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The Governor (The Walking Dead)
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The Walking Dead character
The Governor
The Walking Dead character
The Governor, as portrayed by David Morrissey in the television series (left) and in the comic book series (right).
First appearance
Comic:
"Issue #27" (2006)
Television:
"Walk with Me" (2012)
Last appearance
Comic:
"Issue #72" (2010)
Television:
"What Happened and What's Going On" (2015)
Created by
Robert Kirkman
Charlie Adlard
Cliff Rathburn
Portrayed by
David Morrissey
Information
Occupation
Leader of Woodbury, Georgia
Family
Comic and Novels:
Ed Blake (father)
Rose Blake (mother)
Bud Blake (uncle)
Nina Blake (sister)
Philip Blake (brother)
In Both Mediums:
Penny Blake (niece in novels, daughter in TV series)
Significant other(s)
Television:
Mrs. Blake
Andrea
Lilly Chambler
The Governor (real name Philip Blake in the TV series, and Brian Blake in the comics and novels) is a fictional character and a primary antagonist from The Walking Dead comic book and television series. On television, he is portrayed by David Morrissey. Created by Robert Kirkman and artists Charlie Adlard and Cliff Rathburn, the character made his comics debut in The Walking Dead #27 on April 2006 and his television debut in season 3. In both series, The Governor is the ruthless, charismatic leader of the town of Woodbury, Georgia who comes into conflict with protagonist Rick Grimes and is responsible for the deaths of several primary characters. The Governor's origins are explored in the novel The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor, written by Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga.
In the television series, The Governor's disturbing motives are reflected in his authoritarian ways in dealing with threats to his community, primarily by executing most large groups and only accepting lone survivors into his community. His dark nature escalates when he comes into conflict with Rick Grimes and the latter's group, who are occupying the nearby prison. The Governor vows to eliminate the prison group, and in that pursuit, he leaves several key characters dead both in Rick's group and his own. The Governor has a romantic relationship with Andrea, who unsuccessfully seeks to broker a truce between the two groups. In season 4, The Governor attempts to redeem himself upon meeting a new family, to whom he introduces himself as Brian Heriot. However, he commits several brutal acts to ensure the family's survival. This leads to more characters' deaths and forces Rick and his group to abandon the prison.
In 2009, the Governor was ranked as IGN's 86th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time[1] and was ranked #28 on TV Guide's list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. For his performance as the Governor, Morrissey was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards.
Contents
1 Appearances
1.1 Fictional character biography
1.1.1 Comic book series
1.1.2 Television series
1.2 Personality
1.3 Appearances in the television series
1.3.1 Season 3
1.3.2 Season 4
1.3.3 Season 5
2 Casting and development
3 Reception
4 References
Appearances[edit]
Fictional character biography[edit]
Comic book series[edit]
Aside from simply "The Governor," the character's name appeared to be Philip Blake; however, with the release of the novel The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor, it was revealed that his actual name was Brian Blake, and Philip was revealed to be his deceased brother.[2]
When the dead began to rise, Brian and Philip gathered a small group, which included Brian's niece Penny, and the group were constantly on the run when unsecured locations were breached; the planned community called the Wiltshire Estates, where Rick's group coincidentally stayed, was one of these. Eventually, Brian's group came upon Woodbury, Georgia, a ravaged town being led by a group of National Guardsmen under Major Gene Gavin, who used fear to assert his authority. After becoming the last of his group, Brian rallied the townspeople against Gavin and the Guardsmen and afterward declared himself "Governor" of the four blocks making up the settlement. Initially appearing to be a fair and strong leader, he became increasingly more ruthless and power-hungry. He kept the zombified Penny tied up in his apartment, feeding her severed body parts of those who displeased him.[3]
The Governor, as depicted in the comic book series.
Following Woodbury's capture and the murder of stranded refugees from Atlanta, The Governor is met by Rick Grimes, when Grimes' band of survivors explores the town.[4] After initially acting hospitable, The Governor turns on the group.[5] Attempting to find the location of Rick's prison refuge in order to collect supplies for Woodbury, The Governor proceeds to cut off Rick's hand, torture Glenn, and rape and torture Michonne.[6] To learn the location of the prison, the Governor allows the survivors to escape the premises with the help of one of his guards, Caesar Martinez.[volume & issue needed] However, Michonne stays behind and finds her way to The Governor's apartment, where she brutally tortures him, severing his right arm, fingernails, penis, and left eye.[7] When Michonne rejoins the group and they ask her if The Governor is still alive, Michonne is uncertain.[7] The Governor survives with the help of Bob Stookey, a citizen who had medical experience, and is eventually able to find the prison.[7] The Governor uses Rick's murder of Martinez to rally Woodbury's townspeople against the prison's inhabitants.[8] Things do not go according to plan, however, as Rick's group puts up a tenacious defense that forces Woodbury's humiliating retreat.[volume & issue needed] After a failed attempt to gain his way into the prison, by using Tyreese as a hostage and subsequently decapitating him with Michonne's katana, The Governor crushes the fences with a tank.[volume & issue needed] A bloody massacre ensues, leading to a high death toll and ultimately making the prison less secure and less habitable.[volume & issue needed]
Tensions steadily rise within The Governor's group, as their remaining ammunition is limited, and a handful of Woodbury residents' moral consciences come into play, especially regarding the killing of defenseless or young members of the prison group.[volume & issue needed] Both factors lead to the remnants of The Governor's army turning on him, and to Lilly's killing him, throwing his corpse to the zombies, and making a last-ditch attempt to fortify the prison.[9]
Television series[edit]
Before the outbreak, Philip and Brian Blake were raised by an abusive father. As an adult, Philip worked an office job with a boss he didn't get along with, was married, and had a daughter named Penny. Eighteen months before the outbreak, Philip lost his wife in a car accident. During the early days of the outbreak, Philip and Penny survived and found a community in Woodbury. Penny was bitten, however, and turned into a zombie. Unable to accept her death, Philip locked her up in a private room in his office. When the community was leaderless, they picked Philip to lead and began calling him "The Governor", a nickname which stuck. Determined not to lose the community, he executed any outsider groups he saw as a threat. He allowed some smaller groups to move into Woodbury if he deemed them to be an asset and not a threat to his leadership, but still took precautions and had them monitored by his lieutenants until he deemed them trustworthy. At some point during the first and second season The Governor encounters a dying Merle Dixon, whom The Governor enlisted, along with Caesar Martinez and Milton Mamet, as his lieutenant and advisers. He also tasks Milton, a scientist, with researching a means to reverse the virus in the hopes of saving Penny. The Governor was also known to have had affairs with many of the Woodbury women.
Personality[edit]
The Governor is charming and charismatic, but also murderous, violent, sociopathic, power-hungry, completely sadistic, and horrifically ruthless. He sees himself as the community's only hope for survival, and is thus willing to imprison, abuse and/or kill anyone he sees as a threat to his authority; for him, torture and mass murder are a means to an end. One example of this is when he and his men massacre a group of National Guardsmen, take their supplies. Later, he is proven to be completely cruel, heartless, and aggressive, willingly decapitating Hershel Greene with not even a single shred of remorse or mercy, even when Rick offers to make peace between the two factions, and ordering his men to kill Rick and his survivor group after mercilessly killing a little girl when she was bitten by a walker and dying.
Appearances in the television series[edit]
Season 3[edit]
The Governor first appears in "Walk with Me", season 3, episode 3, having forcibly taken Andrea and Michonne from the woods after Merle discovers them near a downed military helicopter. Woodbury, under The Governor's rule, is a functioning community that even bears some resemblance to the world before the virus struck. The townspeople are unaware that the Governor and his men massacred a platoon of National Guardsmen to get their supplies. In the episode "Killer Within", The Governor befriends Andrea, and he reveals some of his past to her, including his real name. In the episode "Say the Word", it is shown that The Governor has a zombified daughter named Penny, whom he keeps hidden, feeds body parts to, and grooms affectionately while playing the lullaby "Bye, baby Bunting". The Governor allows Michonne to leave town, but she is unable to convince Andrea to leave with her. The Governor leads Andrea to a gathering for the townsfolk: a sparring match between Merle and Martinez surrounded by chained, toothless walkers. The spectacle shocks Andrea, who describes it as "barbaric", but the Governor insists it is "fun", and it teaches the residents to not be afraid. In the episode "Hounded", the Governor and Andrea begin a sexual relationship.
He sends Merle to find and kill Michonne, and although Merle fails to kill her, he returns with two captives, Glenn Rhee and Maggie Greene. In the episode "When the Dead Come Knocking", the Governor interrogates Maggie and eventually sexually assaults her, and leaves Glenn to be brutalized by Merle. When he threatens to shoot Glenn, Maggie gives The Governor the information about the prison and their group. In the mid-season finale "Made to Suffer", during Rick Grimes' foray into Woodbury to rescue Glenn and Maggie, Michonne kills Penny. Enraged, the Governor attacks Michonne, and in self-defense she stabs him in the hand and the right eye with a glass shard. The Governor calls a town meeting, where he claims the town has been attacked by terrorists brought by Merle, and he brings forth Merle's brother Daryl Dixon in chains. The Governor orders them to fight to the death, and the town calls for their blood as a way to force the two brothers to fight each other.
In the mid-season premiere "The Suicide King", the fight between Merle and Daryl is broken up when the prison group attacks, allowing the brothers to escape. The Governor withdraws to his apartment, and the town is in a state of unrest after the attack. Andrea confronts him about her friends' presence in town, and then goes out to calm and inspire the townspeople. In the episode "Home", The Governor asks Milton Mamet where his loyalties lie, and asks him to keep tabs on Andrea. The Governor and his men then attack the prison; Rick Grimes' group runs for cover, and gunfire erupts on both sides. When a herd of walkers charge through town, the Governor gleefully sprays machine gun fire in the air and then drives off as the survivors struggle with the walkers.
In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", the Governor proceeds to rally Woodbury against the prison survivors, labeling them terrorists and raiders. Andrea wants to leave to negotiate peace with the prison group, but the Governor discourages her, implying that she will not be welcomed back if she leaves. When Milton tells the Governor that Andrea asked him to help her sneak out, the Governor tells him to go with her. The Governor welcomes Tyreese, Sasha, Allen, and Ben to Woodbury, after Rick kicked them out of the prison. Andrea returns to Woodbury and warily resumes her place at the Governor's side. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", encouraged by Andrea, the Governor meets with Rick in a secluded grain silo to offer him peace in exchange for turning over Michonne, giving him two days to think about it. The Governor returns to Woodbury and secretly orders Martinez to set an ambush at the barn, to kill all of Rick's group and bring Michonne to Woodbury so The Governor can torture her. In the episode "Prey", Andrea flees for the prison, and the Governor hunts her down personally, bringing her back to Woodbury and strapping her in the dentist's chair that he meant to use on Michonne. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle kidnaps Michonne at Rick's suggestion to turn her over to the Governor, but lets her go and instead lures walkers to the Governor's meeting place to ambush the Woodbury army. Then, the Governor maims, shoots, and kills Merle, leaving his body to reanimate as a walker, which Daryl later kills, out of pure anger, remorse, and pain.
In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", the Governor brutally beats Milton up after learning that he burned the walkers that the Governor had been corralling; he then orders him to kill Andrea. Milton tries in vain to kill the Governor, but the Governor stabs him and locks him in with Andrea, so that Milton will reanimate and kill Andrea. The Governor then leads his army into the prison to kill Rick's entire group, but Tyreese and Sasha wants nothing to do with it, and stay behind at Woodbury. Rick and the others have set a trap at the prison, expecting the Woodbury army's arrival. Ambushed and outgunned by Maggie and Glenn, the Governor's army flees the prison in terror. The Governor stops the fast-fleeing convoy, and, in response to their protests against returning to the prison, he opens fire and slaughters them all, sparing only Martinez and Shumpert, his two primary henchmen. Only Karen escapes his rampage (by playing dead under a corpse). The Governor, Martinez, and Shumpert are last seen driving off as Rick and Tyreese bring everyone from Woodbury to the prison, and leave Woodbury to be overrun.
Season 4[edit]
"Live Bait" reveals that, just after massacring his own people, the Governor sets up camp with Martinez and Shumpert. Martinez and Shumpert abandon him after he does nothing to protect himself from a walker, believing him to have lost his nerve. The next day the Governor drives back to Woodbury, which is overrun with walkers, and burns down the entire town. After several months alone, intentionally trying to let the walkers kill him, he finally collapses on the street. He looks up to see a young girl, about the same age as Penny, in the window of a nearby apartment building; he pulls himself back to his feet and investigates. He finds the Chambler family residing inside, consisting of sisters Lilly and Tara, their father David, and Lilly's daughter Meghan. Lilly and Tara initially hold the Governor at gunpoint, but they later confiscate his pistol and allow him to stay in an apartment across the hallway. After hearing about how the Governor has survived the last few months, they ask him his name. He tells them that it is "Brian Heriot", a name he saw painted on the side of a barn while staggering aimlessly through the countryside. He runs some errands for the family, and risks his life to get David two oxygen tanks from a walker-infested nursing home. When David dies and reanimates, the Governor saves the rest of the family by bashing in David's head with one of the oxygen tanks. After he buries David, he burns his photo of his wife and Penny. That night, he goes to the Chamblers to say goodbye, but Lilly insists that he stay. He and Lilly become lovers, and he saves Meghan when she falls into a pit of walkers, killing them with his bare hands. Moments later, he encounters Martinez and his group.
In the episode "Dead Weight", Martinez takes in the Governor, accepting his new facade as "Brian", and the girls and lets them join their camp. Among the camp are brothers Pete and Mitch Dolgen, who have a working tank. When it becomes clear that Martinez may not be able to keep them safe, the Governor kills him by throwing him into a pit of walkers. Pete takes command, but the Governor later kills him as well after he displays an inability to kill a group of other survivors to take their belongings. The Governor plans to rally the camp and use the tank in a second attack on the prison.
In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", the Governor encounters Michonne and Hershel Greene, and takes them hostage, intending to use them as leverage over Rick. The Governor then rallies the camp to take over the prison. Upon arriving at the prison with his army and tank, the Governor tells Rick that he is going to give their group a chance to leave without anyone getting killed. Rick says that they can co-exist peacefully, but the Governor calls him a liar and beheads Hershel. During the ensuing gunfight, Lilly arrives in time to see him murder Hershel. She is carrying Meghan, who has been bitten by a walker. He dispassionately shoots Meghan to prevent her from becoming a walker before ordering his people to kill everyone in the prison. The Governor uses the tank to roll over the fences and goes into the fight himself, only to be tackled by Rick. The two of them fight, and the Governor eventually pins Rick and brutally beats him before beginning to choke him to death. At that moment, Michonne stabs the Governor and leaves him to die. Lilly then shoots him in the head, killing him.
Season 5[edit]
In the mid-season premiere "What Happened and What's Going On", the Governor appears, along with Beth Greene, Bob Stookey, Martin, and Lizzie and Mika Samuels, during Tyreese's hallucinations after Tyreese is bitten by a walker. While Beth, Bob, and the girls comfort Tyreese, the Governor taunts him about his past actions and inability to do what is "necessary". The Governor, especially, criticizes Tyreese's choices, particularly in forgiving Carol for murdering Karen. The Governor reminds Tyreese that he promised to do what it took to earn his keep, but he failed to adapt. However, Tyreese stands up and confronts him. However The Governor "pushes" Tyreese to the ground while still pressing his point. Tyreese ultimately dies in peace, and the vision of the Governor fades away.
Casting and development[edit]
On television, the character is portrayed by British actor David Morrissey. Glen Mazzara, when asked about the character's direction for season 3 of the show, described The Governor as a narcissist, who sees himself as the future savior of civilization and is willing to resort to the most extreme of measures to achieve his ultimate goal.[10]
Despite making few appearances, The Governor's daughter, Penny, plays a key role in his mentality and actions. He secretly cares for the undead Penny in his apartment, as revealed in the episode "Say the Word", brushing her hair and singing to her, and tells Michonne that she does not need to suffer, implying that he believes Penny is still alive and is "under the grip of a terrible, terrible illness".[11]
The Governor's eye patch in the television series was placed on the opposite side from that of his comic book counterpart.
Reception[edit]
In 2009, the Governor was ranked as IGN's 86th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time[1] and was ranked #28 on TV Guide's list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. David Morrissey has been well received for his performance as the Governor, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 100 Comic Book Villains". IGN. San Francisco, California: j2 Global. March 4, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kirkman, Robert; Bonansinga, Jay (2012). The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor. New York City: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-1250008398.
Jump up ^ *Kirkman, Robert (w), Adlard, Charlie (p), Rathburn, Cliff (i). "This Sorrowful Life" The Walking Dead v6, 32 (November 26, 2006), Berkeley, California: Image Comics
Jump up ^ Kirkman, Robert (w), Adlard, Charlie (p), Adlard, Charlie (inker, cover), Cliff Rathburn (gray tones, cover colors, back cover) (i), Wooton, Rus (let). "The Best Defense" The Walking Dead v5, 27: [22] (April 15, 2006), Berkeley, California: Image Comics
Jump up ^ Kirkman, Robert (w), Adlard, Charlie (p), Adlard, Charlie (inker, cover), Cliff Rathburn (gray tones, cover colors, back cover) (i), Wooton, Rus (let). "The Best Defense" The Walking Dead v5, 28 (June 15, 2006), Berkeley, California: Image Comics
Jump up ^ Kirkman, Robert (w), Adlard, Charlie (p), Adlard, Charlie (inker, cover), Cliff Rathburn (gray tones, cover colors, back cover) (i), Wooton, Rus (let). "The Best Defense" The Walking Dead v5, 29: [22] (June 2006), 1942 University Avenue, Suite 305, Berkeley, CA 94704: Image Comics
^ Jump up to: a b c Kirkman, Robert (w), Adlard, Charlie (p), Adlard, Charlie (inker, cover), Cliff Rathburn (gray tones, cover colors, back cover) (i), Wooton, Rus (let). "This Sorrowful Life" The Walking Dead v6, 33 (December 2006), Berkeley, California: Image Comics
Jump up ^ Kirkman, Robert (w), Adlard, Charlie (p), Adlard, Charlie (inker, cover), Cliff Rathburn (gray tones, cover colors, back cover) (i), Wooton, Rus (let). "Made To Suffer" The Walking Dead v8, 43: [26] (October 24, 2007), Berkeley, California: Image Comics
Jump up ^ Kirkman, Robert (w), Adlard, Charlie (p), Adlard, Charlie (inker, cover), Cliff Rathburn (gray tones, cover colors) (i), Wooton, Rus (let). "Made To Suffer" The Walking Dead v8, 48 (April 2, 2008), Berkeley, California: Image Comics
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin (July 17, 2012). "'The Walking Dead' Season 3's Governor to be 'Sexy?'". Screen Crush.
Jump up ^ Inside Episode 308 The Walking Dead: Made to Suffer The Walking Dead (December 2, 2012)
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Trypticase soy agar
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Trypticase soy agar[1] or tryptone soya agar (TSA) and Trypticase soy broth[2] or tryptone soya broth (TSB) with agar are growth media for the culturing of bacteria. They are general-purpose, nonselective media providing enough nutrients to allow for a wide variety of microorganisms to grow.[3][4][5] They are used for a wide range of applications, including culture storage, enumeration (counting), isolation of pure cultures, or simply general culture.
TSA contains enzymatic digests of casein and soybean meal, which provide amino acids and other nitrogenous substances, making it a nutritious medium for a variety of organisms. Glucose is the energy source. Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic equilibrium, while dipotassium phosphate acts as buffer to maintain pH. Agar extracted from any number of organisms is used as a gelling agent.
The medium may be supplemented with blood to facilitate the growth of more fastidious bacteria or antimicrobial agents to permit the selection of various microbial groups from pure microbiota. As with any media, minor changes may be made to suit specific circumstances. TSA is frequently the base medium of other agar plate types. For example, blood agar plates (BAP) are made by enriching TSA plates with defibrinated sheep blood, and chocolate agar is made through additional cooking of BAP. Nutrient agar is also similar to TSA. One liter of the agar contains:[6]
15 g tryptone
5 g soytone – enzymatic digest of soybean meal
5 g sodium chloride
15 g agar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Trypticase soy agar
Jump up ^ Trypticase soy broth
Jump up ^ "Sigma aldrich nonselective media".
Jump up ^ "Highlands Nonselective Media".
Jump up ^ "LSU Nonselective Media".
Jump up ^ Japanese Government, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2009, September 30) The Japanese Pharmacopeia 15th Edition Supplement 2. Ministerial Notification No. 425, p. 20
References[edit]
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-02/951527342.Mi.r.html
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/labs/rome/selectivedifferential.htm
http://spot.pcc.edu/~jvolpe/b/bi234/lab/differentialMedia/selectiveDifferentialMedia.htm
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical-chromatography/microbiology/microbiology-products.html?TablePage=18176518
hide
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Growth media / agar plates
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Actinobacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Middlebrook 7H10 Agar
Middlebrook 7H11 Agar
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Eaton's agar
Firmicutes
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Hoyle's agar
Enterococcus
Bile esculin agar
Lactobacillus
MRS agar
Lactococcus
M17 agar
Staphylococcus
Mannitol salt agar
Gram negative
Alphaproteobacteria
Brucella
Brucella agar
Farrell's medium
Betaproteobacteria
Neisseria
Thayer-Martin agar
Gammaproteobacteria
Bordetella
Bordet-Gengou agar
Enterobacteriaceae
VRBD agar
Haemophilus influenzae/Legionella pneumophila
Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Cetrimide agar
Salmonella
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Salmonella/Shigella
XLD agar
Differential media
Lactose fermenting gram negative
MacConkey agar/Sorbitol-MacConkey agar
Eosin methylene blue
Hektoen enteric agar
sulfur
Bismuth sulfite agar
Fungal media
Czapek medium
Dermatophyte test medium
Potato dextrose agar
Sabouraud agar
Nonselective media
Chocolate agar
Nutrient agar
Plate count agar
Other/ungrouped media
Cystine–lactose–electrolyte-deficient agar
Cystine tryptic agar
Endo agar
Lysine iron agar
Müller-Hinton agar/PNP agar
R2a agar
Simmons' citrate agar
Trypticase soy agar
Tryptic soy broth
TSI slant

This microbiology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
2017 Celebration Bowl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2017 Celebration Bowl
Grambling State Tigers North Carolina A&T Aggies
(11–2) (12–0)
14 21
Head coach:
Broderick Fobbs Head coach:
Rod Broadway
1
2
3
4
Total
Grambling State 0 7 0 7 14
North Carolina A&T 0 7 7 7 21
Date
December 16, 2017
Season
2017
Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Location
Atlanta, Georgia
MVP
Offense: #22 RB Marquell Cartwright, NC A&T
Defense: #29 CB Franklin "Mac" McCain III, NC A&T
Favorite
North Carolina A&T (by 9.5 pts)
National anthem
Jekalyn Carr
Referee
Jay Edwards (C-USA)
Halftime show
Blue and Gold Marching Machine
GSU Tiger Marching Band
Attendance
25,873[1]
Payout
US$1,000,000 (Per Conference)
United States TV coverage
Network
ABC
RedVoice, LLC
Announcers
Mark Neely, Jay Walker, & Tiffany Greene (ABC)
Sam Crenshaw, Randy McMichael, & Lericia Harris (RedVoice)
Nielsen ratings
1.59 (Viewers)[2]
Celebration Bowl
< 2016 2018 >
The 2017 Celebration Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game that was played on December 16, 2017 at the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. This third Celebration Bowl game matched the champion of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference, against the champion of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, the two historically black division I conferences. The event was the finale of the 2017 FCS football season for both conferences as neither had teams earn an at large selections into the NCAA Division I FCS football playoffs and their champions abstain from the tournament.
The game kicked off at 12:00 PM (EST) and was televised live on ABC, as the kickoff game to the 2017 Bowl season.[3] ESPN Events was the organizer of the game, while the 100 Black Men of Atlanta managed the game's ancillary events. The #7th ranked North Carolina A&T Aggies won the game, beating #13th ranked Grambling State Tigers by the score of 21–14, claiming the 2017 Black college football national championship
Contents
[hide]
1 Teams
1.1 North Carolina A&T Aggies
1.2 Grambling State Tigers
2 Pregame Buildup
3 Game summary
3.1 Scoring summary
3.2 Statistics
4 Related events
5 References
6 External links
Teams[edit]
The participants for the game are based upon the final regular season standings which determine the MEAC football champion and the SWAC football championship Game determining the SWAC representative. The MEAC representative was announced on November 13, 2017, after the North Carolina A&T Aggies clenched the MEAC Championship after defeating the Savannah State Tigers.[4] The SWAC representative will be announced at the conclusion of the SWAC Football Championship Game which matched the top teams from the conferences' eastern and western divisions.
North Carolina A&T Aggies[edit]
See also: 2017 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team
The North Carolina A&T Aggies officially accepted their Celebration Bowl invitation after defeating their arch-rival North Carolina Central at the conclusion of their 2017 regular season.[5] A&T earned their bowl invitation by going on an 11–0 undefeated regular season campaign, with key victories over in-state FBS Charlotte; perennial conference contenders Bethune–Cookman and arch rival North Carolina Central. This will be the second Celebration Bowl for North Carolina A&T, following the Aggies victory over the Alcorn State Braves in the 2015 Celebration Bowl 41–34.
Grambling State Tigers[edit]
See also: 2017 Grambling State Tigers football team
The Grambling State Tigers accepted their Celebration Bowl invitation at the conclusion of the 2017 SWAC Championship game, where they defeated Alcorn State 40–32. The Tigers went 11–1 and 8–0 in conference with key victories over in-state FCS opponent Northwestern State and arch rival Southern in the 2017 Bayou Classic.[6] Grambling's lone regular season loss came at the hands of In-state FBS Tulane. This will be the second Celebration Bowl for Grambling, following their victory over the North Carolina Central in the 2016 Celebration Bowl.
Pregame Buildup[edit]
Pregame media coverage of the game focused the similarities between Grambling and North Carolina A&T, and the shared history between the two programs. Both the A&T and Grambling are previous Celebration Bowl champions and the last two HBCU national champions, with A&T winning the inaugural game in 2015 and Grambling winning in 2016.[7] Head Coach Broadway left Grambling for A&T in 2011 after coaching the Tigers to a 35–12 record with 3 division titles and a SWAC championship over the course of 4 seasons.[8] Fobbs' ties to A&T are through his father Lee Fobbs, who coached the Aggies from 2006–2008. During Lee Fobbs' tenure, the team endured a 2–28 record, including a 27-game losing streak.[8] Before the arrival of both Broadway and Fobbs to their respective teams, both programs experienced poor performances. Before Rod Broadway became the head coach of North Carolina A&T, the Aggies has come off of an 1–10 2010 Season. Since his first season, A&T have won 57 games including owning at least a share of 3 MEAC championships.[7] Brodrick Fobbs became the head coach of Grambling following a 1–11 2013 which saw a players boycott that garnered national media attention. In the last 4 seasons, Fobbs has coached the Tigers to 39 victories, including 2 SWAC championships and 3 SWAC western division titles.[7]
Media outlets also noted how statistically similar both teams are. Both the Aggies and Tigers are led by quarterbacks who won their conference's Offensive Player of the Year awards. A&T's Lamar Raynard has recorded a season total 2,875 yards with 29 touchdowns and 5 interceptions, while Grambling's DeVante Kincade has similar statistics with 2,697 total yards with 23 touchdowns and only 3 interceptions.[7] On offense, the Aggies average 36.4 points and 429 yards per game, while the Tigers record 32.7 points and 374 yards per game.[7] Defensively, A&T is 4th in Division I FCS only giving up an average of 251.4 yards a game, while Grambling gives up 331 yards per game. Grambling ranks at the top of the FCS with 47 team sacks and are 2nd in FCS with a plus 21 turnover margin.[7] A&T's stats are similar with 35 team sacks and are immediately following Grambling with a plus-16 turnover margin.[7] In regards to defensive touchdowns, Grambling have a total 4 on the season, with A&T recording 5.[7] The two teams most significant difference is in the number of offensive touchdowns allowed by their opponents. A&T's defensive corp, which is ranked 3rd in all of FCS, gives up an average 12.3 points per game, and only given up 15 touchdowns in the 11 games played this season.[7] For Grambling, they have allowed 20.4 points per game and 30 offensive touchdowns this season.[7]

Game summary[edit]
Scoring summary[edit]
[9]
[hide]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
Grambling
NCAT
2 4:58 5 25 2:24 NCAT Marquell Cartwright 11-yard touchdown reception from Lamar Raynard, Noel Ruiz kick good 0 7
2 0:43 8 70 2:22 Grambling Jordan Jones 2-yard touchdown reception from Devante Kincaide, Marc Orozco kick good 7 7
3 7:36 7 80 3:50 NCAT Marquell Cartwright 29-yard touchdown run, Noel Ruiz kick good 7 14
4 14:16 7 80 2:19 Grambling Martez Carter 29-yard touchdown reception from Devante Kincaide, Marc Orozco kick good 14 14
4 0:38 7 56 1:04 NCAT Lamar Raynard 1-yard touchdown run, Noel Ruiz kick good 14 21
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
14
21
Statistics[edit]
Statistics[9]
Grambling
NCAT
First Downs 17 23
Total offense, plays – yards 63–336 80–397
Rushes-yards (net) 27–111 (4.1) 360–160 (4.4)
Passing yards (net) 225 237
Passes, Comp-Att-Int 19–36–1 24–44–2
Time of Possession 24:37 35:23
A&T's Running Back Marquell Cartwright and Cornerback Franklin "Mac" McCain III were named offensive and defensive most valuable players. Cartwright recorded 110 yards rushing on 20 attempts and 54 receiving yards on 3 catches. Cartwright's efforts resulted in 2 Touchdowns for the Aggies.[10] McCain recorded 4 tackles and a second-half interception at the Grambling goal line.[11][12]
Related events[edit]
Source: ESPN[13]
Team Introduction Press Conference, December 7, 2017
College Football Awards Show presented by Home Depot, December 7, 2017
MEAC Women in Athletics Professional Workshop, December 11–12, 2017
NFL Breakfast & Career Panel, December 14, 2017
Champions Circle, December 14, 2017
NFL Career Forum, December 15, 2017
The Celebration Bowl Trophy Tour, December 16. 2017
Celebration Bowl Fan Fest, December 16, 2017
Celebration Bowl 5th Quarter, December 16, 2017
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Grambling vs. North Carolina A&T - Game Summary - December 16, 2017 - ESPN". ESPN.com. ESPN. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Kendrick (19 December 2017). "2017 Celebration Bowl: Television rating down from last season's matchup". HBCU Sports. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017 Celebration Bowl to Open Bowl Season on ABC – Celebration Bowl". www.thecelebrationbowl.com. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Aggies Celebrate Bowl Berth". NCATAggies.com. NCAT Sports Information. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NC A&T headed to Celebration Bowl – The North State Journal". nsjonline.com. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Back-and-forth Bayou Classic ends with third straight Grambling win". The Advocate. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Diaz, Cory. "Differences hard to find between Grambling State, N. Carolina A&T". thenewsstar.com. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mills, Jeff. "Celebration Bowl opponents A&T and Grambling understand each other". Greensboro News & Record. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2017 Celebration Bowl Game Stats". Stat Broadcast. Stat Broadcast. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Marquell Cartwright Profile". ESPN.com. ESPN. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Franklin McCain III profile". ESPN.com. ESPN. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grambling vs. North Carolina A&T - Game Recap". ESPN.com. ESPN. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Events – Celebration Bowl". Celebration Bowl. ESPN. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
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Celebration Bowl
History
Georgia Dome
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Broadcasters
Tie-Ins
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
Southwestern Athletic Conference
Games
2015
2016
2017
[show]
v
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Grambling State Tigers bowl games
1946 Flower Bowl
1946 Lions Bowl
1947 Lions Bowl
1948 Vulcan Bowl
1949 Lions Bowl
1950 Lions Bowl
1951 Lions Bowl
1952 Lions Bowl
1955 Orange Blossom Classic
1964 Sugar Cup Classic
1964 Orange Blossom Classic
1965 Sugar Cup Classic
1965 Pecan Bowl
1967 Orange Blossom Classic
1968 Pasadena Bowl
1969 Orange Blossom Classic
1972 Pelican Bowl
1973 Boardwalk Bowl
1973 Grantland Rice Bowl
1974 Pelican Bowl
1976 Mirage Bowl
1977 Mirage Bowl
1978 Orange Blossom Classic
1993 Heritage Bowl
1994 Heritage Bowl
2016 Celebration Bowl #
2017 Celebration Bowl #
Pound sign (#) denotes national championship game.
[show]
v
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North Carolina A&T Aggies bowl games
1943 Flower Bowl
1945 Flower Bowl
1949 Vulcan Bowl
1949 Orange Blossom Classic
1978 Gold Bowl
1980 Gold Bowl
1991 Heritage Bowl
2015 Celebration Bowl #
2017 Celebration Bowl #
Pound sign (#) denotes national championship game.
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text:
Augusta National Golf Club
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Augusta National Golf Club
The 10th fairway and green in 2006
Club information
Show map of the US Show map of Georgia (U.S. state) Show all
Coordinates
33°30′N 82°01′W / 33.5°N 82.02°W / 33.5; -82.02Coordinates: 33°30′N 82°01′W / 33.5°N 82.02°W / 33.5; -82.02
Location
Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
Elevation
160–310 feet (50–95 m)
Established
1933, 85 years ago
Type
Private
Total holes
18
Tournaments hosted
Masters Tournament
(1934–present)
PGA Seniors' Championship
1937–38
Greens
Bentgrass
Fairways
Ryegrass [1]
Website
masters.com
Designed by
Bobby Jones and
Alister MacKenzie[2]
Par
72
Length
7,435 yd (6,799 m)[2]
Longest hole is #2
575 yd (526 m)
Course rating
78.1 (unofficial)[3]
Slope rating
137 (unofficial)[3]
Course record
63 - Nick Price (1986),
Greg Norman (1996)[2]
Augusta National Golf Club, located in Augusta, Georgia, is one of the most famous golf clubs in the world. Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the site of the former Fruitland (later Fruitlands) Nursery, the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie[2] and opened for play in January 1933. Since 1934, it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament, one of the four major championships in professional golf, and the only major played each year at the same course. It was the top-ranked course in Golf Digest's 2009 list of America's 100 greatest courses[4] and was the number ten-ranked course based on course architecture on Golfweek Magazine's 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States.[5]
The club has drawn criticism for its exclusionary membership policies: Augusta National barred African Americans until 1990[6] and women until 2012. The club, which long required all caddies to be black,[7] barred black golfers from the Masters Tournament for 40 years until Lee Elder participated in the 1975 Tournament. Tiger Woods was the only person of color who won the tournament.
In 2018, Augusta National Golf Club was voted the number one Platinum Club of the World, Golf & Country Clubs by the election conducted by Club Leaders Forum.[8][better source needed]
On April 4, 2018, Fred Ridley, in his first major appearance as chairman of Augusta National Golf Club, announced that the Augusta National Women's Amateur Championship would start in 2019. The tournament will take place a week before the 2019 Masters Tournament.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Course
1.1 Amen Corner
1.2 "The Big Oak Tree"
1.3 Eisenhower Tree
1.4 Ike's Pond
1.5 Rae's Creek
2 Membership
2.1 Notable members
2.2 Chairmen
2.3 2002 membership controversy
3 Green jacket
4 Caddies
5 Appearances in video games
6 References
7 External links
Course[edit]
The course was formerly a plant nursery,[10] and each hole on the course is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated. Several of the holes on the first nine have been renamed, as well as hole #11.[11]
Hole
Name
Yards
Par
Hole
Name
Yards
Par
1 Tea Olive 445 4 10 Camellia 495 4
2 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 505 4
3 Flowering Peach 350 4 12 Golden Bell 155 3
4 Flowering Crab Apple 240 3 13 Azalea 510 5
5 Magnolia 455 4 14 Chinese Fir 440 4
6 Juniper 180 3 15 Firethorn 530 5
7 Pampas 450 4 16 Redbud 170 3
8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 4
9 Carolina Cherry 460 4 18 Holly 465 4
Out 3,725 36 In 3,710 36
Source:[2][12] Total 7,435 72
Masters Course
Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
Par
4
5
4
3
4
3
4
5
4
36
4
4
3
5
4
5
3
4
4
36
72
Masters
455
575
350
240
455
180
450
570
460
3735
495
505
155
510
440
530
170
440
465
3710
7445
Member
365
515
340
170
400
165
330
480
395
3160
450
400
145
455
380
475
145
370
385
3205
6365
Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade:
2010: 7,435 yards (6,799 m)
2000: 6,985 yards (6,387 m)
1990: 6,905 yards (6,314 m)
1980: 7,040 yards (6,437 m)
1970: 6,980 yards (6,383 m)
1960: 6,980 yards (6,383 m)
1950: 6,900 yards (6,309 m)
1940: 6,800 yards (6,218 m)[2]
Unlike most other private or public golf courses in the US, Augusta National has never been rated. During the 1990 Masters Tournament, a team of USGA raters, organized by Golf Digest, evaluated the course and gave it an unofficial rating of 76.2. It was re-evaluated in 2009 and given an unofficial rating of 78.1.[3]
The golf course architecture website GolfClubAtlas.com has said, "Augusta National has gone through more changes since its inception than any of the world's twenty or so greatest courses. To call it a MacKenzie course is false advertising as his features are essentially long gone and his routing is all that is left." The authors of the site also add that MacKenzie and Jones were heavily influenced by the Old Course at St Andrews, and intended that the ground game be central to the course. Almost from Augusta's opening, Roberts sought to make changes to minimize the ground game, and effectively got free rein to do so because MacKenzie died shortly after the course's opening and Jones went into inactivity due to World War II and then a crippling illness. The authors add, "With the ground game gone, the course was especially vulnerable to changes in technology, and this brought on a slew of changes from at least 15 different 'architects'."[13] Golf Course Histories has an aerial comparison of the architectural changes for Augusta National Golf Club for the year 1938 versus 2013.[14]
Among the changes to the course were several made by architect Perry Maxwell in 1937, including an important alteration involving the current 10th hole. When Augusta National originally opened for play in January 1933, the opening hole (now the 10th) was a relatively benign par 4 that played just in excess of 400 yards. From an elevated tee, the hole required little more than a short iron or wedge for the approach. Maxwell moved the green in 1937 to its present location – on top of the hill, about 50 yards back from the old site – and transformed it into the toughest hole in Masters Tournament history. Ben Crenshaw referred to Maxwell's work on the 10th hole as "one of the great strokes in golf architecture".[15]
For the 1999 tournament, a short rough was instated around the fairways. Referred to as the second cut, it is substantially shorter than the comparable primary rough at other courses, with an average length of 1.625 inches (4.13 cm). It is meant to reduce a player's ability to control the ball coming out of this lie, and encourage better accuracy for driving onto the fairway.[16][17]
Amen Corner[edit]
The second shot at the 11th, all of the 12th, and the first two shots at the 13th hole at Augusta are nicknamed "Amen Corner". This term was first used in print by author Herbert Warren Wind in his April 21, 1958, Sports Illustrated article about the Masters that year.[18] In a Golf Digest article in April 1984, 26 years later, Wind told about its origin. He said he wanted a catchy phrase like baseball's "hot-corner" or football's "coffin-corner" to explain where some of the most exciting golf had taken place (the Palmer-Venturi rules issue at twelve, over an embedded ball ruling and how it was handled,[19] in particular). Thus "Amen Corner" was born. He said it came from the title of a jazz record he had heard in the mid-1930s by a group led by Chicago's Mezz Mezzrow, Shouting in that Amen Corner.[20] In a Golf Digest article in April 2008, writer Bill Fields added some new updated information about the origin of the name. He wrote that Richard Moore, a golf and jazz historian from South Carolina, tried to purchase a copy of the old Mezzrow 78 RPM disc for an "Amen Corner" exhibit he was putting together for his Golf Museum at Ahmic Lake, Ontario. After extensive research, Moore found that the record never existed. As Moore put it, Wind, himself a jazz buff, must have "unfortunately bogeyed his mind, 26 years later". While at Yale, he was no doubt familiar with, and meant all along, the popular version of the song (with the correct title, "Shoutin' in that Amen Corner" written by Andy Razaf), which was recorded by the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra, vocal by Mildred Bailey (Brunswick label No. 6655) in 1935. Moore told Fields that, being a great admirer of Wind's work over the years, he was reluctant, for months, to come forth with his discovery that contradicted Wind's memory. Moore's discovery was first reported in Golf World magazine in 2007, before Fields' longer article in Golf Digest in 2008.
In 1958 Arnold Palmer outlasted Ken Venturi to win the tournament with heroic escapes at Amen Corner. Amen Corner also played host to Masters moments such as Byron Nelson's birdie-eagle at 12 and 13 in 1937, and Sam Snead's water save at 12 in 1949 that sparked him to victory. On the flip side of fate, Jordan Spieth's quadruple bogey on 12 during Sunday's final round in 2016 cost him his 2-stroke lead and ultimately the championship.
"The Big Oak Tree"[edit]
"The Big Oak Tree" is on the golf course side of the clubhouse and was planted in the 1850s.[21]
Eisenhower Tree[edit]
Main article: Eisenhower Tree
Eisenhower Tree in 2011
Also known as the "Eisenhower Pine", a loblolly pine was located on the 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down.[22] Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. In February 2014, the Eisenhower Tree was removed after suffering extensive damage during an ice storm.[23]
Ike's Pond[edit]
During a visit to Augusta National, then-General Eisenhower returned from a walk through the woods on the eastern part of the grounds, and informed Clifford Roberts that he had found a perfect place to build a dam if the club would like a fish pond. Ike's Pond was built and named, and the dam is located just where Eisenhower said it should be.[24] This is also the location that Roberts committed suicide by gunshot in 1977. At age 83, he had been in ill health for several months with cancer and had a debilitating stroke.
Rae's Creek[edit]
Rae's Creek cuts across the southeastern corner of the Augusta National property. It flows along the back of the 11th green, in front of the 12th green, and ahead of the 13th tee. This is the lowest point in elevation of the course. The Hogan and Nelson Bridges cross the creek after the 12th and 13th tee boxes, respectively. The creek was named after former property owner John Rae, who died in 1789.[25]
Rae's Creek runs in front of No. 12 green, has a tributary evident at No. 13 tee, and flows at the back of No. 11 green. It was Rae's house which was the farthest fortress up the Savannah River from Fort Augusta. The house kept residents safe during Indian attacks when the fort was out of reach.
Membership[edit]
Augusta National Golf Club has about 300 members at any given time. Membership is strictly by invitation: there is no application process. In 2004, USA Today published a list of all the current members.[26] Membership is believed to cost between $10,000 and $30,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2009 to be less than $10,000 per year.[27]
Augusta invited and accepted its first African-American member, TV executive Ron Townsend,[28] in 1990 following a controversy at Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club.[6] Shoal Creek, an all-white golf club in Alabama, refused membership to African Americans. The club also faced demands that the PGA Championship not be held there because of racist comments by the club's founder.[29]
In his 2012 pre-Masters press conference, Chairman Billy Payne declined to discuss the club's then-continued refusal to admit women.[30][31] He defended the club's position by noting that in 2011, more than 15% of the non-tournament rounds were played by female players who were member guests or spouses of active members.[30] However, on August 20, 2012, Augusta National admitted its first two female members, Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore.[32][33]
Notable members[edit]
Notable current members include:
Warren Buffett, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway[26][34]
Pete Coors, former chairman and CEO of Coors Brewing Company and Molson Coors Brewing Company, current chairman of MillerCoors[26]
Bill Gates, co-founder and chairman of Microsoft[34]
Roger Goodell, commissioner of the National Football League[35]
Pat Haden, former NFL player and former athletic director at the University of Southern California[36]
Lou Holtz, former college football coach[26]
Hugh L. McColl Jr., former CEO of Bank of America[34]
Darla Moore, South Carolina businesswoman[32]
Sam Nunn, former United States Senator from Georgia[26][34]
Sam Palmisano, former CEO of IBM[26][34]
T. Boone Pickens, Jr., oil tycoon[26][34]
Condoleezza Rice, former United States Secretary of State[32]
Henry Waite, former Chairman of HUFF Productions
Simon Chirayath, British businessman
James D. Robinson III, former CEO of American Express[34]
Lynn Swann, former NFL player and current athletic director at the University of Southern California[37]
Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric[38]
Matt Rose, former CEO of BNSF Railway
Jack Nicklaus, Hall of Fame golfer, six-time Masters champion, and the only Masters champion who is currently a regular member of the club[39]
Recently deceased members include:
Arnold Palmer, Hall of Fame golfer and four-time Masters champion, was also a regular member when he died in September 2016.[39]
Melvin Laird, former United States Secretary of Defense (died November 2016)
Robert Sumner former pastor (died December 2016)
Frank Broyles, former athletic director at the University of Arkansas (died August 2017)[40]
Chairmen[edit]
Clifford Roberts (1931–1976)
William Lane (1976–1980)
Hord Hardin (1980–1991)
Jackson T. Stephens (1991–1998)
Hootie Johnson (1998–2006)
Billy Payne (2006–2017)
Fred Ridley (2017–present)
In 1966, the governing board of Augusta National passed a resolution honoring founder Bobby Jones with the position of President in Perpetuity.
2002 membership controversy[edit]
Augusta National and its Chairman Hootie Johnson are widely known for a disagreement beginning in 2002 with Martha Burk, then chair of the Washington-based National Council of Women's Organizations; the dispute arose over Augusta National's refusal to admit female members to the club.[41] Burk said she found out about the club's policies in a USA Today column by Christine Brennan published April 11, 2002. She then wrote a private letter to Johnson, saying that hosting the Masters Tournament at a male-only club constituted sexism.[42] Johnson characterized Burk's approach as "offensive and coercive".[43][44] Responding to efforts to link the issue to sexism and civil rights,[43] Johnson maintained that the issue had to do with the rights of any private club:[43][45]
“ Our membership is single gender just as many other organizations and clubs all across America. These would include Junior Leagues, sororities, fraternities, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and countless others. And we all have a moral and legal right to organize our clubs the way we wish.[46] ”
Burk, whose childhood nickname was also Hootie,[47] claimed to have been "called a man hater, anti-family, lesbian, all the usual things."[42] Johnson was portrayed as a Senator Claghorn type[48]—"a blustery defender of all things Southern".[48]
Following the discord, two club members resigned: Thomas H. Wyman, a former CEO of CBS, and John Snow, when President George W. Bush nominated him to serve as Secretary of the Treasury.[42] Pressure on corporate sponsors led the club to broadcast the 2003 and 2004 tournaments without commercials. The controversy was discussed by the International Olympic Committee when re-examining whether golf meets Olympic criteria of a "sport practiced without discrimination with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play".[49] Augusta National extended membership to Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore on August 20, 2012.[32]
Green jacket[edit]
Every member of Augusta National receives a green sport coat with the club's logo on the left breast. The idea of the green jacket originated with club co-founder Clifford Roberts. Many believe it is because he wanted patrons visiting during the tournament to be able to readily identify members. Since Sam Snead's victory in 1949, the winner of each year's Masters Tournament has received a green jacket, although he does not receive membership. The jacket is presented to the new winner by the winner of the previous tournament. If the previous champion is either unavailable or has won consecutive tournaments, then the current chairman acts as the presenter. Until 1967, the jackets were manufactured by Brooks Brothers and since have been made by Hamilton of Cincinnati, Ohio, with the imported wool produced at the Victor Forstmann plant in Dublin, Georgia.[50]
The current Masters champion is the only owner of a green jacket permitted to remove it from the grounds of Augusta National, and only for a period of one year. Before this time limit was in place, the jacket of a few long-past Masters champions had been sold, after their deaths, to collectors. Consequently, the members of Augusta National have gone to great lengths to secure the remaining examples. Now, two jackets remain outside the grounds of Augusta National with the club's permission. When Gary Player first won the Masters in 1961, he brought his jacket home to South Africa. For years the board insisted that Player return the jacket but Player kept "forgetting" or coming up with humorous creative excuses why he did not return the jacket. After becoming something of a running joke, Augusta National's members allowed him to keep it, where it is on display in his personal museum. The second jacket belongs to 1938 champion Henry Picard. Before the traditions surrounding one of golf's greatest awards were well established, the jacket was removed by Picard from Augusta National. It is now currently on display in the "Picard Lounge" at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio. Along with Snead, the nine previous winners were also awarded green jackets in 1949, and these became known as the "original ten" jackets.[51]
Horton Smith's jacket, awarded for his wins in 1934 and 1936, sold at auction in September 2013 for over $682,000; the highest price ever paid for a piece of golf memorabilia.[52][53] Smith died at age 55 in 1963 and it had been in the possession of his brother Ren's stepsons for decades.[51]
Caddies[edit]
Augusta National employs a staff of caddies to assist members, guests, and professionals. Before 1983,[54] staff caddies were assigned to players at the Masters,[55] and all were black males. Club co-founder Roberts once said, "As long as I'm alive, all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black."[7] Roberts committed suicide at Augusta in 1977 and five years later in November 1982, chairman Hord Hardin announced that players were henceforth permitted to use their regular caddies at the Masters.[56] This decision followed an incident that occurred during the 1982 tournament. Following a Thursday rain delay, many of the caddies failed to show up at the proper time on Friday morning. [57] As a result of the confusion, two-time champion Tom Watson and others sent scathing complaint letters to Hardin.[58][59]
Twelve players, including then five-time champion Jack Nicklaus, defending champion Craig Stadler, and future two-time champion Ben Crenshaw, employed club caddies in 1983.[59][60] Well into the 1970s, all four majors and some tour events required the use of the host club's caddies;[61][62][63] the U.S. Open had this policy through 1975,[64][65] but by 1980, only the Masters and the Western Open near Chicago retained the requirement.[66] Augusta's caddie staff continues to wear its trademark white jumpsuits year-round.
Female caddies are permitted. Most of them are professional golfers' regular caddies, such as Fanny Sunesson. Sunesson is one of the PGA Tour's few female caddies, and has caddied for several players at the Masters, most notably three-time champion Nick Faldo, and more recently Henrik Stenson. The first female caddie at Augusta was George Archer's daughter Elizabeth in 1983, her 21st event carrying the bag for her father.[59][67] Archer, the 1969 champion, tied for twelfth for one of his better finishes at Augusta.
During the pre-tournament events in 2007, Golf Channel's Kelly Tilghman caddied for Arnold Palmer in the par-3 contest. Fuzzy Zoeller's daughter Gretchen was his caddie for his last year as a competitor in the tournament in 2009. Tennis pro Caroline Wozniacki, ex-fiancée of Rory McIlroy, caddied for him in the par-3 contests of 2013 and 2014.
Crenshaw won his 1984 and 1995 Masters titles with Augusta National caddie Carl Jackson.[58][68]
Appearances in video games[edit]
Augusta National Golf Club is featured in the Japan-exclusive video game franchise Harukanaru Augusta, which started in 1989.[69][70] The games were produced by T&E Soft. One of its last titles Masters '98: Haruka Naru Augusta was released for the Nintendo 64.
Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament are also featured in the video game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12: The Masters, and has subsequently featured in later iterations of the game. This is the first time that the course has been officially used in the Tiger Woods franchise.[71][72] Augusta National was also previously used in the 1986 computer game Mean 18, published by Accolade.[73]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Official website
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Augusta.com coverage from the Augusta Chronicle
Aerial view from Google Maps
Augusta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Guide to Augusta National at BBC
Guide to Augusta National at Golflink
3D Course Planner at ProVisualizer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusta_National_Golf_Club&oldid=843440329"
Categories:
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