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You Need Me, I Don't Need You
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"You Need Me, I Don't Need You"
Single by Ed Sheeran
from the album +
Released
26 August 2011 (2011-08-26)
Format
7"
CD
digital download
Recorded
2010; Sticky Studios;
(Surrey, England)
Dean Street Studios;
(London, England)
Length
3:40
Label
Warner
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Ed Sheeran
Producer(s)
Jake Gosling
Charlie Hugall
Ed Sheeran singles chronology
"Young Guns"
(2011) "You Need Me, I Don't Need You"
(2011) "Lego House"
(2011)
"Young Guns"
(2011) "You Need Me, I Don't Need You"
(2011) "Lego House"
(2011)
Music video
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You" on YouTube
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (or simply "You Need Me") is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released as the second single from his first studio album, + (Pronounced "Plus"), and was released on 26 August 2011 in the United Kingdom.
The track "You Need Me" was originally released on the You Need Me extended play in 2009. The new version of "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" was re-recorded with a heavier beat, and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments exceeding 600,000 copies.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Live performances
5 Music video
6 Track listing
7 Credits and personnel
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 Certifications
9 Release history
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Background[edit]
During his headline set in the BBC Introducing tent at the Glastonbury Festival 2011, Sheeran revealed that "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" would be his second single.[2] The single was premiered on BBC Radio 1 as Zane Lowe's "Hottest Record In The World" on 6 July 2011.[3] He performed the song live for the SBTV YouTube channel, in which he made an entire song, backing track included, in just 5 minutes using a guitar and loop pedal.[4] This version included lyrics from Sheeran's cousin—rapper Alonestar (Jethro sheeran)—and reggae group LaidBlak, but the official single release in 2011 included just lyrics written by Ed Sheeran himself.[5]
On 27 July 2011, Zane Lowe also made the Loadstar remix his "Hottest Record In The World".[6] Rizzle Kicks uploaded their remix of the song to YouTube on 14 August 2011. The original verses were replaced with their own lyrics, while Sheeran sings the chorus.[7]
Composition[edit]
According to the sheet music published by EMI Music Publishing, "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" is written in the key of E minor; Sheeran's vocals range from the note of D3 to G4. Instrumentation is provided by guitar, piano and vocals. The song incorporates R&B sonority.[8]
Critical reception[edit]
Writing for the Star-Ledger, Tris McCall described "You Need Me, I Don't Need You as "a frenetically strummed, wordy kiss-off, and the climax of +."[9] Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave a 4/5 rating of song, stating:
'I sing, I write my own tune/ And I write my own verse, hell/ Don't need another wordsmith to make the tune sell,' he sing-speaks over an acoustic hip-hop beat complete with head-nodding guitar riff - marking a swift departure from the saccharine singer-songwriter sound of his heart-tugging debut. 'They say I'm up and coming like I'm f**king in an elevator,' he quips with steely conviction, prompting the response, 'We know you're a real artiste now, but there's no need to be cocky!'[10]
Live performances[edit]
On 24 June 2011, Sheeran performed the song at Glastonbury Festival 2011 on the BBC Introducing Stage[11] as well as live at the iTunes Festival on 8 July 2011 and at the 2011 Reading and Leeds Festivals. Sheeran also performed the track at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards on 9 October 2011 at Wembley Arena. At Sheeran's Brixton concert, on 21 January 2012, his performance of the song concluded the gig and included appearances from Rizzle Kicks, Wretch 32 and Devlin, with the performance lasting over 15 minutes. However he has also played the song at various local concerts before making it as a mainstream artist, the very first performance is believed to be at a gig where Sheeran was supported by a band named We Can't Dance. On 21 April 2012, Ed played the song live for the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago while touring with Snow Patrol for the Fallen Empires tour.[citation needed] On Sunday 25 June, he closed his set and the Glastonbury Festival 2017 with the song.
Music video[edit]
A music video to accompany the release of "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" was first released on YouTube on 19 July 2011. The music video was directed by Shane Ramirez[12][13]. It features signing actor Matthew Jacobs Morgan.[14]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download / CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" 3:40
2. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Live Ustream Version) 6:51
3. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (featuring Wretch 32 & Devlin) 3:03
4. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Loadstar Remix) 5:01
5. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Gemini Remix) 4:30
Alternate CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" 3:40
2. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (featuring Wretch 32 & Devlin) 3:03
3. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Live Ustream Version) 6:51
4. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Loadstar Remix) 5:01
5. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Culprate Remix) 4:02
7" vinyl
No.
Title
Length
1. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" 3:40
2. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Acoustic Version) 4:18
Credits and personnel[edit]
Vocals, lyrics, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, bass guitar, percussion, beat-box – Ed Sheeran
Producer, programming – Jake Gosling
Producer, additional drums and percussion – Charlie Hugall
Bass guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar – Chris Leonard
Piano – Tom Greenwood
Drums – Ben Scott Hollingsworth (Ben Scott)
Mastering – Christian Wright
Label – Warner Music Group
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2011–12)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[15]
74
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[16]
11
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[17]
8
Euro Digital Songs (Billboard)[18]
5
Ireland (IRMA)[19]
19
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[20]
5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[21]
4
UK Indie (Official Charts Company)[22]
19[a]
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[23]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24]
106
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[1]
Platinum 600,000
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom 26 August 2011[25]
7"[26]
CD[27]
digital download
Warner
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The single "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" peaked at number nineteen on the independent releases chart for the week ending 4 June 2011 following downloading from the You Need Me extended play. Upon release through Warner Music Group in August 2011, the single became ineligible for the respective chart.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "British single certifications – Ed Sheeran – You Need Me, I Don't Need You". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 17 November 2017. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter You Need Me, I Don't Need You in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "BBC Glastonbury Festival - 2011 - Ed Sheeran". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Zane Lowe's Hottest Records blog: Hottest Record - Ed Sheeran - You Need Me". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "SB.TV - Ed Sheeran - "You Need Me, I Dont Need You" - A64". YouTube. 28 February 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran - Evolution of You Need Me I Don't Need You - 28/7/11". YouTube. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Zane Lowe. "Zane Lowe's Hottest Records blog: Hottest Record - Ed Sheeran - You Need Me (Loadstar Remix)". BBC. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Rizzle Kicks. "You Need Me, I Don't Need You-Rizzle Kicks remix". YouTube. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran – You Need Me, I Don't Need You Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com (EMI Music Publishing). Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ McCall, Tris (28 July 2013). "Song of the Week: 'You Need Me, I Don't Need You,' Ed Sheeran". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran: 'You Need Me, I Don't Need You' - Single review". Digitalspy.co.uk. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC Glastonbury Festival - 2011 - Ed Sheeran". Bbc.co.uk. 26 June 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran - You Need Me, I Don't Need You [Official Video] on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Ed SheeranYou Need Me I Don't Need You – Emil Nava". Emilnava.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran - You Need Me, I Don't Need You (Official Video) on YouTube.
Jump up ^ "The ARIA Report - Issue #1147" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Ed Sheeran – You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Ed Sheeran – You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Euro Digital Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 35, 2011". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year 2011" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "You Need Me, I Don't Need You (Remixes) - EP by Ed Sheeran on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran: You Need Me I Dont Need You (2011): 7'". hmv.com. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran: You Need Me I Dont Need You (2011): CDS". hmv.com. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
External links[edit]
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Music Video) on YouTube
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Culprate Remix) on YouTube
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Loadstar Remix) on YouTube
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Gemini Remix) on YouTube
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You" (Remix ft. Wretch 32 & Devlin) on YouTube
"You Need Me" (True Tiger Remix ft. Dot Rotten & Scrufizzer) (Music Video) on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Ed Sheeran songs
Discography
+
"The A Team"
"Drunk"
"Small Bump"
"Lego House"
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You"
"Give Me Love"
"The Parting Glass"
x
"One"
"I'm a Mess"
"Sing"
"Don't"
"Photograph"
"Bloodstream"
"Tenerife Sea"
"The Man"
"Thinking Out Loud"
"Afire Love"
÷
"Eraser"
"Castle on the Hill"
"Dive"
"Shape of You"
"Perfect"
"Galway Girl"
"Happier"
"New Man"
"Hearts Don't Break Around Here"
"What Do I Know?"
"How Would You Feel (Paean)"
"Supermarket Flowers"
"Nancy Mulligan"
Other songs
"All of the Stars"
"Candle in the Wind"
"I See Fire"
"Make It Rain"
Featured songs
"All About It"
"Do They Know It's Christmas?"
"Dreamers"
"Everything Has Changed"
"Hush Little Baby"
"If I Could"
"Lay It All on Me"
"Old School Love"
"Reuf"
"Teardrop"
"Watchtower"
"Young Guns"
"Boa Me"
"End Game"
"River"
Category
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Categories:
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text:
Linear extension
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In order theory, a branch of mathematics, a linear extension of a partial order is a total order (or linear order) that is compatible with the partial order. As a classic example, the lexicographic order of totally ordered sets is a linear extension of their product order.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 Order-extension principle
3 Related results
4 References
Definitions[edit]
Given any partial orders ≤ and ≤* on a set X, ≤* is a linear extension of ≤ exactly when (1) ≤* is a total order and (2) for every x and y in X, if x ≤ y, then x ≤* y. It is that second property that leads mathematicians to describe ≤* as extending ≤.
Alternatively, a linear extension may be viewed as an order-preserving bijection from a partially ordered set P to a chain C on the same ground set.
Order-extension principle[edit]
Further information: Szpilrajn extension theorem
The statement that every partial order can be extended to a total order is known as the order-extension principle. A proof using the axiom of choice was first published by Edward Marczewski in 1930. Marczewski writes that the theorem had previously been proven by Stefan Banach, Kazimierz Kuratowski, and Alfred Tarski, again using the axiom of choice, but that the proofs had not been published.[1]
In modern axiomatic set theory the order-extension principle is itself taken as an axiom, of comparable ontological status to the axiom of choice. The order-extension principle is implied by the Boolean prime ideal theorem or the equivalent compactness theorem,[2] but the reverse implication doesn't hold.[3]
Applying the order-extension principle to a partial order in which every two elements are incomparable shows that (under this principle) every set can be linearly ordered. This assertion that every set can be linearly ordered is known as the ordering principle, OP, and is a weakening of the well-ordering theorem. However, there are models of set theory in which the ordering principle holds while the order-extension principle does not.[4]
Related results[edit]
The order extension principle is constructively provable for finite sets using topological sorting algorithms, where the partial order is represented by a directed acyclic graph with the set's elements as its vertices. Several algorithms can find an extension in linear time.[5] Despite the ease of finding a single linear extension, the problem of counting all linear extensions of a finite partial order is #P-complete; however, it may be estimated by a fully polynomial-time randomized approximation scheme.[6][7] Among all partial orders with a fixed number of elements and a fixed number of comparable pairs, the partial orders that have the largest number of linear extensions are semiorders.[8]
The order dimension of a partial order is the minimum cardinality of a set of linear extensions whose intersection is the given partial order; equivalently, it is the minimum number of linear extensions needed to ensure that each critical pair of the partial order is reversed in at least one of the extensions.
Antimatroids may be viewed as generalizing partial orders; in this view, the structures corresponding to the linear extensions of a partial order are the basic words of the antimatroid.[9]
This area also includes one of order theory's most famous open problems, the 1/3–2/3 conjecture, which states that in any finite partially ordered set P that is not totally ordered there exists a pair (x,y) of elements of P for which the linear extensions of P in which x < y number between 1/3 and 2/3 of the total number of linear extensions of P.[10][11] An equivalent way of stating the conjecture is that, if one chooses a linear extension of P uniformly at random, there is a pair (x,y) which has probability between 1/3 and 2/3 of being ordered as x < y. However, for certain infinite partially ordered sets, with a canonical probability defined on its linear extensions as a limit of the probabilities for finite partial orders that cover the infinite partial order, the 1/3–2/3 conjecture does not hold.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Marczewski, Edward (1930), "Sur l'extension de l'ordre partiel" (PDF), Fundamenta Mathematicae (in French), 16: 386–389 .
Jump up ^ Jech, Thomas (2008) [originally published in 1973], The Axiom of Choice, Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-46624-8 .
Jump up ^ Felgner, U.; Truss, J. K. (March 1999), "The Independence of the Prime Ideal Theorem from the Order-Extension Principle", The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Association for Symbolic Logic, 64 (1): 199–215, doi:10.2307/2586759, JSTOR 2586759 .
Jump up ^ Mathias, A. R. D. (1971), "The order extension principle", in Scott, Dana S.; Jech, Thomas J., Axiomatic Set Theory (University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., July 10 – August 5, 1967), Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, 13, American Mathematical Society, pp. 179–183 .
Jump up ^ Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein, Clifford (2001), "Section 22.4: Topological sort", Introduction to Algorithms (2nd ed.), MIT Press, pp. 549–552, ISBN 0-262-03293-7 .
Jump up ^ Brightwell, Graham R.; Winkler, Peter (1991), "Counting linear extensions", Order, 8 (3): 225–242, doi:10.1007/BF00383444
Jump up ^ Bubley, Russ; Dyer, Martin (1999), "Faster random generation of linear extensions", Discrete Mathematics, 201: 81–88, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(98)00333-1 .
Jump up ^ Fishburn, Peter C.; Trotter, W. T. (1992), "Linear extensions of semiorders: a maximization problem", Discrete Mathematics, 103 (1): 25–40, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(92)90036-F, MR 1171114 .
Jump up ^ Björner, Anders; Ziegler, Günter M. (1992), "Introduction to Greedoids", in White, Neil, Matroid Applications, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, 40, Cambridge University Press, pp. 284–357, ISBN 978-0-521-38165-9 . See especially item (1) on p. 294.
Jump up ^ Kislitsyn, S. S. (1968), "Finite partially ordered sets and their associated sets of permutations", Matematicheskiye Zametki, 4: 511–518 .
Jump up ^ Brightwell, Graham R. (1999), "Balanced pairs in partial orders", Discrete Mathematics, 201 (1-3): 25–52, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(98)00311-2 .
Jump up ^ Brightwell, G. R.; Felsner, S.; Trotter, W. T. (1995), "Balancing pairs and the cross product conjecture", Order, 12 (4): 327–349, doi:10.1007/BF01110378, MR 1368815 .
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Halt and Catch Fire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the television series, see Halt and Catch Fire (TV series).
In computer engineering, Halt and Catch Fire, known by the assembly mnemonic HCF, is an idiom referring to a computer machine code instruction that causes the computer's central processing unit (CPU) to cease meaningful operation, typically requiring a restart of the computer. It originally referred to a fictitious instruction in IBM System/360 computers, but later computer developers who saw the joke created real versions of this instruction for some machines. In the case of real instructions, the implication of this expression is that, whereas in most cases in which a CPU executes an unintended instruction (a bug in the code) the computer may still be able to recover, in the case of an HCF instruction there is, by definition, no way for the system to recover without a restart.
The expression "catch fire" in this context is normally facetious, rather than literal, referring to a total loss of CPU functionality during the current session. The imaginative idea is that the CPU chip would be switching some bus circuits so fast that it would cause them to overheat and burn.[1]
With the advent of the MC6800 it became a real instruction, opcodes 0x9D and 0xDD.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Assembly language mnemonics
2 In modern CPUs
2.1 Motorola 6800
2.2 Intel x86
2.3 Other CPUs
3 In early CPUs
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Assembly language mnemonics[edit]
In a computer's assembly language, mnemonics are used that are directly equivalent to machine code instructions. The mnemonics are frequently three letters long, such as ADD, CMP (to compare two numbers), and JMP (jump to a different location in the program). The HCF instruction was originally a fictitious assembly language instruction, said to be under development at IBM for use in their System/360 computers, along with many other amusing three-letter acronyms like XPR (Execute Programmer) and CAI (Corrupt Accounting Information),[3] and similar to other joke mnemonics such as "SDI" for "Self Destruct Immediately"[3] and "CRN" for Convert to Roman Numerals.[4] A list of such mnemonics, including HCF, shows up as "Overextended Mnemonics" in the April 1980 Creative Computing flip-side parody issue.[5]
The S/360 instruction set already included numerous non-obvious mnemonics like ZAP (Zero and Add Packed), EDMK (EDit and MarK), TRT (TRanslate and Test), and Read Backward (an I/O channel command),[6] and programmers began creating similarly cryptic, but fictitious, instructions in a humorous vein.[7][8]
In a 1990 USENET discussion, it was claimed that HCF dated back to before 1977.[9][10]
In Rick Cook's science fiction/fantasy novel, The Wizardry Compiled, about programmers transported to a universe where magic could be programmed, one of them refers to the command as HMCF, for "Halt, Melt and Catch Fire".
In modern CPUs[edit]
CPU designers sometimes incorporate one or more undocumented machine code instructions for testing purposes, such as the IBM System/360 DIAGnose instruction.[6] These instructions are not intended to be executed during normal operation of the CPU; when they are actually executed by a program during normal operation, they can have unusual side-effects.[citation needed] The "Halt and Catch Fire" (HCF) instruction and mnemonic are sometimes appropriated by users who discover these instructions as a humorous way of expressing that the unintended execution of such an instruction causes the system to fail to perform its normal functions.[citation needed]
Motorola 6800[edit]
The Motorola 6800 microprocessor was the first for which an undocumented assembly mnemonic HCF became widely known. The operation codes (opcodes—the portions of the machine language instructions that specify an operation to be performed)—referred to by the mnemonic HCF are hexadecimal 9D and DD, and were reported in an article written by Gerry Wheeler in the December 1977 issue of BYTE magazine on undocumented opcodes.[11] Wheeler noted that Motorola reported 197 valid operation codes for the M6800 processor, and so inferred that with 256 possible 8 bit combinations, there must be 59 "invalid instructions." He goes on to describe the HCF as a "big surprise," and saying of the Catch Fire portion of the moniker, "Well, almost.":
When this instruction is run the only way to see what it is doing is with an oscilloscope. From the user's point of view the machine halts and defies most attempts to get it restarted. Those persons with indicator lamps on the address bus will see that the processor begins to read all of the memory, sequentially, very quickly. In effect, the address bus turns into a 16 bit counter. However, the processor takes no notice of what it is reading… it just reads.[11]
The process is reviewed by David Agans, thus: "In the old days of the Motorola 6800 microprocessor, instruction code DD caused the processor to go into an endless loop, reading from each memory address in order. (Other engineers referred to this as the 'Halt and Catch Fire' (HCF) instruction, but we remembered the code by calling it the 'Drop Dead' instruction.) Drop Dead mode was wonderful for spotting hardware timing and address logic problems with a scope; all of the address and clock lines were nice, cycling square waves."[12]
That is, either opcode made the processor enter a mode, continuously performing memory read cycles from successive addresses with no intervening instruction fetches. Hence, the address bus effectively became a counter, allowing the operation of all address lines to be quickly verified. Once the processor entered this mode, it was not responsive to interrupts, so normal operation could only be restored by a reset (hence the "Drop Dead" and "Halt and Catch Fire" monikers). These references were thus to the unresponsive behavior of the CPU in this state, and not to any form of erratic behavior.[citation needed]
The mnemonic HCF is believed to be the first built-in self-test feature on a Motorola microprocessor.[13]
Intel x86[edit]
See also: HLT (x86 instruction) and Pentium F00F bug
The Intel 8086 and subsequent processors in the x86 series had an HLT (halt) instruction, opcode F4, which stopped instruction execution and placed the processor in a HALT state. An enabled interrupt, a debug exception, the BINIT signal, the INIT signal, or the RESET signal resumed execution, which meant the processor could always be restarted.[14] Some of the early Intel DX4 chips had a problem with the HLT instruction and could not be restarted after this instruction was used, which disabled the computer and turned HLT into more of an HCF instruction. The Linux kernel added a "no-hlt" option telling Linux to run an infinite loop instead of using HLT, which allowed users of these broken chips to use Linux.[15]
The 80286 has the undocumented opcode 0F 04, causing the CPU to hang when executed. The only way out is CPU reset.[citation needed] [16] In some implementations, the opcode was emulated through BIOS as a halting sequence.[17]
Many computers in the Intel Pentium line could be locked up by executing an invalid instruction (F00F C7C8), which caused the computer to lock up. This became known as the Pentium F00F bug. No compiler would create the instruction, but a malicious programmer could insert it into code to render an afflicted computer inoperable until the machine was power-cycled. Since its discovery, workarounds have been developed to prevent it from locking the computer, and the bug has been eliminated in subsequent Intel processors.[18][19]
During Black Hat USA 2017, Christopher Domas showed that he has found a new currently unknown "Halt and Catch Fire" instruction[20][21] on a particular x86 processor model using his own x86 processor fuzzer called sandsifter[22]. As of December 2017[update], the affected instruction, processor and manufacturer have not yet been revealed due to responsible disclosure guidelines.[citation needed]
Other CPUs[edit]
The MOS Technology 6502 has 12 invalid instructions which will freeze the CPU.[23][24]
On the Zilog Z80, executing DI (disable interrupts) followed by HALT (wait for an interrupt) results in the CPU staying frozen indefinitely, waiting for an interrupt that cannot happen. The similar processor found in the Game Boy contained a partial fix allowing it to recover from one HALT, but it would become frozen with two consecutive HALTs with interrupts disabled.[citation needed]
It should also be noted that the Z80 supports a non-maskable interrupt.[25][26] The /NMI signal is on Pin 17 of the original 40 pin DIP package.[27][28] Since a non-maskable interrupt will regain control of the CPU even after executing the instruction sequence DI / HALT, that pair does not represent a true HCF, it will only result in a HCF condition if either the /NMI pin is connected directly to the +5V rail, making the generation of that signal impossible, or if the interrupt routine that services /NMI ends with a return, placing it back in the HALT state.
In early CPUs[edit]
One apocryphal story about the HCF instruction in an actual early CPU goes back to the late 1960s, when computers used magnetic core memory.[citation needed] The story goes that in order to speed up the core memory on their next model the engineers increased the read/write currents in the very fine wires that were threaded through the cores. This worked fine when the computer was executing normal programs, since memory accesses were spread throughout memory. However, the HALT instruction was implemented as a "Jump to self". This meant that the same core memory location was repeatedly accessed, and the very fine wires became so hot that they started to smoke—hence the instruction was labeled "Halt and Catch Fire".[29][better source needed]
See also[edit]
Cyrix coma bug
Killer poke
Lp0 on fire
Write-only memory
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/H/HCF.html Jargon File entry for the HCF assembly mnemonic]
Jump up ^ http://bytecollector.com/archive/digital_group/documentation/hardware/dg_systems/system_cards/6800_cpu_card/6800_Instruction_Set.PDF MC6800 Instruction Set
^ Jump up to: a b Dunlap, Bryan. "A Proposed Instruction Set". Physics Department, The Ohio State University. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Far out op codes, Werner Cirsovius, retrieved 2015-05-28
Jump up ^ "Overextended Mnemonics", Creative Computing, 6 (4): 17 (hex) (flip–side), April 1980, retrieved 2017-03-12
^ Jump up to: a b IBM System/360 Principles of Operation (PDF), IBM, retrieved 2014-07-02
Jump up ^ "Kevin Korb's Jokes: Assembler Opcodes that should exist". Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Forgotten Assembly Language Commands". Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Subject: HCF instruction: from Principles of Operation", Archived at textfiles.com
Jump up ^ "apocryphal opcode mnemonics,long" , 23/04/1990, alt.folklore.computers, (via Google Groups)
^ Jump up to: a b Wheeler, Gerry (December 1977). "Undocumented M6800 Instructions". BYTE. Vol. 2 no. 12. pp. 46–47.
Jump up ^ Agans, David J. (2002). Debugging: the 9 indispensable rules for finding even the most elusive software and hardware problems. New York: American Management Association. p. 77. ISBN 9780814426784. OCLC 52043345. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Daniels, R. Gary; Bruce, William (April 1985). "Built-In Self-Test Trends in Motorola Microprocessors". IEEE Design & Test. 2 (2): 64–71. doi:10.1109/MDT.1985.294865. "HACOF thus became the first intentional built-in self-test feature on a Motorola microprocessor."
Jump up ^ "x86 Instruction Set Reference: HLT". Retrieved 2014-07-02.
Jump up ^ Gortmaker, Paul (21 March 2003). "The Linux Boot Prompt-How To" (PDF). The Linux Documentation Project. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
Jump up ^ "Re: Undocumented opcodes (HINT_NOP)". Archived from the original on 2004-11-06. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
Jump up ^ "Re: Also some undocumented 0Fh opcodes". Archived from the original on 2003-06-26. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
Jump up ^ Collins, Robert R. (1 May 1998). "The Pentium F00F Bug: Workarounds for a nasty problem". Dr. Dobb's Journal.
Jump up ^ Pentium Processor Specification Update (PDF). Intel Corporation. January 1999. pp. 51–52. order number 242480-041. Retrieved 2006-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Breaking the x86 ISA (PDF)" (PDF). Christopher Domas. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breaking the x86 ISA (video)". Christopher Domas. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "sandsifter: the x86 processor fuzzer". Christopher Domas. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Steil, Michael. "How MOS 6502 Illegal Opcodes really work". pagetable.com.
Jump up ^ Offenga, Freddy. "6502 Undocumented Opcodes". NesDev.
Jump up ^ "Interrupt Mechanism - Development - SMS Power!".
Jump up ^ Flammenkamp, Achim. "Interrupt Behaviour of the Z80 CPU".
Jump up ^ "Pinouts - Z80 family".
Jump up ^ Vis, Peter J. "Zilog Z80 Pinout".
Jump up ^ http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/5.6.html#subj2.4 | RISKS Digest: Hardware vs Software Battles (from Usenet)[better source needed]
External links[edit]
Jargon File/New Hacker's Dictionary entry for Halt and Catch Fire
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text:
List of The Jetsons characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Jetsons family: (left to right, top row) Rosie (the robot maid), George, Jane, and Judy; (bottom row) Astro (the dog), Elroy.
The following is a list of major characters in The Jetsons. The Jetsons is an animated television comedy produced by Hanna-Barbera and first broadcast in prime-time on ABC as part of the 1962–63 United States network television schedule. Additional episodes were produced from 1985 to 1987, with the same cast of characters.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Jetsons family
1.1 George Jetson
1.2 Jane Jetson
1.3 Judy Jetson
1.4 Elroy Jetson
2 Jetson family household
2.1 Astro
2.2 Rosey aka Rosie
2.3 Orbitty
3 George Jetson's workplace
3.1 Mr. Spacely
3.2 Mr. Cogswell
3.3 R.U.D.I.
3.4 Henry Orbit
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
The Jetsons family[edit]
George Jetson[edit]
Main article: George Jetson
George J. Jetson[1] is a fictional character and the 40-year-old head of the Jetson family. He is the husband of Jane Jetson and the father of teenage daughter Judy and elementary school aged son Elroy.[citation needed]
George resides with his family in the Skypad Apartments[2] in Orbit City, in a future with the trappings of science fantasy depictions of American life in the future, such as robot servants, flying saucer-like cars, and moving sidewalks. All the apartment buildings are set on giant poles, resembling Seattle's Space Needle; the ground is almost never seen, though in Jetsons: The Movie, it is suggested that the earth is extremely polluted, thus everyone lives in the sky.
When George was a kid he had to fly through ten miles of asteroid storms to go to Orbit High School, where he was the star pitcher of its Spaceball team. At Orbit High School, He was labeled as an outsider and a geek. George is now an employee at Spacely's Space Sprockets, a manufacturer of "sprockets" and other high tech equipment. His job title is "digital index operator."[3] His boss is Cosmo G. Spacely, noted for being short in both height and temper. Spacely usually treats his employees (particularly George) in a rather tyrannical fashion. George's job primarily requires him to repeatedly push a single button (or on occasion a series of buttons) on a computer (named RUDI {Short for: Referential Universal Digital Indexer} in the 1980s series of Jetsons episodes). Once, George complained of his heavy work load; having to push a button for one hour, one day of the week! Often, Mr. Spacely will fire George in a fit of anger, only to hire him back by the end of the same episode.
Physically, George is a rather slim man of average height with short red hair and a cartoonishly large nose. His personality is that of a well-meaning, caring father, but he is often befuddled and stressed out by the problems of both his work and family lives. As The Jetsons was partially based on the comic strip Blondie, George himself was probably based on that strip's lead character, Dagwood Bumstead.[citation needed] His wife Jane is voiced by Penny Singleton who played the movie version of Blondie in the 1930s to 1950s.[4]
George's most famous catchphrase is "Jane! Stop this crazy thing!" seen at the end credits of the 1960s Jetsons episodes, but is also known for frequently uttering the phrase "Hooba-dooba-dooba!" to express wonder or astonishment (probably inspired by Fred Flintstone's similar-sounding "Yabba Dabba Doo!!").
George O'Hanlon was the voice actor who did George's voice in both the sixties and eighties versions of the cartoon series; O'Hanlon was known for his portrayal of everyman characters in film and television. O'Hanlon once said of his character: "George Jetson is an average man. He has trouble with his boss, he has problems with his kids, and so on. The only difference is that he lives in the next century."[5] O'Hanlon last did the voice for George Jetson in Jetsons: The Movie, which was released posthumously.
The current voice of George Jetson is Jeff Bergman, who voiced George (and also Mr. Spacely) in some parts of the movie after O'Hanlon's death, and also voiced George in The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera and The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! as well as for the cameo in the Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode "Shaggy Busted" and Spümcø's two Jetsons cartoons: Father & Son Day and The Best Son.
In the Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode "Back to the Present", George was voiced by Wally Wingert. In the episode, the Jetsons return to the past to sue the planet for causing global warming also in a cameo appearance on The Powerpuff Girls.
George Jetson also appears at the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company and formerly Universal Studios Florida as a meetable character seen in 1996 video called "Kids for Character".
He also appears on Kanye West's music video "Heartless". He is also seen along with his family, Rosie, and Mr. Spacely in a MetLife commercial that aired in 2012.
The inspiration for George's name sake (aside from its voice actor) is believed to be a tribute to the prolific Danish designer, Georg Jensen, who defined modern design in the early and mid twentieth century.
Jane Jetson[edit]
Jane Jetson: age 33 (self-reported in the first episode), is George's wife, mother of their two children, and a homemaker. Because she is so much younger than George she would have been only 17 at the time of Judy's birth. Jane is obsessed with fashion and new gadgetry. Her favorite store is Mooning Dales. She is also a dutiful wife who always tries to make life as pleasant as possible for her family. Although she is usually pleasant natured, she is quite protective of her family and she can be angered whenever they are threatened. She is also unafraid to stand up to Mr. Spacely, especially when he antagonizes her family and her husband.
Outside of the home, she is a member of the Galaxy Women Historical Society and is a fan of Leonardo de Venus and Picasso Pia. Although this wife of the future has both a robot maid and automated apartment appliances, even pushing buttons for housework gets to be too much for her and she has to take a vacation ("Dude Planet"). She has terrible driving skills, turning her driving instructor, a gangster and her husband into nervous wrecks ("Jane's Driving Lesson").
Jane appears, with Wilma Flintstone and Velma Dinkley, in a commercial for Dove shampoo. She even appears on Kanye West's music video "Heartless". In one episode of Animaniacs, a female space alien resembling Jane appears twice; once as a receptionist, and then again when a male alien trapped on a treadmill calls out the famous catchphrase "Jane! Stop this crazy thing!" where she comes to his aid.
Jane was voiced by Penny Singleton in all of her appearances up until the feature film. After Singleton's death, Jane has been voiced by a number of different actresses, including Laurie Fraser (The Jetsons: The Best Son), Diane Michelle (Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law), Beth Littleford and D.D. Howard (Family Guy) and Grey Griffin (The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania!).
She was included in Yahoo!'s Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television.[6]
Judy Jetson[edit]
Judy Jetson
Judy Jetson is the 16-year-old daughter of George and Jane Jetson who acts just like a normal teenage girl only with more futuristic tastes.
Despite Judy still keeping modern-day "teenage girl" likes and dislikes, such as seemingly never-ending conversations on the telephone and shopping for futuristic outfits, she does not live exactly like a modern teenager, obviously because of the time the show takes place, because she enjoys taking advantage of the many gadgets at her grasp because of the technology (like controllable zero-gravity switches made for accomplishing popular dance moves of the show's time or for other uses). She also gives a summary of how her day went including her problems to a floating robotic diary, appropriately named, "DiDi" (voiced by Brenda Vaccaro).
Judy is also very fond of a futuristic rock singer named "Jet Screamer", whom George at first despised until Judy won a date with the heartthrob singer in a contest in which girls who wanted to win a date with Jet Screamer were to write songs, and the writer of the winning song would win the date. Judy won because George replaced her original song with her younger brother Elroy's secret code. George came along to try to stop the date but failed and wound up as the drummer for the song and soon took a liking for Jet Screamer and his music.
Judy is depicted wearing a deep pinkish-purple, futuristic outfit and, like a few other Hanna-Barbara cartoon characters (such as Bamm-Bamm Rubble from The Flintstones and some background characters in various cartoons) has white hair that is colored to resemble platinum blonde or bleached blonde hair, which she wears in a ponytail on top of her head. She attends Orbit High School, which her father had also attended.
Judy was also the star character of the 1988 made-for-television film Rockin' with Judy Jetson. She was voiced by Janet Waldo in all appearances except Jetsons: The Movie. Although Waldo finished recording her lines for the movie, Waldo's voice track was erased and completely rerecorded by pop singer Tiffany.[7][8] Judy went unvoiced in her appearance in Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, due to the fact a voice actress could not be secured for her (Waldo by this point was in her 90s and retired from voice acting). In The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania!, she's voiced by Danica McKellar.
Elroy Jetson[edit]
Elroy Jetson: age 6 and a half (self-reported in the first episode), is the younger of the two children in the Jetson family. He is highly intelligent and an expert in all space sciences. Elroy attends Little Dipper School where he studies space history, astrophysics and star geometry. He is a mild mannered and good child. Elroy was voiced by Daws Butler until his death in 1988; for the movie Patric Zimmerman took over. Throughout the years, Zimmerman continued to voice Elroy, with the exception of Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law, where Tom Kenny performed the role and The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania!, where he's voiced by Trevor Devall.
Jetson family household[edit]
Astro[edit]
This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Astro is a canine character on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon, The Jetsons. He was designed by Iwao Takamoto, and originally voiced by Don Messick. Despite the stress he tends to cause him, George often regards Astro as his genuine best friend. Astro, despite being clumsy and dim-witted, was very loyal (to a fault) to the Jetsons, particularly George and Elroy. He was more advanced than present-day dogs, in that he had a rudimentary grasp of the English language. In a recurring gag, while George is walking Astro on a gravity-suspended treadmill, Astro begins chasing a cat that stumbles onto it, eventually forcing it to go at speeds too fast for George to keep up with, trapping him. This led to George's trademark phrase "Jane! Stop this crazy thing!".
Don Messick would usually give Astro a speech pattern involving replacing the first letter of any word with an R, such as "I love you, George" becoming "I ruv roo, Reorge". This is similar to Scooby-Doo in the cartoon Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!; which was also voiced by Messick (of the two voices, Astro's was slightly higher and raspier than Scooby's).[9] In the Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode "Back to the Present", Astro was voiced by Wally Wingert, while in The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania!, he's voiced by Frank Welker.
Astro's appearance as a galactic police dog from Astro and the Space Mutts. (1981)
Astro was introduced in the season one episode, "The Coming of Astro". When Jane, Judy, and Elroy proposed keeping him to George, he was against it, claiming an apartment is no place for a dog. In an effort to make his family happy, he gets an electronic dog, 'Lectronimo. Through mishaps, 'Lectronimo fails to catch a burglar whom Astro inadvertently stops. The family gives 'Lectronimo to the police and keeps Astro. In episode 15, millionaire J.P. Gottrockets shows up and claims to be Astro's former owner, saying the dog's original name was "Tralfaz". Seeing how much Elroy and Astro have bonded with each other, Gottrockets gives Astro to the Jetsons. Despite this, Astro makes an appearance in the ending credits prior to the episode. Astro makes five cameo appearances as a portrait in the music video for the 2008 Kanye West song "Heartless", which takes place in West's actual apartment den. Astro was also in 11 episodes of a 1981 spin-off called Astro and the Space Mutts.
Rosey aka Rosie[edit]
Rosey[10] or Rosie[11] the maid is a humanoid robot fictional character in The Jetsons animated television series of the 1960s and 80s.[12] She is the title family's maid and housekeeper. Jean Vander Pyl provided the voice for Rosie. Rosie is depicted as wearing a frilly apron, and was often seen using a separate vacuum cleaner. Her torso is mounted atop a single leg and she rolls about on a set of caster wheels. She frequently calls George Jetson "Mr. J".
Rosie was an old demonstrator model hired by the Jetson family from U-Rent a Maid. The series' first episode, "Rosey the Robot", gives her model number as XB-500. She was in fact outdated when introduced, and her obsolescence was the focus of several episodes focused on her. In the episode "Rosie's Boyfriend," we learn she has a boyfriend, the robot Mac, a helper for Henry Orbit. Rosie clearly cares a great deal for Mac, but is obviously the more intelligent between them, often chiding him for his childish behavior.
She was spoofed in the Futurama movie Bender's Game, with a robot that looked like her saying "Everything must be clean. Very clean. That's why the dog had to die. He was a dirty dog. Also that boy Elroy. Dirty. Dirty."[13] She was voiced by Tress MacNeille in this parody, becoming later her official voice actress in The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania!.
In the recent[vague] Jetsons comic published by DC Comics, Rosie is re-imagined as George's mother who was placed in a robotic body by Nexlyfe.[14] She only informed Judy that she was going through with the procedure prior to it.
Orbitty[edit]
Orbitty: is the 2nd pet of the Jetson family. Orbitty is an alien with spring-like legs and suction-cup feet. He has the ability to express his emotions by changing color. He is also excellent in fixing and repairing things. This character was introduced in the 1980s version of the series but didn't appear in the third season (aside from one cameo) or any of the movies that came after it. Orbitty was voiced by Frank Welker.
George Jetson's workplace[edit]
Mr. Spacely[edit]
This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cosmo G. Spacely is George's moneygrubbing and arrogant boss, originally voiced by Mel Blanc. Frank Welker voiced a teenage version of Mr. Spacely in the Jetsons Christmas Carol and Jeff Bergman voiced Spacely in some scenes in Jetsons: The Movie (and would later reprise the role in The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania!) after Blanc's death, as Blanc died during the production of Jetsons: The Movie. This means the character has the distinction of being the last character to be voiced by legendary voice actor Blanc.
Spacely is president and owner of 'Spacely Space Sprockets', where George Jetson works. He frequently yells at George for perceived poor work performance, or just when he feels like it. A typical videophone call from Spacely starts with him yelling "JETSON!!!" He attempts to fire George for the slightest offense (his bombastic "YOU'RE FIRED!!" has since been copied by Vince McMahon[citation needed], Hank Azaria as Mr. Costington in The Simpsons and Donald Trump in The Apprentice)[citation needed] , though Spacely gives George his job back at the end of the episode or the beginning of the next episode. Though money is often the sole objective of his life, Spacely is not completely heartless, and will at times empathize or go out of his way to help genuinely help George (albeit rarely). Spacely also often finds excuses to get involved in George's personal life. Spacely's wife is Mrs. Petunia Spacely (voiced by Jean Vander Pyl), whom he loves, but lives in constant fear of. He also has a son named Arthur (Voiced by Dick Beals in earlier episodes and Catherine Thompson in season 3) who is extremely snobbish and is a rival to Elroy.
Mr. Cogswell[edit]
Mr. Cogswell (voiced by Daws Butler): is Spacely's big competitor. He owns Cogswell's Cosmic Cogs company and causes a lot of trouble for Spacely and George. To a lesser extent, Cogswell is another of the series' antagonists. He and Spacely are always finding ways to bring each other's businesses down. Cogswell has often tried to steal Spacely's ideas and make them his own to gain an advantage (only for it to backfire on both bosses). Just like Spacely, he is also cheap and greedy and not above firing his employees when any little thing goes wrong. Mr. Cogswell's first name of "Spencer" is revealed in the 1980s version of The Jetsons. He bears something of a resemblance to Mr. Flintstone's boss, Mr. Slate.
R.U.D.I.[edit]
R.U.D.I.: is George's work computer as well as his best friend in the workplace. R.U.D.I. is sentient, free thinking and openly fond of George, recognizing his value as an employee and friend. His name is an acronym for Referential Universal Digital Indexer. He has a human personality and is a member of the Society Preventing Cruelty to Humans. Though capable and loyal, R.U.D.I is implied to be antiquated technology, as George mentions his model is no longer made.
In the episode "Family Fallout" the Jetsons are up against the Spacelys on a game show. The last question to come up was "what does R.U.D.I. stand for?" George's response was Referential Universal Differential Indexer – this was accepted by the game show host as the correct answer, even though earlier episodes had it as Digital instead of Differential.
Henry Orbit[edit]
Henry is the apartment janitor and supervisor of the Skypad Apartments. He has an assistant robot M.A.C.C. who is also dating Rosie the Jetson's housekeeper robot. He is known for giving George advice and is a part-time inventor, although both more often than not tend to backfire on him.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jetsons, The (1962) – TV Series – Season 1, Episode 2". Database of Movie Dialogs. BelaZebra. Retrieved 2010-11-14. What's your name, speedy? George J. Jetson. George Jetson, eh? Well, Georgie, let's see what we got here.
Jump up ^ "Jetsons, The (1962)". Database of Movie Dialogs. BelaZebra. Retrieved 2010-11-14. Car 88 calling in. What's up, Sarge? Investigate complaint of trouble over at the Skypad Apartments. Right, Sarge. I'm on my way.
Jump up ^ Holt, Patrick D. (July 2009). The Information Society in Science Fiction (PDF) (Master of Science in Library Science thesis). School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 52. Retrieved 2010-11-14. Although George Jetson does commute to work as a “darn good digital index operator” (a job that apparently involves push the buttons that start and stop the procedure), the rest of the Dyson/Bel Geddes vision is complete – to no avail. Just about everything is automated, but no one seems aware that life is easier...
Jump up ^ Penny Singleton
Jump up ^ "George O'Hanlon; Father's voice on Jetsons". Los Angeles Times. February 14, 1989.
Jump up ^ Adair, Aly (February 27, 2009). "Top 10 Favorite TV Moms". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "For Some Readers, Tiffany Is No Jetson". The Los Angeles Times. July 15, 1990. Retrieved 2014-09-06.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce "Janet Waldo" (Allmovie biography)
Jump up ^ CD liner notes: Saturday Mornings: Cartoons’ Greatest Hits, 1995 MCA Records
Jump up ^ "Rosey the Robot". The Jetsons. Episode 1.
Jump up ^ "Rosie Come Home". The Jetsons. Episode 26.
Jump up ^ "Jetsons Hold Onto Their Space as Our Favorite Flying Family". Miami Herald. May 19, 1989. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Rosie the Robot Maid - The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki". Theinfosphere.org. 2014-05-18. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
Jump up ^ https://www.cbr.com/jetsons-1-review-dc-comics-2017/
Further reading[edit]
Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, by Michael Mallory, 1998, published by Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, Inc., distributed by Publishers Group West. ISBN 0-88363-108-3
External links[edit]
The Jetsons at Toonopedia
[show]
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The Jetsons
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Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration (1989)
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The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! (2017)
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