to retain international merchandising rights", a reference to the fact that 20th Century Fox gave those rights to Lucasfilm.[4] During the text scrawl actress Angelina Jolie, her film Gia, and the television channel HBO are mentioned.[8]
One of the Star Destroyers displays a bumper sticker reading "Bush – Cheney" a reference to United States President George W. Bush and Dick Cheney's 2004 re-election campaign.[8] When the Millennium Falcon enters hyperspace, the visual effect is replaced with the intro sequence from Doctor Who, using the version of that sequence from the Tom Baker era. Once Leia is captured, Vader asks her where she hid the Death Star plans, leading her to respond that they are in one of twenty-six briefcases, a reference to the game show Deal or No Deal.[10]
When Luke is watching the sunset, he breaks the fourth wall by introducing Star Wars composer John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra, who have been scoring the scene, in a parody of a scene from Blazing Saddles featuring Count Basie and his orchestra.[8] Luke then asks the orchestra to play the theme of The People's Court.[8] Later in the episode when Luke finds his uncle and aunt murdered, he also finds that Williams and the entire orchestra have been killed as well; this saddens Luke, since the episode will now have to be scored by composer Danny Elfman.[8] While searching for R2-D2, Luke listens to conservative political commentator Rush Limbaugh's radio show , in which Limbaugh says that the "liberal galactic media is saying that the planet Hoth is melting".[8]
Obi-Wan sings a rendition of "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" from the film Dirty Dancing, in case he never sees Luke again.[8] In a fight with a group of TIE fighters, Luke asks the origins behind their name; the following scene then shows that the pilots are from Thailand. Leslie Nielsen's character from the movie Airplane! wishes Han good luck during their encounter with the TIE fighters.[9] When seeking how to destroy the Death Star, the rebels look at an instructional video hosted by basketball player Magic Johnson.[9] Chevy Chase and Beverly D'Angelo's characters from the National Lampoon's Vacation films appear driving by the Death Star.[8] Chris, who is voiced by Seth Green, points out that Robot Chicken already did a Star Wars parody (Green is the creator of Robot Chicken).[8]
Reception[edit]
In its original broadcast on September 23, 2007, "Blue Harvest" was viewed by 10.86 million viewers.[11] The episode acquired a 5.5 Nielsen rating, the audience measurement systems developed to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, in the 18–49 demographic.[11]
Reviews of this episode were generally positive. Common Sense Media gave the episode three out of five stars, calling it a "ribald but often hilarious satire of fantasy favorite".[10] Brad Trechak of TV Squad also praised "Blue Harvest", stating that it "was a fun episode to watch"; he thought that "MacFarlane kept to the story pretty well, and there were enough corny jokes to make it amusing".[8] Ahsan Haque from IGN gave it a score of seven out of ten, criticizing the selection of Herbert as Obi-Wan, but did say that the other choices were "spot-on"; he ended his review by stating, "as a tribute to Star Wars, this episode succeeds, but you can't help but wish that there was a bit more to it, considering the nature of the source material".[12] In a later review of the season as a whole, Haque said that the episode was "generally entertaining, but certainly wasn't as great as it could have been".[13] Daniel Fienberg of Zap2it also gave it a positive review although he stated that it was released soon after Robot Chicken's Star Wars special and it fared worse because of it.[14] Tom Eames of entertainment website Digital Spy placed the episode at number three on his listing of the best Family Guy episodes in order of "yukyukyuks" and described the episode as "pretty much the same [as its sequel] but better."[15]
Newsday's Diane Werts rendered a more mixed verdict, saying the episode "veer[s] wildly from bull's-eye satire to gotta-fill-time-now exposition", and was not as enjoyable for non-Star Wars fans.[16] Robin Pierson of The TV Critic also gave it a mixed review, criticizing the writers for using the character of Herbert and the episode's musical moment which he called an "un-amusing waste of time", although he did praise the way that the episode satirized the Star Wars universe; he ended his review by saying that "Chances are the more you like Star Wars, the more you will enjoy this. For those of us who know Family Guy better than Star Wars, there is plenty of bad material here to remind us that nothing much has changed". He gave the episode sixty-five out of a possible one-hundred.[9]
The Parents Television Council, a group that has been a frequent critic of Family Guy, criticized the episode for a perceived frequent use of sexual dialogue, enough for the episode to have an "S" content descriptor for sexual content (the episode was rated TV-14-DLV on Fox).[17]
In 2009, TV Guide ranked "Blue Harvest" #99 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.[18]
DVD release[edit]
The episode was released on January 15, 2008 for DVD and on August 7, 2012 for Blu-ray in Region 1.[19][20] It was issued on January 21, 2008 for DVD in Region 2,[21] and on February 6, 2008 DVD and on August 24, 2011 for Blu-ray in Region 4.[22][23] "Blue Harvest" was also released as part of the "Laugh It Up, Fuzzball: The Family Guy Trilogy" which was released on December 21, 2010 for DVD and on December 21, 2010 for Blu-ray in Region 1.[24][25] It was issued on December 27, 2010 for both DVD and Blu-ray in Region 2.[26][27] Its release date in Region 4 was December 22, 2010 for DVD and January 12, 2011 for Blu-ray.[28][29]
Sequels[edit]
Main articles: Something, Something, Something, Dark Side and It's a Trap!
"Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", which parodies The Empire Strikes Back, and "It's a Trap!", which parodies Return of the Jedi, originally were released direct-to-video on December 22, 2009 and December 21, 2010 then later aired on Fox May 23, 2010 (season eight, episode 20) and May 22, 2011 (season nine, episode 18) respectively.[30][31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Family Guy: Petarded". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Family Guy: Blue Harvest, Part 1". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy: Chitty Chitty Death Bang". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Collins, Scott (December 27, 2009). "Q & A with Seth MacFarlane". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Adalian, Josef (May 25, 2007). "'Family Guy' meets 'Star Wars'". Variety. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Force is With Family Guy". IGN. May 30, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Programming for Saturday July 28". Comic-Con. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Trechak, Brad (October 7, 2007). "Family Guy: Blue Harvest (season premiere)". TV Squad. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pierson, Robin. "Episode 1 – Blue Harvest". The TV Critic. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Cassady, Charles. "Family Guy: Blue Harvest". Common Sense Media. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kissell, Rick (September 26, 2007). "Sunday football gives big kick to Fox, NBC". Daily Variety. Retrieved November 25, 2012. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Haque, Ahsan (September 21, 2007). "Family Guy: "Blue Harvest" Advance Review". IGN. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Haque, Ashan. "Family Guy: Season 6 Review". IGN. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel. "TV Review: 'Family Guy: The Star Wars Episode'". Zap2it. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Eames, Tom (19 March 2017). "The 16 best ever Family Guy episodes in order of yukyukyuks". Digital Spy. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Werts, Diane (September 21, 2007). "Fox's 'Family Guy' takes on 'Star Wars'". Newsday. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schulenberg, Caroline (April 11, 2008). ""Family Guy" on Fox". So You Think You Can Rate a TV Show?. Parents Television Council. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time". TV Guide. June 15, 2009. pp. 34–49.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy: Blue Harvest (2008)". Amazon.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy: Blue Harvest (Blu-ray)". Amazon.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy – Blue Harvest (DVD)". Amazon.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy Presents Blue Harvest (Blu-ray)". ezydvd. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy Presents Blue Harvest". ezydvd. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Laugh It Up, Fuzzball: The Family Guy Trilogy (It's a Trap! / Blue Harvest / Something, Something, Something, Darkside) (Blu-ray)". Amazon.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Laugh It Up Fuzzball: Family Guy Trilogy (Blue Harvest/Something, Something, Something Darkside / It's a Trap)". Amazon.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Family Guy Trilogy – Laugh It Up, Fuzzball (DVD)". Amazon.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Family Guy Trilogy – Laugh It Up, Fuzzball (Blu-ray)". Amazon.com. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy Trilogy, The (3 Disc Set)". Ezydvd. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy Trilogy, The (6 Disc Set) (3 Blu-ray / 3 DVD Box Set) (BONUS Digital Copy)". Ezydvd. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy: Something, Something, Something Dark Side". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Family Guy: Episode VI: It s a Trap". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
External links[edit]
"Blue Harvest" at TV.com
Blue Harvest on IMDb
Blue Harvest at Rotten Tomatoes
Official Website for Blue Harvest
Official UK Website for Blue Harvest
[show]
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Season 6
"Blue Harvest"
"Movin' Out (Brian's Song)"
"Believe It or Not, Joe's Walking on Air"
"The Family Guy 100th Episode Special"
"Stewie Kills Lois and Lois Kills Stewie"
"Padre de Familia"
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Fail Safe (2000)
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Steven Spielberg Presents Taken (2002)
Battlestar Galactica (2003)
Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars (2004)
Masters of Horror / The Triangle (2005)
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The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice (2008)
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The Walking Dead (2010)
The Walking Dead (2011)
Breaking Bad (2012)
Breaking Bad (2013)
Game of Thrones (2014)
Doctor Who: "The Husbands of River Song'" (2015)
11.22.63 (2016)
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United States presidential nominating convention
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The 1876 Democratic National Convention at the Merchants Exchange Building in St. Louis, Missouri.
A United States presidential nominating convention is a political convention held every four years in the United States by most of the political parties who will be fielding nominees in the upcoming U.S. presidential election. The formal purpose of such a convention is to select the party's nominee for President, as well as to adopt a statement of party principles and goals known as the platform and adopt the rules for the party's activities, including the presidential nominating process for the next election cycle.
In the modern U.S. presidential election process, voters participating in the presidential primaries are actually helping to select many of the delegates to these conventions, who then in turn are pledged to help a specific presidential candidate get nominated. Other delegates to these conventions include political party members who are seated automatically, and are called "unpledged delegates" because they can choose for themselves for which candidate they vote.
Generally, usage of "presidential campaign nominating convention" refers to the two major parties' quadrennial events: the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention. Some minor parties also select their nominees by convention, including the Green Party, the Socialist Party USA, the Libertarian Party, the Constitution Party, and the Reform Party USA.
Contents
[hide]
1 Logistics
1.1 Calendars
1.2 Participation
1.3 Host city
2 Proceedings
2.1 Platform
2.2 Voting
2.3 Speeches
3 History
3.1 Television coverage
4 Lists of political party conventions
4.1 Significant third-party conventions before 1860
4.2 Major party conventions
4.3 Third-party conventions since 1872
4.3.1 Prohibition and socialist parties
4.3.2 Libertarian, Green, and Constitution Parties
5 See also
6 References
Logistics[edit]
Calendars[edit]
The convention cycle begins with the Call to Convention. Usually issued about 18 months in advance, the Call is an invitation from the national party to the state and territory parties to convene to select a presidential nominee. It also sets out the number of delegates to be awarded to each, as well as the rules for the nomination process. The conventions are usually scheduled for four days of business, with the exception of the 1972 Republican and 2012 Democratic conventions, which were three days each. (The 2008 and 2012 Republican conventions were also three days each, but in each case was shortened from the scheduled four days due to weather issues).
There is no rule dictating the order of the conventions, but since 1956 the incumbent party has held its convention second. Between 1864 and 1952, the Democrats went second every year (except for 1888). In 1956, when Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower was the incumbent, the Democrats went first, and the party out of power has gone first ever since. (Between 1936 and 1952, the Democrats were the incumbent party and went second, but it is unclear whether they went second because they held the White House or because they had always gone second.) Since 1952, all major party conventions have been held in the months of July, August or (for the first time in 2004), early September. (Election laws in some states would likely prevent conventions from moving into mid-September). Between the middle of the 20th century and 2004, the two major party conventions were primarily scheduled about one month apart, often with the Summer Olympics in between so they did not have to compete for viewers. In 1996, both were held in August to accommodate the Atlanta Olympics in July, the last Summer Olympics to date to be played in the U.S. In 2000, both conventions preceded the Sydney Olympics in late September.
In 2008 and 2012, the Democratic and Republican conventions were moved to back-to-back weeks following the conclusion of the Olympics. One reason for these late conventions had to do with campaign finance laws, which allow the candidates to spend an unlimited amount of money before the convention, but forbid fundraising after the convention, in order for the parties to receive federal campaign funds.[1] However, if Barack Obama's choice not to receive federal campaign funds for the 2008 general election is repeated in future elections, this reason for the late scheduling of conventions will no longer be valid. Another reason for the lateness of the conventions is due to the primary calendar, which ends in early June, and the political party's desire to turn the convention into a four-day tightly scripted political rally for their nominee, which just happens to have a roll call vote for President. This includes such logistics as where each delegation sits on the convention floor, the order of speeches, how the nominee wants to present him or herself, and allows time for any negotiations in regards to the running mate. Finally, the parties also did not want to schedule their conventions around the Olympics. One reason why the Democratic Party held its 2008 convention after the two-week-long Beijing Olympics was, according to them, to "maximize momentum for our Democratic ticket in the final months of the Presidential election".[2] But moving the conventions later into early September led to conflicts with the National Football League's season kickoff game, which opens the season on the first Thursday of September. However, the NFL accommodated the conventions and moved its games to an earlier start time in 2008,[3] and an earlier date in 2012.
In 2016, both the Republican and Democratic conventions moved to July, before the Rio de Janeiro Olympics in August. One reason why the Republican Party wanted a July convention was to help avoid a drawn-out primary battle similar to what happened in 2012 that left the party fractured heading into the general election. The Democrats then followed suit so they could provide a quicker response to the Republicans, rather than wait for more than two weeks until after the Olympics are over.[4]
Participation[edit]
The 2008 Green Party National Convention held in Chicago. Various third parties also hold their own national conventions.
Each party sets its own rules for the participation and format of the convention. Broadly speaking, each U.S. state and territory party is apportioned a select number of voting representatives, individually known as delegates and collectively as the delegation. Each party uses its own formula for determining the size of each delegation, factoring in such considerations as population, proportion of that state's Congressional representatives or state government officials who are members of the party, and the state's voting patterns in previous presidential elections. The selection of individual delegates and their alternates, too, is governed by the bylaws of each state party, or in some cases by state law.
The 2004 Democratic National Convention counted 4,353 delegates and 611 alternates. The 2004 Republican National Convention had 2,509 delegates and 2,344 alternates. But these individuals are dwarfed by other attendees who do not participate in the formal business of the convention. These include non-delegate party officials and activists, invited guests and companions, and international observers, not to mention numerous members of the news media, volunteers, protesters, and local business proprietors and promoters hoping to capitalize on the quadrennial event.
Host city[edit]
The Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans was the site of the 1988 Republican National Convention, which nominated George H.W. Bush for president. In recent decades, the two major parties have held their conventions at sports stadiums and arenas.
The convention is typically held in a major city selected by the national party organization 18–24 months before the election is to be held. As the two major conventions have grown into large, publicized affairs with significant economic impact, cities today compete vigorously to be awarded host responsibilities, citing their meeting venues, lodging facilities, and entertainment as well as offering economic incentives.
The location of early conventions was dictated by the difficulty of transporting delegates from far-flung parts of the country; early Democratic and Whig Conventions were frequently held in the central Eastern Seaboard port of Baltimore, Maryland. As the U.S. expanded westward and railroads connected cities, Midwestern cities such as Chicago, Illinois—which since 1860 has held 25 Republican and Democratic Conventions combined, more than any other urban center in the USA—became the favored hosts. In the present day, political symbolism affects the selection of the host city as much as economic or logistical ones do. A particular city might be selected to enhance the standing of a favorite son, or in an effort to curry favor with residents of that state. For example, in 2011, Obama campaign manager Jim Messina noted: “We put the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina in part because we believe so deeply in” a “New South map.”[5] Likewise, New York City was selected as the host of the 2004 Republican National Convention to evoke memories of George W. Bush's leadership in the September 11 attacks.
The conventions have historically been held inside convention centers, but in recent decades the two major parties have favored sports arenas and stadiums to accommodate the increasing capacity, the former because indoor arenas are usually off-season outside of WNBA sites, allowing plenty of time for preparation (the major political parties have avoided baseball stadiums ever since the 1992 Republican National Convention at the Houston Astrodome forced the Houston Astros to play 26 consecutive road games). Bids for the 2008 Republican National Convention, for example, were required to have a facility with a seating capacity of at least 20,500 people, including a convention floor of about 5,500 delegates and alternates;[6] the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota was eventually selected. Meanwhile, approximately 84,000 people attended the last day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention at Denver's Invesco Field at Mile High.[7] The last day of the 2012 Democratic Convention was originally also scheduled for an outdoor football stadium, but was moved indoors due to weather concerns. The last non-sporting venue to host the Democratic National Convention was San Francisco's Moscone Center in 1984. In 1996, the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego became the last non-sporting venue to host the Republican National Convention.
Proceedings[edit]
Roll call of states during the 2008 Democratic National Convention at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado.
The floor of the 2008 Republican National Convention at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
During the day, party activists hold meetings and rallies, and work on the platform. Voting and important convention-wide addresses usually take place in the evening hours.
In recent conventions, routine business such as examining the credentials of delegations, ratifying rules and procedures, election of convention officers, and adoption of the platform usually take up the business of the first two days of the convention. Balloting was usually held on the third day, with the nomination and acceptance made on the last day, but even some of these traditions have fallen away in 21st century conventions. The only constant is that the convention ends with the nominee's acceptance speech.
Platform[edit]
Each convention produces a statement of principles known as its platform, containing goals and proposals known as planks. Relatively little of a party platform is even proposed as public policy. Much of the language is generic, while other sections are narrowly written to appeal to factions or interest groups within the party. Unlike electoral manifestos in many European countries, the platform is not binding on either the party or the candidate.
Because it is ideological rather than pragmatic, however, the platform is sometimes itself politicized. For example, defenders of abortion rights lobbied heavily to remove the Human Life Amendment plank from the 1996 Republican National Convention platform, a move fiercely resisted by conservatives despite the fact that no such amendment had ever come up for debate.
Voting[edit]
Since the 1970s, voting has for the most part been perfunctory; the selection of the major parties' nominees have rarely been in doubt, so a single ballot has always been sufficient. Each delegation announces its vote tallies, usually accompanied with some boosterism of their state or territory. The delegation may pass, nominally to retally their delegates' preferences, but often to allow a different delegation to give the leading candidate the honor of casting the majority-making vote.
Before the presidential nomination season actually begins, there is often speculation about whether a single front runner would emerge. If there is no single candidate receiving a majority of delegates at the end of the primary season, a scenario called a brokered convention would result, where a candidate would be selected either at or near the convention, through political horse-trading and lesser candidates compelling their delegates to vote for one of the front runners. The best example was the 1924 Democratic Convention, which took 103 ballots. The situation is more likely to occur in the Democratic Party, because of its proportional representation system,[8] but such a scenario has been the subject of speculation with regard to most contested nominations of both parties without actually coming to pass in recent years.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] It is a common scenario in fiction, most recently in an episode of The West Wing. The closest to a brokered convention in recent years was at the 1976 Republican National Convention, when neither Gerald Ford nor Ronald Reagan received enough votes in the primary to lock up the nomination.[17] Since then, candidates have received enough momentum to reach a majority through pledged and bound delegates before the date of the convention.
More recently, a customary practice has been for the losing candidates in the primary season to release their delegates and exhort them to vote for the winning nominee as a sign of party unity. Thus, the vote tallied on the floor is unanimous or nearly so. Some delegates may nevertheless choose to vote for their candidate. And in 2008 both happened: Hillary Clinton received over 1,000 votes before she herself moved to nominate Barack Obama by acclamation, officially making it a unanimous vote.
The voting method at the conventions is a "roll call of the states" – which include territories such as Washington D.C., American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, and a catch-all "delegates abroad" category. The states are called in alphabetical order (Alabama is first; Wyoming is last). The state's spokesperson (who generally begins his or her speech with glowing comments about the state's history, geography, and notable party elected officials) can either choose to announce its delegate count or pass. Once all states have either declared or passed, those states which passed are called upon again to announce their delegate count. (Generally, a decision is made beforehand that some states will pass in the first round, in order to allow a particular state – generally either the presidential or vice presidential nominee's home state – to be the one whose delegate count pushes the candidate "over the top", thus securing the nomination.)
Vice Presidential voting has been problematic since the beginning, as the delegates generally don't really want to deal with it, and it provides for mischief, as was the case in 1972's Democratic Convention where the vote was scattered between 50 "candidates" and 1976 Republican convention, where the vote was also scattered widely. In 1988, both parties decided to have the designated candidate nominated by "suspending the rules" and declaring him or her nominated by "acclamation." The last Vice Presidential roll call vote was at the 1984 Republican convention.
If, after the first round of voting, there is no candidate with a majority of votes, subsequent roll calls are held. In between, "back room deals" can be made between candidates, swapping delegates for positions in the administration or other favors, or candidates can release their delegates to vote for whoever they personally prefer. Roll calls continue until one candidate has a majority. The record is held by the 1924 Democratic National Convention where divisions within the party concerning Prohibition led to 102 ballots between Alfred E. Smith and William G. McAdoo before the relatively unknown John W. Davis was chosen as a compromise candidate on the 103rd ballot.
Speeches[edit]
First Lady Pat Nixon speaking at the 1972 Republican National Convention. She was the first Republican First Lady to do what is now considered common practice.
Michelle Obama speaking at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.
Minor figures in the party are given the opportunity to address the floor of the convention during the daytime, when only the small audiences of C-SPAN and other cable television outlets are watching. The evening's speeches - designed for broadcast to a large national audience—are reserved for major speeches by notable, respected public figures; the speakers at the 2004 Democratic convention included Ted Kennedy, a forty-year veteran of the United States Senate, and Jimmy Carter, a former Democratic President, while at the Republican convention speakers included Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger of California and Governor George Pataki of New York, two of the largest states in the nation.
The organizers of the convention may designate one of these speeches as the keynote address, one which above all others is stated to underscore the convention's themes or political goals. For instance, the 1992 Democratic National Convention keynote address was delivered by Georgia Governor Zell Miller, whose stories of an impoverished childhood echoed the economic themes of the nominee, Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton. The 1996 Republican National Convention was keynoted by U.S. Representative Susan Molinari of New York, intended to reassure political moderates about the centrism of the nominee, former Senator Bob Dole. And the 2004 Democratic National Convention featured Senator Barack Obama, whose speech brought the future President national recognition for the first time.
Uniquely, Miller, by then a Senator, would also be the keynote speaker at the 2004 Republican convention, despite still maintaining his Democratic registration.
The final day of the convention usually features the formal acceptance speeches from the nominees for President and Vice President. Despite recent controversy maintaining that recent conventions were scripted from beginning to end, and that very little news (if any) comes out of the convention, the acceptance speech has always been televised by the networks, because it receives the highest ratings of the convention. In addition, the halls of the convention are packed at this time, with many party loyalists sneaking in. Afterwards, balloons are usually dropped and the delegates celebrate the nomination.
History[edit]
Barack Obama and Joe Biden appear together at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.
Primary foes Ronald Reagan (left) and Gerald Ford (right) shake hands during the 1976 Republican National Convention, the last major party convention whose outcome was in doubt.
In the early 19th century, members of Congress met within their party caucuses to select their party's nominee. Conflicts between the interests of the Eastern Congressional class and citizens in newer Western states led to the hotly contested 1824 election, in which factions of the Democratic-Republican Party rejected the caucus nominee, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and backed John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson (all of whom carried more states than Crawford in the election) instead.
In 1831 the Anti-Masonic Party convened in Baltimore, Maryland to select a single presidential candidate agreeable to the whole party leadership in the 1832 presidential election. The National Republican and Democratic Parties soon followed suit.
Conventions were often heated affairs, playing a vital role in deciding each party's nominee. The process remained far from democratic or transparent, however. The party convention was a scene of intrigue among political bosses, who appointed and otherwise controlled nearly all of the delegates. Winning a nomination involved intensive negotiations and multiple votes; the 1924 Democratic National Convention required a record 103 ballots to nominate John W. Davis. The term "dark horse candidate" was coined at the 1844 Democratic National Convention, at which little-known Tennessee politician James K. Polk emerged as the candidate after the failure of the leading candidates—former President Martin Van Buren and Senator Lewis Cass—to secure the necessary two-thirds majority.
A few, mostly Western, states adopted primary elections in the late 19th century and during the Progressive Era, but the catalyst for their widespread adoption came during the election of 1968. The Vietnam War energized a large number of supporters of anti-war Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, but they had no say in the matter. Vice President Hubert Humphrey—associated with the unpopular administration of Lyndon B. Johnson—did not compete in a single primary, yet controlled enough delegates to secure the Democratic nomination. This proved one of several factors behind rioting which broke out at the Democratic convention in Chicago.
Media images of the event—angry mobs facing down police—damaged the image of the Democratic Party, which appointed a commission headed by South Dakota Senator George McGovern to select a new, less controversial method of choosing nominees. The McGovern–Fraser Commission settled on the primary election, adopted by the Democratic National Committee in 1968. The Republicans adopted the primary as their preferred method in 1972. Henceforth, candidates would be given convention delegates based on their performance in primaries, and these delegates were bound to vote for their candidate.
As a result, the major party presidential nominating convention has lost almost all of its old drama. The last attempt to release delegates from their candidates came at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, when Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts sought votes of delegates held by incumbent President Jimmy Carter. The last major party convention whose outcome was in doubt was the 1976 Republican National Convention, when former California Governor Ronald Reagan nearly won the nomination away from the incumbent President, Gerald Ford.
Television coverage[edit]
While rank and file members had no input in early nominations, they were still drawn by the aura of mystery surrounding the convention, and networks began to broadcast speeches and debates to the general public. NBC affiliate W2XBS in New York City made the first telecast of a national party convention, of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the other two of the Big Three television networks soon followed. As NBC News anchorman John Chancellor stated just before the start of the 1972 Democratic National Convention, "convention coverage is the most important thing we do. The conventions are not just political theater, but really serious stuff, and that’s why all the networks have an obligation to give gavel-to-gavel coverage. It’s a time when we all ought to be doing our duty".[18]
With the rise of the direct primary, and in particular with states moving earlier and earlier in the primary calendar since the 1988 election, the nominee has often secured a commanding majority of delegates far in advance of the convention. As such, the convention has become little more than a coronation, a carefully staged campaign event designed to draw public attention and favor to the nominee, with particular attention to television coverage. For instance, speeches by noted and popular party figures are scheduled for the coveted prime time hours, when most people would be watching.
News anchor Ted Koppel (pictured in 2002), who midway through the 1996 Republican National Convention told viewers that he was going home because it has become "more of an infomercial than a news event".[19]
As the drama has left the conventions, and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies, viewership—and television network advertising revenue—have fallen off. Midway through the 1996 Republican National Convention, Nightline host Ted Koppel told viewers he was going back home, saying:
There was a time when the national political conventions were news events of such complexity that they required the presence of thousands of journalists ... But not this year ... This convention is more of an infomercial than a news event.[19]
Thus in subsequent election years, the broadcast networks began increasingly limiting their coverage, arguing that those interested can watch the proceedings on a cable news network such as CNN, MSNBC, or the Fox News Channel. In 2004, the big three networks started devoting only three hours of live coverage to each political convention, although there were highlights of speeches during the networks' morning and evening newscasts.
However, many journalists still believe that the public should be exposed to political conventions. PBS, of note, continues to provide full prime-time coverage of the political conventions, although it breaks away from minor speakers and mundane business for analysis and discussion.[20] C-SPAN broadcasts both major conventions in their entirety, and the parties stream their conventions on the internet.
The presence of journalists at presidential nominating conventions have increased with the television networks. In 1976, the Democratic Convention consisted of 3,381 delegates and 11,500 reporters, broadcasters, editors and camera operators.[21] This is on par with the increase in the number of televisions in American’s homes. In 1960, 87 percent of people had a television, compared to 98 percent by 1976.[22] By the 1992 conventions, network coverage increased from three networks (NBC, ABC and CBS) to five networks (NBC, ABC, CBS, Fox and PBS).[23] At the 1996 Republican National Convention there were approximately seven journalists per one delegate, or about 15,000 journalists.[21]
The increase of the media at these conventions originally led to a growth in the public’s interest in elections. Voter turnout in the primaries increased from less than five million voters in 1948 to around thirteen million in 1952.[24] By broadcasting the conventions on the television, people were more connected to the suspense and the decisions being made, therefore making them more politically aware, and more educated voters. When scholars studied the 1976 conventions they determined that by watching nomination conventions, even viewers that were not previously very politically active developed a much stronger interest in the election process and the candidate.[25]
Lists of political party conventions[edit]
Significant third-party conventions before 1860[edit]
Elec-
tion
Party
City
Year
Presidential
nominee
Notes
1832 Anti-Masonic Baltimore 1831 William Wirt usually considered the first U.S. political party nominating convention
1840 Liberty Albany 1840 James G. Birney first U.S. anti-slavery political party
1844 Liberty Buffalo 1843 James G. Birney
1848 Free Soil Utica & Buffalo 1848 Martin Van Buren united Liberty Party supporters with anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs
1852 Free Soil Pittsburgh 1852 John P. Hale Most Free-Soilers joined the Republican Party after its foundation in 1854.
1856 American Philadelphia 1856 Millard Fillmore The anti-immigrant American (or Know Nothing) Party endorsed Fillmore in February 1856, followed by the Whigs in September.
Major party conventions[edit]
Main articles: List of Democratic National Conventions, List of Republican National Conventions, and List of Whig National Conventions
The two right-hand columns show nominations by notable conventions not shown elsewhere. Some of the nominees (e.g. the Whigs before 1860 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912) received very large votes, while others who received less than 1% of the total national popular vote are listed to show historical continuity or transition. Many important candidates are not shown here because they were never endorsed by a national party convention (e.g. William Henry Harrison in 1836, George C. Wallace in 1968, John B. Anderson in 1980 and Ross Perot in 1992).
Note that there is no organizational continuity between the American Parties of 1856 and 1972, the Union Parties of 1860, 1864, 1888 and 1936, or the Progressive Parties of 1912-16, 1924 and 1948-52. .
Presidential winner in bold.
M "Middle of the Road" faction of the People's Party, who opposed fusing with the Democrats after 1896.
Elec-
tion
Democratic
convention
Democratic
nominee
Republican
convention
Republican
nominee
Other
conventions
Other
nominees
1832 Baltimore Andrew Jackson Baltimore (National Republican, 1831) Henry Clay
1836 Baltimore (1835) Martin Van Buren
1840 Baltimore Martin Van Buren Harrisburg, Penna. (Whig, 1839) William Henry Harrison
1844 Baltimore James K. Polk Baltimore (Whig) Henry Clay
1848 Baltimore Lewis Cass Baltimore (Whig) Zachary Taylor
1852 Baltimore Franklin Pierce Baltimore (Whig) Winfield Scott
1856 Cincinnati James Buchanan Philadelphia John C. Frémont Baltimore (Whig) Millard Fillmore
1860 Charleston & Baltimore Stephen A. Douglas (Official);
John C. Breckinridge (Southern) Chicago Abraham Lincoln Baltimore (Constitutional Union) John Bell
1864 Chicago George B. McClellan Baltimore (National Union) Abraham Lincoln Cleveland (Radical Democracy) John C. Frémont — withdrew
1868 New York City Horatio Seymour Chicago Ulysses S. Grant
1872 Baltimore Horace Greeley Philadelphia Ulysses S. Grant Cincinnati (Liberal Republican) Horace Greeley
1876 St. Louis Samuel J. Tilden Cincinnati Rutherford B. Hayes Indianapolis (Greenback) Peter Cooper
1880 Cincinnati Winfield S. Hancock Chicago James A. Garfield Chicago (Greenback) James B. Weaver
1884 Chicago Grover Cleveland Chicago James G. Blaine Indianapolis (Greenback) Benjamin F. Butler
1888 St. Louis Grover Cleveland Chicago Benjamin Harrison Cincinnati (Union Labor) Alson Streeter
1892 Chicago Grover Cleveland Minneapolis Benjamin Harrison Omaha (People's) James B. Weaver
1896 Chicago William Jennings Bryan St. Louis William McKinley St. Louis (People's) William Jennings Bryan
1900 Kansas City William Jennings Bryan Philadelphia William McKinley Cincinnati (People's M) Wharton Barker
1904 St. Louis Alton B. Parker Chicago Theodore Roosevelt Indianapolis (People's M) Thomas E. Watson
1908 Denver William Jennings Bryan Chicago William Howard Taft Chicago (Independence) Thomas L. Hisgen
1912 Baltimore Woodrow Wilson Chicago William Howard Taft Chicago (Progressive) Theodore Roosevelt
1916 St. Louis Woodrow Wilson Chicago Charles Evans Hughes Chicago (Progressive) Theodore Roosevelt — declined
1920 San Francisco James M. Cox Chicago Warren G. Harding Chicago (Farmer-Labor) Parley P. Christensen
1924 New York City John W. Davis Cleveland Calvin Coolidge Cincinnati (Progressive) Robert La Follette
1928 Houston Al Smith Kansas City Herbert Hoover Chicago (Farmer-Labor) Frank E. Webb
1932 Chicago Franklin Roosevelt Chicago Herbert Hoover Omaha (Farmer-Labor) Jacob S. Coxey, Sr.
1936 Philadelphia Franklin Roosevelt Cleveland Alf Landon Cleveland (Union) William Lemke
1940 Chicago Franklin Roosevelt Philadelphia Wendell Willkie
1944 Chicago Franklin Roosevelt Chicago Thomas E. Dewey
1948 Philadelphia Harry S. Truman Philadelphia Thomas E. Dewey Philadelphia (Progressive);
Birmingham (States' Rights Democratic) Henry A. Wallace (Prog.);
Strom Thurmond (States' Rights)
1952 Chicago Adlai Stevenson II Chicago Dwight Eisenhower Chicago (Progressive) Vincent Hallinan
1956 Chicago Adlai Stevenson II San Francisco Dwight Eisenhower Richmond (States' Rights) T. Coleman Andrews
1960 Los Angeles John F. Kennedy Chicago Richard Nixon Dayton (National States' Rights) Orval Faubus
1964 Atlantic City Lyndon B. Johnson San Francisco Barry Goldwater
1968 Chicago Hubert Humphrey Miami Beach Richard Nixon
1972 Miami Beach George McGovern Miami Beach Richard Nixon Louisville (American) John G. Schmitz
1976 New York City Jimmy Carter Kansas City Gerald Ford
1980 New York City Jimmy Carter Detroit Ronald Reagan Cleveland (Citizens) Barry Commoner
1984 San Francisco Walter Mondale Dallas Ronald Reagan St. Paul (Citizens) Sonia Johnson
1988 Atlanta Michael Dukakis New Orleans George H.W. Bush
1992 New York City Bill Clinton Houston George H.W. Bush
1996 Chicago Bill Clinton San Diego Bob Dole Long Beach & Valley Forge (Reform) Ross Perot
2000 Los Angeles Al Gore Philadelphia George W. Bush Long Beach (Reform) Pat Buchanan
2004 Boston John Kerry New York City George W. Bush
2008 Denver Barack Obama St. Paul John McCain
2012 Charlotte Barack Obama Tampa Mitt Romney
2016 Philadelphia Hillary Clinton Cleveland Donald Trump
Third-party conventions since 1872[edit]
For American Party (or American Independent Party) conventions since 1968, see American Party (1969).
For Communist Party and Workers' Party conventions, see National conventions of the Communist Party USA.
Prohibition and socialist parties[edit]
The Prohibition Party was organized in 1869. The Socialist Party of America (1901–1972) resulted from a merger of the Social Democratic Party (founded 1898) with dissenting members of the Socialist Labor Party (founded 1876). The Socialist Party of America stopped running its own candidates for President after 1956, but a minority of SPA members who disagreed with this policy broke away in 1973 to form the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA).
¶ Note that the years refer to the relevant presidential election and not necessarily to the date of a convention making a nomination for that election. Some nominating conventions meet in the year before an election.
Elec-
tion
Prohibition Party convention
Prohibition Party nominee
Socialist Labor Party convention
Socialist Labor Party nominee
Social Democratic or Socialist Party convention
Social Democratic or Socialist Party nominee
1872 Columbus, Ohio James Black
1876 Cleveland Green Clay Smith
1880 Cleveland Neal Dow
1884 Pittsburgh John St. John
1888 Indianapolis Clinton B. Fisk
1892 Cincinnati John Bidwell New York City Simon Wing
1896 Pittsburgh Joshua Levering New York City Charles Matchett
1900 Chicago John G. Woolley New York City Joseph F. Malloney Indianapolis (SDP) Eugene V. Debs
1904 Indianapolis Silas C. Swallow New York City Charles H. Corregan Chicago (SPA) Eugene V. Debs
1908 Columbus Eugene W. Chafin New York City August Gillhaus Chicago (SPA) Eugene V. Debs
1912 Atlantic City Eugene W. Chafin New York City Arthur E. Reimer Indianapolis (SPA) Eugene V. Debs
1916 St. Paul J. Frank Hanly New York City Arthur E. Reimer (mail ballot)
1920 Lincoln, Nebraska Aaron Watkins New York City William Wesley Cox New York City (SPA) Eugene V. Debs
1924 Columbus Herman P. Faris New York City Frank T. Johns Cleveland (SPA) Robert La Follette, Sr. (Progressive)
1928 Chicago William F. Varney New York City Verne L. Reynolds New York City (SPA) Norman Thomas
1932 Indianapolis William D. Upshaw New York City Verne L. Reynolds Milwaukee (SPA) Norman Thomas
1936 Niagara Falls, New York D. Leigh Colvin New York City John W. Aiken Cleveland (SPA) Norman Thomas
1940 Chicago Roger W. Babson New York City John W. Aiken Washington, D.C. (SPA) Norman Thomas
1944 Indianapolis Claude A. Watson New York City Edward A. Teichert Reading (SPA) Norman Thomas
1948 Winona Lake, Indiana Claude A. Watson New York City Edward A. Teichert Reading (SPA) Norman Thomas
1952 Indianapolis Stuart Hamblen New York City Eric Hass Cleveland (SPA) Darlington Hoopes
1956 Milford, Indiana Enoch A. Holtwick New York City Eric Hass Chicago (SPA) Darlington Hoopes
1960 Winona Lake Rutherford Decker New York City Eric Hass
1964 Chicago E. Harold Munn New York City Eric Hass
1968 Detroit E. Harold Munn Brooklyn Henning A. Blomen
1972 Wichita, Kansas E. Harold Munn Detroit Louis Fisher
1976 Wheat Ridge, Colorado Benjamin C. Bubar Southfield, Michigan Jules Levin Milwaukee (SPUSA) Frank P. Zeidler
1980 Birmingham Benjamin C. Bubar Milwaukee (SPUSA) David McReynolds
1984 Mandan, North Dakota Earl Dodge Milwaukee (SPUSA) Sonia Johnson (Citizens')
1988 Springfield, Illinois Earl Dodge Milwaukee (SPUSA) Willa Kenoyer
1992 Minneapolis Earl Dodge Chicago (SPUSA) J. Quinn Brisben
1996 Denver Earl Dodge Cambridge (SPUSA) Mary Cal Hollis
2000 Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania Earl Dodge Milwaukee (SPUSA) David McReynolds
2004 Fairfield Glade, Tennessee Gene Amondson Chicago (SPUSA) Walt Brown
2008 Indianapolis Gene Amondson St. Louis (SPUSA) Brian Moore
2012 Cullman, Alabama Jack Fellure Los Angeles (SPUSA) Stewart Alexander
2016 Conference Call James Hedges Milwaukee (SPUSA) Mimi Soltysik
Libertarian, Green, and Constitution Parties[edit]
Further information: Libertarian National Convention, Green National Convention, and Constitution Party National Convention
In 1999, the United States Taxpayers' Party changed its name to the Constitution Party.
The individual article about a Libertarian convention after 1980 or a Green Party convention after 1996 is linked to its respective city in the table below. Cities linked for Constitution and U.S. Taxpayers' Party conventions lead to individual sections of Constitution Party National Convention.
Elec-
tion
Libertarian Party convention
Libertarian Party nominee
Green Party convention
Green Party nomineee
U.S. Taxpayers' or Constitution Party convention
U.S. Taxpayers' or Constitution Party nominee
1972 Denver John Hospers
1976 New York Roger MacBride
1980 Los Angeles Ed Clark
1984 New York (1983) David Bergland
1988 Seattle (1987) Ron Paul
1992 Chicago (1991) André Marrou New Orleans (USTP) Howard Phillips
1996 Washington, D.C. Harry Browne Los Angeles Ralph Nader San Diego (USTP) Howard Phillips
2000 Anaheim Harry Browne Denver Ralph Nader St. Louis (Const. 1999) Howard Phillips
2004 Atlanta Michael Badnarik Milwaukee David Cobb Valley Forge, Pa. (Const.) Michael Peroutka
2008 Denver Bob Barr Chicago Cynthia McKinney Kansas City (Const.) Chuck Baldwin
2012 Las Vegas Gary Johnson Baltimore Jill Stein Nashville (Const.) Virgil Goode
2016 Orlando Gary Johnson Houston Jill Stein Salt Lake City (Const.) Darrell Castle
See also[edit]
National conventions of the Communist Party USA
References[edit]
Note
Jump up ^ Presidential Campaign Finance
Jump up ^ "Week In Review: National Organizing Kickoff a Great Success". democrats.org. November 2005. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-28. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "NFL season opener yields to McCain speech". Reuters. March 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Jaffe, Alexandra (January 23, 2015). "Democratic National Convention date set". CNN.com. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Evan McMorris-Santoro (November 29, 2011). "Team Obama Likes Its Chances: AZ, VA, NC Could Go Democrat In 2012 (VIDEO)". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
Jump up ^ Dena Bunis. "News: Anaheim asked to make bid for Republican convention - OCRegister.com". Ocregister.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lloyd, Robert (August 29, 2008). "Barack Obama, Al Gore raise the roof at Invesco Field". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
Jump up ^ Robert Moran on Election 2004 on National Review Online
Jump up ^ Frum, David (2012-02-20). "GOP's worst nightmare -- a contested convention". CNN.com. Retrieved 2015-06-30. (2012 Republicans)
Jump up ^ Garber, Kent (2008-02-08). "Obama, Clinton Head Toward Contested Convention". USNews.com. Retrieved 2015-06-30. (2008 Democrats)
Jump up ^ Blankley, Tony (2007-12-19). "None of the Above: GOP Heading to a Brokered Convention". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved 2005-06-30. (2008 Republicans)
Jump up ^ Orin, Deborah (2004-01-22). "Dems May Be In for Brokered Convention". New York Post. Retrieved 2015-06-30. (2004 Democrats)
Jump up ^ Rusher, William (1996-03-01). "A fun idea: Brokered convention". Rome News-Tribune. p. 4. Retrieved 2015-06-30. (1996 Republicans)
Jump up ^ Wicker, Tom (1991-09-03). "Snakeskins and Democrats". Lakeland Ledger. p. 7A. Retrieved 2015-06-30. (1992 Democrats)
Jump up ^ "Democrats worrying about a brokered convention". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Wash. Associated Press. 1988-03-17. p. A6. Retrieved 2015-06-30. (1988 Democrats)
Jump up ^ Greenfield, Jeff (1984-05-18). "Brokered convention: Is it possible?". The Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 16. Part 1. Retrieved 2015-06-30. (1984 Democrats)
Jump up ^ "REPUBLICANS: Ford Is Close, but Watch Those Trojan Horses". Time. August 2, 1976. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
Jump up ^ Paletz & Elson (1976). "Television Coverage of Presidential Conventions: Now You See It, Now You Don't". Political Science Quarterly. 91 (1): 109–131. doi:10.2307/2149161.
^ Jump up to: a b Bennet, James (15 August 1996). "'Nightline' Pulls the Plug on Convention Coverage". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
Jump up ^ [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Trent & Friedenberg (2004). Political Campaign Communication Principles & Practices. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Jump up ^ Kraus, Sidney (1979). The Great Debates. Indiana University Press.
Jump up ^ Trent & Friedenberg (2004). Political Campaign Communication Principles and Practices. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Jump up ^ Valley, David (1974). "Significant Characteristics of Democratic Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches". Central States Speech Journal. 25.
Jump up ^ Kraus, Sidney (1979). The Great Debate. Indiana University Press.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bibliography
National Party Conventions eGuide, The Campaign Finance Institute, [2]
Chase, James S. Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789–1832 (Houghton Mifflin: 1973).
Congressional Research Service. Presidential Elections in the United States: A Primer. (Washington, Congressional Research Service, April 17, 2000).
History House: Conventional Wisdom
Kull, Irving S. and Nell M., An Encyclopedia of American History in Chronological Order, enlarged and updated by Samuel H. Friedelbaum (Popular Library, New York, 1961)
Morris, Richard B., Encyclopedia of American History, revised and enlarged edition (Harper & Row, New York and Evanston, Ill., 1961)
Online NewsHour: Interview with Historian Michael Beschloss on the origins of the convention process
Republican National Convention 2004: Convention History
Taylor, Tim, The Book of Presidents (Arno Press, New York, 1972; ISBN 0-405-00226-2)
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