text:
Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with John Trumbull's painting Declaration of Independence.
Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence
John Trumbull's painting Declaration of Independence, depicting the five-man drafting committee of the Declaration of Independence presenting their work to the Second Continental Congress
Date
August 2, 1776 (1776-08-02)
Venue
Independence Hall
Location
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Coordinates
39°56′56″N 75°09′00″W / 39.948889°N 75.15°W / 39.948889; -75.15Coordinates: 39°56′56″N 75°09′00″W / 39.948889°N 75.15°W / 39.948889; -75.15
Participants
Delegates to the Second Continental Congress
The signatures on the Declaration of Independence
The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the "United States of America," and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers’ names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south.
The final draft of the Declaration was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, although the date of its signing has long been disputed. Most historians have concluded that it was signed on August 2, 1776, nearly a month after its adoption, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Date of signing
2 List of signers
3 Signer details
4 Stories and legends
5 References
5.1 Citations
5.2 Sources
Date of signing[edit]
The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, by Armand-Dumaresq (c. 1873) has been hanging in the White House since the late 1980s
The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining. The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate. Within a decade after the event, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that the Declaration was signed by Congress the day it was adopted on July 4, 1776.[1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. Additional support for the July 4 date is provided by the Journals of Congress, the official public record of the Continental Congress. The proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777, and the entry for July 4 states that the Declaration was engrossed and signed on that date (the official copy was handwritten).[2]
In 1796, signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4, pointing out that some signers were not present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.[3] "[N]o person signed it on that day nor for many days after", he later wrote.[4] His claim gained support when the Secret Journals of Congress were published in 1821.[5] The Secret Journals contained two previously unpublished entries about the Declaration.
On July 15, New York's delegates heard that they'd gotten permission from their convention to agree to the declaration.[6] The Secret Journals entry for July 19 reads:
Resolved That the Declaration passed on the 4th be fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and stile of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of America" & that the same when engrossed be signed by every member of Congress.[7]
The entry for August 2 states:
The declaration of Independence being engrossed & compared at the table was signed by the Members.[8]
In 1884, historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution, and had not been signed by Congress until August 2.[9] Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4, and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2.[10] Both Jefferson and Adams never wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4, yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams: "No such scene, with all the delegates present, ever occurred at Philadelphia."[11]
The Syng inkstand was used during the signing of the Declaration
Legal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4, and that the others signed on or after August 2.[12] Ritz argued that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4, as Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin had stated, and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken.[13] Ritz believed that McKean's testimony was questionable,[14] and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution. According to Ritz, this resolution did not call for a new document to be created, but rather for the existing one to be given a new title, which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence. Ritz reasoned that the phrase "signed by every member of Congress" in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so.[15]
List of signers[edit]
Fifty-six delegates eventually signed the Declaration of Independence:
President of Congress
1. John Hancock (Massachusetts Bay)
New Hampshire
2. Josiah Bartlett
3. William Whipple
4. Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts Bay
5. Samuel Adams
6. John Adams
7. Robert Treat Paine
8. Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
9. Stephen Hopkins
10. William Ellery
Connecticut
11. Roger Sherman
12. Samuel Huntington
13. William Williams
14. Oliver Wolcott
New York
15. William Floyd
16. Philip Livingston
17. Francis Lewis
18. Lewis Morris
New Jersey
19. Richard Stockton
20. John Witherspoon
21. Francis Hopkinson
22. John Hart
23. Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania
24. Robert Morris
25. Benjamin Rush
26. Benjamin Franklin
27. John Morton
28. George Clymer
29. James Smith
30. George Taylor
31. James Wilson
32. George Ross
Delaware
33. Caesar Rodney
34. George Read
35. Thomas McKean
Maryland
36. Samuel Chase
37. William Paca
38. Thomas Stone
39. Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia
40. George Wythe
41. Richard Henry Lee
42. Thomas Jefferson
43. Benjamin Harrison
44. Thomas Nelson, Jr.
45. Francis Lightfoot Lee
46. Carter Braxton
North Carolina
47. William Hooper
48. Joseph Hewes
49. John Penn
South Carolina
50. Edward Rutledge
51. Thomas Heyward, Jr.
52. Thomas Lynch, Jr.
53. Arthur Middleton
Georgia
54. Button Gwinnett
55. Lyman Hall
56. George Walton
Signer details[edit]
Eight delegates never signed the Declaration, out of about 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776:[16] John Alsop, George Clinton, John Dickinson, Charles Humphreys, Robert R. Livingston, John Rogers, Thomas Willing, and Henry Wisner.[17] Clinton, Livingston, and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place. Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania delegation before the August 2 signing. Rogers had voted for the resolution of independence but was no longer a delegate on August 2. Alsop favored reconciliation with Great Britain and so resigned rather than add his name to the document.[18] Dickinson refused to sign, believing the Declaration premature, but he remained in Congress. George Read had voted against the resolution of independence, and Robert Morris had abstained—yet they both signed the Declaration.
The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock, who presumably signed first as President of Congress.[19] Hancock's large, flamboyant signature became iconic, and John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for "signature".[20] Future presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were among the signatories. Edward Rutledge (age 26) was the youngest signer and Benjamin Franklin (age 70) the oldest.
John Hancock's now-iconic signature on the Declaration is nearly 5 inches (13 cm) long.[21]
Some delegates were away on business when the Declaration was debated, including William Hooper[22] and Samuel Chase, but they were back in Congress to sign on August 2. Other delegates were present when the Declaration was debated but added their names after August 2, including Lewis Morris, Oliver Wolcott, Thomas McKean, and possibly Elbridge Gerry. Richard Henry Lee and George Wythe were in Virginia during July and August, but returned to Congress and signed the Declaration probably in September and October, respectively.[23]
New delegates joining the Congress were also allowed to sign. Eight men signed the Declaration who did not take seats in Congress until after July 4: Matthew Thornton, William Williams, Benjamin Rush, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, George Ross, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton.[24] Matthew Thornton did not take a seat in Congress until November.[25] By the time that he signed it, there wasn't any space for his name next to the other New Hampshire delegates, so he placed his signature at the end of the document.[26]
The first published version of the Declaration was the Dunlap broadside. The only names on that version were Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson, and those names were printed rather than signatures. The public did not learn who had signed the engrossed copy until January 18, 1777, when the Congress ordered that an "authenticated copy" be sent to each of the 13 states, including the names of the signers.[27] This copy is called the Goddard Broadside; it was the first to list all the signers[28] except for Thomas McKean, who may not have signed the Declaration until after the Goddard Broadside was published. Congress Secretary Charles Thomson did not sign the engrossed copy of the Declaration, and his name doesn't appear on the Goddard Broadside, even though it does appear on the Dunlap broadside.
Stories and legends[edit]
Various legends emerged years later concerning the signing of the Declaration, when the document had become an important national symbol. In one famous story, John Hancock supposedly said that Congress, having signed the Declaration, must now "all hang together", and Benjamin Franklin replied: "Yes, we must indeed all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately." The quotation did not appear in print until more than 50 years after Franklin's death.[29]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 242–43
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", p. 246; Burnett, Continental Congress, p. 192
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 299–302; Burnett, Continental Congress, p. 192
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 302
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 243–45
Jump up ^ https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/signing
Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress, Secret Journals vol. 1, p. 46
Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress, Secret Journals vol. 1, p. 46
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 245–46
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 208–19; Wills, Inventing America, p. 341
Jump up ^ Strauss, Valerie (July 2, 2014). "What you know about July 4th is wrong". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", p. 194
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", p. 182
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", pp. 198–200
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", pp. 190–200
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation and Analysis, p. 143) says that 45 delegates can be confirmed as present on July 4, and that another four might have been.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation, p. 149) gives the number of non-signers as seven, not counting Dickinson, who absented himself for the final votes.
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 525–26
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 209
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster online; Dictionary.com.
Jump up ^ Malone, Story of the Declaration, p. 90
Jump up ^ Fradin, The Signers, 112.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p, 148
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation, p. 149) lists seven men; he does not include Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who had been working as an emissary for Congress. He did not become an official member of the Maryland delegation until July 4, and did not take his seat as a delegate until July 18. (Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 529, 587)
Jump up ^ The U.S. State Department (1911), The Declaration of Independence, 1776, pp. 10, 11.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 150
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", p. 247; Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 284; Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 137, where the date is misprinted as January 8, but correct on page 150.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 137
Jump up ^ Malone, Story of the Declaration, p. 91
Sources[edit]
Boyd, Julian P., ed. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1. Princeton University Press, 1950.
Boyd, Julian P. "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100, number 4 (October 1976), 438–67.
Burnett, Edward Cody. The Continental Congress. New York: Norton, 1941.
Friedenwald, Herbert. The Declaration of Independence: An Interpretation and an Analysis. New York: Macmillan, 1904. Accessed via the Internet Archive.
Hazelton, John H. The Declaration of Independence: Its History. Originally published 1906. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970. ISBN 0-306-71987-8. 1906 printing available on Google Book Search
Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-45492-6.
Malone, Dumas. The Story of the Declaration of Independence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. A picture book with text by a leading Jefferson scholar.
Ritz, Wilfred J. "The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776". Law and History Review 4, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 179–204.
United States Continental Congress. Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation, vol. 1, p. 46. Boston: Thomas B. Wait, 1820.
Warren, Charles. "Fourth of July Myths." The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, vol. 2, no. 3 (July 1945): 238–72.
Wills, Garry. Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1978. ISBN 0-385-08976-7.
show
v
t
e
Historical documents of the United States
show
Constitution
Preamble
and Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin (State Domestic Institutions)
Child Labor
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
See also
List of Constitutional Amendments
Bill of Rights (Amendments 1–10)
Reconstruction Amendments (Amendments 13–15)
Amendment proposals in Congress
Conventions to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
Assistance of Counsel
Bill of credit
Case or Controversy
Citizenship
Commerce
Compact
Compulsory Process
Confrontation
Contract
Copyright and Patent
Double Jeopardy
Due Process
Equal Protection
Establishment
Exceptions
Excessive Bail
Ex post facto
Extradition
Free Exercise
Free Speech
Fugitive Slave
Full Faith and Credit
General Welfare
Guarantee
Impeachment
Import-Export
Ineligibility (Emolument)
Militia
Natural-born citizen
Necessary and Proper
New States
No Religious Test
Oath or Affirmation
Origination
Petition
Postal
Presentment
Privileges and Immunities
Privileges or Immunities
Recommendation
Self-Incrimination
Speech or Debate
Speedy Trial
State of the Union
Supremacy
Suspension
Take Care
Takings
Taxing and Spending
Territorial
Title of Nobility
Treaty
Trial by Jury
Vesting
Vicinage
War Powers
List of clauses
Interpretation
Concurrent powers
Congressional enforcement
Constitutional law
Criminal procedure
Criminal sentencing
Dormant Commerce Clause
Enumerated powers
Equal footing
Executive privilege
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Judicial review
Nondelegation doctrine
Preemption
Saxbe fix
Separation of church and state
Separation of powers
Taxation power
Unitary executive theory
Signatories
Convention President
George Washington
New Hampshire
John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King
Connecticut
William Samuel Johnson
Roger Sherman
New York
Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey
William Livingston
David Brearley
William Paterson
Jonathan Dayton
Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robert Morris
George Clymer
Thomas Fitzsimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouverneur Morris
Delaware
George Read
Gunning Bedford Jr.
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jacob Broom
Maryland
James McHenry
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Daniel Carroll
Virginia
John Blair
James Madison
North Carolina
William Blount
Richard Dobbs Spaight
Hugh Williamson
South Carolina
John Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler
Georgia
William Few
Abraham Baldwin
Convention Secretary
William Jackson
Display
and legacy
National Archives
Charters of Freedom Rotunda
Independence Mall
Constitution Day
Constitution Gardens
National Constitution Center
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution (painting)
A More Perfect Union (film)
Worldwide influence
show
Declaration of Independence
Primary author
Thomas Jefferson
Signatories
President of Congress
John Hancock (Massachusetts)
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
William Whipple
Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
William Ellery
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
William Williams
Oliver Wolcott
New York
William Floyd
Philip Livingston
Francis Lewis
Lewis Morris
New Jersey
Richard Stockton
John Witherspoon
Francis Hopkinson
John Hart
Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Franklin
John Morton
George Clymer
James Smith
George Taylor
James Wilson
George Ross
Delaware
George Read
Caesar Rodney
Thomas McKean
Maryland
Samuel Chase
William Paca
Thomas Stone
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia
George Wythe
Richard Henry Lee
Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Nelson Jr.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Carter Braxton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
South Carolina
Edward Rutledge
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Thomas Lynch Jr.
Arthur Middleton
Georgia
Button Gwinett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
See also
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Lee Resolution
Committee of Five
Document's history
signing
portrait
Second Continental Congress
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
American Revolution
show
Articles of Confederation
Signatories
Primary drafter
John Dickinson
New Hampshire
Josiah Bartlett
John Wentworth Jr.
Massachusetts
John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Elbridge Gerry
Francis Dana
James Lovell
Samuel Holten
Rhode Island
William Ellery
Henry Marchant
John Collins
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
Oliver Wolcott
Titus Hosmer
Andrew Adams
New York
James Duane
Francis Lewis
William Duer
Gouverneur Morris
New Jersey
John Witherspoon
Nathaniel Scudder
Pennsylvania
Robert Morris
Daniel Roberdeau
Jonathan Bayard Smith
William Clingan
Joseph Reed
Delaware
Thomas McKean
John Dickinson
Nicholas Van Dyke
Maryland
John Hanson
Daniel Carroll
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee
John Banister
Thomas Adams
John Harvie
Francis Lightfoot Lee
North Carolina
John Penn
Cornelius Harnett
John Williams
South Carolina
Henry Laurens
William Henry Drayton
John Mathews
Richard Hutson
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Georgia
John Walton
Edward Telfair
Edward Langworthy
See also
Continental Congress
Congress of the Confederation
American Revolution
Perpetual Union
show
Continental Association
Signatories
President of Congress
Peyton Randolph
New Hampshire
John Sullivan
Nathaniel Folsom
Massachusetts Bay
Thomas Cushing
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Rhode Island
Stephen Hopkins
Samuel Ward
Connecticut
Eliphalet Dyer
Roger Sherman
Silas Deane
New York
Isaac Low
John Alsop
John Jay
James Duane
Philip Livingston
William Floyd
Henry Wisner
Simon Boerum
New Jersey
James Kinsey
William Livingston
Stephen Crane
Richard Smith
John De Hart
Pennsylvania
Joseph Galloway
John Dickinson
Charles Humphreys
Thomas Mifflin
Edward Biddle
John Morton
George Ross
The Lower Counties
Caesar Rodney
Thomas McKean
George Read
Maryland
Matthew Tilghman
Thomas Johnson, Junr
William Paca
Samuel Chase
Virginia
Richard Henry Lee
George Washington
Patrick Henry, Junr
Richard Bland
Benjamin Harrison
Edmund Pendleton
North Carolina
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
Richard Caswell
South Carolina
Henry Middleton
Thomas Lynch
Christopher Gadsden
John Rutledge
Edward Rutledge
See also
Virginia Association
First Continental Congress
Carpenters' Hall
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
show
v
t
e
John Hancock
1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts, 1780–1785, 1787–1793
President, 2nd Continential Congress, 1775–1777
Boston Board of Selectmen, 1766–1775
United States
Founding events
HMS Liberty confiscation
Sons of Liberty
Co-inspired, Boston Tea Party
1774 Massacre Day speech
President, Massachusetts Provincial Congress
Chairman, Massachusetts Committee of Safety
Presided over, signed, United States Declaration of Independence
signing
Dunlap broadside
Signed, Articles of Confederation
Life
Early life
Hancock-Clarke House
Hancock Manor
Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
Boston Cadets
Co-founder, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States presidential election, 1788–89
Granary Burying Ground
Related
American Revolution
patriots
Founding Father
Syng inkstand
Legacy
USS Hancock, 1775
USS Hancock, 1776
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
John Hancock Center
John Hancock Tower
Family
Dorothy Quincy (wife)
John Hancock Jr. (father)
Thomas Hancock (uncle)
John Hancock, Sr. (grandfather)
Edmund Quincy (father-in-law)
Politics portal
United States portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=845880141"
Categories:
United States Declaration of Independence
Documents of the American Revolution
1776 in the United States
1776 in the British Empire
Hidden categories:
Coordinates not on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 June 2018, at 19:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: i

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg

attrs: href class

value: td

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

values:
/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(statesman)
mw-redirect
Samuel Huntington (statesman)

values:
/wiki/William_Williams_(signer)
mw-redirect
William Williams (signer)

values: Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)

values:
/wiki/George_Taylor_(delegate)
mw-redirect
George Taylor (delegate)

values:
/wiki/George_Read_(signer)
mw-redirect
George Read (signer)

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Nelson,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Thomas Nelson, Jr.

values:
/wiki/John_Penn_(Continental_Congress)
mw-redirect
John Penn (Continental Congress)

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Heyward,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Thomas Heyward, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Lynch,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Thomas Lynch, Jr.

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/John_Dickinson_(delegate)
mw-redirect
John Dickinson (delegate)

values:
/wiki/John_Rogers_(Maryland)
mw-redirect
John Rogers (Maryland)

values:
/wiki/Dunlap_broadside
mw-redirect
Dunlap broadside

values:
/wiki/Goddard_Broadside
mw-redirect
Goddard Broadside

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Historical American Documents

values: Preamble to the United States Constitution

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Article Two of the United States Constitution

values: Article Three of the United States Constitution

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: Article Five of the United States Constitution

values: Article Six of the United States Constitution

values: Article Seven of the United States Constitution

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Article_the_First
mw-redirect
Article the First

values: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

values: List of amendments to the United States Constitution

values: List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: Signing of the United States Constitution

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Bill_of_credit
mw-redirect
Bill of credit

values: Oath of office of the President of the United States

values: List of clauses of the United States Constitution

values: United States constitutional criminal procedure

values: United States constitutional sentencing law

values:
/wiki/Enumerated_powers
mw-redirect
Enumerated powers

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: George Read (American politician, born 1733)

values: Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

values: United States Constitution and worldwide influence

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)

values: William Williams (Connecticut politician)

values: Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

values: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Committee of Safety (American Revolution)

values:
/wiki/Hancock-Clarke_House
mw-redirect
Hancock-Clarke House

values:
/wiki/Boston_Cadets
mw-redirect
Boston Cadets

values: United States presidential election, 1788–89

values:
/wiki/John_Hancock,_Sr.
mw-redirect
John Hancock, Sr.

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:United States Declaration of Independence

values: Category:Documents of the American Revolution

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: Firma de la declaración de independencia de los Estados Unidos de América – Spanish

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence rootpage-Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence skin-vector action-view


text:
Lexie Carver
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lexie Carver
Renée Jones as Lexie Carver
Days of our Lives character
Portrayed by
Cyndi James Gossett (1987–89)
Angelique Francis (1989–92)
Shellye Broughton (1993)
Renée Jones (1993–2012)
Duration
1987–90
1992–2012
First appearance
July 30, 1987
Last appearance
June 28, 2012
Created by
Leah Laiman
Introduced by
Al Rabin, Betty and Ken Corday
Classification
Former; regular
Profile
Other names
Alexandra DiMera
Occupation
Police officer (1987–90)
Physician
[show]Family
Family
DiMera
Father
Stefano DiMera
Mother
Celeste Perrault
Adoptive mother
Grace Brooks
Sisters
Grace Jeffries (adoptive)
Half-brothers
André DiMera
Tony DiMera (legal)
Benjy Hawk
Peter Blake (adoptive)
EJ DiMera
Chad DiMera
Cameron Davis
Half-sisters
Kristen DiMera (adoptive)
Renée DuMonde
Megan Hathaway
Spouse
Abe Carver (1989–2012)
Sons
Theo Carver
Stepsons
Brandon Walker
Grandfathers
Santo DiMera
Uncles
Ryan Brady
Aunts
Grace Brooks
Nephews
Steven Hawk
Johnny DiMera
Thomas Deveraux
Nieces
Sydney DiMera
Grace Brady
First cousins
Grace Jeffries
Lexie Carver is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives, created by head writer Leah Laiman. The role has been played most notably by actress Renée Jones, who appeared in the role from 1993 until departing in 2012.[1][2] She is the daughter of crime boss Stefano DiMera, and the psychic Celeste Perrault.[3] She is the mother of Theo Carver, and the wife of mayor Abe Carver.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Character history
3 References
4 External links
Casting[edit]
The role was originated on July 30, 1987, by Cyndi James Gossett on a recurring basis. Gossett last appeared as Lexie on February 20, 1989.[4] In 2011, an error listing Sheila DeWindt Wills as having portrayed Lexie was corrected by James Reynolds, who portrays Abe Carver: Sheila did not portray Lexie, she portrayed the role of nurse, Joan Hopkins, from 1982-83. The error occurred when Wills was mixed up with the second actress to portray Lexie, Angelique deWindt Francis (both having similar surnames).[5] Francis portrayed the character from March 31, 1989, until August 2, 1990, and again from March 9 to December 12, 1992. Shellye Broughton appeared for two episodes on January 28 and 29, 1993, with Renée Jones taking over on February 2, 1993, and remaining until the character's exit.
In April 2012, Jones confirmed in an interview with TV Guide's Michael Logan that she would vacate the role of Lexie Carver after 20 years and would retire into a simpler life, revealing that she is not happy in acting.[6] Jones revealed that the exit of Lexie would likely be a permanent one. Jones last aired on June 28, 2012.
Character history[edit]
Lexie is the wife of Salem mayor Abe Carver. She is the daughter of international criminal, Stefano DiMera, and Celeste Perrault, however she is raised to believe that her aunt Grace and Grace's husband are her biological parents. Lexie Brooks comes to Salem in July 1987 as a police Officer and partner of Officer Abe Carver. She is once a police officer but is kicked off the force for aiding her vigilante brother-in-law Jonah Carver. Lexie also becomes good friends with John Black (who was then believed to be Roman Brady)'s fiancée, Diana Colville. Later in 1990, she goes through medical school and becomes a doctor. Abe and Lexie are married in July 1991. In September 1992, Lexie is believed to be pregnant, but however it is a believed that the test were false, devastating her and Abe. Lexie has a history of cheating on her husband. She once flirts with Abe's brother Jonah in the Summer of 1994, but they stop short of an affair. Lexie later sleeps with Abe's illegitimate son Brandon Walker before she knows of his connection to her husband In 2001. In 2005, Lexie has an affair with Tek Kramer, whom she dates after her husband was presumed dead.
Lexie, while not a villain, frequently engages in unethical behavior. She also tends to stick up for her father's family, the DiMeras. Both her father Stefano and her cousin André have helped her with her problems (often using illegal means). Fearing Lexie can't bear children, Stefano arranges for her to raise Isaac (Zack), the son of Bo Brady and Hope Brady, as her biological son after a surrogate's baby is switched with Zack in the hospital. Lexie did not know this at the time, but later chooses to keep quiet about it once she finds out, even though Hope is her best friend.
Lexie has a history of antagonism with Sami Brady. They both are involved with Brandon Walker. Sami has blackmailed Lexie on a number of occasions due to Lexie's repeated adultery. Most recently, Sami has Lexie lie to Carrie regarding her chances of having healthy children. Breaking her Hippocratic oath, Lexie is fired from Salem University Hospital. However, with Hope's help, Lexie becomes Kayla Johnson's part-time private nurse and 'personal medical adviser'.
Lexie is once kidnapped by her cousin André DiMera because she claims she witnessed her half-brother EJ DiMera shooting John Black. Tek Kramer is the real witness of the crime, but they cover it up because Lexie did not want her husband to find out that she is with Tek again. Shortly afterwards, Lexie and Tek are run off the road. No bodies are recovered. Lexie is later discovered in the underground tunnels of Salem during a Bo and Hope investigation into the long running Brady-DiMera feud.
Upon her return, Lexie reunites with her husband and is reinstated by the Salem University Hospital board and eventually becomes Chief of Staff. Her new position keeps her very busy which causes marital problems. She is currently dealing with the news that Theo is autistic. In order to spend more time with her son, Lexie resigns from her position, but remains at the hospital as a doctor. She also supports Abe's campaign for mayor. In November 2008, Lexie becomes Salem's First Lady. Lexie later returns to the position of Chief of Staff after Kayla, who took over the role, decides to leave Salem.
In 2010, it is believed that Dr. Carly Manning would take on the position of Chief of Staff when Lexie and Abe consider leaving Salem, however they decide to stay in Salem, Lexie decides to keep her position at the Hospital.
In 2012, Lexie's mother Celeste returned to town with her brother, Cameron Davis. Before her arrival, Lexie began feeling weak and faint. After initial tests run by Daniel Jonas, it's discovered she has brain tumors - as a result of being held captive in the toxic fume-filled tunnels under the DiMera mansion when Andre had kidnapped her a few years prior. Following further tests, it's discovered that the tumors have grown and are fatal, giving her a matter of weeks to live. Her family gathers around her, helping her with her bucket list, which included going to Paris. Unable to fly, Abe, with the help of EJ and Cameron, turn the Horton Town Square into a Paris-like setting. In late June, a fragile Lexie went on a picnic in the backyard with Abe, where she peacefully passed on in his arms. A ghostly Lexie visits her loved ones, and assures Theo that while she may not always be there in her physical presence, she will always be there for him.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Renee Jones - Days Of Our Lives - Soap Opera Digest and Weekly". Soapoperadigest.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Days of our Lives - Bios - Renee Jones as Lexie Carver". Nbc.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives | Stefano DiMera Family Tree". Daysofourlives.carolesealock.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Days of Our Lives Non-Contract Archive". Jason47. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jason47 (October 22, 2011). "Long-time "Days" mystery finally solved!". Daytime Royalty Online. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Renée Jones Quits Days of our Lives". TV Guide. 2012-04-02. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
External links[edit]
soapcentral.com|DAYS Online
Lexie at soapcentral.com
[show]
v
t
e
Days of Our Lives
Current
characters
Brady Black
John Black
Caroline Brady
Ciara Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
Andre DiMera
Chad DiMera
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Parker Jonas
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
Notable past
characters
Alice Horton
Tom Horton
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Belle Black
Bo Brady
Carrie Brady Reed
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Dr. Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Eve Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Calliope Jones
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Ben Rogers
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Clyde Weston
Related information
Cast members
Producers and writers
Awards and nominations
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Will and Sonny
Shane and Kimberly
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Fictional families
DiMera family
Horton family
Brady family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
[hide]
v
t
e
Days of Our Lives characters
[show]
Present and future characters
Brady Black
John Black
Tate Black
Belle Brady
Ciara Brady
Claire Brady
Eric Brady
Hope Brady
Kayla Brady
Roman Brady
Shawn-Douglas Brady
Abe Carver
Theo Carver
Tripp Dalton
Abigail Deveraux
JJ Deveraux
André DiMera
Chad DiMera
Thomas DiMera
Eve Donovan
Marlena Evans
Eli Grant
Valerie Grant
Gabi Hernandez
Rafe Hernandez
Arianna Horton
Jennifer Horton
Lucas Horton
Maggie Horton
Will Horton
Adrienne Johnson
Steve Johnson
Justin Kiriakis
Sonny Kiriakis
Victor Kiriakis
Chloe Lane
Anne Milbauer
Paul Narita
Lani Price
Kate Roberts
Doug Williams
Julie Olson Williams
[show]
Past characters
Tom Horton
Alice Horton
Hattie Adams
Lawrence Alamain
Vivian Alamain
Susan Banks
Bart Beiderbecke
Peter Blake
Eugene Bradford
Bo Brady
Caroline Brady
Carrie Brady
Cassie Brady
Chelsea Brady
Frankie Brady
Kimberly Brady
Max Brady
Rex Brady
Sami Brady
Shawn Brady
Lexie Carver
Liz Chandler
Xander Cook
Don Craig
Neil Curtis
Cameron Davis
Anjelica Deveraux
Jack Deveraux
Anna DiMera
Daphne DiMera
EJ DiMera
Johnny DiMera
Kristen DiMera
Santo DiMera
Stefano DiMera
Sydney DiMera
Tony DiMera
Drew Donovan
Shane Donovan
Theresa Donovan
Lee DuMonde
Renée DuMonde
Nick Fallon
Megan Hathaway
Benjy Hawk
Arianna Hernandez
Dario Hernandez
Eduardo Hernandez
Addie Horton
Allie Horton
Bill Horton
Jeremy Horton
Laura Horton
Marie Horton
Melissa Horton
Mickey Horton
Nathan Horton
Sarah Horton
Tommy Horton
Robin Jacobs
Madison James
Aiden Jennings
Chase Jennings
Joey Johnson
Stephanie Johnson
Daniel Jonas
Melanie Jonas
Parker Jonas
Calliope Jones Bradford
Alexander Kiriakis
Deimos Kiriakis
Philip Kiriakis
Maxine Landis
Paige Larson
Bonnie Lockhart
Mimi Lockhart
Patrick Lockhart
Carly Manning
Alex Marshall
Serena Mason
Mia McCormick
Jade Michaels
Colin Murphy
Tori Narita
Celeste Perrault
Austin Reed
Billie Reed
Curtis Reed
Jordan Ridgeway
Wilhelm Rolf
Jan Spears
Isabella Toscano
Ava Vitali
Gina Von Amberg
Brandon Walker
Fay Walker
Nicole Walker
Taylor Walker
Nancy Wesley
Ben Weston
Clyde Weston
[show]
Character lists
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
Cast members
Previous cast members
Producers and writers
Doug and Julie
Bo and Hope
Sami and EJ
John and Marlena
Jack and Jennifer
Steve and Kayla
Shawn and Belle
Lucas and Sami
Shane and Kimberly
Will and Sonny
Salem
Cruise of Deception
Horton family
Brady family
DiMera family
Kiriakis family
Johnson family
Roberts family
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexie_Carver&oldid=805282020"
Categories:
Days of Our Lives characters
Fictional female doctors
Fictional African-American people
Fictional American people of Italian descent
Fictional physicians
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Nederlands
Suomi
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 October 2017, at 09:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 125%; background-color: #cccfff; color: black

value: tr

attrs: href title

values: text-align:center;background-color: #cccfff; color: black

value: li

value: ul

values: List of previous Days of Our Lives cast members

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cccfff; color: black; font-size: 100%;

values:
/wiki/DiMera_family_(Days_of_our_Lives)
mw-redirect
DiMera family (Days of our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Peter_Blake_(Days_of_Our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Peter Blake (Days of Our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Cameron_Davis_(Days_of_our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Cameron Davis (Days of our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Kristen_Blake
mw-redirect
Kristen Blake

values:
/wiki/Johnny_DiMera
mw-redirect
Johnny DiMera

values:
/wiki/Sydney_DiMera
mw-redirect
Sydney DiMera

values:
/wiki/Grace_Brady
mw-redirect
Grace Brady

values: width:22em;width:100%; font-size: 100%; line-height: 1.6em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 0; margin:0; clear:none; float:none;

values:
/wiki/Fictional_character
mw-redirect
Fictional character

values:
/wiki/Diana_Colville
mw-redirect
Diana Colville

values:
/wiki/Hippocratic_oath
mw-redirect
Hippocratic oath

values:
/wiki/Daniel_Jonas
mw-redirect
Daniel Jonas

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.soapcentral.com/days

values:
/wiki/Ciara_Brady
mw-redirect
Ciara Brady

values:
/wiki/Claire_Brady_(Days_of_Our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Claire Brady (Days of Our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Andre_DiMera
mw-redirect
Andre DiMera

values:
/wiki/Lucas_Roberts
mw-redirect
Lucas Roberts

values:
/wiki/Parker_Jonas
mw-redirect
Parker Jonas

values:
/wiki/Eve_Donovan
mw-redirect
Eve Donovan

values:
/wiki/Shane_Donovan
mw-redirect
Shane Donovan

values:
/wiki/Eduardo_Hernandez
mw-redirect
Eduardo Hernandez

values:
/wiki/Allie_Horton
mw-redirect
Allie Horton

values:
/wiki/Nathan_Horton_(Days_of_Our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Nathan Horton (Days of Our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Aiden_Jennings
mw-redirect
Aiden Jennings

values:
/wiki/Chase_Jennings
mw-redirect
Chase Jennings

values:
/wiki/Calliope_Jones
mw-redirect
Calliope Jones

values:
/wiki/Deimos_Kiriakis
mw-redirect
Deimos Kiriakis

values:
/wiki/Bonnie_Lockhart
mw-redirect
Bonnie Lockhart

values:
/wiki/Serena_Mason
mw-redirect
Serena Mason

values:
/wiki/Tori_Narita
mw-redirect
Tori Narita

values:
/wiki/Ben_Rogers_(Days_of_Our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Ben Rogers (Days of Our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Clyde_Weston
mw-redirect
Clyde Weston

values: List of Days of Our Lives producers and writers

values: List of awards and nominations received by Days of Our Lives

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Days of Our Lives characters

values:
/wiki/Claire_Brady_(Days_of_our_Lives)
mw-redirect
Claire Brady (Days of our Lives)

values:
/wiki/Arianna_Horton
mw-redirect
Arianna Horton

values:
/wiki/Anne_Milbauer
mw-redirect
Anne Milbauer

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Anjelica_Deveraux
mw-redirect
Anjelica Deveraux

values:
/wiki/Maxine_Landis
mw-redirect
Maxine Landis

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Fictional American people of Italian descent

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Lexie_Carver
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Luettelo Päivien viemää -sarjan henkilöistä – Finnish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lexie_Carver rootpage-Lexie_Carver skin-vector action-view


text:
Vertebra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Vertebra (disambiguation).
Vertebra
A typical vertebra, superior view
A section of the human vertebral column, showing multiple vertebrae in a left posterolateral view.
Details
Part of
Spinal column
Identifiers
Latin
Vertebratus
MeSH
D013131
TA
A02.2.01.001
FMA
9914
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.
The basic configuration of a vertebra varies; the large part is the body, and the central part is the centrum. The upper and lower surfaces of the vertebra body give attachment to the intervertebral discs. The posterior part of a vertebra forms a vertebral arch, in eleven parts, consisting of two pedicles, two laminae, and seven processes. The laminae give attachment to the ligamenta flava (ligaments of the spine). There are vertebral notches formed from the shape of the pedicles, which form the intervertebral foramina when the vertebrae articulate. These foramina are the entry and exit conducts for the spinal nerves. The body of the vertebra and the vertebral arch form the vertebral foramen, the larger, central opening that accommodates the spinal canal, which encloses and protects the spinal cord.
Vertebrae articulate with each other to give strength and flexibility to the spinal column, and the shape at their back and front aspects determines the range of movement. Structurally, vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species, with the greatest difference seen between an aquatic animal and other vertebrate animals. As such, vertebrates take their name from the vertebrae that compose the vertebral column.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Regional variation
1.1.1 Cervical vertebrae
1.1.2 Thoracic vertebrae
1.1.3 Lumbar vertebrae
1.1.4 Sacrum
1.1.5 Coccyx
1.2 Development
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Other animals
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Each vertebra is an irregular bone. The size of the vertebrae varies according to placement in the vertebral column, spinal loading, posture and pathology. Along the length of the spine the vertebrae change to accommodate different needs related to stress and mobility.[1]
Side view of vertebrae
Anatomy of a vertebra
Every vertebra has a body, which consists of a large anterior middle portion called the centrum (plural centra) and a posterior vertebral arch,[2] also called a neural arch.[3] The body is composed of cancellous bone, which is the spongy type of osseous tissue, whose micro-anatomy has been specifically studied within the pedicle bones.[4] This cancellous bone is in turn, covered by a thin coating of cortical bone (or compact bone), the hard and dense type of osseous tissue. The vertebral arch and processes have thicker coverings of cortical bone. The upper and lower surfaces of the body of the vertebra are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs. These surfaces are the vertebral endplates which are in direct contact with the intervertebral discs and form the joint. The endplates are formed from a thickened layer of the cancellous bone of the vertebral body, the top layer being more dense. The endplates function to contain the adjacent discs, to evenly spread the applied loads, and to provide anchorage for the collagen fibers of the disc. They also act as a semi-permeable interface for the exchange of water and solutes.[5]
The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae. Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch. The pedicles are short thick processes that extend, one from each side, posteriorly, from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum, on its upper surface. From each pedicle a broad plate, a lamina, projects backwards and medialwards to join and complete the vertebral arch and form the posterior border of the vertebral foramen, which completes the triangle of the vertebral foramen.[6] The upper surfaces of the laminae are rough to give attachment to the ligamenta flava. These ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebra along the length of the spine from the level of the second cervical vertebra. Above and below the pedicles are shallow depressions called vertebral notches (superior and inferior). When the vertebrae articulate the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the intervertebral foramina. The foramina allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves from each vertebra, together with associated blood vessels. The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body.
There are seven processes projecting from the vertebra; a spinous process, two transverse processes, and four articular processes. A major part of a vertebra is a backward extending spinous process (sometimes called the neural spine) which projects centrally. This process points dorsally and caudally from the junction of the laminae. The spinous process serves to attach muscles and ligaments.
The two transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body project from either side at the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the intertransverse ligaments. There is a facet on each of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae which articulates with the tubercle of the rib.[7] A facet on each side of the thoracic vertebral body articulates with the head of the rib. There are superior and inferior articular facet joints on each side of the vertebra, which serve to restrict the range of movement possible. These facets are joined by a thin portion of the vertebral arch called the pars interarticularis.
The transverse process of a lumbar vertebra is also sometimes called the costal[8][9] or costiform process[10] because it corresponds to a rudimentary rib (costa) which, as opposed to the thorax, is not developed in the lumbar region.[10][11]
Regional variation[edit]
Vertebrae take their names from the regions of the vertebral column that they occupy. There are thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column—seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, five fused sacral vertebrae forming the sacrum and three to five coccygeal vertebrae, forming the coccyx. The regional vertebrae increase in size as they progress downwards but become smaller in the coccyx.
Cervical vertebrae[edit]
Main article: Cervical vertebrae
A typical cervical vertebra
There are seven cervical vertebrae (but eight cervical spinal nerves), designated C1 through C7. These bones are, in general, small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with the exception of C2 and C7, which have palpable spinous processes). C1 is also called the atlas, and C2 is also called the axis. The structure of these vertebrae is the reason why the neck and head have a large range of motion. The atlanto-occipital joint allows the skull to move up and down, while the atlanto-axial joint allows the upper neck to twist left and right. The axis also sits upon the first intervertebral disc of the spinal column.
Cervical vertebrae possess transverse foramina to allow for the vertebral arteries to pass through on their way to the foramen magnum to end in the circle of Willis. These are the smallest, lightest vertebrae and the vertebral foramina are triangular in shape. The spinous processes are short and often bifurcated (the spinous process of C7, however, is not bifurcated, and is substantially longer than that of the other cervical spinous processes).
The atlas differs from the other vertebrae in that it has no body and no spinous process. It has instead a ring-like form, having an anterior and a posterior arch and two lateral masses. At the outside centre points of both arches there is a tubercle, an anterior tubercle and a posterior tubercle, for the attachment of muscles. The front surface of the anterior arch is convex and its anterior tubercle gives attachment to the longus colli muscle. The posterior tubercle is a rudimentary spinous process and gives attachment to the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle. The spinous process is small so as not to interfere with the movement between the atlas and the skull. On the under surface is a facet for articulation with the dens of the axis.
Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen (also known as foramen transversarium). This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus. On the cervical vertebrae other than the atlas, the anterior and posterior tubercles are on either side of the transverse foramen on each transverse process. The anterior tubercle on the sixth cervical vertebra is called the carotid tubercle because it separates the carotid artery from the vertebral artery.
There is a hook-shaped uncinate process on the side edges of the top surface of the bodies of the third to the seventh cervical vertebrae, and also of the first thoracic vertebra. Together with the vertebral disc, this uncinate process prevents a vertebra from sliding backwards off the vertebra below it and limits lateral flexion (side-bending). Luschka's joints involve the vertebral uncinate processes.
The spinous process on C7 is distinctively long and gives the name vertebra prominens to this vertebra. Also a cervical rib can develop from C7 as an anatomical variation.
The term cervicothoracic is often used to refer to the cervical and thoracic vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas.
Thoracic vertebrae[edit]
Main article: Thoracic vertebrae
A typical thoracic vertebra
The twelve thoracic vertebrae and their transverse processes have surfaces that articulate with the ribs. Some rotation can occur between the thoracic vertebrae, but their connection with the rib cage prevents much flexion or other movement. They may also be known as 'dorsal vertebrae', in the human context.
The vertebral bodies are roughly heart-shaped and are about as wide anterio-posterioly as they are in the transverse dimension. Vertebral foramina are roughly circular in shape.
The top surface of the first thoracic vertebra has a hook-shaped uncinate process, just like the cervical vertebrae.
The term thoracolumbar is sometimes used to refer to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas.
The thoracic vertebrae attach to ribs and so have articular facets specific to them; these are the superior, transverse and inferior costal facets. As the vertebrae progress down the spine they increase in size to match up with the adjoining lumbar section.
Lumbar vertebrae[edit]
Main article: Lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar vertebra showing mammillary processes
A typical lumbar vertebra
The five lumbar vertebrae are the largest of the vertebrae, their robust construction being necessary for supporting greater weight than the other vertebrae. They allow significant flexion, extension and moderate lateral flexion (side-bending). The discs between these vertebrae create a natural lumbar lordosis (a spinal curvature that is concave posteriorly).[citation needed]This is due to the difference in thickness between the front and back parts of the intervertebral discs.
The lumbar vertebrae are located between the ribcage and the pelvis and are the largest of the vertebrae. The pedicles are strong as are the laminae and the spinous process is thick and broad. The vertebral foramen is large and triangular. The transverse processes are long and narrow and three tubercles can be seen on them. These are a lateral cosiform process, a mammillary process and an accessory process.[12] The superior, or upper tubercle is the mammillary process which connects with the superior articular process. The multifidus muscle attaches to the mammillary process and this muscle extends through the length of the vertebral column, giving support. The inferior, or lower tubercle is the accessory process and this is found at the back part of the base of the transverse process. The term lumbosacral is often used to refer to the lumbar and sacral vertebrae together, and sometimes includes their surrounding areas.
Sacrum[edit]
Main article: Sacrum
Sacrum
There are five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) which are fused in maturity, into one large bone, the sacrum, with no intervertebral discs.[13] The sacrum with the ilium forms a sacroiliac joint on each side of the pelvis, which articulates with the hips.
Coccyx[edit]
Main article: Coccyx
The last three to five coccygeal vertebrae (but usually four) (Co1–Co5) make up the tailbone or coccyx. There are no intervertebral discs.
Development[edit]
Somites form in the early embryo and some of these develop into sclerotomes. The sclerotomes form the vertebrae as well as the rib cartilage and part of the occipital bone. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side of the paraxial mesoderm. The lower half of one sclerotome fuses with the upper half of the adjacent one to form each vertebral body.[14] From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch. Other cells move distally to the costal processes of thoracic vertebrae to form the ribs.[14]
Function[edit]
Functions of vertebrae include:
Support. The vertebrae function in the skeletomuscular system by forming the vertebral column to support the body.
Protection. Vertebrae contain a vertebral foramen for the passage of the spinal canal and its enclosed spinal cord and covering meninges. They also afford sturdy protection for the spinal cord. The upper and lower surfaces of the centrum are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs.
Movement. The vertebrae also provide the openings, the intervertebral foramina which allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves. Similarly to the surfaces of the centrum, the upper and lower surfaces of the fronts of the laminae are flattened and rough to give attachment to the ligamenta flava. Working together in the vertebral column their sections provide controlled movement and flexibility.
Feeding the Intervertebral discs, through the reflex (hyaline ligament) plate that separates the cancellous bone of the vertebral body from each disk.
The spinal cord nested in the vertebral column.
Vertebral joint
Costovertebral joint
A facet joint between the superior and inferior articular processes (labeled at top and bottom).
Clinical significance[edit]
There are a number of congenital vertebral anomalies, mostly involving variations in the shape or number of vertebrae, and many of which are unproblematic. Others though can cause compression of the spinal cord. Wedge-shaped vertebrae, called hemivertebrae can cause an angle to form in the spine which can result in the spinal curvature diseases of kyphosis, scoliosis and lordosis. Severe cases can cause spinal cord compression. Block vertebrae where some vertebrae have become fused can cause problems. Spina bifida can result from the incomplete formation of the vertebral arch.
Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. In most cases this occurs in the lowest of the lumbar vertebrae (L5), but may also occur in the other lumbar vertebrae, as well as in the thoracic vertebrae.
Spinal disc herniation, more commonly called a slipped disc, is the result of a tear in the outer ring (anulus fibrosus) of the intervertebral disc, which lets some of the soft gel-like material, the nucleus pulposus, bulge out in a hernia. This may be treated by a minimally-invasive endoscopic procedure called Tessys method.
A laminectomy is a surgical operation to remove the laminae in order to access the spinal canal.[15] The removal of just part of a lamina is called a laminotomy.
A pinched nerve caused by pressure from a disc, vertebra or scar tissue might be remedied by a foraminotomy to broaden the intervertebral foramina and relieve pressure. It can also be caused by a foramina stenosis, a narrowing of the nerve opening, as a result of arthritis.
Another condition is spondylolisthesis when one vertebra slips forward onto another. The reverse of this condition is retrolisthesis where one vertebra slips backwards onto another.
The vertebral pedicle is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, and spinal fusion procedures.
The arcuate foramen is a common anatomical variation more frequently seen in females. It is a bony bridge found on the first cervical vertebra, the atlas where it covers the groove for the vertebral artery.[16]
Degenerative disc disease is a condition usually associated with ageing in which one or more discs degenerate. This can often be a painfree condition but can also be very painful.
Other animals[edit]
Regions of vertebrae in the goat
In other animals the vertebrae take the same regional names except for the coccygeal – in animals with tails the separate vertebrae are usually called the caudal vertebrae. Because of the different types of locomotion and support needed between the aquatic and other vertebrates, the vertebrae between them show the most variation, though basic features are shared. The spinous processes which are backward extending are directed upwards in animals without an erect stance. These processes can be very large in the larger animals as they attach to the muscles and ligaments of the body. In the elephant the vertebrae are connected by tight joints, which limit the backbone's flexibility. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sailback or finback.
Vertebrae with saddle-shaped articular surfaces on their bodies, are called "heterocoelous", which allows vertebrae to flex both vertically and horizontally, while preventing twisting motions. Such vertebrae are found in the necks of birds and some turtles.[17]
In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. In the whale the cervical vertebrae are typically fused, an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming.[18][19] All mammals except manatees and sloths have seven cervical vertebrae, whatever the length of the neck.[20] This includes seemingly unlikely animals such as the giraffe, the camel, and the blue whale, for example. Birds usually have more cervical vertebrae with most having a highly flexible neck consisting of 13–25 vertebrae.
In all mammals the thoracic vertebrae are connected to ribs and their bodies differ from the other regional vertebrae due to the presence of facets. Each vertebra has a facet on each side of the vertebral body which articulates with the head of a rib. There is also a facet on each of the transverse processes which articulates with the tubercle of a rib. The number of thoracic vertebrae varies considerably across the species.[21] Most marsupials have thirteen, but koalas only have eleven.[22] The norm is twelve to fifteen in mammals, (twelve in the human), though there are from eighteen to twenty in the horse, tapir, rhinoceros and elephant. In certain sloths there is an extreme number of twenty-five and at the other end only nine in the cetacean.[23]
There are fewer lumbar vertebrae in chimpanzees and gorillas, which have three in contrast to the five in the genus Homo. This reduction in number gives an inability of the lumbar spine to lordose but gives an anatomy that favours vertical climbing, and hanging ability more suited to feeding locations in high-canopied regions.[24] The bonobo differs by having four lumbar vertebrae.
Caudal vertebrae are the bones that make up the tails of vertebrates.[25] They range in number from a few to fifty, depending on the length of the animal's tail. In humans and other tailless primates, they are called the coccygeal vertebrae, number from three to five and are fused into the coccyx.[26]
Additional images[edit]
Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae
Costovertebral joints seen from the front
Lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae seen from the side
Cervical vertebrae seen from the back
See also[edit]
Limbus vertebra
Functional spinal unit
Pott disease
Scheuermann's disease
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 96 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ McGraw-Hill Science and Technology
Jump up ^ "Chapter 39: The vertebral column". www.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Gdyczynski, C.M.; Manbachi, A.; et al. (2014). "On estimating the directionality distribution in pedicle trabecular bone from micro-CT images". Journal of Physiological Measurements. 35 (12): 2415–2428. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/12/2415. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Muller-Gerbl, M; et al. (Mar 2008). "The distribution of mineral density in the cervical vertebral endplates". Eur Spine J. 17 (17(3)): 432–438. doi:10.1007/s00586-008-0601-5. PMC 2270387. PMID 18193299.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Tim. "Lumbar Vertebrae". InnerBody. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Standring, Susan (2008) Gray's Anatomy p. 746 Thoracic vertebrae
Jump up ^ Platzer (2004), pp 42–43
Jump up ^ Latin costa refers to either a "rib" or "side" of the body. (Diab (1999), p 76)
^ Jump up to: a b Tweedie, A. The library of medicine p. 31
Jump up ^ Heinz Feneis, Wolfgang Dauber (2000) Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy: Based on the International Nomenclature p. 2
Jump up ^ Postacchini, Franco (1999) Lumbar Disc Herniation p. 19
Jump up ^ Drake et al, Gray's Anatomy for Students, Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier (2010), 2nd edition, chapter 2
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Warren F., Jr. (1987) Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrate San Francisco: Saunders College Publishing.
Jump up ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1003. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Cakmak, O; et al. (Sep 2005). "Arcuate foramen its clinical significance". Saudi Med J. 26 (26(9)): 1409–13. PMID 16155658.
Jump up ^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (2002). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 288–289. ISBN 0-07-290956-0.
Jump up ^ "Beluga Whale". Yellowmagpie.com. 2012-06-27. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Jump up ^ "About Whales". Whalesalive.org.au. 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
Jump up ^ Dierauf, Leslie; Gulland, Frances M. D. (June 27, 2001). "CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation, Second Edition". books.google.com. CRC Press. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hyman, Libbie (1922). Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 123.
Jump up ^ "Physical Characteristics of the Koala". Australian Koala Foundation. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Hyman (1922), p. 124
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, C.O and McCullum, M.A. (2010). "Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality:why no hominids ever relied on a bent-hip-bent-knee gait". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1556): 3289–99. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0112. PMC 2981964. PMID 20855303. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (2002). Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. pp. 287–288. ISBN 0-07-290956-0.
Jump up ^ Hyman, Libbie (1922). Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 125.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vertebra.
Atlas image: back_bone13 at the University of Michigan Health System – Axis & Atlas Articulated, Posterior View
Anatomy image: skel/atlas2 at Human Anatomy Lecture (Biology 129), Pennsylvania State University
Anatomy photo:26:os-0110 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Anatomy figure: 02:01-10 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Anatomy figure: 18:02-01 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Atlas image: back_bone28 at the University of Michigan Health System
Anatomy figure: 02:02-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
The shapes of the articulating ends of vertebrae – University of the Cumberlands
show
v
t
e
Bone and cartilage
Cartilage
perichondrium
fibrocartilage callus
metaphysis
Cells
chondroblast
chondrocyte
Types
hyaline
elastic
fibrous
Bone
Ossification
Primary bone
intramembranous
endochondral
Cells
osteoblast
osteoid
osteocyte
osteoclast
Types
cancellous
cortical
Regions
subchondral bone
epiphysis
epiphyseal plate/metaphysis
diaphysis
Condyle
Epicondyle
Structure
Osteon
Haversian canals
Volkmann's canals
connective tissue
endosteum
periosteum
Sharpey's fibres
enthesis
lacunae
canaliculi
trabeculae
medullary cavity
bone marrow
Shapes
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
show
v
t
e
Bones of torso
Vertebrae
General structure
Body
Arch
pedicle
lamina
notch
Vertebral foramen
Intervertebral foramen
Processes
transverse
articular
spinous
Spinal canal
Cervical vertebrae
Uncinate process of vertebra
Transverse foramen
Anterior tubercle
Carotid tubercle
Posterior tubercle
Atlas
lateral mass
anterior arch
posterior arch
Axis
dens
Vertebra prominens
Thoracic vertebrae
Costal facets
superior
inferior
transverse
Uncinate process of vertebra
Lumbar vertebrae
Processes
accessory
mammillary
Sacrum
Base
sacral promontory
Ala of sacrum
Lateral surface
sacral tuberosity
Pelvic surface
anterior sacral foramina
Dorsal surface
posterior sacral foramina
Median sacral crest
Medial sacral crest
Lateral sacral crest
Sacral canal
sacral hiatus
Coccyx
none
Thorax
Rib cage
Ribs
true ribs
false ribs
floating ribs
Parts
angle
tubercle
costal groove
neck
head
Sternum
Suprasternal notch
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Body of sternum
Xiphisternal joint
Xiphoid process
Thoracic cage
Thoracic inlet
Thoracic outlet
Intercostal space
Costal margin
Infrasternal angle
show
v
t
e
Spinal disease (M40–M54, 720–724, 737)
Deforming
Spinal curvature
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Other
Scheuermann's disease
Torticollis
Spondylopathy
inflammatory
Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Sacroiliitis
Discitis
Spondylodiscitis
Pott disease
non inflammatory
Spondylosis
Spondylolysis
Spondylolisthesis
Retrolisthesis
Spinal stenosis
Facet syndrome
Back pain
Neck pain
Upper back pain
Low back pain
Coccydynia
Sciatica
Radiculopathy
Intervertebral disc disorder
Schmorl's nodes
Degenerative disc disease
Spinal disc herniation
Facet joint arthrosis
Anatomy portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertebra&oldid=858540439"
Categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Irregular bones
Skeletal system
Vertebrate anatomy
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011
Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
ܐܪܡܝܐ
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lingála
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Nordfriisk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
Walon
49 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 September 2018, at 22:39 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Vertebra_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Vertebra (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Human_vertebral_column
mw-redirect
Human vertebral column

values:
/wiki/Spinal_column
mw-redirect
Spinal column

values:
/wiki/Intervertebral_foramina
mw-redirect
Intervertebral foramina

values:
/wiki/Articulation_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Articulation (anatomy)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Cancellous_bone
mw-redirect
Cancellous bone

values:
/wiki/Osseous_tissue
mw-redirect
Osseous tissue

values:
/wiki/Cortical_bone
mw-redirect
Cortical bone

values:
/wiki/Intervertebral_discs
mw-redirect
Intervertebral discs

values:
/wiki/Collagen_fibers
mw-redirect
Collagen fibers

values:
/wiki/Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch
mw-redirect
Pedicle of vertebral arch

values:
/wiki/Tubercle_(rib)
mw-redirect
Tubercle (rib)

values:
/wiki/Head_of_rib
mw-redirect
Head of rib

values:
/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra
mw-redirect
Lumbar vertebra

values:
/wiki/Coccygeal_vertebrae
mw-redirect
Coccygeal vertebrae

values:
/wiki/Human_skull
mw-redirect
Human skull

values:
/wiki/Rudiment_(biology)
mw-redirect
Rudiment (biology)

values:
/wiki/Vertebra_prominens
mw-redirect
Vertebra prominens

values:
/wiki/Anatomical_variation
mw-redirect
Anatomical variation

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/File:Gray65.png
image
Development of vertebrae

values:
/wiki/Vertebral_arch
mw-redirect
Vertebral arch

values:
/wiki/Spinal_nerves
mw-redirect
Spinal nerves

values:
/wiki/Costovertebral_joint
mw-redirect
Costovertebral joint

values:
/wiki/Block_vertebrae
mw-redirect
Block vertebrae

values:
/wiki/Nucleus_pulposus
mw-redirect
Nucleus pulposus

values:
/wiki/Minimally-invasive_procedure
mw-redirect
Minimally-invasive procedure

values:
/wiki/Pinched_nerve
mw-redirect
Pinched nerve

values:
/wiki/Transverse_processes
mw-redirect
Transverse processes

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18193299

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155658

values:
nofollow
http://yellowmagpie.com/beluga-whale/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0112

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855303

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
/wiki/Subchondral_bone
mw-redirect
Subchondral bone

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Body_of_vertebra
mw-redirect
Body of vertebra

values:
/wiki/Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch
mw-redirect
Lamina of the vertebral arch

values:
/wiki/Vertebral_notch
mw-redirect
Vertebral notch

values:
/wiki/Spinous_process
mw-redirect
Spinous process

values:
/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_vertebra
mw-redirect
Uncinate process of vertebra

values:
/wiki/Transverse_foramen
mw-redirect
Transverse foramen

values:
/wiki/Carotid_tubercle
mw-redirect
Carotid tubercle

values:
/wiki/Lateral_mass_of_atlas
mw-redirect
Lateral mass of atlas

values:
/wiki/Anterior_arch_of_atlas
mw-redirect
Anterior arch of atlas

values:
/wiki/Posterior_arch_of_atlas
mw-redirect
Posterior arch of atlas

values:
/wiki/Dens_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Dens (anatomy)

values:
/wiki/Accessory_process
mw-redirect
Accessory process

values:
/wiki/Mammillary_process
mw-redirect
Mammillary process

values:
/wiki/Base_of_the_sacrum
mw-redirect
Base of the sacrum

values:
/wiki/Sacral_promontory
mw-redirect
Sacral promontory

values:
/wiki/Ala_of_sacrum
mw-redirect
Ala of sacrum

values:
/wiki/Lateral_surface_of_sacrum
mw-redirect
Lateral surface of sacrum

values:
/wiki/Sacral_tuberosity
mw-redirect
Sacral tuberosity

values:
/wiki/Pelvic_surface_of_sacrum
mw-redirect
Pelvic surface of sacrum

values:
/wiki/Anterior_sacral_foramina
mw-redirect
Anterior sacral foramina

values:
/wiki/Dorsal_surface_of_sacrum
mw-redirect
Dorsal surface of sacrum

values:
/wiki/Posterior_sacral_foramina
mw-redirect
Posterior sacral foramina

values:
/wiki/Median_sacral_crest
mw-redirect
Median sacral crest

values:
/wiki/Medial_sacral_crest
mw-redirect
Medial sacral crest

values:
/wiki/Lateral_sacral_crest
mw-redirect
Lateral sacral crest

values:
/wiki/Sacral_canal
mw-redirect
Sacral canal

values:
/wiki/Sacral_hiatus
mw-redirect
Sacral hiatus

values:
/wiki/Floating_ribs
mw-redirect
Floating ribs

values:
/wiki/Angle_(rib)
mw-redirect
Angle (rib)

values:
/wiki/Costal_groove
mw-redirect
Costal groove

values:
/wiki/Neck_of_rib
mw-redirect
Neck of rib

values:
/wiki/Human_sternum
mw-redirect
Human sternum

values:
/wiki/Body_of_sternum
mw-redirect
Body of sternum

values:
/wiki/Thoracic_cage
mw-redirect
Thoracic cage

values: ICD-10 Chapter XIII: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

values: List of ICD-9 codes 710–739: diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

values:
/wiki/Spinal_curvature
mw-redirect
Spinal curvature

values:
/wiki/Upper_back_pain
mw-redirect
Upper back pain

values: Anatomy posture and body mechanics 08.web.jpg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011

values: Category:Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Vertebra
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Vertebra&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werwel
Werwel – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: فقرة (تشريح) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values: কশেরুকা – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Умыртҡа – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obratel
Obratel – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertibra
Fertibra – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCli
Lüli – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebro
Vertebro – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orno
Orno – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra
Vertebra – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 척추뼈패임 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra
Vertebra – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: חוליה (אנטומיה) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movik
Movik – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Омуртка – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra
Vertebra – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurvel
Wurvel – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csigolya
Csigolya – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99g
Kręg – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Позвонок (кость) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavec
Stavec – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vretence
Vretence – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricir
Ricir – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra
Vertebra – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikama
Nikama – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggkota
Ryggkota – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: వెన్నుపూస – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omur
Omur – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronzoxh
Cronzoxh – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Vertebra rootpage-Vertebra skin-vector action-view