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Chevrolet El Camino
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See also: GMC Sprint / Caballero
Chevrolet El Camino
1969 Chevrolet El Camino SS
Overview
Manufacturer
Chevrolet (General Motors)
Model years
1959–1960
1964–1987
Body and chassis
Class
Coupé utility pickup Muscle car
Layout
Front engine, rear-wheel drive
Related
Holden Ute (Australia)
GMC Sprint
Chevrolet El Camino is a coupé utility vehicle that was produced by Chevrolet between 1959–60 and 1964–1987. Unlike a pickup truck, the El Camino was adapted from a two-door station wagon platform that integrated the cab and cargo bed into the body.
Introduced in the 1959 model year in response to the success of the Ford Ranchero coupé utility, its first run lasted only two years. Production resumed for the 1964–1977 model years based on the Chevelle platform, and continued for the 1978–1987 model years based on the GM G-body platform.
Although based on corresponding General Motors car lines, the vehicle is classified and titled in North America as a SUV. GMC's badge engineered El Camino variant, the Sprint, was introduced for the 1971 model year. Renamed Caballero in 1978, it was also produced through the 1987 model year.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 First generation (1959–1960)
1.3 Second generation (1964–1967)
1.3.1 1965
1.3.2 1966
1.3.3 1967
1.4 Third generation (1968–1972)
1.5 Fourth generation (1973–1977)
1.6 Fifth generation (1978–1987)
1.6.1 1982
1.6.2 1985
2 South Africa
3 Concept vehicles
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
Ford Australia was the first company to produce a coupé utility as a result of a 1932 letter from the wife of a farmer in Victoria, Australia, asking for "a vehicle to go to church in on a Sunday and which can carry our pigs to market on Mondays".[1] Ford designer Lew Bandt developed a suitable solution, and the first coupé utility model was released in 1934.[1] Bandt went on to manage Ford’s Advanced Design Department, being responsible for the body engineering of the XP, XT, XW, and XA series Ford Falcon utilities. General Motors’ Australian subsidiary Holden also produced a Chevrolet coupé utility in 1935, Studebaker produced the Coupé Express from 1937 to 1939. The body style did not reappear on the American market until the release of the 1957 Ford Ranchero.
Both the coupé utility and the similar open-topped roadster utility continued in production, but the improving economy of the mid- to late-1930s and the desire for improved comfort saw coupé utility sales climb at the expense of the roadster utility until, by 1939, the latter was all but a fading memory.
1957 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier
The mid-1955 introduction of Chevrolet's Cameo Carrier pickup truck helped pave the way for the El Camino. Although it was a model variant of Chevrolet's Task Force light-duty pickup, the Cameo offered an array of car-like features that included passenger-car styling, fiberglass rear fenders, two-tone paint, a relatively luxurious interior, as well as an optional V8 engine, automatic transmission, and power assists.[2] As always, there was a GMC version offered during the same time, called the GMC Suburban Carrier with the same features offered on the Chevrolet. In 1957 a special version was made for GMC to be shown at national car shows called the Palomino,[3] which had a Pontiac 347 cu in (5.7 L) V8 installed, borrowed from the 1957 Star Chief.
Other pickup truck producers, including Dodge, Ford, Studebaker, and International, began to offer flush-side cargo boxes on some of their 1957 models, such as the Dodge C Series, and the Studebaker E-series Deluxe. However, Ford also introduced the 1957 Ranchero, and established a new market segment in the U.S. market of an automobile platform based coupé utility. In 1959, Chevrolet responded with the El Camino to compete with Ford's full-sized Ranchero. The original El Camino and Ranchero would compete directly only in the 1959 model year.[4]
1955 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier
1955 GMC Suburban Carrier
1956 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier rear view
1957 GMC Suburban Carrier
1957 GMC Palomino
1958 GMC Suburban Carrier
1959 GMC Suburban Carrier rear view
First generation (1959–1960)[edit]
First generation
1959 Chevrolet El Camino
Overview
Production
1959 El Camino Total 22,246[5]
1960 El Camino Total 14,163[5]
Model years
1959–1960
Assembly
Arlington, Texas, United States
Body and chassis
Platform
GM B platform pickup
Related
1959–1960 Chevrolet Biscayne
1959–1960 Chevrolet Bel Air
1959–1960 Chevrolet Impala
1959–1960 Chevrolet Brookwood
1959–1960 Chevrolet Parkwood
1959–1960 Chevrolet Kingswood
1959–1960 Chevrolet Nomad
Powertrain
Engine
235 cu in (3.9 L) I6
283 cu in (4.6 L) V8
348 cu in (5.7 L) V8
Transmission
3-speed manual
4-speed manual
2-speed Powerglide automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
119 in (3,023 mm)[6]
Length
210.9 in (5,357 mm)[6]
The El Camino was introduced for the 1959 model year two years after the Ford Ranchero. According to Chevrolet stylist Chuck Jordan, GM Harley Earl had suggested a coupé pickup in 1952.
Like the Ranchero, it was based on an existing and modified platform, the new-for-1959 Brookwood two-door station wagon, itself based on the completely redesigned, longer, lower and wider full-sized Chevrolet. Highly stylized, it initially sold 50% more briskly than the more conservative Ranchero, some 22,000 to 14,000.
Unlike the Brookwoods wagon and a sedan delivery variant, the El Camino was available with any full-sized Chevrolet drivetrain. It came in a single trim level, its exterior using the mid-level Bel-Air's trim, and the interior of the low-end Biscayne. Its chassis featured Chevrolet's "Safety-Girder" X-frame design and a full-coil suspension, both introduced in the 1958 model year. The 119-inch (3,000 mm) wheel-base was 1.5 inches (38 mm) longer, and overall length for all 1959 Chevrolets was up to 210.9 inches (5,360 mm). The El Camino's payload rating ranged from 650 to 1150 pounds, with gross vehicle weights ranging from 4400 to 4900 pounds depending on powertrain and suspension. The somewhat soft passenger car suspension of the base model left the vehicle level without a load, in contrast the Ranchero, where standard 1100-pound rated heavy duty rear springs gave it a distinct rake when empty. The quirky Level Air suspension option, in its second and final year, was listed as available, but was almost never seen on any Chevrolet model, much less an El Camino. The 1959 El Camino was promoted as the first Chevrolet pickup built with a steel bed floor instead of wood. The floor was a corrugated sheetmetal insert, secured with 26 recessed bolts. Concealed beneath it was the floor pan from the Brookwood two-door wagon, complete with foot wells. Box capacity was almost 33 cubic feet (0.93 m3).
Among the performance engines offered were a 283-cid Turbo-jet V8 with two- or four-barrel carburetion, several Turbo-Thrust 348-cid V8s with four-barrel or triple two-barrel carburetors producing 335 bhp (250 kW; 340 PS), and 250- and 290-bhp 283-cube Ramjet Fuel Injection V8s.
Hot Rod magazine conducted a test of an El Camino equipped with the hottest powertrain combination available in early 1959—a 315 bhp (235 kW; 319 PS), triple-carb, solid-lifter 348 V8 mated to a four-speed. Staff testers clocked 0-60 mph times of around seven seconds, estimated top speed at 130 mph (210 km/h), and predicted 14-second/100-mph quarter-mile performance with a rear-axle ratio suitable for drag racing installed.
1959 El Camino
A total of 22,246 El Caminos were produced for 1959. That bested the count of 21,706 first-year Rancheros made in 1957 and the 14,169 Ford sedan pickups built in direct competition for the 1959 model year. But 1960 would be a different story.
The similar but less flamboyant 1960 model started at $2366 for the six-cylinder model; another $107 for a V8 with the two-barrel 283. At first glance, the exterior once again had a Bel Air look, with that series' bright-metal "jet" appliqué and narrow trailing molding used to accent the rear quarters. Inside, Biscayne/Brookwood appointments also persisted. The seat was now covered in striped-pattern cloth with vinyl facings. Available interior trim shades were once again gray, blue, and green. Floor coverings were in medium-tone vinyl. Mid-1959 powertrain availability was carried over with minimal changes for 1960: The base 283-cid V8 was detuned a bit for fuel economy and was now rated at 170 bhp (127 kW; 172 PS), and the fuel-injected engines were officially gone.
1960 El Camino
Orders plummeted by a third, to just 14,163, at which point Chevrolet discontinued the model; meanwhile, Ford moved 21,027 Rancheros, which were now based on the brand-new Falcon compact. The pioneering American sedan pickups just did not connect with enough car-buying Americans. Perhaps these early "crossovers" didn't carry enough passengers; in a time when baby-boomer families dominated the market, three across was the best they could offer. Cargo volume was meager compared with pickup trucks. The low-level trim and marketing efforts focused almost exclusively on commercial customers may have inhibited sales, as well.[4]
Second generation (1964–1967)[edit]
Second generation
1964 Chevrolet Chevelle El Camino
Overview
Production
1964 El Camino Total 32,548[7]
1965 El Camino Total 34,724[7]
1966 El Camino Total 35,119[7]
1967 El Camino Total 34,830[7]
Model years
1964–1967
Assembly
Atlanta, Georgia
Baltimore, Maryland
Fremont, California Van Nuys, California 1964 only]
Framingham, Massachusetts
Kansas City, Missouri
Oshawa, Ontario
Body and chassis
Platform
A-body pickup
Related
1964–1967 Chevrolet Chevelle
1966–1969 Beaumont
Powertrain
Engine
194 cu in (3.2 L) I6
230 cu in (3.8 L) I6
250 cu in (4.1 L) I6
283 cu in (4.6 L) Small-Block V8
327 cu in (5.4 L) Small-Block V8
396 cu in (6.5 L) Big-Block V8
Transmission
3-speed manual
4-speed manual
2-speed Powerglide automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
115 in (2,921 mm)[8]
Chevrolet reintroduced an all new, mid-size El Camino four years later based on the Chevrolet Chevelle. The 1964 model was similar to the Chevelle two-door wagon forward of the B-pillars and carried both "Chevelle" and "El Camino" badges, but Chevrolet marketed the vehicle as a utility model and Chevelle's most powerful engines were not available. Initial engine offerings included six-cylinder engines of 194 and 230 cubic inches with horsepower ratings of 120 and 155, respectively. The standard V8 was a 283 cubic-inch Chevrolet small block with two-barrel carburetor and 195 horsepower (145 kW) with optional engines including a 220-horsepower 283 with four-barrel carburetor and dual exhausts. Added to the El Camino's option list during the course of the 1964 model year were two versions of the 327 cubic-inch small block V8 rated at 250 and 300 horsepower (220 kW)—the latter featuring a higher compression ratio of 10.5:1, larger four-barrel carburetor and dual exhausts.[9] El Caminos also featured Air shocks in the rear,as well as fully boxed frames. The shocks were continued over all generations, the frames only thru 1967.[10]
1965[edit]
The 1965 El Camino received the same facelift as the '65 Chevelle, with a more pronounced V-shaped front end, and a higher performance L79 version of the 327 engine rated at 350 hp (261 kW) that was also available in Chevelles. Most of the other engines were carried over from 1964, including the 194 and 230 cubic-inch Turbo Thrift sixes, the 195-horsepower 283 cubic-inch Turbo-Fire V8 and 327 cubic-inch Turbo-Fire V8s of 250 and 300 horsepower (220 kW).[11]
1966[edit]
In 1966, GM added a 396 cu in (6.5 L) V8 engine to the lineup rated from 325 to 375 hp (280 kW). The 1965 327 would run low 15s in the 1/4 mile (at some 90 mph), while 1966 to 1969 models were easily into the mid- to upper-14s. New sheetmetal highlighted the 1966 El Camino, identical to the Chevelle. A new instrument panel with horizontal sweep speedometer was featured. Inside, the standard version featured a bench seat interior and rubber floor mat from the low-line Chevelle 300 series, while the Custom used a more upscale interior from the Chevelle Malibu with plusher cloth-and-vinyl or all-vinyl bench seats and deep twist carpeting, or optional Strato swivel bucket seats with console. A tachometer was optional.[12]
1967[edit]
The 1967 El Camino followed the Chevelle's styling facelift with a new grille, front bumper, and trim. Air shocks remained standard equipment on the El Camino, allowing the driver to compensate for a load. The year 1967 also brought the collapsible steering column and options of disc brakes and Turbo Hydramatic 400 3-speed automatic transmission. It was the second year the 396 (L35, L34, and L78) could be had in the El Camino (both 13480 300 Deluxe base and 13680 Malibu series). Since the L35 396/325 hp engine was the base for the SS396 series, the number of L35 engines reported sold by Chevrolet in 1967 (2,565) were sold in one of the two El Camino series, which were the only other series the engine could be ordered in. Since the L34 (now 350 hp) & L78 (375 hp) were available in either El Camino series as well as the two SS396 body styles, there is no way of knowing how many of these optional engines went to which body style. Chevrolet does report 17,176 L34 and 612 L78 engine options were sold in 1967 Chevelles, but there is no breakdown of body styles. The TH400 3-speed automatic was now available as an option (RPO M40) with the 396 engine in both the SS396 series and the 396-equipped El Caminos. The 3-speed manual transmission remained the standard transmission with a heavy duty (RPO M13) also available along with the 2-speed Powerglide and either M20 wide ratio or M21 close ratio 4-speed transmissions. Although there was no actual factory El Camino Super Sport until 1968, many owners have "cloned" '67 SS396s using 1967 Chevelle SS396 badges and trim.
1965 Chevrolet El Camino
Third generation (1968–1972)[edit]
Third generation
1972 Chevrolet El Camino
Overview
Production
1968 El Camino SS V8 5,190[7]
1968 El Camino Total 41,791[7]
1969 El Camino Total 48,385[7]
1970 El Camino Total 47,707[7]
1971 El Camino Total 41,606[7]
1972 El Camino Total 57,147[7]
Model years
1968–1972
Assembly
Arlington, United States
Atlanta, United States
Baltimore, United States
Flint, United States
Fremont, United States
Kansas City, United States
Van Nuys, United States
Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
Body and chassis
Platform
A-body pickup
Related
1968–1972 Chevrolet Chevelle
1971–1972 GMC Sprint
Powertrain
Engine
230 cu in (3.8 L) I6
250 cu in (4.1 L) I6
307 cu in (5.0 L) V8
350 cu in (5.7 L) V8
396 cu in (6.5 L) V8
454 cu in (7.4 L) V8
Transmission
3-speed manual
4-speed manual
2-speed Powerglide auto.
3-speed Turbo-Hydramatic auto
Dimensions
Wheelbase
116 in (2,946 mm)
Chevrolet introduced a longer El Camino in 1968, based on the Chevelle station wagon/four-door sedan wheelbase (116 in (2,946 mm), overall length: 208 in (5,283 mm)); it also shared Chevelle Malibu exterior and interior trims. The interior was revamped including cloth and vinyl or all-vinyl bench seats and deep twist carpeting. All-vinyl Strato bucket seats and center console were an $111 option. Power front disc brakes and Positraction were optional. A new, high-performance Super Sport SS396 version was launched. The Turbo-Jet 396 had 325 bhp (242 kW) or 350 bhp (260 kW) versions. Returning to the official options list for the first time since late 1966 was the 375 bhp (280 kW) L78. It had solid lifters, big-port heads, and an 800 cfm Holley four-barrel on a low-rise aluminum manifold. A three-speed manual was standard with all engines, and a four-speed or automatic was optional. In 1968, the SS was a separate model (the "SS-396").
The 1969 models showed only minor changes, led by more-rounded front-end styling. A single chrome bar connected quad headlights, and a slotted bumper held the parking lights. New round instrument pods replaced the former linear layout. For the first time, the Chevrolet 350 V8 was used in an El Camino. The Super Sport group included a 265- or 325-horsepower 396-cubic-inch V8 beneath a double-domed hood, along with a black-out grille displaying an SS emblem. More potent editions of the 396 engine, developing 350 or 375 horsepower (280 kW) also made the options list. Options included power windows and locks. Curiously, back-up lights moved from the rear bumper to the tailgate, where they were ineffective when the gate was down.
The 1970 models received sheet metal revisions that gave the bodies a more squared-up stance, and interiors were also redesigned. The new SS396, which actually displaced 402 cu in (6.6 L) (although all emblems read 396) was available. Chevrolet's largest and most-powerful engine of the time was also put into a select few El Caminos. The LS6 454 CID engine, rated at 450 hp (336 kW) and 500 lb⋅ft (680 N⋅m) of torque, gave the El Camino 1/4-mile times in the lower 13-second range at around 108 mph (174 km/h).
The 1971 El Camino got fresh front-end styling that included large Power-Beam single-unit headlights, a reworked grille and bumper, and integral park/signal/marker lights. For 1971, mandated lower-octane unleaded fuel necessitated a reduction in engine compression, and GM's A.I.R. system, a "smog pump", was added to control tailpipe emissions. Power and performance were reduced. Engine offerings for 1971 included the 250-6, small-block V8s of 307 and 350 cubic inches; and big block V8s of 402 and 454-cubic-inch displacements. Horsepower ratings of those engines for 1971 ranged from 145 for the six to 365 for the RPO LS5 454 – all in gross figures. The LS6 454 V8 was gone forever. A rebadged El Camino, the GMC Sprint debuted in 1971. It shared the same engine and transmission offerings as its Chevrolet counterpart.
The 1972 El Caminos wore single-unit parking and side marker lights on their front fenders, outside of a revised twin-bar grille, but little changed. For 1972, horsepower measurements were switched to the "net" figures as installed in a vehicle with all accessories and emission controls hooked up. Engine offerings included the 110 horsepower (82 kW) 250-6, a 307 V8, a 175 horsepower (130 kW) 350-cubic-inch V8, and big block V8s of 402 and 454 cubic-inch displacements. The 402-cubic-inch (still known as a 396) produced 240 horsepower (180 kW); the 454 managed to put out 270 horsepower (200 kW) under the net rating system. Super Sport equipment could now be ordered with any V8 engine, including the base 307-cubic-inch version. All 1972 El Caminos with the 454 ci engine have a "W" as the fifth digit in the VIN, and the 454 was only available with Super Sport trim.
Fourth generation (1973–1977)[edit]
Fourth generation
1973 Chevrolet El Camino
Overview
Production
1973 El Camino Total 64,987[7]
1974 El Camino SS 4,543[7]
1974 El Camino Total 51,223[7]
1975 El Camino SS 3,521[7]
1975 El Camino Total 33,620[7]
1976 El Camino SS 5,163[7]
1976 El Camino Total 44,890[7]
1977 El Camino SS 5,226[7]
1977 El Camino Total 54,321[7]
Model years
1973–1977
Assembly
Baltimore, United States
Doraville, Georgia, United States
Leeds, Missouri, United States
Arlington, United States
Fremont, United States
Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
Body and chassis
Platform
A-body pickup
Related
1973–1977 Chevrolet Chevelle
1973–1977 GMC Sprint
Powertrain
Engine
250 cu in (4.1 L) I6
307 cu in (5.0 L) V8
350 cu in (5.7 L) V8
400 cu in (6.6 L) V8
454 cu in (7.4 L) V8
Transmission
3-speed manual
4-speed manual
3-speed Turbo-Hydramatic auto.
For 1973, the El Camino was redesigned. Matching the Chevelle line and using the wagon chassis, it was the largest El Camino generation. Energy-absorbing hydraulic front bumper systems on these vehicles added more weight. There were two different trim levels of El Caminos during this period. The base model and SS option shared interior and exterior appointments with the Chevelle Malibu, while the El Camino Classic (introduced for 1974) shared its trim with the more upscale Chevelle Malibu Classic.
The chassis design was as new as the bodies with 1-inch (25 mm) a wider wheel track, front and rear. The left wheel was adjusted to have slightly more positive camber than the right, which resulted in a more uniform and stable steering feel on high-crown road surfaces while maintaining excellent freeway cruise stability. Clearances for spring travel were also improved for a smoother ride over all types of surfaces; the coil springs at each wheel were computer-selected to match the individual car's weight. Front disc brakes were now standard on all '73 El Caminos. Additional new features were an acoustical double-panel roof, tighter-fitting glass, flush-style outside door handles, molded full-foam seat construction, flow-through power ventilation system, inside hood release, refined Delcotron generator and sealed side-terminal battery, a larger 22-US-gallon (83 L; 18 imp gal) fuel tank, and "flush and dry" rocker panels introduced first on the redesigned 1971 full-size Chevrolets. New options included swivel bucket seats (with console) and Turbine I urethane (backed by steel) wheels, as was the instrument gauge cluster.[13] A benefit of the new body designs was much better visibility of which the unusually thin windshield pillars contributed. A structural improvement was a stronger design for the side door guard beams. El Caminos shared the "Colonnade" frameless door glass with other Chevelles, and would continue this feature into the next generation as well.
The 307 2-barrel V8 of 115 hp (86 kW) was the base engine. Options included a 350 2-barrel V8 of 145 hp (108 kW), a 350 4-barrel V8 of 175 hp (130 kW), and a 454 4-barrel V8 rated at 245 hp (183 kW). Hardened engine valve seats and hydraulic camshafts made these engines reliable for many miles, and allowed them to accept the increasingly popular unleaded regular gasoline. The three-speed manual transmission was standard; 4-speed manual and Turbo Hydra-Matic 3-speed automatic transmissions were optional. Crossflow radiators and coolant reservoirs prevented overheating.[14]
1973 El Camino
1973 El Camino SS
The SS, then a trim option, included a black grill with SS emblem, bodyside striping, bright roof drip moldings, color-keyed dual sport mirrors, special front and rear stabilizer bars, rally wheels, 70-series raised white-lettered tires, special instrumentation and SS interior emblems.[14] The SS option was available with a 350 or 454 V8 with the 4-speed or Turbo Hydra-Matic transmissions. [15]
The 1974 El Caminos sported an elongated, Mercedes-type grille. Inside, the new top-of-the-line El Camino Classic featured luxurious interiors with notchback bench seats (or optional Strato bucket seats) upholstered in cloth or vinyl, carpeted door panels and woodgrain instrument panel trim. The 350 V8 became the base engine and a 400 V8 engine was new this year. The 454, the top engine, was available with the Turbo Hydra-Matic 400 automatic or 4-speed manual transmission.
The 1975 models featured a new grill, providing a fresh appearance. Suspension upgrades offered a quieter ride, and radial-ply tires became standard. Dual remote mirrors, new twin sport mirrors, intermittent wipers, and cruise control were among new convenience features this year. The 1975 high energy ignition (HEI) provided spark to the spark plugs with minimal maintenance and increased power. The larger distributor cap also provided better high-RPM performance by decreasing the likelihood of the spark conducting to the wrong terminal. The 250-cubic-inch in-line six of 105 hp (78 kW) was offered as the base engine. The 454-cubic-inch V8, downrated yet again to 215 horsepower (160 kW), made it into 1975 as an El Camino option, but this would be its last go-around. It was not available in California, and the optional four-speed stick was no longer offered. Buyers could now choose an Econominder instrument package that included a vacuum gauge to point out when optimum fuel economy was being attained.
1977 El Camino Classic
For 1976, El Camino Classic models now featured the new rectangular headlights that other high-end GM cars were sporting. These were quad units in stacked arrangement. The base model retained the previously used dual round headlights. Engines included the base 250 I6 engine, a new 140-horsepower 305-cubic-inch V8, two- and four-barrel 350s (with availability still depending on California delivery), and the 400-cubic-inch V8, still good for 175 hp. All engines except the 250 I6 came with the Turbo Hydra-matic automatic transmission as the only transmission available. The 250 I6 came with a 3-speed manual or an optional Turbo Hydra-matic.
The 1977 models were little changed, except the 400 V8 was gone. The El Camino Classic was again the top model and the SS option continued.[16]
Fifth generation (1978–1987)[edit]
Fifth generation
1978 Chevrolet El Camino
Overview
Also called
Chevrolet Pickup (Iran, 1984–1987)
Production
1978 El Camino SS 12,027[7]
1978 El Camino Total 54,286[7]
1979 El Camino Total 58,008[7]
1980 El Camino Total 40,932[7]
1981 El Camino Total 36,711[7]
1982 El Camino Total 22,732[7]
1983 El Camino Total 24,010[7]
1984 El Camino Total 22,997[7]
1985 El Camino Total 21,816[7]
1986 El Camino Total 21,508[7]
1987 El Camino Total 13,743[7]
1988 El Camino Total 420[7]
Model years
1978–1987
Assembly
Baltimore, United States
Doraville, Georgia, United States
Leeds, Missouri, United States
Arlington, United States
Fremont, United States
Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
Ramos Arizpe, Mexico
Tehran, Iran (CKD, Pars Khodro)[17]
Body and chassis
Platform
A-body pickup (1978–1981)
G-body pickup (1982–1987)
Related
1978–1983 Chevrolet Malibu
1978–1988 GMC Caballero
Powertrain
Engine
3.3 L (200 cu in) Chevrolet V6
3.8 L (229 cu in) Chevrolet V6
3.8 L (231 cu in) Buick V6
4.3 L (262 cu in) Chevrolet V6
4.4 L (267 cu in) Small-Block V8
5.0 L (305 cu in) Small-Block V8
5.7 L (350 cu in) Small-Block V8
5.7 L (350 cu in) Diesel V8
Transmission
3-speed manual
4-speed manual
3-speed Turbo-Hydramatic automatic.
Dimensions
Wheelbase
117 in (2,972 mm)
The 1978 through 1987 El Caminos were produced in four trim levels: Classic, Black Knight (1978)/Royal Knight (1979–83), Conquista and Super Sport, and shared chassis components with the Chevrolet Malibu. Chevrolet 90° V6 and Buick V6 engines were used for the first time. The optional 305 cubic-inch small block V8 was rated at 150 or 165 horsepower (123 kW), and from 1982–1984, the Oldsmobile-sourced diesel engine was also optional.
A new, trimmer El Camino was unveiled in 1978, adopting the new, more sharp-edged Malibu styling, and a one-inch longer wheelbase of 117 in (2,972 mm). The front end sheet metal and doors were shared with the Malibu, and the rear tailgate and bumper was shared with the Malibu station wagon. For the first time, though, the El Camino had a unique chassis – it was shared with no other Chevrolet. The front end featured a new single rectangular headlight design. The base engine was a 200-cubic-inch (3.3-liter) V6 that developed 95 horsepower (71 kW), except in California where, to meet emissions standards, the 231-cubic-inch Buick engine was the base engine . Two upgrades could be ordered: a 305-cubic-inch V8 with 145 horsepower (108 kW), or a 350-cubic-inch V8 with 170 horsepower (130 kW) that was only available in El Caminos and Malibu station wagons. It was not available on Malibu passenger cars (with exception to coupe and sedan Malibu 9C1 police vehicles). Among GM makes, at least, the era of bigness was fading into history, overtaken by a new age of efficiency and economy.
The 1979 model got minimal changes following its debut as a redesigned "new-size" model in 1978. Alterations to the 1979 El Camino amounting to little more than a new divided grille. However, a "small-block" 267-cubic-inch (4.4-liter) V8 joined the options list and slotted between the standard 3.3-liter V6 and the optional 5.0-liter four-barrel V8. The 350-cubic-inch (5.7-liter) V8, developing 170 horsepower (130 kW) was again available. Both three- and four-speed manual transmissions had floor shifters.
The 1980 El Camino started out the 1980s with few changes, though engine choices were shuffled a little. The base V6 displaced 229 cubic inches, up from 200 the year before. Horsepower increased from 94 to 115. Optional again were a 267-cubic-inch V8 with 125 horsepower (93 kW) and a 305 V8, now with 155 horsepower (down five). The 350 with 170 horsepower (130 kW) offered in 1979 was dropped. A three speed floor shifted manual transmission was standard, but most got the optional three-speed automatic.
The 1981 models received a new horizontal tube grill. The 1981 engines mostly continued from 1980, but now used GM's Computer Command Control (CCC) emission system. The base 229-cubic-inch V6 made 110 horsepower (down from 115), as did the California-only 231-cubic-inch Buick V6. Optional engines were the 267-cubic-inch V8 with 115 horsepower (86 kW) and The 305-cubic-inch V8, now with 150 horsepower (110 kW). The three-speed automatic added a lock-up torque converter to aid highway mileage.
1982[edit]
The 1982 (through the final 1987) El Camino sported a new frontal appearance with a crosshatch grille flanked by quad rectangular headlights. New under the hood for 1982 was a 105-horsepower 5.7-liter (350-cubic-inch) Diesel V8, which was also offered in Chevrolet's full-size cars. Though mileage with the diesel was commendable, it was an expensive option and would eventually amass a dismal repair record. Gasoline-engine choices were unchanged, except Chevrolet's 229-cubic-inch (3.8-liter) V6 was now standard in California-bound cars, replacing Buick's 231-cubic-inch V6.
In 1983, the 4.4-liter V8 was gone, leaving the 5.0-liter version as the only optional gas V8. The standard engine was again Chevrolet's 3.8-liter V6 with 110 horsepower (82 kW), though California cars, once again, got a Buick V6 with similar specifications. Continuing on the options list was the 5.7-liter V8 Diesel with 105 hp (78 kW). The sister Malibu sedan and wagon were discontinued after the 1983 model year.
The 1983–87 El Camino SS was offered as a conversion (completed by Choo-Choo Customs Inc., of Chattanooga, Tennessee) to include the aerodynamic front end similar to the Monte Carlo SS, but did not receive the L69 engine package.
1985[edit]
GM shifted El Camino production to Mexico, and the new fuel-injected 4.3 L V6 became the base engine through 1987.
El Camino production ended quietly in late 1987.[18] Some model year 1987's (420 El Caminos and 325 GMC Caballeros) are listed as new car retail deliveries in calendar year 1988 based on their date of first retail sale.[19] Speculation in online forums[20] indicates 3GCCW80H2HS915586 "may" be the final vehicle. The GM Media Archive/Heritage Center confirmed that no MY 1988 El Caminos or Caballeros were produced.[21]

1979 El Camino
1982–1987 El Camino
South Africa[edit]
1971 Chevrolet El Camino (North America )
A range of Chevrolet models, based on the Holden HK, was introduced onto the South African market in 1969.[22] A coupe utility version was released in 1971 under the Chevrolet El Camino name [22] and was offered with imported Holden 186 six and 308 V8 engines.[22] A version of the later Holden HQ utility was marketed in South Africa as the Chevrolet El Camino AQ.[23] [24] A facelifted El Camino AJ was released in 1976 with production ceasing in 1978.[25]
Concept vehicles[edit]
In 1974, Chevrolet's sister division, Pontiac, reportedly took an El Camino body, grafted on the urethane-nose front end from its Grand Am series, added the GA's instrument panel, reclining Strato-bucket seats with adjustable lumbar support along with Pontiac's Rally II wheels. This was a styling exercise for a possible Pontiac version of the El Camino; the concept never reached production.
In 1992, GM unveiled an El Camino concept, basically a pickup variant of the Chevrolet Lumina Z34. The concept received mixed, mostly negative reviews, mostly because of its front wheel drive layout.
2010 Pontiac G8 ST, NY Auto Show, 2008
During the 1995 model year, GM had a concept El Camino based on the full-size Caprice station wagon using the grille of a 1994–96 Impala SS; this concept was destined for production, but was shelved when GM decided to discontinue the B-platform car line at the end of 1996.
The Pontiac G8 ST was shown at the New York International Auto Show in March 2008. Based on the Holden Commodore Ute, it shared the G8 platform with a 73-inch (1,900 mm) cargo bed. The Sport Truck had the same 361 hp (269 kW), 6.0-liter V8 used in the G8 GT, as well as the 3.6-liter, 300 hp (220 kW) direct-injection V6.[26] The G8 ST was slated for release as a 2010 model, but in January 2009, GM announced to dealers the G8 ST was cancelled due to budget cuts and restructuring.[27] In 2011, GM again considered bringing back the El Camino under the Chevrolet brand as early as 2015.[28]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Warner, Gary (1999-08-08). "Who built the first utility – where – when..." fastlane.com.au. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (2007-10-17). "1955 Chevrolet Cameo Carrier". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
Jump up ^ "1957 GMC Palomino". 1955 GMC Truck Site.
^ Jump up to: a b The Editors of Consumer Guide
^ Jump up to: a b Bob. "1958-1965 Chevrolet full size production numbers". 348-409.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Gunnell, John A. (1993). Standard Catalog of American Light-Duty Trucks. krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-238-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "El Camino Production Totals". Chevelles.com.
Jump up ^ "1964 Chevrolet El Camino Vehicle Information" (PDF). GM Heritage Center.
Jump up ^ 1964 El Camino brochure
Jump up ^ Owner observation
Jump up ^ 1965 El Camino brochure
Jump up ^ "Directory Index: Chevrolet_El_Camino-GMC_Caballero/1966_Chevrolet_El_Camino_Brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ 1973–1977 Chevrolet El camino brochures
^ Jump up to: a b 1973 Chevrolet Chevelle Brochure
Jump up ^ Cars of the 70's – By the Editors of Consumer Guide
Jump up ^ 1973–77 El Camino brochures
Jump up ^ "Pars Khodro in history". Pars Khodro.
Jump up ^ "Briefly – Blast from the past?". Automotive News.
Jump up ^ "El Camino Timeline – Changes From 1959–1987". Eckler's El Camino Store.
Jump up ^ "Since we've never seen a 1988 El Camino". El Camino Central.
Jump up ^ "Since we've never seen a 1988 El Camino: Post 122". El Camino Central.
^ Jump up to: a b c Louis F. Fourie, On a Global Mission, Volume 2, 2016, pages 706-707
Jump up ^ Holden Abroad, Restored Cars #220, Sept-Oct 2013, pages 45-47
Jump up ^ Chevrolet El Camino (AQ), www.flickr.com
Jump up ^ When is a Holden not a Holden, Restored Cars #191, Nov-Dec 2008, page 34
Jump up ^ "Pontiac Names All New Sport Truck The "G8 ST"". Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "GM kills Pontiac G8 Sport Truck". Freep.
Jump up ^ "Chevy Considers Return of the El Camino". Jalopnik.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet El Camino.
Chevrolet El Camino at the Internet Movie Cars Database
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Accuracy and precision
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Precision is a description of random errors, a measure of statistical variability.
Accuracy has two definitions:
More commonly, it is a description of systematic errors, a measure of statistical bias; as these cause a difference between a result and a "true" value, ISO calls this trueness.
Alternatively, ISO defines accuracy as describing a combination of both types of observational error above (random and systematic), so high accuracy requires both high precision and high trueness.
In simplest terms, given a set of data points from a series of measurements, the set can be said to be precise if the values are close to the average value of the quantity being measured, while the set can be said to be accurate if the values are close to the true value of the quantity being measured. The two concepts are independent of each other, so a particular set of data can be said to be either accurate, or precise, or both, or neither.
Contents
[hide]
1 Common definition
1.1 Quantification
2 ISO definition (ISO 5725)
3 In binary classification
4 In psychometrics and psychophysics
5 In logic simulation
6 In information systems
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Common definition[edit]
Accuracy is the proximity of measurement results to the true value; precision, the repeatability, or reproducibility of the measurement
In the fields of science and engineering, the accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity's true value.[1] The precision of a measurement system, related to reproducibility and repeatability, is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.[1][2] Although the two words precision and accuracy can be synonymous in colloquial use, they are deliberately contrasted in the context of the scientific method.
Interestingly, the field of statistics, where the interpretation of measurements plays a central role, prefers to use the terms bias and variability instead of accuracy and precision: bias is the amount of inaccuracy and variability is the amount of imprecision.
A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a systematic error, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The result would be a consistent yet inaccurate string of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.
A measurement system is considered valid if it is both accurate and precise. Related terms include bias (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and error (random variability).
The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data.
In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement.
In numerical analysis, accuracy is also the nearness of a calculation to the true value; while precision is the resolution of the representation, typically defined by the number of decimal or binary digits.
In military terms, accuracy refers primarily to the accuracy of fire (or "justesse de tir"), the precision of fire expressed by the closeness of a grouping of shots at and around the centre of the target.[3]
Quantification[edit]
See also: False precision
In industrial instrumentation, accuracy is the measurement tolerance, or transmission of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions.[4]
Ideally a measurement device is both accurate and precise, with measurements all close to and tightly clustered around the true value. The accuracy and precision of a measurement process is usually established by repeatedly measuring some traceable reference standard. Such standards are defined in the International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Système international d'unités) and maintained by national standards organizations such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States.
This also applies when measurements are repeated and averaged. In that case, the term standard error is properly applied: the precision of the average is equal to the known standard deviation of the process divided by the square root of the number of measurements averaged. Further, the central limit theorem shows that the probability distribution of the averaged measurements will be closer to a normal distribution than that of individual measurements.
With regard to accuracy we can distinguish:
the difference between the mean of the measurements and the reference value, the bias. Establishing and correcting for bias is necessary for calibration.
the combined effect of that and precision.
A common convention in science and engineering is to express accuracy and/or precision implicitly by means of significant figures. Here, when not explicitly stated, the margin of error is understood to be one-half the value of the last significant place. For instance, a recording of 843.6 m, or 843.0 m, or 800.0 m would imply a margin of 0.05 m (the last significant place is the tenths place), while a recording of 8436 m would imply a margin of error of 0.5 m (the last significant digits are the units).
A reading of 8,000 m, with trailing zeroes and no decimal point, is ambiguous; the trailing zeroes may or may not be intended as significant figures. To avoid this ambiguity, the number could be represented in scientific notation: 8.0 × 103 m indicates that the first zero is significant (hence a margin of 50 m) while 8.000 × 103 m indicates that all three zeroes are significant, giving a margin of 0.5 m. Similarly, it is possible to use a multiple of the basic measurement unit: 8.0 km is equivalent to 8.0 × 103 m. In fact, it indicates a margin of 0.05 km (50 m). However, reliance on this convention can lead to false precision errors when accepting data from sources that do not obey it.[citation needed]
Precision includes:
repeatability — the variation arising when all efforts are made to keep conditions constant by using the same instrument and operator, and repeating during a short time period; and
reproducibility — the variation arising using the same measurement process among different instruments and operators, and over longer time periods.
ISO definition (ISO 5725)[edit]
According to ISO 5725-1, Accuracy consists of Trueness (proximity of measurement results to the true value) and Precision (repeatability or reproducibility of the measurement)
A shift in the meaning of these terms appeared with the publication of the ISO 5725 series of standards in 1994, which is also reflected in the 2008 issue of the "BIPM International Vocabulary of Metrology" (VIM), items 2.13 and 2.14.[1]
According to ISO 5725-1,[5] the general term "accuracy" is used to describe the closeness of a measurement to the true value. When the term is applied to sets of measurements of the same measurand, it involves a component of random error and a component of systematic error. In this case trueness is the closeness of the mean of a set of measurement results to the actual (true) value and precision is the closeness of agreement among a set of results.
ISO 5725-1 and VIM also avoid the use of the term "bias", previously specified in BS 5497-1,[6] because it has different connotations outside the fields of science and engineering, as in medicine and law.
Accuracy of a target grouping according to BIPM and ISO 5725
Low accuracy, poor precision, good trueness
Low accuracy, good precision, poor trueness
In binary classification[edit]
Main article: Evaluation of binary classifiers
Accuracy is also used as a statistical measure of how well a binary classification test correctly identifies or excludes a condition. That is, the accuracy is the proportion of true results (both true positives and true negatives) among the total number of cases examined.[7] To make the context clear by the semantics, it is often referred to as the "Rand accuracy" or "Rand index".[8][9][10] It is a parameter of the test.
In psychometrics and psychophysics[edit]
In psychometrics and psychophysics, the term accuracy is interchangeably used with validity and constant error. Precision is a synonym for reliability and variable error. The validity of a measurement instrument or psychological test is established through experiment or correlation with behavior. Reliability is established with a variety of statistical techniques, classically through an internal consistency test like Cronbach's alpha to ensure sets of related questions have related responses, and then comparison of those related question between reference and target population.[citation needed]
In logic simulation[edit]
In logic simulation, a common mistake in evaluation of accurate models is to compare a logic simulation model to a transistor circuit simulation model. This is a comparison of differences in precision, not accuracy. Precision is measured with respect to detail and accuracy is measured with respect to reality.[11][12]
In information systems[edit]
This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help us clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The concepts of accuracy and precision have also been studied in the context of databases, information systems and their sociotechnical context. The necessary extension of these two concepts on the basis of theory of science suggests that they (as well as data quality and information quality) should be centered on accuracy defined as the closeness to the true value seen as the degree of agreement of readings or of calculated values of one same conceived entity, measured or calculated by different methods, in the context of maximum possible disagreement.[13]
Further information: Precision and recall
See also[edit]
Accepted and experimental value
Engineering tolerance
Exactness
Experimental uncertainty analysis
F-score
Measurement uncertainty
Precision (statistics)
Probability
Random and systematic errors
Sensitivity and specificity
Significant figures
Statistical significance
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c JCGM 200:2008 International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)
Jump up ^ Taylor, John Robert (1999). An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements. University Science Books. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-935702-75-X.
Jump up ^ North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Nato Standardization Agency AAP-6 - Glossary of terms and definitions, p 43.
Jump up ^ Creus, Antonio. Instrumentación Industrial[citation needed]
Jump up ^ BS ISO 5725-1: "Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 1: General principles and definitions.", p.1 (1994)
Jump up ^ BS 5497-1: "Precision of test methods. Guide for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test method." (1979)
Jump up ^ Metz, CE (October 1978). "Basic principles of ROC analysis" (PDF). Semin Nucl Med. 8 (4): 283–98.
Jump up ^ http://www.alta.asn.au/events/altss_w2003_proc/altss/courses/powers/ALTSS2003-Val+Eval-L3.pdf
Jump up ^ http://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.06410.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.anthology.aclweb.org/E/E12/E12-1035.pdf
Jump up ^ Acken, John M. (1997). "none". Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology. 36: 281–306.
Jump up ^ Glasser, Mark; Mathews, Rob; Acken, John M. (June 1990). "1990 Workshop on Logic-Level Modelling for ASICS". SIGDA Newsletter. 20 (1).
Jump up ^ Ivanov, Kristo (1972). "Quality-control of information: On the concept of accuracy of information in data banks and in management information systems".
External links[edit]
Look up accuracy, or precision in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
BIPM - Guides in metrology, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM)
"Beyond NIST Traceability: What really creates accuracy", Controlled Environments magazine
Precision and Accuracy with Three Psychophysical Methods
Appendix D.1: Terminology, Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy vs Precision — a brief video by Matt Parker
What's the difference between accuracy and precision? by Matt Anticole at TED-Ed
S, Alison (30 July 2016). "Difference Between Accuracy And Precision - EnglishTipsDaily.com". Englishtipsdaily.com. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accuracy_and_precision&oldid=806706636"
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John Edgar Wideman
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John Edgar Wideman
Wideman at the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards in 2010
Born
(1941-06-14) June 14, 1941 (age 76)
Washington, D.C.
Occupation
Professor (emeritus)
Nationality
American
Alma mater
University of Pennsylvania
New College, Oxford
Spouse
Judith Ann Goldman (1965–2000)
Catherine Nedonchelle (2004-present)
Children
Three
John Edgar Wideman (born June 14, 1941) is an American writer, professor emeritus at Brown University,[1] and sits on the contributing editorial board of the literary journal Conjunctions.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Writing and teaching career
2.1 Awards
3 Family
4 Bibliography
4.1 Novels
4.2 Omnibus editions
4.3 Collections
4.4 Memoirs and other
5 Further reading
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Wideman was born on June 14, 1941. He grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US, and much of his writing is set there, especially in the Homewood neighborhood of the East End. He graduated from Pittsburgh's Peabody High School, then attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he became an All-Ivy League forward on the basketball team. In 1962 he was the second African American to win a Rhodes Scholarship (New College, Oxford, England), graduating in 1966.[3] He also graduated from the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa.
Writing and teaching career[edit]
A widely celebrated writer and the winner of many literary awards, he is the first to win the International PEN/Faulkner Award twice: in 1984 for Sent for You Yesterday and in 1990 for Philadelphia Fire.[4] In 2000, he won the O. Henry Award for his short story "Weight", published in Callaloo journal. Following the publication of the Homewood trilogy, The New York Times proclaimed John Edgar Wideman, "one of America's premier writers of fiction."[5]
He has taught at the University of Wyoming, University of Pennsylvania, where he founded and chaired the African American Studies Department, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst's MFA Program for Poets & Writers. He currently is a professor at Brown University.
Awards[edit]
Wideman has been the recipient of a number of awards for his writing. His 1990 novel Philadelphia Fire[6] won the PEN/Faulkner Award in 1990, and the American Book Awards in 1991. His non-fiction book Brothers and Keepers received a National Book Critics Circle nomination,[7] and his memoir Fatheralong was a finalist for the National Book Award. In 1997, his novel The Cattle Killing won the James Fenimore Cooper Prize for Best Historical Fiction.
Wideman was chosen as winner of the Rea Award for the Short Story in 1998, for outstanding achievement, and won the lifetime achievement award of the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards in 2011.[8]
Wideman is also the recipient of a MacArthur Genius Grant. In 2016, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[9]
Family[edit]
In 1965 he married Judith Ann Goldman, an attorney, with whom he has three children: Daniel, Jacob, and Jamila. That marriage ended in divorce in 2000. In 2004 he married French journalist Catherine Nedonchelle, with whom he resides on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City.
John's daughter Jamila Wideman was a professional basketball player in the Women's National Basketball Association and the Israeli League.
Bibliography[edit]
Novels[edit]
A Glance Away, New York, NY: Harcourt, 1967. London: Allison & Busby, 1984.
Hurry Home, New York, NY: Harcourt, 1970.
The Lynchers, New York, NY: Harcourt, 1973.
Hiding Place, New York, NY: Avon, 1981. London: Allison & Busby, 1984.
Sent for You Yesterday, New York, NY: Avon, 1983. London: Allison & Busby, 1984.
Reuben, New York, NY: Henry Holt, 1987.
Philadelphia Fire, New York, NY: Henry Holt, 1990.
The Cattle Killing, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.
Two Cities, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
Fanon, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin (2008)
Omnibus editions[edit]
The Homewood Books (includes Damballah, Hiding Place and Sent for You Yesterday); Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992; as The Homewood Trilogy, New York, NY: Avon, 1985.
A Glance Away, Hurry Home, and The Lynchers: Three Early Novels by John Edgar Wideman, New York, NY: Henry Holt, 1994.
Collections[edit]
Damballah, (short stories), New York, NY: Avon, 1981. London: Allison & Busby, 1984.
Fever (short stories), New York, NY: Henry Holt, 1989.
The Stories of John Edgar Wideman, New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1992; published as All Stories Are True, New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1993.
God's Gym (short stories), Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2005.
Briefs (micro stories), Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press, 2010.
Memoirs and other[edit]
Brothers and Keepers (memoir), New York, NY: Henry Holt, 1984. London: Allison & Busby, 1985.
Fatheralong: A Meditation on Fathers and Sons, Race and Society, New York, NY: Pantheon, 1994.
(With Bonnie TuSmith) Conversations with John Edgar Wideman, Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
Hoop Roots: Basketball, Race, and Love (memoir), Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
(Editor) My Soul Has Grown Deep: Classics of Early African-American Literature, Philadelphia, PA: Running Press, 2001.
(Editor) 20: The Best of the Drue Heinz Literature Prize, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
The Island: Martinique, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Directions, 2003.
Writing to Save a Life: The Louis Till File, New York, NY: Scribner, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Jean-Pierre Richard, "John Edgar Wideman: A Bibliography, Primary and Secondary Sources", Callaloo, Volume 22, Number 3, Summer 1999, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 750–757. E-ISSN 1080-6512. Print ISSN 0161-2492 doi:10.1353/cal.1999.0130
James W. Coleman, Blackness and Modernism: The Literary Career of John Edgar Wideman, Jackson MI: University Press of Mississippi, 1989.
Doreatha Drummond Mbalia, John Edgar Wideman: Reclaiming the African Personality, Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press; and London: Associated University Presses, 1995.
Ulrich Eschborn, Stories of Survival: John Edgar Wideman’s Representations of History, WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, Trier, 2011.
Ulrich Eschborn, "'To Democratize the Elements of the Historical Record': An Interview with John Edgar Wideman About History in His Work," Callaloo, Volume 33, Number 4, 2010, The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 982–998.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John Edgar Wideman Asa Messer Professor Emeritus of Africana Studies and Literary Arts accessdate=March 24, 2017
Jump up ^ "About Conjunctions". Conjunctions.com. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas Chatterton Williams, "John Edgar Wideman Against the World", The New York Times, January 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Edgar Wideman, author". aalbc.com. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Books, Featured Author: John Edgar Wideman, The New York Times, on the Web (accessed October 17, 2011).
Jump up ^ John Edgar Wideman, Philadelphia Fire: A Novel, Holt, NY, January 26, 1990, ISBN 978-0-618-50964-5
Jump up ^ "John Edgar Wideman, Brothers and Keepers" at Portfolio.
Jump up ^ "76th Annual Anisfield-Wolf Book Prize Winners Announced", August 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2016 Newly Elected Members", American Academy of Arts and Letters.
External links[edit]
Steven Beeber (Spring 2002). "John Edgar Wideman, The Art of Fiction No. 171". The Paris Review.
"Salon Interview", LAURA MILLER
"John Edgar Wideman", The New York Times
"Featured Author: John Edgar Wideman", The New York Times
John Edgar Wideman Literary Society
Source: Lulu Press Release. March 2010.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6TRm_ziEQE
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
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LCCN: n82231445
ISNI: 0000 0001 1032 6512
GND: 118913360
SUDOC: 028762185
BNF: cb12053140q (data)
MusicBrainz: bc17780b-ca58-495c-a685-a67758d8cd11
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Edgar_Wideman&oldid=804215085"
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Angora wool
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An Angora rabbit
Angora wool, showing the 'halo' effect
Angora hair or Angora fibre refers to the downy coat produced by the Angora rabbit. While their names are similar, Angora fibre is distinct from mohair, which comes from the Angora goat. Angora fibre is also distinct from cashmere, which comes from the cashmere goat. Angora is known for its softness, thin fibres, and what knitters refer to as a halo (fluffiness). It is also known for its silky texture. It is much warmer and lighter than wool due to the hollow core of the angora fibre. It also gives them their characteristic floating feel.
Angora rabbits produce coats in a variety of colours, from white through tan, gray, and brown to black. Good quality Angora fibre is around 12-16 micrometres in diameter, and can cost as much as $10–16 per ounce (35 to 50 cents/gram). It felts very easily, even on the animal itself if it is not groomed frequently.
Yarns of 100% angora are typically used as accents. They have the most halo and warmth, but can felt very easily through abrasion and humidity and can be excessively warm in a finished garment. The fibre is normally blended with wool to give the yarn elasticity, as Angora fibre is not naturally elastic. The blend decreases the softness and halo as well as the price of the finished object. Commercial knitting yarns typically use 30–50% angora, in order to produce some halo, warmth, and softness without the side effects of excessive felting.[citation needed]
Contents
1 The Angora rabbit
2 Fur production
2.1 Animal cruelty concerns
3 Quality of wool
4 Uses
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
The Angora rabbit[edit]
Main article: Angora rabbit
There are four different types of Angora recognized by ARBA: English, French, Satin and Giant. There are many other breeds, one of the more common being German. Each breed produces different quality and quantity of fibre, and has a different range of colours.
Fur production[edit]
90% of Angora fur is produced in China, although Europe, Chile and the United States also produce small quantities. In China, there are more than 50 million Angora rabbits, growing 2,500–3,000 tonnes per year.[1] Harvesting occurs up to three times a year (about every 4 months) and is collected by plucking or shearing of the moulting fur.
Most breeds of Angora rabbits moult with their natural growth cycle about every four months. Many producers of the fibre pluck the fur of these breeds. Plucking is, in effect, pulling out the moulted fur. Plucking ensures a minimum of guard hair, and the fur is not as matted when plucked as when it is collected from the rabbit's cage. However, plucking a rabbit is time consuming, so some producers shear the rabbit instead. While this results in slightly lower quality fleece, as the guard hairs are included, it does take less time and results in more fleece. Also, not all breeds of Angora moult, and if the rabbit does not naturally moult, it cannot be plucked. German Angoras do not moult.
The rabbits must be groomed at least once or twice a week to prevent the fur from matting and felting. There is also a danger a rabbit will ingest its own moulted fur; unlike a cat, a rabbit cannot easily be rid of the build up.[2]
Animal cruelty concerns[edit]
In 2013 several clothing retailers suspended the sourcing of products containing angora wool after video evidence surfaced of live rabbits with their paws tied being plucked raw in Chinese fur farms. Major retailers that banned angora products in response to welfare concerns include Hugo Boss, Gap Inc., Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, H&M and Esprit.[3]
In September 2016, French animal rights charity One Voice released disturbing footage from six angora rabbit farms across France. The videos depict the animals being pinned down with their front and hind legs spread apart while workers pluck and rip the fur from their skin. In the video, the rabbits scream and cry in pain as their fur is ripped off, leaving them completely bare except for their heads. [4]
Quality of wool[edit]
The premium first quality wool is taken from the back and upper sides of the rabbit. This is usually the longest and cleanest fibre on the rabbit. There should not be hay or vegetable matter in the fibre. Second quality is from the neck and lower sides, and may have some vegetable matter. Third quality is the buttocks and legs and any other areas that easily felt and are of shorter length. Fourth quality is totally unsalvageable, and consists of the larger felted bits or stained fibre. Third and fourth quality are perfect for cutting up for birds to use in lining their nests. With daily brushing, felting of the fibre can be avoided, increasing the usable portion of fibre.
Uses[edit]
Angora wool is commonly used in apparel such as sweaters and suitings, knitting yarn, and felting.
See also[edit]
Ed Wood, a filmmaker known for his love of Angora wool, to the extent of wearing it and featuring it prominently in his own films.
International Year of Natural Fibres, a year promoting natural fibres, as observed by the United Nations in 2009.
List of fabric names
Mohair, a fabric made from the wool of the Angora Goat.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Angora". naturalfibres2009.org. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Joy of Handspinning – Hand spinning wool into yarn with a spinning wheel or drop spindle » How to Care For Your Angora Rabbit". Joyofhandspinning.com. 2013-09-15. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ "A cruelty-free angora fur trade may be incompatible with fast fashion". The Guardian. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Writhing in pain as its fur is ripped from its skin, shocking footage reveals brutal treatment of rabbits bred in captivity for the angora trade". Daily Mail UK. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angora rabbits.
National Angora Rabbit Breeders Club official site
International Association of German Angora Rabbit Breeders official site
Pictures of the different Angora Rabbit breeds, care
Pictures of German angoras and German colored crosses with links to sites in Germany
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