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Pam Beesly
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Pam Beesly Halpert
The Office character
Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"Finale"
Created by
Greg Daniels
Portrayed by
Jenna Fischer
Information
Full name
Pamela Morgan Beesly[nb 1]
Gender
Female
Occupation
Receptionist, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA
(August 2003 - June 2011)
Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA
Temporary Worker, Dunder Mifflin Corporate, New York City, NY
Sales Representative, Michael Scott Paper Company
Sales Representative, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA
Sales Representative, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton PA
Office Administrator, Dunder Mifflin Sabre, Scranton PA
Office Administrator, Dunder Mifflin, Scranton PA
Freelance Mural Painter/Art Gallery Owner, Austin TX
Family
William Beesly (father, Rick Overton)
Helene Beesly (mother, Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl)
Penny Beesly (sister, Anna Camp)
Sylvia Beesly (grandmother, Peggy Stewart)
Jocelyn Webster (cousin)
Spouse(s)
Jim Halpert (m. 2009)
Significant other(s)
Roy Anderson (ex-fiancé)
Children
Cecelia "CeCe" Marie Halpert[1]
Philip Halpert[1]
Religion
Presbyterian
Nationality
American
Based on
Dawn Tinsley
Pamela Morgan Halpert[nb 1] (née Beesly) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office, played by Jenna Fischer. Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley. Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until her termination in the series finale. Her character is shy, growing assertive but amiable, and artistically inclined, and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert, whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting and character development
2 Character history
2.1 Seasons 1–3
2.2 Seasons 4–6
2.3 Season 7
2.4 Season 8
2.5 Season 9
3 Coworker relations
3.1 Jim Halpert
3.2 Roy Anderson
3.3 Michael Scott
3.4 Toby Flenderson
4 Appearances
5 Notes
6 References
Casting and character development[edit]
The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart, Dawn Tinsley. Even minute details, such as how Pam wore her hair each day, were considered by executive producer, Greg Daniels.[4]
"When I went in for The Office, the casting director said to me, 'Please look normal'," recalls Jenna Fischer. "Don't make yourself all pretty, and dare to bore me with your audition. Those were her words. Dare to bore me."[5]
Heeding the advice, Fischer said little during the auditions, during which she was interviewed in character by show producers, in an improvisational format, to imitate the show's documentary premise. "My take on the character of Pam was that she didn't have any media training, so she didn't know how to be a good interview. And also, she didn't care about this interview," she told NPR. "So, I gave very short one-word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever, because I thought that the comedy would come out of just, you know, the real human reactions to the situation...and they liked that take on it."[5]
"When I went in to the audition, the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam — they said, 'Do you like working as a receptionist?' I said, 'No.' And that was it. I didn't speak any more than that. And they started laughing."[5]
Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character. For the first few seasons, she kept a list of the character history revealed on-screen by the creators, as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam's history.[6] She created a rule with the set's hair and make-up department that it couldn't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair,[7] and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore [8] or where she went to college.[8] Fischer also carefully crafted Pam's quiet persona. "Well, my character of Pam is really stuck," she explained to NPR. "I mean, she's a subordinate in this office. And so, I think that for her, the only way she can express herself is in the silences, but you can say so much by not saying anything."[5]
Originally meek and passive, the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed, prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal. "I have to approach Pam differently [now]," she explained in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long-awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. "She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc."[6]
Character history[edit]
Seasons 1–3[edit]
At the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open-ended engagement has become one of Michael's running gags and a sore spot for Pam.
Pam does not want her current job to become permanent, remarking that "I don't think it's many little girls' dream to be a receptionist." Pam is apathetic toward her work, evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer. However, in the pilot episode, she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill-advised prank by telling her that she will be fired.
Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and (in a deleted scene) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone. Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim. She will do extra, unnecessary work (such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics) to make other people happy.
Despite the abuse she takes from Michael, she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot. In later seasons, however, she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him.
While engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin "Casino Night" she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend (though she doesn't say his name), and says "Yeah, I think I am" to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her; she responds by kissing back.
Season three marks a turning point for Pam's character: she gains self-confidence and appears less passive and more self-assured as the season progresses. In "Gay Witch Hunt," the season's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all, and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time, after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment, begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car, a blue Toyota Yaris. Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of "The Merger", and brings along a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch (aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day), and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras.
Meanwhile, Roy vows to win Pam back. Roy's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful, but once Pam and Roy are back together, he falls back into old habits almost immediately. When Roy and Pam attend an after work get-together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at, "Casino Night." Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in, "The Negotiation", Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work (Jim is saved by Dwight's intervention), and is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim.
Pam participates in an art show, but few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that "real art requires courage." Oscar then goes on to say that courage isn't one of Pam's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, "Beach Games", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying, framing and hanging Pam's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office. In the season finale, "The Job," she leaves a friendly note in Jim's briefcase and an old memento depicting the 'gold medal' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics, which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City. While he is asked how he "would function here in New York", Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton, still distracted by the thought of Pam. Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin's Utica branch.
Seasons 4–6[edit]
In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe.
In the season 4 premiere, "Fun Run", Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night.
In the Season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he "can't wait". In "Business Trip", Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back "the right way", she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam's graphic design projects, which he thinks are "cool", as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand-drawn works. In "Two Weeks", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In "Company Picnic", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip".
Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, "Niagara". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance.[9] Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during "Double Date", an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions.
In "The Delivery" of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece.[10]
Season 7[edit]
In "Counseling", Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In "China", Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost-cutting measures. Pam threatens to move the office to a new building, which Dwight discovers doesn't exist. Pam saves face, however, when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight's measures were not allowed. The episode is another example of Dwight's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam (as previously demonstrated in "The Injury", "Back from Vacation", "The Job" and "Diwali"); Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office. She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desk top computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years, as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer, and giving Daryll three sick days. At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is, "Full on corrupt."
In "Goodbye, Michael", Pam almost misses saying good-bye to Michael, as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders. Jim figures out Michael's plan to leave early and tells her by text. Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves.
Season 8[edit]
At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after "Pam's Replacement". Pam returns in "Jury Duty", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both "Tallahassee" and "Test the Store" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy.
Season 9[edit]
Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business, Athlead, in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode "Andy's Ancestry". Although Pam is happy for his decision, she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested. Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia, but in "Customer Loyalty", the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears, and is comforted by Brian, the boom mic operator of the film crew.
In "Moving On", Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in "Livin' the Dream", when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision. In "A.A.R.M.", Pam tells Jim that she's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him. Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her. When she finishes the montage, which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas; Jim finally gives her that letter, and she reads it, visibly moved. In the series finale, which takes place a year later, she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market, so that they can move to Austin, Texas, and take his job back at Athlead (now Athleap).
Coworker relations[edit]
From her years working the front desk, Pam has become well-acquainted with the Dunder-Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers' personalities, including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott. She uses this familiarity to manipulate them, often for their and the company's best interests (such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in "The Chump") but also occasionally for her own. This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position.
Jim Halpert[edit]
Main article: Jim Halpert
The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture.[11] Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, "The Delivery". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.
Roy Anderson[edit]
Main article: Roy Anderson (The Office)
When the series begins, Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running. They finally set a date, but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute. They get back together once, briefly, but Pam is much more assertive, and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst. Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing, neglectful, dismissive of her desire to be an artist, and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine's Day. Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to "bother" Roy with her "thoughts or feelings". He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin.
In the early seasons, there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy, with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim. In "Basketball", when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills, Roy elbows Jim in the nose. In season 2, when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin, Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during "Casino Night". Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight's pepper spray and is summarily fired. After losing his job, Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him (inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him).
In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive-aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on the freeway, but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam. Jim didn't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her.
Michael Scott[edit]
Main article: Michael Scott (The Office)
In the series pilot, Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing, leaving her in tears. He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance, and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date (inspiring a horrified "WHAT???" from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her). However, his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam. Over time, the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals, her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael, and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them (as did Michael's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager). Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene, and excoriated him at length during "The Lover" before eventually slapping him in "Double Date", but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward. Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael can't cross, like telling him that he wasn't Cece's godfather. By Season 7, Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael, steering him away from (numerous) bad ideas and towards his (fewer but real) good ones, such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly. In Michael's finale "Goodbye, Michael", Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder, believing that the next day Michael was leaving. As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse, Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek. The two have a nice moment and he walks off, leaving her holding her shoes. She then tells the camera that he was happy, wanting to be an advanced rewards member, and was glad to be going home to see Holly. She then is there to watch Michael's plane take off. In a deleted scene from "The Inner Circle", we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy "Pamela Beagsley", and in "The List" she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child "Little Michael Scott", further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship.
Toby Flenderson[edit]
Main article: Toby Flenderson
Toby, the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch, has a secret crush on Pam. In "A Benihana Christmas" she gives him her Dunder-Mifflin bathrobe, a display of friendly affection, after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his. In "Night Out", Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh (and while Jim sits just on her other side), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing. In "Goodbye, Toby", he purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam. On the eve of his departure, she confesses to the cameras that she always thought he was "kind of cute". The crush receives less attention after Toby's return. However, in "Niagara", Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen. In "Finale", Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight's wedding, with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him. When she asks, "is it me?", he replies that "it's everything!".
Appearances[edit]
Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of "Business Ethics" (except for the deleted scenes), "St. Patrick's Day", and "New Leads" in which only her voice is heard, and several season 8 episodes from "Mrs. California" to "Pool Party", where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave.[12]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Pam Beesly's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly (later Pamela Morgan Halpert). In "The Lover" Michael says to Pam, "Pamela Morgan Beesly, you need to apologize to your mother right now."[2] In "Did I Stutter?" Jim says to Pam, "You know what would energize me? If you, Pamela Morgan Beesly..."[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Halpert Baby Blog". Halpertbeesly.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Season 6 – Episode 06: 'The Lover'". OfficeQuotes.net. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Season 4 – Episode 12: 'Did I Stutter?'". OfficeQuotes.net. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Episode commentary, Season 2, "Valentine's Day"
^ Jump up to: a b c d "For Jenna Fischer, 'Office' Life Is A Great Act". NPR. 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR". OfficeTally. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD, "Valentine's Day", episode commentary
^ Jump up to: a b "Pam Beesly (Pam/Jenna) op Myspace". Myspace.com. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ "JK Wedding Entrance Dance". YouTube. 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ People Magazine, Week of 03/05/2010
Jump up ^ "The Office: Why Jim and Pam's wedding is good for TV comedy". NJ.com. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 8, 2011). "The Office Exclusive: 'Til Death's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam". TVLine. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
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Sony/ATV Music Publishing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC
Type
Limited liability company
Industry
Music publishing
Founded
1955; 62 years ago (1955)
Founder
Lew Grade, Baron Grade
Headquarters
550 Madison Avenue, New York City, New York, U.S.
Key people
Martin Bandier
(Chairman and CEO)
Rick Krim
(Co-President)
Services
Music publishing
Owner
Sony Corporation
Parent
Sony Entertainment Inc.
Website
www.sonyatv.com
Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC is an American music publishing company owned by Sony through Sony Entertainment.[1] The company was founded as a division of Associated Television (ATV) in 1955 by Lew Grade. In 1985, Michael Jackson acquired ATV Music Publishing for $47.5 million. Paul McCartney, who had told Jackson about the importance of owning publishing, admitted he felt somewhat undercut by the purchase, because ATV Music Publishing owned the publishing rights to most of The Beatles' songs, although he did not enter the bidding when it came up for sale in 1984.[2][3][4]
In December 1995, Michael Jackson agreed to merge ATV Music Publishing with Sony Music Publishing, a division of Sony Corporation, to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing. In 2012 an investor consortium led by Sony/ATV Music Publishing acquired EMI Music Publishing for approximately $2.2 billion.[5] Sony/ATV Music Publishing and EMI Music Publishing now operate as one company, with the former entity administering the catalogue of the latter under a complex business structure. Following the acquisition, the company became the largest music publisher in the world, with a library of over three million songs under its administration.[6] On March 14, 2016, Sony announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the Jackson estate's stake in the company.[7] The deal was completed on September 30, 2016.[1][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding
1.2 Early history
1.3 Acquisition
1.4 Merger with Sony
1.5 Death of Michael Jackson
2 Takeover of EMI Publishing
2.1 Sale of Jackson stake
3 Value
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Founding[edit]
Sony/ATV was founded as a subsidiary of the UK's Associated Television (ATV). ATV operated a commercial television company, broadcasting from 1955 in London (until 1968) and the English Midlands (until 1982) as part of the Independent Television (ITV) network.
Business tycoon Louis Benjamin was involved with Lew Grade as part of one of the four major record companies in the UK at the time. The company was Pye Records which, along with EMI, Philips, and Decca Records (UK), accounted for the vast majority of music records sold in the UK.[9] In 1959, ATV acquired 50% of Pye Records.[10] Between them, Grade and Benjamin held most of the shares.[9] ATV Music Publishing was created to exploit the catalogue of songs written by artists on the Pye Record label, and for the themes to ITC and ATV television programmes. The UK rights to some of the rock 'n' roll music from the US were also bought by ATV.[9] Grade established ATV's headquarters alongside those of Pye Records; off Edgware Road, beside the Marble Arch in central London.[11]
Early history[edit]
John Lennon and Paul McCartney failed to purchase ATV Music Publishing in the late 1960s
The 1950s and 1960s was a good period for Grade and his brothers, Bernard Delfont and Leslie Grade, and their companies. Pye Records had major artists of the period under contract. The Searchers, The Kinks, Donovan, Mungo Jerry, and Petula Clark were some of the artists that recorded for Pye Records. Pye also had contracts with several US companies, allowing them to manufacture and distribute records in the UK. Chess Records was among those, and counted Chuck Berry as one of its top artists.[11]
ATV Music acquired the rights to the Lennon–McCartney song catalogue, Northern Songs, in 1969.[12] The catalog featured almost every song written by Lennon–McCartney. Northern Songs was co-owned by Lennon, McCartney, Brian Epstein and Dick James, who owned a controlling interest. In 1969, James offered to sell his shares to ATV. Lennon and McCartney then attempted to gain a controlling interest in the company.[12] Their bid to gain control, part of a long and acrimonious fight, failed. The financial clout of Grade, their adversary in the bidding war, ensured that the songs written by the two Beatles passed into the control of ATV.[12]
ATV Music Publishing remained a successful organization in the music industry throughout the 1970s. Len Beadle, the company's chief executive, signed up many songwriters and bought numerous song catalogues. The catalog acquisitions, along with the continuing royalties from Lennon and McCartney, ensured that large amounts of money were frequently coming in for ATV Music Publishing. Despite the success of the music publishing organization, other ventures formed by Grade were not performing as well. Pye Records, which continued to distribute music from artists such as Carl Douglas and Barry White, was failing to bring in large amounts of money.[13] The main television arm of ATV lost its government-granted license in its then-current form and was restructured into Central Independent Television.
Acquisition[edit]
Michael Jackson acquired ATV Music Publishing in 1985 and merged it with Sony a decade later.
By the mid-1980s, ATV Music Publishing and Pye Records were both up for sale. The companies were bought relatively cheaply by Australian businessman Robert Holmes à Court, who acquired Associated Communications Corporation (the parent company) in 1982,[14] asset-stripped the subsidiaries, and sacked many long serving employees before selling the companies on again.[15][16][17] During this time, American singer Michael Jackson was recording "Say Say Say" for Paul McCartney's Pipes of Peace album. Jackson stayed at the home of McCartney and his wife Linda during the recording sessions, becoming friendly with both. One evening whilst at the dining table, McCartney brought out a thick, bound notebook displaying all the songs to which he owned the publishing rights. Jackson grew more excited as he examined the pages. He inquired about how to buy songs and what the songs were used for.[4] McCartney explained that music publishing was a way to make big money. Jackson replied by telling McCartney that he would buy The Beatles' songs one day. McCartney laughed, saying "Great. Good joke."[18]
Jackson was first informed that the ATV catalog was up for sale in September 1984 by his attorney, John Branca, who had put together Jackson's earlier catalogue acquisitions. Warned of the competition he would face in buying such popular songs, Jackson remained resolute in his decision to purchase them.[2][4] Branca approached McCartney's attorney to query whether the Beatle was planning to bid. The attorney stated he wasn't; it was "too pricey."[2][3] According to Bert Reuter, who negotiated the sale of ATV Music for Holmes à Court, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."[19] Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono had been contacted as well but also did not enter bidding.[3]
McCartney and Ono had attempted to purchase the catalogue in 1981.[2] They were offered the catalogue for £20 million ($40 million USD) and proposed the pair would each pay £10 million.[3][20] Ono refused as she thought it was too high a price. McCartney spoke about the offer at a press conference in April 1990, explaining that Ono "actually said 'I think we can get it for 5.' So I said, 'Well ok, you know, let's see what we can do.' And we couldn't."[20]
The competitors in the 1984 sale of ATV Music included Charles Koppelman and Marty Bandier's New York-based the Entertainment Co., Virgin Records, New York real estate tycoon Samuel J. LeFrak, and financier Charles Knapp. On November 20, 1984, Jackson sent a bid of $46 million to Holmes à Court. Branca suggested the amount of the bid after having spent time evaluating the earnings of the catalogue and learning of another bid for $39 million. Jackson was only interested in the music copyrights, but the package also included buildings, a recording studio and studio equipment. The two sides signed a non-binding memorandum of mutual interest in December 1984 and Jackson's team began a four-month process of verifying ATV Music's legal documents, financial reports, and every significant composition in the nearly 4000-song catalog.[4]
The two sides began drafting contracts in January 1985 and follow-through meetings began on March 16. Jackson's team described the negotiations as frustrating, with frequent shifts of position by the other side. One Holmes à Court representative described the negotiations as a "game of poker". Jackson's team thought they had reached a deal several times, but new bidders would enter the picture or they would encounter new areas of debate. The prospective deal went through eight drafts. In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from negotiations after having spent hundreds of hours and over $1 million. In June 1985, they learned Koppelman/Bandier had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy the catalog for $50 million.[4]
But in early August, Holmes à Court contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson only raised his bid to $47.5 million, but he had the advantage of being able to close the deal faster, having completed due diligence of ATV Music prior to any formal agreement.[4] He also agreed to visit Australia as a guest of Holmes à Court and appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[4][19] Holmes à Court included some more assets and agreed to establish a scholarship in Jackson's name at a U.S. university.[4] Branca closed the deal and purchased ATV Music on Jackson's behalf for $47.5 million on August 10. 1985.[2][4] In October 1985, Jackson fulfilled his contract provision to visit Perth, Western Australia and appear on the telethon, where he spoke briefly and met with two children.[4][19]
In an analysis of the acquisition, the Los Angeles Times noted that if "Yesterday" were to earn $100,000 a year in royalties, the Lennon estate and McCartney would divide 50% of the income; $25,000 each. The publisher, Jackson, would receive the other 50%; $50,000. It was mentioned that "Yesterday" probably earns more than $100,000 a year. The publisher would also control the use of the song in films, commercials and stage productions.[2][4] Jackson went on to use the Beatles' songs in numerous commercials, feeling that it would enable a new generation of fans to enjoy the music. McCartney, who had himself used the Buddy Holly song catalogue in commercials, felt saddened.[2] Privately, Jackson was reported to have expressed exasperation at McCartney's attitude; he felt that the musician should have paid for the songs he had written.[2] At the time, McCartney was one of the richest entertainers in the world, with a net worth of $560 million and a royalty income of $41 million.[2] Jackson stated, "If he didn't want to invest $47.5 million in his own songs, then he shouldn't come crying to me now."[2]
Appearing on the Late Show with David Letterman shortly after Jackson died in 2009, McCartney spoke about Jackson's acquisition of the Beatles songs and the impact of it on their relationship:[21]
And which was, you know, that was cool, somebody had to get it, I suppose. What happened actually was then I started to ring him up. I thought, OK, here's the guy historically placed to give Lennon–McCartney a good deal at last. Cuz we got signed when we were 21 or something in a back alley in Liverpool. And the deal, it's remained the same, even though we made this company the most famous… hugely successful. So I kept thinking, it was time for a raise. Well you would, you know. [David Letterman: Yes, I think so.] And so it was great. But I did talk to him about it. But he kind of blanked me on it. He kept saying, "That's just business Paul." You know. So, "yeah it is", and waited for a reply. But we never kind of got to it. And I thought, mm.... So we kind of drifted apart. It was no big bust up. We kind of drifted apart after that. But he was a lovely man, massively talented, and we miss him.
Ono was pleased that Jackson had acquired Northern Songs and called it a "blessing".[2] Speaking in November 1990, Ono stated, "Businessmen who aren't artists themselves wouldn't have the consideration Michael has. He loves the songs. He's very caring."[2] She added that if she and McCartney were to own the songs, there would certainly be arguments. Ono explained that neither she nor McCartney needed that. "If Paul got the songs, people would have said, 'Paul finally got John.' And if I got them, they'd say, 'Oh, the dragon lady strikes again.'"[2]
Merger with Sony[edit]
The merging of ATV with Sony establishes our commitment to create one of the largest music publishing ventures in the world. We have been working on this for over a year and, now, with the two of us together, the sky is our only limit.
Michael Jackson, 1995.[22]
After Jackson's acquisition of ATV Music Publishing, his record label's owner, CBS, was negotiating the sale of its record division in an unrelated deal. The record company was renamed Sony Music Entertainment in 1991. Following hurriedly arranged meetings and disagreements over the selling price, a deal was sealed by Jackson during a concert in Tokyo.[23] Upon seeing the success of this sale, Japanese corporation Sony sought to break away from its core business of hardware manufacturing and diversify into music, films and games. Looking for further opportunities, the company aimed to expand its music publishing interests. The Japanese corporation, since it wanted to diversify in the media, offered Jackson $90 million for a 50% stake in the ATV catalogue via a merger with Sony Music. Through the agreement, Jackson would become one of the most important shareholders in Sony.[23][24] Jackson gladly accepted; he had essentially acquired half ownership of the Beatles' songs for a large profit.[23] Jackson's own songs were not included in the deal.[22] Sony and ATV having merged, the new company was named Sony/ATV Music Publishing and became the second largest music publisher in the world.[23] Michael P. Schulhof, President and CEO of Sony Corporation of America, welcomed the merger and praised Jackson for his efforts in the venture. "Michael Jackson is not only the most successful entertainer in history; he is also an astute businessman. Michael understands the importance of copyrights and the role they play in the introduction to new technologies."[22] He added that Jackson recognises Sony's "leadership in developing and realizing new technologies that serve to expand the creative horizon of artists such as himself".[22] Administrative expertise was provided by Sony, who installed Paul Russell as chairman. Jackson was a company director and attended board meetings regularly.[23] As each party in the arrangement held the power of veto, both sides would have to agree on a decision before it could be made. If neither party agreed on a decisions, they would not be implemented.[23]
In May 2001, Jackson denied rumours that he was planning to sell the Beatles' song catalogue. Rumours had circulated that the singer was to sell them in order to finance the upkeep of Neverland Ranch and to cover legal bill expenses.[25] The singer announced in a statement, "I want to clarify a silly rumour – The Beatles catalogue is not for sale, has not been for sale and will never be for sale."[25] Sony/ATV Music Publishing continued to acquire song catalogues in the 21st century. In November 2001, the company signed country singer Tony Martin to an exclusive songwriting and co-publishing deal. Through the deal, they acquired Martin's Baby Mae Music catalog of 600 songs, which includes Joe Diffie's "Third Rock from the Sun" and Jeff Carson's "Not on Your Love".[26] In July 2002, Sony/ATV Music Publishing bought veteran country music publisher Acuff-Rose Music for $157 million. The venture included music publishing rights to 55,000 country music songs, including the music of Hank Williams, The Everly Brothers and Roy Orbison,[27][28] and the master recordings of the defunct label Hickory Records. Sony/ATV revived Hickory Records as the in-house record label imprint in 2007, with distribution handled by Sony Music's RED Distribution.[29] Sony/ATV also owns the masters of Dial Records, Four Star Records and Challenge Records.[30]
In 2006, Sony gained operational control of Sony/ATV and obtained an option to buy half of Jackson's stake in the company at any time for a fixed price of $250 million.[31][32][33]
Digital sheet music provider Musicnotes.com announced in June 2006 that it had signed a long-term distribution agreement with Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Musicnotes.com would produce and sell digital sheet music and guitar tablature for songs from Sony/ATV's extensive catalog.[34] "As a music publisher, we are always looking for new and innovative ways to promote our songs and songwriters," Sony/ATV chairman and chief executive David Hockman announced in a statement.[34]
Another company acquisition was made in 2007, when Sony/ATV purchased Famous Music, a music publishing business with song catalogue of more than 125,000 songs including "Moon River" and "Footloose", for $370 million. The deal, sought by Viacom, included the assumption of around $30 million of debt. The song catalogue also includes the hits of Eminem, Akon, Linda Perry, Björk, Shakira and Beck, as well as music from films released by Viacom divisions Paramount Pictures (which had founded Famous Music in 1928) and DreamWorks Pictures.[35][36]
On June 27, 2017, Sony/ATV agreed to administer the music publishing rights of French motion picture company EuropaCorp, soon after acquiring 1,500 music copyrights from the studio.[37] Other major studios that rely on Sony/ATV's administration include Paramount, Nickelodeon, MTV Networks, Showtime, CBS, and DreamWorks (all since the Famous Music acquisition); Sony Pictures, 20th Century Fox, A+E Networks, Endemol Shine Group, Hit Entertainment, ITV Studios, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.[38]
Death of Michael Jackson[edit]
Following Jackson's death in June 2009, there were reports that Jackson had left the Beatles catalogue to McCartney in his will, having added it just five months before. (Jackson was reportedly expecting to die before McCartney despite being 16 years his junior due to various health problems.)[39] However, it was later revealed that Sony/ATV Music Publishing would keep control of the Beatles' songs.[40] Upon his death, Jackson's entertainment attorney, Joel Katz, commented on the singer's work as a businessman. "Michael Jackson was a perfectionist and his business affairs are worldwide. Many of them are quite ongoing and will be dealt with appropriately."[40] Ivan Thornton, a private-wealth adviser who worked with Jackson and his family, also commended the business side of the musician. "His business mind was fascinating. We'd go to meetings with bankers and Wall Street people and once I explained the language to him, he totally got it. There was no formal education there, but his natural knack was off the charts."[40]
Takeover of EMI Publishing[edit]
In November 2011, Citigroup announced a tentative deal to sell EMI, with the recorded music arm going to Vivendi's Universal Music Group for $1.9 billion and the publishing business going to a Sony/ATV-led consortium for around $2.2 billion.[41] Other members of the Sony consortium include Blackstone and Abu Dhabi-owned investment fund Mubadala.[42] In March 2012, concessions were offered to the European Union to help win approval of the consortium's purchase.[43] The deal won European Union approval on April 19, 2012.[44] As part of the deal, Sony/EMI divested the publishing rights for Famous Music UK and Virgin Music. These catalogues were acquired by BMG Rights Management in December 2012 for $150 million.[45]
In August 2013, it was reported that McCartney and Ono would be able to begin to reclaim the rights to Beatles songs in 2018, as a result of the Copyright Act of 1976, in which the ownership of songs written before 1978 reverts to the songwriter after 56 years. McCartney and Ono (or their estates) will be able to claim full rights to all Beatles songs by 2026.[46]
Sale of Jackson stake[edit]
On October 8, 2015, some news media reported that Sony would sell its 50% stake in Sony/ATV Music Publishing to the Michael Jackson Estate.[47] Contrary to those reports, in October 2015, it was reported that a clause had been triggered in the agreement between Sony and the estate of Michael Jackson, allowing Sony to make a takeover bid for the Sony/ATV stake held by the estate of Michael Jackson, or vice versa. Billboard felt that Sony acquiring the estate's stake was the most likely outcome, noting the potential revenue the library could bring in regards to licensing for on-demand music streaming services.[48]
On March 14, 2016, Sony announced that it would acquire the Jackson estate's stake in Sony/ATV in a deal valued at around $750 million, pending regulatory approval. The estate will retain a 10% stake in EMI Music Publishing, and a stake in Mijac Music, which holds the rights to Michael Jackson's songs and master recordings. Sony Entertainment CEO Michael Lynton stated that the purchase would "enable Sony to more quickly adapt to changes in the music publishing business, while at the same time continuing to be an unparalleled leader in the industry and a treasured home for artists and writers." The revenue will primarily be used to pay off the estate's $250 million in debt, with the remainder to be placed in trust for Jackson's children. The deal was completed September 30, 2016.[8]
Value[edit]
The value of Sony/ATV Music Publishing has varied in reports. In 2002, Forbes magazine estimated Jackson's 50% stake in the company, along with other music publishing ventures, to be worth $450 million.[49] The organization was valued at $700 million in 2003.[50] Industry experts valued the catalogue at between $600 million and $1 billion in 2004, based on the sales of rival catalogues.[51] Charles Koppelman, a veteran music industry executive, stated that $1 billion was more reflective of Sony/ATV Music Publishing's worth.[51] "Buyers would be lining up around the block if it were ever put up for sale," he said. "And I'd be in the front of the line."[51] The value of the company was further estimated by Ryan Schinman, chief of Platinum Rye, to be $1.5 billion.[52]
In 2005, Jackson's defense attorney, Thomas Mesereau, claimed that the song catalogue had been valued at between $4 billion and $5 billion.[53] Jackson's own financial documents stated that his 50% share of the catalogue was worth $390.6 million as of 2007,[54] which would have made the entire catalogue worth $781.2 million. When Sony/ATV led the consortium that acquired EMI Music Publishing in 2012 (with Sony/ATV becoming administrator and 38% shareholder), it became the largest publishing company in the world, with more than 2 million songs[55] and estimated revenues of over US$1.25 billion per year.[56] Since 2012, Sony/ATV has administered Jackson's other publishing firm, Mijac, which includes songs written by Jackson himself (amongst others), and which used to be administered by competitor Warner/Chappell Music.[57]
See also[edit]
Companies portal
List of Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists
Hickory Records
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Sony Corporation and Jackson Estate Announce Closing of Sony's Purchase of Remaining 50% Interest in Sony/ATV Music Publishing". October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Taraborrelli (2004) p335–338
^ Jump up to: a b c d Doyle, Jack (July 7, 2009). "Michael & McCartney, 1990s–2009". The Pop History Dig.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Hilburn, Robert (September 22, 1985). "The long and winding road". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Halperin, Shirley (June 30, 2012). "Sold! EMI Music Publishing to Consortium Led by Sony/ATV, Michael Jackson Estate for $2.2 Billion". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ https://www.sonyatv.com/en
Jump up ^ "Michael Jackson's Estate Reaps $750 Million in Sony Venture Exit". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Christman, Ed (September 30, 2012). "Sony Finalizes Acquisition of Michael Jackson Estate's Stake in Sony/ATV Publishing". Billboard. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Guest (2006) pp4–5
Jump up ^ Billboard – Google Books. Books.google.com. November 10, 1958. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Guest (2006) p7
^ Jump up to: a b c Guest (2006) p8
Jump up ^ Guest (2006) p9
Jump up ^ "Holmes à Court, Michael Robert Hamilton (1937–1990)". Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition. Melbourne University Publishing, The Australian National University. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kraar, Louis (August 19, 1985). "Robert Holmes a Court spends a lot of time in his Perth study, pondering computer chess moves and takeover strategy. He's made a fortune buying corporate dogs.". Fortune. Retrieved 2009-06-13. Lord Lew Grade, chairman of Associated Communications Corp., one of Britain's largest entertainment conglomerates, welcomed Holmes a Court into his tent several years back. Before the British impresario knew what hit him, Holmes a Court owned the company and Lord Grade was looking for a job.
Jump up ^ Faith, Nicholas (December 14, 1998). "Obituary: Lord Grade". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2009-06-13. Robert Holmes a Court, the Australian financier, took advantage of ACC's parlous position by buying the company relatively cheaply and as soon as he took control started sacking long-serving employees (including Grade's favourite tea lady). In a spiteful gesture after easing Grade out of ACC he removed Grade's credits from two highly successful films he had financed before losing control.
Jump up ^ Guest (2006) pp10–11
Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004) p333–334
^ Jump up to: a b c "Michael Jackson 1958–2009". Today Tonight. 2009-06-25. Coverage of the sale of ATV Music at 2:36 minutes in. Seven Network. TVW. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul McCartney refused an offer to buy the ATV Catalog for £20 million". Audio & transcript of McCartney discussing the ATV offer at a 1990 press conference. November 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Paul Mccartney on David Letterman – Part 2 of 3" (Youtube video). At 3:25 McCartney talks about Jackson acquiring the Beatles songs. July 17, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Michael Jackson and Sony enter joint publishing venture valued at $600 million. Jet. November 27, 1995. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Guest (2006) pp12–13
Jump up ^ Taraborrelli (2004) p617
^ Jump up to: a b "Jackson 'will not sell' Beatles' songs". BBC. May 10, 2001. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sony/ATV Music Publishing signs Tony Martin". Nashville Business Journal. November 20, 2001. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Jackson made Exeter FC director". BBC. July 3, 2002. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "In Brief: Clinic, Alanis". Rolling Stone. July 2, 2002. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hot New Releases From Sony/ATV's Hickory Records". Sony/ATV News. May 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Sony/ATV Plants a Tree in The Orchard". Business Wire. 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ethan (June 21, 2010). "Jackson Estate Steers to Next Challenge: Loan Refinancing". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Jackson Assets Draw the Gaze of Wall Street". New York Times. July 19, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
Jump up ^ "The Company To Watch". Billboard. August 15, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sony/ATV songs to be available in digital sheet music". Los Angeles Business Journal. June 23, 2006. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Viacom sells Famous Music to Sony/ATV". USA Today. May 30, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Swash, Rosie (May 31, 2007). "Jackson buys Eminem rights". London: The Guardian. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/sonyatv-buys-europa-music-catalogue-16-5m
Jump up ^ https://lbbonline.com/companies/sonyatv-music-publishing
Jump up ^ Michael Jackson Left The Beatles Catalog To Paul McCartney Business Insider (June 26, 2009)
^ Jump up to: a b c Fixmer, Andy (June 27, 2009). "Sony-Jackson Partnership Said to Plan on Keeping Beatles Rights". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Joshua R. Wueller, Mergers of Majors: Applying the Failing Firm Doctrine in the Recorded Music Industry, 7 Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. 589, 602 (2013).
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Claire (November 11, 2011). "Citi to sell EMI for $4.1B to Universal, Sony/ATV". NYPOST.com. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Sony Offers EU Concessions In EMI Publishing Purchase". AllAccess.com. 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ Aoife White (2012-04-19). "Sony-Led Group Wins EU Approval to Buy EMI Unit". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Get Back To Where You Once Belonged: Sir Paul McCartney set to regain rights to Beatles back catalogue Daily Mail (August 15, 2013)
Jump up ^ Sony plans to sell its stake in Sony/ATV Music Publishing ibtimes.co.uk October 8, 2015, Retrieved on November 14, 2016
Jump up ^ "Is Sony Really Trying to Sell Its Publishing Giant? Behind the Scenes of the Sony/ATV Deal". Billboard. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Pulley, Brett (December 8, 2002). "Who's The Unfairest of Them All?". Forbes. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gundersen, Edna (November 25, 2003). "For Jackson, scandal could spell financial ruin". USA Today. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gary, Strauss (April 27, 2004). "Jackson's finances are solid, adviser says". USA Today. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Zack O'Malley Greenburg (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Estate Sale". Forbes. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Witness: Jacko Lived Way Above Means". Fox News. May 3, 2005. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Family: Michael Jackson Had A Will". CBS News. June 30, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ ElBoghdady, Dina (June 29, 2012). "Sony Closes Its Acquisition of EMI Music Publishing". Washington Post. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Christman, Ed (April 18, 2012). "Sony Plans To Cut 326 EMI Music Publishing Jobs Over Two Years". Billboard. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Christman, Ed (August 20, 2012). "Michael Jackson's Mijac Music Catalog Moves to Sony/ATV". Billboard. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
References[edit]
Guest, Lynton (2006). The Trials of Michael Jackson. Aureus Publishing. ISBN 1-899750-40-1.
Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). Michael Jackson: The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 9781559720649.
External links[edit]
Official Sony/ATV Music Publishing website
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