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2017 Nobel Peace Prize
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The Nobel Peace Prize
Awarded for
Outstanding contributions to peace
Date
6 October 2017 (2017-10-06)
Location
Oslo
Country
Norway
Presented by
Norwegian Nobel Committee
Reward(s)
9 million SEK ($1.11M, €0.94M)
First awarded
1901
2017 laureate
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
Website
nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace
← 2016
Nobel Peace Prize
2018 →
The 2017 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition on such weapons," according to the Norwegian Nobel Committee announcement on October 6, 2017.[1] Setsuko Thurlow, a survivor of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, and Beatrice Fihn, ICAN's executive director, will jointly accept the prize on behalf of the campaign at a ceremony in Oslo on December 10, 2017.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Award
2 Reactions and commentaries
3 Award funding
4 Past Award recognition of disarmament efforts
5 See also
6 References
Award[edit]
A global civil society coalition of 468 peace, human rights, environment, development and faith groups as of 2017,[4] ICAN was recognized for its decade-long consensus-building support for the Humanitarian Pledge and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Nobel Committee Chair Berit Reiss-Andersen described ICAN's work as having "brought the debate forward by focusing so heavily on the humanitarian consequences of using nuclear arms."[5]
The Peace Prize announcement came in the midst of the 2017 North Korea crisis, uncertainty over certification of Iran's compliance with the 2015 accord that limits Iran's nuclear program, the Doomsday Clock assessment in January 2017 of the highest threat of nuclear war since 1953, heightened rhetoric between Indian and Pakistani military officials to target each other and retaliate with the early use nuclear weapons, Russia's strategic doctrine calling for early use of nuclear weapons against any "major NATO assault" on its territory, and opposition by nuclear powers to the nuclear ban treaty and its ratification.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
In a telephone interview immediately after the announcement, ICAN Executive Director Beatrice Fihn said that, the Cold War being long over, possession and use of weapons of mass destruction "is no longer acceptable" in the 21st century.[16] In a formal statement, ICAN called the 2017 prize a tribute to "the tireless efforts of many millions of campaigners and concerned citizens worldwide who, ever since the dawn of the atomic age, have loudly protested nuclear weapons" and to "the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki—the hibakusha—and victims of nuclear test explosions".[17][18] Holding a press conference at UN Headquarters, in New York, the ICAN executive director said that disarmament campaign efforts of a "new generation," of "people who grew up after the Cold War and don't understand why we still have the [nuclear] weapons," were in effect also being recognized by the award.[19]
Nominations for the prize numbered 318, including 215 individuals and 103 organizations, second highest to the record 376 nominations considered in 2016.[20] Though the Nobel Committee does not release names being considered for 50 years, reportedly they included: Tong Jen and Onodera Toshitaki seeking justice for Chinese victims of wartime atrocities during World War II; organizers Iran Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini of the 2015 Iran Deal negotiations; UNHCR and High Commissioner Filippo Grandi for their work on the rights and dignity of refugees; Turkish journalists Cumhuriyet and Can Dündar; The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their work securing Gambia's political transition; and the humanitarian White Helmets, also known as the Syrian Civil Defense, and Raed al Saleh.[21][22][23][24]
Reactions and commentaries[edit]
Congratulatory messages in the days following the award announcement came from individual disarmament supporters as well as ICAN coalition organizations, other civil society groups, public figures, governments and the United Nations, including: survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings (hibakusha), The ATOM Project, Peace Boat, Nuclear Threat Initiative, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Human Rights Watch, Oxfam, Ploughshares Fund, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Germany, EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini, UK Green Party co-leader Caroline Lucas, Austria, Canada's New Democratic Party Critic for Foreign Affairs Hélène Laverdière, Mexico, and Nigeria.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Twenty-three countries included congratulatory remarks in their statements at the UN General Assembly First Committee on Disarmament and International Security, including Sweden and New Zealand.[40]
Pugwash President Sergio Duarte wrote that the award designation reflects "growing public recognition" of banning nuclear weapons as part of the international humanitarian norm to abolish weapons of mass destruction, citing examples of the abolition of bacteriological weapons in the 1970s and chemical weapons in the 1990s. He also called on State parties to make further progress at the UN High Level Conference on Nuclear Disarmament slated for 2018, noting the role of civil society organizations such as ICAN in supporting such multilateral disarmament processes.[41]
UN Secretary-General António Guterres relayed in a press statement that the award "recognizes the determined efforts of civil society to highlight the unconscionable humanitarian and environmental consequences that would result if they [nuclear weapons] were ever used again," noting that the first UN General Assembly resolution, in 1946, had "established the goal of ridding the world of nuclear weapons and all weapons of mass destruction."[42] The UN's top disarmament official Izumi Nakamitsu in a statement said that the 2017 Peace Prize "recognizes once again the vital and indispensable role of civil society in advancing our common aspirations peace, security and a world free of nuclear weapons."[43]
Former Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev in a statement said the award designation was "a very good decision" and signified that "a world without nuclear weapons—there cannot be any other goal!", also recalling a joint statement with then US President Ronald Reagan at the 1986 Reykjavik Summit that "a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought."[44]
Welcoming the implications of the Peace Prize announcement in an interview with RT,[45] "whistleblower" William McNeilly defended his Wikileaked report in 2015 that claimed Trident nuclear programme safety and security failures and that sparked nuclear-deterrent debates in the UK the same year.[46][47]
New Zealand's Green Party Spokesperson for Social Development, MP Jan Logie, said that "Our Pacific Ocean and its peoples have suffered the terrible effects of nuclear explosions and today we acknowledge the survivors of nuclear weapons use and testing. This Nobel Prize honours them."[48]
Aging survivors of the 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, known as hibakusha, have long campaigned to abolish nuclear weapons, often recounting the horrific suffering they endured and from which many more died. At gatherings to watch the broadcast Peace Prize announcement and in other press interviews, their reactions included[49][50]:
Toshiyuki Mimaki, 75, of the Hiroshima Prefectural Confederation of A-Bomb Sufferers Organizations: "The young people's activities have been recognized."
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors Council members, with a photograph of Sumiteru Taniguchi, who died in August 2017 at the age of 88, said it gave them new motivation to continue their work.
Terumi Tanaka, former secretary-general of Nihon Hidankyo: "We told the world about the inhumanity (of nuclear weapons). We laid the foundations for ICAN to do its work." Toshiki Fujimori, assistant secretary-general of the group, expressed hope that the award would "speed up the flow of countries joining the treaty."
Peace Boat founder Tatsuya Yoshioka said the award "has the same value as if it were given to every hibakusha."
Separately, the older brother of iconic Sadako Sasaki said he felt a sense of pride.
Masahiro Sasaki, 76: "It's wonderful that these low-profile, often unseen activities have been recognized."
Sunao Tsuboi, 92: "Together with ICAN and many other people, we hibakusha will continue to seek a world without nuclear weapons as long as our lives last."
Shigemitsu Tanaka, head of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors Council: "We want to take great delight as it helped build up a treaty banning nuclear weapons. We want to work together so that the nuclear disarmament treaty can be signed as soon as possible."
Speaking at Bowling Green University with fellow Hiroshima bombing survivor Keiko Ogura, who founded Hiroshima Interpreters for Peace, Setsuko Thurlow likened ICAN's work to other social movements eventually embraced by nations, saying "it is our moral imperative to abolish nuclear weapons" and that the Peace Prize for ICAN "represents a break from the typical state perspective."[51]
While the majority of reactions from the international community hailed the Nobel Committee's decision, other reactions were critical about the announcement's implications.[52] NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said that NATO has in common with ICAN the goal of "preserving peace and creating the conditions for a world without nuclear weapons" and welcomes the attention drawn by the award announcement to nuclear non-proliferation issues, but that the nuclear ban treaty supported by ICAN "risks undermining the progress we have made over the years," citing the existence of nuclear arms as the reason to maintain nuclear arsenals and for NATO remaining a nuclear alliance since the Cold War.[53] In a press release Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg praised ICAN for promoting their common goal of a world free of nuclear weapons but reiterated that Norway will not sign the ban treaty, echoing NATO's stance.[54]
Similarly, spokesperson Dmitry Peskov told reporters that the Kremlin believes the award decision should be respected and that Russia as a member of the nuclear club both supports nuclear non-proliferation and maintains its position expressed by President Vladimir Putin that "there is no alternative to nuclear parity" in global security measures.[55][56] The government of Australia as of October 9, 2017 did not comment on the award designation but, through its spokesperson, acknowledged "the commitment of ICAN and its supporters to promoting awareness of the humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons" and restated the government's position that "so long as the threat of nuclear attack exists, US extended deterrence will serve Australia's fundamental national security interests."[57] The USA reacted by saying in its statement that the award announcement "does not change the U.S. position on the treaty" which in its view "risks undermining existing efforts to address global proliferation and security challenges," and that "no state possessing nuclear weapons or which depends upon such weapons for its security supports" the ban treaty.[58] When asked to clarify whether Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau wanted to congratulate ICAN, the prime minister's office did not respond, though in a June 2017 statement Canadian Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland's press secretary said that "Canada remains firmly committed to concrete steps towards global nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation."[40]
Award funding[edit]
On October 20, 2017, Euronews reported that, through research with German broadcaster ZDF into Nobel Prize Foundation index funds investments, German campaign group Facing Finance had determined that the Peace Prize award was funded in part by Foundation investments in companies contributing to nuclear weapons programs, including Textron, Lockheed Martin and Ratheon, and urged ICAN not to accept the 9 million SEK award money. [59] According to Agence France-Presse, the head of the Nobel Institute Olav Njolstad was confronted on October 26, 2017 with the revelation confirmed by environmental group The Future in Our Hands, and Foundation director Lars Heikensten said the following day that "[a]t the latest, by March next year [2018] we will have no investment in anything that is connected with any kind of production which is classified as connected with nuclear weapons."[60][61]
Past Award recognition of disarmament efforts[edit]
After the first wartime use of nuclear weapons, in 1946, the Peace Prize began to recognize nuclear disarmament efforts[62][63] [64]:
(1959) Philip Noel-Baker
(1962) Linus Pauling
(1974) Eisaku Satō
(1982) Alva Myrdal and Alfonso Garcia Robles
(1985) International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
(1990) Mikhail Gorbachev
(1995) Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
(2005) International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed ElBaradei
See also[edit]
Concerns about nuclear weapons
Nobel Prize controversies
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear holocaust
Nuclear weapons debate
Nuclear weapons in popular culture
Public opinion on nuclear issues
References[edit]
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[show]
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2017 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry
Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland)
Joachim Frank (Germany)
Richard Henderson (United Kingdom)
Literature
Kazuo Ishiguro (United Kingdom)
Peace (2017)
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (Switzerland)
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Rainer Weiss (United States)
Barry Barish (United States)
Kip Thorne (United States)
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Jeffrey C. Hall (United States)
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Nobel Prize recipients
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[show]
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Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903 Randal Cremer
1904 Institut de Droit International
1905 Bertha von Suttner
1906 Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910 International Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912 Elihu Root
1913 Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919 Woodrow Wilson
1920 Léon Bourgeois
1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922 Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929 Frank B. Kellogg
1930 Nathan Söderblom
1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933 Norman Angell
1934 Arthur Henderson
1935 Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937 Robert Cecil
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull
1946 Emily Balch / John Mott
1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949 John Boyd Orr
1950 Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George Marshall
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Albert Lutuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus Pauling
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
1966
1967
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998 John Hume / David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002 Jimmy Carter
2003 Shirin Ebadi
2004 Wangari Maathai
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008 Martti Ahtisaari
2009 Barack Obama
2010 Liu Xiaobo
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012 European Union
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016 Juan Manuel Santos
2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
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Marcus Dupree
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Marcus Dupree
No. 22, 34
Position:
Running back
Personal information
Born:
(1964-05-22) May 22, 1964 (age 53)
Philadelphia, Mississippi
Height:
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight:
225 lb (102 kg)
Career information
High school:
Philadelphia (MS)
College:
Oklahoma
NFL Draft:
1986 / Round: 12 / Pick: 327
Career history
New Orleans / Portland Breakers (1984–1985)
Los Angeles Rams (1990–1991)
Career NFL statistics
Rushing yards:
251
Average:
3.7
Touchdowns:
1
Player stats at NFL.com
Player stats at PFR
Marcus L. Dupree (born May 22, 1964) is a former American football player. He was born and grew up in Philadelphia, Mississippi, where his playing in high school attracted national attention. A highly touted and sought-after college football recruit, he played at Oklahoma, where he was named Football News Freshman of the Year, second team All-American and Big Eight Conference Newcomer of the Year. He left in the middle of his sophomore season and briefly attended the University of Southern Mississippi. Marcus played spring football for the Golden Eagles and finished college at the university.
He joined the United States Football League the following season and signed with the New Orleans Breakers in 1984. He played for the Breakers for two seasons before a knee injury forced him to leave the game. He returned to professional football in 1990, playing in 15 games over two seasons for the Los Angeles Rams before being waived prior to the 1992 season.
Contents
[hide]
1 High school career
2 College career
2.1 Statistics
3 USFL
3.1 Statistics
4 NFL
4.1 Statistics
5 After NFL
6 Personal life
7 Representation in other media
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
High school career[edit]
Dupree attended Philadelphia High School in Philadelphia, Mississippi, where he played for the Philadelphia Tornadoes high school football team from 1978 to 1981. He also competed in track & field, recording a 4.29 40-yard dash.
As a freshman in 1978, he scored five touchdowns as wide receiver and seven more as a kickoff and punt returner,[1] including a 75-yard kickoff return touchdown on his first play in high school.[2]
As a sophomore in 1979, he was switched to running back and rushed for 1,850 yards and scored 28 touchdowns. He also played on Philadelphia High's basketball team, which finished the year with a 33-4 record and reached the semifinals of the Mississippi state basketball tournament, and played first base and catcher for the baseball team, hitting for a .481 average.[3]
As a junior in 1980, he rushed for 2,550 yards and scored 34 touchdowns (25 rushing, 9 by kick return).
As a senior in 1981, he rushed for 2,955 yards and scored 36 touchdowns. He finished his high school career with 7,355 rushing yards with an 8.3-yards-per-carry average. Dupree scored 87 touchdowns total during his playing time in high school, breaking the national high school record (set by Herschel Walker) by one.[4] In 1981, Marcus's final high school football game was played on the Choctaw Indian Reservation's tribal high school's Warriors Stadium.[5] Author Willie Morris described the audience at Dupree's final high school game as "the most distinctive crowds I had ever seen ... four thousand or so people seemed almost an equal of mix of whites, blacks, and Indians ... After Marcus scored his touchdown, Sid Salter saw Cecil Price, Sr. (who was linked with the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in Philadelphia, Miss.) who was ... 'jumping up and down and cheering as hard as anyone ... ain't that a kick in the pants?' "[6]
Dupree was heavily recruited by the major college football programs, and during the final month of the recruiting period, his high school coach, Joe Wood, answered more than 100 phone calls a day from colleges. Oklahoma assistant coach Lucious Selmon spent six weeks in the Downtown Motor Inn in Philadelphia,[7] and after Dupree verbally committed to Fred Akers and the Texas Longhorns while on his visit there, OU head coach Barry Switzer sent former Oklahoma Sooner and Heisman Trophy winner Billy Sims to the town by private plane to appeal to Dupree. On February 12, 1982, Dupree announced he would attend Oklahoma instead of the other finalists, Texas, UCLA, and Southern Miss.[7]
College career[edit]
When Dupree arrived at the University of Oklahoma in 1982, head coach Barry Switzer said, "He was the best player on the field. Earl Campbell was the only other guy I ever saw who was like that—physically ready, as a true freshman, to be the best player on a great college team. Maybe even ready for the NFL at that age."[7]
After the first three games of the season, Dupree had just twelve carries for 20 yards and the Sooners' record was 1–2.[3] For the fourth game Switzer abandoned his favored wishbone offense and made Dupree the tailback in the I formation to take advantage of his skills.[7] Dupree scored his first college touchdown against Texas on a 63-yard fake reverse.
On October 16, 1982, he ran for 158 yards against Kansas, including a 75-yard touchdown run. As a result, he was given the starting tailback position over Stanley Wilson and was named Big Eight Offensive Player of the Week.[8] He made his first start against Oklahoma State and scored two touchdowns. Among all his other great runs, he also had a 77-yard punt return against Colorado, an 80-yard run against Kansas State, a 70-yard run against Missouri and an 86-yard run against Nebraska.
Despite not starting until the seventh game of the season, Dupree finished with 1,144 yards rushing and 13 touchdowns. He was named second team All-American, first team all-Big Eight Conference and Big Eight Newcomer of the Year.[7]
On January 1, 1983, Dupree's freshman season ended with a 32-21 Fiesta Bowl loss against Arizona State. Coming back from Christmas break, he was out of shape and 10–15 pounds overweight, for which Switzer publicly criticized him. He had to leave the game several times, participating in only 34 offensive plays. Even with these setbacks, he still managed to run for a Fiesta Bowl record 249 yards, a record that still stands today.[7] Switzer told Dupree, "If you'd have been in shape, you'd have rushed for 400 yards, and we'd have won the game."[9]
Dupree's much-anticipated sophomore season did not turn out as planned. Hampered by injuries, Dupree gained 369 yards on 61 carries with three touchdowns while playing in four of the first five games of the season. After suffering a concussion in a loss against Texas, he vanished for a week. When he resurfaced in Mississippi, he announced he was leaving University of Oklahoma and transferred to University of Southern Mississippi. Told that because of NCAA rules, he would have to sit out both the remainder of the 1983 season and the 1984 season, he left after three months.
“ For every Marcus Allen, Barry Sanders or Emmitt Smith, there's an Anthony Thompson, a Paul Palmer and a LeShon Johnson, guys who never matched their college success in the NFL. Some of the unfortunate ones were too small. Others were just a step too slow. But you'll also find a select few individuals who had all the tools. They're the ones who didn't achieve NFL success for reasons of circumstance. Such was the case with Marcus Dupree, a star running back who lit the college football scene on fire as a freshman in 1982. ”
— Marc Connolly, ABC Sports Online[10]
Statistics[edit]
Rushing
Receiving
YEAR
ATT
YDS
AVG
LNG
TD
NO.
YDS
AVG
LNG
TD
1982 163 1,393 8.5 86 12 1 23 23.0 23 0
1983 61 396 6.5 48 3 1 7 7.0 7 0
Totals
224
1,789
8.0
86
15
2
30
15.0
23
0
Notes - table's totals include statistics from the January 1, 1983 Fiesta Bowl game.
USFL[edit]
Dupree was signed by the New Orleans Breakers of the United States Football League in 1984. He scored a touchdown on his first professional possession. Throughout the year, he was injured and often was on the bench watching Buford Jordan take his carries. He gained 684 yards on 145 carries with nine touchdowns for a 4.7 yards per carry average. He had two 100-yard rushing games.
The Breakers moved to Portland, Oregon for the 1985 season. Dupree was late arriving at Breakers' training camp in San Dimas, California that season, but performed well enough to earn a starting position for the season opener at Sun Devil Stadium against the Arizona Outlaws. While he was carrying the ball early in the second half, his left knee was severely injured, and he was taken from the field on a stretcher. In the game, he had 69 yards on 17 carries with a touchdown, but the injury ended his USFL career.
He had surgery on the knee and recuperated in Portland, celebrating his 21st birthday with friends and teammates.
Statistics[edit]
Rushing
Receiving
YEAR
ATT
YDS
AVG
LNG
TD
NO.
YDS
AVG
TD
1984 145 684 4.7 59 9 28 182 6.5 0
1985 17 69 4.1 — 1 2 7 3.5 0
Totals
162
753
4.6
59
10
30
189
6.3
0
NFL[edit]
Walter Payton met Dupree on some business ventures and urged him to get back into shape to try out for the NFL again in 1990. Dupree agreed and began working out, losing 100 pounds in just over three months and going back to running a 4.3 40-yard dash. In October 1990, Dupree signed with the Los Angeles Rams, who had drafted him in 1986 in case he became healthy again,[10] after a five-and-a-half-year absence from the football field. In April that year, he asked his former USFL coach, Dick Coury, then the quarterbacks coach for the Rams, if he could work out for the team if he got into shape, and impressed Coury and head coach John Robinson enough to earn a contract. Dupree was placed on injured reserve, meaning he would have to sit out for four weeks before he could play for the Rams.[11]
During week nine of the 1990 season, Dupree made his first appearance and rushed for 22 yards on four carries, wearing number 34 in honor of Payton instead of his usual 22. He started his first game in week 16 and rushed for 42 yards on 13 carries. He finished his first NFL season with 72 yards on 19 carries, in three games played.
In 1991, Dupree missed the first seven games due to a toe injury suffered in practice. Returning in week 8, he played more often and scored his only NFL touchdown that year. He finished the season with 179 yards on 49 carries with one touchdown, in eight games played.
The San Francisco 49ers brought Dupree into training camp in 1992 to play fullback, a position he had never played.[12]
Before the 1992 season, Dupree led the Rams in rushing in the preseason, which included a 100-yard game in the final preseason game against the Los Angeles Raiders, but was one of the 14 players cut by coach Chuck Knox to trim the team down to the 47-player regular-season roster, and he retired shortly afterward.[13] Knox, who had replaced John Robinson earlier that year, had told Dupree and the press that Dupree was not versatile enough for his one-back offense. He said he preferred running backs who "were a little more well-rounded, could catch the ball coming out of the backfield and could do some of the other things besides run with the football."[14]
He finished his career with 251 yards on 68 carries during regular season play, for a 3.7 yards-per-carry average, rushing for one touchdown.
Statistics[edit]
Rushing
Receiving
YEAR
TEAM
ATT
YDS
AVG
LNG
TD
NO.
YDS
AVG
LNG
TD
1990 LAR 19 72 3.8 13 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
1991 LAR 49 179 3.7 24 1 6 46 7.7 21 0
Totals
—
68
251
3.7
24
1
6
46
7.7
21
0
After NFL[edit]
After he was released by the Rams, Dupree performed as a professional wrestler for the USWA in 1995. He also ran a sports bar and worked as a casino-greeter for a short period of time.
In 2011, Dupree was diagnosed with prostate cancer but recovered. Earlier in 2011, he was running a pro wrestling promotion organization, called Mid South Wrestling. Dupree is also a licensed truck driver with OTR experience.
Personal life[edit]
Dupree has three sons, Marquez, Landon and Rashad. He also has a grandson.[15]
Representation in other media[edit]
Willie Morris' book titled The Courting of Marcus Dupree explored colleges' recruiting Dupree to play.[citation needed]
ESPN had a film documentary on Dupree, titled "The Best That Never Was" (2010), directed by Jonathan Hock. It aired on November 9, 2010, as part of the 30 for 30 series of 30 films celebrating ESPN's 30th anniversary.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Could Marcus Dupree make another run at pro football?". WLOX. September 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Young, R.J. (November 9, 2010). "The story of Marcus Dupree". The Oklahoma Daily. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Wiley, Ralph (November 15, 1982). "Back On Track With A Tailback". Sports Illustrated.
Jump up ^ Deitch, Richard (November 9, 2010). "Marcus Dupree's doc; Howard Stern's most wanted sports guests". Sports Illustrated.
Jump up ^ Morris, Willie (1999). The Courting of Marcus Dupree. pp. 291–302. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
Jump up ^ Morris, Willie (October 1, 1992). The Courting of Marcus Dupree. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 0-87805-585-1. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hasten, Bill (September 26, 2003). "Twenty years after leaving OU,'people still remember me'". Tulsa World.
Jump up ^ Young, RJ. "The story of Marcus Dupree". Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Austin (October 11, 2004). "The Oklahoma Kid". Sports Illustrated.
^ Jump up to: a b Connolly, Marc (October 23, 2001). "Where Are They Now? Marcus Dupree". ABC Sports. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
Jump up ^ King, Peter (October 15, 1990). "Jimmy's Cowboys". Sports Illustrated.
Jump up ^ "Where Are They Now? Marcus Dupree". ABC Sports. October 23, 2001.
Jump up ^ "PRO FOOTBALL; Dupree Is Taken by Surprise as Rams Let Rusher Go". The New York Times. September 1, 1992.
Jump up ^ Kawakami, Tim (September 1, 1992). "Dupree Goes Out of Style". The Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Marcus Dupree's documentary; Howard Stern's most wanted sports guests". Sports Illustrated. November 8, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Morris, Willie (1983). The Courting of Marcus Dupree. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-18009-8.
External links[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
ESPN 30 for 30: The Best That Never Was
College and Pro Statistics @ totalfootballstats.com
[show]
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1975: White
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Table tennis racket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Table tennis racket
A basic table tennis racket (has notions of being called a "paddle" or "bat") is used by table tennis players. The table tennis racket is usually made from laminated wood covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the player's grip. Unlike a conventional "racket", it does not include strings strung across an open frame. The USA generally uses the term "paddle" while Europeans and Asians use the term "bat" and the official ITTF term is "racket".
Contents
[hide]
1 Various
2 Assembling
3 Glue and gluing
4 Maintaining and protection
5 See also
6 References
Various[edit]
One side must be red and the other black
Table tennis regulations approved by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) allow different surfaces on each side of the paddle for various amounts of spin (including nullifying it) or speed.[1] For example, a player may have a spin-heavy rubber on one side of his paddle, and no spin on the other side. The player can flip the racket in play for different types of returns. To help a player distinguish between different types of rubber used by his opponent, regulations specify that one side of a paddle must be red while the other must be black, allowing a player to see what side of a paddle hits the ball mid-play. The player has the right to inspect his opponent's racquet before a match to see the type and color. Current rules state that, unless damaged in play, the paddle cannot be exchanged for another at any time during a match.[2]
The rubber coating may be of pimpled rubber, with the pimples outward, or it may be composed of a sponge layer, covered by rubber that may have the pimples pointed inwards or outwards. Some paddles are not covered with rubber ("naked") to make it spin resistant. However, it is illegal to use these types of racquet in competition as they are not approved by the ITTF. Some types of rubbers are also not approved. Approved rubbers have the ITTF emblem on the base of the rubber.[3]
Assembling[edit]
Choices
Players have many choices and variations in rubber sheets on their racquet. Although a racquet may be purchased assembled with rubber by the manufacturer, most serious tournament players will use a custom racquet. A player selects a blank blade (i.e., a racquet without rubber) based on his or her playing style. The type of wood or synthetic layers used to make up the blade will determine the blade's speed. The different types of rubber sheets affect the level of spin, speed, and other specific playing characteristics. Racquet construction and new rubber technology contribute significantly to the amount of deviation from the expected ball flight path.
Glue and gluing[edit]
Normally, a sheet of rubber is glued to a blade using various table tennis brand glues such as Butterfly, Donic, and DHS. Some glues may work even if it wasn't designed specifically for table tennis, such as Rubber Cement and Tear Mender. The rubber is not removed until it wears out or becomes damaged. In the 1980s, some players developed a new technique with a special glue called speed glue to apply the rubber every time he played. The glue would help provide more spin and speed by providing a "catapult" effect.
The fairly recent development of speed glue speeds up the departure of the ball from the rubber considerably, though at the cost of some ball control on touch shots where little or no spin is put on the ball. Speed glue was allowed for the last time in the 2008 Summer Olympics. From the 2012 Summer Olympics onward, the Olympic games banned speed glue.[4]
Maintaining and protection[edit]
The surface of a racquet will develop a smooth glossy patina with use. The rubber surface needs regular cleaning to retain a high friction surface for ball spin. Commercial cleaners or water and soap can be cleaning agents.[5]
Sun exposure may damage the rubber.
See also[edit]
Table tennis
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Table tennis bat.
Jump up ^ Varenberg, M.; Varenberg, A. (2012). "Table tennis rubber: Tribological characterization". Tribology Letters. 47 (1): 51–56. doi:10.1007/s11249-012-9961-4.
Jump up ^ "Ping Pong Paddle". Bestreviewshunt.com. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Table tennis". www.sizes.com. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
Jump up ^ ITTF Bans Speed Glue, Boosters and Tuners - and Much More! By Greg Letts, About.com. Accessed September 2008
Jump up ^ "Table Tennis Information - Equipment maintenance". Megaspin. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_tennis_racket&oldid=802318456"
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Welsh rarebit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the radio variety show, see Welsh Rarebit (radio programme).
Welsh rarebit
Alternative names
Welsh rabbit (original name)
Type
Savoury
Variations
Buck Rabbit, Blushing Bunny, Hot Brown
Cookbook: Welsh rarebit Media: Welsh rarebit
Welsh rarebit (spelling based on folk etymology) or Welsh rabbit (original spelling)[1][2] is a dish made with a savoury sauce of melted cheese and various other ingredients and served hot, after being poured over slices (or other pieces) of toasted bread,[3] or the hot cheese sauce may be served in a chafing dish like a fondue, accompanied by sliced, toasted bread.[4] The names of the dish originate from 18th-century Britain.[5] Despite the name, the dish contains no rabbit meat.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sauce
2 Variants
3 Origin
3.1 Welsh
3.2 Rarebit
4 In culture
5 See also
6 References
Sauce[edit]
Recipes for Welsh rarebit include the addition of ale, mustard, ground cayenne pepper or ground paprika[6][7][8] and Worcestershire sauce.[9][10] The sauce may also be made by blending cheese and mustard into a Béchamel sauce.[4][11] Some recipes for Welsh rarebit have become textbook savoury dishes listed by culinary authorities including Auguste Escoffier, Louis Saulnier and others, who tend to use the form Welsh rarebit, emphasizing that it is not a meat dish.
Acknowledging that there is more than one way to make a rarebit, some cookbooks have included two recipes: the Boston Cooking-School Cook Book of 1896 provides one béchamel-based recipe and another with beer,[11] Le Guide Culinaire of 1907 has one with ale and one without,[6] and the Constance Spry Cookery Book of 1956 has one with flour and one without.[4]
Variants[edit]
Hannah Glasse, in her 1747 cookbook The Art of Cookery, gives recipes for "Scotch rabbit", "Welch rabbit" and two versions of "English rabbit".[12]
To make a Scotch rabbit, toast the bread very nicely on both sides, butter it, cut a slice of cheese about as big as the bread, toast it on both sides, and lay it on the bread.
To make a Welch rabbit, toast the bread on both sides, then toast the cheese on one side, lay it on the toast, and with a hot iron brown the other side. You may rub it over with mustard.
To make an English rabbit, toast the bread brown on both sides, lay it in a plate before the fire, pour a glass of red wine over it, and let it soak the wine up. Then cut some cheese very thin and lay it very thick over the bread, put it in a tin oven before the fire, and it will be toasted and browned presently. Serve it away hot.
Or do it thus. Toast the bread and soak it in the wine, set it before the fire, rub butter over the bottom of a plate, lay the cheese on, pour in two or three spoonfuls of white wine, cover it with another plate, set it over a chafing-dish of hot coals for two or three minutes, then stir it till it is done and well mixed. You may stir in a little mustard; when it is enough lay it on the bread, just brown it with a hot shovel.
Buck rarebit (Welsh rarebit with an egg)
Served with an egg on top, a Welsh rarebit is known as a buck rabbit[13] or a golden buck.[14]
Welsh rarebit blended with tomato (or tomato soup) is known as Blushing Bunny.[15]
Origin[edit]
The first recorded reference to the dish was "Welsh rabbit" in 1725, but the origin of the term is unknown.[5]
There is some suggestion that Welsh Rabbit derives from a South Wales Valleys staple, in which a generous lump of cheese is placed into a mixture of beaten eggs and milk, seasoned with salt and pepper, and baked in the oven until the egg mixture has firmed and the cheese has melted. Onion may be added and the mixture would be eaten with bread and butter and occasionally with the vinegar from pickled beetroot.[16][17]
Welsh[edit]
The word Welsh may have been adopted because it was used by the English to mean "foreign" or "inferior".[18] It is also possible that the dish was attributed to the Welsh because they were considered particularly fond of cheese, as evidenced by Andrew Boorde in his Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge (1542), when he wrote "I am a Welshman, I do love cause boby, good roasted cheese."[19] In Boorde's account, "cause boby" is the Welsh caws pobi, meaning "baked cheese", but whether it implies a recipe like Welsh rarebit is a matter of speculation.
Rarebit[edit]
The word rarebit is a corruption of rabbit, "Welsh rabbit" being first recorded in 1725 and the variant "Welsh rarebit" being first recorded in 1785 by Francis Grose. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, 'Welsh rarebit' is an "etymologizing alteration. There is no evidence of the independent use of rarebit". The word rarebit has no other use than in Welsh rabbit.[5][20]
"Eighteenth-century English cookbooks reveal that it was then considered to be a luscious supper or tavern dish, based on the fine cheddar-type cheeses and the wheat breads [...] . Surprisingly, it seems there was not only a Welsh Rabbit, but also an English Rabbit, an Irish and a Scotch Rabbit, but nary a rarebit."[21]
Michael Quinion writes: "Welsh rabbit is basically cheese on toast (the word is not 'rarebit' by the way, that's the result of false etymology; 'rabbit' is here being used in the same way as 'turtle' in 'mock-turtle soup', which has never been near a turtle, or 'duck' in 'Bombay duck', which was actually a dried fish called bummalo)".[22]
The entry in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage is "Welsh rabbit, Welsh rarebit" and states: "When Francis Grose defined Welsh rabbit in A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue in 1785, he mistakenly indicated that rabbit was a corruption of rarebit. It is not certain that this erroneous idea originated with Grose...."[23]
In his 1926 edition of the Dictionary of Modern English Usage, the grammarian H. W. Fowler states a forthright view: "Welsh Rabbit is amusing and right. Welsh Rarebit is stupid and wrong."[24]
In culture[edit]
The notion that toasted cheese was a favourite dish irresistible to the Welsh has existed since the Middle Ages. In A C Merie Talys (100 Merry Tales), a printed book of jokes of 1526 AD (of which William Shakespeare made some use), it is told that God became weary of all the Welshmen in heaven, 'which with their krakynge and babelynge trobelyd all the others', and asked the Porter of Heaven Gate, St Peter, to do something about it. So St Peter went outside the gates and called in a loud voice ' Cause bobe, yt is as moche to say as rostyd chese ': at which all the Welshmen ran out, and when St Peter saw they were all outside, he went in and locked the gates, which is why there are no Welshmen in heaven. The 1526 compiler says he found this story 'Wryten amonge olde gestys'.[25]
A legend mentioned in Betty Crocker's Cookbook claims that Welsh peasants were not allowed to eat rabbits caught in hunts on the estates of the nobility, so they used melted cheese as a substitute. The author also claims that Ben Jonson and Charles Dickens ate Welsh rarebit at Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, a pub in London.[26] There is no good evidence for any of this; what is more, Ben Jonson died almost a century before the term Welsh rabbit is first attested.[5]
According to the American satirist Ambrose Bierce, the continued use of rarebit was an attempt to rationalise the absence of rabbit, writing in his 1911 Devil's Dictionary: "RAREBIT n. A Welsh rabbit, in the speech of the humorless, who point out that it is not a rabbit. To whom it may be solemnly explained that the comestible known as toad in the hole is really not a toad, and that ris de veau à la financière is not the smile of a calf prepared after the recipe of a she-banker."[27]
The comic strip "Dream of the Rarebit Fiend," by Winsor McCay, featured the fantastic dreams that various characters had because they ate a Welsh rarebit before going to bed.
In "Gomer, the Welsh Rarebit Fiend," Season 3 Episode 24 of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., indulging in Welsh rarebit causes Gomer (and later Sgt. Carter) to sleepwalk. [28]
See also[edit]
Look up Welsh rarebit, Welsh rabbit, or rarebit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
United Kingdom portal
Food portal
Dream of the Rarebit Fiend
Gomer, the Welsh Rarebit Fiend
Beer soup
Cheese on toast
Cheese roll
Croque-monsieur and croque-madame
Dagwood sandwich
Grilled cheese sandwich
Horseshoe sandwich
Hot Brown
Jiggs dinner
List of cheese dishes
Mollete
Monte Cristo sandwich
List of Sandwiches
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Welsh Rabbit - Definition of Welsh rabbit by Merriam-Webster".
Jump up ^ "Welsh rarebit - definition of Welsh rarebit in English from the Oxford dictionary".
Jump up ^ Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7862-8517-6
^ Jump up to: a b c The Constance Spry Cookery Book by Constance Spry and Rosemary Hume
^ Jump up to: a b c d Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989.
^ Jump up to: a b Le Guide Culinaire by Georges Auguste Escoffier, translated by H. L. Cracknell and R. J. Kaufmann
Jump up ^ Le Répertoire de la Cuisine by Louis Saulnier, translated by E. Brunet.
Jump up ^ Hering's Dictionary of Classical and Modern Cookery, edited and translated by Walter Bickel
Jump up ^ Recipes published on the labels of Lea and Perrins (Heinz) Worcestershire sauce,
Jump up ^ "IT TAKES MORE THAN BEER TO MAKE A PERFECT RAREBIT".
^ Jump up to: a b Farmer, Fannie M., Boston Cooking-School Cook Book Boston, 1896, ISBN 0-451-12892-3
Jump up ^ Glasse, Hannah, The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy, ...by a Lady (Posthumous edition, L. Wangford, London, c. 1770), p. 146. Online 1774 edition read here
Jump up ^ "Definition of "buck rabbit" - Collins English Dictionary".
Jump up ^ "Golden Buck - Definition of Golden buck by Merriam-Webster".
Jump up ^ Lily Haxworth Wallace, Rumford Chemical Works, The Rumford complete cook book, 1908, full text, p. 196
Jump up ^ Stephens, M, 1986. Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales, OUP
Jump up ^ Written recollections of the artist John Selway, 2013
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
Jump up ^ Andrew Boorde: The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, the whyche dothe teache a man to speake parte of all maner of languages, and to know the usage and fashion of all maner of countreys (1542)
Jump up ^ The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition (2006)
Jump up ^ "Hunting The Welch Rabbit, Hearth to Hearth Article, JOA&C May 2000 Issue".
Jump up ^ Michael Quinion, World Wide Words http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/welsh.htm
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, p. 592 at books.google.com (accessed 9 November 2007)
Jump up ^ Fowler, H. W., A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Oxford University Press, 1926
Jump up ^ In two known editions, one undated. W. Carew Hazlitt (Ed.), A Hundred Merry Tales: The Earliest English Jest-Book, facsimile (privately published, 1887), fol xxi, verso Read here. See also Hermann Oesterley (Ed.), Shakespeare's Jest Book. A Hundred Mery Talys, from the only perfect copy known (London 1866).
Jump up ^ Betty Crocker's Cookbook. Prentice Hall. 1989. p. 184.
Jump up ^ Devil's Dictionary by Ambrose Bierce, 1911
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0589982/
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