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2018 PGA Championship
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2018 Golf Major in Town and Country, Missouri
2018 PGA Championship
Tournament information
Dates
August 9–12, 2018
Location
Town and Country, Missouri
Course(s)
Bellerive Country Club
Organized by
PGA of America
Tour(s)
PGA Tour
European Tour
Japan Golf Tour
Statistics
Par
70
Length
7,316 yards (6,690 m)
Field
156 players, 80 after cut
Cut
140 (E)
Prize fund
$11,000,000
Winner's share
$1,980,000
Champion
Brooks Koepka
264 (−16)
← 2017
2019 →
Bellerive CC
Location in the United States
Bellerive CC
Location in Missouri
The 2018 PGA Championship was the 100th PGA Championship, held on August 9–12 at Bellerive Country Club in Town and Country, Missouri, a suburb west of St. Louis. This was the second PGA Championship (1992) and third major (1965 U.S. Open) held at Bellerive. It was also the last to be held in the month of August. Just before the 2017 tournament, the PGA announced that the Championship will move to May in 2019.[1][2]
Brooks Koepka won his third career major title, finishing two strokes ahead of runner-up Tiger Woods.[3] Koepka's 72-hole total of 264 set a PGA Championship record.[4]
Contents
1 Media
2 Course layout
3 Field
3.1 Nationalities in the field
3.2 Past champions in the field
3.2.1 Made the cut
3.2.2 Missed the cut
4 Round summaries
4.1 First round
4.2 Second round
4.3 Third round
4.4 Final round
4.4.1 Scorecard
5 References
6 External links
Media[edit]
The 2018 PGA Championship was the 35th overall and 28th straight PGA Championship to be televised by CBS, with first and second round coverage provided by Turner Sports for the 28th year. In the UK and Ireland, the Championship was being streamed online by Eleven Sports.[5][6][7]
Course layout[edit]
Main article: Bellerive Country Club
Hole
Yards
Par
Hole
Yards
Par
1 425 4 10 508 4
2 410 4 11 355 4
3 148 3 12 452 4
4 521 4 13 180 3
5 471 4 14 410 4
6 213 3 15 495 4
7 394 4 16 237 3
8 610 5 17 597 5
9 433 4 18 457 4
Out 3,625 35 In 3,691 35
Source:[8] Total 7,316 70
Lengths of the course for previous major championships:
7,148 yards (6,536 m), par 71 - 1992 PGA Championship
7,191 yards (6,575 m), par 70 - 1965 U.S. Open
Field[edit]
The following qualification criteria were used to select the field. Each player is listed according to the first category by which he qualified with additional categories in which he qualified shown in parentheses.[9][10]
1. All former PGA Champions
Rich Beem, Keegan Bradley (9), John Daly, Jason Day (5,7,9,11), Jason Dufner (9), Pádraig Harrington, Martin Kaymer (3,10), Davis Love III, Rory McIlroy (4,9,10,11), Shaun Micheel, Phil Mickelson (9,10,11), Vijay Singh, Justin Thomas (7,9,11), Jimmy Walker (9,10), Tiger Woods (9), Yang Yong-eun
The following former champions did not enter: Paul Azinger, Mark Brooks, Jack Burke, Jr., Steve Elkington, Dow Finsterwald, Raymond Floyd, Al Geiberger, Wayne Grady, David Graham, Don January, John Mahaffey, Larry Nelson, Bobby Nichols, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Nick Price, Jeff Sluman, Dave Stockton, Hal Sutton, David Toms, Lee Trevino, Bob Tway, Lanny Wadkins
2. Last five Masters Champions
Sergio García (10), Patrick Reed (7,9,10,11), Jordan Spieth (3,4,9,10), Bubba Watson (9,11), Danny Willett (10)
3. Last five U.S. Open Champions
Dustin Johnson (7,9,10,11), Brooks Koepka (7,9,10,11)
4. Last five Open Champions
Zach Johnson (9,10), Francesco Molinari (7,9,11), Henrik Stenson (7,9,10,11)
5. Last three Players Champions
Kim Si-woo (9), Webb Simpson (9,11)
6. Current Senior PGA Champion
Paul Broadhurst
7. Top 15 and ties from the 2017 PGA Championship
Scott Brown, Paul Casey (9,11), Rickie Fowler (9,10), James Hahn, Brian Harman (9), Kevin Kisner (9), Matt Kuchar (9,10), Marc Leishman (9,11), Hideki Matsuyama (9), Ryan Moore (9,10), Jordan Smith, Chris Stroud
Graham DeLaet[11] and Louis Oosthuizen (9)[12] did not play due to injury.
8. 20 low scorers in the 2018 PGA Professional Championship
Danny Balin, Rich Berberian Jr., Michael Block, Matt Borchert, Craig Bowden, Matt Dobyns, Jaysen Hansen, Craig Hocknull, Marty Jertson, Zach J. Johnson, Ben Kern, Johan Kok, Sean McCarty, David Muttitt, Jason Schmuhl, Brian Smock, Bob Sowards, Omar Uresti, Ryan Vermeer, Shawn Warren
9. Top 70 leaders in official money standings from the 2017 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and Barracuda Championship through the 2018 RBC Canadian Open
An Byeong-hun, Ryan Armour (11), Daniel Berger, Rafa Cabrera-Bello (10), Patrick Cantlay (11), Kevin Chappell, Austin Cook (11), Bryson DeChambeau (11), Tony Finau, Tommy Fleetwood, Brian Gay, Emiliano Grillo, Chesson Hadley, Adam Hadwin, Russell Henley, Charley Hoffman, J. B. Holmes (10), Billy Horschel (11), Beau Hossler, Charles Howell III, Kim Meen-whee, Patton Kizzire (11), Andrew Landry (11), Luke List, Kevin Na (11), Alex Norén, Pat Perez (11), Scott Piercy (11), Ted Potter Jr. (11), Ian Poulter (11), Jon Rahm (11), Chez Reavie, Justin Rose (10,11), Xander Schauffele (11), Ollie Schniederjans, Charl Schwartzel, Cameron Smith, J. J. Spaun, Kyle Stanley, Brendan Steele (11), Jhonattan Vegas, Aaron Wise (11), Gary Woodland (11)
10. Members of the United States and Europe 2016 Ryder Cup teams
Matthew Fitzpatrick, Thomas Pieters, Brandt Snedeker, Andy Sullivan, Chris Wood
Lee Westwood did not play due to injury.[13]
11. Winners of tournaments co-sponsored or approved by the PGA Tour since the 2017 PGA Championship
Brice Garnett, Michael Kim, Satoshi Kodaira, Troy Merritt, Andrew Putnam
12. Special invitations
Kiradech Aphibarnrat, Alexander Björk, Jorge Campillo, Stewart Cink, Paul Dunne, Ross Fisher, Ryan Fox, Dylan Frittelli, Jim Furyk, Branden Grace, Bill Haas, Seungsu Han, Justin Harding, Tyrrell Hatton, Yuta Ikeda, Im Sung-jae, Shugo Imahira, Russell Knox, Mikko Korhonen, Anirban Lahiri, Alexander Lévy, Li Haotong, Michael Lorenzo-Vera, Jamie Lovemark, Shane Lowry, Yūsaku Miyazato, Joaquín Niemann, Thorbjørn Olesen, Adrián Otaegui, Eddie Pepperell, Adam Scott, Shubhankar Sharma, Brandon Stone, Julian Suri, Ryuko Tokimatsu, Peter Uihlein, Matt Wallace, Nick Watney
Thomas Bjørn did not play due to a back injury.[14]
13. Players below 70th place in official money standings, to fill the field
Alternates (category 13)
Jason Kokrak (71st in standings; replaced Lee Westwood)[13]
Chris Kirk (72, took spot reserved for WGC-Bridgestone Invitational winner)
Kevin Streelman (79, replaced Thomas Bjørn)[14]
Kelly Kraft (80, replaced Louis Oosthuizen)[12]
Nationalities in the field[edit]
North America (92)
South America (3)
Europe (34)
Oceania (7)
Asia (15)
Africa (5)
Canada (1) Argentina (1) England (14) Australia (5) China (1) South Africa (5)
United States (91) Chile (1) Northern Ireland (1) Fiji (1) India (2)
Venezuela (1) Scotland (1) New Zealand (1) Japan (6)
Ireland (3) South Korea (5)
Belgium (1) Thailand (1)
Denmark (1)
Finland (1)
France (2)
Germany (1)
Italy (1)
Spain (5)
Sweden (3)
Past champions in the field[edit]
Made the cut[edit]
Player
Country
Year(s) won
R1
R2
R3
R4
Total
To par
Finish
Tiger Woods United States 1999, 2000,
2006, 2007 70 66 66 64 266 −14 2
Justin Thomas United States 2017 69 65 68 68 270 −10 T6
Jason Day Australia 2015 67 68 67 71 273 −7 T19
Jimmy Walker United States 2016 69 70 69 69 277 −3 T42
Keegan Bradley United States 2011 69 68 71 69 277 −3 T42
Martin Kaymer Germany 2010 71 69 67 70 277 −3 T42
Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 2012, 2014 70 67 71 70 278 −2 T50
Vijay Singh Fiji 1998, 2004 71 69 71 72 283 +3 78
Source:[15]
Missed the cut[edit]
Player
Country
Year won
R1
R2
Total
To par
Pádraig Harrington Ireland 2008 71 70 141 +1
Davis Love III United States 1997 75 66 141 +1
Shaun Micheel United States 2003 73 69 142 +2
John Daly United States 1991 73 70 143 +3
Rich Beem United States 2002 74 69 143 +3
Jason Dufner United States 2013 72 72 144 +4
Phil Mickelson United States 2005 73 71 144 +4
Yang Yong-eun South Korea 2009 73 74 147 +7
Source:[15]
Round summaries[edit]
First round[edit]
Thursday, August 9, 2018
Gary Woodland holed five birdies on the back nine to lead by one from Rickie Fowler. A total of 47 players ended the opening day under par.[16][17]
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Gary Woodland United States 64 −6
2 Rickie Fowler United States 65 −5
T3 Brandon Stone South Africa 66 −4
Zach Johnson United States
T5 Stewart Cink United States 67 −3
Austin Cook United States
Jason Day Australia
Brian Gay United States
Dustin Johnson United States
Kevin Kisner United States
Pat Perez United States
Thomas Pieters Belgium
Ian Poulter England
Justin Rose England
Ollie Schniederjans United States
Source:[15]
Second round[edit]
Friday, August 10, 2018
Play was suspended Friday afternoon at 3:35 pm due to dangerous weather with half of the field still on the course.[18] Play was set to resume Saturday morning at 7 am local time with the third round to follow at about 11:15 am. Gary Woodland was the clubhouse leader at 130 (−10), which set a PGA Championship record for low 36-hole score. Two players, Brooks Koepka and Charl Schwartzel, shot record-tying rounds of 63.[19]
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Gary Woodland United States 64-66=130 −10
2 Kevin Kisner United States 67-64=131 −9
3 Brooks Koepka United States 69-63=132 −8
T4 Rickie Fowler United States 65 (−2 thru 10) −7
Dustin Johnson United States 67-66=133
Thomas Pieters Belgium 67-66=133
Charl Schwartzel South Africa 70-63=133
8 Brandon Stone South Africa 66-68=134 −6
T9 Patrick Cantlay United States 68-67=135 −5
Billy Horschel United States 68 (−3 thru 10)
Jason Kokrak United States 68-67=135
Francesco Molinari Italy 68-67=135
Pat Perez United States 67 (−2 thru 9)
Jon Rahm Spain 68-67=135
Adam Scott Australia 70-65=135
Saturday, August 11, 2018
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Gary Woodland United States 64-66=130 −10
2 Kevin Kisner United States 67-64=131 −9
T3 Rickie Fowler United States 65-67=132 −8
Brooks Koepka United States 69-63=132
T5 Dustin Johnson United States 67-66=133 −7
Shane Lowry Ireland 69-64=133
Thomas Pieters Belgium 67-66=133
Charl Schwartzel South Africa 70-63=133
T9 Pat Perez United States 67-67=134 −6
Brandon Stone South Africa 66-68=134
Justin Thomas United States 69-65=134
Source:[15]
Third round[edit]
Saturday, August 11, 2018
Brooks Koepka's 66 gave him a two-shot lead as he attempted to become the first player since Tiger Woods in 2000 to win both the U.S. Open and the PGA Championship in the same season.[20]
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Brooks Koepka United States 69-63-66=198 −12
2 Adam Scott Australia 70-65-65=200 −10
T3 Rickie Fowler United States 65-67-69=201 −9
Jon Rahm Spain 68-67-66=201
Gary Woodland United States 64-66-71=201
T6 Stewart Cink United States 67-69-66=202 −8
Jason Day Australia 67-68-67=202
Shane Lowry Ireland 69-64-69=202
Charl Schwartzel South Africa 70-63-69=202
Justin Thomas United States 69-65-68=202
Tiger Woods United States 70-66-66=202
Source:[15]
Final round[edit]
Sunday, August 12, 2018
Brooks Koepka duplicated his Saturday score of 66 to win by two strokes ahead of runner-up Tiger Woods, who fired a 64 in the best final round of his career in a major. Koepka became the fifth American player to win three majors before the age of 29, joining Jack Nicklaus, Jordan Spieth, Tom Watson and Woods.
His 72-hole score of 264 set the PGA Championship record (previously 265 set by David Toms in 2001) and equaled the lowest total in major championship history (set by Henrik Stenson at the 2016 Open Championship).[21]
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
Money ($)
1 Brooks Koepka United States 69-63-66-66=264 −16 1,980,000
2 Tiger Woods United States 70-66-66-64=266 −14 1,188,000
3 Adam Scott Australia 70-65-65-67=267 −13 748,000
T4 Stewart Cink United States 67-69-66-67=269 −11 489,250
Jon Rahm Spain 68-67-66-68=269
T6 Francesco Molinari Italy 68-67-68-67=270 −10 334,713
Thomas Pieters Belgium 67-66-71-66=270
Justin Thomas United States 69-65-68-68=270
Gary Woodland United States 64-66-71-69=270
T10 Rafa Cabrera-Bello Spain 70-68-69-64=271 −9 261,985
Tyrrell Hatton England 71-67-69-64=271
Source:[15]
Scorecard[edit]
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Par 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 4
Koepka −13 −13 −13 −12 −11 −11 −12 −13 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −15 −16 −16 −16
Woods −8 −9 −10 −10 −10 −9 −9 −10 −11 −11 −11 −12 −13 −12 −13 −13 −13 −14
Scott −9 −9 −9 −9 −9 −9 −10 −11 −11 −12 −12 −13 −14 −14 −14 −14 −14 −13
Cink −8 −8 −9 −8 −7 −7 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −9 −10 −9 −9 −9 −10 −11
Rahm −9 −9 −9 −8 −8 −8 −9 −10 −10 −10 −10 −10 −10 −10 −10 −11 −10 −11
Molinari −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −8 −9 −9 −9 −9 −10 −10 −10 −10 −10
Pieters −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −7 −8 −8 −8 −9 −9 −9 −10 −11 −12 −10 −10
Thomas −9 −9 −9 −9 −10 −10 −11 −11 −10 −11 −12 −12 −12 −11 −11 −10 −10 −10
Woodland −9 −9 −9 −8 −7 −7 −7 −8 −8 −7 −8 −9 −9 −10 −10 −10 −10 −10
Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par
Birdie Bogey Double bogey
Source:[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Murray, Ewan (August 9, 2017). "PGA date switch makes sense for US but is troublesome for European Tour". The Guardian. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harig, Bob (August 10, 2012). "PGA Championship to move from August date to May in 2019". ESPN. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gittings, Paul (August 12, 2018). "PGA Championship: Brooks Koepka holds off Tiger Woods to triumph". CNN. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Crouse, Karen (August 12, 2018). "Brooks Koepka Holds Off Tiger Woods to Win P.G.A. Championship". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Croke, Ruaidhrí (August 10, 2018). "Streaming the US PGA on Eleven Sports: What's the verdict?". Irish Times. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Reid, Philip (August 8, 2018). "How to watch the US PGA Championship on television". Irish Times. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Murray, Ewan (August 9, 2018). "Not on Sky, BT Sport or free-to-air: a guide on how to watch the US PGA". The Guardian. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "PGA Championship 2018: Course". PGA of America. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 PGA Championship: Field List, Players". PGA of America. July 31, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "How to Qualify for the PGA Championship". PGA of America. July 30, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Casey, Kevin (July 24, 2018). "Graham DeLaet opts for back surgery, out 6-12 months". Golfweek.
^ Jump up to: a b Brzezinski, Alec (August 9, 2018). "PGA Championship 2018: Louis Oosthuizen withdraws just before tee time". Sporting News.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lee Westwood withdraws from next week's PGA Championship with injury". ESPN. Associated Press. August 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas Bjorn withdraws from PGA Championship with back injury". ESPN. Associated Press. August 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "PGA Championship: Leaderboard". ESPN. August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jurejko, Jonathan (August 9, 2018). "US PGA Championship: Gary Woodland leads ahead of Rickie Fowler, Ian Poulter, Justin Rose & Dustin Johnson". BBC Sport. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Murray, Ewan (August 9, 2018). "Gary Woodland leads Rickie Fowler after Tiger Woods fightback at US PGA". The Guardian. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (August 10, 2018). "US PGA Championship 2018: second round – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Harig, Bob (August 10, 2018). "Gary Woodland matches 36-hole record as PGA field goes low". ESPN.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (August 12, 2018). "US PGA Championship 2018: third round - as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Murray, Scott (August 13, 2018). "US PGA Championship 2018: Koepka sees off Woods to clinch win – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
PGA Media Guide
Coverage on PGA Tour's official site
Coverage on the European Tour's official site
Preceded by
2018 Open Championship Major Championships Succeeded by
2019 Masters
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Star-Spangled Banner (flag)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Flag that flew over Fort McHenry in 1814, photographed in 1873 in the Boston Navy Yard by George Henry Preble.[1]
The 15-star, 15-stripe "Star-Spangled Banner"
The Star-Spangled Banner, or the Great Garrison Flag, was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. Seeing the flag during the battle inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry", which, retitled with the flag's name from the closing lines of the first stanza and set to the tune of "To Anacreon in Heaven" by John Stafford Smith, later became the national anthem of the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Design
1.2 Battle
1.3 Scrap sold at auction, November 2011
2 Smithsonian National Museum of American History
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
In Baltimore's preparation for an expected attack on the city, Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the city's harbor. When Major George Armistead expressed desire for a very large flag to fly over the fort, General John S. Stricker and Commodore Joshua Barney placed an order with a prominent Baltimorean flagmaker for two oversized American Flags. The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag, the largest battle flag ever flown at the time.[2] The smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag, to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather.
Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90 (equivalent to $5,037 in 2016).[3][4] George Armistead, the commander of Fort McHenry, specified "a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance".[5][6]
Design[edit]
Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting, assisted by her daughter, two nieces, and an African American indentured servant. (Her elderly mother may also have helped.)[7] The flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes, as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field. The two additional stars and stripes, approved by the United States Congress's Flag Act of 1794, represent Vermont and Kentucky's entrance into the Union. The stars are arranged in vertical rows, with five horizontal rows of stars, offset, each containing three stars. At the time, the practice of adding stripes (in addition to stars) with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued.
The flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet (9.1 by 12.8 m). Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet (0.61 m) wide, and each of the stars measures about 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter. After the battle, the Armistead family occasionally gave away pieces of the flag as souvenirs and gifts;[8] this cutting, along with deterioration from continued use, removed several feet of fabric from the flag's fly end, and it now measures 30 by 34 feet (9.1 by 10.4 m). The flag currently has only fourteen stars—the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift, but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown.[9]
Battle[edit]
The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers and a fleet of 19 ships attacked Baltimore on September 12, 1814. The bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13, and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain. When the British ships were unable to pass the fort and penetrate the harbor, the attack was ended, and on the morning of September 14, when the battered flag still flew above the ramparts, it was clear that Fort McHenry remained in American hands. This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key, an American lawyer and amateur poet. Being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River, Key observed the battle from afar. When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th, he composed a poem he originally titled "Defence of Fort M'Henry". The poem would be put to the music of a common tune, retitled "The Star-Spangled Banner", and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem. Since its arrival at the Smithsonian, the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts.
Scrap sold at auction, November 2011[edit]
A 2-inch by 5-inch scrap of the flag - white and red, with a seam down the middle - was sold at auction in Dallas, TX on November 30, 2011, for $38,837: the snippet was, presumably, cut from the famous flag as a souvenir in the mid-19th century.[10] The framed remnant came with a faded, hand-written note attesting it was "A piece of the Flag which floated over Fort McHenry at the time of the bombardment when Key's (sic) composed the Song of the Star Spangled Banner, presented by Sam Beth Cohen."[11]
Smithsonian National Museum of American History[edit]
In addition to the original flag on display, the Smithsonian also features pieces from the flag that had been snipped off over the years as patriotic mementos
The flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact. It remained in the possession of Major Armistead, who was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel, and his family for many years. Eben Appleton, Colonel Armistead's grandson, inherited the flag in 1878. In 1907, he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 it was made a formal gift. Today it is permanently housed in the National Museum of American History, one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The flag was given to the museum in 1912, and has undergone multiple restoration efforts[12] after being originally restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914.
Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999. In the first phase, the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration. The second phase consisted of the most comprehensive, detailed examination of the condition and construction of the Star-Spangled Banner to date, which provided critical information for later work. This included scientific studies with infrared spectrometry, electron microscopy, mechanical testing, and determination of amino acid content by a New Zealand scientist, and infrared imaging by a NASA scientist.[13] Planning and executing a cleaning treatment for the flag following scientific analysis was the third phase. In the fourth and final phase of the project, curators, scientists and conservators developed a long-term preservation plan. The restoration was completed in 2008 at a total cost in excess of $21 million.[14]
Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a two-story display chamber that allows it to lie at a 10-degree angle in dim light. The Smithsonian has created a permanent exhibition to document the flag's history and significance, called "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem". Visitors are allowed a clear view of the flag, while it remains protected in a controlled environment.[15][16][17]
The National Museum of American History produced an online exhibition in conjunction with the reopening of Flag Hall in 2008. An interactive component allows site visitors to closely explore features of the flag in detail, download an audiodescriptive tour of the exhibition for the visually-impaired, and hear the song performed on original instruments from the National Museum of American History's collection.[18]
See also[edit]
Flags of the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keim, Kevin P. & Keim, Peter (2007). A Grand Old Flag. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-2847-5.
Jump up ^ "The Great Garrison Flag". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Jump up ^ Poole, Robert M. (November 2008). "Star-Spangled Banner Back on Display". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davenport, Misha A Nations History Chicago-Sun Times 2002-06-02
Jump up ^ Fort McHenry lesson guide retrieved 2008-02-09
Jump up ^ "The Star-Spangled Banner: Making the Flag". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
Jump up ^ "The Star-Spangled Banner: Family Keepsake". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
Jump up ^ "The Star-Spangled Banner: Congratulations". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
Jump up ^ Old Glory 2" X 5" snippet sold at an auction 30 November 2011; shown in Maine Antiques Digest, March 2012, page 21-C, "Heritage Auctions, Dallas, Texas: Brady Camera and Kennedy Rocker Take Top Bids in Americana Auction"; accessed 26 FEB 2012.
Jump up ^ Heritage Auctions, Dallas, Texas; catalogue "Political & Americana Auction, November 30, 2011; [www.ha.com/common/auction/frontmatter/6066_catalogpdf.pdf| "A Piece of Old Glory"]; catalogue page 118, item #38311; accessed 26 FEB 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Star-Spangled Banner and the War of 1812". Smithsonian Institution.
Jump up ^ Science News "Old Glory, New Glory,The Star-Spangled Banner gets some tender loving care"
Jump up ^ Bowley, Graham (2016-10-19). "Smithsonian Seeks $300,000 to Save Dorothy’s Ruby Slippers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
Jump up ^ Smithsonian Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner
Jump up ^ Washington POST "Reopening, in All Its Old Glory"
Jump up ^ "Visit the Star-Spangled Banner". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
Jump up ^ "The Star-Spangled Banner". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
Further reading[edit]
Lonn Taylor (2000). The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem. Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
Scott S. Sheads (1989). Fort McHenry. Sequoia Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star-Spangled Banner (flag).
Interactive image of original flag which includes a zoom to view detail
Research project to preserve the flag's fabric using LED technology
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text:
Postal Clause
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This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (January 2015)
Article I, Section 8, Clause 7 of the United States Constitution, known as the Postal Clause or the Postal Power, empowers Congress "To establish Post Offices and post Roads".[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Interpretation
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Postal Clause was added to the Constitution to facilitate interstate communication as well as to create a source of revenue for the early United States.[2][3] There were some early disagreements as to the boundaries of the Postal Power. John Jay, in a letter to George Washington, opined that the postal service should not be burdened with the responsibility for handling newspaper delivery, and also suggested that the Post Office be placed under the supervision of the executive branch (a suggestion which later led to the creation of the Post Office Department).[4] Thomas Jefferson feared that the postal service would become a source of patronage and a waste of money. Jefferson also expressed doubt at granting Congress the power to designate post roads, as he considered road building to be a state responsibility.[5]
Interpretation[edit]
The Clause has been construed to give Congress the enumerated power to designate mail routes and construct or designate post offices, with the implied authority to carry, deliver, and regulate the mails of the United States as a whole. An early controversy was whether Congress had the power to actually build post roads and post offices, or merely designate which lands and roads were to be used for this purpose, and to what extent that power could be delegated to the Postmaster General.[6] The U.S. Supreme Court construed the power narrowly during the early part of the 19th century, holding that the power consisted mostly of designation of roads and sites, but gradually gave way later on, allowing appropriation of land for postal purposes.[7]
The Postal Power also includes the power to designate certain materials as non-mailable, and to pass statutes criminalizing abuses of the postal system (such as mail fraud and armed robbery of post offices).[8] This power has been used by Congress and the Postmaster General to exclude obscene materials from the mails, beginning with an act in 1872 to ban lottery circulars from the mails, as well as the Comstock laws in 1873.[7][8] These attempts at limiting the content of the mails were upheld by the Supreme Court, but in the 20th century, the Court took a more assertive approach in striking down postal laws which limited free expression, particularly as it related to political materials.[7][8] The First Amendment thus provided a check on the Postal Power.
See also[edit]
United States Postal Service
United States Postmaster General
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html
Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention
Jump up ^ Commentaries on Blackstone by St. George Tucker
Jump up ^ Letter from John Jay to George Washington, 21 September 1788
Jump up ^ Letter from Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 6 March 1796
Jump up ^ Minutes of House of Representatives debate on the Post Office Bill, 6 December 1791
^ Jump up to: a b c Analysis and Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, from the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress (hosted by Justia.com)
^ Jump up to: a b c Hall, Kermit L. ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-511883-9 pp. 765-766.
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Resources on the Postal Clause, from The Founder's Constitution project at the University of Chicago
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A Bridge I Didn't Burn
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Bridge I Didn't Burn
Studio album by Ricky Van Shelton
Released
August 24, 1993 (1993-08-24)
Recorded
Nightingale Recording Studio
The Doghouse
Sound Emporium
Genre
Country
Length
36:26
Label
Columbia Nashville/TriStar
Producer
Steve Buckingham
Ricky Van Shelton
Ricky Van Shelton chronology
Greatest Hits Plus
(1992) A Bridge I Didn't Burn
(1993) Love and Honor
(1994)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic link
Entertainment Weekly (B) link
A Bridge I Didn't Burn is the sixth studio (eighth overall) album by Country music artist Ricky Van Shelton. The tracks "A Couple of Good Years Left" and "Where Was I" were released as singles. The first failed to reach the top 40 while the latter peaked at number 20 on the charts.
"Heartache Big As Texas" was originally released in 1991 on a promotional single (CSK 4062) as an extended dance mix. "Linda Lu" is a cover of R&B Artist Ray Sharpe's hit from 1959.
Contents
1 Track listing
2 Release history
3 Personnel
4 Chart performance
5 Sources
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "If They Turn Off Our Lights" Bobby Braddock 3:06
2. "A Bridge I Didn't Burn" Tracy Byrd, Frank Dycus, Billy Yates 3:30
3. "My First Reaction" Sonny Throckmorton 3:00
4. "Where Was I" Harry Stinson, Gary Burr 3:11
5. "A Couple of Good Years Left" Burr 3:35)
6. "I Know the Way by Broken Heart" Ronnie Samoset, Craig Wiseman 2:53
7. "Talking to God" Lewis Anderson, Layng Martine, Jr. 2:58
8. "Heartache Big as Texas" David Lewis, Royce Porter 2:54
9. "If It Weren't for Me" Roger Brown, David Stephenson 3:41
10. "Linda Lu" Ray Sharpe 3:40
11. "Roses After the Rain" Billy Burnette, Brian Tabor 3:58
Release history[edit]
Year
Type
Label
Catalogue
1993 Cassette Columbia CT-48992
1993 CD Columbia CK-48992
Personnel[edit]
Musicians
Victor Battista – Double Bass
Eddie Bayers – Drums
Barry Beckett – Piano
Mark Casstevens – Acoustic Guitar
Jerry Douglas – Dobro
Paul Franklin – Steel guitar, Pedabro
Sonny Garrish – Steel Guitar
Steve Gibson – Electric Guitar, Mandolin
Rob Hajacos – Fiddle
Jim Horn – Saxophone
Roy Huskey – Double Bass
Bill Lloyd – Electric guitar
Randy McCormick – Piano
Terry McMillan – Harmonica
Brent Mason – Electric Guitar
Gary Nicholson – Electric Guitar
Mark O'Connor – Fiddle
Don Potter – Acoustic guitar
Tom Robb– Bass Guitar
Ricky Van Shelton – Acoustic Guitar, Lead Vocals
Tommy Wells – Drums
Background Vocals
Gary Burr
Harry Stinson
John Wesley Ryles
Dennis Wilson
Billy Yates
Production
Chief Engineers
Marshall Morgan
Gary Laney
Toby Seay
Joe Bogan
Assistant Engineers: Ken Hutton & John Kunz
Mastered By: Denny Purcell
Art Direction: Bill Johnson & Rollow Welch
Photography: Mark Hanauer & Terry Calonge (Cover)
Cover Art: Jeff Wack & Steve Flatt
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1993)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums 17
U.S. Billboard 200 91
Sources[edit]
Allmusic (See Reviews in infobox)
Liner Notes: “A Bridge I Didn't Burn.” Ricky Van Shelton. Columbia, 1993.
hide
v
t
e
Ricky Van Shelton
Studio albums
Wild-Eyed Dream
Loving Proof
RVS III
Backroads
Don't Overlook Salvation
A Bridge I Didn't Burn
Love and Honor
Making Plans
Fried Green Tomatoes
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits Plus
Super Hits
Super Hits Vol. 2
16 Biggest Hits
Christmas albums
Ricky Van Shelton Sings Christmas
Blue Christmas
Notable singles
"Wild-Eyed Dream"
"Crime of Passion"
"Somebody Lied"
"Life Turned Her That Way"
"Don't We All Have the Right"
"I'll Leave This World Loving You"
"From a Jack to a King"
"Hole in My Pocket"
"Living Proof"
"Statue of a Fool"
"I've Cried My Last Tear for You"
"I Meant Every Word He Said"
"Life's Little Ups and Downs"
"I Am a Simple Man"
"Keep It Between the Lines"
"After the Lights Go Out"
"Backroads"
"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck"
"Wild Man"
"Just as I Am"
"Where Was I"
Guest singles
"Rockin' Years" (with Dolly Parton)
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Bridge_I_Didn%27t_Burn&oldid=855260554"
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Albums produced by Steve Buckingham (record producer)
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