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Paul Tibbets
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This article is about the WWII United States Air Force pilot. For his grandson, see Paul W. Tibbets IV. For the American animator, see Paul Tibbitt.
Paul Tibbets
Brigadier General Paul W. Tibbets Jr.
Birth name
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr.
Born
(1915-02-23)23 February 1915
Quincy, Illinois, United States
Died
1 November 2007(2007-11-01) (aged 92)
Columbus, Ohio, United States
Allegiance
United States of America
Service/branch
United States Army Air Forces
United States Air Force
Years of service
1937–1966
Rank
Brigadier General
Commands held
340th Bombardment Squadron
509th Composite Group
308th Bombardment Wing
6th Air Division
Battles/wars
World War II:
Operation Torch
Combined Bomber Offensive
Air raids on Japan
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Awards
Distinguished Service Cross
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross (2)
Purple Heart
Air Medal (4)
Other work
Charter Pilot and President of Executive Jet Aviation
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the pilot who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Tibbets enlisted in the United States Army in 1937 and qualified as a pilot in 1938. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he flew anti-submarine patrols over the Atlantic. In February 1942, he became the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, which was equipped with the Boeing B-17. In July 1942 the 97th became the first heavy bombardment group to be deployed as part of the Eighth Air Force, and Tibbets became deputy group commander. He flew the lead plane in the first American daylight heavy bomber mission against Occupied Europe on 17 August 1942, and the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe on 9 October 1942. Tibbets was chosen to fly Major General Mark W. Clark and Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower to Gibraltar. After flying 43 combat missions, he became the assistant for bomber operations on the staff of the Twelfth Air Force.
Tibbets returned to the United States in February 1943 to help with the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. In September 1944, he was appointed the commander of the 509th Composite Group, which would conduct the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war, he participated in the Operation Crossroads nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946, and was involved in the development of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet in the early 1950s. He commanded the 308th Bombardment Wing and 6th Air Division in the late 1950s, and was military attaché in India from 1964 to 1966. After leaving the Air Force in 1966, he worked for Executive Jet Aviation, serving on the founding board and as its president from 1976 until his retirement in 1987.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Early military career
3 War against Germany
4 War against Japan
5 Post-war military career
6 Later life and death
7 Awards and decorations
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Early life[edit]
Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. When he was five years old the family moved to Davenport, Iowa, and then to Iowa's capital, Des Moines, where he was raised, and where his father became a confections wholesaler. When he was eight, his family moved to Hialeah, Florida, to escape from harsh midwestern winters. As a boy he was very interested in flying. One day his mother agreed to pay one dollar to get him into an airplane at the local carnival. In 1927, when he was 12 years old, he flew in a plane piloted by barnstormer Doug Davis, dropping candy bars with tiny parachutes to the crowd of people attending the races at the Hialeah Park Race Track.[1][2]
In the late 1920s, business issues forced Tibbets's family to return to Alton, Illinois, where he graduated from Western Military Academy in 1933. He then attended the University of Florida in Gainesville,[1] and became an initiated member of the Epsilon Zeta Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity in 1934.[3] During that time, Tibbets took private flying lessons at Miami's Opa-locka Airport with Rusty Heard, who later became a captain at Eastern Airlines.[3] After his undergraduate work, Tibbets had planned on becoming an abdominal surgeon. He transferred to the University of Cincinnati after his second year to complete his pre-med studies there, because the University of Florida had no medical school at the time. However, he attended for only a year and a half as he changed his mind about wanting to become a doctor. Instead, he decided to enlist in the United States Army and become a pilot in the United States Army Air Corps.[1]
Early military career[edit]
Because he went to a military school, attended some college, and had some flight experience, Tibbets qualified for the Aviation Cadet Training Program.[4] On 25 February 1937, he enlisted in the army at Fort Thomas, Kentucky, and was sent to Randolph Field in San Antonio, Texas, for primary and basic flight instruction. During his training, he showed himself to be an above-average pilot. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant and received his pilot rating in 1938 at Kelly Field in San Antonio.[1]
After graduation, Tibbets was assigned to the 16th Observation Squadron, which was based at Lawson Field, Georgia, with a flight supporting the Infantry School at nearby Fort Benning.[1] It was at Fort Benning that Tibbets met Lucy Frances Wingate, then a clerk at a department store in Columbus, Georgia. The two quietly married in a Roman Catholic seminary in Holy Trinity, Alabama on June 19, 1938. Tibbets did not inform his family or his commanding officer, and the couple arranged for the notice to be kept out of the local newspaper.[5] They had two sons. Paul III was born in 1940, in Columbus, Georgia, and graduated from Huntingdon College and Auburn University. He was a colonel in the United States Army Reserves and worked as a hospital pharmacist. He died in West Monroe, Louisiana, in 2016.[6] The younger son, Gene Wingate Tibbets, was born in 1944, and was at the time of his death in 2012 residing in Georgiana in Butler County in southern Alabama.[7][8]
While Tibbets was stationed at Fort Benning, he was promoted to first lieutenant[9] and served as a personal pilot for Brigadier General George S. Patton, Jr., in 1940 and 1941.[1] In June 1941, Tibbets transferred to the 9th Bombardment Squadron of the 3d Bombardment Group at Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia, as the engineering officer, and flew the A-20 Havoc.[10] While there he was promoted to captain. In December 1941, he received orders to join the 29th Bombardment Group at MacDill Field, Florida, for training on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On 7 December 1941, Tibbets heard about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor while listening to the radio during a routine flight.[9] Due to fears that German U-Boats might enter Tampa Bay and bombard MacDill Field, the 29th Bombardment Group moved to Savannah.[11] Tibbets remained on temporary duty with the 3d Bombardment Group, forming an anti-submarine patrol at Pope Army Airfield, North Carolina, with 21 B-18 Bolo medium bombers.[1] The B-18s were used as an intermediate trainer, which pilots flew after basic flight training in a Cessna UC-78 and before qualifying in the B-17.[12]
War against Germany[edit]
Boeing B-17D in flight
In February 1942, Tibbets reported for duty with the 29th Bombardment Group as its engineering officer. Three weeks later he was named the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, equipped with the B-17D.[13] It was initially based at MacDill, and then Sarasota Army Airfield, Florida, before moving to Godfrey Army Airfield in Bangor, Maine.[14]
In July 1942 the 97th became the first heavy bombardment group of the Eighth Air Force to be deployed to England, where it was based at RAF Polebrook.[15] It had been hastily assembled to meet demands for an early deployment, and arrived without any training in the basics of high altitude daylight bombing. In the first weeks of August 1942, under the tutelage of Royal Air Force veterans, the group received intensive training for its first mission. The group commander, Lieutenant Colonel Cornelius W. Cousland,[16] was replaced by Colonel Frank A. Armstrong Jr., who appointed Tibbets as his deputy.[17]
Tibbets flew the lead bomber Butcher Shop[18] for the first American daylight heavy bomber mission on 17 August 1942, a shallow penetration raid against a marshalling yard in Rouen in Occupied France, with Armstrong as his co-pilot. This was not Tibbets's regular aircraft, Red Gremlin, nor his regular crew, which included bombardier Thomas Ferebee and navigator Theodore Van Kirk, who later flew with him in Enola Gay.[19] On 9 October 1942, Tibbets led the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe, attacking industrial targets in the French city of Lille. Poor bombing accuracy resulted in numerous civilian casualties and less damage to the rail installations than hoped, but the mission was hailed an overall success because it reached its target against heavy and constant fighter attack. Of the 108 aircraft in the raid, 33 were shot down or had to turn back due to mechanical problems.[20][21]
On that first mission, Tibbets saw in real-time that his bombs were falling on innocent civilians. At the time, he thought to himself, "People are getting killed down there that don't have any business getting killed. Those are not soldiers." But then he thought back to a lesson he had learned during his time at medical school from his roommate who was a doctor. This doctor explained to him about his former classmates who failed the program and ended up in drug sales. The reason why they had failed the program was because "they had too much sympathy for their patients", which "destroyed their ability to render the medical necessities". It dawned on Tibbets that:
I am just like that if I get to thinking about some innocent person getting hit on the ground. I am supposed to be a bomber pilot and destroy a target. I won’t be worth anything if I do that... I made up my mind then that the morality of dropping that bomb was not my business. I was instructed to perform a military mission to drop the bomb. That was the thing that I was going to do the best of my ability. Morality, there is no such thing in warfare. I don’t care whether you are dropping atom bombs, or 100-pound bombs, or shooting a rifle. You have got to leave the moral issue out of it.[22]
In the leadup to Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, the commander of the Eighth Air Force, Major General Carl Spaatz was ordered to provide his best two pilots for a secret mission. He chose Tibbets and Major Wayne Connors. Tibbets flew Major General Mark W. Clark from Polebrook to Gibraltar while Connors flew Clark's chief of staff, Brigadier General Lyman Lemnitzer.[23] A few weeks later Tibbets flew the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, there.[24] "By reputation", historian Stephen Ambrose wrote, Tibbets was "the best flier in the Army Air Force [sic]."[25]
Tibbets had flown 25 combat missions against targets in France[13] when the 97th Bomb Group was transferred to North Africa as part of Major General Jimmy Doolittle's Twelfth Air Force. For Tibbets, the war in North Africa introduced him to the realities of aerial warfare. He claimed that he saw the real effects of bombing civilians and the trauma of losing his brothers in arms. In January 1943, Tibbets, who had now flown 43 combat missions,[26] was assigned as the assistant for bomber operations to Colonel Lauris Norstad, Assistant Chief of Staff of Operations (A-3) of the Twelfth Air Force.[13] Tibbets had recently been given a battlefield promotion to colonel, but did not receive it, as such promotions had to be confirmed by a panel of officers. He was told that Norstad had vetoed the promotion, saying "there's only going to be one colonel in operations."[27]
Tibbets did not get along well with Norstad, or with Doolittle's chief of staff, Brigadier General Hoyt Vandenberg. In one planning meeting, Norstad wanted an all-out raid on Bizerte to be flown at 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Tibbets protested that flak would be most effective at that altitude. When challenged by Norstad, Tibbets said he would lead the mission himself at 6,000 feet if Norstad would fly as his co-pilot. Norstad backed down, and the mission was successfully flown at 20,000 feet (6,100 m).[28]
War against Japan[edit]
Tibbets waves from Enola Gay before the Hiroshima bombing mission.
When General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, the Chief of United States Army Air Forces, requested an experienced bombardment pilot to help with the development of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, Doolittle recommended Tibbets.[29] Tibbets returned to the United States in February 1943. At the time, the B-29 program was beset by a host of technical problems, and the chief test pilot, Edmund T. Allen, had been killed in a crash of the prototype aircraft.[30]
Working with the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, Tibbets test-flew the B-29 and soon accumulated more flight time in it than any other pilot. He found that without defensive armament and armor plating, the aircraft was 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) lighter, and its performance was much improved. In simulated combat engagements against a P-47 fighter at the B-29's cruising altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 m), he discovered that the B-29 had a smaller turning radius than the P-47, and could avoid it by turning away.[31][32]
After a year of developmental testing of the B-29, Tibbets was assigned in March 1944 as director of operations of the 17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing (Very Heavy), a B-29 training unit based at Grand Island Army Air Field, Nebraska, and commanded by Armstrong. Its role was to transition pilots to the B-29.[13] Tibbets taught two Women Airforce Service Pilots, Dora Dougherty and Dorothea (Didi) Moorman, to fly the B-29 as demonstration pilots.[33]
On 1 September 1944, Tibbets reported to Colorado Springs Army Airfield, the headquarters of the Second Air Force, where he met with its commander, Major General Uzal Ent, and three representatives of the Manhattan Project, Lieutenant Colonel John Lansdale Jr., Captain William S. Parsons, and Norman F. Ramsey Jr., who briefed him on the project.[34] Tibbets was told that he would be in charge of the 509th Composite Group, a fully self-contained organization of about 1,800 men, which would have 15 B-29s and a high priority for all kinds of military stores. Ent gave Tibbets a choice of three possible bases: Great Bend Army Airfield, Kansas; Mountain Home Army Airfield, Idaho; or Wendover Army Air Field, Utah.[35] Tibbets selected Wendover for its remoteness.[36]
When the operation was still in its development stages, Armstrong and Colonel Roscoe C. Wilson were the leading candidates to command the group who was designated to drop the atomic bomb. Wilson was the Army Air Force project officer who provided liaison support to the Manhattan Project. Armstrong was an experienced combat veteran against German targets, but he was in his forties and had been severely injured in a fire in the summer of 1943. Wilson had no combat experience and was qualified primarily because of his engineering background and association with the project. Tibbets was considerably younger than both men and had experience in both staff and command duties in heavy bomber combat operations. He was already an experienced B-29 pilot, which made him an ideal candidate for the top-secret project.[37]
The "Tinian Joint Chiefs": Rear Admiral William R. Purnell, Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell, Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, and Captain William S. Parsons
Tibbets was promoted to colonel in January 1945[38] and brought his wife and family along with him to Wendover. He felt that allowing married men in the group to bring their families would improve morale, although it put a strain on his own marriage. In order to disguise all the civilian engineers on base who were working on the Manhattan Project, Tibbets was forced to lie to his wife; he told her that the engineers were "sanitary workers." At one point, Tibbets found that Lucy had co-opted a scientist to unplug a drain.[39]
On 6 March 1945 (concurrent with the activation of Project Alberta), the 1st Ordnance Squadron, Special (Aviation) was activated at Wendover, again using Army Air Forces personnel on hand or already at Los Alamos. Its purpose was to provide "skilled machinists, welders and munitions workers"[40] and special equipment to the group to enable it to assemble atomic weapons at its operating base, thereby allowing the weapons to be transported more safely in their component parts. A rigorous candidate selection process was used to recruit personnel, reportedly with an 80% rejection rate. The 509th Composite Group reached full strength in May 1945.[41]
With the addition of the 1st Ordnance Squadron to its roster in March 1945, the 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom deployed to Tinian, an island in the northern Marianas within striking distance of Japan, in May and June 1945. The 320th Troop Carrier Squadron kept its base of operations at Wendover. In addition to its authorized strength, the 509th had attached to it on Tinian all 51 civilian and military personnel of Project Alberta. Furthermore, two representatives from Washington, D.C. were present on the island:[42] the deputy director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee.[43]
The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group received movement orders and moved by rail on 26 April 1945, to its port of embarkation at Seattle, Washington. On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas, while the group's materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner.[44] An advance party of the air echelon flew by C-54 to North Field, Tinian, between May 15 and 22,[45] where it was joined by the ground echelon on 29 May 1945.[46] Project Alberta's "Destination Team" also sent most of its members to Tinian to supervise the assembly, loading, and dropping of the bombs under the administrative title of 1st Technical Services Detachment, Miscellaneous War Department Group.[47][48]
General Carl Spaatz decorates Tibbets with the Distinguished Service Cross after the Hiroshima mission
On 5 August 1945, Tibbets formally named his B-29 Enola Gay after his mother.[49] Enola Gay had been personally selected by him while it was still on the assembly line at the Glenn L. Martin Company plant in Bellevue, Nebraska.[50] The regularly assigned aircraft commander, Robert A. Lewis, was unhappy to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission, and became furious when he arrived at the aircraft on the morning of August 6 to see the aircraft he considered his painted with the now-famous nose art. Lewis would fly the mission as Tibbets's co-pilot.[49][51]
At 02:45 the next day—in accordance with the terms of Operations Order No. 35—the Enola Gay departed North Field for Hiroshima, Japan, with Tibbets at the controls. Tinian was approximately 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away from Japan, so it took six hours to reach Hiroshima. The atomic bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was dropped over Hiroshima at 08:15 local time. Tibbets recalled that the city was covered with a tall mushroom cloud after the bomb was dropped.[52]
Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by Spaatz immediately after landing on Tinian.[53] He became a celebrity, with pictures and interviews of his wife and children in the major American newspapers. He was seen as a national hero who had ended the war with Japan. Tibbets later received an invitation from President Harry S. Truman to visit the White House.[54] The 509th Composite Group was awarded an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award in 1999.[55]
Tibbets was interviewed extensively by Mike Harden of the Columbus Dispatch, and profiles appeared in the newspaper on anniversaries of the first dropping of an atomic bomb. In a 1975 interview he said: "I'm proud that I was able to start with nothing, plan it and have it work as perfectly as it did ... I sleep clearly every night."[56][57] "I knew when I got the assignment," he told a reporter in 2005, "it was going to be an emotional thing. We had feelings, but we had to put them in the background. We knew it was going to kill people right and left. But my one driving interest was to do the best job I could so that we could end the killing as quickly as possible."[58]
Post-war military career[edit]
The 509th Composite Group returned to the United States on 6 November 1945, and was stationed at Roswell Army Airfield, New Mexico.[59] Colonel William H. Blanchard replaced Tibbets as group commander on 22 January 1946, and also became the first commander of the 509th Bombardment Wing, the successor to the 509th Composite Group.[60] Tibbets was a technical advisor to the 1946 Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, but he and his Enola Gay crew were not chosen to drop another atomic bomb.[61]
A B-47 takes off using rocket-assisted take off (RATO)
Tibbets then attended the Air Command and Staff School at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. On graduating in 1947 he was posted to the Directorate of Requirements at Air Force Headquarters at the Pentagon.[13] When the head of the directorate, Brigadier General Thomas S. Power, was posted to London as air attaché, he was replaced by Brigadier General Carl Brandt. Brandt appointed Tibbets as director of Directorate of Requirements's Strategic Air Division, which was responsible for drawing up requirements for future bombers. Tibbets was convinced that the bombers of the future would be jet aircraft and thus became involved in the Boeing B-47 Stratojet program.[62] He subsequently served as B-47 project officer at Boeing in Wichita from July 1950 until February 1952. He then became commander of the Proof Test Division at Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, Florida, where flight testing of the B-47 was conducted.[13]
Tibbets returned to Maxwell Air Force Base, where he attended the Air War College. After he graduated in June 1955, he became Director of War Plans at the Allied Air Forces in Central Europe Headquarters at Fontainebleau, France.[13] He left Lucy and his sons behind in Alabama,[63] and he and Lucy divorced that year.[64] During his posting to France, he met a French divorcee named Andrea Quattrehomme, who became his second wife. He returned to the United States in February 1956 to command the 308th Bombardment Wing at Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia, and married her in the base chapel on 4 May 1956.[65] They had a son, James Tibbets.[66]
In January 1958, Tibbets became commander of the 6th Air Division at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida.[13] and was promoted to brigadier general in 1959.[67] This was followed by another tour of duty at the Pentagon as director of Management Analysis. In July 1962, he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staff as deputy director for operations, and then, in June 1963, as deputy director for the National Military Command System.[13] In 1964, Tibbets was named military attaché in India. He spent 22 months there on this posting, which ended in June 1966.[67] He retired from the United States Air Force (USAF) on 31 August 1966.[68]
Later life and death[edit]
Tibbets in 2003
After his retirement from the Air Force, Tibbets worked for Executive Jet Aviation (EJA), an air taxi company based in Columbus, Ohio, and now called NetJets. He was one of the founding board members and attempted to extend the company's operations to Europe, but was unsuccessful. He retired from the company in 1968, and returned to Miami, Florida, where he had spent part of his childhood. The banks foreclosed on EJA in 1970, and Bruce Sundlun became president. Sundlun lured Tibbets back to EJA that year. Tibbets succeeded Sundlun as president on 21 April 1976, and remained in the role until 1986. He served for a year as a consultant before his second and final retirement from EJA in 1987.[8][57][69]
Barry Nelson played Tibbets in the film The Beginning or the End (1947).[70] Above and Beyond (1952) depicted the World War II events that involved Tibbets; Robert Taylor starred as Tibbets and Eleanor Parker played the role of his first wife Lucy.[71] Tibbets was also the model for screenwriter Sy Bartlett's fictional character "Major Joe Cobb" in the film Twelve O'Clock High (1949), and for a brief period in February 1949 was slated to be the film's technical advisor until his replacement at the last minute by Colonel John H. deRussy.[72] Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb, a 1980 made-for-television movie, somewhat fictionalized, told the story of Tibbets crew. Patrick Duffy played Tibbets and Kim Darby played Lucy.[73]
In other fictional portrayals, Nicholas Kilbertus was Tibbets in the film Day One (1989),[74] David Gow played him in the TV movie Hiroshima (1995),[75] and Ian Shaw played the part in the BBC's TV docudrama Hiroshima (2005), for which Tibbets was also interviewed on camera.[76] An interview with Tibbets also appeared in the movie Atomic Cafe (1982),[77] as well as was in the 1970s British documentary series The World at War,[78] and the "Men Who Brought the Dawn" episode of the Smithsonian Networks' War Stories (1995).[79] Tibbets figured largely in the 2000 book Duty: A Father, His Son and the Man Who Won the War by Bob Greene of the Chicago Tribune.[80]
In 1976, the United States government apologized to Japan after Tibbets re-enacted the bombing—complete with a mushroom cloud—in a restored B-29 at an air show in Texas. He said that he had not intended for the re-enactment to insult the Japanese people.[56][81] In 1995, he denounced the 50th anniversary exhibition of the Enola Gay at the Smithsonian Institution, which attempted to present the bombing in context with the destruction it caused, as a "damn big insult",[56] due to its focus on the Japanese casualties rather than the brutality of the Japanese government.[56] He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1996.[68]
Tibbets's grandson Paul W. Tibbets IV graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1989, and in April 2006 became commander of the 393d Bomb Squadron, flying the B-2 Spirit at Whiteman AFB, Missouri. The squadron was one of the two operational squadrons that had formed part of the 509th Composite Group when Tibbets commanded it. Paul Tibbets IV was promoted to brigadier general in 2014, and became Deputy Director for Nuclear Operations at the Global Operations Directorate of the United States Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. As such, he was responsible for America's strategic nuclear forces.[82] On 5 June 2015, he assumed command of the 509th Bomb Wing.[83]
Tibbets died in his Columbus, Ohio, home on 1 November 2007, at the age of 92.[56][84] He had suffered small strokes and heart failure during his final years and had been in hospice care.[8][85] He was survived by his French-born wife, Andrea,[81] and two sons from his first marriage, Paul III and Gene as well as his son, James, from his second marriage.[8][85] Tibbets had asked for no funeral or headstone, because he feared that opponents of the bombing might use it as a place of protest or destruction. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated,[86] and his ashes were scattered over the English Channel;[87] he had flown over the Channel many times during the war.[85]
Awards and decorations[edit]
Command pilot
Distinguished Service Cross
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross with one oak leaf cluster
Purple Heart
Air Medal with three oak leaf clusters
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Army Commendation Medal
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with "V" Device and one bronze oak leaf cluster
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with three service stars
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two service stars
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal with one service star
Air Force Longevity Service Award with a silver and oak leaf cluster
Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
Source: Ohio History Central.[88]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kingseed 2006, pp. 153–155.
Jump up ^ Marx 1967, p. 79.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 52–53.
Jump up ^ "Paul Warfield Tibbets, III". The News-Star. 23 October 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gene Tibbets Obituary". Montgomery Advertiser. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Paul Tibbets Jr., who flew plane that dropped first atomic bomb, dies at 92". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 62–63.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 66–67.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 70.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Brigadier General Paul W. Tibbets Jr". United States Air Force. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 70–73.
Jump up ^ Goldberg 1948, pp. 639–645.
Jump up ^ Goldberg 1948, pp. 656–657.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 79.
Jump up ^ "VIII Bomber Command 1 - 17 August 1942". American Air Museum in Britain. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 81–82.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 155–156.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 96–99.
Jump up ^ "General Paul Tibbets - Reflections on Hiroshima". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 102–105.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 107–109.
Jump up ^ Ambrose 1998, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 157–158.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 129–132.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, pp. 158–159.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 149–150.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 152–155.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 583–584.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 157–163.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 167–168.
Jump up ^ Kingseed 2006, p. 160.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 173.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, p. 1.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 100.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 15–18.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, pp. 19–22.
Jump up ^ "509th Timeline: Inception to Hiroshima". Children of the Manhattan Proj ect. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2006.
Jump up ^ 509th Composite Group 1945, p. 25.
Jump up ^ "509th CG Activation and Organization". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977, pp. 382–383.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, pp. 191–192.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 702–704.
Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986, pp. 705–711.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Stelpflug 2007, p. 163.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 221.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Hiroshima bomb pilot dies aged 92". BBC News Online. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Miamian who bombed Hiroshima in 1945 dies". Miami Herald. 2 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Harden, Mike (6 August 2005). "Still No regrets for Frail Enola Gay Pilot". Columbus Dispatch.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Campbell 2005, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 260–261.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 266–267.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, p. 280.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (1 November 2007). "Paul W. Tibbets Jr., Pilot of Enola Gay, Dies at 92". New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998, pp. 283–285.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Adam (2 November 2007). "Paul Tibbets Jr., 92; piloted Enola Gay over Hiroshima". Boston Globe.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbets 1998, pp. 288–291.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul Tibbets Jr". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paul Tibbets: A Rendezvous with History by Di Freeze". Airport Journals. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Beginning or the End (1947)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Above and Beyond on IMDb
Jump up ^ Duffin & Mathies 2005, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980) (TV) on IMDb
Jump up ^ Day One on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Colonel Paul Tibbetts (Character)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ Hiroshima on IMDb
Jump up ^ The Atomic Cafe on IMDb
Jump up ^ The World at War on IMDb
Jump up ^ Men Who Brought the Dawn on IMDb
Jump up ^ Reinebach, Rob (Winter 2000). "Duty: A Father, His Son, and the Man Who Won the War". Air and Space Power Journal. 14 (4). ISSN 1554-2505. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul W. Tibbets". Miami Herald. 2 November 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Bocchino, Stefan. "Face of Defense: Grandson Carries on Grandfather's Service". Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Sudekum, Maria (5 June 2015). "Grandson of Enola Gay Pilot Takes Command of B-2 Bomb Wing". ABC News. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (1 November 2007). "Paul W. Tibbets Jr., Pilot of Enola Gay, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Man Who Dropped Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima Dies at 92". Fox News Channel. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
Jump up ^ Holyoke, Cody. "American War Hero Remembered". WSFA.com. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Steve (13 November 2007). "Tibbets did his duty, and this country should be thankful". Daily Herald. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Paul W. Tibbets Jr". Ohio History Central. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
References[edit]
Ambrose, Stephen (1998). The Victors: Eisenhower and his Boys – The Men of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85628-X.
Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-2139-8.
Duffin, Allan T.; Mathies, Paul (2005). The 12 O'Clock High Logbook: The Unofficial History of the Motion Picture, Novel, and TV Series. Boalsburg, Pennsylvania: BearManor Media. ISBN 1-59393-033-X.
Goldberg, Alfred (1948). "Establishment of the Eighth Air Force in the United Kingdom". In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea. Volume One – Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 – August 1942 (PDF). The Army Air Forces In World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 612–654. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Kingseed, Cole C. (2006). Old Glory Stories: American Combat Leadership in World War II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-440-3.
Marx, Joseph L. (1967). Seven Hours to Zero. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 4050364.
Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81378-5.
Stelpflug, Peggy A. (2007). Home of the Infantry: The History of Fort Benning. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-88146-087-2.
Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). Ruin from the Air: The Enola Gay's Atomic Mission to Hiroshima. London: Hamilton. OCLC 491239101.
Tibbets, Paul W. (1998). Return Of The Enola Gay. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered. ISBN 0-9703666-0-4.
509th Composite Group (1945). History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to 15 August 1945 (PDF). Tinian: 509th CG (AFHRA archived). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Tibbets.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Paul Tibbets
509th Composite Group
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
BBC News item announcing Tibbets' death
In pictures: Paul Tibbets
General Paul Tibbets: Reflections on Hiroshima Voices of the Manhattan Project
A dramatic retelling of the Hiroshima mission with Paul Tibbets Voices of the Manhattan Project
Nuclear War Radio Series Voices of the Manhattan Project
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 2 November 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 2 November 2007
Obituary, The Times, 2 November 2007
"Hiroshima; Enola Gay's Crew Recalls The Flight Into a New Era", New York Times, 6 August 1995
Paul Tibbets interviewed in 1982 by Ann Blythe
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Good governance
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Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources. Governance is "the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)".[1] The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local governance[1] or to the interactions between other sectors of society.
The concept of "good governance" often emerges as a model to compare ineffective economies or political bodies with viable economies and political bodies.[2] The concept centers on the responsibility of governments and governing bodies to meet the needs of the masses as opposed to select groups in society. Because countries often described as "most successful" are Western liberal democratic states, concentrated in Europe and the Americas, good governance standards often measure other state institutions against these states.[2] Aid organizations and the authorities of developed countries often will focus the meaning of "good governance" to a set of requirements that conform to the organization's agenda, making "good governance" imply many different things in many different contexts.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Good governance in international affairs (IR)
2 Good governance in corporate sectors
3 Good governance in national governments
3.1 Making distinctions between good governance and other related concepts
3.2 Good governance in local governments
3.3 Good governance in scientific exploration
4 Reform and standards
4.1 United Nations (UN)
4.2 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
4.3 World Bank
5 Worldwide Governance Indicators
6 Effects
6.1 International humanitarian funding
6.2 Democratization
6.2.1 Example
7 Role of political parties
8 Scholarly approaches
9 Criticism
10 See also
11 References
11.1 Book sources
12 External links
Good governance in international affairs (IR)[edit]
In international affairs, analysis of good governance can look at any of the following relationships:[3]
between governments and markets
between governments and citizens
between governments and the private or voluntary sector
between elected officials and appointed officials
between government and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs)
The varying types of comparisons comprising the analysis of governance in scholastic and practical discussion can cause the meaning of "good governance" to vary greatly from practitioner to practitioner.[3]
Good governance in corporate sectors[edit]
In corporate affairs, good governance can be observed in any of the following relationships:
between governance and corporate management
between governance and employee standards
between governance and corruption in the workplace
The meaning of good governance in regards to corporate sectors varies between actors. Legislation has been enacted in an attempt to influence good governance in corporate affairs. In the United States, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 set up requirements for businesses to follow. Whistleblowing has also been widely used by corporations to expose corruption and fraudulent activity.[6]
Good governance in national governments[edit]
Good governance in the context of countries is a broad term, and in that regards, it is difficult to find a unique definition. According to Fukuyama (2013),[7] there are two dimensions to qualify governance as good or bad: the capacity of the state and the bureaucracy´s autonomy. They both complement, in the sense that when the state is more capable, for instance through the collection of taxes, there should be more autonomy because the bureaucrats are able to conduct things well without being instructed with a lot of details. In less capable states, however, less discretion and more rules setting are desirable.
Another way to think about good governance is through outcomes. Since governments carry out with goals like the provision of public goods to its citizens, there is no better way to think about good governance other than through deliverables, which are precisely the one demanded by citizens, like security, health, education, water, the enforcement of contracts, protection to property, protection to the environment and their ability to vote and get paid fair wages.[8]
Similarly, good governance might be approximated with provision of public services in an efficient manner, higher participation given to certain groups in the population like the poor and the minorities, the guarantee that citizens have the opportunity of checks and balances on the government, the establishment and enforcement of norms for the protection of the citizens and their property and the existence of independent judiciary systems.[9]
Lawson (2011)[10] in his review of Rothstein´s book “The quality of government: corruption, social trust, and inequality in international perspective”[11] mentions that the author relates good governance to the concept of impartiality, which is basically when the bureaucrats perform their tasks following the public interest rather than their self-interest. Lawson differs with him in that this impartial application of law ignores important factors like the economic liberalism, which matters due to its relation with economic growth.
Making distinctions between good governance and other related concepts[edit]
It is important to distinguish good governance from other concepts that look similar, such as development and economic growth. Instead of considering them as equal, many scholars refer to them as features that are likely to be related in different ways. In fact, the importance that authors give to good governance, is due to the impact it may have on development and economic growth.
According to Grindle (2004),[9] the relevance of getting good governance comes precisely from its relationship with the development of a country and the reduction of poverty. Setting an agenda for reaching good governance is of the huge interest but also a complex task, which makes this author to propose rather a “good enough governance” agenda as a starting point. In the construction of this "simpler" agenda, the idea is to revisit policies that have worked in the past, set priorities in a strategically way, consider policies with greater impact in alleviating poverty and reaching development, and look for innovative ways of implementing such policies.
In terms of economic growth, there are several authors relating that variable with good governance, but in the sense of “being related to” instead of “being part of”. In other words, scholars have been intrigued by the relationship between good governance and economic or political development. Grindle (2007)[12] mentions there are many relations to be found between indicators of good governance and economic growth, however those associations are difficult to measure and even harder to be attributed as causal. Nevertheless, she mentions the work of Kauffman (2002),[13] who found a causal and positive relationship between different dimensions of good governance and the GDP per capita in the long run, i.e. good governance makes development possible.
These dimensions are how the government is elected and oversighted, the accountability power of citizens, the credibility in the government, the respect for institutions, both from government and citizens, and the effective delivery of public goods. He found that the relation between these two variables does not hold in the reverse direction, meaning that higher levels of economic growth do not lead to better governance. For example, Quain (2003) points out that China and Vietnam are frequent examples of countries that have made remarkable leaps in economic development and poverty reduction, but nevertheless retain many characteristics of poor governance.
Good governance in local governments[edit]
Good Governance is argued to be the most important in local governments. It tries to promote more relationships between government and
Empowered citizens
Neighborhood councils
Community councils
Good Governance with local government aims to increase civil engagement with more members of the community in order to get the best options that serves the people.[14]
Good governance in scientific exploration[edit]
Before there can be scientific experimentation, organizations must be compliant with good governance, meaning that testing must be moral and practical. Many research organizations such as SPICE (Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering) a geoengineering research project that was formed in the U.K. was required to go through stages of evaluation before testing could be conducted if they were to be funded by stakeholders. In 2011 SPICE made plans to experiment with solar radiation. The method for this experiment included injecting stratospheric sulfur aerosols into the Earths atmosphere.
The criteria or "stage-gate" that they must pass before performing their experiment included the following; identify safe and principle risks, test must be compliant with relevant regulations, future applications and impacts, and mechanisms put in place to review these in the light of new information, and that the stakeholders must be regarded and taken into account. Before research can be conducted in the field of geoengineering it must be scrutinized using good governance to ensure testing isn't harmful to the environment and to detail all the possible risks that may occur.[15]
Reform and standards[edit]
Three institutions can be reformed to promote good governance: the state, the private sector and civil society.[16] However, among different cultures, the need and demand for reform can vary depending on the priorities of that country's society.[17] A variety of country level initiatives and international movements put emphasis on various types of governance reform. Each movement for reform establishes criteria for what they consider good governance based on their own needs and agendas. The following are examples of good governance standards for prominent organizations in the international community.
United Nations (UN)[edit]
The United Nations is playing an increasing role in good governance. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." To implement this, the UN goes follows eight principles:[1]
Participation - People should be able to voice their own opinions through legitimate immediate organizations or representatives.
Rule of Law - Legal framework should be enforced impartially, especially on human right laws.
Consensus Oriented - Mediates differing interests to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community.
Equity and Inclusiveness - People should have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.
Effectiveness and Efficiency - Processes and institutions should be able to produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources.
Accountability - Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations should be held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders.
Transparency - Information should be accessible to the public and should be understandable and monitored.
Responsiveness - Institutions and processes should serve all stakeholders.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)[edit]
See also: Structural adjustment
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created at a United Nations (UN) conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. In 1996, the IMF declared "promoting good governance in all its aspects, including by ensuring the rule of law, improving the efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and tackling corruption, as essential elements of a framework within which economies can prosper".[18] The IMF feels that corruption within economies is caused by the ineffective governance of the economy, either too much regulation or too little regulation.[18] To receive loans from the IMF, countries must have certain good governance policies, as determined by the IMF, in place.[18]
World Bank[edit]
The World Bank is concerned with the reform of economic and social resource control.[19] In 1992, it underlined three aspects of society that they feel affect the nature of a country's governance:[19]
type of political regime;
process by which authority is exercised in the management of the economic and social resources, with a view to development; and
capacity of governments to formulate policies and have them effectively implemented.
Worldwide Governance Indicators[edit]
Main article: Worldwide Governance Indicators
The Worldwide Governance Indicators is a program funded by the World Bank to measure the quality of governance of over 200 countries. It uses six dimensions of governance for their measurements, Voice & Accountability, Political Stability and Lack of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. They have been studying countries since 1996.[20]
Effects[edit]
International humanitarian funding[edit]
Good governance defines an ideal that is difficult to achieve in full, though it is something development supporters consider donating to causes.[21] Major donors and international financial institutions, like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Bank, are basing their aid and loans on the condition that the recipient undertake reforms ensuring good governance.[1] This is mostly due to the close link between poor governance and corruption.[22]
Democratization[edit]
Because concepts such as civil society, decentralisation, peaceful conflict management and accountability are often used when defining the concept of good governance, the definition of good governance promotes many ideas that closely align with effective democratic governance.[16] Not surprisingly, emphasis on good governance can sometimes be equated with promoting democratic government. However, a 2011 literature review analyzing the link between democracy and development by Alina Rocha Menocal of the Overseas Development Institute stresses the inconclusiveness of evidence on this relationship.[23]
Example[edit]
A good example of this close association, for some actors, between western democratic governance and the concept of good governance is the following statement made by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Nigeria on August 12, 2009:
Again, to refer to President Obama's speech, what Africa needs is not more strong men, it needs more strong democratic institutions that will stand the test of time. (Applause.) Without good governance, no amount of oil or no amount of aid, no amount of effort can guarantee Nigeria's success. But with good governance, nothing can stop Nigeria. It's the same message that I have carried in all of my meetings, including my meeting this afternoon with your president. The United States supports the seven-point agenda for reform that was outlined by President Yar'Adua. We believe that delivering on roads and on electricity and on education and all the other points of that agenda will demonstrate the kind of concrete progress that the people of Nigeria are waiting for.
Role of political parties[edit]
Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have criticised past studies of good governance to place too little importance on developing political parties, their capacity and their ties to their grassroots supporters.[24] While political parties play a key role in well-functioning democracies, elsewhere political parties are disconnected from voters and dominated by elites, with few incentives or capabilities to increase the representation of other voters.[24] Political parties can play a key role in pivotal moments of a state's development, either negatively (e.g. organising and instigating violence) or positively (e.g. by leading dialogue in a fractured society).[24] While differences in the electoral system play their role in defining the number of parties and their influence once in power (proportional, first past the post, etc.), the funding and expertise available to parties also plays an important role not only in their existence, but their ability to connect to a broad base of support.[24] While the United Nations Development Program and the European Commission have been providing funds to political parties since the 1990s, there are still calls to increase the support for capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills.[24]
Scholarly approaches[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nayef Al-Rodhan, in his 2009 book Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man: A Philosophy of History and Civilisational Triumph, proposed eight minimum criteria for ensuring good national governance.[25] Al-Rodhan's eight minimum criteria are: 1) participation, equity, and inclusiveness, 2) rule of law, 3) separation of powers, 4) free, independent, and responsible media, 5) government legitimacy, 6) accountability, 7) transparency, and 8) limiting the distorting effect of money in politics. In the book, he argues that good national governance is an important component in creating a history of sustainability for the human race. For Al-Rodhan, the eight minimal criteria of good governance are expressions of the fundamental values of democracy and more liberal constitutionalism.
The Tuskegee Study from 1932 to 1972 led to the signing of the National Research Act. This law outlined basic ethical ways in which research is to be carried out. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) made regulations that required voluntary agreements for anyone who was to take part in their studies. Governance is used in scientific studies to ensure that policies are safe and ethical when studies are being done on human subjects. After the National Research Act there have been other organization put in place such as the Ethics Advisory Board, which reviews biomedical research. Many federal agencies adopted the Federal Policy for Protection of Human Rights in 1991. In 1995 President Bill Clinton established the National Bioethics Advisory Commission led by the Department of Health and Human Services with the task of reviewing regulations and policies to ensure the safety of research volunteers.[26]
Criticism[edit]
According to Sam Agere, "The discretionary space left by the lack of a clear well-defined scope for what governance encompasses allows users to choose and set their own parameters."[4]
In the book Contesting 'good' governance, Eva Poluha and Mona Rosendahl contest standards that are common to western democracy as measures of "goodness" in government.[5] By applying political anthropological methods, they conclude that while governments believe they apply concepts of good governance while making decisions, cultural differences can cause conflict with the heterogeneous standards of the international community.[5]
An additional source of good governance criticism is The Intelligent Person's Guide to Good Governance, written by Surendra Munshi. Munshi's work was created in order to "revive" good governance. Many individuals tend to either wave away and be bored with the idea of governance, or not have a clue to what it has at all. This book is a generalized discussion on what the purpose of good governance is and how it serves that purpose throughout our society. Munshi targets the book toward anyone doing research or just simply "those concerned with the issue of governance".[27][page needed]
Rethinking Systems: Configurations of Politics and Policy in Contemporary Governance, written by Micheal P. Crozier, is another work analyzing good governance. Crozier's article discusses the different dynamics of changes that occur throughout communication systems and the effect it has on governance.[28] The idea of various perspectives is presented throughout the article. This allowed the reader to be able to see what contemporary governance is like through different pairs of eyes. Crozier's motive was to also create an open mindset when referring to how governance and policy within society operates, especially with the constant changes occurring day to day.
See also[edit]
Developing country
Due diligence
Good government
Good Governance Day
Peace, order and good government
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "What is Good Governance". UNESCAP, 2009. Accessed July 10, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Khan 16
^ Jump up to: a b c Agere 1
^ Jump up to: a b Agere 4
^ Jump up to: a b c Poluha, Eva; Rosendahl, Mona (2002). Contesting 'good' governance:crosscultural perspectives on representation, accountability and public space. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1494-0. found at Google books
Jump up ^ Eaton, Tim V., and Michael D. Akers. "Whistleblowing and Good Governance". CPA Journal 77, no. 6 (June 2007): 66-71. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 22, 2016).
Jump up ^ Fukuyama,, Francis (January 2013). "What Is Governance?". Center for Global Development. Working paper 314.
Jump up ^ Rotberg, Robert (July 2014). "Good Governance Means Performance and Results". Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions. 27 (3): 511–518. doi:10.1111/gove.12084.
^ Jump up to: a b Grindle, Merilee (October 2004). "Good Enough Governance: Poverty Reduction and Reform in Developing Countries". Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions. 17 (4): 525–48. doi:10.1111/j.0952-1895.2004.00256.x.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Robert (2012). "Book Review of Bo Rothstein: The quality of government: corruption, social trust, and inequality in international perspective". Public Choice. 150: 793–795.
Jump up ^ Rothstein, Bo (2011). The quality of government: corruption, social trust, and inequality in international perspective. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ Grindle, Merilee (2007). "Good Enough Governance Revisited". Development Policy Review. 25 (5): 533–74. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2007.00385.x.
Jump up ^ Kaufmann, Daniel; Kraay, Aart (November 2002). "Growth Without Governance". Policy Research Working Paper, The World Bank, World Bank Institute and Development Research Group. No. 2928.
Jump up ^ "A User's Guide to Measuring Local Governance" UNDP
Jump up ^ Macnaghten, Phil; Owen, Richard (2011-11-17). "Environmental science: Good governance for geoengineering". Nature. 479 (7373): 293–293. doi:10.1038/479293a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22094673.
^ Jump up to: a b Agere 10
Jump up ^ Agere 11
^ Jump up to: a b c "The IMF's Approach to Promoting Good Governance and Combating Corruption — A Guide". International Monetary Fund. June 20, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Agere 3
Jump up ^ Kaufmann, Daniel and Kraay, Aart, "Growth Without Governance" (November 2002). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2928.
Jump up ^ Agere 2
Jump up ^ "The IMF and Good Governance", IMF. Accessed August 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rocha Menocal, A. (2011) "Analysing the relationship between democracy and development", Overseas Development Institute
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Foresti and Wild 2010. S "Support to political parties: a missing piece of the governance puzzle". London: Overseas Development Institute
Jump up ^ Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. F., Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man: A Philosophy of History and Civilisational Triumph, LIT, 2009.
Jump up ^ "How Tuskegee Changed Research Practices". Center for Disease Control and Prevention, April 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Munshi, Surendra; Abraham, Biju Paul; Chaudhuri, Soma. The intelligent person's guide to good governance. New Delhi, India: Sage Publications. ISBN 9788178299310.
Jump up ^ Crozier, Micheal. "Rethinking Systems: Configurations of Politics and Policy in Contemporary Governance". SAGE Publications.
Book sources[edit]
Agere, Sam (2000). Promoting good governance. Commonwealth Secretariat. ISBN 978-0-85092-629-3. found at Google Books
Khan, Mushtaq Husain (2004). State formation in Palestine: viability and governance during a social transformation: Volume 2 of Political economy of the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33802-8. found at Google Books
Heritier, P. & Silvestri P. (Eds.), Good government, Governance, Human complexity. Luigi Einaudi's legacy and contemporary societies, Leo Olschki, Firenze, 2012.
Quian, Yingyi (2003) ‘How Reform Worked in China’, in Rodrik.
External links[edit]
What is Good Governance?, UNESCAP
Sustainable Governance Indicators
World Bank Researchers Analysising Governance
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