text:
Indian Premier League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian Premier League (IPL)
Official IPL logo
Countries
India
Administrator
BCCI
Format
Twenty20
First tournament
2008
Last tournament
2017
Next tournament
2018
Tournament format
Double round-robin league and Playoffs
Number of teams
8
Most successful
Mumbai Indians (3 titles)
Most runs
Suresh Raina (4540)[1]
Most wickets
Lasith Malinga (154)[2]
TV
List of broadcasters
Website
iplt20.com
2018 IPL season
The Indian Premier League (IPL), officially Vivo Indian Premier League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in India contested during April and May of every year by teams representing Indian cities. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007, and is regarded as the brainchild of Lalit Modi, the founder and former commissioner of the league.[3] IPL has an exclusive window in ICC Future Tours Programme.[4]
The IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues.[5] In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube.[6][7] The brand value of IPL in 2017 was US$5.3 billion, according to Duff & Phelps.[8] According to BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹11.5 billion (US$182 million) to the GDP of the Indian economy.[9]
There have been ten seasons of the IPL tournament. The current IPL title holders are the Mumbai Indians, who won the 2017 season.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 Foundation
1.3 Expansions and terminations
2 Organization
2.1 Tournament format
2.2 Player acquisition, squad composition and salaries
2.3 Prize money
2.4 Rules
3 Teams
3.1 Current teams
3.2 Former teams
4 Tournament seasons and results
5 Awards
5.1 Orange Cap
5.2 Purple Cap
6 Financials
6.1 Title sponsorship
6.2 Brand value
7 Broadcasting
7.1 International broadcasters
8 IPL Governing Council
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History
Background
The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was founded in 2007, with funding provided by Zee Entertainment Enterprises.[11] The ICL was not recognised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the BCCI were not pleased with its committee members joining the ICL executive board.[12] To prevent players from joining the ICL, the BCCI increased the prize money in their own domestic tournaments and also imposed lifetime bans on players joining the ICL, which was considered a rebel league by the board.[13][14]
Foundation
"The IPL has been designed to entice an entire new generation of sports fans into the grounds throughout the country. The dynamic Twenty20 format has been designed to attract a young fan base, which also includes women and children."
“
”
— Modi during the launch of the IPL.[15]
On 13 September 2007, the BCCI announced the launch of a franchise-based Twenty20 cricket competition called Indian Premier League whose first season was slated to start in April 2008, in a "high-profile ceremony" in New Delhi. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi, said to be the mastermind behind the idea of IPL, spelled out the details of the tournament including its format, the prize money, franchise revenue system and squad composition rules. It was also revealed that the IPL would be run by a seven-man governing council composed of former India players and BCCI officials, and that the top two teams of the IPL would qualify for that year's Champions League Twenty20. Modi also clarified that they had been working on the idea for two years and that IPL was not started as a "knee-jerk reaction" to the ICL.[15] The league's format was similar to that of the Premier League of England and the NBA in the United States.[14]
In order to decide the owners for the new league, an auction was held on 24 January 2008 with the total base prices of the franchises costing around $400 million.[14] At the end of the auction, the winning bidders were announced, as well as the cities the teams would be based in: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mohali, and Mumbai.[14] In the end, the franchises were all sold for a total of $723.59 million.[16] The Indian Cricket League soon folded in 2008.
Expansions and terminations
Crowd during a match of the 2015 IPL season in Hyderabad, India.
On 21 March 2010, it was announced that two new franchises – Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala – would join the league before the fourth season in 2011.[17] Sahara Adventure Sports Group bought the Pune franchise for $370 million while Rendezvous Sports World bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million.[17] However, one year later, on 11 November 2011, it was announced that the Kochi Tuskers Kerala side would be terminated following the side breaching the BCCI's terms of conditions.[18]
Then, on 14 September 2012, following the team not being able to find new owners, the BCCI announced that the 2009 champions, the Deccan Chargers, would be terminated.[19] The next month, on 25 October, an auction was held to see who would be the owner of the replacement franchise, with Sun TV Network winning the bid for the Hyderabad franchise.[20] The team would be named Sunrisers Hyderabad.[21]
On 14 June 2015, it was announced that two-time champions, Chennai Super Kings, and the inaugural season champions, Rajasthan Royals, would be suspended for two seasons following their role in a match-fixing and betting scandal.[22] Then, on 8 December 2015, following an auction, it was revealed that Pune and Rajkot would replace Chennai and Rajasthan for two seasons.[23] The two teams were the Rising Pune Supergiant and the Gujarat Lions.
Organization
Tournament format
Currently, with eight teams, each team plays each other twice in a home-and-away round-robin format in the league phase. At the conclusion of the league stage, the top four teams will qualify for the playoffs. The top two teams from the league phase will play against each other in the first Qualifying match, with the winner going straight to the IPL final and the loser getting another chance to qualify for the IPL final by playing the second Qualifying match. Meanwhile, the third and fourth place teams from league phase play against each other in an eliminator match and the winner from that match will play the loser from the first Qualifying match. The winner of the second Qualifying match will move onto the final to play the winner of the first Qualifying match in the IPL Final match, where the winner will be crowned the Indian Premier League champions.
Player acquisition, squad composition and salaries
A team can acquire players through any of the three ways: the annual player auction, trading players with other teams during the trading windows, and signing replacements for unavailable players. Players sign up for the auction and also set their base price, and are bought by the franchise that bids the highest for them. Unsold players at the auction are eligible to be signed up as replacement signings. In the trading windows, a player can only be traded with his consent, with the franchise paying the difference if any between the old and new contract. If the new contract is worth more than the older one, the difference is shared between the player and the franchise selling the player. There are generally three trading windows–two before the auction, and one after the auction but before the start of the tournament. Players can not be traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament, whereas replacements can be signed before or during the tournament.
Some of the team composition rules (as of 2018 season) are as follows:
The squad strength must be between 18 and 25 players, with a maximum of 8 overseas players
Salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹80 crore[24]
Under-19 players can not be picked unless they have previously played first-class or List A cricket
A team can play a maximum of 4 overseas players in their playing eleven
The term of a player contract is one year, with the franchise having the option to extend the contract by one or two years. Since the 2014 season, the player contracts are denominated in the Indian rupee, before which the contracts were in U.S. dollars. Overseas players can be remunerated in the currency of the player's choice at the exchange rate on either the contract due date or the actual date of payment.[25] Prior to the 2014 season, Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool and could be signed up by the franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹10 to 30 lakh would get deducted per signing from the franchise's salary purse. This received significant opposition from franchise owners who complained that richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals" following which the IPL decided to include domestic players in the player auction.[26]
According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine, the average IPL salary when pro-rated is US$4.33 million per year, the second highest among all sport leagues in the world. Since the players in IPL are only contracted for the duration of the tournament (less than two months), the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro rata to obtain average annual salary, unlike other sport leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year.[27]
Prize money
The 2015 season of the IPL offered a total prize money of ₹40 crore (US$6.1 million), with the winning team netting ₹15 crore (US$2.3 million).[28] The first and second runners up received 10 and 7.5 crores, respectively, with the fourth placed team also winning 7.5 crores. The others teams are not awarded any prize money. The IPL rules mandate that half of the prize money must be distributed among the players.[29]
Rules
IPL games utilise television timeouts and hence there is no time limit in which teams must complete their innings. However, a penalty may be imposed if the umpires find teams misusing this privilege. Each team is given a two-and-a-half-minute "strategic timeout" during each innings; one must be taken by the bowling team between the ends of the 6th and 9th overs, and one by the batting team between the ends of the 13th and 16th overs.[30]
Teams
Current teams
Team
City
Home ground
Debut
Current Coach
Current Captain
Chennai Super Kings Chennai, Tamil Nadu M. A. Chidambaram Stadium 2008 Stephen Fleming MS Dhoni
Delhi Daredevils Delhi Feroz Shah Kotla 2008 Ricky Ponting Gautam Gambhir
Kings XI Punjab Mohali, Punjab PCA Stadium 2008 Brad Hodge Ravichandran Ashwin
Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata, West Bengal Eden Gardens 2008 Jacques Kallis Dinesh Karthik
Mumbai Indians Mumbai, Maharashtra Wankhede Stadium 2008 Mahela Jayawardene Rohit Sharma
Rajasthan Royals Jaipur, Rajasthan Sawai Mansingh Stadium 2008 Shane Warne Ajinkya Rahane
Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore, Karnataka M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2008 Daniel Vettori Virat Kohli
Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad, Telangana Rajiv Gandhi Cricket Stadium 2013 Tom Moody Kane Williamson
Former teams
Team
City
Home ground
Debut
Dissolved
Deccan Chargers Hyderabad, Telangana Rajiv Gandhi Cricket Stadium 2008 2012
Gujarat Lions Rajkot, Gujarat SCA Stadium 2016 2017
Kochi Tuskers Kerala Kochi, Kerala Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 2011 2011
Pune Warriors India Pune, Maharashtra MCA Stadium 2011 2013
Rising Pune Supergiant Pune, Maharashtra MCA Stadium 2016 2017
Tournament seasons and results
Main articles: List of Indian Premier League seasons and results and List of Indian Premier League records and statistics
Out of the thirteen teams that have played in the Indian Premier League since its inception, one team has won the competition three times, two teams have won the competition twice each and three other teams have won it once each. The Mumbai Indians are the most successful team in league's history in terms of the number of titles won. The Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders have won two titles each, and the other three teams who have won the tournament are the Deccan Chargers, Rajasthan Royals and Sunrisers Hyderabad. The current champions are Mumbai Indians who beat Rising Pune Supergiant in the final of the 2017 season to secure their third title and thus became the most successful team in IPL history ever.
IPL season results[31][32]
Season
Final
Final venue
Number of teams
Player of the series
Winner
Winning margin
Runner-up
2008
Details
Rajasthan Royals[33]
164/7 (20 overs) Won by 3 wickets
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[33]
163/5 (20 overs) DY Patil Stadium[33] 8[34] Shane Watson[33]
2009
Details
Deccan Chargers[35]
143/6 (20 overs) Won by 6 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[35]
137/9 (20 overs) Wanderers Stadium[35]
(South Africa) 8[36] Adam Gilchrist[35]
2010
Details
Chennai Super Kings[37]
168/5 (20 overs) Won by 22 runs
(Scorecard) Mumbai Indians[37]
146/9 (20 overs) DY Patil Stadium[37] 8[38] Sachin Tendulkar[37]
2011
Details
Chennai Super Kings[39]
205/5 (20 overs) Won by 58 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[39]
147/8 (20 overs) M. A. Chidambaram Stadium[39] 10[40] Chris Gayle[39]
2012
Details
Kolkata Knight Riders[41]
192/5 (19.4 overs) Won by 5 wickets
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[41]
190/3 (20 overs) M. A. Chidambaram Stadium[41] 9[42] Sunil Narine[41]
2013
Details
Mumbai Indians[43]
148/9 (20 overs) Won by 23 runs
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[43]
125/9 (20 overs) Eden Gardens[43] 9[44] Shane Watson[43]
2014
Details
Kolkata Knight Riders[45]
200/7 (19.3 overs) Won by 3 wickets
(Scorecard) Kings XI Punjab[45]
199/4 (20 overs) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium[45] 8[46] Glenn Maxwell[45]
2015
Details
Mumbai Indians[47]
202/5 (20 overs) Won by 41 runs
(Scorecard) Chennai Super Kings[47]
161/8 (20 overs) Eden Gardens[47] 8[48] Andre Russell[47]
2016
Details
Sunrisers Hyderabad[49]
208/7 (20 overs) Won by 8 runs
(Scorecard) Royal Challengers Bangalore[49]
200/7 (20 overs) M. Chinnaswamy Stadium[49] 8[50] Virat Kohli[49]
2017
Details
Mumbai Indians[51]
129/8 (20 overs) Won by 1 run
(Scorecard) Rising Pune Supergiant[51]
128/6 (20 overs) Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium[51] 8[52] Ben Stokes[51]
Awards
Main article: List of Indian Premier League awards
Orange Cap
Main article: Orange Cap
The Orange Cap is awarded to the top run-scorer in the IPL during a season. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[53]
Purple Cap
Main article: Purple Cap
The Purple Cap is awarded to the top wicket-taker in the IPL. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[54]
Financials
Title sponsorship
From 2008 to 2012, the title sponsor was DLF, India's largest real estate developer, who had secured the rights with a bid of ₹200 crore for five seasons.[55] After the conclusion of the 2012 season, PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for ₹396.8 crore for the subsequent five seasons.[56] However, the company terminated the deal in October 2015 two years before the expiry of the contract, reportedly due to the two-season suspension of Chennai and Rajasthan franchises from the league.[57] The BCCI then transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo for ₹190 crore.[58] In June 2017, Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons (2018–2022) with a winning bid of ₹2199 crore, in a deal more expensive than Barclays' Premier League title sponsorship contract between 2013 and 2016.[59][60]
Title sponsor
Period
Sponsorship fee (per year)
DLF 2008–2012 ₹40 crores
Pepsi 2013–2015 ₹79.2 crores
Vivo 2016–2017 ₹95 crores
2018–2022 ₹439.8 crores
Brand value
The IPL has seen a spike in its brand valuation to US$5.3 billion after the 10th edition, according to global valuation and corporate finance advisor Duff & Phelps.[61] The brand value of IPL was estimated to be US$4.5 billion in 2015 by American Appraisal, a Division of Duff & Phelps.[62] Duff & Phelps added that the value of brand IPL has jumped to $4.16 billion after the 2016 edition, against $3.54 billion in 2015. The 19% jump is despite the fact that the US dollar to Indian rupee currency has depreciated by nearly 10%.[63]
Team Valuation as on 2017[64],
Team
Brand Value in US$
Kolkata Knight Riders 58.6 million
Mumbai Indians 54.1 million
Sunrisers Hyderabad 46.5 million
Royal Challengers Bangalore 44.45 million
Delhi Daredevils 40.5 million
Kings XI Punjab 36.2 million
Chennai Super Kings Not Calculated1
Rajasthan Royals Not Calculated1
1As they were suspended from IPL in 2016 and 2017 versions.
Broadcasting
The IPL's broadcast rights were originally held by a partnership between Sony Pictures Networks and World Sport Group, under a ten-year contract valued at US$1.026 billion. Sony would be responsible for domestic television, while WSG would handle international distribution.[65][66] The initial plan was for 20% of these proceeds to go to the IPL, 8% as prize money and 72% would be distributed to the franchisees from 2008 until 2012, after which the IPL would go public and list its shares.[67] However, in March 2010, IPL decided not to go public and list its shares.[citation needed] As of the 2016 season, Sony MAX, Sony SIX, and Sony ESPN served as the domestic broadcasters of the IPL; MAX and SIX aired broadcasts in Hindi, while SIX also aired broadcasts in the Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu languages. Sony ESPN broadcast English-language feeds.[68]
The IPL became a major television property within India; Sony MAX typically became the most-watched television channel in the country during the tournament,[69] and by 2016, annual advertising revenue surpassed ₹1,200 crore. Viewership numbers were expected to increase further during the 2016 season due to the industry adoption of the new BARC ratings system, which also calculates rural viewership rather than only urban markets.[70][68] In the 2016 season, Sony's broadcasts achieved just over 1 billion impressions (television viewership in thousands), jumping to 1.25 billion the following year.[69] Sony also broadcast a companion talk show, Extraaa Innings T20.[71]
On 4 September 2017, it was announced that the then-current digital rightsholder, Star India (a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox), had acquired the global media rights to the IPL under a five-year contract beginning in 2018. Valued at ₹16,347.5 crore (₹163.475 billion, US$2.55 billion, £1.97 billion), it is a 158% increase over the previous deal, and the most expensive broadcast rights deal in the history of cricket. The IPL sold the rights in packages for domestic television, domestic digital, and international rights; although Sony held the highest bid for domestic television, and Facebook had made a US$600 million bid for domestic digital rights (which U.S. media interpreted as a sign that the social network was interested in pursuing professional sports rights),[72][73] Star was the only bidder out of the shortlist of 14 to make bids in all three categories.[74][75][76]
Star CEO Uday Shankar stated that the IPL was a "very powerful property", and that Star would "remain very committed to make sure that the growth of sports in this country continues to be driven by the power of cricket". He went on to say that "whoever puts in that money, they put in that money because they believe in the fans of the sport. The universe of cricket fans, it tells you, continues to very healthy, continues to grow. What was paid in 2008, that was 2008. India and cricket and IPL—all three have changed dramatically in the last 10 years. It is a reflection of that."[75][74][76] The deal led to concerns that Star India now held a monopoly on cricket rights in the country, as it is also the rightsholder of ICC competitions and the Indian national team.[77]
International broadcasters
Territory
Network
Afghanistan Lemar TV (2017)
Africa (Sub-Sahara) SuperSport (2008–present)[78]
Australia Network Ten (2008)
One HD (2009–2010)
Fox Sports Australia (2018-present)[79]
Bangladesh Maasranga (2014–2016)
Channel 9 (2016 – present)[80]
Bhutan Sony (2008–2017)[80]
Star Sports (2018–present)
Brunei Astro (2008–present)[80]
Canada Rogers Media (Sportsnet, Omni Television) (2011–2014)[81]Ethnic Channels Group, CricketGateway[82]
Caribbean SportsMax (2008–present)[65]
Hong Kong PCCW (2010–present)[80]
India Sony (2008–2017)[65]
Star Sports (2018–present)
Malaysia Astro (2008–present)[80]
Arab world OSN Sports (2015–present)[80]
Nepal Sony (2008–2017)[80]
Star Sports (2018–present)
New Zealand Sky Sport (2012–present)[80]
Pakistan Geo Super (2008–present)[80]
Singapore StarHub (2008–present)[80]
Singtel (2015–present)[80]
United Kingdom ITV4 (2011–2014)[83]
Sky Sports (2015–present)[84]
United States Willow.tv (2017–present)[85]
Worldwide internet rights Times Internet (2011–2014)[86]
Hotstar(2015–present)[87]
IPL Governing Council
The IPL Governing Council is responsible for all the functions of the tournament. The members are Rajeev Shukla, Ajay Shirke, Sourav Ganguly, Anurag Thakur and Anirudh Chaudhary. In January 2016, the Supreme Court appointed Lodha Committee to recommend separate governing bodies for the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and the Indian Premier League (IPL), where Justice RM Lodha suggested a One State-One Member pattern for the board.[88]
See also
India portal
Cricket portal
Indian Premier League portal
List of Indian Premier League players
List of current Indian Premier League team rosters
Controversies involving the Indian Premier League
References
Jump up ^ "IPL Most runs". Cricinfo.com. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL Most wickets". Cricinfo.com. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL confirms South Africa switch". BBC. 24 March 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "IPL now has window in ICC Future Tours Programme".
Jump up ^ "Big Bash League jumps into top 10 of most attended sports leagues in the world". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL matches to be broadcast live on Youtube". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL to broadcast live on YouTube". The Telegraph UK. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL brand valuation rises to $5.3 billion: Duff & Phelps". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2015 contributed Rs. 11.5 bn to GDP: BCCI". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mumbai clinch third IPL title in last-ball finish". ESPN. 21 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "ICL announces team lists". Rediff. 14 November 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (13 June 2007). "BCCI shoots down ICL". Rediff.com. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (21 June 2007). "BCCI hikes domestic match fees". Rediff.com. Retrieved 22 August 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Indian Premier League: How it all started". Times of India. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Alter, Jamie (13 September 2007). "Franchises for board's new Twenty20 league". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cricinfo – Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL". ESPNcricinfo. 24 January 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Ravindran, Siddarth; Gollapudi, Nagraj (21 March 2010). "Pune and Kochi unveiled as new IPL franchises". ESPN CricInfo. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kochi franchise terminated by BCCI". ESPN CricInfo. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ ESPN, CRICINFO. "BCCI terminates Deccan Chargers franchise". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sun TV Network win Hyderabad IPL franchise". Wisden India. 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hyderabad IPL franchise named Sunrisers". Hyderabad IPL franchise named Sunrisers, ESPN Cricinfo. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "IPL scandal: Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals suspended". BBC. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pune, Rajkot to host new IPL franchises". ESPN CricInfo. 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "IPL player policies declared for the upcoming season". iplt20.com. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Player regulations for IPL 2014". ESPNcricinfo. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL longlist features 651 uncapped players". ESPNcricinfo. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL cricketers world's No.2 sports earners". Emirates 24/7. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rs 40 Crore Prize Money On Offer in IPL Playoffs". The New Indian Express. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "IPL-onomics: where Indian players call the shots". 22 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Law 15 – Intervals". Indian Premier League. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Bharath Seervi (30 May 2016). "A great tournament for captains, a poor one for spinners". Sony ESPN. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL all seasons' results". Iplt20.com. Board of Control for Cricket in India. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2008 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2008 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2009 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2009 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2010 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2010 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2011 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2011 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2012 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2012 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2013 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2013 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2014 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2014 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2015 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2015 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2016 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2016 season squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2017 IPL Final scorecard, venue and MVP details". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2017 Squads". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPLT20.com – Indian Premier League Official Website". IPLT20 – 2015 Orange Cap Final Leaderboard. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ "IPLT20.com – 2015 Purple Cap Final Leaderboard". IPLT20. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Bhat, Varada; Kamath, Raghavendra (27 April 2012). "DLF unlikely to continue with IPL title sponsorship". Business Standard. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Gollapudi, Nagraj (21 November 2012). "IPL sells title rights to PepsiCo for $71m". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "PepsiCo set to end IPL sponsorship two years early". ESPNcricinfo. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Title sponsorship: Mobile companies gear up for IPL Innings". The Economic Times. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Venugopal, Arun (27 June 2017). "Vivo retains IPL title rights till 2022 after massive bid". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Choudhary, Vidhi (28 June 2017). "Vivo sponsorship may make IPL world's richest sports league". Livemint. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "IPL 2017 Valuation". TOI. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
Jump up ^ "On a Sticky Wicket" (PDF). American Appraisal. Retrieved 2014-11-07. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "IPL 2016 brand valuation". Economic Times. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kolkata Knight Riders Tops IPL 2017 Brand Value List". Business World. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sony and World Sports Group bag IPL television rights". ESPNcricinfo. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Billion dollar rights deal for IPL". The Australian. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
Jump up ^ IndranilBasu (27 January 2008). "Does the IPL model make sense?". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "IPL viewership may touch 500 million this year: Sony". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Ahluwalia, Harveen (2017-06-01). "IPL viewership jumped 22.5% in 2017: BARC". Livemint. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Sony rakes in Rs. 1,200 crore advertising revenue from IPL 9". SportsCafe.in. 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Anchoring the innings off the field". DNAIndia.com. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
Jump up ^ Kafka, Peter (2017-09-04). "Facebook just bid $600 million to stream Indian cricket matches. Will it try NFL games next?". Recode. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ Madhok, Diksha. "Facebook may have failed with its $600 million bid for cricket, but this is only the beginning". Quartz. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Star India wins IPL rights for US $2.55 billion". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Reuters (2017-09-04). "IPL television and broadcast rights sold for massive £1.97bn to Star India". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Five stand-out numbers from the IPL media rights sale". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Star Sports mega deal: How buying IPL media rights will change sports broadcasting?". The Indian Express. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "TV channels showing IPL matches in US, Canada, UK, Australia, India, UAE and Africa". kalyansuman.com. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fox Sports To Show Every Game Of The Vivo Indian Premier League For The First Time". foxsports.com.au. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "List of broadcasters in Pepsi IPL 2014". IPLT20.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "IPL Cricket live on Sportsnet". sportscastermagazine.ca. 1 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "VIVO IPL lines up the best global broadcasters for fans across the world". Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Sky Sports grabs rights to IPL cricket from 2015". uSwitch. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "IPL on Sky Sports: Indian Premier League live on Sky from 2015". Sky Sports. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Willow TV bags the exclusive media rights of IPL 2017 in US". Business Standard.
Jump up ^ "Times Group-led consortium wins IPL internet, mobile rights". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Star unit wins Internet, mobile rights for IPL". Mint. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lodha Committee recommends separate governing bodies for BCCI, IPL". mid-day. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Premier League.
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Indian Premier League
Seasons
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Finals
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Participating teams
Chennai Super Kings
Delhi Daredevils
Kings XI Punjab
Kolkata Knight Riders
Mumbai Indians
Rajasthan Royals
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Sunrisers Hyderabad
Defunct teams
Deccan Chargers
Gujarat Lions
Kochi Tuskers Kerala
Pune Warriors India
Rising Pune Supergiant
Auctions
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Awards
List of awards
Fair Play Award
Statistics and records
Team
Series
Batting
Bowling
Wicketkeeping and fielding
Partnership
Miscellaneous
Lists
Current squads
Seasons
Venues
Players
Captains
Umpires
Centuries
Five-wicket hauls
Controversies
2012 spot-fixing case
2013 spot-fixing and betting case
Related topics
Champions League Twenty20
Lalit Modi
Icon player
Book
Portal
Category
Commons
WikiProject
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Cricket in India
Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)
National teams
India
India A
U-19
Women
Blind
Zonal teams
Central
M
F
East
M
F
North
M
F
South
M
F
West
M
F
State teams
Andhra
M
F
Assam
M
F
Baroda
M
F
Bengal
M
F
Chhattisgarh
M
F
Delhi
M
F
Gujarat
M
F
Goa
M
F
Haryana
M
F
Himachal Pradesh
M
F
Hyderabad
M
F
Jammu & Kashmir
M
F
Jharkhand
M
F
Karnataka
M
F
Kerala
M
F
Madhya Pradesh
M
F
Maharashtra
M
F
Mumbai
M
F
Odisha
M
F
Punjab
M
F
Railways
M
F
Rajasthan
M
F
Saurashtra
M
F
Services (M)
Tamil Nadu
M
F
Tripura
M
F
Uttar Pradesh
M
F
Vidarbha
M
F
Tournaments
First-class
Ranji Trophy
Duleep Trophy
Irani Cup
Senior women's cricket inter zonal three day game
One Day
Vijay Hazare Trophy
Deodhar Trophy
BCCI Corporate Trophy
Senior women's challenger trophy
Senior women's one day league
NKP Salve Challenger Trophy (defunct}
Twenty20
Indian Premier League
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
Senior women's T20 league
Celebrity Cricket League
Indian Cricket League (defunct}
Inter-State T20 Championship (defunct}
BCCI
Presidents
Members
Selectors
Awards
Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture
National Cricket Academy
Lists
Captains
Test wicket-keepers
ODI wicket-keepers
International grounds
Test records
ODI records
T20I records
Others
History
India–Pakistan cricket rivalry
Rohinton Baria Trophy
Cooch Behar Trophy
[show]
v
t
e
Twenty20 cricket leagues
Current
Asia
Shpageeza Cricket League (Afghanistan)
Bangladesh Premier League (Bangladesh)
Hong Kong T20 Blitz (Hong Kong)
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy (India)
Indian Premier League (India)
Celebrity Cricket League (India)
Everest Premier League (Nepal)
National Twenty20 Cup (Pakistan)
Pakistan Super League (Pakistan)
Super T20 Provincial Tournament (Sri Lanka)
Oceania
Big Bash League (Australia)
Women's Big Bash League (Australia)
Super Smash (New Zealand)
Europe
T20 Blast (England and Wales)
Women's Cricket Super League (England)
Interprovincial Twenty20 Cup (Ireland)
Dutch Twenty20 Cup (Netherlands)
Murgitroyd Twenty20 (Scotland)
Regional Pro Series (Scotland)
Africa
Africa T20 Cup (South Africa)
Ram Slam T20 Challenge (South Africa)
CSA Provincial Twenty20 (South Africa)
Stanbic Bank 20 Series (Zimbabwe)
T20 Global League (South Africa)
Americas
Caribbean Premier League (West Indies)
Global T20 Canada (Canada)
Defunct
Cricket All-Stars (International)
Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup (Pakistan)
International 20:20 Club Championship (International)
Inter-State T20 Championship (India)
East Africa Premier League (Kenya & Uganda)
Indian Cricket League (India)
Twenty20 Tournament (Sri Lanka)
Pro Cricket (United States)
Caribbean Twenty20 (West Indies)
Stanford 20/20 (West Indies)
Stanford Super Series (West Indies/England)
North Sea Pro20 (Scotland/Netherlands)
American Twenty20 Championship (USA)
American Premier League (United States)
KFC Twenty20 Big Bash (Australia)
Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup (Australia)
National Cricket League (Bangladesh)
National Elite League Twenty20 (Kenya)
Sri Lanka Premier League (Sri Lanka)
CIBC National Cricket League (Canada)
Etisalat Sixes T20 Tournament (Afghanistan)
Champions League Twenty20 (International)
Ramadan T20 Cup (Pakistan)
Masters Champions League (United Arab Emirates)
[show]
v
t
e
Champions League Twenty20
Editions
2008 (cancelled)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Squads
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Lists
Records and statistics
Qualifying
tournaments
2014–15
Big Bash League
Caribbean Premier League
Haier Super 8 T20 Cup
HRV Cup
Indian Premier League
Ram Slam T20 Challenge
Super 4's Twenty20
2009–13
Sri Lanka Premier League (2012)
Friends Life t20 (2011–12)
Caribbean Twenty20 (2010-13)
Inter-Provincial Twenty20 (2009–11)
KFC Twenty20 Big Bash (2009–11)
Twenty20 Cup (2009)
Stanford 20/20 (2009)
[show]
v
t
e
Sports leagues of India
Major pro leagues
Badminton
Basketball
Cricket (Twenty20)
Football (ISL, I-League)
Hockey
Kabaddi
Mixed Martial Arts
Wrestling
Other tournaments
Cricket (List A)
Duleep Trophy (First-class cricket)
Ranji Trophy (First-class cricket)
Football
Women's
Football
Kabaddi
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Premier_League&oldid=833026821"
Categories:
Indian Premier League
Cricket leagues in India
Professional sports leagues in India
2008 establishments in India
Sports leagues established in 2008
Twenty20 cricket leagues
Members of Governing Council Of Indian Premier League
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from March 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
EngvarB from January 2016
Use Indian English from January 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from January 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Official website not in Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
ಕನ್ನಡ
मैथिली
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
नेपाली
日本語
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
संस्कृतम्
Simple English
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Українська
اردو
粵語
中文
डोटेली
24 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 08:15.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected until January 29, 2019.

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

value: span

values:
nofollow
http://www.iplt20.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Twenty20_cricket
mw-redirect
Twenty20 cricket

values: List of Indian Premier League seasons and results

values: position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;

values: position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; text-align: left; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; font-size: large; color: gray;

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:33%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values:
/wiki/U.S._dollar
mw-redirect
U.S. dollar

values: Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium

values: Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium

values:
width:1%; color:#fff; background:#000;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
width:20%; color:#fff; background:#000;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
width:5%; color:#fff; background:#000;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Vivo_Smartphone
mw-redirect
Vivo Smartphone

values:
/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Networks
mw-redirect
Sony Pictures Networks

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/British_pound
mw-redirect
British pound

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: List of current Indian Premier League team rosters

values: Controversies involving the Indian Premier League

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iplt20.com/stats

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iplt20.com

values:
collapseButton0
#
color: rgb(255, 255, 255);

values:
navbox-image
10
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of 2009 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2010 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2011 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2012 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2013 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2014 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2015 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2016 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2017 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes

values: List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls

values: 2012 Indian Premier League spot-fixing case

values: 2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian Premier League

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: 2016–17 Senior women's cricket inter zonal three day game

values: Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India

values: List of members of the Board of Control For Cricket in India

values: Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture

values: List of international cricket grounds in India

values: List of India One Day International cricket records

values: List of India Twenty20 International cricket records

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of domestic Twenty20 cricket competitions

values:
/wiki/Nepal_Premier_League
mw-redirect
Nepal Premier League

values:
/wiki/National_Twenty20_Cup
mw-redirect
National Twenty20 Cup

values:
/wiki/Super_Smash_(cricket)
mw-redirect
Super Smash (cricket)

values:
/wiki/Interprovincial_Twenty20_Cup
mw-redirect
Interprovincial Twenty20 Cup

values:
/wiki/Faysal_Bank_Super_Eight_T20_Cup
mw-redirect
Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup

values: Bangladesh NCL (National Cricket League) Twenty20

values:
/wiki/Masters_Champions_League
mw-redirect
Masters Champions League

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of Champions League Twenty20 records and statistics

values:
/wiki/Haier_Super_8_T20_Cup
mw-redirect
Haier Super 8 T20 Cup

values:
/wiki/Super_4%27s_Twenty20
mw-redirect
Super 4's Twenty20

values:
/wiki/Friends_Life_t20
mw-redirect
Friends Life t20

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Professional sports leagues in India

values: Category:Sports leagues established in 2008

values: Category:Members of Governing Council Of Indian Premier League

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Use Indian English from January 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

values: Category:Official website not in Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Indian_Premier_League
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values: ইন্ডিয়ান প্রিমিয়ার লীগ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: لیگ برتر هند – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 인디언 프리미어리그 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: इंडियन प्रीमियर लीग – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಪ್ರೀಮಿಯರ್ ಲೀಗ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: इन्डियन प्रिमियर लिग – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: ഇന്ത്യൻ പ്രീമിയർ ലീഗ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: इंडियन प्रीमियर लीग – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: इन्डियन प्रिमियर लिग – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: インディアン・プレミアリーグ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: ଇଣ୍ଡିଆନ ପ୍ରିମିଅର ଲିଗ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values: ਇੰਡੀਅਨ ਪ੍ਰੀਮੀਅਰ ਲੀਗ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: انڈین پریمیئر لیگ – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Индийская премьер-лига – Russian

values: भारतीय-प्रीमियर् लीग् – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values: இந்தியன் பிரீமியர் லீக் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ఇండియన్ ప్రీమియర్ లీగ్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: Індійська прем'єр-ліга – Ukrainian

values: انڈین پریمیئر لیگ – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 印度超級板球聯賽 – Chinese

values: इन्डियन प्रिमियर लिग – Doteli

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Indian_Premier_League rootpage-Indian_Premier_League skin-vector action-view


text:
Hong Kong independence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Hong Kong Autonomy Movement.
Politics and government
of Hong Kong
Basic Law[show]
Human rights
Executive[show]
Chief Executive
Carrie Lam
Chief Secretary
Matthew Cheung
Financial Secretary
Paul Chan
Secretary for Justice
Rimsky Yuen
Executive Council
Convenor: Bernard Chan
Bureaus, departments and etc.
Hong Kong Civil Service
Legislature[show]
Legislative Council
President: Andrew Leung
Judiciary[show]
Court of Final Appeal
Chief Justice: Geoffrey Ma
High Court
Districts[show]
District Councils
Elections[show]
Political parties
Universal suffrage
Foreign relations
Related topics
Culture
Economy
Education
Geography
History
Hong Kong portal
v
t
e
Hong Kong independence
Traditional Chinese
香港獨立
showTranscriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hēunggóng duhklahp
Jyutping
Hoeng1 gong2 duk6 laap6
Hong Kong independence (Chinese: 香港獨立) is a movement that advocates Hong Kong becoming an independent sovereign state. Hong Kong is a special administrative region (SAR) which enjoys a high degree of autonomy under the People's Republic of China (PRC), guaranteed under Article 2 of Hong Kong Basic Law as ratified under the Sino-British Joint Declaration.[1] Since the transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the PRC in 1997, many Hongkongers are increasingly concerned about Beijing's growing encroachment on the territory's freedoms and the failure of the Hong Kong government to deliver "genuine democracy".[2]
The current independence movement emerged after the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform which deeply divided the territory, as it allowed Hongkongers to have universal suffrage conditional upon Beijing having the authority to screen prospective candidates for the Chief Executive of Hong Kong (CE), the highest-ranking official of the territory. It sparked the 79-day massive peaceful occupation protests dubbed as the "Umbrella Revolution". After the protests, many new political groups advocating for independence or self-determination were established as they deemed the "One Country, Two Systems" principle has failed.[2] According to a survey conducted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in July 2016, nearly 40% of Hongkongers aged 15 to 24 supported the territory becoming an independent entity, whereas 17.4% of the overall respondents supported independence, despite only 3.6% stating that they think it is "possible".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Colonial period
1.2 Early SAR era
1.3 Emergence of the pro-independence movement
1.4 2016 Legislative Council disqualification controversies
1.5 2017 universities' pro-independence banner row
1.6 2018 Legislative Council candidates' disqualification controversy
2 Support for independence
2.1 Reasons
3 Opposition to independence
3.1 Chinese and Hong Kong governments
3.2 Political parties
3.3 Others
3.4 Reasons
4 See also
4.1 Other independence movements related to China
5 References
History[edit]
Colonial period[edit]
See also: History of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Island was first ceded as a crown colony to the United Kingdom from the Qing Empire in 1841 during the First Opium War. The other parts of Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories were ceded permanently and leased for 99 years to Britain in 1860 Convention of Peking and 1898 Second Convention of Peking respectively.[4][5][6][7] Although the Chinese government, governed by the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek initially intended to take back the territory, Britain resumed control of Hong Kong in 1945 after the Second World War, in which Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for three years and eight months. There were few advocates for decolonisation of Hong Kong from the British rule during the post-war period, notably Ma Man-fai and the Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong in the 1960s but the fruitless movement ceased to exist without substantial support.
In the last years of the 1970s into the early 1980s, the question of Hong Kong sovereignty emerged on Hong Kong's political scene as the end of the New Territories lease was approaching. Hong Kong and Macau were both removed from the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, in which territories on the list would have the right to be independent, on 2 November 1972 by request of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Although there were advocates for Hong Kong independence, the majority of the Hong Kong population, many of whom were political, economic or war refugees from the Chinese Civil War and the Communist regime on the mainland China, wished to maintain the status quo. The request for a Hong Kong representative in the Sino-British negotiation was rejected by Beijing. In 1984, the British and Chinese governments signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration which stated that the sovereignty of Hong Kong should be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997, and Hong Kong should enjoy a "high degree of autonomy" under the "One Country, Two Systems" principle.
From 1983 to 1997, Hong Kong saw an exodus of emigrants to overseas countries, especially in the wake of the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, which more than a million Hongkongers showed up on the streets to support to student protesters in Beijing. The Tiananmen incident of 1989 strengthened anti-Beijing sentiments and also led to the emergence of the local democracy movement, which demanded a faster pace of democratisation before and after 1997.
Early SAR era[edit]
See also: Democratic development in Hong Kong and Localism in Hong Kong
Since 1997, the implementation of the Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45 and Article 68, which states that the Chief Executive (CE) and the Legislative Council (LegCo) should be chosen by universal suffrage, has dominated the political agenda in Hong Kong. The pro-democracy camp, one of the two largest political alignments in the territory, has called for the early implementation of the universal suffrage since the 1980s. After more than 500,000 people protested against the legislation of national security law as stipulated in the Basic Law Article 23 on 1 July 2003, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in April 2004 ruled out universal suffrage before 2012.[8]
Since 2003, Beijing's growing encroachment has led Hong Kong to become increasingly integrated as part of China. Hong Kong's freedoms and core values were perceived to have been eroded as a result.[9][10] In 2009 and 2010, the construction of the Hong Kong section of the high-speed rail link to Guangzhou (XRL) escalated to a series of massive protests. Many protesters accused of the Hong Kong government spending HK$69.9 billion (US$9 billion) for an unnecessary railway just to please Beijing.[11] Some also feared it was for the benefit of the People's Liberation Army in order to mobilise its troops quicker. In 2012, the government's plan to carry out moral and national education sparked controversy as it was accused of praising the Communist Party of China and Chinese nationalist ideology while condemning democracy and "western values".[12] The anti-moral and national education led by student group Scholarism headed by Joshua Wong successfully attracted high turnout of people attending assemblies which led to the government backing down.
Protesters waving the Hong Kong colonial flags in front of the Chinese Liaison Office in Hong Kong.
In 2011, there was an emergence of localist sentiments, of which some took the anti-immigration nativist stance, fearing mainland Chinese new immigrants, tourists and parallel traders would threaten the established institutions and social customs of Hong Kong. Chin Wan's On the Hong Kong City-State, published in 2011, arguing for a "localist" perspective and to abandon the "Chinese nationalist sentiment", triggered fierce public debate and was popular among the young generation.[13] Chin Wan theory had a strong influence on the younger activists, who held a strong resentment against the mild Chinese nationalistic pan-democrats and its organisation of the annual memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 which had a "Chinese nationalistic theme" as they perceived. Many of them also promoted nostalgic sentiments for British rule and waved colonial flags at public assemblies.
Emergence of the pro-independence movement[edit]
The Undergrad, the official publication of the Hong Kong University Students' Union (HKUSU), from February 2014, published a few articles on the subject of a Hong Kong nation including "The Hong Kong nation deciding its own fate" and "Democracy and Independence for Hong Kong". Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying used his 2015 New Year's policy address to direct harsh criticism at the magazine for promoting Hong Kong independence, which in fact had little traction up to that point, fanning both the debate and sales of the book Hong Kong Nationalism which featured the articles.[14]
A new wave of pro-independence movement emerged after the 2014 NPCSC Decision and Umbrella Revolution.
On 31 August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) set restriction on the electoral method of the Chief Executive, in which any candidate should be screen through by a Beijing-controlled nominating committee before standing in the election. The 2014 NPCSC decision triggered a historic 79-day protest which was dubbed as the "Umbrella Revolution". The failure of the campaign for a free and genuine democratic process strengthened the pro-independence discourse, as it was viewed as a failure of the "One Country, Two Systems" and an independent state would be the only way out. Localist political groups led by youngsters mushroomed after the protests. As some of them such as Youngspiration took the parliamentary path by participating in the 2015 District Council elections, other such as Hong Kong Indigenous took the "street action" by targeting the mainland tourists and parallel traders with a militant style of protesting.[15]
On 8 February during the 2016 Chinese New Year holidays, the Mong Kok civil unrest broke out between police and protesters following the government's crackdown on unlicensed street hawkers. Batons and pepper spray were used by the police and two warning shots were fired into the air, while protesters threw glass bottles, bricks, flower pots and trash bins toward the police and set fires in the streets. The main participant in the event, Hong Kong Indigenous, a political group with pro-independence tendencies, was branded by Director of the Chinese Liaison Office in Hong Kong Zhang Xiaoming as "radical separatists" who were "inclined toward terrorism."[16] The People’s Liberation Army also released a statement holding “individual local radical separatist organisation(s)” responsible for the riot as well as criticising western media for "beautifying the unrest" in its early reports.[17] Edward Leung, leader of the Hong Kong Indigenous who was heavily involved in the civil unrest, scored a better-than-expected result in the New Territories East by-election later in the month by taking 15 per cent of the vote. After the result, Leung claimed localism had gained a foothold as the third most important power in local politics, standing side by side with the pan-democracy and pro-Beijing camps.[18]
Edward Leung of the pro-independence Hong Kong Indigenous received more than 66,000 votes in the 2016 New Territories East by-election.
Hong Kong National Party, the first party openly advocating for Hong Kong independence and a Republic of Hong Kong was established on 28 March 2016, drawing attacks from the Beijing and SAR governments. The State Council’s Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office issued a statement condemning the party, saying it "has harmed the country’s sovereignty, security, endangered the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong, and the core interests of Hong Kong..."[19] The Hong Kong government issued a statement after the formation of the party, stating that "any suggestion that Hong Kong should be independent or any movement to advocate such 'independence' is against the Basic Law, and will undermine the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong and impair the interest of the general public... The SAR Government will take action according to the law."[19]
Demosistō, a political party mainly led by the former student leaders such as Joshua Wong and Nathan Law in the 2014 Occupy protests established on 10 April 2016, advocated a referendum to determine Hong Kong's sovereignty after 2047, when the "One Country, Two Systems" principle as promised in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law is supposed to expire. Demosistō formed electoral alliance with other like-minded, and stresses the notion "democratic self-determination" as opposed to the right-wing pro-independence groups' "national self-determination". Due to its advocacy for "referendum", the Company Registry and police delayed their registration as a company or society. The party was also unable to set up its own bank account to raise funds.[20]
The Undergrad again published an article in March 2016 headed "Hong Kong Youth's Declaration" argues for Hong Kong independence on expiry of the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 2047. It demands a democratic government be set up after 2047 and for the public to draw up the Hong Kong constitution. It also denounces the Hong Kong government for becoming a "puppet" of the Communist regime, "weakening" the territory's autonomy. Leung Chun-ying dismissed the claim, stating that "Hong Kong has been a part of China since ancient times, and this is a fact that will not change after 2047."[21]
2016 Legislative Council disqualification controversies[edit]
Further information: Hong Kong LegCo candidates' disqualification controversy and Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy
2,500 people attended a rally in the wake of the LegCo candidates' disqualification controversy on 5 August 2016.
In the 2016 Legislative Council election, six pro-independence activists were disqualified, including Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung and Hong Kong National Party's Chan Ho-tin, by the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC), in which the government argued that their pro-independence stances did not comply with the Basic Law Article 1 which stated that Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China and Legislative Council Ordinance (Cap. 542) § 40(1)(b) which required all candidates to uphold the Basic Law and pledge allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. On 5 August, the Hong Kong pro-independence activists launched a rally which was dubbed "first pro-independence rally in Hong Kong" and drew about 2,500 people.[22] The localists who successfully entered the race, together took away 19 per cent of the total vote share in the general elections under different banners and slogans advocating "self-determination".
On 12 October 2016 the inaugural meeting of the Legislative Council, two Youngspiration legislators Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching took the oaths of office as an opportunity to make pro-independence statements. The two claimed that "As a member of the Legislative Council, I shall pay earnest efforts in keeping guard over the interests of the Hong Kong nation," displayed a "Hong Kong is not China" banner, inserted their own words into the oaths and mispronounced "People's Republic of China" as "people's re-fucking of Chee-na".[23] Their oaths were invalidated by the LegCo secretary-general Kenneth Chen and were subsequently challenged by the government in the court. On 7 November 2016, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) interpreted the Article 104 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong to "clarify" the provision of the legislators to swear allegiance to Hong Kong as part of China when they take office. The spokesman of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office stated that "[Beijing] will absolutely neither permit anyone advocating secession in Hong Kong nor allow any pro-independence activists to enter a government institution."[24] Consequently, the court disqualified that the two legislators on 15 November.[25]
After the disqualification of the two legislators, the government launched the second wave of legal challenge against four more pro-democracy legislators who used the oath-taking ceremony, including Demosistō's Nathan Law as well as Lau Siu-lai, who ran their campaigns with the "self-determination" slogan. On 14 July 2017, the four legislators were unseated by the court.[26]
2017 universities' pro-independence banner row[edit]
Hong Kong independence banner appeared at the Gate of Wisdom of the Chinese University of Hong Kong campus on 4 September 2017.
On 4 September 2017, the Hong Kong independence issue made a high-profile reappearance as the banners calling for independence surfaced at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) overnight ahead of the new academic year. The school staff quickly removed them.[27] Independence banners and posters surfaced at more universities as seven student unions joined forces to condemn the removal of the banners and posters by campus authorities as a "serious erosion" of academic freedom.[28]
Quarrels and confrontation between some local and mainland students broke out as a number of mainland Chinese students grouped themselves to tear down the posters advocating Hong Kong independence on the CUHK campus's "democracy wall". The action of the mainland students was praised by the Chinese Communist Youth League which shared the video on its official WeChat account.[29] A commentary titled "A rule must be set to make Hong Kong independence criminal" published on the state-owned People’s Daily overseas edition website said the discussion on Hong Kong independence should be made illegal, just like it is illegal to promote Nazism in Germany.[30]
On 11 September, Chief Executive Carrie Lam denounced the pro-independence banners and posters, asserting the students' message ran counter to the "one country, two systems" principle and the Basic Law, "I condemn the continued appearance of such remarks on university campuses, which is in violation of our country’s sovereignty, territorial integrity and development interests," she said. She also insisted academic freedom and university autonomy were no excuse for propagating fallacies.[31] On 15 September, ten university heads in Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Lingnan University, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Education University of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Open University of Hong Kong and the University of Hong Kong, condemned the "recent abuses" of the freedom of expression in a joint statement, adding that all the universities do not support Hong Kong independence as it contravenes the Basic Law.[32]
2018 Legislative Council candidates' disqualification controversy[edit]
In the 2018 Legislative Council by-elections for the four seats left vacant by the disqualified legislators over the oath-taking controversy, three candidates were disqualified by the Electoral Affairs Commission (EAC) returning officers, including Demosistō's Agnes Chow on the basis of that she "cannot possibly comply with the requirements of the relevant electoral laws, since advocating or promoting 'self-determination' is contrary to the content of the declaration that the law requires a candidate to make to uphold the Basic Law and pledge allegiance to the [Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]."[33][34] The European Union issued a statement warning that banning Chow from the by-election "risks diminishing Hong Kong’s international reputation as a free and open society".[35] Localists Ventus Lau Wing-hong and James Chan Kwok-keung were also barred from running due to their previous pro-independence stance.
Support for independence[edit]
Political parties that support Hong Kong's independence include Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party and Youngspiration. Youngspiration calls for the right to self-determination of the "Hong Kong nation" on their sovereignty. Localist activist group Civic Passion has expressed its support for Hong Kong independence before, but later called for the amendment of the Basic Law of Hong Kong through a civil referendum in the 2016 Legislative Council election.[36] Demosisto also calls for the right to self-determination to determine Hong Kong's future after 2047 when the One Country, Two Systems principle as promised in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law is supposed to expire, although independence is not the party's position.[37][38] Other parties, such as the Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence (BSHI) and the Hong Kong Independence Party, call for the return of British rule.
According to a survey conducted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in July 2016, around a sixth of Hong Kong's population support the territory becoming an independent entity after 2047, nearly 40% of Hongkongers aged 15 to 24 supported the territory becoming an independent entity, despite 3.6% stated that they think it is "possible".[39]
Reasons[edit]
Reasons that have been cited in favour of independence include:
Right to self-determination: Hong Kong people have the right to determine their own future as stated in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[37] Hong Kong was on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, which are given the right to achieve independence, before it was taken down on the request of the People's Republic of China in 1972.
Lack of legitimacy of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law: Hong Kong people were barred from the negotiating process over the Sino-British Joint Declaration on Hong Kong's sovereignty in the 1980s and most Hong Kong people were also absent from drafting the Hong Kong Basic Law, the mini-constitution of the Hong Kong SAR.[40]
Unrepresentativeness of the Hong Kong government: the Chief Executive of Hong Kong is elected by the 1,200-member Election Committee which is dominated by Beijing and does not represent the general will of the Hong Kong people as criticised by the pro-democrats. About half of the seats in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong are elected through trade-based functional constituencies with limited electorates also heavily favour pro-Beijing politicians. The Hong Kong government is often criticised for listening only to Beijing and acting against Hong Kong's interests. Despite the historic Occupy protests in 2014 calling for genuine universal suffrage, the Hong Kong government refused to make any concession in the electoral reform.
Chinese encroachment on Hong Kong's autonomy: Chinese government's growing encroachment on the Hong Kong's management on its own political, economic, and social affairs and failed to deliver free election as promised in the Article 45 and Article 68 of the Basic Law.[9][10] Beijing is also criticised for repeatedly violating the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the "One Country, Two Systems" as guaranteed by the Joint Declaration and the Basic Law, as shown in the Liaison Office open meddling in the local elections, arbitrary interpretations of the Basic Law, the publication of the "One Country, Two Systems" White Paper and the alleged abductions of the Causeway Bay booksellers, among other allegations.
Hong Kong's distinct identity: Hong Kong people are majority Cantonese speakers and write in traditional Chinese and English with heavy influence of western culture and values, including the respect for freedom, human rights, democracy and the rule of law, which is claimed to be very different from Mainland China. They also perceive that the distinctive Hong Kong identity is under threat of the influx of the mainland immigrants and tourists as well as the "assimilation policies" of the Beijing government, including the Moral and National Education.
Opposition to independence[edit]
Chinese and Hong Kong governments[edit]
The Chinese government firmly opposes Hong Kong independence. Former Chinese paramount leader Deng Xiaoping opposed British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's alternative proposals during the Sino-British negotiation in the early 1980s as he believed she "wanted to turn Hong Kong into some kind of an independent or semi-independent political entity".[41]
After the establishment of the Hong Kong National Party in March 2016, an editorial piece in the Chinese government-owned Global Times slammed the Hong Kong National Party by stating that it is "impossible to achieve" independence for Hong Kong and calling it "a practical joke" and "forefront of extremism".[42] The State Council's Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office issued a statement through the official Xinhua News Agency condemning the party: "The action to establish a pro-independence organisation by an extremely small group of people in Hong Kong has harmed the country’s sovereignty, security, endangered the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong, and the core interests of Hong Kong... It is firmly opposed by all Chinese people, including some seven million Hong Kong people. It is also a serious violation of the country’s constitution, Hong Kong’s Basic Law and the relevant existing laws."[19] The spokesman of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office stated that "[Beijing] will absolutely neither permit anyone advocating secession in Hong Kong nor allow any pro-independence activists to enter a government institution," after the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) interpret the Article 104 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong which aimed to disqualify the two Youngspiration legislators Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching.[24] On the universities' independence banner row, a commentary titled "A rule must be set to make Hong Kong independence criminal" published on the state-owned People’s Daily overseas edition website said the discussion on Hong Kong independence should be made illegal, just like it is illegal to promote Nazism in Germany.[30]
The Hong Kong government issued a statement after the formation of the Hong Kong National Party, stating that "any suggestion that Hong Kong should be independent or any movement to advocate such 'independence' is against the Basic Law, and will undermine the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong and impair the interest of the general public… The SAR Government will take action according to the law."[19]
Political parties[edit]
The pro-Beijing camp holds the same stance with the Beijing and SAR government and strongly opposes Hong Kong independence. The mainstream pan-democracy camp sympathised with the pro-independence cause but generally opposes Hong Kong independence as they do not think it will be beneficial to Hong Kong or it is practical or achievable.[38] They believe that to fight for genuine democracy and safeguard the high degree of autonomy under the "One Country, Two Systems" principle is the most foreseeable solution.
Although politicians and scholars like Chin Wan, Wong Yuk-man and Civic Passion's Wong Yeung-tat are seen as leading localist figures and have been close to the Hong Kong independence movement and even had advocated "nation building", they have also cut clear that they do not support Hong Kong independence during in the midst of the Hong Kong LegCo candidates' disqualification controversy. They claim they fight for an amendment of the Basic Law through civil referendum to maintain Hong Kong's autonomy similar to that of Greenland's.[36]
Others[edit]
The last British colonial governor Chris Patten opposes Hong Kong independence, worrying such activists would "dilute support" for democracy in Hong Kong: "[i]t would be dishonest, dishonourable and reckless of somebody like me, to pretend that the case for democracy should be mixed up with an argument about the independence of Hong Kong – something which is not going to happen, something which dilutes support for democracy, and something which has led to all sorts of antics which should not take place in a mature society aiming to be a full democracy."[43]
In September 2017, ten university heads in Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Lingnan University, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Education University of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Open University of Hong Kong and the University of Hong Kong stated that all the universities do not support Hong Kong independence as it contravenes the Basic Law.[32]
Reasons[edit]
Reasons cited in favour of maintaining Hong Kong as part of China include:
Legality: The Article 1 of the Hong Kong Basic Law states that Hong Kong is an inalienable part of the People's Republic of China. Any advocacy for Hong Kong separating from China has no legal basis.[38]
Same cultural origin and close connection: Hong Kong has been part of China for the most of its history. Majority of the people in Hong Kong are of Chinese origin which their parents or themselves migrated from the Mainland; even some of the pro-independence activists such as Edward Leung were born in mainland China. Most of Hong Kong culture originates from Mainland China and is closely connected with Chinese history and culture.[38]
Benefits from China's growth: The economic growth and integration of Hong Kong and China have largely been mutually beneficial. China has become the crucial factor of Hong Kong's continuing economic growth and also the largest trading partner of Hong Kong. As the centre of Renminbi overseas market, Hong Kong can continue to benefit from the growth of China and its potential superpower status.
"One Country, Two Systems": Hong Kong, along with Macau,[44] are the only territories in the People's Republic of China to supposedly enjoy a "high degree of autonomy" and freedom under the "One Country, Two Systems" principle as guaranteed by the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law. It is the system that can serve the best interest for Hong Kong people and safeguard Hong Kong's prosperity and stability, as well as individual liberties and the territory's autonomy in the long term if it is implemented properly.
Practicality: Hong Kong is a territory surrounded by China and lacks natural resources. It currently relies on China in terms of food, water and electricity supplies and it is claimed that Hong Kong will not be able to be self-sufficient without China. The Beijing government's zero tolerance on any secessionist movement also means that any move toward independence could mean bloodshed. The social stability and economic prosperity Hong Kong people have enjoyed for many years will have to be sacrificed. The probability of Hong Kong people achieving independence with violent means is low as Hong Kong separatists have no arms while China commands the largest army in the world and the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison stations in Hong Kong regularly.
Counterproductive to the democratic cause: The call for independence would "dilute support" for democracy as the issue of independence would mix up with and draw attention from the case for democracy. It would also attract stronger retaliation and suppression from the Chinese government at the expenses of Hong Kong people's autonomy and civil liberties.[43]
See also[edit]
Localism in Hong Kong
Politics of Hong Kong
Other independence movements related to China[edit]
East Turkestan independence movement
Taiwan independence movement
Tibetan independence movement
Mongolian independence movement (historic)
Inner Mongolian independence movement
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Basic Law Full Text – chapter (1)". www.basiclaw.gov.hk. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fitzpatrick, Liam. "Hong Kong Makes History with First Pro-Independence Rally". TIME.
Jump up ^ Lin, Gene (25 July 2016). "CUHK survey finds nearly 40% of young Hongkongers want independence after 2047". Hong Kong Free Press.
Jump up ^ Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). The Hong Kong Story. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–58. ISBN 978-0-19-590353-9.
Jump up ^ Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1145-1.
Jump up ^ Wiltshire, Trea (1997). Old Hong Kong. Volume II: 1901–1945 (5th ed.). FormAsia Books. p. 148. ISBN 962-7283-13-4.
Jump up ^ "History of Hong Kong". Global Times. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Yeung, Rikkie. Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong. University of Hong kong Press (2008)
^ Jump up to: a b "Hong Kong suffers identity crisis as China's influence grows". The Guardian. 18 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Localism: Why is support for the political perspective growing – and who's behind it?". 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Law Wing-seng, Collaborative colonial power, The Making of the Hong Kong Chinese, Hong Kong University Press, 2009
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong fears pro-China brainwashing in education". CBCNews. 7 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Hung, Ho Fung (3 November 2014). "Three Views of Local Consciousness in Hong Kong 香港　地元の意識、三つの視点". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 12 (44).
Jump up ^ Lim, John (31 January 2015). "HK following in Taiwan's footsteps". Taipei Times.
Jump up ^ Chan, Kevin (2 March 2015). "Chinese shoppers latest target of Hong Kong protest anger". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Tweed, David (26 February 2016). "Hong Kong Independence Goes From Fringe Cause to Contender". Bloomberg Business.
Jump up ^ "'Don't do stupid things': PLA blames 'separatists' in Hong Kong for Mong Kok riot, criticises Western media's coverage of incident". South China Morning Post. 19 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Chung, Kang-chung (2 March 2016). "All Around Town: So which Hong Kong politician keeps gunning for losing candidate?". South China Morning Post.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cheng, Kris (31 March 2016). "Beijing slams new pro-independence party as gov't warns of legal action". Hong Kong Free Press.
Jump up ^ Cheung, Tony (4 August 2016). "Undue caution? Joshua Wong blasts Hong Kong officials over hold-ups in Demosistō party registration and mailings".
Jump up ^ Fung, Owen; Cheung, Tony. "HKU student magazine says Hong Kong should become independent from China after 2047". South China Morning Post.
Jump up ^ Ng, Joyce; Cheung, Tony; Fung, Owen (5 August 2016). "Hong Kong localists remain defiant at 'historic' rally". South China Morning Post.
Jump up ^ "Declaration of war as Hong Kong's newly elected lawmakers plunge opening session into chaos". South China Morning Post. 12 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hong Kong will move on controversial security law, CY Leung says, as Beijing bars independence activists from Legco". South China Morning Post. 7 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong court rules localist lawmakers must vacate Legco seats". South China Morning Post. 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Four More Hong Kong Lawmakers Ousted In a Blow to Democratic Hopes". TIME. 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong independence banners appear at Chinese University for new academic year". South China Morning Post. 4 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Seven Hong Kong student unions label removal of independence banners an 'erosion of academic autonomy'". South China Morning Post. 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Showdown at Chinese University campus over posters and politics". South China Morning Post. 8 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ban advocacy of Hong Kong independence, Beijing mouthpiece says amid banner row". South China Morning Post. 11 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam condemns university posters on death of official's son, city's independence". South China Morning Post. 8 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Uni heads slam 'recent abuses' of freedom of expression". The Standard. 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong activist Agnes Chow banned from Legco by-election". South China Morning Post. 27 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Tom Phillips, "Hong Kong authorities block pro-democracy candidate from byelection", The Guardian, 27 January 2018 (page visited on 27 January 2018).
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong's leader rejects foreign criticism over barring of democracy activist Agnes Chow from legislative by-election". South China Morning Post. 30 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "【立會選戰】陳云根叫獨派投票撐修憲 毓民自言行動派：港獨係言論派". Apple Daily. 7 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mission". Demosistō.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "【港島論壇】葉劉：分分鐘憑良知為港人說話　撐警隊克制包容　批港獨違反地理事實". Stand News. 6 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Lin, Gene (25 July 2016). "CUHK survey finds nearly 40% of young Hongkongers want independence after 2047". Hong Kong Free Press.
Jump up ^ "葉健民：「第二次前途問題」：論述模糊但仍具意義". Ming Pao. 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "How did the Chinese Government settle the question of Hong Kong through negotiations?". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
Jump up ^ Wong, Hermina (30 March 2016). "Hong Kong independence 'impossible', HK National Party 'a practical joke', says pro-gov't paper". Hong Kong Free Press.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chris Patten warns Hong Kong pro-independence antics 'dilute support' for democracy". South China Morning Post. 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ FNunes. "Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal on the question of Macao". bo.io.gov.mo. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
show
v
t
e
Hong Kong
History
Prehistoric
Imperial China
Bao'an County and Xin'an County
British colony
1800s–1930s
Battle of Hong Kong
Japanese occupation
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
Geography
Administrative divisions
Areas
Bays
Beaches
Buildings and structures
Channels
Cities and towns
Country parks and conservation
Ecology
Land reclamation
Harbours
Islands and peninsulas
Lakes
Marine parks
Mountains and peaks
Public parks and gardens
Reservoirs
Rivers
Villages
Politics
Anthem
Autonomy
Basic Law
Chief Executive
Districts
Councils
Elections
Flag
Foreign relations
Government
departments and agencies
Independence
Judiciary
Legal system
Legislative Council
LGBT rights
Military
One country, two systems
Political parties
Sino-British Joint Declaration
Special administrative regions of China
Public services
Education
Fire services
Food and Health Bureau
Healthcare
Police
Royal Hong Kong Regiment
Economy
Banks
Companies
Dollar (currency)
Employment
Hawkers
Port
Stock Exchange
Communications
The Hongs
Real Estate Hegemony
Tourism
Landmarks and tourist attractions
Disneyland
Ocean Park
Transport
Airlines
Airport
Buses
light buses
Cycling
Ferries
List of roads
Major roads
Chung Ying Street
Rail
Taxis
Culture
Architecture
Kowloon Walled City
Tallest buildings
Cinema
Comics
Cheung Chau Bun Festival
Cuisine
Cantonese cuisine
Street food
Gambling
Graffiti
Hong Kong orchid
Honours system
International rankings
Languages
Cantonese
English
Lion Rock Spirit
Literature
McDull
Media
Museums
Music
Cantonese opera
Cantopop
Hakka hill song
Ngai jong
People
Demographics
Women
Youth
Public holidays
Religion
RTHK
Shopping
Sport
National football team
National rugby union team
Hong Kong Sevens
Television
Television drama
Outline
Index
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_independence&oldid=839006491"
Categories:
Hong Kong independence movement
Politics of Hong Kong
Localism in Hong Kong
Separatism in China
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from November 2016
Use dmy dates from November 2016
Articles containing Chinese-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bân-lâm-gú
فارسی
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
日本語
Svenska
Tagalog
Українська
粵語
中文
3 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 April 2018, at 17:28 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

values: padding:0.4em 0;border-bottom:1px solid #8C0046; background:#A20051

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;background:#C40062; color:white; border-bottom:1px solid #8C0046;

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong
mw-redirect
Basic Law of Hong Kong

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong

values: Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;font-weight:normal; border:1px solid #8C0046;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; background:white; border:1px solid #8C0046;

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values: collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values: Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Umbrella_Revolution
mw-redirect
Umbrella Revolution

values:
/wiki/One_Country,_Two_Systems
mw-redirect
One Country, Two Systems

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/Qing_Empire
mw-redirect
Qing Empire

values:
/wiki/Second_Convention_of_Peking
mw-redirect
Second Convention of Peking

values:
/wiki/Second_World_War
mw-redirect
Second World War

values: Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong

values:
/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_crackdown
mw-redirect
Tiananmen Square crackdown

values:
/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp
mw-redirect
Pro-democracy camp

values: Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

values:
/wiki/Moral_and_national_education
mw-redirect
Moral and national education

values:
/wiki/Joshua_Wong_Chi-fung
mw-redirect
Joshua Wong Chi-fung

values: Memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

values: Edit section: Emergence of the pro-independence movement

values:
/wiki/831_Decision
mw-redirect
831 Decision

values:
/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform
mw-redirect
2014 Hong Kong electoral reform

values:
/wiki/2014_NPCSC_decision
mw-redirect
2014 NPCSC decision

values: Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

values:
/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Liberation_Army
mw-redirect
People’s Liberation Army

values: Edit section: 2016 Legislative Council disqualification controversies

values: National People's Congress Standing Committee

values: Edit section: 2017 universities' pro-independence banner row

values:
/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Youth_League
mw-redirect
Chinese Communist Youth League

values:
/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Daily
mw-redirect
People’s Daily

values: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

values: Edit section: 2018 Legislative Council candidates' disqualification controversy

values:
/wiki/Ventus_Lau_Wing-hong
mw-redirect
Ventus Lau Wing-hong

values:
/wiki/Right_to_self-determination
mw-redirect
Right to self-determination

values: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

values: The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

values:
/wiki/Cantonese_language
mw-redirect
Cantonese language

values:
/wiki/Traditional_Chinese
mw-redirect
Traditional Chinese

values:
/wiki/Moral_and_National_Education
mw-redirect
Moral and National Education

values: Edit section: Opposition to independence

values: Edit section: Chinese and Hong Kong governments

values:
/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp
mw-redirect
Pro-Beijing camp

values:
/wiki/Pan-democracy_camp
mw-redirect
Pan-democracy camp

values:
/wiki/Potential_superpower
mw-redirect
Potential superpower

values: People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison

values: Edit section: Other independence movements related to China

values:
/wiki/Mongolian_independence_movement
mw-redirect
Mongolian independence movement

values:
nofollow
http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China

values: List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong

values: List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong

values: List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong

values: List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong

values: width:1%;padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal;

values: Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System

values: Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Hong Kong independence movement

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2016

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Hiong-káng to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: استقلال هنگ کنگ – Persian

values: 홍콩 독립운동 – Korean

values: Gerakan kemerdekaan Hong Kong – Indonesian

values: Hongkongs självständighetsrörelse – Swedish

values: Kilusang Kasarinlan ng Hong Kong – Tagalog

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: Рух за незалежність Гонконгу – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 香港獨立運動 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hong_Kong_independence rootpage-Hong_Kong_independence skin-vector action-view