text:
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX
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The royal descendants of Victoria (Queen of the United Kingdom) and of Christian IX (King of Denmark) currently occupy the thrones of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. At the outbreak of the First World War their grandchildren occupied the thrones of Denmark, Greece, Norway, Germany, Romania, Russia, Spain and the United Kingdom. For this, Queen Victoria was nicknamed "the grandmother of Europe" while King Christian IX was nicknamed "Father-in-law of Europe". Of the remaining kingdoms of Europe today, only Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands descends neither from Queen Victoria nor King Christian IX.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Grandchildren
1.1 First World War
1.2 Family tree of sovereign and consort grandchildren
2 Present-day reigning descendants
3 Monarchs descended from Queen Victoria
4 Monarchs descended from King Christian IX
5 Common ancestry between Victoria and Christian IX
6 The longest living descendants of Victoria and Christian IX
6.1 Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
6.2 King Christian IX of Denmark
7 Notes
8 References
Grandchildren[edit]
Queen Victoria arranged the marriage of her eldest son and heir-apparent, the future Edward VII, to Alexandra of Denmark, the eldest daughter of King Christian IX, which took place on 10 March 1863. Among their six children were George V (who was also Emperor of India throughout his reign) and his sister Maud of Wales (who would later marry their cousin King Haakon VII of Norway, another grandchild of Christian IX, on 22 July 1896). However, these two marriages were not the only unions amongst and between descendants of Victoria and Christian IX.
The second son of Christian IX, Prince William, became King of Greece as George I shortly after his sister Alexandra's marriage due to this new connection with the British Royal Family. On 27 October 1889 his son, later Constantine I of Greece, married Sophia of Prussia, a granddaughter of Victoria, forging another union between descendants of the British queen and the Danish king.
In 1865, Christian IX's second daughter, Princess Dagmar, became engaged to Tsarevich Nicholas of Russia, son and heir of Tsar Alexander II. Following the untimely death of her fiancé, Dagmar married Nicholas's younger brother, the Tsarevich Alexander in 1866, taking the Russian name Maria Feodorovna Between 1881 and 1894, she was empress-consort of Russia. Her son, Nicholas II of Russia, married Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, yet another granddaughter of Queen Victoria, on 26 November 1894, and she became empress-consort as Alexandra Feodorovna.
Other grandchildren became monarchs in their own right or consorts. Christian X of Denmark was the elder brother of Haakon VII of Norway and thus another grandson of Christian IX of Denmark. William II, German Emperor and King of Prussia was the elder brother of Sophia of Prussia and thus another reigning grandson of Victoria. Lastly, Victoria had two more granddaughters who became queens: Marie of Edinburgh, who married Ferdinand I of Romania, and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg who married Alfonso XIII of Spain.
Christian IX was therefore the grandfather of an emperor and two kings who all married granddaughters of Victoria, one of whom (Maud of Wales) was also a granddaughter of Christian IX. In total, five of his grandsons were reigning sovereigns.
Victoria, meanwhile, was the grandmother of an emperor, a king-emperor, four queens consort and an empress consort.
First World War[edit]
During the First World War (1914–1918), many monarchs of countries from both sides were closely related due to their mutual descent from either Queen Victoria, King Christian IX or both. The most commonly cited example is the fact that Nicholas, his wife, Alexandra, and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany were all first cousins of King George V of the United Kingdom.[2][3][4] Other countries who fought against Germany in addition to Russia and the United Kingdom were Romania, whose queen-consort, Marie, wife of King Ferdinand I, was a cousin of the Kaiser, and Greece, whose queen-consort, Sophia, wife of King Constantine I, was the Kaiser's own sister.
Additionally, King George V was a first cousin, through King Christian IX, of both Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and King Constantine I of Greece. Shortly before the end of the war, Nicholas, his wife and children were executed by the Bolsheviks. Other first cousins of George V, whose countries were neutral during the war, were King Christian X of Denmark, Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain (queen-consort of King Alfonso XIII) and King Haakon VII of Norway (who was also George's brother-in-law via his marriage to George's sister, Maud).
Family tree of sovereign and consort grandchildren[edit]
View of a complete family tree, by the Brookings Institution, mapping the union of King Frederick William III of Prussia and Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, including Queen Victoria and King Christian IX.
The family tree below also attempts to show the relationship between close and extended family members referenced on this page.

Christian IX of Denmark
Queen Victoria
Dagmar of Denmark
George I of Greece
Frederick VIII of Denmark
Alexandra of Denmark
Edward VII
Victoria, Princess Royal
The Princess Alice
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The Princess Beatrice
Nicholas II of Russia
Constantine I of Greece
Christian X of Denmark
Haakon VII of Norway
Maud of Wales
George V
William II, German Emperor
Sophia of Prussia
Alix of Hesse
Marie of Edinburgh
Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
Present-day reigning descendants[edit]
The unions between descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX did not end with the First World War, despite the overthrows of both the German and Russian monarchies (along with House of Habsburg in Austria-Hungary). On the contrary, nearly all European reigning kings and queens today are most closely related through their descent from Victoria, Christian or both.
Currently, there are seven kingdoms remaining in Europe:[5]
1. Belgium: King Philippe & Queen Mathilde
2. Denmark: Queen Margrethe II & Prince Consort Henrik
3. Norway: King Harald V & Queen Sonja
4. Spain: King Felipe VI & Queen Letizia
5. Sweden: King Carl XVI Gustaf & Queen Silvia
6. United Kingdom: Queen Elizabeth II & Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
7. Netherlands: King Willem-Alexander & Queen Máxima
King Harald V of Norway, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and King Felipe VI of Spain are all descended from both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX. The first two monarchs are great-grandchildren of the aforementioned union between Alexandra of Denmark (daughter of King Christian IX) and Edward VII (son of Queen Victoria). Harald V of Norway is actually descended from Christian IX three ways, twice through his father and once through his mother. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and his wife Elizabeth II are second cousins once removed through Christian IX and also third cousins as they are both great-great-grandchildren of Victoria. Margrethe II of Denmark is descended once each from Victoria and Christian IX. She is also a first cousin to Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden through Victoria's granddaughter Princess Margaret of Connaught. Felipe VI is descended from Victoria three ways and Christian IX twice. His father, King Juan Carlos I, is descended from Victoria and not Christian IX, while Juan Carlos' consort, Queen Sofía, is twice a descendant of Victoria and twice a great-great-granddaughter of Christian IX.
King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden is descended from Victoria and not Christian IX, but he is her descendant twice, as his parents were second cousins because they were both great-grandchildren of Victoria. (Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden is however descended from the parents of Christian IX through Christian IX's brother Friedrich.)
Conversely, Philippe, King of the Belgians is descended from King Christian IX but not Queen Victoria, although, he is a descendant of Victoria's maternal uncle (as well as her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's paternal uncle), Leopold I, King of the Belgians. Philippe's father, King Albert II, who abdicated in the summer of 2013, is a first cousin to Harald V of Norway through their grandmother Princess Ingeborg of Denmark, a granddaughter of Christian IX.
In summation, the monarchs of Norway, Denmark, Spain and the United Kingdom as well as the consort of the United Kingdom are descended from both Victoria and Christian IX. The king of Sweden is descended from Victoria and not Christian IX. The King of Belgium and the Grand-Duke of Luxemburg are descended from Christian IX and not Victoria, though they are descendants of both Victoria's and her spouse's uncle Leopold I of Belgium. The King of the Netherlands is the only monarch descended from neither Victoria nor Christian IX. (He is, however, a sixth cousin thrice removed of Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, Harald V, Margrethe II and Carl XVI Gustaf through descent from Frederick, Prince of Wales; a sixth cousin four times removed of Felipe VI, also via descent from Frederick; and also a fourth cousin twice removed of Albert II through descent from William I of the Netherlands. Furthermore, William I of the Netherlands was also second cousin once removed to both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX, since he was the great-grandson of George II of Great Britain. Hence, all current reigning kings and queens in Europe, including the Netherlands, are related through the line of George II of Great Britain.)
Monarchs descended from Queen Victoria[edit]
Queen Victoria
The Princess Alice
Edward VII
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
The Princess Beatrice
Victoria, Princess Royal
Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
George V
Maud of Wales
Princess Margaret of Connaught
Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
William II, German Emperor
Sophia of Prussia
Princess Alice of Battenberg
George VI
Olav V of Norway
Ingrid of Sweden
Prince Gustav Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten
Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia
The Duke of Edinburgh
Elizabeth II
Harald V of Norway
Margrethe II of Denmark
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Frederika of Hanover
Paul I of Greece
Queen Sofía of Spain
Felipe VI of Spain
Monarchs descended from King Christian IX[edit]
Christian IX of Denmark
Frederick VIII of Denmark
Princess Alexandra of Denmark
George I of Greece
Princess Dagmar of Denmark
Princess Thyra of Denmark
Christian X of Denmark
Princess Ingeborg of Denmark
Haakon VII of Norway
Maud of Wales
George V
Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Constantine I of Greece
Nicholas II of Russia
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
Frederick IX of Denmark
Astrid of Sweden
Princess Märtha of Sweden
Olav V of Norway
George VI[N 1]
Princess Helen of Greece and Denmark
Paul of Greece[N 2]
Princess Frederika of Hanover
Margrethe II of Denmark
Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium
Albert II of Belgium[N 3]
Harald V of Norway
Elizabeth II
The Duke of Edinburgh
Michael I of Romania[N 4]
Constantine II of Greece[N 5]
Queen Sofía of Spain
Henri of Luxemburg
Philippe of Belgium
Felipe VI of Spain
Notes
Jump up ^ George VI had an older brother, Edward VIII, who was king of the United Kingdom as well.
Jump up ^ Paul had two elder brothers, George II and Alexander, who were also kings of Greece.
Jump up ^ Albert II had an older brother, Baudouin, who was king of Belgium as well.
Jump up ^ Michael's wife, Queen Anne of Romania, is also descended from Christian IX through Prince Valdemar of Denmark.
Jump up ^ Constantine II's wife, Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, is Margrethe II's younger sister.
Common ancestry between Victoria and Christian IX[edit]
Because so many monarchs descend from both Queen Victoria and King Christian IX of Denmark, the relationship between these two monarchs is of some interest. These monarchs were third cousins through their mutual descent from King George II of Great Britain. This relationship occurs twice because the maternal grandparents of King Christian IX of Denmark, Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (1744–1836) and Princess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831), were both children of daughters of King George II of Great Britain (1660–1727), and thus first cousins. It is also interesting to note that Louise of Hesse-Kassel, wife of King Christian IX of Denmark, was a granddaughter of Prince Frederick of Hesse (1747–1837), the brother of the aforementioned Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel.
Thus King Christian IX of Denmark and his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel were second cousins to each other and third cousins to Queen Victoria.
Common Ancestry, Victoria and Christian IX
George II of Great Britain
Frederick, Prince of Wales
Princess Mary of Great Britain
Louise of Great Britain
George III of the United Kingdom
Prince Frederick of Hesse
Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel
Princess Louise of Denmark
Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent
Prince William of Hesse
Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel
Queen Victoria
Louise of Hesse-Kassel
Christian IX of Denmark
The longest living descendants of Victoria and Christian IX[edit]
Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom[edit]
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone （aged 7004357410000000000♠97 years, 313 days）
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh （age 7004352050000000000♠96 years, 141 days）
Michael I of Romania（age 7004350680000000000♠96 years, 4 days）
Carl Johan Bernadotte（aged 7004348850000000000♠95 years, 187 days）
Sigvard Bernadotte（aged 7004345760000000000♠94 years, 242 days）
King Christian IX of Denmark[edit]
Princess Margaret of Denmark （aged 7004354300000000000♠97 years, 1 day)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh（age 7004352050000000000♠96 years, 141 days）
Michael I of Romania（age 7004350680000000000♠96 years, 4 days）
Lennart Bernadotte（aged 7004349260000000000♠95 years, 227 days)
Prince Andrew Romanov（age 7004346150000000000♠94 years, 281 days）
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ When speaking of the descendants of Victoria and Christian IX, only those who are kings and queens or married to kings or queens are mentioned,[by whom?] to the exclusion of grand dukes, princes, etc.
Jump up ^ Nicholas II of Russia
Jump up ^ http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/brookings-now/posts/2013/12/family-relationships-that-couldnt-stop-world-war-one
Jump up ^ George V
Jump up ^ The designation of 'kingdom' excludes five other monarchies in Europe: the Principalities of Monaco, Liechtenstein and Andorra, the last of which is headed by a bishop (appointed by the Pope) and an elected president (of France); the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; and Vatican City, whose leader, the Pope, is traditionally elected by the College of Cardinals. See also Monarchies in Europe.
References[edit]
Aronson, Theo. Crowns in Conflict: The Triumph and the Tragedy of European Monarchy 1910–1918
Aronson, Theo. A Family of Kings: The Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark
Aronson, Theo. Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria, 1973
Carter, Miranda. Three Emperors: Three Cousins, Three Empires and the Road to the First World War. London, Penguin. 2009. ISBN 978-0-670-91556-9
Gelardi, Julia P. Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria
Potts, D. M. and W. T. W. Queen Victoria's Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family
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Boomtown
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about boomtowns in demography. For other uses, see Boomtown (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ornamental oil derricks in Kilgore, Texas, United States
A boomtown is a community that undergoes sudden and rapid population and economic growth, or that is started from scratch. The growth is normally attributed to the nearby discovery of a precious resource such as gold, silver, or oil, although the term can also be applied to communities growing very rapidly for different reasons, such as a proximity to a major metropolitan area, huge construction project, or attractive climate.
Contents
[hide]
1 First boomtowns
2 Attributes
3 Examples of boomtowns
3.1 Australia
3.2 Brazil
3.3 Canada
3.4 United Kingdom
3.5 United States
3.6 Others
4 References
5 External links
First boomtowns[edit]
California attracted tens of thousands of gold prospectors during the Gold Rush of 1849.
Early boomtowns, such as Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester, experienced a dramatic surge in population and economic activity during the Industrial Revolution at the turn of the 19th century. In pre-industrial England these towns had been relative backwaters, compared to the more important market towns of Bristol, Norwich, and York, but they soon became major urban and industrial centres. Although these boomtowns did not directly owe their sudden growth to the discovery of a local natural resource, the factories were set up there to take advantage of the excellent Midlands infrastructure and the availability of large seams of cheap coal for fuel.[1]
In the mid-19th century, boomtowns based on natural resources began to proliferate as companies and individuals discovered new mining prospects across the world. The California Gold Rush of the Western United States stimulated numerous boomtowns in that period, as settlements seemed to spring up overnight in the river valleys, mountains, and deserts around what was thought to be valuable gold mining country. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, boomtowns called mill towns would quickly arise due to sudden expansions in the timber industry; they tended to last the decade or so it took to clearcut nearby forests. Modern-day examples of resource-generated boomtowns include Fort McMurray in Canada, as extraction of nearby oilsands requires a vast number of workers, and Johannesburg in South Africa, based on the gold and diamond trade. The biggest boomtown in the early 21st century is in North Dakota, where oil fields are being exploited.[citation needed]
Attributes[edit]
Boomtowns are typically characterized as "overnight expansions" in both population and money, as people stream into the community for mining prospects, high-paying jobs, attractive amenities or climate, or other opportunities. Typically, newcomers are drawn by high salaries or the prospect of "striking it rich" in mining; meanwhile, numerous indirect businesses develop to cater to workers often eager to spend their large paychecks. Often, boomtowns are the site of both economic prosperity and social disruption, as the local culture and infrastructure, if any, struggles to accommodate the waves of new residents. General problems associated with this fast growth can include: doctor shortages, inadequate medical and/or educational facilities, housing shortages, sewage disposal problems, and a lack of recreational activities for new residents.[2]
The University of Denver separates problems associated with a mining-specific boomtown into three categories:[2][3]
deteriorating quality of life, as growth in basic industry outruns the local service sector’s ability to provide housing, health services, schooling, and retail
declining industrial productivity in mining because of labor turnover, labor shortages, and declining productivity
an underserving by the local service sector in goods and services because capital investment in this sector does not build up adequately
The initial increasing population in Perth, Australia (considered to be a modern-day boomtown) gave rise to overcrowding of residential accommodation as well as squatter populations.[4] "The real future of Perth is not in Perth’s hands but in Melbourne and London where Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton run their organizations", indicating that some boomtowns’ growth and sustainability are controlled by an outside entity.[4]
Boomtowns are typically extremely dependent on the single activity or resource that is causing the boom (e.g., one or more nearby mines, mills, or resorts), and when the resources are depleted or the resource economy undergoes a "bust" (e.g., catastrophic resource price collapse), boomtowns can often decrease in size as fast as they initially grew. Sometimes, all or nearly the entire population can desert the town, resulting in a ghost town.
This can also take place on a planned basis. Since the late 20th century, mining companies have developed temporary communities to service a mine-site, building all the accommodation shops and services, using prefabricated housing or other buildings, making dormitories out of shipping containers, and removed all such structures as the resource was worked out.[citation needed]
Examples of boomtowns[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Australia[edit]
"Canvas Town" – South Melbourne, Victoria. Temporary accommodation for the thousands who poured into Melbourne each week in the early 1850s during the Victorian gold rush.
Ararat (1850s Victorian Gold Rush)
Ballarat (1850s–1880s Victorian Gold Rush)
Bathurst (1850s Australian gold rushes)
Bendigo (1850s–1880s Victorian Gold Rush)
Brisbane (1980s–2000s due to internal Australian migration trends)
Broken Hill (1880s silver-lead-zinc boom)
Castlemaine (1850s Victorian Gold Rush)
Charters Towers (1870s gold rush)
Gold Coast (1980s–2000s due to internal Australian migration trends)
Kalgoorlie (1890s gold rush)
Melbourne (1850s–1880s Victorian Gold Rush and associated speculative "land boom")
Brazil[edit]
Altamira, Pará
Balsas, Maranhão
Brasília, Federal District, development of capital
Goiânia, Goiás
Laranjal do Jari, Amapá
Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Bahia
Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais (Ouro Preto Gold Rush)
Palmas, Tocantins
Parauapebas, Pará
Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso
Serra Pelada District, Curionópolis, Pará (Serra Pelada Gold Rush)
Sinop, Mato Grosso
Sorriso, Mato Grosso
Tucuruí, Pará
Canada[edit]
Calgary, Alberta (during the 1970s oil boom in the province of Alberta)
Dawson City, Yukon (Klondike Gold Rush)
Edmonton, Alberta
Elliot Lake, Ontario
Estevan, Saskatchewan
Faro, Yukon
Fisherville, British Columbia (gold rush boom town of 1864–1865)
Barkerville, British Columbia
Fort McMurray, Alberta, oil
Greater Sudbury, Ontario
Kirkland Lake, Ontario
Sept-Îles, a city in the Côte-Nord region of eastern Québec, Canada
Sydney, Nova Scotia
Yellowknife, Northwest Territory
United Kingdom[edit]
Aberdeen, North Sea oil boom, known as the "oil capital of Europe"
Barrow-in-Furness, late 19th and early 20th centuries as the world's largest steelworks and major shipyard
Belfast, Northern Ireland, fastest-growing settlement in the British Isles in the 19th century due to industry and its port
Jarrow,
Leeds,
Liverpool, industry and shipping, emigrants
Manchester, rapid economic growth in the early 19th century
Preston, Lancashire, the boomtown of the Industrial Revolution
Winster, Derbyshire, England (17th century lead mining community)
United States[edit]
San Francisco in 1851, during the heyday of the California gold rush.
Atlanta, Georgia (rapidly rebuilt and became a commercial center in the years following the Civil War)
Atlantic City, New Jersey resort boomtown, 1870-1940
Basic City, Virginia, railroads and mining, 1880s-1900s
Beaumont, Texas, oil
Belleville, California, gold-mining boomtown, 1860–1870
Birmingham, Alabama, coal and iron ore, 1880s
Bodie, California
Borger, Texas
Burkburnett, Texas
Butte, Montana, copper and other resources
Caldwell, Kansas
Central City, Colorado
Chicago, Illinois, railroads, commodity resources, business
Cincinnati, Ohio, trade, shipping
Colstrip, Montana
Columbia, California
Cripple Creek, Colorado
Deadwood, South Dakota
Denver, Colorado
Desdemona, Texas
Dodge City, Kansas
El Paso, Texas
Elkhart, Indiana recreational vehicle and manufactured housing industry
Ellsworth, Kansas
Endicott, New York (shoe manufacturing boomtown, 1900s-1920s)[5]
Evanston, Illinois[6]
Fairbanks, Alaska, during the Klondike Gold Rush and the building of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline
Gary, Indiana, steel
Gillette, Wyoming
Goldfield, Nevada
Graysonia, Arkansas
Guthrie, Oklahoma, oil
Hancock, Michigan
Harrisburg, Illinois
Houghton, Michigan
Humble, Texas
Jeffrey City, Wyoming
Kilgore, Texas
La Paz, Arizona, gold-mining boomtown, 1862–1864
Leadville, Colorado
Minneapolis, Minnesota Lumber Industry 1852-1880
Newport, Wisconsin, sprang up because of a bridge expected to be built across the Wisconsin River there
New Bedford, Massachusetts, whaling
Nome, Alaska
Odessa, Texas, oil
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, steel, trade
Richland, Washington
Rochester, New York, starting in the 1820s, with the opening of the Erie Canal
Sacramento, California
St. Joseph, Florida
San Francisco, California, US settlement after winning Mexican War
Salt Lake City
San Luis, Arizona
Seattle, Washington, became a prosperous port city during the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897.
Sioux City, Iowa
Tombstone, Arizona
Texarkana, TX/AR
Virginia City, Nevada, silver-mining boomtown, 1860s
Wenatchee, Washington and other towns in the area are currently undergoing massive electrical infrastructure growth to support bitcoin mining due to the cheap local electricity[7]
Wentzville, Missouri
Williston, North Dakota, oil
Others[edit]
Batam, Indonesia
Carbonia, Italy
Dubai, UAE, oil
Dublin, Ireland
Hyderabad, India
Johannesburg, South Africa
Karachi, Pakistan
Kimberley, South Africa, diamonds and gold
Leipzig, Germany[8][9]
Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
Nizhnevartovsk, Russia, oil
Novosibirsk, Russia
Roubaix, France[10][11]
Shenzhen, China
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brooks, Ann & Haworth, Bryan (1993). Boomtown Manchester 1800-1850. Manchester: Portico Library. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "No. 2, Controlling Boomtown Development". Case Studies on Energy Impacts. 1976.
Jump up ^ Duff, Mary K. & Gilmore, John S. (1975). Boomtown Growth Management. The University of Denver Research Institute. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Weller, Richard (2009). Boomtown 2050.
Jump up ^ Aswad, Ed; Meredith, Suzanne M. (2003). Endicott-Johnson. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. p. 43. ISBN 9780738513065. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guide to Natural Areas in Northern Illinois" (PDF). Rockford, IL: Natural Land Institute. March 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Roberts, Paul (March 2018). "This Is What Happens When Bitcoin Miners Take Over Your Town". Politico. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Boomtown Leipzig - Der neue Hype im Osten". ARTE Info. Archived from the original on 2015-08-26.
Jump up ^ <info@dima-immobilien.de>, Dima Immobilien. "Boomtown Leipzig - Immobilienmarkt explodiert - Dima Immobilien". dima-immobilien.de. Archived from the original on 2018-05-10.
Jump up ^ Strikwerda, Carl (1984). Sweets, John F., ed. "Regionalism and Internationalism: The Working-Class Movement in the Nord and the Belgian Connection, 1871–1914". Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History. 1983/1984. Lawrence (Kansas), USA: The University of Kansas: 222. ISSN 0099-0329. Retrieved 2016-03-17. Contemporaries never tired of calling Roubaix an "American city," because of its raw, fast-growing character, or of referring to Roubaix and its sister cities of Lille and Tourcoing as the "French Manchester."
Jump up ^ Clark, Peter (January 29, 2009). European Cities and Towns: 400–2000. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-199-56273-2. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-01. Roubaix was another new town, originally a craft village, whose many textile mills attracted a population of 100,000 and generated massive social and environmental problems.
External links[edit]
Look up boomtown in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boomtown&oldid=843315593"
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text:
iPhone 6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
iPhone 6
iPhone 6 Plus
iPhone 6 in Silver
Codename
N61
Brand
Apple Inc.
Manufacturer
Foxconn, Pegatron (on contract)[1]
Slogan
"Bigger than bigger"[2]
"The two and only"
Generation
8th
Model
A1549, A1586, A1589
Compatible networks
GSM, CDMA, 3G, EVDO, HSPA+, 4G, LTE
First released
September 19, 2014; 2 years ago (2014-09-19) (16, 64 and 128 gb models)
Late February 2017 (32 gb model) [3]
Availability by country
September 19, 2014[4][show]
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
France
Germany
Australia
Hong Kong
Singapore
Japan
Puerto Rico
Nigeria
September 26, 2014[4][show]
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Taiwan
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
October 17, 2014[5][6][show]
China
India
Monaco
October 23, 2014[6][show]
Israel
Tanzania
October 24, 2014[6][show]
Czech Republic
French West Indies
Greenland
Kenya
Malta
Poland
Reunion Island
South Africa
October 30, 2014[6][show]
Bahrain
Kuwait
October 31, 2014[6][show]
Albania
Bosnia
Croatia
Egypt
Estonia
Greece
Guam
Hungary
Iceland
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Macau
Macedonia
Mexico
Moldova
Montenegro
Palestinian territories
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Thailand
Ukraine
November 6, 2014[show]
Brunei
Malaysia
November 14, 2014[show]
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Lebanon
Philippines
Vietnam
February 6, 2015[show]
Indonesia
Mauritius
Discontinued
September 9, 2016 (16, 64 and 128 gb models)
Units sold
Over 10 million in opening weekend 220+ million total
Predecessor
iPhone 5S
Successor
iPhone 6S
Type
Smartphone
Form factor
Slate
Dimensions
H 138.1 mm (5.44 in)
W 67.0 mm (2.64 in)
D 6.9 mm (0.27 in) (inc. lens, 7.5 mm, 0.30 in)[7][8]
Weight
129 g (4.6 oz)
Operating system
Original: iOS 8.0
Current: iOS 10.3.3, released July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)
System on chip
Apple A8, Apple M8 motion coprocessor
CPU
1.4 GHz dual-core 64-bit ARMv8-A "Typhoon"
GPU
PowerVR Series 6 GX6450 (quad-core)[9]
Memory
1 GB LPDDR3 RAM
Storage
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
Battery
3.82 V 6.91 W·h (1,810 mA·h) Lithium polymer battery[10]
Data inputs
Multi-touch touchscreen display, triple microphone, Apple M8 motion coprocessor, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, digital compass, iBeacon, proximity sensor, ambient light sensor, Touch ID fingerprint reader, barometer
Display
4.7 in (120 mm) 1334×750 LED-backlit IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen with oleophobic coating, 326 ppi (128 px/cm) pixel density, 16:9 aspect ratio, 1400:1 typ. contrast ratio, 500 cd/m2 typ. max. brightness, Retina HD Display[11]
Rear camera
iSight[12][13][14]
8MP with 1.5 focus pixels, True Tone Flash, autofocus, IR filter, burst mode, f/2.2 aperture, 1080p HD video recording (30 fps or 60 fps), slow-motion video (720p 120 fps or 240 fps), timelapse, panorama (up to 43 megapixels), facial recognition, stills from video, auto-HDR
Digital image stabilization
Front camera
1.2-MP (1280×960 px max.), 720p video recording (30 fps), burst mode, f/2.2 aperture, exposure control, face detection, auto-HDR
Sound
Mono speaker, 3.5 mm stereo audio jack
Connectivity
All models:[show]
UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz), CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz), GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), Wi-Fi (802.11 a/b/g/n/ac) (802.11n: 2.4 and 5 GHz), Bluetooth 4.2, NFC, GPS & GLONASS
models A1549 & A1522:[show]
LTE (bands 1 to 5, 7, 8, 13, 17 to 20, 25, 26, 28, 29)[15]
models A1586 & A1524[show]
LTE (bands 1 to 5, 7, 8, 13, 17 to 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38 to 41), TD-SCDMA 1900 (F), 2000 (A)[15]
Hearing aid compatibility
M3, T4
Website
www.apple.com/iphone-6/
iPhone 6 Plus
iPhone 6 Plus in Space Grey
Model
A1522, A1524, A1593
Successor
iPhone 6S Plus
Type
Phablet
Form factor
Slate
Dimensions
H 158.1 mm (6.22 in)
W 77.8 mm (3.06 in)
D 7.1 mm (0.28 in) (inc. lens, 7.67 mm, 0.302 in[7][16]
Weight
172 g (6.1 oz)
Battery
3.82 V 11.1 W·h (2,915 mA·h) Lithium polymer battery[17]
Display
5.5 in (140 mm) 1920×1080 LED-backlit IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen with oleophobic coating, 401 ppi (158 px/cm) pixel density, 16:9 aspect ratio, 1300:1 typ. contrast ratio, 500 cd/m2 typ. max. brightness, Retina HD Display[11]
Rear camera
Sony Exmor RS[12][13][14]
8-MP with 1.5 focus pixels, "True Tone Flash", autofocus, IR filter, burst mode, f/2.2 aperture, 1080p HD video recording (30 fps or 60 fps), slow-motion video (720p 120 fps or 240 fps), timelapse, panorama (up to 43 megapixels), facial recognition, stills from video, auto-HDR
Optical image stabilization[11]
This article is part of a series on the
iPhone
1st
3G
3GS
4
4S
5
5C
5S
SE
6/6 Plus
6S/6S Plus
7/7 Plus
8/8 Plus
X
List of iPhone models
v
t
e
iPhone 6 with coffee cup
The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The devices are part of the iPhone series and were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014.[18] The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly serve as successors to the iPhone 5S and were themselves replaced as flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus on September 9, 2015.
The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus include larger 4.7 and 5.5 inches (120 and 140 mm) displays, a faster processor, upgraded cameras, improved LTE and Wi-Fi connectivity and support for a near field communications-based mobile payments offering.[19][20]
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their improved design, specifications, camera, and battery life as being improvements over previous iPhone models. However, aspects of the design of iPhone 6 were also panned, including plastic strips on the rear of the device for its antenna that disrupted the otherwise metal exterior, and the screen resolution of the standard-sized iPhone 6 being lower than other devices in its class. Pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus exceeded four million within its first 24 hours of availability—an Apple record.[21] More than ten million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days, another Apple record.[22]
Despite their positive reception, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus have been the subject of several hardware issues, including most prominently, being susceptible to bending under pressure (a design flaw nicknamed "Bendgate"), and as a byproduct of this lack of rigidity, the touchscreen's internal hardware being susceptible to losing its connection to the phone's logic board (nicknamed "Touch Disease"). The iPhone 6 Plus was also the subject of camera issues, including some devices with malfunctioning optical image stabilization or otherwise defects on rear cameras.
The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were moved to the midrange spot in Apple's iPhone lineup when the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in September 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued in most countries on September 7, 2016 when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. Their spot as the entry-level iPhone was replaced by the iPhone SE, which was released earlier on March 31, 2016. The iPhone 6 was relaunched with 32 gb storage in Asian markets in February 2017 as a midrange/budget iPhone. It was later expanded to Europe [3][23], before hitting the US markets in May 2017[24], and Canada in July 2017. [25]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Specifications
2.1 Hardware
2.2 Software
3 Reception
4 Hardware issues
4.1 Chassis bending
4.2 Hair ripping
4.3 Flash storage performance
4.4 6 Plus camera issues
4.5 "Error 53"
4.6 Touchscreen failure
5 Sales
6 Timeline of models
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
From the launch of the original iPhone to the iPhone 4S, iPhones used 3.5-inch displays—which are smaller than screens used by flagship phones from competitors. The iPhone 5 and its immediate successors featured a display that was taller, but the same width as prior models, measuring at 4 inches diagonally. Following Apple's loss in smartphone market share to companies producing phones with larger displays, reports as early as January 2014 suggested that Apple was preparing to launch new iPhone models with larger, 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch displays.[26][27][28] Reports prior to its unveiling also speculated that Apple might use a new iPhone model to introduce a mobile payments platform using near-field communications—a technology that has been incorporated into many Android phones, but has experienced a low adoption rate among users.[29]
The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were officially unveiled during a press event at the Flint Center for Performing Arts in Cupertino, California on September 9, 2014 and released on September 19, 2014; pre-orders began on September 12, 2014, with the iPhone 6 starting at US$649 and the iPhone 6 Plus starting at US$749.[30] In China, where the iPhone 5c and 5s were the first models in the iPhone series to be released in the country on the same day as their international launch, Apple notified local wireless carriers that it would be unable to release the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on the 19th because there were "details which are not ready"; local media reported that the devices had not yet been approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and earlier in the year, a news report by state broadcaster China Central Television alleged that iPhone devices were a threat to national security because iOS 7's "frequent locations" function could expose "state secrets."[31][32]
In August 2015, Apple admitted that some iPhone 6 Plus may have faulty cameras that could be causing photos to look blurry and initiated a replacement program.[33][34][35]
On September 9, 2015, with the release of the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the mid-range of the iPhone lineup. The 128GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus was discontinued along with the gold version of both phones, but the 16GB and 64GB versions of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus in silver and space gray remain available for sale at a reduced price.[36]
In June 2016, Apple faced a potential sales ban in China, as Shenzhen Baili, a Chinese device maker, alleged that the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus infringed on its design patent.[37]
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued on September 7, 2016, when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, and the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus's spot as the entry-level iPhone has since been taken by the iPhone SE. As the iPhone SE has more powerful internal hardware than the midrange iPhone 6 (largely the same as the 6S) and had been released earlier on March 31, 2016, this created an unusual situation when it was sold alongside the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus until September 7 despite being marketed as a lower-tier iPhone.
In February 2017, the iPhone 6 was quietly relaunched in carrier stores and online, this time the storage has been changed to 32GB. In India it was sold on Amazon's website in Space Grey. In Taiwan, it was sold through Taiwan Mobile on March 10 in gold colour. In mid-March, it was released in the EU to Belarus via the i-Store web shop. It also makes an appearance in North America with Sprint based US prepaid carriers Boost Mobile and Virgin Mobile, along with AT&T GoPhone. These are not being distributed by Apple on their website or their retail stores.
Specifications[edit]
Hardware[edit]
The design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus is influenced by that of the iPad Air with a glass front that is curved around the edges of the display, and an aluminum rear that contains two plastic strips for the antenna.[38] Both models come in gold, silver, and "space gray" finishes. The iPhone 6 has a thickness of 6.9 millimetres (0.27 in), while the iPhone 6 Plus is 7.1 mm (0.28 in) in thickness; both are thinner than the iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s, with the iPhone 6 being Apple's thinnest phone to date. The most significant changes to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are its displays; both branded as "Retina HD Display" and "ion-strengthened", the iPhone 6 display is 4.7 inches in size with a 16:9 resolution of 1334x750 (326 ppi, minus one row of pixels), while the iPhone 6 Plus includes a 5.5-inch 1920x1080 (1080p) display (401 PPI). The displays use a multiple-domain LCD panel, dubbed "dual-domain pixels"; the RGB pixels themselves are skewed in pattern, so that every pixel is seen from a different angle. This technique helps improve the viewing angles of the display.[39]
To accommodate the larger physical size of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, the power button was moved to the side of the phone instead of the top to improve its accessibility.[19][20] The iPhone 6 features a 6.91 Wh (1810 mAh) battery, while the iPhone 6 Plus features an 11.1 Wh (2915 mAh) battery. Unlike the previous model, the rear-facing camera is not flush with the rear of the device, and has a slight "bulge" around the lens.[40]
Both models include an Apple A8 system-on-chip, and an M8 motion co-processor—an update of the M7 chip from the iPhone 5s. The primary difference between the M8 and the original M7 coprocessor is that the M8 also includes a barometer to measure altitude changes. Phil Schiller touted that the A8 chip would provide, in comparison to the 5s, a 25% increase in CPU performance, a 50% increase in graphics performance, and less heat output. Early hands-on reports suggested that the A8's GPU performance might indeed break away from previous generations doubling of performance at each yearly release, scoring 21204.26 in Base mark X compared to 20253.80, 10973.36 and 5034.75 on respectively the 5s, 5 and 4s.[41]
The expanded LTE connectivity on the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus is improved to LTE Advanced, with support for over 20 LTE bands (7 more than the iPhone 5s),[42] for up to 150 Mbit/s download speed, and VoLTE support. Wi-Fi performance has been improved with support for 802.11ac specifications, providing speeds up to 433.0581 Mbit/s—which is up to 3 times faster than 802.11n,[42] along with Wi-Fi Calling support where available. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus add support for near-field communications (NFC). It is initially used exclusively for Apple Pay—a new mobile payments system which allows users to store their credit cards in Passbook for use with online payments and retail purchases over NFC.[43][44] iOS 11 will provide support for uses of near-field communications besides Apple Pay.[45]
The iPhone 6's rear-facing camera now has the ability to shoot 1080p video at either 30 or 60 frames per second and slow-motion video at either 120 or 240 frames per second. The camera also includes phase detection autofocus.[46] It can also record . The iPhone 6 Plus camera is nearly identical, but also includes optical image stabilization.[19][20] The front-facing camera was also updated with a new sensor and f/2.2 aperture, along with support for burst and HDR modes.[19][20]
Software[edit]
See also: iOS 8, iOS 9, iOS 10, and iOS version history
When first released, the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were supplied pre-loaded with iOS 8, while the iPhone 5S was supplied pre-loaded with iOS 7. Apps are able to take advantage of the increased screen size in the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus to display more information on-screen; for example, the Mail app uses a dual-pane layout similar to its iPad version when the device is in landscape mode on the iPhone 6 Plus. As it uses an identical aspect ratio, apps designed for the iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and 5S can be upscaled for use on the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus. To improve the usability of the devices' larger screens, an additional "Reachability" gesture was added; double-tapping the Home button will slide the top half of the screen's contents down to the bottom half of the screen. This function allows users to reach buttons located near the top of the screen, such as a "Back" button in the top-left corner.[19][20]
Reception[edit]
Both iPhone 6 models received generally positive reviews. Re/code called it "the best smartphone you can buy".[47] TechRadar praised the iPhone 6's "brilliant" design, improved battery life over the 5s, iOS 8 for being "smarter and more intuitive than ever", along with the quality of its camera. However, the plastic antenna strips on the rear of the phone were criticized for resulting in poor aesthetics, the display for having lower resolution and pixel density in comparison to other recent smartphones – including those with the same physical screen size as the iPhone 6, such as the HTC One, and for not having a sufficient justification for its significantly higher price in comparison to similar devices running Android or Windows Phone.[48] The Verge considered the iPhone 6 to be "simply and cleanly designed" in comparison to the 5s, noting that the phone still felt usable despite its larger size, but criticized the antenna plastic, the protruding camera lens (which prevents the device from sitting flat without a case), and the lack of additional optimization in the operating system for the bigger screen. Improvements such as performance, battery life, VoLTE support, and other tweaks were also noted. In conclusion, the iPhone 6 was considered "good, even great, but there’s little about it that’s truly ambitious or truly moving the needle. It’s just a refinement of a lot of existing ideas into a much more pleasant package".[38]
In regards to the 6 Plus, Engadget panned its design for being uncomfortable to hold and harder to grip in comparison to other devices such as the Galaxy Note 3 and LG G3, but praised its inclusion of optical image stabilization and slightly better battery life than the 6.[46]
Hardware issues[edit]
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were affected by a number of notable hardware-related issues, including but not limited to concerns surrounding their rigidity (which led to incidents surrounding chassis bending, as well as degradation or outright loss of touchscreen functionality), performance issues on models with larger storage capacity, camera problems on the 6 Plus model, as well as an initially undocumented "error 53" that appeared under certain circumstances.
Chassis bending[edit]
Shortly after its public release, it was reported that the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus chassis was susceptible to bending under pressure, such as when carried tightly in a user's pocket. While such issues are not exclusive to the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, the design flaw came to be known among users and the media as "Bendgate".[49][50]
Apple responded to the bending allegations, stating that they had only received nine complaints of bent devices, and that the damage occurring due to regular use is "extremely rare." The company maintained that the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus went through durability testing to ensure they would stand up to daily use.[51] The company offered to replace phones that were bent, if it is determined that the bending was unintentional.[49]
On October 1, 2014, it was reported by Axel Telzerow, editor-in-chief of the German technology magazine Computer Bild, that following the posting of a video where a presenter was able to bend an iPhone 6 Plus, an Apple Germany representative informed the publication that it had been banned from future Apple events and that it would no longer receive devices directly from Apple for testing. Telzerow responded by saying that "we congratulate you to your fine new generation of iPhones, even if one of them has a minor weakness with its casing. But we are deeply disappointed about the lack of respect of your company."[52]
Hair ripping[edit]
On October 3, 2014 9to5Mac released a post claiming that certain iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus users complained on social networking sites that the phone ripped off their hair when they held the phone close to their ears when making phone calls.[53] Twitter users claimed that the seam between the glass screen and aluminum back of the iPhone 6 is to blame, with hair becoming caught within it.[54][55]
Flash storage performance[edit]
Some users reported that 64 and 128 GB iPhone 6 models had experienced performance issues, and that some 128 GB iPhone 6 Plus models would, in rare cases, randomly crash and reboot. Business Korea reported that the issues were connected to the triple-layer cell NAND storage of the affected models. Triple-layer cells can store three bits of data per cell of flash, and are cheaper than dual-layer cell solutions, but at the cost of performance. It was reported that Apple had planned to switch the affected model lines back to multi-layer cell flash, and address the performance issues on existing devices in a future iOS update.[56][57][58]
6 Plus camera issues[edit]
It was reported that the optical image stabilization systems on some iPhone 6 Plus models were faulty, failing to properly stabilize when the phone is being held perfectly still, leading to blurry photos and "wavy"-looking videos.[59] The optical image stabilization system was also found to have been affected by accessories that use magnets, such as third-party lens attachments; Apple issued advisories to users and its licensed accessory makers, warning that magnetic or metallic accessories can cause the OIS to malfunction.[60]
On August 21, 2015, Apple instituted a repair program for iPhone 6 Plus models released between September 2014 and January 2015, citing that faulty rear cameras on affected models may produce blurry pictures.[33][34][35]
Some iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus models have an issue where the front facing camera is somehow "shifted", or out of place. Apple stated that they would replace most iPhone 6s with this issue, free of charge. Despite numerous complaints regarding this issue, it does not seem to actually affect the camera itself. It is said that the camera is not what has shifted, but a piece of protective foam around the camera module itself that has gone out of place.[61]
"Error 53"[edit]
If the iPhone 6 home button is repaired or modified by a third-party, the device will fail security checks related to Touch ID as the components had not been "re-validated" for security reasons—a process which can only be performed by an authorized Apple outlet. Failing these checks disables all features related to Touch ID. Such effects have sometimes happened as a result of damage as well.[62][63]
It was reported these same hardware integrity checks would trigger an unrecoverable loop into "Recovery Mode" if iOS is updated or restored, with attempts to restore the device via iTunes software resulting in an "error 53" message. Beyond the explanation that this is related to hardware integrity errors regarding Touch ID components, Apple provided no official explanation of what specifically triggers error 53 or how it can be fixed without replacing the entire device.[62][63]
On February 18, 2016, Apple released an iOS 9.2.1 patch through iTunes which addresses this issue, and admitted that error 53 was actually related to a diagnostic check for inspecting the Touch ID hardware before an iPhone is shipped from its factories.[64]
Touchscreen failure[edit]
Touchscreen control components on iPhone 6 logic boards have insufficient support, including a lack of underfill—which strengthens and stabilizes integrated circuits, and a lack of rigid metal shielding on the logic board unlike previous iPhone models; the touchscreen controller is instead shielded by a flexible "sticker". Normal use of the device can cause the logic board to flex internally, which strains the touchscreen IC connectors and leads to a degradation or outright loss of touchscreen functionality. A symptom that has been associated with this type of failure is a flickering grey bar near the top of the display.[65][66] iFixit reported that this issue, nicknamed "touch disease",[65][67][68] was a byproduct of the previous "Bendgate" design flaw because of the device's demonstrated lack of rigidity. As such, the larger iPhone 6 Plus is more susceptible to the flaw, but it has also been reported on a small percentage of iPhone 6 models.[68][69][70] The devices' successor, the iPhone 6S, is not afflicted by this flaw due to changes to their internal design, which included the strengthening of "key points" in the rear casing, and the re-location of the touchscreen controllers to the display assembly from the logic board.[69]
Initially, Apple did not officially acknowledge this issue. The issue was widely discussed on Apple's support forum—where posts discussing the issue have been subject to censorship.[66] The touchscreen can be repaired via microsoldering: Apple Stores are not equipped with the tools needed to perform the logic board repair, which had led to affected users sending their devices to unofficial, third-party repair services. An Apple Store employee interviewed by Apple Insider reported that six months after they first started noticing the problem, Apple had issued guidance instructing them to tell affected users that this was a hardware issue which could not be repaired, and that their iPhone had to be replaced. However, some in-stock units have also been afflicted with this issue out of the box, leading to an employee stating that they were "tired of pulling service stock out of the box, and seeing the exact same problem that the customer has on the replacement".[70][71] The issue received mainstream attention in August 2016 when it was reported upon by iFixit.[65][68][70] On August 26, 2016, Apple Insider reported that based on data from four "high-traffic" Apple Store locations, there was a spike in the number of iPhone 6 devices brought into them for repairs following mainstream reports of the "touch disease" problem.[71]
On August 30, 2016, a group of three iPhone 6 owners sued Apple Inc. in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and filed for a proposed class action lawsuit, alleging that Apple was engaging in unfair business practices by having "long been aware" of the defective design, yet actively refusing to acknowledge or repair it.[67][72][73]
On November 17, 2016, Apple officially acknowledged the issue and announced a paid repair program for affected iPhone 6 Plus models, stating that "some iPhone 6 Plus devices may exhibit display flickering or Multi-Touch issues after being dropped multiple times on a hard surface and then incurring further stress on the device".[74]
Sales[edit]
Apple Inc. announced that, within 24 hours of availability, over 4 million pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were made, exceeding the supply available.[75] More than 10 million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days.[76]
Timeline of models[edit]
Sources: Apple press release library[77]

See also[edit]
Apple Inc. portal
List of iOS devices
History of iPhone
Comparison of smartphones
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to iPhone 6.
iPhone 6 / iPhone 6 Plus – official site
Mac Rumors iPhone 6 Review
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone_6&oldid=800790853"
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