text:
Streptococcus thermophilus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Streptococcus thermophilus
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Streptococcaceae
Genus: Streptococcus
Species: S. thermophilus
Binomial name
Streptococcus thermophilus
(ex Orla-Jensen 1919)
Schleifer et al. 1995
Synonyms
Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Farrow et Collins 1984
Streptococcus thermophilus also known as Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus[1][2] is a gram-positive bacterium, and a fermentative facultative anaerobe, of the viridans group.[3] It tests negative for cytochrome, oxidase, and catalase, and positive for alpha-hemolytic activity.[3] It is non-motile and does not form endospores.[3] S. thermophilus is fimbriated.[4] It has an optimal growth temperature range of 35 - 42 °C while L. bulgaricus has an optimal range of 43 - 46 °C.[5]
It is also classified as a lactic acid bacterium.[6] S. thermophilus is found in fermented milk products, and is generally used in the production of yogurt,[7] alongside Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. The two species are synergistic, and S. thermophilus probably provides L. d. bulgaricus with folic acid and formic acid which it uses for purine synthesis.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 Uses
2.1 Yogurt production
3 Nomenclature
4 Research
4.1 Pathogenic potential
4.2 Adjuvant
4.3 Reduced-fat cheese
4.4 Cancer
4.5 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
5 Health concerns
6 References
Classification[edit]
At least 26 strains of S. thermophilis have been identified and had their genomes sequenced.[9]
Uses[edit]
S. thermophilus is one of the most widely used bacteria in the dairy industry. USDA statistics from 1998 showed that more than 1.02 billion kilograms of mozzarella cheese and 621 million kilograms of yogurt were produced from S. thermophilus.[10] Although its genus, Streptococcus, includes some pathogenic species, food industries consider S. thermophilus a safer bacterium than many other Streptococcus species. In fact, yogurt and cheese that contain live cultures of S. thermophilus are thought to be beneficial to health.[11] Live cultures of S. thermophilus make it easier for people who are lactose intolerant to digest dairy products. The bacteria break down lactose, the sugar in milk, that lactose-intolerant people find difficult to digest.[12]
Yogurt production[edit]
As early as the 1900s, S. thermophilus has been used to make yogurt. Its purpose is to turn lactose, the sugar in milk, into lactic acid. The increase in lactic acid turns milk into the gel-like structure characteristic of yogurt.[13]
Nomenclature[edit]
"Streptococcus" derives from a Greek term meaning "twisted berry" and refers to the way the bacterium is grouped in chains that resemble a string of beads.[14] "Thermophilus" derives from the Greek thermē, meaning "heat". It refers to an organism's ability to thrive at high temperatures.[15]
Research[edit]
Pathogenic potential[edit]
The genus Streptococcus includes several pathogenic species, such as S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes, but food industries consider S. thermophilus non-pathogenic. S. thermophilus is believed to have developed separately from pathogenic Streptococcus species for at least 3000 years. Research teams have sequenced the genome of two strains of S. thermophilus, CNRZ1066 and LMG13811, and stated that the bacteria are not dangerous.[16]
Adjuvant[edit]
S. thermophilus strain Orla-Jensen 1919[17] is a constituent in VSL#3. This standardized formulation of live bacteria may be used in combination with conventional therapies to treat ulcerative colitis.[18][19] The use of the S. thermophilus-containing VSL#3 may reduce inflammation in mice.[20]
Reduced-fat cheese[edit]
S. thermophilus helps make reduced-fat cheese with similar characteristics to regular, full-fat cheese. In the experiment, two different strains of bacteria are used to make reduced-fat cheddar cheese: a strain of Lactococcus lactis and a strain of S. thermophilus. These bacteria are chosen because they produce exopolysaccharide (EPS) which give reduced-fat cheese a texture and flavor like that of regular cheese.
L. lactis produces cheese with higher moisture levels compared to other reduced-fat cheeses; S. thermophilus produces cheese with a lower moisture content and a less bitter taste. It was concluded that applying both L. lactis and S. thermophilus strains would create higher quality reduced-fat cheese with characteristics like those of regular cheese.[21]
Cancer[edit]
Chemotherapy often causes mucositis, severe inflammation of primarily the small intestines. Currently, there is no treatment to alleviate the symptoms of mucositis caused by chemotherapy. When rats were inflicted with mucositis by chemotherapy drugs, the intestinal tissues in those pretreated with streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 functioned more healthily and were less distressed.[22]
In her nutrition book, Food: Your Miracle Medicine, Jean Carper describes an experiment by Joseph A. Scimeca, in which commercially available yogurt containing S. thermophilus and L. d. bulgaricus was fed to mice. After these mice were injected with cancer cells, the incidence of lung cancer in the yogurt-fed mice was one-third less than expected.[23]
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea[edit]
Strains of S. thermophilus have also reduced risks of AAD (antibiotic-associated diarrhea), an issue that results from taking antibiotics. Antibiotics can have the adverse effect of destroying beneficial bacteria and causing harmful bacteria to multiply, which invokes diarrhea. Adults who ate yogurt containing S. thermophilus while being treated with antibiotics had lower rates of diarrhea than the control group (12.4% vs. 23.7%).[24]
Health concerns[edit]
The manipulation of the gut flora is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions.[25] Although probiotics, in general, are considered safe, there are concerns about their use in certain cases.[25][26] Some people, such as those with compromised immune systems, short bowel syndrome, central venous catheters, heart valve disease and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events.[27] Rarely, consumption of probiotics may cause bacteremia, and sepsis, potentially fatal infections in children with lowered immune systems or who are already critically ill.[28]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tannock, Gerald W., ed. (2005). Probiotics And Prebiotics: Scientific Aspects. Caister Academic Press. p. 43. ISBN 1-904455-01-8. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB: List No. 54". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 45 (3): 619–620. July 1995. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-3-619.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bacteria Genomes – Streptococcus Thermophilus". European Bioinformatics Institute. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Streptococcus_salivarius".
Jump up ^ "Influence_of_temperature_on_associative_growth_of_Streptococcus_thermophilus_and_Lactobacillus_bulgaricus".
Jump up ^ Courtin, P.; Rul, F. O. (2003). "Interactions between microorganisms in a simple ecosystem: yogurt bacteria as a study model". Le Lait. 84: 125–134. doi:10.1051/lait:2003031.
Jump up ^ Kiliç, AO; Pavlova, SI; Ma, WG; Tao, L (1996). "Analysis of Lactobacillus phages and bacteriocins in American dairy products and characterization of a phage isolated from yogurt". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62 (6): 2111–6. PMC 167989  . PMID 8787408.
Jump up ^ Sieuwerts, S.; Molenaar, D.; Van Hijum, S. A. F. T.; Beerthuyzen, M.; Stevens, M. J. A.; Janssen, P. W. M.; Ingham, C. J.; De Bok, F. A. M.; De Vos, W. M.; Van Hylckama Vlieg, J. E. T. (2010). "Mixed-Culture Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Basis of Mixed-Culture Growth in Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (23): 7775–7784. doi:10.1128/AEM.01122-10. PMC 2988612  . PMID 20889781.
Jump up ^ "Contributing Species, Genome: Streptococcus thermophilus LMD-9, Clique ID: 480". The Integrated Microbial Genomes, The US Department of Energy Office of Science, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and The Regents of the University of California. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
Jump up ^ Hutkins, Robert (2002). "Streptococcus Thermophilus LMD-9". JGI Microbes.
Jump up ^ Taylor, John R. and Mitchell, Deborah. The Wonder of Probiotics. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 2007.
Jump up ^ Leboffe, Michael (1 January 2012). Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application. Morton Publishing Company. p. 33. ISBN 9781617310287.
Jump up ^ Delcour, J.; Ferain, T.; Hols, P. (2000). "Advances in the Genetics of Thermophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria". Food Biotechnology. 11: 497–504. doi:10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00134-8.
Jump up ^ "Streptococcus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Thermophile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. [1]
Jump up ^ "Streptococcus Thermophilus: A Bacterium Which Is Harmless to Health." International Research Associates. 14 Nov. 2006. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.
Jump up ^ Hood, Kerenza; Nuttall, Jacqui; Gillespie, David; Shepherd, Victoria; Wood, Fiona; Duncan, Donna; Stanton, Helen; Espinasse, Aude; Wootton, Mandy; Acharjya, Aruna; Allen, Stephen; Bayer, Antony; Carter, Ben; Cohen, David; Francis, Nick; Howe, Robin; Mantzourani, Efi; Thomas-Jones, Emma; Toghill, Alun; Butler, Christopher C (2014). "Probiotics for Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea (PAAD): a prospective observational study of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (including Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea) in care homes" (PDF). Health Technology Assessment. 18 (63): 1–84. doi:10.3310/hta18630. ISSN 1366-5278.
Jump up ^ Ghouri, Yezaz A; Richards, David M; Rahimi, Erik F; Krill, Joseph T; Jelinek, Katherine A; DuPont, Andrew W (9 December 2014). "Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease". Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 7: 473–487. doi:10.2147/CEG.S27530. PMC 4266241  . PMID 25525379.
Jump up ^ Mardini, Houssam E.; Grigorian, Alla Y. (2014). "Probiotic Mix VSL#3 Is Effective Adjunctive Therapy for Mild to Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 20 (9): 1562–1567. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000084. ISSN 1078-0998. PMID 24918321; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
Jump up ^ "The probiotic mixture VSL#3 has differential effects on intestinal immune parameters in healthy female BALB/c and C57BL/". National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
Jump up ^ Awad, S; Hassan, AN; Muthukumarappan, K (2005). "Application of Exopolysaccharide-Producing Cultures in Reduced-Fat Cheddar Cheese". Journal of Dairy Science. 88: 4204–4213. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73106-4.
Jump up ^ Whitford, E. J.; Cummins, A. G.; Butler, R. N.; Prisciandaro, L. D.; Fauser, J. K.; Yazbeck, R; Lawrence, A; Cheah, K. Y.; Wright, T. H.; Lymn, K. A.; Howarth, G. S. (2009). "Effects of Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 on intestinal mucositis induced by the chemotherapeutic agent, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)". Cancer biology & therapy. 8 (6): 505–11. doi:10.4161/cbt.8.6.7594. PMID 19305160.
Jump up ^ Carper, Jean. Food: Your Miracle Medicine. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994
Jump up ^ Ripudaman S. Beniwal; Vincent C. Arena; Leno Thomas; Sudhir Narla; Thomas F. Imperiale; Rauf A. Chaudhry; Usman A. Ahmad (2003). "A Randomized Trial of Yogurt for Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 48 (10): 2077–2082. doi:10.1023/A:1026155328638. PMID 14627358.
^ Jump up to: a b Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF (2016). "Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new". World J Gastroenterol (Review). 22 (7): 2179–94. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179. PMC 4734995  . PMID 26900283.
Jump up ^ Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML (2006). "Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks?". Am J Clin Nutr (Review). 83 (6): 1256–64; quiz 1446–7. PMID 16762934.
Jump up ^ Doron S, Snydman DR (2015). "Risk and safety of probiotics". Clin Infect Dis (Review). 60 Suppl 2: S129–34. doi:10.1093/cid/civ085. PMC 4490230  . PMID 25922398.
Jump up ^ Singhi SC, Kumar S (2016). "Probiotics in critically ill children". F1000Res (Review). 5: 407. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7630.1. PMC 4813632  . PMID 27081478.
[hide]
v
t
e
Yogurt
Varieties
Dahi (curd)
Buffalo curd
Dadiah
Dhau
Frozen
Nai lao
Soy
Strained
Cultures
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
Streptococcus thermophilus
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
Dishes
Borani
Churri
Çılbır
Cucumber raita
Dahi chutney
Dovga
Jameed
Kashk
Mitha dahi
Parfait
Raita
Shrikhand
Tarator
Tzatziki
Zhoixo
Drinks
Acidophiline
Ayran
Chaas
Chal
Chalap
Doogh
Lassi
Leben
Mattha
Nai lao
Omaere
Qatiq
Ryazhenka
Stewler
Related
Fermented milk products
Amasi
Buttermilk
Calpis
Clabber
Crème fraîche
Filmjölk
Jocoque
Kefir
Kumis
Matzoon
Mursik
Quark
Skyr
Smetana
Sour cream
Soured milk
Viili
Yakult
Ymer
Whey
Biology portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_thermophilus&oldid=819144971"
Categories:
Gram-positive bacteria
Streptococcaceae
Bacteria used in dairy products
Probiotics
Bacteria described in 1919
Hidden categories:
Articles with 'species' microformats
Use dmy dates from November 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Magyar
Polski
Português
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 January 2018, at 18:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)

value: span

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Streptococcus_viridans
mw-redirect
Streptococcus viridans

values:
/wiki/Lactobacillus_bulgaricus
mw-redirect
Lactobacillus bulgaricus

values:
/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria
mw-redirect
Lactic acid bacteria

values: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus

values:
/wiki/Lactose_intolerant
mw-redirect
Lactose intolerant

values:
/wiki/S._pneumoniae
mw-redirect
S. pneumoniae

values:
/wiki/S._pyogenes
mw-redirect
S. pyogenes

values: Edit section: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

values:
/wiki/Central_venous_catheters
mw-redirect
Central venous catheters

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1051%2Flait%3A2003031

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8787408

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.01122-10

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20889781

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta18630

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1366-5278

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2147%2FCEG.S27530

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525379

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1078-0998

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24918321

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.4161%2Fcbt.8.6.7594

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19305160

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026155328638

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14627358

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v22.i7.2179

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26900283

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16762934

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciv085

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25922398

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081478

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Bacteria used in dairy products

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Streptococcus_thermophilus
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus – Hungarian

values: Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus – Polish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Streptococcus_thermophilus rootpage-Streptococcus_thermophilus skin-vector action-view


text:
The Punisher (season 2)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Punisher (season 2)
Starring
Jon Bernthal
Ben Barnes
Amber Rose Revah
Jason R. Moore
Josh Stewart
Floriana Lima
Giorgia Whigham
Corbin Bernsen
Annette O'Toole
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
Netflix
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
List of The Punisher episodes
The second season of the American web television series The Punisher, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, revolves around Frank Castle ruthlessly hunting down criminals. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Bohemian Risk Productions, with Steven Lightfoot serving as showrunner.
Jon Bernthal stars as Frank Castle, with principal cast members Ben Barnes, Amber Rose Revah, and Jason R. Moore also returning from the first season. They are joined by Josh Stewart, Floriana Lima, Giorgia Whigham, Corbin Bernsen, and Annette O'Toole. A second season of The Punisher was ordered in December 2017, a month after the first season was released. The new cast members were added in February 2018. Filming began in New York City the next month and wrapped in August.
The season is set for release in 2019.
Contents
1 Cast and characters
2 Production
2.1 Development
2.2 Casting
2.3 Filming
3 Release
3.1 Marketing
4 References
5 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher[1]
Ben Barnes as Billy Russo[1]
Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani[1]
Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle[1]
Josh Stewart as John Pilgrim[1]
Floriana Lima as Krista Dumont[1]
Giorgia Whigham as Amy Bendix[1]
Corbin Bernsen as Anderson Schultz[2]
Annette O'Toole as Eliza Schultz[2]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
A second season of The Punisher was ordered by Netflix in December 2017, less than a month after the first season was released.[3] Showrunner Steve Lightfoot had an idea of what a second season would be when he first knew what the "journey of Season 1" was at the start of his work on the series, and did not let the fan reaction to the first season affect his plans since "some people love it, some people hate it, some people are in the middle. My personal opinion with that stuff is you just have to be true to the character and the story you choose to tell."[4]
Casting[edit]
Stars returning for the season were confirmed in February 2018, including Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher, Ben Barnes as Billy Russo, Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani, and Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle. Announced as joining them for the season were Josh Stewart as John Pilgrim, Floriana Lima as Krista Dumont, and Giorgia Whigham as Amy Bendix,[1] with Corbin Bernsen as Anderson Shultz and Annette O'Toole as Eliza Schultz announced in May.[2]
Filming[edit]
Filming for the season had begun by March 10, 2018, in The Bellmores, New York.[5] Filming occurred in Albany, New York, in mid-July 2018,[6] with production on the season wrapping in August 2018.[7]
Release[edit]
The second season of The Punisher is scheduled to be released in 2019 on the streaming service Netflix, worldwide.[8]
Marketing[edit]
By mid-June 2018, discussions were underway regarding the season being promoted at San Diego Comic-Con that year. Bernthal was already set to be at the convention to promote his role in the ninth season of The Walking Dead.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (February 26, 2018). "'Marvel's The Punisher': Josh Stewart, Floriana Lima & Giorgia Whigham Join Cast of Netflix Series For Season 2". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ramos, Dino-Ray (May 10, 2018). "Corbin Bernsen And Annette O'Toole Join Marvel's 'The Punisher' At Netflix". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (December 12, 2017). "'The Punisher' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (July 4, 2018). "'The Punisher' Showrunner Steve Lightfoot on Season 2, If He'd Rather Do 10 Episodes, and More". Collider. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lovett, Jamie (March 10, 2018). "'The Punisher' Season 2 Has Started Filming, First Photos Surface". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Actor confirms Albany trip to shoot Netflix show". WNYT. July 17, 2018. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dominguez, Noah (August 12, 2018). "Marvel's Punisher Wraps Filming On Second Season". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lederer, Donnie; Pockross, Adam (June 28, 2018). "Exclusive: Jeph Loeb on Keeping The Defenders Dream Alive and Punisher Season 2". Syfy Wire. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony; Patten, Dominic (June 18, 2018). "Marvel's 'Iron Fist' Set To Hit Comic-Con; No Show For 'Captain Marvel' & Film Side". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
External links[edit]
Marvel's The Punisher on IMDb
Marvel's The Punisher at TV.com
show
v
t
e
The Punisher
Created by Gerry Conway, Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in "The Punisher Strikes Twice!"
Characters
Supporting
G. W. Bridge
Rachel Cole-Alves
Rampage
Lynn Michaels
Mickey Fondozzi
Microchip
Martin Soap
Nick Fury
Enemies
Barracuda
Bullseye
Bushwacker
Damage
Hitman
Hood
Jigsaw
Kingpin
Lady Gorgon
Ma Gnucci
Olivier
Rapido
Rev
Russian
Saracen
Sniper
Thorn
Comics
Main
1986 series
1987 series
1995 series
1998 series
2000 series
2001 series
2004 series
2009 series
2011 series
2014 series
Spin-offs
War Journal
1988 series
2006 series
War Zone
1992 series
2008 series
2012 series
2099
Punisher Max
Other
Punisher P.O.V.
Archie Meets the Punisher
Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe
Born
The Platoon
The End
In the Blood
5 Ronin
In other media
Films
The Punisher (1989)
score
The Punisher (2004)
score
album
Punisher: War Zone
score
soundtrack
Dirty Laundry
Do Not Fall In New York City
Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher
Video games
The Punisher (console)
The Punisher (computer)
The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback!
The Punisher (1993)
The Punisher (2005)
The Punisher: No Mercy
Television
The Punisher (TV series)
season 1
2
Related articles
Alternative versions
Garth Ennis
The 'Nam
Palm Beach Punishers
Shadowmasters
Category
show
v
t
e
Marvel Cinematic Universe
Feature films
Phase One
Iron Man
The Incredible Hulk
Iron Man 2
Thor
Captain America: The First Avenger
The Avengers
accolades
Phase Two
Iron Man 3
Thor: The Dark World
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
Guardians of the Galaxy
Avengers: Age of Ultron
Ant-Man
Phase Three
Captain America: Civil War
Doctor Strange
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
Spider-Man: Homecoming
Thor: Ragnarok
Black Panther
accolades
box office achievements
Avengers: Infinity War
production
box office records
Ant-Man and the Wasp
Captain Marvel
Untitled Avengers film
production
Post-Phase
Three
Spider-Man: Far From Home
Television series
ABC
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
episodes
season 1
2
3
4
5
6
characters
Agent Carter
season 1
2
characters
Inhumans
"Behold... The Inhumans" • "Those Who Would Destroy Us"
Netflix
Daredevil
season 1
2
3
characters
Jessica Jones
season 1
2
3
characters
Luke Cage
season 1
2
characters
Iron Fist
season 1
2
characters
The Defenders
The Punisher
season 1
2
Hulu
Runaways
"Reunion"
Freeform
Cloak & Dagger
season 1
2
Other
Most Wanted
New Warriors
Other media
Short films
Item 47
Agent Carter
All Hail the King
Digital series
WHIH Newsfront
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot
Tie-in comics
Fury's Big Week
Cast and characters
Film cast
Television series cast
Phil Coulson
Erik Selvig
Trevor Slattery
Tony Stark
Claire Temple
Music
Soundtracks
Iron Man
The Incredible Hulk
Iron Man 2
Thor
Captain America: The First Avenger
The Avengers
Iron Man 3
Thor: The Dark World
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
Guardians of the Galaxy
Avengers: Age of Ultron
Ant-Man
Captain America: Civil War
Luke Cage
Doctor Strange
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
Spider-Man: Homecoming
Thor: Ragnarok
Black Panther
Avengers: Infinity War
Ant-Man and the Wasp
Singles
"Live to Rise"
"All the Stars"
"King's Dead"
"Pray for Me"
MCU-inspired
media
Video games
Iron Man
The Incredible Hulk
Iron Man 2
Thor: God of Thunder
Captain America: Super Soldier
Iron Man 3
Lego Marvel's Avengers
Disney Parks
Iron Man Experience
Marvel-themed areas
Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!
Other
Team Thor
Book
Category
Outline
Portal
Marvel Cinematic Universe portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Punisher_(season_2)&oldid=866387088"
Categories:
The Punisher (TV series)
Marvel Cinematic Universe seasons
Hidden categories:
TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 01:11 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #B8B9BD; color: black; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap

attrs: href title

value: li

values: text-align:center;background: #B8B9BD; color: black; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Steven_Lightfoot
mw-redirect
Steven Lightfoot

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Curtis_Hoyle
mw-redirect
Curtis Hoyle

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/6zJrb10Kz

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/70h4cS6pQ

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/710d2LTGQ

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.webcitation.org/71rhEqWwS

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/70tGz5DUr

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/70HVCBFnN

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5675620/
external text

values:
/wiki/Thorn_(Marvel_Comics)
mw-redirect
Thorn (Marvel Comics)

values: Punisher: War Zone Original Motion Picture Score

values: Punisher: War Zone Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: List of accolades received by The Avengers (2012 film)

values: List of accolades received by Black Panther (film)

values: List of Black Panther box office achievements

values: Production of Avengers: Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel

values: List of box office records set by Avengers: Infinity War

values: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters

values: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors

values: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors

values: Claire Temple (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

values: Captain America: The First Avenger (soundtrack)

values: Captain America: The Winter Soldier (soundtrack)

values: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack)

values: Pray for Me (The Weeknd and Kendrick Lamar song)

values: Outline of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Marvel Cinematic Universe seasons

values: Category:TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Punisher_(season_2)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: Anexo:Segunda temporada de The Punisher – Spanish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Punisher_season_2 rootpage-The_Punisher_season_2 skin-vector action-view


text:
List of visionary tall buildings and structures
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For skyscrapers under construction, see List of tallest buildings in the world § Buildings under construction.
The X-Seed 4000 is one of the tallest structures ever conceived. Shown in this image is the Burj Khalifa (829.8 m (2,722 ft), tallest structure in the world at the time of completion in 2010, and the X-Seed 4000 project. (4,000 m (13,000 ft)
Contents
[hide]
1 Visionary structures
1.1 Structures
2 Abandoned proposals
3 See also
4 References
Visionary structures[edit]
This is a list of buildings and other structures that have been envisioned. A structure is said to be a 'vision' according to the Council on tall buildings and urban habitat.[1] The list does not include proposed or under construction buildings as these are listed at List of future tallest buildings
Structures[edit]
Name
Pinnacle height
Year of first proposal
Structure type
Main use
Country
Place
Year of projected completion
Description
Floors
The Space Elevator 100,000,000 m (62,000 mi) 1895 (science fiction) 2005 Massive space tether Space tourism, space exploration and space colonization Several undetermined undetermined An extraordinarily long cable, anchored on or near the equator, held up by the rotation of the Earth. N/A
The Launch loop 80,000 m (50 mi) 1981 Suspended Maglev Track Space tourism, space exploration and space colonization U.S. undetermined undetermined The Launch loop is a concept that has been proposed for the purposes of orbital launch.[2] N/A
Scaled-down Space Elevator 20,000 m (12 mi) 2009 Pneumatic tower Tourism, communications, wind generation and reduced cost space launch.[3] Canada undetermined undetermined A sub-orbital or mini version.[4] The structure would be free standing and actively guyed over its base.[3] N/A
StarTram Generation 2 20,000 m (12 mi) 2001 Suspended Maglev Track Space tourism, space exploration and space colonization U.S. undetermined undetermined The StarTram is a proposed concept for orbital launches. It has a long (1000–1500 km) vacuum tube, levitated via strong currents in superconducting cables. N/A
X-Seed 4000 4,000 m (13,000 ft) 1995 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail real-estate, as well as heavy industry Japan Tokyo undetermined The X-Seed 4000 is the tallest building ever fully envisioned. Its proposed 4,000 m (13,000 ft) height, 6 km (3.7 mi) wide sea-base, and 800-floor capacity could accommodate five hundred thousand to one million inhabitants. 800
Ultima Tower 3,218 m (10,558 ft) 1991 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real-estate U.S. San Francisco undetermined The Ultima Tower is a hypothetical super-tall skyscraper, designed by American architect Eugene Tsui in 1991. With a total height of 3,218 metres (10,558 ft), the tower would be 2 miles tall, and comprise 500 stories if built. 500
Dubai City Tower 2,400 m (7,900 ft) 2008 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real-estate United Arab Emirates Dubai undetermined The Dubai City Tower is a proposed 400-floor, 2,400 m (7,900 ft) tall building to be built in Dubai, consisting of six outer buildings entwining a central core. 400
Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid 2,004 m (6,575 ft) 1996 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real-estate Japan Tokyo undetermined The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan. The structure would be approximately 14 times higher than the Great Pyramid of Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth. N/A
The Dutch Mountain 2,000 m (6,600 ft) 2012 Artificial Mountain Tourism, leisure, commercial and wind generation The Netherlands Flevoland undetermined "De Nederlandse Berg", Dutch for "The Dutch Mountain" is a proposal for an artificial mountain by Thijs Zonneveld.[5][6][7] N/A
Millennium Challenge Tower 1,852 m (6,076 ft) 2005 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real-estate Kuwait (possibly) undetermined undetermined A super-tall skyscraper designed by architect Omero Marchetti as part of his proposed "ethic city" concept. The aims of the project are to reach a nautical mile in height while "not using concrete, orthogonal grids, traditional systems, mortars, [and] cranes."[8] If built, the tower would reach 1,852 metres (6,076 ft). N/A
Times Squared 3015 1,733 m (5,686 ft) 2015 Vertical City Mixed Use USA New York City Unknown Times Squared 3015 is a Vertical City envisioned in New York City. N/A
Sky Mile Tower 1,700 m (5,577 ft)[9] 2015 Skyscraper Residential Japan Tokyo 2045 Sky Mile Tower is the central hub of Next Japan, a visionary project that would serve as a combatant for climate change by serving as a dam and supplying water to its 55,000 residents. The complex and Sky Mile Tower's plans are being reviewed by Tokyo's administration as of 7 February 2016. 400
Xtopia N/A N/A N/A N/A China Shanghai undetermined Xtopia is a concept building for a 300-floor high-rise self-contained community. 300
Edison Tower (Frank Jendrusch Proposal) 1,310 m (4,300 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Mixed Use USA New York City 2030 Unknown Information 296
Bionic Tower 1,228 m (4,029 ft) 1997 Arcology Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real-estate China
Hong Kong Shanghai and Hong Kong have both expressed serious interest undetermined The Bionic Tower is a proposed vertical city, an extremely large building designed for human habitation, designed by architects Eloy Celaya, Mª Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez Pioz. It would have a main tower 1,228 m (4,029 ft) high, with 300 stories that would house about 100,000 people. 300
Azerbaijan Tower 1,050 m (3,440 ft) 2012 Commercial, Retail, and Leisure real-estate Azerbaijan Baku 2019 Azerbaijan Tower, 1,050 m (3,440 ft) tall, is a proposed building in Baku, Azerbaijan and is planned as part of the proposed "Khazar Islands" project.[10] 189
Murjan Tower 1,022 m (3,353 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Residential, commercial, and retail real-estate Bahrain Manama undetermined Murjan Tower, 1,022 m (3,353 ft) tall, is a Swedish company's proposal for a super-tall skyscraper in Bahrain. Designed by architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S, it is expected to comprise 200 floors.[11] 200
Mubarak al-Kabir Tower 1,001 m (3,284 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Residential, Commercial, and Retail real-estate Kuwait Madinat al-Hareer 2026 The Mubarak al-Kabir Tower, 1,001 m (3,284 ft) tall, in Madinat al-Hareer (City Of Silk), (Kuwait) by Eric Kuhne and Associates.[clarification needed] 234
Sky City 1000 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 1989 Arcology Residential, Commercial, Retail, and Leisure real-estate Japan Tokyo undetermined The Sky City 1000, 1,000 m (3,300 ft) tall, is an arcology project proposal aimed at helping put an end to major congestion and lack of greenspace in the Tokyo, Japan metropolitan area. The plan consists of a building 1,000 m (3,281 ft) tall and 400 m (1,312 ft) wide at the base, and a total floor area of 8 km² (3.1 sq mi). Drawn up by construction firm Takenaka for the city of Tokyo in 1989, its design was the first of the modern super-tall mega-structures to gain serious attention and consideration by any government. 196
Buenos Aires Forum 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Mixed Use Argentina Buenos Aires undetermined If built, it would be the tallest building in the world. As of 2015, no construction has been started. 200
Millennium Tower (Tokyo) 840 m (2,760 ft) 1989 Skyscraper Mixed Use Japan Tokyo 2030 A Skyscraper that is envisioned by Norman Foster. If built, it would be taller than the world's current tallest building, the Burj Khalifa. It would be located in the Tokyo Bay. 170
DIB-200 800 m (2,600 ft) 1993 Skyscraper Residential, Commercial, and Retail real-estate Japan Tokyo undetermined DIB-200, 800 m (2,600 ft) tall, is a possible mixed use supertall skyscraper project proposed by Kajima Construction, and designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe. 200
Iconic Tower 734 m (2,408 ft) 2015 Skyscraper Hotel, Commercial Bangladesh Dhaka undetermined Iconic Tower, 734 m (2,408 ft) tall, is a proposed supertall skyscraper planned for construction in Purbachal New Town, Dhaka, Bangladesh, which will be the tallest and most expensive building in the South Asian continent[12] 130
Dream Tower 665 m (2,182 ft) 2009 Skyscraper Commercial and retail real-estate South Korea Seoul undetermined Dream Tower, 665 m (2,182 ft) tall, is a proposed tower to be built in Seoul, South Korea; it will have 150 floors.[13] 150
Rama IX Super Tower 615 m (2,018 ft) 2014 skyscraper Mixed-use Thailand Bangkok 2021 N/A 125
Philippine Diamond Tower 612 m (2,008 ft) N/A Observation Tower Leisure, Observation, Broadcast Philippines Quezon City 2019 N/A Approx. 200
Port Tower 593.5 m (1,947 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Commercial, Retail, and Leisure real-estate Pakistan Karachi 2018 The Port Tower is a project approved for construction in Karachi, the financial capital of Pakistan. If completed, it would reach a height of 593 m (1,947 ft), representing the independence year of Pakistan (1947). 130
Al Noor Tower 540 m (1,770 ft) 2014 Skyscraper Mixed Use Morocco Tangier 2018 The Proposed Al Noor tower will become Africa's tallest building if completed. 114
GIFT Diamond Tower 410 m (1,350 ft) 2002 Skyscraper Commercial India Gandhinagar 2017 GIFT Diamond Tower is a skyscraper proposed for Gujarat International Finance Tec-City in Gandhinagar in the Indian state of Gujarat. The proposed height is 410 metres (1,345 ft) in height.[14] Diamond Tower and the core CBD of GIFT will comprise a total of 25,800,000 sq ft (2,400,000 m2). 87
Solar updraft tower 400–1,000 m (1,300–3,300 ft) 2001 Power-Plant Power generation Australia Buronga, New South Wales activity halted, fate unclear Solar updraft tower, Buronga, Australia, planned height between 400 m (1,300 ft) and 1,000 m (3,300 ft), state uncertain. N/A
Abandoned proposals[edit]
Name
Pinnacle height
Year of first proposal
Structure type
Main use
Country
City
Year of Projected Completion
Description
Houston Tower 2,092 m (6,864 ft) 1979 Skyscraper Residential, Commercial U.S. Houston Never begun The Houston Tower was an envisioned skyscraper that would have been nearly 1.3 miles (2.1 km) tall (6864 ft/2092 m) and taken up 16 city blocks in Houston.
Aeropolis 2001 2,000 m (6,600 ft) 1989 Arcology Residential, Commercial, Retail, and Leisure real-estate Japan Tokyo Never begun The Aeropolis 2001 was a proposed project for construction of a massive 500-story high-rise building over Tokyo Bay in Japan. It was proposed to be a 2,000 m (6,562 ft) high building.
The Illinois 1,609 m (5,279 ft) 1956 Skyscraper Commercial, Residential, and Leisure real-estate U.S. Chicago Never begun The Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609 m / 5280 ft) skyscraper in Chicago.
Phare du Monde 701 m (2,300 ft) 1934 Concrete observation tower Leisure and Retail real-estate France Paris 1937 (construction never begun) Phare du Monde, was a project for a 701 metre tall observation tower for the world exhibition in Paris, 1937. It was planned as a concrete tower similar to a modern TV tower, but also with a ramp for drive up access.
India Tower 700 m (2,300 ft) 2008 Skyscraper Retail, Residential, and Leisure real-estate India Mumbai 2016 (cancelled on October 16th, 2015) The tower was permanently cancelled on October 16th, 2015
Australian towers series various; (Grollo) 678 m (2,224 ft), (Brisbane Central) 450 m (1,480 ft), (Minuzzo) 450 m (1,480 ft), (CBD-1) 445 m (1,460 ft), (Melbourne Plaza) 338 m (1,109 ft), (City Tower) 305 m (1,001 ft), (Westralia) 287 m (942 ft) 1996 Skyscrapers Residential, Commercial, and Leisure real-estate Australia Melbourne, Brisbane Sydney, Perth 2004 (cancelled 1997) A series of super-tall sky-scrapers were planned for the major Australian cities of Melbourne, Brisbane, Sydney and Perth from 1985-95 but were all cancelled. The plans included (in order of height) the Grollo Tower (mentioned above), Brisbane Central Tower (450m/1476 ft, Brisbane), Minuzzo Tower (450m/1476 ft, Brisbane), CBD-1 (445m/1459 ft, Sydney), Melbourne Plaza (338m/1109 ft, Melbourne), City Tower (305m/1000 ft, Sydney) and the Westralia Tower (287m/941 ft, Perth). The buildings would have been some of the tallest buildings in the world at the time, but were cancelled mainly due to their great heights which would have dwarfed all surrounding buildings.
Grollo Tower 678 m (2,224 ft) 1997 Skyscraper Residential, Commercial, and Leisure real-estate Australia Melbourne 2004 (cancelled 2001) Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct due to disagreements over who would pay for infrastructure improvements. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560 m (1837 ft) tall, down from the originally planned 678 m (2,224 ft) height.
PAGCOR Tower 665 m (2,182 ft) 2008 Observation tower Leisure and Observation facilities Philippines Manila Cancelled in 2010 Originally part of the plans for the PAGCOR Entertainment City, the project was scrapped due to various reasons including air traffic regulations due to close proximity to the Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Warsaw Radio Mast 646 m (2,119 ft) Original in 1968, Replacement in 1992 Guyed mast VHF-UHF transmission Poland Warsaw 1997 (cancelled 1995) Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed 646 m (2,119 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289 m was built as a replacement in 1998-99 at Solec Kujawski.
7 South Dearborn 610 m (2,000 ft) 1999 Skyscraper Residential, Commercial, and Retail real-estate as well as communications facilities U.S. Chicago 2004 (cancelled in 2000 due to lack of funding) 7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be 610 m (2,001 ft).
1 Dubai 600 m (2,000 ft) 2006 Skyscraper Unknown U.A.E Dubai 2010 (cancelled in 2009) 1 Dubai is a proposal in Dubai to planned to be completed, but in 2009, it was cancelled.
Chicago Spire 610 m (2,000 ft) 2005 Skyscraper Residential real-estate U.S. Chicago 2010 (cancelled 2008) The Chicago Spire designed by Santiago Calatrava was intended to be the tallest building in the western hemisphere as well as the tallest residential building in the world. It was abandoned in 2008 due to financial problems. As of March 11, 2014, as long as the project is funded, it assumed to resume construction.
Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle 610 m (2,000 ft) 1988 Skyscraper Commercial, and Residential real-estate U.S. Chicago 1994 (cancelled 1992) The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be 610 m (2,001 ft)[15] tall in 1988.
International Business Center 580 m (1,900 ft) 2007 Skyscraper Commercial real-estate South Korea Seoul 2013 (cancelled 2008) International Business Center was a proposed skyscraper to be constructed in Seoul, South Korea for a height of 580 m (1,900 ft), it was to have 130 floors planned to be completed in 2013.
Grant U.S. Tower 533.4 m (1,750 ft) 1970 Skyscraper Commercial, Retail, and Leisure real-estate U.S. Newark, New Jersey 1986 (cancelled 1986) The Grant U.S. Tower was planned by developer Harry Grant, who started New York Apple Tours. The building was to be completed in 1986 in Newark, New Jersey and to be the tallest hotel, tallest building and tallest structure. Harry Grant went bankrupt and the building never broke ground.[16]
Eaton's / John Maryon Tower 503 m (1,650 ft) 1971 Skyscraper Commercial, and Leisure real-estate Canada Toronto 1976 (cancelled 1972) Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned 503 m (1,650 ft) (686m to spire) tall building in Toronto in 1971.
Dragon Tower 500 m (1,600 ft) 1996 Skyscraper Residential, Commercial, Retail, and Leisure real-estate Indonesia Jakarta 2002 (cancelled 1998) The 500 m tall, 101 story, Dragon Tower in Jakarta, Indonesia was cancelled in 1998 due to the Asian financial crisis.
Kaisa Feng Long Center 500 m (1,600 ft) 2011 Skyscraper Hotel / Office China Shenzhen 2012 (cancelled 2011)
Psary, Poland broadcast tower 440 m (1,440 ft) 2009 Reinforced concrete and steal television tower DVB-T signal transmission Poland Psary, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship undetermined At Bodzentyn, Poland a 440 metres tall tower is proposed for distributing DVB-T signals from the satellite station to TV broadcasting sites.[17] It will be, if built, the tallest man-made structure in Europe outside Russia.
Palace of Soviets 415 m (1,362 ft) 1932 Skyscraper Bureaucratic administrative center and conference hall U.S.S.R. Moscow 1947 (cancelled 1942) The Palace of Soviets in Moscow, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before being razed in 1995.
The Monument to the Third International 400 m (1,300 ft) 1919 Grand Monument Conference Hall, Bureaucratic administrative center, Information administrative center U.S.S.R. Moscow None given During the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named The Monument to the Third International, which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of 400 m (1,312 ft), which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but time & resource shortages as well as the social upheavals that resulted from the Russian Civil War, economic mismanagement, and political repressions halted the project.
Millennium Freedom Tower 376.8 m (1,236 ft) 1998 Observation Tower Leisure and Observation facilities U.S. Newport, Kentucky 2000 (above ground construction never begun) The Millennium Freedom Tower was a project to be located in Newport, Kentucky, United States was originally proposed in 1998 to be dedicated on Dec 31, 1999. The original height was a proposed 1,234 feet (376 m) and was later lowered to 1,103 ft (306 m). Pilings were driven in 1998, but construction never continued above ground.[18]
Watkin's Tower 358 m (1,175 ft) 1890 Iron latticed observation tower Leisure and Retail real-estate U.K. Wembley 1894 (construction halted 1896) Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by 50 m (164 ft), but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land and insufficient funds. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
Scandinavian Tower 325 m (1,066 ft) 1997 Skyscraper Residential Sweden Malmö 2004 The Scandinavian Tower was intended to be been the tallest skyscraper in Europe.[19] It was abandoned in 2004 in favor of Malmö Tower.
World Science Tower N/A 1964 Guyed mast Leisure facilities U.S. Larkspur, Colorado N/A The World Science Tower was going to be one of the world's tallest buildings, proposed in 1964. It was to be located near Larkspur, Colorado, U.S.A. Its design would have had an amusement park at the base.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
See also[edit]
List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
List of cities with the most skyscrapers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 2017-11-13.
Jump up ^ PDF version of Lofstrom's 1985 launch loop publication (AIAA 1985) Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "A free-standing space elevator structure: a practical alternative to the space tether". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Mini Space Elevator Paper Available - The Space Elevator Reference". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Die Berg Komt Er - Wie zijn wij". diebergkomter.nl. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pruned: A Mountain for the Netherlands". pruned.blogspot.nl. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Die Berg Komt Er - Over de berg". diebergkomter.nl. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 8 Skyscrapers That Will Push the Limits of Design". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Mafi, Nick (3 February 2016). "This Is What Tokyo Will Look Like in 2045—Including Its Mile-High Skyscraper". Architectural Diges. Condé Nast. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "World's Tallest Building May Be In Azerbaijan". Huffington Post. February 3, 2012. Missing or empty |url= (help)[1]
Jump up ^ "Murjan Tower 1, Manama". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Asif Showkat Kallol. "Govt to float tender for Iconic Tower construction". dhakatribune.com. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "KORAIL Tower, Seoul, South Korea | Emporis.com". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sky-high plans - Money Matters - livemint.com". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle, Chicago". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Grant U.S. Tower, Newark / Emporis.com". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kielce: Najwyższa w Polsce budowla powstanie w Górach Świętokrzyskich! Wieża będzie miała 440 metrów wysokości i na stałe zmieni krajobraz - 20 lipca 2010". 20 July 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Emporis Buildings accessed February 21, 2008". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Scandinavian Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
[show]
v
t
e
Proposed supertall skyscrapers
Proposed/
under construction
1 Park Lane
15 Penn Plaza
151 Incheon Tower
3 Hudson Boulevard
4/C
50 Hudson Yards
80 South Street
Airlangga Residences
Akhmat Tower
Al Rajhi Tower
Aspire Parramatta
Azerbaijan Tower
Buenos Aires Forum
Crystal Island
Digital Media City Landmark Building
Dream Tower
Dubai Beachfront Hotel
Dynamic Tower
EP 07 Tower
Frankfurt Millennium Tower
Gateway Tower
Gezhouba International Plaza
GIFT Diamond Tower
Gujarat International Finance Tec-City
Hermitage Plaza
Hudson Place Towers I
Hyundai Global Business Center
Iconic Tower
India International Trade Center
Krrish Square
Lopez Center
Mubarak al-Kabir Tower
Manhattan West Tower I
Murjan Tower
East Office Tower
Ocean 1 Tower
One Bayfront Plaza
One Galleon Place
One Queensbridge
One Vanderbilt
P-17
Phoenix Towers
Karachi Port Tower
PVN Tower
Saigon Centre Tower 2
Shenyang International Finance Center
Signature Tower Jakarta
Signature Towers
Sky City
Suyong Bay Tower
The Illinois
The Imperial 3
The Tower at Dubai Creek Harbour
The Wave Tower
Torre Planetarium
Tower Infinity
Tower Verre
Tradewinds Square
Wanda Vista
Warisan Merdeka
Wuhan CTF Centre
Cancelled
1 Dubai
1 New York Place
1 Park Avenue
7 South Dearborn
Ameritrust Tower
American Commerce Center
Anara Tower
Bank of the Southwest Tower
BDNI Center 1
Bin Manana Twin Towers (Lam Tara) Towers
Center City Tower
City Hall and City Duma
Chicago Spire
Chicago World Trade Center
Crown Las Vegas
Dubai Towers Dubai
Dubai Towers Istanbul
Eaton's / John Maryon Tower
Faros del Panamá
Grant USA Tower
Grollo Tower
Hotel Attraction
Houston Tower
Hudson Spire
Ice Tower
International Business Center
Larkin Building
London Millennium Tower
Lotte World II Hotel
Madison Square Garden Towers I & II
Meraas Tower
Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle
Najd Tower
Nakheel Tower
Old Chicago Main Post Office Redevelopment
Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers
Palace of the Soviets
Palacio de la Bahia
Park Square Tower
Russia Tower
Sapphire Tower
Signature Tower
South Ferry Plaza
Television City Tower
Tianlong Hotel
Torre Generali
Torre Bicentenario
Torre Bicentenario II
Tour Generali
Tour Sans Fins
Tour Signal
Trans National Place
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Residence Tower
World Product Center
Xujiahui Tower
Never realized
Aeropolis 2001
Bionic Tower
Citygate Ecotower
DIB-200
Dubai City Tower
Empire World Towers
Kostabi World Trade Center
Millennium Tower, Tokyo
PAGCOR Tower
Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid
Sky City 1000
Sky Mile Tower
Tatlin's Tower
Twin Towers 2
Ultima Tower
Vortex Tower
X-Seed 4000
Xtopia
Supertall skyscrapers
List of tallest buildings in the world
Arcology
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_visionary_tall_buildings_and_structures&oldid=810153906"
Categories:
Lists of tallest buildings
Megastructures
Proposed skyscrapers
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using web citations with no URL
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012
Incomplete lists from December 2008
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Magyar
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 November 2017, at 17:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Space_Elevator
mw-redirect
Space Elevator

values:
/wiki/Maglev_(transport)
mw-redirect
Maglev (transport)

values:
/wiki/Orbital_launch
mw-redirect
Orbital launch

values: Edison Tower (Frank Jendrusch Proposal) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mubarak_al-Kabir_Tower
mw-redirect
Mubarak al-Kabir Tower

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Forum
mw-redirect
Buenos Aires Forum

values:
/wiki/Kajima_Construction
mw-redirect
Kajima Construction

values:
/wiki/Purbachal_Convention_Center
mw-redirect
Purbachal Convention Center

values:
/wiki/Houston,_Texas
mw-redirect
Houston, Texas

values:
/wiki/Paris,_France
mw-redirect
Paris, France

values:
/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia
mw-redirect
Perth, Western Australia

values:
/wiki/Brisbane_Central
mw-redirect
Brisbane Central

values:
/wiki/Warsaw_Radio_Mast
mw-redirect
Warsaw Radio Mast

values:
/wiki/Palace_of_Soviets
mw-redirect
Palace of Soviets

values:
/wiki/Tatlin_Tower
mw-redirect
Tatlin Tower

values:
/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921
mw-redirect
Russian famine of 1921

values:
/wiki/Scandinavian_Tower
mw-redirect
Scandinavian Tower

values:
/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Tower
mw-redirect
Malmö Tower

values: List of cities with the most skyscrapers

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Supertall proposed skyscrapers

values:
/wiki/151_Incheon_Tower
mw-redirect
151 Incheon Tower

values: Dubai Beachfront Hotel (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Hudson_Place_(Manhattan)
mw-redirect
Hudson Place (Manhattan)

values:
/wiki/Iconic_Tower
mw-redirect
Iconic Tower

values:
/wiki/Signature_Tower_Jakarta
mw-redirect
Signature Tower Jakarta

values:
/wiki/The_Tower_at_Dubai_Creek_Harbour
mw-redirect
The Tower at Dubai Creek Harbour

values:
/wiki/Tower_Verre
mw-redirect
Tower Verre

values:
/wiki/Wanda_Vista
mw-redirect
Wanda Vista

values:
/wiki/Warisan_Merdeka
mw-redirect
Warisan Merdeka

values:
/wiki/Hudson_Spire
mw-redirect
Hudson Spire

values:
/wiki/Millennium_Tower_(London)
mw-redirect
Millennium Tower (London)

values: Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers

values:
/wiki/Television_City_Tower
mw-redirect
Television City Tower

values: Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and Residence Tower

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012

values: Category:Incomplete lists from December 2008

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Tervezett magas épületek és építmények – Hungarian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_visionary_tall_buildings_and_structures rootpage-List_of_visionary_tall_buildings_and_structures vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view