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Eritrean–Ethiopian War
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Not to be confused with Eritrean War of Independence.
Eritrean–Ethiopian War
Part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
Date
6 May 1998 – 18 June 2000
(2 years, 1 month, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Eritrean–Ethiopian border, southern Eritrea, Tigray
Result
Ethiopian military victory[3][4]
Eritrean international courts victory
Eritrean failure to push out Ethiopian occupation of some disputed territories and the border town of Badme and Tsorona
Refugee displacement and humanitarian crises of Eritreans and Ethiopians
Algiers Agreement (2000)
2018 Peace Agreement[5]
Territorial
changes
Ethiopia occupies all disputed territories
Belligerents
Eritrea Ethiopia
supported by:
Russia[1]
Belarus[2]
Commanders and leaders
Isaias Afewerki[6]
Sebhat Ephrem
Negasso Gidada
Meles Zenawi[6]
Samora Yunis[7]
Strength
100,000–120,000 (1998)[8]
150,000 (2000)[9]
300,000[9]–350,000[10]
Casualties and losses
19,000 killed[11][12]
(Eritrean claim)
67,000 killed[13]
(Ethiopian claim)
20,000–50,000[14] or 150,000[15] killed
(other estimates) 34,000[16]–60,000[17] killed (Ethiopian claim)
123,000 killed[18][19]
(Ethiopian clandestine opposition claim)
150,000 killed[15]
(other estimates)
98,217 killed on both sides (UCDP estimate)[20]
70,000[21]–100,000[22] killed on both sides (ICG estimate)
300,000 killed on both sides (other estimates)[15]
show
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Recent conflicts
in the Horn of Africa
Eritrean War of Independence
Eritrean Civil Wars
Oromo conflict
Ethiopian Civil War
Ogaden War
1982 Border War
Somali Civil War
Somali Rebellion
2006–2009
2009–present
Djiboutian Civil War
Insurgency in Ogaden
Ethiopian crackdown
Hanish Islands conflict
Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
Eritrean–Ethiopian War
OEF – Horn of Africa
Second Afar insurgency
Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
The Eritrean–Ethiopian War, one of the conflicts in the Horn of Africa, took place between Ethiopia and Eritrea from May 1998 to June 2000, with the final peace only agreed to in 2018, twenty years after the initial confrontation.[5] Eritrea and Ethiopia, two of the world's poorest countries, spent hundreds of millions of dollars on the war[23][24][25] and suffered tens of thousands of casualties as a direct consequence of the conflict.[26] Only minor border changes resulted.
According to a ruling by an international commission in The Hague, Eritrea broke international law and triggered the war by invading Ethiopia.[27] At the end of the war, Ethiopia held all of the disputed territory and had advanced into Eritrea.[28] After the war ended, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission, a body founded by the UN, established that Badme, the disputed territory at the heart of the conflict, belongs to Eritrea.[29] As of 2018[update], Ethiopia still occupies the territory near Badme, including the town of Badme. On 5 June 2018, the ruling coalition of Ethiopia, headed by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, agreed to fully implement the peace treaty signed with Eritrea in 2000,[30] with peace declared by both parties in July 2018.[5]
Contents
1 Background
2 War
2.1 Chronology
2.2 Regional destabilisation
2.3 Casualties, displacement and economic disruption
3 Aftermath
3.1 Cessation of hostilities
3.2 Continued tensions
3.3 Arbitration through the Permanent Court of Arbitration
3.4 2018 Peace Agreement
4 Timeline: Continuing border conflicts
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
Background[edit]
From 1961 until 1991, Eritrea had fought a long war of independence against Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Civil War began on 12 September 1974 when the Marxist Derg staged a coup d'état against Emperor Haile Selassie.[31] It lasted until 1991 when the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)—a coalition of rebel groups led by the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF)—overthrew the Derg government and installed a transitional government in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa.[31] The Derg government had been weakened by their loss of support due to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.[31]
During the civil war, the groups fighting the Derg government had a common enemy, so the TPLF allied itself with the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF). In 1991 as part of the United Nations-facilitated transition of power to the transitional government, it was agreed that the EPLF should set up an autonomous transitional government in Eritrea and that a referendum would be held in Eritrea to find out if Eritreans wanted to secede from Ethiopia. The referendum was held and the vote was overwhelmingly in favour of independence. In April 1993 independence was achieved and the new state joined the United Nations.[6][32][33]
In 1991, the EPLF-backed transitional government of Eritrea and the TPLF-backed transitional government of Ethiopia agreed to set up a commission to look into any problems that arose between the two former wartime allies over the foreseen independence of Eritrea.[34] This commission was not successful, and during the following years relations between the governments of the two sovereign states deteriorated.[32]
Determining the border between the two states became a major conflict, and in November 1997 a border committee was set up to try to resolve that specific dispute. After federation and before independence, the line of the border had been of minor importance because it was only a demarcation line between federated provinces, and initially the two governments tacitly agreed that the border should remain as it had been immediately before independence. However, upon independence the border became an international frontier, and the two governments could not agree on the line that the border should take along its entire length,[32] and they looked back to the colonial period treaties between Italy and Ethiopia for a basis in international law for the precise line of the frontier between the states. Problems then arose because they could not agree on the interpretation of those agreements and treaties,[35] and it was not clear under international law how binding colonial treaties were on the two states.[36][37]
Writing after the war had finished, Jon Abbink postulated that President Isaias Afewerki of Eritrea, realising that his influence over the government in Ethiopia was slipping and given that "the facts on the ground, in the absence of a concrete border being marked—which anyhow lost much of its relevance after 1962 when Eritrea was absorbed by Ethiopia—have eminent relevance to any borderline decision of today" calculated that Eritrea could annex Badme.[38][39] If successful, this acquisition could be have been used to enhance his reputation and help maintain Eritrea's privileged economic relationship with Ethiopia. However, because Badme was in the province of Tigray, the region from which many of the members of the Ethiopian government originated (including Meles Zenawi, the former Ethiopian prime minister), the Ethiopian government came under political pressure from within the EPRDF as well as from the wider Ethiopian public to meet force with force.[38]
War[edit]
Chronology[edit]
After a series of armed incidents in which several Eritrean officials were killed near Badme,[40] on 6 May 1998,[41] a large Eritrean mechanized force entered the Badme region along the border of Eritrea and Ethiopia's northern Tigray Region, resulting in a firefight between the Eritrean soldiers and the Tigrayan militia and security police they encountered.[40][42][43]
On 13 May 1998 Ethiopia, in what Eritrean radio described as a "total war" policy, mobilized its forces for a full assault against Eritrea.[44] The Claims Commission found that this was in essence an affirmation of the existence of a state of war between belligerents, not a declaration of war, and that Ethiopia also notified the United Nations Security Council, as required under Article 51 of the UN Charter.[45]
Map of the disputed territories on the Eritrea–Ethiopia border.
The fighting quickly escalated to exchanges of artillery and tank fire, leading to four weeks of intense fighting. Ground troops fought on three fronts. On 5 June 1998, the Ethiopians launched air attacks on the airport in Asmara and the Eritreans retaliated by attacking the airport of Mekele. These raids caused civilian casualties and deaths on both sides of the border.[46][47][48] The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1177 condemning the use of force and welcomed statements from both sides to end the air strikes.
There was then a lull as both sides mobilized huge forces along their common border and dug extensive trenches.[49] Both countries spent several hundred million dollars on new military equipment.[23] This was despite the peace mediation efforts by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the US/Rwanda peace plan that was in the works. The US/Rwanda proposal was a four-point peace plan that called for withdrawal of both forces to pre-June 1998 positions. Eritrea refused, and instead demanded the demilitarization of all disputed areas along the common border, to be overseen by a neutral monitoring force, and direct talks.[50][51]
With Eritrea's refusal to accept the US/Rwanda peace plan, on 22 February 1999 Ethiopia launched a massive military offensive to recapture Badme. Tension had been high since 6 February 1999, when Ethiopia claimed that Eritrea had violated the moratorium on air raids by bombing Adigrat, a claim it later withdrew.[52] Surveying the extensive trenches the Eritreans had constructed, Ethiopian General Samora Yunis observed, "The Eritreans are good at digging trenches and we are good at converting trenches into graves. They, too, know this. We know each other very well".[53]
Following the first five days of heavy fighting at Badme, by which time Ethiopian forces had broken through Eritrea's fortified front and was 10 kilometers (six miles) deep into Eritrean territory, Eritrea accepted the OAU peace plan on 27 February 1999.[54][55] While both states said that they accepted the OAU peace plan, Ethiopia did not immediately stop its advance because it demanded that peace talks be contingent on an Eritrean withdrawal from territory occupied since the first outbreak of fighting.[56]
On 16 May the BBC reported that, after a lull of two weeks, the Ethiopians had attacked at Velessa on the Tsorona front-line, south of Eritrea's capital Asmara and that after two days of heavy fighting the Eritreans had beaten back the attack claiming to have destroyed more than forty-five Ethiopian tanks; although not able to verify the claim, which the Ethiopian Government dismissed as ridiculous, the BBC reporter did see more than 300 dead Ethiopians and more than 20 destroyed Ethiopian tanks.[57] In June 1999 the fighting continued with both sides in entrenched positions.[58] About a quarter of Eritrean soldiers were women.[59]
"Proximity talks" broke down in early May 2000 "with Ethiopia accusing Eritrea of imposing unacceptable conditions".[60][61] On 12 May the Ethiopians launched an offensive that broke through the Eritrean lines between Shambuko and Mendefera, crossed the Mareb River, and cut the road between Barentu and Mendefera, the main supply line for Eritrean troops on the western front of the fighting.[62][63]
Ethiopian sources state that on 16 May Ethiopian aircraft all returned to their bases after attacking targets between Areza and Maidema, and between Barentu and Omohager, while heavy ground fighting continued in the Dass and Barentu area and in Maidema. The next day Ethiopian ground forces with air support captured Das. Eritrean forces evacuated Barentu and fighting continued in Maidema.[64] Also on 17 May, due to the continuing hostilities, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1298 imposing an arms embargo on both countries.[65]
By 23 May Ethiopia claimed that its "troops had seized vital command posts in the heavily defended Zalambessa area, about 100 km (60 mi) south of the Eritrean capital, Asmara".[61] But the Eritreans claimed they withdrew from the disputed border town of Zalambessa and other disputed areas on the central front as a "'goodwill' gesture to revive peace talks"[66] while Eritrea claimed it was a 'tactical retreat' to take away one of Ethiopia's last remaining excuses for continuing the war;[67] a report from Chatham House observes, "the scale of Eritrean defeat was apparent when Eritrea unexpectedly accepted the OAU peace framework."[68] Having recaptured most of the contested territories—and having heard that the Eritrean government would withdraw from any other territories it occupied at the start of fighting in accordance with a request from the OAU—on 25 May 2000, Ethiopia declared the war was over.[3][69][70] By the end of May 2000, Ethiopia occupied about a quarter of Eritrea's territory, displacing 650,000 people[71] and destroying key components of Eritrea's infrastructure.
The widespread use of trenches has resulted in comparisons of the conflict to the trench warfare of World War I.[49] According to some reports, trench warfare led to the loss of "thousands of young lives in human-wave assaults on Eritrea's positions".[72] The Eritrean defences were eventually overtaken by a surprise Ethiopian pincer movement on the Western front, attacking a mined, but lightly defended mountain (without trenches), resulting in the capture of Barentu and an Eritrean retreat. The element of surprise in the attack involved the use of donkeys as pack animals as well as being a solely infantry affair, with tanks coming in afterwards only to secure the area.[73]
Regional destabilisation[edit]
The fighting also spread to Somalia as both governments tried to outflank one another. The Eritrean government began supporting the Oromo Liberation Front,[74] a rebel group seeking independence of Oromia from Ethiopia that was based in a part of Somalia controlled by Mohamed Farrah Aidid.[75] Ethiopia retaliated by supporting groups in southern Somalia who were opposed to Aidid, and by renewing relations with the Islamic regime in Sudan—which is accused of supporting the Eritrean Islamic Salvation, a Sudan-based group that had launched attacks in the Eritrea–Sudan border region—while also lending support to various Eritrean rebel groups including a group known as the Eritrean Islamic Jihad.[76][77]
Casualties, displacement and economic disruption[edit]
Eritrea claimed that 19,000 Eritrean soldiers were killed during the conflict;[78] most reports put the total war casualties from both sides as being around 70,000.[21][79][80][81][82][83] All these figures have been contested and other news reports simply state that "tens of thousands" or "as many as 100,000" were killed in the war.[22][26] Eritrea accused Ethiopia of using "human waves" to defeat Eritrean trenches. But according to a report by The Independent, there were no "human waves" because Ethiopia instead outmaneuvered and overpowered the Eritrean trenches.[84]
The fighting led to massive internal displacement in both countries as civilians fled the war zone. Ethiopia expelled 77,000 Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin it deemed a security risk, thus compounding Eritrea's refugee problem.[74][85][86] The majority of those were considered well off by the Ethiopian standard of living. They were deported after their belongings had been confiscated.[87] On the Eritrean side, around 7,500 Ethiopians living in Eritrea were interned, and thousands of others were deported. Thousands more remain in Eritrea, many of whom are unable to pay the 1,000 Birr tax on Ethiopians relocating to Ethiopia. According to Human Rights Watch, detainees on both sides were subject in some cases to torture, rape, or other degrading treatment.[88]
The economies of both countries were already weak as a result of decades of cold-war politics, civil war and drought. The war exacerbated these problems, resulting in food shortages. Prior to the war, much of Eritrea's trade was with Ethiopia, and much of Ethiopia's foreign trade relied on Eritrean roads and ports.[89]
Aftermath[edit]
Cessation of hostilities[edit]
On 18 June 2000, the parties agreed to a comprehensive peace agreement and binding arbitration of their disputes under the Algiers Agreement. A 25-kilometer-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) was established within Eritrea, patrolled by the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) from over 60 countries. On 12 December 2000 a peace agreement was signed by the two governments.[90]
Continued tensions[edit]
On 13 April 2002, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission that was established under the Algiers Agreement in collaboration with Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague agreed upon a "final and binding" verdict. The ruling awarded some territory to each side, but Badme (the flash point of the conflict) was awarded to Eritrea.[91][92] Both countries vowed to accept the decision wholeheartedly the day after the ruling was made official.[93] A few months later Ethiopia requested clarifications, then stated it was deeply dissatisfied with the ruling.[94][95][96] In September 2003 Eritrea refused to agree to a new commission,[97] which they would have had to agree to if the old binding agreement was to be set aside,[91] and asked the international community to put pressure on Ethiopia to accept the ruling.[97] In November 2004, Ethiopia accepted the ruling "in principle".[98]
On 10 December 2005, Ethiopia announced it was withdrawing some of its forces from the Eritrean border "in the interests of peace".[99] Then, on 15 December the United Nations began to withdraw peacekeepers from Eritrea in response to a UN resolution passed the previous day.[100]
On 21 December 2005, a commission at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled that Eritrea broke international law when it attacked Ethiopia in 1998, triggering the broader conflict.[101]
United Nations soldiers, part of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea, monitoring Eritrea–Ethiopia boundary (2005).
Ethiopia and Eritrea subsequently remobilized troops along the border, leading to fears that the two countries could return to war.[102][103] On 7 December 2005, Eritrea banned UN helicopter flights and ordered Western members (particularly from the United States, Canada, Europe and Russia) of the UN peacekeeping mission on its border with Ethiopia to leave within 10 days, sparking concerns of further conflict with its neighbour.[104] In November 2006 Ethiopia and Eritrea boycotted an Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission meeting at The Hague which would have demarcated their disputed border using UN maps. Ethiopia was not there because it does not accept the decision and as it will not allow physical demarcation it will not accept map demarcation, and Eritrea was not there because although it backs the commission's proposals, it insists that the border should be physically marked out.[105]
Both nations have been accused of supporting dissidents and armed opposition groups against each other. John Young, a Canadian analyst and researcher for IRIN, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs news agency, reported that "the military victory of the EPRDF (Ethiopia) that ended the Ethiopia–Eritrea War, and its occupation of a swath of Eritrean territory, brought yet another change to the configuration of armed groups in the borderlands between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Asmara replaced Khartoum as the leading supporter of anti-EPRDF armed groups operating along the frontier".[106] However, Ethiopia is also accused of supporting rebels opposed to the Eritrean government.[107]
At the November 2007 deadline, some analysts feared the restart of the border war but the date passed without any conflict.[108] There were many reasons why war did not resume. Former U.S. Ambassador David Shinn said both Ethiopia and Eritrea were in a bad position. Many fear the weak Eritrean economy is not improving like those of other African nations while others say Ethiopia is bogged down in Mogadishu. David Shinn said Ethiopia has "a very powerful and so far disciplined national army that made pretty short work of the Eritreans in 2000 and the Eritreans have not forgotten that."[108] But he stated Ethiopia is not interested in war because America would condemn Ethiopia if it initiated the war saying "I don't think even the US could sit by and condone an Ethiopian initiated attack on Eritrea."[108]
Arbitration through the Permanent Court of Arbitration[edit]
As decided in the Algiers Agreement, the two parties presented their cases at the Permanent Court of Arbitration to two different Commissions:
Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission[109]
The International Bureau serves as Registry for this Commission established pursuant to the Agreement of 12 December 2000 between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, with a mandate "to delimit and demarcate the colonial treaty border based on pertinent colonial treaties (1900, 1902 and 1908) and applicable international law". Its first progress report to the UN Secretary-General was presented on 19 June 2001.
The Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission delivered its Decision on Delimitation of the Border between Eritrea and Ethiopia to representatives of the two governments on Saturday, 13 April 2002. ...
On 19 November 2003, the Commission met in The Hague with representatives of the parties. The President of the Commission made an opening statement expressing the concern of the Commission at the lack of progress in the demarcation process, setting out the Commission’s understanding of the positions of the parties and indicating that if progress was to be made, certain rigid positions would have to be modified. Following that meeting, the Commission concluded that, until the positions of either or both of the parties were modified, there was nothing more that the Commission could do.
—  Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission[110]
The Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission ruled that Badme lies in Eritrea.[91][92]
Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission
The Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission (the Commission) was established and operates pursuant to Article 5 of the Agreement signed in Algiers on 12 December 2000 between the Governments of the State of Eritrea and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (the "December Agreement"). The Commission is directed to decide through binding arbitration all claims for loss, damage or injury by one Government against the other, and by nationals (including both natural and juridical persons) of one party against the Government of the other party or entities owned or controlled by the other party that are (a) related to the conflict that was the subject of the Framework Agreement, the Modalities for its Implementation and the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement, and (b) result from violations of international humanitarian law, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions, or other violations of international law.
—  Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission[111]
In July 2001 the Commission sat to decide its jurisdiction, procedures and possible remedies. The result of this sitting was issued on August 2001. In October 2001, following consultations with the Parties, the Commission adopted its Rules of Procedure. In December 2001 the Parties filed their claims with the Commission. The claims filed by the Parties relate to such matters as the conduct of military operations in the front zones, the treatment of POWs and of civilians and their property, diplomatic immunities and the economic impact of certain government actions during the conflict. At the end of 2005 final awards have been issued on claims on Pensions, and Ports. Partial awards have been issued for claims about: Prisoners of War, the Central Front, Civilians Claims, the Western and Eastern Fronts, Diplomatic, Economic and property losses, and Jus Ad Bellum.
The Ethiopia–Eritrean claim committee ruled that:
15. The areas initially invaded by Eritrean forces on that day [12 May 1998] were all either within undisputed Ethiopian territory or within territory that was peacefully administered by Ethiopia and that later would be on the Ethiopian side of the line to which Ethiopian armed forces were obligated to withdraw in 2000 under the Cease-Fire Agreement of 18 June 2000. In its Partial Award in Ethiopia’s Central Front Claims, the Commission held that the best available evidence of the areas effectively administered by Ethiopia in early May 1998 is that line to which they were obligated to withdraw in 2000. ...
16. Consequently, the Commission holds that Eritrea violated Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations by resorting to armed force to attack and occupy Badme,
then under peaceful administration by Ethiopia, as well as other territory in the Tahtay Adiabo and Laelay Adiabo Weredas of Ethiopia, in an attack that began on 12 May 1998, and is liable to compensate Ethiopia, for the damages caused by that violation of international law.
—  Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission[112]
Christine Gray, in an article in the European Journal of International Law (2006), questioned the jurisdiction of the Commission making such an award, because "there were many factors which suggested that the Commission should have abstained from giving judgment". For example, the hearing of this claim, according to the Algiers agreement was to be heard by a separate commission and to be an investigation of exclusively factual concern not compensation.[113]
Isaias and Abiy sign the Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship, ending the border conflict and re-establishing diplomatic relations
2018 Peace Agreement[edit]
Main article: 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit
The Ethiopian government under the leadership of new prime minister Abiy Ahmed unexpectedly announced on 5 June 2018 that it fully accepts the terms of the peace Algiers Agreement (2000). Ethiopia also announced that it would accept the outcome of the 2002 UN-backed Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) ruling which awarded disputed territories including the town of Badme to Eritrea.[114]
Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki noted the “positive signals”.
Eritrea Foreign Minister Osman Saleh led the first Eritrean deleagtion to Ethiopia in almost two decades when he visited Addis Ababa in late June 2018.[115]
At a summit in July 2018 in Asmara, Eritrea's President Isaias Afewerki and Ethiopia's Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed signed a joint declaration formally ending the state of war between Ethiopia and Eritrea.[5][116] [117] Following the peace agreement, on July 18, 2018, after twenty years Ethiopian Airlines restarted its operations to Eritrea. Flight ET0312 left Bole International Airport to Asmara.[118][119]
Timeline: Continuing border conflicts[edit]
Eritrea (green) and Ethiopia (orange)
See also: 2008 Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict and 2010 Eritrea–Ethiopia border skirmish
On 19 June 2008 the BBC published a time line (which they update periodically) of the conflict and reported that the "Border dispute rumbles on":
2007 September – War could resume between Ethiopia and Eritrea over their border conflict, warns United Nations special envoy to the Horn of Africa, Kjell Magne Bondevik.
2007 November – Eritrea accepts border line demarcated by international boundary commission. Ethiopia rejects it.
2008 January – UN extends mandate of peacekeepers on Ethiopia–Eritrea border for six months. UN Security Council demands Eritrea lift fuel restrictions imposed on UN peacekeepers at the Eritrea–Ethiopia border area. Eritrea declines, saying troops must leave border.
2008 February – UN begins pulling 1,700-strong peacekeeper force out due to lack of fuel supplies following Eritrean government restrictions.
2008 April – UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon warns of likelihood of new war between Ethiopia and Eritrea if peacekeeping mission withdraws completely. Outlines options for the future of the UN mission in the two countries.
Djibouti accuses Eritrean troops of digging trenches at disputed Ras Doumeira border area and infiltrating Djiboutian territory. Eritrea denies charge.
2008 May – Eritrea calls on UN to terminate peacekeeping mission.
2008 June – Fighting breaks out between Eritrean and Djiboutian troops.
2016 June – Battle of Tsorona between Eritrean and Ethiopian troops
—  BBC[33]
In August 2009, Eritrea and Ethiopia were ordered to pay each other compensation for the war.[33]
In March 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of sending bombers across the border. In April, Ethiopia acknowledged that it was supporting rebel groups inside Eritrea.[33] In July, a United Nations Monitoring Group accused Eritrea of being behind a plot to attack an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, in January 2011. Eritrea stated the accusation was a total fabrication.[120]
In January 2012, five European tourists were killed and another two were kidnapped close to the border with Eritrea in the remote Afar Region in Ethiopia. In early March the kidnappers announced that they had released the two kidnapped Germans. On 15 March, Ethiopian ground forces attacked Eritrean military posts that they stated were bases in which Ethiopian rebels, including those involved in the January kidnappings, were trained by the Eritreans.[33][121]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Командировка в Африку
Jump up ^ Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии
^ Jump up to: a b BBC staff (31 May 2000). "Ethiopia says 'war is over'". BBC.
Jump up ^ Adar, Korwa; Schraeder, Peter (2007), Globalization and Emerging Trends in African Foreign Policy: A Comparative Perspective of Eastern Africa, University Press of America, p. 62
^ Jump up to: a b c d Stephanie Busari and Schams Elwazer, "Former sworn enemies Ethiopia and Eritrea have declared end of war," CNN, July 9, 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abbink 2003, p. 221.
Jump up ^ David Hamilton Shinn, Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. The Scarecrow Press, inc.: Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Oxford, 2004, pp. 387–8.
Jump up ^ Pike, John. "Ethiopia / Eritrea War".
^ Jump up to: a b Former U.S. Ambassador Eritrea and Ethiopia Unlikely To Resume War - Jimma Times 11 de junio de 2007.
Jump up ^ Pike, John. "Ethiopia - Army".
Jump up ^ Claimed by President Isaias Afeworki, 2001. Shinn, Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia, p.149
Jump up ^ "Eritrea reveals human cost of war". BBC News. 20 June 2001. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
Jump up ^ Claimed by Chief of Staffs of ENDF, Tsadkan Gebre-Tensae. Shinn, Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Banks, Arthur; Muller, Thomas; and Overstreet, William, ed. Political Handbook of the World 2005–6 (A Division of Congressional Quarterly, Inc.: Washington, D.C., 2005), p.366. 156802952-7
^ Jump up to: a b c Former U.S. Ambassador: Eritrea and Ethiopia Unlikely To Resume War
Jump up ^ Claimed by Chief of Staffs Tsadkan Gebre-Tensae. Shinn, Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Claimed by Major General Samora Yunis. Shinn, Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Claimed on 8 April 2002 by the Voice of the Democratic Path of Ethiopian Unity, an Ethiopian clandestine opposition group operating from Germany. The claim also stated that each family that lost a member in the war would receive $350 in indemnity, but this number has not been verified, although it has been often cited by other groups (see Number of war dead soldiers reportedly 123,000 – internet news message; and clandestineradio.com audio button), and no indemnities have been paid as of 2007[update]. Shinn, Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia, p. 149
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia: Number of war dead soldiers reportedly 123,000" (in Amharic). Wonchif. 2001-04-10. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ Government of Eritrea - Government of Ethiopia Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Xan Rice, east Africa correspondent (31 October 2006). "Annan warns of another war between Ethiopia and Eritrea". London: Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ethiopia: Nation on verge of war with Eritrea, report says Archived 2014-03-26 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Will arms ban slow war? BBC 18 May 2000
Jump up ^ Winfield, Nicole (Associated Press) (13 May 2000). "UN hints at sanctions if Eritrea and Ethiopia do not end fighting". The Independent. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Staff. Ethiopia rejects war criticism, BBC, 14 April 2000
^ Jump up to: a b Tens of thousands Eritrea: Final deal with Ethiopia BBC 4 December 2000
Eritrea orders Westerners in UN mission out in 10 days, International Herald Tribune, 7 December 2005
Jump up ^ "International commission: Eritrea triggered the border war with Ethiopia". BBC News. 2005-12-21. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Andrew England (Associated Press). 500,000 flee as Ethiopian troops storm Eritrea, The Independent, 18 May 2000.
Jump up ^ "Report of the Secretary-General on Ethiopia and Eritrea". United Nations. 2005. Annex I. Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission – Sixteenth report on the work of the Commission, p. 5 § 20. S/2005/142. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Schemm, Paul (2018-06-05). "Ethiopia says it is ready to implement Eritrea peace deal and privatize parts of the economy". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c Benjamin, A. Valentino (2004). "Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century". p. 196. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Briggs, Philip; Blatt, Brian (2009). Ethiopia. Bradt Guides (5, illustrated ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 28, 29. ISBN 1-84162-284-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Eritrea profile: A chronology of key events". BBC. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Tesfai, Alemseged. "The Cause of the Eritrean–Ethiopian Border Conflict". Retrieved 2006-08-02.
Jump up ^ Mussie, Tesfagiorgis G. (2010). "Eritrean colonial boundaries". Eritrea. Africa in Focus (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 53–54. ISBN 1-59884-231-5.
Jump up ^ Shapland, Greg (1997). Rivers of discord: international water disputes in the Middle East. C. Hurst & Co. p. 71. ISBN 1-85065-214-7.
Jump up ^ Degefu, Gebre Tsadik (2003). The Nile: Historical, Legal and Developmental Perspectives (illustrated ed.). Trafford Publishing. pp. 94–99. ISBN 1-4120-0056-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Abbink 2003, p. 221,226.
Jump up ^ "Issaias believed that Meles was weak and that war would result in his overthrow. He was wrong." ( Dowden, Richard (2 June 2000). "There are no winners in this insane and destructive war". The Independent. London. )
^ Jump up to: a b Connell, Dan (2 October 2005). Woods, Emira, ed. "Eritrea/Ethiopia War Looms". Foreign Policy in Focus.
Jump up ^ Hans van der Splinter. "Border conflict with Ethiopia". eritrea.be. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Dowden, Richard (2 June 2000). "There are no winners in this insane and destructive war". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008.
Jump up ^ The Eritreans describe the start of the war thus: "after a series of armed incidents during which several Eritrean officials were murdered near the disputed village of Badme, Ethiopia declared total war as on 13 May and mobilized its armed forces for a full-scale assault on Eritrea." ( Staff. "history". Embassy of the State of Eritrea, New Delhi, India. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. )
Jump up ^ BBC staff (6 June 1998). "World: Africa Eritrea: 'Ethiopia pursues total war'". BBC Monitoring service.
Jump up ^ "A commentary on Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission findings". Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. )
Jump up ^ Ethiopia's War on Eritrea. Asmara: Sabur Printing Services. 1999. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal, speaking for the British government in the Eritrea and Ethiopia debate, House of Lords, (Hansard) 30 November 1999 : Column 802
Jump up ^ Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission. "PARTIAL AWARD Central Front - Ethiopia's Claim 2". "J. Aerial Bombardment of Mekele" Paragraphs 101–113. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Biles, Peter (20 May 2000). "Ethiopia's push north". BBC.
Jump up ^ IRIN. "Ethiopia-Eritrea: New peace efforts amid claims of civilian abuses". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "HRW World Report 1999: Ethiopia: The Role of the International Community". Archived from the original on 14 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Visafric (7 February 1999). "Ethiopian Leader admits allegation of Eritrean air strike based 'on wrong information'". www.dehai.org. Retrieved 29 March 2017. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Tareke, Gebru (2009). The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. New Haven: Yale University. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-300-14163-4.
Jump up ^ BBC staff (1 March 1999). "Ethiopia declares victory". BBC.
Jump up ^ CNN staff (27 February 1999). "Eritrea accepts peace deal after Ethiopian incursion". CNN. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ BBC staff (15 July 1999). "World: Africa Ethiopian-Eritrean war of words continues". BBC World Service.
Jump up ^ Last, Alex (16 March 1999). "World: Africa Hundreds killed in Horn". BBC.
Jump up ^ Laeke, Mariam Demassie (23 July 1999). "Touring the Ethiopian front". BBC.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Cathy (22 July 1999). "Eritrea's women fighters: A quarter of Eritrean soldiers are women". BBC.
Jump up ^ Pearce, Justin (12 May 2000). "Diplomats fail to bridge the gap". BBC News.
^ Jump up to: a b BBC staff (23 May 2000). "Ethiopia says war nearly over". BBC.
Jump up ^ Gilkes, Patrick (19 May 2000). "Ethiopia's war strategy". BBC.
Jump up ^ Lortan, Fiona (2000). "The Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict: A Fragile Peace". African Security Review. 9 (4). Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia and Eritrea Border Conflict". London: Embassy of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "UN SC Resolution 1298". United Nations. 17 May 2000. S/RES/1298(2000). Retrieved 18 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Hannan, Lucy (27 May 2000). "Stubborn Eritrea denies defeat but seeks peace". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 February 2001.
Jump up ^ Last, Alex (26 May 2000). "Eritrea's 'tactical retreat'". BBC.
Jump up ^ Plaut, Martin; Gilkes, Patrick (31 Mar 1999). "Conflict in the Horn: Why Eritrea and Ethiopia are at War". ReliefWeb. Chatham House.
Jump up ^ BBC staff (1 June 2000). "Ethiopia's victory statement". BBC world monitoring service.
Jump up ^ Tran, Mark (25 May 2000). "Ethiopia declares victory over Eritrea". he Guardian Unlimited.
Jump up ^ CNN staff (23 December 2000). "Eritrean, Ethiopian exchange of POWs begins". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Ian (23 August 1999). "Peace Deal May Be Near for Ethiopia and Eritrea". New York Times.
Jump up ^ CNN staff and wire reporters (22 May 2000). "Eritrean independence celebrations muted as Ethiopian troops advance". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff. Human Rights Developments, World report 2001 Human Rights Watch (2001).
Jump up ^ Ethiopia and Eritrea in UN & Conflict Monitor Issue 4, Africa E-S. On website of Bradford University citing The Financial Times 9 June 1999
Jump up ^ The Somali connection BBC 23 July 1999
Jump up ^ Angel Rabasa, et al., Beyond al-Qaeda: Part 2, The Outer Rings of the Terrorist Universe RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Corporation pp. 82–85 online pp. 44–47 hardcopy
Jump up ^ Eritrean KIA
Eritrea reveals human cost of war BBC, 20 June 2001
A Statistical Report of Eritrea's Casualties in the Eritrea–Ethiopia Border War (1998–2000) Archived 2007-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. published by Awate Foundation Archived 2007-04-06 at the Wayback Machine., P.O. Box 580312, Elk Grove, CA, 95758-0006 U.S.A.
Jump up ^ "After 70,000 deaths, Eritrea and Ethiopia prepare for war again". Timesonline.co.uk. December 8, 2005. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia accuses Eritrea of instigating war". AlertNet, Reuters. 8 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia-Eritrea impasse could lead to new war - UN". Reuters.com. 2007-01-24. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "PBS NewsHour Analysis – Ethiopia and Eritrea – Transcript". PBS. May 30, 2000. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia, Eritrea Run Risk of New War - UN Envoy". globalpolicy.org. AlertNet, Reuters. 2005-03-27. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Peter Biles, Eritrean disaster looms as a million flee from rapidly advancing Ethiopian forces, The Independent, 20 May 2000.
Jump up ^ Staff. Human Rights Developments, World report 1999 Human Rights Watch (1999).Accessed 2007-02-19
Jump up ^ "A critical look into the Ethiopian elections". Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
Jump up ^ Natalie S. Klein Mass expulsion from Ethiopia: Report on the Deportation of Eritreans and Ethiopians of Eritrean origin from Ethiopia, June – August, 1998 "NOTE: This report is being reproduced, with the author's permission, by the Embassy of Eritrea, Washington DC, USA. The text is identical to the original. It has been reformatted and therefore pagination is not the same." — This website site is developed and maintained by Denden LLC and dehai.org. The site was initially developed by the Eritrean Media and Information Task Force (Badme Task Force), a volunteer group of Eritrean-Americans in the Washington Metropolitan Area.
Jump up ^ "Eritrea expels over 800 Ethiopians home – official". Sudan Tribune. 2007-10-29. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
Jump up ^ Tadesse, Zenbeworke. "The Ethiopian-Eritrean Conflict" (PDF). Calx Proclivia. pp. 109–110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff. Horn peace deal: Full text BBC, 11 December 2000. "Agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"
^ Jump up to: a b c Zane, Damian. Ethiopia regrets Badme ruling, BBC, 3 April 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission website". Archived from the original on 23 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Astill, James (2002-04-15). "Ethiopia and Eritrea claim border victory". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
Jump up ^ Bhalla, Nita. Badme: Village in no man's land, BBC, 22 April 2002
Jump up ^ Ethiopian official wants border clarification ,BBC, 23 April 2002
Jump up ^ Plaut, Martin. Crucial Horn border talks, BBC, 17 September 2003
^ Jump up to: a b Staff. Eritrea firm over disputed border ruling BBC, 25 September 2003
Jump up ^ Staff. Ethiopia backs down over border, BBC, 25 November 2004
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia 'to reduce' border force" BBC 10 December 2005
Jump up ^ "Some UN Staff to Relocate to Ethiopia From Eritrea Archived 2005-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.", Voice of America, 15 December 2005
Jump up ^ "Ruling: Eritrea broke international law in Ethiopia attack Archived 2006-01-02 at the Wayback Machine." CNN 21 December 2005
Jump up ^ UN: Ethiopia–Eritrea Stalemate Could Spark Renewed War Archived 2005-04-06 at the Wayback Machine. article by Voice of America 31 March 2005
Jump up ^ Horn border tense before deadline BBC 23 December 2005
Jump up ^ Eritrea orders Westerners in UN mission out in 10 days, International Herald Tribune, 7 December 2005
Jump up ^ Staff. Horn rivals reject border plans, BBC, 21 November 2006
Jump up ^ Young, John (November 2007). Armed groups along the Ethiopia–Sudan–Eritrea frontier (PDF). Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International Studies. p. 32 (PDF 17). ISBN 2-8288-0087-3.
Jump up ^ "Free rein for Eritrean opposition". BBC News. 23 May 2000. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Peter Heinlein. On the possibility of war restarting Archived 2007-12-20 at the Wayback Machine., Voice of America, 17 December 2007
Jump up ^ "Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission". Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. A constituent of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague
Jump up ^ Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (24 June 2002). "Decision regarding the "Request for interpretation, correction and consultation" Submitted by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia on 13 May 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission". Archived from the original on 2 June 2015. A constituent of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague
Jump up ^ "Jus Ad Bellum Ethiopia's Claims 1–8". Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission. December 19, 2005. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Gray, Christine. "The Eritrea/Ethiopia Claims Commission Oversteps Its Boundaries: A Partial Award?". The European Journal of International Law. 17 (4).
Jump up ^ Allo, Awol K. "Ethiopia offers an olive branch to Eritrea". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia, Eritrea leaders to meet 'soon' in surprising thaw - NEWS 1130". NEWS 1130. 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia's Abiy and Eritrea's Afewerki declare end of war". BBC. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia, Eritrea officially end war". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "First commercial flight in 20 years leaves Ethiopia for Eritrea". First commercial flight in 20 years leaves Ethiopia for Eritrea (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-07-19.
Jump up ^ Maasho, Aaron. "Flags, flowers greet first Ethiopia-Eritrea flight in 20 years". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-08-02.
Jump up ^ BBC staff (28 July 2011). "UN report accuses Eritrea of plotting to bomb AU summit". BBC.
Jump up ^ Reuters (15 March 2012). "12 years after bloody war, Ethiopia attacks Eritrea". World news on msnbc.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.
References[edit]
Abbink, Jon (2003). "Badme and the Ethio-Eritrean Border: The challenge of demarcation in the Post-war period" (PDF). Africa: rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione:. 58 (1–4): 219–231.
Banks, Arthur; Muller, Thomas; and Overstreet, William, ed. Political Handbook of the World 2005-6 (A Division of Congressional Quarterly, Inc.: Washington, D.C., 2005), p. 366. 156802952-7
Further reading[edit]
Books
Brothers at War: Making Sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War (Eastern African Series) by T. Negash, K. Tronvoll, Ohio University Press ISBN 0-8214-1372-4.
News reports
Ethiopia Eritrea Conflict Archive: News and Article Archive Day to day coverage of war.
Onwar.com: Armed Conflict Events Data: Ethiopian-Eritrean Border War 1999 (Present)
BBC: War blocks Ethiopia's lifeline 13 April 2000
BBC:Eritrea and Ethiopia at war 16 May 2000
BBC: Ethiopia's next move 22 May 2000
BBC: Horn peace boost 30 March 2001
BBC: Eritrean PoWs return home 29 November 2002
BBC: Peace 'undermined' by Ethiopia 10 March 2003
Crisis briefing and news on simmering tensions over the Eritrea-Ethiopia border from Reuters AlertNet, 6 March 2008
Summary
Ethiopia / Eritrea War GlobalSecurity.org 2000–2005
Eritrea – Ethiopia Conflict Page This site is developed and maintained by Denden LLC and dehai.org. The site was initially developed by the Eritrean Media and Information Task Force (Badme Task Force), a volunteer group of Eritrean-Americans in the Washington Metropolitan Area.
Tom Cooper & Jonathan Kyzer. II Ethiopian Eritrean War, 1998 – 2000 website of ACIG.ORG 2 September 2003. Details the use of air power during the war.
Analysis
Abbink, Jon. 'Law against reality? Contextualizing the Ethiopian-Eritrean border problem.' In: Andrea de Guttry, Harry Post & Gabriella Venturini, eds., The 1998–2000 War Between Eritrea and Ethiopia: An International Legal Perspective, pp. 141–158. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Connell, Dan Eritrea-Ethiopia War Looms, Foreign Policy in Focus 21 January 2004
Gilkes, Patrick and Plaut, Martin. The War Between Ethiopia and Eritrea, Foreign Policy in Focus Volume 5, Number 25 August 2000
Hamilton, Kevin Analysis of the Ethio-Eritrean conflict and international mediation efforts in the Princeton Journal of Public and International Affairs, Volume 11 Spring 2000
Reid, Richard "Old Problems in New Conflicts: Some Observations on Eritrea and Its Relations with Tigray, from Liberation Struggle to Inter-State War", Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 73 (2003), pp. 369–401
Staff. Eritrea – Ethiopia Conflict Analysis Page This site is developed and maintained by Denden LLC and dehai.org. The site was initially developed by the Eritrean Media and Information Task Force (Badme Task Force), a volunteer group of Eritrean-Americans in the Washington Metropolitan Area. It includes documents from non-Eritrean sources as well as analysis by Eritreans.
Other
Demarcation Watch. A list of articles on the demarcation dispute. This site is developed and maintained by Denden LLC and dehai.org. The site was initially developed by the Eritrean Media and Information Task Force (Badme Task Force), a volunteer group of Eritrean-Americans in the Washington Metropolitan Area.
Brothers at Arms – Eritrea. A news clip filmed by Journeyman Pictures during the war.
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Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the film. For other uses, see Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (disambiguation).
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
Original cinema release poster
Directed by
Ken Hughes
Produced by
Albert R. Broccoli
Screenplay by
Roald Dahl
Ken Hughes
Additional dialogue:
Richard Maibaum
Based on
Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang
by Ian Fleming
Starring
Dick Van Dyke
Sally Ann Howes
Lionel Jeffries
Gert Fröbe
Anna Quayle
Benny Hill
James Robertson Justice
Robert Helpmann
Music by
Irwin Kostal (score)
Richard M. Sherman (songs)
Robert B. Sherman (songs)
Cinematography
Christopher Challis
Edited by
John Shirley
Production
company
Warfield Productions
Dramatic Features
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
16 December 1968 (1968-12-16) (London, premiere)
17 December 1968 (1968-12-17) (United Kingdom)
18 December 1968 (1968-12-18) (United States)
Running time
145 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[2]
Box office
$7.5 million (Rentals)[3]
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British musical adventure fantasy film, directed by Ken Hughes and written by Roald Dahl and Hughes, loosely based on Ian Fleming's 1964 novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car. The film stars Dick Van Dyke, Sally Ann Howes, Adrian Hall, Heather Ripley, Lionel Jeffries, James Robertson Justice, Robert Helpmann and Gert Fröbe.
The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli, the regular co-producer of the James Bond series of films (also based on Ian Fleming novels). John Stears supervised the special effects. Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music, while the musical numbers, written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of Mary Poppins, were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. The song "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" was nominated for an Academy Award.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Locations
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical
4.3 Accolades
5 Soundtrack
6 Home video releases
7 Adaptations
7.1 Novelisation of film
7.2 Comic book adaption
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race it runs in from 1907 through 1908. However, in its final 1909 race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car eventually ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy (Adrian Hall) and Jemima Potts (Heather Ripley), have grown fond of it. However, a man in the junkyard intends to buy the car from the garage owner, Mr. Coggins (Desmond Llewelyn), for scrap. The children, who live with their widowed father Caractacus Potts (Dick Van Dyke), an eccentric inventor, and the family's equally peculiar grandfather, implore their father to buy the car, but Caractacus can't afford it. While playing truant from school, they meet Truly Scrumptious (Sally Ann Howes), a beautiful upper-class woman with her own motor car, who brings them home to report their truancy to their father. After she leaves, Caractacus promises the children that he will save the car, but is taken aback at the cost he has committed himself to. He looks for ways to raise money to avoid letting them down.
The next morning, Potts discovers that the sweets produced by a machine he has invented can be played like a flute. He tries to sell the "Toot Sweets" to Truly's father, Lord Scrumptious (James Robertson Justice), a major confectionery manufacturer. He is almost successful until the whistle attracts a pack of dogs who overrun the factory, resulting in Caractacus's proposition being rejected.
Caractacus next takes his automatic hair-cutting machine to a carnival to raise money, but his invention accidentally ruins the hair of a customer. Potts eludes the man by joining a song-and-dance act. He becomes the centre of the show and earns enough in tips to buy the car and rebuild it. They name the car "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" for the unusual noise of its engine. In the first trip in the car, Caractacus, the children, and Truly picnic on the beach. Caractacus tells them a tale about nasty Baron Bomburst (Gert Fröbe), the tyrant of fictional Vulgaria, who wants to steal Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.
As Potts tells his story, the quartet and the car are stranded by high tide and are attacked by pirates working for the Baron. All of a sudden, Chitty deploys huge flotation devices and transforms into a power boat, and they escape Bomburst's yacht and return to shore. The Baron sends two spies to capture the car, but they capture Lord Scrumptious, then Grandpa Potts (Lionel Jeffries), mistaking each for the car's creator. Caractacus, Truly, and the children see Grandpa being taken away by airship, and they give chase. When they accidentally drive off a cliff, Chitty sprouts wings and propellers and begins to fly. They follow the airship to Vulgaria and find a land without children; the Baroness Bomburst (Anna Quayle) abhors them and imprisons any she finds. Grandpa has been ordered by the Baron to make another floating car, and he bluffs his abilities to avoid being executed. The Potts' party is hidden by the local Toymaker (Benny Hill), who now works only for the childish Baron. Chitty is discovered and taken to the castle. While Caractacus and the toymaker search for Grandpa and Truly searches for food, the children are caught by the Baroness’ Child Catcher (Robert Helpmann).
The Toymaker takes Truly and Caractacus to a grotto beneath the castle where the townspeople have been hiding their children. They concoct a scheme to free the children and the village from the Baron. The Toymaker sneaks them into the castle disguised as life-size dolls for the Baron's birthday. Caractacus snares the Baron, and the children swarm into the banquet hall, overcoming the Baron's palace guards and guests. In the ensuing chaos, the Baron, Baroness, and the evil Child Catcher are captured. The Potts family and Truly fly back to England. When they arrive home, Lord Scrumptious surprises Caractacus with an offer to buy the Toot Sweet as a canine confection. Caractacus, realising that he will be rich, rushes to tell Truly the news. They kiss, and Truly agrees to marry him. As they drive home, he acknowledges the importance of pragmatism, as the car takes off into the air again.
Cast[edit]
The main cast after landing in Vulgaria.
The cast includes:[5]
Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts
Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious
Adrian Hall as Jeremy Potts
Heather Ripley as Jemima Potts
Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Bungie Potts
Gert Fröbe as Baron Bomburst
Anna Quayle as Baroness Bomburst
Benny Hill as the Toymaker
James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious
Robert Helpmann as the Child Catcher
Barbara Windsor as Blonde
Davy Kaye as Admiral
Stanley Unwin as the Chancellor
Peter Arne as the Captain of Bomburst's Army
Desmond Llewelyn as Mr. Coggins
Victor Maddern as Junkman
Arthur Mullard as Big Man
Max Wall as Inventor
Gerald Campion as Minister
Max Bacon as Orchestra Leader
Alexander Doré as First Spy
Bernard Spear as Second Spy
Richard Wattis as Sweet Factory Secretary (uncredited)
Phil Collins as Vulgarian Child (scene cut)
The part of Truly Scrumptious had originally been offered to Julie Andrews, to reunite her with Van Dyke after their success in Mary Poppins. Andrews rejected the role specifically because she considered that the part was too close to the Poppins mould.[6] Instead, Sally Ann Howes was given the role. Dick Van Dyke was cast after he turned down the role of Fagin from another 1968 musical Oliver! (which ended up going to Ron Moody).
Production[edit]
The Caractacus Potts inventions in the film were created by Rowland Emett; by 1976, Time magazine, describing Emett's work, said no term other than "Fantasticator...could remotely convey the diverse genius of the perky, pink-cheeked Englishman whose pixilations, in cartoon, watercolor and clanking 3-D reality, range from the celebrated Far Tottering and Oyster Creek Railway to the demented thingamabobs that made the 1968 movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang a minuscule classic."[7]
Six Chitty-Chitty Bang-Bang cars were created for the film, only one of which was fully functional. At a 1973 auction in Florida, one of them sold for $37,000, equal to $203,972 today.[8] The original "hero" car, in a condition described as fully functional and road-going, was offered at auction on 15 May 2011 by a California-based auction house.[9] The car sold for $805,000, less than the $1–2 million it was expected to reach.[10] It was purchased by New Zealand film director Sir Peter Jackson.[11]
Locations[edit]
Scrumptious Sweet Co. factory (exterior) – Kempton Waterworks, Snakey Lane, Hanworth, Middlesex, England.[12] This location now includes a steam museum open to the public.
Scrumptious Mansion – Heatherden Hall at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England.[12]
Windmill/Cottage – Cobstone Windmill in Ibstone, near Turville, Buckinghamshire, England.[12]
Duck Pond – Russell's Water, Oxfordshire, England.[12]
Train scene – The Longmoor Military Railway.
Beach – Cap Taillat in St. Tropez, France.
Bridge (river) where spies attempt to blow up Chitty – Iver Bridge, Iver, Buckinghamshire, England.
Bridge (railway) where spies kidnap Lord Scrumptious – Ilmer Bridge, Ilmer, Buckinghamshire, England.
White rock spires in the ocean and lighthouse – The Needles stacks, Isle of Wight, England.
White cliffs – Beachy Head, East Sussex, England.
Baron Bomburst's castle – Neuschwanstein Castle for the exterior, neighboured Hohenschwangau Castle for the interiors, Bavaria, Germany.
Vulgarian village – Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film was the tenth most popular at the US box office in 1969.[13]
Critical[edit]
Time began its review saying the film is a "picture for the ages—the ages between five and twelve" and ends noting that "At a time when violence and sex are the dual sellers at the box office, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang looks better than it is simply because it's not not all all bad bad"; the film's "eleven songs have all the rich melodic variety of an automobile horn. Persistent syncopation and some breathless choreography partly redeem it, but most of the film's sporadic success is due to Director Ken Hughes's fantasy scenes, which make up in imagination what they lack in technical facility."[14]
The New York Times critic Renata Adler wrote, "in spite of the dreadful title, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ... is a fast, dense, friendly children's musical, with something of the joys of singing together on a team bus on the way to a game"; Adler called the screenplay "remarkably good" and the film's "preoccupation with sweets and machinery seems ideal for children"; she ends her review on the same note as Time: "There is nothing coy, or stodgy or too frightening about the film; and this year, when it has seemed highly doubtful that children ought to go to the movies at all, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang sees to it that none of the audience's terrific eagerness to have a good time is betrayed or lost."[15]
Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed the film (Chicago Sun Times, 24 December 1968). He wrote: "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang contains about the best two-hour children's movie you could hope for, with a marvelous magical auto and lots of adventure and a nutty old grandpa and a mean Baron and some funny dances and a couple of [scary] moments."
In 2008 film critic and historian Leonard Maltin considered the picture "one big Edsel, with totally forgettable score and some of the shoddiest special effects ever."[16] In 2008, Entertainment Weekly called Helpmann's depiction of the Child Catcher one of the "50 Most Vile Movie Villains."[17]
As of March 2014, the film has a 65% "Fresh" rating (17 of 26 reviews) on Rotten Tomatoes.[18]
Accolades[edit]
The film was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2006 AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals list.[19]
Soundtrack[edit]
The original soundtrack album, as was typical of soundtrack albums, presented mostly songs with very few instrumental tracks. The songs were also edited, with specially recorded intros and outros and most instrumental portions removed, both because of time limitations of the vinyl LP and the belief that listeners would not be interested in listening to long instrumental dance portions during the songs.
The soundtrack has been released on CD four times, the first two releases using the original LP masters rather than going back to the original music masters to compile a more complete soundtrack album with underscoring and complete versions of songs. The 1997 Rykodisc release included several quick bits of dialogue from the film between some of the tracks and has gone out of circulation. On 24 February 2004, a few short months after MGM released the movie on a 2-Disc Special Edition DVD, Varèse Sarabande reissued a newly remastered soundtrack album without the dialogue tracks, restoring it to its original 1968 LP format.
In 2011, Kritzerland released the definitive soundtrack album, a 2-CD set featuring the Original Soundtrack Album plus bonus tracks, music from the Song and Picture Book Album on disc 1, and the Richard Sherman Demos, as well as six Playback Tracks (including a long version of international covers of the theme song). Inexplicably, this release was limited to only 1,000 units.[20]
In April 2013, Perseverance Records re-released the Kritzerland double CD set with expansive new liner notes by John Trujillo and a completely new designed booklet by Perseverance regular James Wingrove.
Home video releases[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was released numerous times in the VHS format. In 1998 the film saw its first DVD release. The year 2003 brought a two-disc "Special Edition" release. On 2 November 2010, 20th Century Fox released a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combination set featuring the extras from the 2003 release as well as new features. The 1993 LaserDisc release by MGM/UA Home Video was the first home video release with the proper 2.20:1 Super Panavision 70 aspect ratio.
Adaptations[edit]
Novelisation of film[edit]
Novelization of the film by John Burke, published by Pan Books
The film did not follow Fleming's novel closely. A separate novelisation of the film was published at the time of the film's release. It basically followed the film's story but with some differences of tone and emphasis, e.g. it mentioned that Caractacus Potts had had difficulty coping after the death of his wife, and it made it clearer that the sequences including Baron Bomburst were extended fantasy sequences. It was written by John Burke.[21]
Comic book adaption[edit]
Gold Key: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Gold Key Comics. February 1969. [22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (U". British Board of Film Classification. 18 October 1968. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
Jump up ^ http://flickfacts.com/movie/117/chitty-chitty-bang-bang[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Big Rental Films of 1969", Variety, 7 January 1970 p 15
Jump up ^ "Ian Fleming Centenary, James Bond, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, Devil may care, Sebastian Faulks new novel, Ian Fleming exhibition". Ianflemingcentenary.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Chitty Chitty Bang Bang from the MGM website.
Jump up ^ Stirling, Richard. Julie Andrews: An Intimate Biography. St. Martin's Griffin 2009. ISBN 978-0-312-56498-8
Jump up ^ "Modern Living: The Gothic-Kinetic Merlin of Wild Goose Cottage". Time. 1 November 1976. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Modern Living: Crazy-Car Craze". Time. 30 April 1973. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang to be Sold at Auction". Profiles In History. 25 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'Car Undersells at Auction". Retrieved 16 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jackson picks up Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". The Dominion Post. Wellington. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Where was 'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang' filmed?". British Film Locations.
Jump up ^ "The World's Top Twenty Films." The Sunday Times [London] 27 Sept. 1970: 27. The Sunday Times Digital Archive. accessed 5 Apr. 2014
Jump up ^ "New Movies: Chug-Chug, Mug-Mug". Time. 17 December 1968. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Adler, Renata (19 December 1968). "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: Fast, Friendly Musical for Children Bows". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard (2008). Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. Penguin. p. 241. ISBN 978-0452289789.
Jump up ^ "50 Most Vile Movie Villains". Entertainment Weekly. 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees" (PDF). American Film Institute. 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". Kritzerland. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang; The Story of the Film". WorldCat. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gold Key: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". Grand Comics Database.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film).
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang on IMDb
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the TCM Movie Database
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at AllMovie
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the American Film Institute Catalog
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Ian Fleming's Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
Characters
Caractacus Pott
Truly Scrumptious
Child Catcher
Objects and locations
Vulgaria
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (car)
Chitty Bang Bang (airship)
Media
Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car (1964 book)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film)
"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (song)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)
Other
Chitty Bang Bang (original car)
[show]
v
t
e
Roald Dahl
Children's fiction
The Gremlins (1943)
James and the Giant Peach (1961)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964)
The Magic Finger (1966)
Fantastic Mr Fox (1970)
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1972)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1975)
The Enormous Crocodile (1978)
The Twits (1980)
George's Marvellous Medicine (1981)
The BFG (1982)
The Witches (1983)
The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (1985)
Matilda (1988)
Esio Trot (1990)
The Vicar of Nibbleswicke (1991)
The Minpins (1991)
Children's poetry
Revolting Rhymes (1982)
Dirty Beasts (1983)
Rhyme Stew (1989)
Adult novels
Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen (1948)
My Uncle Oswald (1979)
Adult short story
collections
Over to You: Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying (1946)
Someone Like You (1953)
Kiss Kiss (1960)
Lamb to the Slaughter (1953)
Switch Bitch (1974)
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More (1977)
The Best of Roald Dahl (1978)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979)
More Tales of the Unexpected (1980)
The Roald Dahl Omnibus (1986)
Two Fables (1986)
Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life: The Country Stories of Roald Dahl (1989)
The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl (1991)
The Roald Dahl Treasury (1997)
The Great Automatic Grammatizator (1998)
Skin and Other Stories (2000)
Roald Dahl: Collected Stories (2006)
Non-fiction
The Mildenhall Treasure (1946)
Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984)
Going Solo (1986)
Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
Roald Dahl's Guide to Railway Safety (1991)
My Year (1993)
Film adaptations
36 Hours (1965)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1989)
The BFG (1989)
The Witches (1990)
Four Rooms (1995)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Matilda (1996)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
Roald Dahl's Esio Trot (2015)
The BFG (2016)
Revolting Rhymes (2016)
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017)
Film scripts
The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling (1966, unfinished)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
The Night Digger (1971)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Television series
'Way Out (1961)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979–88)
Musicals and plays
The Honeys (1955)
James and the Giant Peach (2010)
Matilda (2010)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013)
Fantastic Mr Fox (2016)
See also
Quentin Blake
Roald Dahl bibliography
Roald Dahl short stories bibliography
Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983)
List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes
Related
Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre
Roald Dahl Children's Gallery
Patricia Neal (wife)
Tessa Dahl (daughter)
Ophelia Dahl (daughter)
Lucy Dahl (daughter)
Sophie Dahl (granddaughter)
Phoebe Dahl (granddaughter)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Ken Hughes
Wide Boy (1952)
The Drayton Case (1953)
Black 13 (1953)
The Dark Stairway (1953)
The House Across the Lake (1954)
The Brain Machine (1955)
Little Red Monkey (1955)
Confession (1955)
Timeslip (1955)
Joe MacBeth (1955)
Murder Anonymous (1955)
Wicked as They Come (1956)
The Long Haul (1957)
Jazz Boat (1960)
The Trials of Oscar Wilde (1960)
In the Nick (1960)
The Small World of Sammy Lee (1963)
Of Human Bondage (1964)
Drop Dead Darling (1966)
Casino Royale (1967)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
Cromwell (1970)
The Internecine Project (1974)
Alfie Darling (1975)
Sextette (1978)
Night School (1981)
[show]
v
t
e
The Sherman Brothers
Richard M. Sherman
Robert B. Sherman
Motion pictures
The Parent Trap (1961)
The Absent-Minded Professor (1961)
Greyfriars Bobby (1961)
Bon Voyage! (1962)
A Symposium on Popular Songs (1962)
In Search of the Castaways (1962)
Big Red (1962)
Moon Pilot (1962)
Summer Magic (1963)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964)
The Moon-Spinners (1964)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Those Calloways (1965)
The Monkey's Uncle (1965)
That Darn Cat! (1965)
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966)
Follow Me Boys (1966)
The Happiest Millionaire (1967)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin (1967)
The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band (1968)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968)
The Aristocats (1970)
Goldilocks (1971)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Snoopy, Come Home (1972)
Charlotte's Web (1973)
Tom Sawyer (1973)
Huckleberry Finn (1974)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974)
The Slipper and the Rose (1976)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Magic of Lassie (1978)
Magic Journeys (1982)
Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore (1983)
Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1992)
The Mighty Kong (1998)
Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Stage musicals
and musical revues
Victory Canteen (1971)
Over Here! (1974)
Dawgs (1983)
The Slipper and the Rose (1984)
Busker Alley (1994)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (2002)
On the Record (2004)
Mary Poppins (2004)
Merry-Go-Round workshop (2007)
A Spoonful of Sherman (2014)
Theme park
attractions
Golden Horseshoe Revue (1955)
King Arthur Carrousel (1955)
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room (1963)
It's a Small World (1966)
Adventure Thru Inner Space (1967)
Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress (1967)
Main Street Electrical Parade (1972)
America Sings (1974)
America on Parade (1975)
CommuniCore (1982)
Imagination! (1982)
Magic Journeys (1982)
The World Showcase March (1982)
Japan (Epcot) (1982)
Journey into Imagination (1983)
Meet the World (1983)
Innoventions (1998)
Rocket Rods (1998)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1999)
Disneyland Forever (2015)
Books
Walt's Time: from before to beyond (1998)
Moose: Chapters From My Life (2013)
Related
The Boys: The Sherman Brothers' Story (2009)
Saving Mr. Banks (2013)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb164598212 (data)
GND: 4625818-8
VIAF: 225062811
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang&oldid=843280154"
Categories:
1968 films
English-language films
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
1960s musical films
1960s fantasy films
British films
British aviation films
British children's adventure films
British children's fantasy films
British musical films
Fantasy-comedy films
Films about abduction
Films about automobiles
Films adapted into comics
Films based on British novels
Films based on children's books
Films directed by Ken Hughes
Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli
Films set in a fictional European country
Films set in the 1910s
Films shot in Bavaria
Films shot in England
Films shot in Germany
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in Saint-Tropez
Flying cars in fiction
Musical fantasy films
Musicals by the Sherman Brothers
Screenplays by Roald Dahl
United Artists films
Varèse Sarabande albums
Hidden categories:
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