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Electoral reform
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Electoral reform is change in electoral systems to improve how public desires are expressed in election results. That can include reforms of:
Voting systems, such as proportional representation, a two-round system (runoff voting), instant-runoff voting, Instant Round Robin Voting called Condorcet Voting, range voting, approval voting, citizen initiatives and referendums and recall elections.
Vote-counting procedures
Rules about political parties, typically changes to election laws
Eligibility to vote
How candidates and political parties are able to stand (nomination rules) and how they are able to get their names onto ballots (ballot access)
Electoral constituencies and election district borders
Ballot design and voting equipment
Scrutineering (election monitoring by candidates, political parties, etc.)
Safety of voters and election workers
Measures against bribery, coercion, and conflicts of interest
Financing of candidates' and referendum campaigns
Factors which affect the rate of voter participation (voter turnout)
Contents
[hide]
1 Nation-building
2 Role of United Nations
3 Electoral borders
4 National reforms
4.1 Australia
4.2 Canada
4.3 Israel
4.4 New Zealand
4.5 United Kingdom
4.6 United States
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
8.1 International
8.2 United States
8.3 Canada
8.4 Australia
8.5 United Kingdom
Nation-building[edit]
In less democratic countries, elections are often demanded by dissidents; therefore the most basic electoral-reform project in such countries is to achieve a transfer of power to a democratically elected government with a minimum of bloodshed, e.g. in South Africa in 1994. This case highlights the complexity of such reform: such projects tend to require changes to national or other constitutions, and to alter balances of power. Electoral reforms are often politically painful.
Role of United Nations[edit]
The United Nations Fair Elections Commission provides international observers to national elections that are likely to face challenges by the international community of nations, e.g., in 2001 in Yugoslavia, in 2002 in Zimbabwe.
The United Nations standards address safety of citizens, coercion, scrutiny, and eligibility to vote. They do not impose ballot styles, party diversity, or borders on electoral constituencies. Various global political movements, e.g., labour movements, the Green party, Islamism, Zionism, advocate various cultural, social, ecological means of setting borders that they consider "objective" or "blessed" in some other way. Contention over electoral constituency borders within or between nations and definitions of "refugee", "citizen", and "right of return" mark various global conflicts, including those in Israel/Palestine, Kashmir, the Congo, and Rwanda.
Electoral borders[edit]
Redrawing of electoral constituency (or "riding" or "district") borders should be conducted at regular intervals, or by statutory rules and definitions, if for no other reason than to eliminate malapportionment attributable to population movements. Some electoral reforms seek to fix these borders according to some cultural or ecological criterion, e.g., bioregional democracy – which sets borders to fit exactly to ecoregions – to avoid the obvious abuse of "gerrymandering" in which constituency borders are set deliberately to favor one party over another, or to improve management of the public's commonly owned property.
Electoral borders and their manipulation have been a major issue in the United States in particular. However the ability to respect 'natural' borders (meaning municipal or community or infrastructure or natural areas) has been cited often in criticisms of particular reforms, e.g. the Alternative Vote Plus system proposed for the UK by Jenkins Commission.
National reforms[edit]
National electoral reform projects tend to be simpler and less focused on life-and-death matters. Australia and New Zealand held Royal Commissions to find the best form of "proportional representation" of parties in the legislature and redesigned ballots to select or elect these Members of Parliament.
Australia[edit]
The Proportional Representation Society of Australia advocates the single transferable vote and proportional representation.
Canada[edit]
Several national and provincial organizations promote electoral reform, especially by advocating more party-proportional representation, as most regions of Canada have at least three competitive political parties (some four or five). Furthermore, Election Districts Voting advocates proportional representation electoral reforms that enable large majorities of voters to directly elect party candidates of choice, not just parties of choice.[1] As well, a large non-party organization advocating electoral reform nationally is Fair Vote Canada but there are other advocacy groups (see below). Several referendums to decide whether or not to adopt such reform have been held during provincial elections in the last decade; none has thus far resulted in a change from the plurality system currently in force. Controversially, the threshold for adoption of a new voting system has regularly been set at a "supermajority", for example, 60% of ballots cast approving the proposed system in order for the change to be implemented. In the case of the November 7, 2016 electoral reform plebiscite on Prince Edward Island, the government declined to specify in advance how it would use the results. Although Mixed Member Proportional Representation won the 5-option ranked ballot with 52% of the final vote vs. 42% for First-Past-the-Post, the PEI government has so far not committed to implementing a proportional voting system, citing the turnout of 36% as making it "doubtful whether these results can be said to constitute a clear expression of the will of Prince Edward Islanders".[2] The five provincial level referendums were:
British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2005
Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum, 2005
Ontario electoral reform referendum, 2007
British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2009
Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum, 2016
British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2018
During the 2015 federal election all three opposition parties promised some measure of electoral reform before the next federal election. The NDP promised to implement mixed-member proportional representation with regional and open party lists, based on the 2004 recommendations of the Law Commission,[3] while the Liberals simply promised to form an all-party committee to investigate various electoral reform options "including proportional representation, ranked ballots, mandatory voting and online voting".[4] Liberal leader, and now prime minister, Justin Trudeau is believed to prefer a winner-take-all, preferential voting system known as Instant Runoff Voting; however, there are many prominent members of his caucus and cabinet who openly support proportional representation (Stephane Dion, Dominic Leblanc, Chrystia Freeland, and others).[3] In 2012 Dion authored an editorial for the National Post advocating his variation of Proportional Representation by the Single Transferable Vote dubbed "P3" (proportional, preferential and personalised).[5] Regardless, Trudeau has promised to approach the issue with an open mind. Conservative interim leader, Rona Ambrose, has indicated a willingness to investigate electoral reform options, but her party's emphatic position is that any reform must first be approved by the voters in a referendum. The Liberal government's position is that a referendum is unnecessary as they clearly campaigned on making "2015 Canada's last First Past the Post election." The Green Party of Canada has always been supportive of proportional representation. At the party's Special General Meeting in Calgary on December 5, 2016, Green Party members passed a resolution endorsing Mixed Member Proportional Representation as its preferred model, while maintaining an openness to any proportional voting system producing an outcome with a score of 5 or less on the Gallagher Index.[6]
The Liberal members of the special all-committee on electoral reform urged Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to break his promise to change Canada’s voting system before the next federal election in 2019. That call for inaction came as opposition members of the committee pressured Trudeau to keep the commitment. In its final report, the government-minority committee recommended the government design a new proportional system and hold a national referendum to gauge Canadians' support.[7]
On February 1, 2017, the Liberal Minister of Democratic Institutions, Karina Gould, announced that a change of voting system would no longer be in her mandate, citing a lack of broad consensus among Canadians to move forward. [8]
Also, the Province of Ontario recently permitted the use of Instant Runoff Voting, often called the "ranked ballot," for municipal elections.[9] It should be noted that IRV is not a proportional voting system and, is opposed by both Election Districts Voting[10] and Fair Vote Canada for provincial or federal elections.[11]
Israel[edit]
There is continuous talk in Israel about "governability" ("משילות" in Hebrew). The following reforms were carried in the last three decades:
Between 1996 - 2001 the PM was elected directly, while keeping a strong parliament. Direct election for the PM was abandoned afterwards, amid disappointment with the change. The earlier Westminster system was reinstated like it was before.
The minimum threshold a party needs to enter parliament was gradually raised. it was 1% until 1988; it was then raised to 1.5% and remained at that level until 2003, when it was again raised to 2%. On March 11, 2014, the Knesset approved a new law to raise the threshold to 3.25% (approximately 4 seats).
The process of throwing off an existing coalition government was slowly made harder, and now it is nearly impossible to impeach a government without triggering a new election. As of 2015, one needs to present a full new government with a majority support in order to impeach a government. This too, was done gradually between 1996 and 2014 הצעת אי-אמון
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: Electoral reform in New Zealand
Electoral reform in New Zealand began in 1986 with the report of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System entitled Towards A Better Democracy. The Royal Commission recommended that Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) be adopted instead of the current first-past-the-post system. After two referendums in 1992 and 1993, New Zealand adopted MMP. In 2004, some local body elections in New Zealand were elected using single transferable vote instead of the block vote.
United Kingdom[edit]
For 19th century reforms, see The Reform Bills. Also the Reform Act 1832, the Reform Act 1867 and the Representation of the People Act 1884.
The United Kingdom has generally used first-past-the-post (FPTP) for many years, but there have been several attempts at reform. A 1910 Royal Commission on Electoral Systems recommended AV be adopted for the Commons.[12][13] A very limited introduction of single transferable vote (STV) came in the Government of Ireland Act 1914. A Speaker's Conference on electoral reform in January 1917 unanimously recommended a mix of AV and STV for elections to the House of Commons.[12] However, that July the Commons rejected STV by 32 votes in the committee stage of the Representation of the People Bill,[14] and by 1 vote substituted alternative vote (AV).[citation needed] The House of Lords then voted for STV,[15] but the Commons insisted on AV.[16] In a compromise, AV was abandoned and the Boundary Commission were asked to prepare a limited plan of STV to apply to 100 seats.[17][18] This plan was then rejected by the Commons,[18] although STV was introduced for the university constituencies.[19]
On 8 April 1921, a Private Member's Bill to introduce STV was rejected 211 votes to 112 by the Commons. A Liberal attempt to introduce an Alternative Vote Bill in March 1923 was defeated by 208 votes to 178. On 2 May 1924, another Private Member's Bill for STV was defeated 240 votes to 146 in the Commons.[19]
In January 1931, the minority Labour government, then supported by the Liberals, introduced a Representation of the People Bill that included switching to AV. The Bill passed its second reading in the Commons by 295 votes to 230 on 3 February 1931[20] and the clause introducing AV was passed at committee stage by 277 to 251.[21] (The Speaker had refused to allow discussion of STV.[22]) The Bill's second reading in the Lords followed in June, with an amendment replacing AV with STV in 100 constituencies being abandoned as outside the scope of the Bill.[23] An amendment was passed by 80 votes to 29 limiting AV to constituencies in boroughs with populations over 200,000.[24] The Bill received its third reading in the Lords on 21 July, but the Labour government fell in August and the Bill was lost.[19][25]
Elections to the European Parliament in mainland Britain from their start in 1979 used FPTP, but were switched to list PR in the 1999 elections following pressure to standardise with the rest of the EU.[citation needed]
When Labour regained power in 1997, they introduced a number of new assemblies, in London, Wales and Scotland, and opted for additional member systems of PR in all of these. They also adopted the supplementary vote system for directly elected mayors. In Scotland, a Labour/Liberal Democrat coalition in the new Scottish Parliament later introduced STV for local elections. However, such reforms encountered problems. When 7% of votes (over 140,000) were discounted or spoilt in the 2007 Scottish Parliamentary and local council elections, Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond protested that "the decision to conduct an STV election at the same time as a first-past-the-post ballot for the Scottish Parliament was deeply mistaken"[26]
In the 2010 general election campaign, the possibility of a hung parliament and the earlier expenses scandal pushed electoral reform up the agenda, something long supported by the Liberal Democrats. There were protests in favour of electoral reform organised by Take Back Parliament.[27] There is a move to a largely elected Lords. The Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government held a referendum on introducing AV for the Commons on 5 May 2011, which was defeated.[28]
A number of groups in the United Kingdom are campaigning for electoral reform including Make Votes Matter, the Electoral Reform Society, Make Votes Count Coalition, Fairshare, and the Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform.
The 2015 general election was expected to deliver a hung parliament. In the end the Conservative Party won a narrow majority, winning 51% of the seats on 37% of the national vote, but the Green Party, UKIP and the Liberal Democrats were under-represented and the Scottish National Party over-represented in the results compared to a proportional system.[29] As a result, both during the campaign and after, there were various calls for electoral reform.[30] Nigel Farage, leader of UKIP, declared support for AV+.[31] Baron O'Donnell, the Cabinet Secretary from 2005 to 2011, argued that FPTP is not fit for purpose given the move towards multi-party politics seen in the country.[32] Journalist Jeremy Paxman also supported a move away from FPTP.[33]
United States[edit]
Main article: Electoral reform in the United States
Electoral reform is a continuing process in the United States, motivated by fear of both electoral fraud and disfranchisement.
See also[edit]
Electoral Administration Act 2006
Open Source Digital Voting Foundation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Election Districts Voting. "New Proportional Representation Electoral Systems That Make Democracy Work". ElectionDistrictsVoting.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
Jump up ^ MacLauchlan, Wade. "Statement from Premier MacLauchlan regarding Plebiscite". Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.macleans.ca/politics/the-case-for-mixed-member-proportional-representation/
Jump up ^ https://www.liberal.ca/realchange/electoral-reform/
Jump up ^ http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/stephane-dion-canada-needs-a-new-voting-system
Jump up ^ Green Party of Canada. Green Party of Canada https://www.greenparty.ca/en/sgm-2016/voting/resolutions/s16-d018. Retrieved 20 December 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/on-electoral-reform-committee-urges-proportional-vote-referendum/
Jump up ^ "Opposition cry 'betrayal' as Liberals abandon electoral reform". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Election Districts Voting. "Proposal for a Modern AV PR Election Model". ElectionDistrictsVoting.com. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
Jump up ^ http://campaign2015.fairvote.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/FVC-Tabloid.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b Butler D (2004). "Electoral reform", Parliamentary Affairs, 57: 734-43
Jump up ^ Royal commission appointed to enquire into electoral systems (1910). Report with Appendices. Command papers. Cd.5163. London: HMSO. p. 37, §139. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Clause 15 — Modification of Method of Voting in Certain Constituencies". Hansard. 4 July 1917. pp. HC Deb vol 95 cc1133–255. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Representation of the People Bill". Hansard. millbanksystems.com. 22 January 1918. HL Deb vol 27 cc973–974. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Clause 18 — Modification of Method of Voting in Certain Constituencies". Hansard. millbanksystems.com. 31 January 1918. HC Deb vol 101 cc1778–1823. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Representation of the People Bill". Hansard. millbanksystems.com. 4 February 1918. HL Deb vol 28 cc321–56. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Consideration of Lords Amendments". Hansard. millbanksystems.com. 6 February 1918. pp. HC Deb vol 101 cc2269–91. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Butler DE (1953), "The Electoral System in Britain 1918–1951", Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ "Representation of the People (No. 2) Bill". Hansard. 3 February 1931. HC Deb vol 247 col 1773.
Jump up ^ "Clause 1. — Voting at Parliamentary elections to be by method of alternative vote". Hansard. 4 March 1931. pp. HC Deb vol 249 cc536–537. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Representation of the People (No. 2) Bill". Hansard. millbanksystems.com. 4 March 1931. HC Deb vol 249 cc415–6. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Representation of the People (No. 2) Bill". Hansard. 2 July 1931. HL Deb vol 81 cc565, 594–597. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Representation of the People (No. 2) Bill". Hansard. 2 July 1931. HL Deb vol 81 cc609–610. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Index for Representation of the People Bill No. 2". Hansard. millbanksystems.com. Dates 1931–01–23 to 1931–07–27. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Gallop, Nick in The Constitution and Constitutional Reform p.29 (Philip Allan, 2011) ISBN 978-0-340-98720-9
Jump up ^ Merrick, Jane; Brady, Brian; Owen, Jonathan; Smith, Lewis (9 May 2010). "Clegg is urged to abandon deal as Tories rule out vote reform - UK Politics, UK". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
Jump up ^ "AV: voters go to the polls to decide whether to change British voting system". The Daily Telegraph. London. 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/05/britain-s-election-2015-seats-votes-calculator?fsrc=scn/tw_ec/square_pegs_round_hole
Jump up ^ "The new government's constitutional reform agenda – and its challenges - The Constitution Unit Blog". The Constitution Unit Blog.
Jump up ^ "Politics Live - 20 March - BBC News". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Grandee casts doubt over electoral system". BBC News.
Jump up ^ The Last Leg, 30 April 2015, Channel 4
Further reading[edit]
Dummett, Michael (1997). Principles of Electoral Reform. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829246-5
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral Reform.
International[edit]
A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
ACE Project
United States[edit]
AEI-Brookings Election Reform
Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project
Fairvote
Canada[edit]
Election Districts Voting
Fair Vote Canada
Paul McKeever's Testimony to the Select Committee on Electoral Reform (Canada): No electoral system is more "democratic" than any other
Electoral Reform Canada
Voting Reform Canada
Australia[edit]
PR Society of Australia
United Kingdom[edit]
Electoral Reform Society (UK)
Guide to different types of Electoral Reform - New Statesman (UK)
Guardian Special Report - Electoral Reform
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Francis and the Lights
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Francis and the Lights
Francis and the Lights performing at the Galapagos Art Space in Brooklyn, New York on November 15, 2007
Background information
Origin
Oakland, California, United States
Genres
Pop
Years active
2007–present
Labels
GOOD Music
Def Jam
Associated acts
Bon Iver
Cashmere Cat
Chance the Rapper
Donnie Trumpet
Inc. No World
Drake
Kanye West
Das Racist
Frank Ocean
Rostam Batmanglij
The Weeknd
Website
francisandthelights.com
Members
Francis Farewell Starlite
Francis and the Lights is an American musical project led by Francis Farewell Starlite.[1] The term "and the Lights" refers both to the lights on a stage and pixels on a computer screen.[2]
Starlite has said, "There are no "members" of Francis and the Lights. It is me and whomever else is involved. Including you."[3] In a Youtube comment addressing a fan's question in regard to 'the lights' Francis stated "the 'lights' refer to stage lights, cell phone screens, and radiant electricity in general (human beings run on electricity and emit light from our skin at extremely low levels)"[4]
Francis' music is in the pop / R&B category, characterized by a heavy use of electronically produced beats and melody and live vocal. In live performances, Francis' vocal is backed by his pre-produced tracks with the assistance of a DJ while he uses a synthesizer at times. The stage on which Francis performs is largely empty allowing him space to move and dance in a jubilant and energetic manner that he choreographs to correspond with the rhythm of his music. Chance the Rapper joined Francis live on stage at the May 2017 Boston Calling music festival and they performed "May I Have This Dance feat. Chance the Rapper" and recreated the choreographed dance routine that can be seen in the official music video. Francis was observed to climb upon stacked speakers and onto the upper support structure of the stage as well as singing from a tree adjacent the stage during his live performance at the Pitchfork Music Festival in Chicago on July 15, 2017. As a vocalist, Francis Starlite has a piercing and clear tone has been compared to the voices of Peter Gabriel and Yusuf Islam (Cat Stevens), although the music he produces is of a very different style. Francis released his debut studio album, Farewell, Starlite!, on September 24, 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Discography
2.1 Albums
2.2 Extended Plays
2.3 Singles
2.4 Compilation appearances
2.5 Featured appearances/Additional credits
2.6 Film Scores
3 References
History[edit]
In 2007, Francis and the Lights self-released their debut EP, Striking.
In August 2008, Francis and the Lights self-released their second EP, A Modern Promise.
On November 3, 2008, Starlite incorporated the company Francis and the Lights, LLC, a limited liability company, as an alternative to signing a record deal.[5] It was followed by an investment of $100,000 from the Normative Music Company, giving Francis and the Lights, LLC a valuation of $1 million.[6] Normative's president, Jake Lodwick, a fan of Francis and the Lights, said, "Francis Starlite is an uncompromising musician and a strong leader. I believe he will bring Francis and the Lights to international stardom. The spectacular live shows, beautiful recordings, and his relentless character back me up."[7] In late 2009, Normative Music Company shut down.[8]
On July 20, 2010, Francis and the Lights released their third EP, It'll Be Better, through Cantora Records. It was produced by Francis Farewell Starlite and Jake Schreier.[9]
In 2010, Francis and the Lights toured with Drake, MGMT, Ke$ha, La Roux, and Mark Ronson.[10][11]
In 2013, Francis and the Lights released their fourth EP, Like a Dream.
Drake quoted the 2010 Francis and the Lights song "Get in the Car" on the track "Madonna" from his 2015 mixtape If You're Reading This It's Too Late. The phrase "Big as Madonna" was later used on a shirt that was worn by Madonna during her infamous appearance in Drake's 2015 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival headlining set.[12]
In 2016, Francis and the Lights were featured on Chance the Rapper's "Summer Friends" from his third mixtape, Coloring Book. Francis and the Lights will serve as the opening act on the North American tour dates of Chance the Rapper's Magnificent Coloring World Tour, which run between September 2016 and October 2016.[13]
On May 15, 2016, Starlite released a solo piano song entitled "Thank You," which was recorded on a phone in Justin Vernon's living room.[14][15][16] Vernon later said on Twitter, "This man. I can't say enough words. Recorded right in my living room. I cried then. I love you Fran."[17]
On July 7, 2016, Francis and the Lights released a music video for the new song "Friends" featuring Bon Iver and Kanye West.[18]
On August 13, 2016, Francis and the Lights premiered their debut studio album Farewell, Starlite! during their performance at the Eaux Claires music festival.[19] It was released on September 24, 2016 immediately after a performance of the album at Chance the Rapper's Magnificent Coloring Day festival.
In 2016 Francis and the Lights performed a cover of Dear Theodosia as a duet with Chance the Rapper on The Hamilton Mixtape.[20]
In May 2017, Pusha T signed Francis and the Lights to GOOD Music.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Farewell, Starlite! (2016)
Extended Plays[edit]
Striking (2007)
A Modern Promise (2008)
It'll Be Better (2010)
Like a Dream (2013)
Singles[edit]
"LIME/WYN" (2008)
"Eiffel Tower" / "The Things That I Would Do" (with inc.) (2011)
"Friends" (with Bon Iver and Kanye West) (2016)
"See Her Out (That's Just Life)" (2016)
"May I Have This Dance" (remix featuring Chance the Rapper) (2017)
Compilation appearances[edit]
"Can't Tell Me Nothing" (cover of Kanye West's "Can't Tell Me Nothing"), Guilt by Association Vol. 2 (2008)
Featured appearances/Additional credits[edit]
"Karaoke" (Drake, Thank Me Later) (2010)
"Something Better" (Lyrics Born, As U Were) (2010)
"Celebration" (Das Racist, Relax) (2011)
"I'll Never Forget You" (Birdy, Birdy) (2011)
"Chameleon/Comedian" (Kathleen Edwards, Voyageur) (2012)
"La crise" (Brice Guilbert, Feitsong) (2012)
Big Grrrl Small World (Lizzo) (2015)
"Wonderful Everyday: Arthur" (Chance the Rapper with The Social Experiment) (2014)
Surf (Nico Segal & The Social Experiment) (2015)
Coloring Book (Chance the Rapper) (2016)
"Close to You" (Frank Ocean, Blonde) (2016)
"Wild Love" (Cashmere Cat featuring The Weeknd, 9) (2016)
"Dear Theodosia" (with Chance the Rapper, featured on The Hamilton Mixtape) (2016)
Merry Christmas Lil' Mama (Jeremih and Chance the Rapper) (2016)
"New Man" (Ed Sheeran, ÷) [21]
Film Scores[edit]
Robot & Frank (2012)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Francis and the Lights Interview". 12thDisciples Magazine. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 1 Jan 2011.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Bychawski, Adam (2008-11-04). "Indie band turns itself into company instead of signing record deal". NME. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
Jump up ^ Allen, Dustin (2008-11-04). "Indie Band Goes Venture Capitalist". American Songwriter. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Francis and the Lights Incorporates With $1 Million Valuation". The Normatist. Normative Music Company. 3 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 2016-08-21. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Lodwick, Jake. "Entrepreneur Bio". Jake Lodwick. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Francis And The Lights - It'll Be Better (CD, Album)". Discogs. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Francis & the Lights Gigography". Songkick. Retrieved 1 Jan 2011.
Jump up ^ http://according2g.com/2010/10/francis-and-the-lights-live-at-music-hall-of-williamsburg/
Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/madonna-drake-coachella-2015-kiss-788298
Jump up ^ Kaye, Ben (2016-08-14). "Chance the Rapper recruits Francis and the Lights to open Magnificent Coloring Book Tour". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ [7]
Jump up ^ Strauss, Matthew (2016-07-07). "Watch Kanye, Bon Iver, and Francis and the Lights Team Up for New Video "Friends"". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Jump up ^ Tanzer, Myles (2016-08-14). "Francis And The Lights Debuts New Album Farewell, Starlite! At Eaux Claires Festival". The Fader. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ [8]
Jump up ^ http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=42283
[hide]
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Francis and the Lights
Francis Farewell Starlite
Studio albums
Farewell, Starlite!
EPs
Striking
A Modern Promise
It'll Be Better
Like a Dream
Singles
"LIME/WYN"
"Eiffel Tower" / "The Things That I Would Do" (with inc.)
"Friends"
"See Her Out (That's Just Life)"
"May I Have This Dance"
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Justin Vernon
Cashmere Cat
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Human resources
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Human resources (disambiguation).
"Manpower" redirects here. For other uses, see Manpower (disambiguation).
Human resources
Occupation
Department within an organization
Activity sectors
Economy and business
Description
Competencies
Staffing (recruitments, dismissals, managing labour law, employment standards, administration and employee benefits) and bringing out the best work ethic
Related jobs
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Human resources are the people who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector, or economy. "Human capital" is sometimes used synonymously with "human resources", although human capital typically refers to a more narrow view (i.e., the knowledge the individuals embody and economic growth). Likewise, other terms sometimes used include "manpower", "talent", "labour", "personnel", or simply "people".
A human-resources department (HR department) of an organization performs human resource management, overseeing various aspects of employment, such as compliance with labour law and employment standards, administration of employee benefits, and some aspects of recruitment and dismissal.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition of staffing or personnel management
2 Activities
3 History
4 Origins of the terminology
5 The term in practice
6 Concerns about the terminology
7 Development
8 Planning
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Definition of staffing or personnel management[edit]
Staffing is a process of hiring or positioning in an organization.[2]
Activities[edit]
A human resources manager has several functions in a company:[3]
Determine needs of the staff.
Determine to use temporary staff or hire employees to fill these needs.
Recruit and train the best employees.
Supervise the work.
Manage employee relations, unions and collective bargaining.
Prepare employee records and personal policies.
Ensure high performance.
Manage employee payroll, benefits and compensation.
Ensure equal opportunities.
Deal with discrimination.
Deal with performance issues.
Ensure that human resources practices conform to various regulations.
Push the employees' motivation.
Managers need to develop their interpersonal skills to be effective. Organisations behaviour focuses on how to improve factors that make organisations more effective.
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)
Issues of human resources and their deployment in some pre-modern societies can emerge in studies of slavery.[4]
Historically, the part of an organization that managed hiring, firing, and interactions with employees from the standpoint of the company/corporation was called "The Staffing Department". Since then, humanity has begun to call them the "Human Resource Department", because humans, from the standpoint of a corporation, are merely resources to be managed as cattle, extracting as much knowledge, skills, and labour as possible, while still obeying local laws which get in the way of the efficiency of those goals. The separation of management from staffing in this fashion has disintermediated the moral and ethical connection between the employees and the humans actually running the corporation, allowing the corporation to steam headlong into more capitalistic profit, without the managing humans experiencing as much guilt or human connection to the human resources they indirectly command, for the good of the enactment of policy of the corporation. The next step will be to simply gain the ability to run a corporation with an initial amount of policy, and have artificially intelligent neural networks run the intermediary management through electronic messaging, alongside the electronically maintained Human Resource Department, extracting as much knowledge and patterns for the development of electronic intelligence capital, so that a corporation can exist, self-sustain, grow, and multiply, without having a single human being in charge, and gradually replacing the workforce it would be forced to maintain, with automation and deep learning algorithms and databases—thus will the human aspect of corporation resource utilization be unnecessary, and be allowed to starve to death in the streets, unable to pay any bills and electronically file their tax claims, while the automata in command of the beachhead of said corporations continue, without conscience or awareness, to implement the policy it was designed to perpetuate. This has been the goal of several corporations for a few years now, in creating products that allow deep learning algorithms easy implementation within customers' corporations for the purpose of meeting design goals in business-oriented tasks such as marketing or other measurable business metrics, albeit designed to be benign, are already replacing human management thinking after only a few years.[5]
Origins of the terminology[edit]
Pioneering economist John R. Commons used the term "human resource" in his 1893 book The Distribution of Wealth but did not further build upon it.[6] The term "human resource" was subsequently in use[by whom?] during the 1910s and 1920s as was the notion that workers could be seen as a kind of capital asset. Among scholars the first use of "human resources" in its modern form was in a 1958 report by economist E. Wight Bakke.[7] The term began to become more developed in the 19th century due to misunderstandings between employers and employees.[8][need quotation to verify]
The term in practice[edit]
From the corporate objective, employees have been traditionally viewed as assets to the enterprise, whose value is enhanced by further learning and development, referred to as human resource development.[9]
In regard to how individuals respond to the changes in a labour market, the following must be understood:
Skills and qualifications: as industries move from manual to more managerial professions so does the need for more highly skilled staff. If the market is "tight" (i.e. not enough staff for the jobs), employers must compete for employees by offering financial rewards, community investment, etc.
Geographical spread: how far is the job from the individual? The distance to travel to work should be in line with remuneration, and the transportation and infrastructure of the area also influence who applies for a position.
Occupational structure: the norms and values of the different careers within an organization. Mahoney 1989 developed 3 different types of occupational structure, namely, craft (loyalty to the profession), organization career path (promotion through the firm) and unstructured (lower/unskilled workers who work when needed).
Generational difference: different age categories of employees have certain characteristics, for example, their behavior and their expectations of the organization.[10]
Concerns about the terminology[edit]
One major concern about considering people as assets or resources is that they will be commoditized, objectified and abused. Some analysis suggests that human beings are not "commodities" or "resources", but are creative and social beings in a productive enterprise. The 2000 revision of ISO 9001, in contrast, requires identifying the processes, their sequence and interaction, and to define and communicate responsibilities and authorities. In general, heavily unionised nations such as France and Germany have adopted and encouraged such approaches. Also, in 2001, the International Labour Organization decided to revisit and revise its 1975 Recommendation 150 on Human Resources Development, resulting in its "Labour is not a commodity" principle. One view of these trends is that a strong social consensus on political economy and a good social welfare system facilitate labour mobility and tend to make the entire economy more productive, as labour can develop skills and experience in various ways, and move from one enterprise to another with little controversy or difficulty in adapting.
Another important controversy regards labour mobility and the broader philosophical issue with usage of the phrase "human resources". Governments of developing nations often regard developed nations that encourage immigration or "guest workers" as appropriating human capital that is more rightfully part of the developing nation and required to further its economic growth. Over time, the United Nations have come to more generally support the developing nations' point of view, and have requested significant offsetting "foreign aid" contributions so that a developing nation losing human capital does not lose the capacity to continue to train new people in trades, professions, and the arts.
Development[edit]
Human resources play an important part of developing and making a company or organization at the beginning or making a success at the end, due to the labour provided by employees. Human resources is intended to show how to have better employment relations in the workforce. Also, to bring out the best work ethic of the employees and therefore making a move to a better working environment.[11]
Planning[edit]
Administration and operations used to be the two role areas of HR. The strategic planning component came into play as a result of companies recognizing the need to consider HR needs in goals and strategies. HR directors commonly sit on company executive teams because of the HR planning function. Numbers and types of employees and the evolution of compensation systems are among elements in the planning role.[12] Various factors affecting Human Resource planning Organizational Structure, Growth, Business Location, Demographic changes, environmental uncertainties, expansion etc. Additionally, this area encompasses the realm of talent management.
See also[edit]
Activity-based working
Chief human resources officer
Employee offboarding
Human resource accounting
Human resource management
Industrial and organizational psychology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Beyond Hiring and Firing: What is HR Management?". The Balance. Retrieved 2017-06-22.
Jump up ^ Heneman III, Herbert; Judge, Timothy A (2005). Staffing Organizations. USA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-298722-7.
Jump up ^ Mathis, R.L; Jackson, J.H (2003). Human Resource Management. Thomson.
Jump up ^ The term Human Resources has been regarded in the past, in and of itself, as slavery. [citation needed] Compare: Dunbar, Roberta Ann (1979) [1977]. "6: Slavery and the Evolution of Nineteenth Century Damagaram (Zinder, Niger)". In Suzanne Miers Kopytoff, Igor. Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780299073343. Retrieved 2017-08-06. Freedom of movement, prospects of economic gain, integrity of family, access to education and to positions that challenged their intellectual and administrative ability - all these facilitated the slaves' incorporation into the society. The society as a whole benefited from the leaven of a larger genetic and cultural variety - increased numbers, and a more efficient mobilization of human resources.
Jump up ^ "HR Issues" (PDF). faculty.mu.edu.sa. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Bruce E. (2001). "Human resources and industrial relations: Commonalities and differences" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Bruce E. (2008). Managing the Human Factor: The Early Years of Human Resource Management in American Industry. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 312n28.
Jump up ^ Maugans, Chris. "21St Century Human Resources: Employee Advocate, Business Partner, Or Both?." Cornell HR Review (2015): 1-4. Business Source Complete. Web. 25 Sept. 2015
Jump up ^ Elwood F. Holton II, James W. Trott, Jr., 1996, Trends Toward a Closer Integration of Vocational Education and Human Resources Development, Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, Vol. 12, No. 2, p7
Jump up ^ "Managing Generational Differences in the Human Resources Role".
Jump up ^ Radhakrishna, A., and R. Satya Raju. "A Study On The Effect Of Human Resource Development On Employment Relations." IUP Journal of Management Research 14.3 (2015): 28-42. Business Source Complete. Web. 25 Sept. 2015.
Jump up ^ "What Is the Difference Between Human Resource Management & Human Resource Planning?". Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
External links[edit]
Library resources in your library and in other libraries about Human resources
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_resources&oldid=808305306"
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Personal flotation device
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Attaching distress marker lights to flotation devices used in the event of a man overboard
A personal flotation device (abbreviated as PFD; also referred to as a life jacket, life preserver, life belt, Mae West, life vest, life saver, cork jacket, buoyancy aid or flotation suit) is a piece of equipment designed to assist a wearer to keep afloat in water. The wearer may be either conscious or unconscious.
PFDs are available in different sizes to accommodate variations in body weight. Designs differ depending on wearing convenience and level of protection.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Mae West
2 Specifications
3 Design and regulation
4 Types
4.1 Buoyancy aid (foam core)
4.2 Life jacket
4.3 Survival suit
4.4 Buoyancy compensator
4.5 Specialized
4.6 PFDs for pets
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
A typical cork jacket from 1887
The most ancient examples of primitive life jackets can be traced back to inflated bladders of animal skins or hollow, sealed gourds, for support when crossing deep streams and rivers. Purpose-designed buoyant safety devices consisting of simple blocks of wood or cork were used by Norwegian seamen.
In 1804 a cork life jacket was available for sale. The Sporting Magazine October, 1804, Vol.XXV, No.147, Page 129. MALLISON's SEAMAN'S FRIEND.[1]
Personal flotation devices were not part of the equipment issued to naval sailors until the early 19th century, for example at the Napoleonic Battle of Trafalgar, although seamen who were press-ganged into naval service might have used such devices to jump ship and swim to freedom.[citation needed]
It was not until lifesaving services were formed that the personal safety of boat crews heading out in pulling boats in generally horrific sea conditions was addressed. The modern life jacket is generally credited to one Captain Ward, a Royal National Lifeboat Institution inspector in the United Kingdom, who created a cork vest in 1854 to be worn by lifeboat crews for both weather protection and buoyancy.
In 1900, French electrical engineer, Gustave Trouvé, patented a battery-powered wearable lifejacket. It incorporated small, rubber-insulated maritime electric batteries not only to inflate the jacket, but also to power a light to transmit and receive SOS messages and to launch a distress flare.
The rigid cork material eventually came to be supplanted by pouches containing watertight cells filled with kapok, a vegetable material. These soft cells were much more flexible and comfortable to wear compared with devices utilizing hard cork pieces. Kapok buoyancy was used in many navies fighting in World War II. Foam eventually supplanted kapok for 'inherently buoyant' (vs. inflated and therefore not inherently buoyant) flotation.[2]
The University of Victoria pioneered research and development of the UVic Thermo Float PFD,[3] which provides superior protection from immersion hypothermia by incorporating a neoprene rubber "diaper" that seals the user's upper thigh and groin region from contact with otherwise cold, flushing and debilitating water.[4]
During World War II, research to improve the design of life jackets was also conducted in the UK by Edgar Pask OBE, the first Professor of Anaesthesia at Newcastle University. His research involved self-administered anaesthesia as a means of simulating unconsciousness in freezing sea-water. Pask's work earned him the OBE and the description of "The bravest man in the RAF never to have flown an aeroplane".[5]
Mae West[edit]
A "Mae West" life preserver
The Mae West was a common nickname for the first inflatable life preserver, which was invented in 1928 by Peter Markus (1885–1974) (US Patent 1694714), with his subsequent improvements in 1930 and 1931.[6] The nickname originated because someone wearing the inflated life preserver often appeared to be as large-breasted as the actress Mae West.[7] It was popular during the Second World War with U.S. Army Air Forces and Royal Air Force servicemen, who were issued inflatable Mae Wests as part of their flight gear. Air crew members whose lives were saved by use of the Mae West (and other personal flotation devices) were eligible for membership in the Goldfish Club.
Specifications[edit]
Devices designed and approved by authorities for use by civilians (recreational boaters, sailors, canoeists, kayakers) differ from those designed for use by passengers and crew of aircraft (helicopters, airplanes) and of commercial vessels (tugboats, passenger ferries, cargo ships). Devices used by government and military (e.g. water police, coast guard, navy, marines) generally have features not found on civilian or commercial models, for example compatibility with other items worn, like a survival vest, bulletproof vest/body armor, equipment harness, rappelling harness, or parachute harness, and the use of ballistic nylon cloth to protect pressurized CO2 canisters used for inflating the vest from injuring the wearer if struck by a round from a firearm. The ballistic cloth keeps the fragments from the canister from becoming shrapnel injurious to the user.
Design and regulation[edit]
On many aircraft life vests are underneath the seats, as indicated by this sign
Life jackets or life vests are mandatory on airplanes flying over water bodies, in which case they consist of a pair of air cells (bladders) that can be inflated by triggering the release of carbon dioxide gas from a canister—one for each cell. Or the cells can be inflated "orally" that is by blowing into a flexible tube with a one-way valve to seal the air in the cell. Life jackets must also be supplied on commercial seafaring vessels, be accessible to all crew and passengers, and be donned in an emergency.
Flotation devices are also found in near water-edges and at swimming pools. They may take the form of a simple vest, a jacket, a full-body suit (one piece coverall), or their variations suited for particular purposes. They are most commonly made of a tough synthetic fiber material encapsulating a source of buoyancy, such as foam or a chamber of air, and are often brightly colored yellow or orange to maximize visibility for rescuers. Some devices consist of a combination of both buoyancy foam and an air chamber. Retroreflective "SOLAS" tape is often sewn to the fabric used to construct life jackets and PFDs to facilitate a person being spotted in darkness when a search light is shone towards the wearer. In the US, federal regulations require all persons under the age of 13 to wear a life jacket (PFD) when in a watercraft under 12 meters long. State regulations may raise or lower this number and must be followed when in that state's jurisdiction.
Types[edit]
Buoyancy aid (foam core)[edit]
Main article: Buoyancy aid
A buoyancy aid (with a foam core)
The simplest and least buoyant type of PFD comes in the form of nylon-lined foam vests, used predominantly in water sports such as kayaking, canoeing and dinghy sailing.
Buoyancy aids are designed to allow freedom of movement while providing a user with the necessary buoyancy. They are also designed for minimal maintenance and as they are only constructed from foam and can be mass-produced inexpensively, making them one of the most common forms of PFDs.
Some buoyancy aids also come designed especially for children and youth. These vests may include one or two understraps to be worn between the legs of the wearer and also a headrest flap. The understraps are designed to keep the vest from riding up when worn in the water and restrict the wearer from slipping out of the life vest. These straps are adjustable and are included on many different life vests designed to be worn by everyone from infants to adults. The headrest flap is designed to help support the head and keep it out of the water. A grab handle is attached to the headrest to be used if needed to rescue or lift someone out of the water.
Life jacket[edit]
A man wearing a life vest, with another life vest hanging on a hook at lower left
The person on the right is wearing an air chamber life jacket
Life jackets for outfitting large commercial transport ventures in potentially dangerous waters, such as coastal cruises, offshore passages, and overwater air flights, consist of either a single air chamber or a pair of (twin or double) sealed air chambers constructed of coated nylon (sometimes with a protective outer encasing of heavier, tougher material such as vinyl) joined together. For use aboard ships they may be constructed of foam. Twin air chambers provide for redundancy in the event of one of the air chambers leaking or failing to "fire", for example if the thin air cell fabric is sliced open by sharp metal fragments during emergency evacuation and egress. Most life jackets for leisure use are of the single air chamber type.
Aircraft devices for crew and passengers are always inflatable since it may be necessary to swim down and away from a ditched or submerged aircraft and inflated or foam filled devices would significantly impede a person from swimming downward in order to escape a vehicle cabin. Upon surfacing, the person then inflates the device, orally or by triggering the gas canister release mechanism. Most commercial passenger life jackets are fitted with a plastic whistle for attracting attention. It has a light which is activated when in contact with water.
Quality life jackets always provide more buoyancy than offered by the buoyancy aids alone.[8] The positioning of the buoyancy on the wearer's torso is such that a righting moment (rotational force) results that will eventually turn most persons who are floating face down in the water (for example, because they are unconscious) into a face up orientation with their bodies inclined backward, unlike more simply designed common foam buoyancy vests.
Today these air chamber vests are commonly referred to as 'inflatable life jackets or vests' and are available not only for commercial applications but also for those engaged in recreational boating, fishing, sailing, kayaking and canoeing. They are available in a variety of styles and are generally more comfortable and less bulky than traditional foam vests.
The air chambers are always located over the breast, across the shoulders and encircle the back of the head. They may be inflated by either self-contained carbon dioxide cartridges activated by pulling a cord, or blow tubes with a one-way valve for inflation by exhalation. Some inflatable life jackets also react with salt or fresh water, which causes them to self-inflate. The latest generation of self-triggering inflation devices responds to water pressure when submerged and incorporates an actuator known as a 'hydrostatic release'. Regardless of whether manually or automatically triggered, a pin punctures the cartridge/canister and the CO2 gas escapes into the sealed air chamber.[9]
However, there is a chance that these water pressure activated inflation devices do not inflate the life jacket if a person is wearing waterproof clothing and falls into the water face-down. In these cases the buoyancy of the clothing holds a person on the water surface, which prevents the hydrostatic release. As a result, a person can drown although wearing a fully functional life jacket. In addition there are some circumstances in which the use of self-triggering devices can result in the wearer becoming trapped underwater. For example, the coxswain of a bowloader rowing shell risks being unable to escape should the craft capsize.
To be on the safe side, a pill-activated inflation device is preferred.[citation needed] A small pill that dissolves on water contact is the safest option, as it also works in shallow waters where a hydrostatic activator fails. This type of jacket is called an 'automatic'. As it is more sensitive to the presence of water, early models could also be activated by very heavy rain or spray. For this reason, spare re-arming kits should be carried on board for each life jacket. However, with modern cup/bobbin mechanisms this problem rarely arises and mechanisms such as the Halkey Roberts Pro firing system have all but eliminated accidental firing.
Drifting in open seas and international waters, as encountered on long sea voyages and by military forces, requires prolonged survival in water. Suitable life jackets are often attached to a vest with pockets and attachment points for distress signaling and survival aids, for example, a handheld two-way radio (walkie-talkie), emergency beacon (406 MHz frequency), signal mirror, sea marker dye, smoke or light signal flares, strobe light, first-aid supplies, concentrated nutritional items, water purification supplies, shark repellent, knife, and pistol.
Accessories such as leg straps can be utilized to keep the inflated chambers in position for floating in a stable attitude, and splash or face shields constructed of clear see-through vinyl covers the head and face to prevent water from waves from inundating the face and entering the airway through the nose or mouth.
Survival suit[edit]
An example of a survival suit on a dummy
Main article: Survival suit
Some formats of PFDs are designed for long term immersion in cold water in that they provide insulation as well as buoyancy. While a wetsuit of neoprene rubber or a diver's drysuit provides a degree of flotation, in most maritime countries they are not formally considered by regulatory agencies as approved lifesaving devices or as PFDs.
It is possible for an incapacitated person in the water to float face-down while wearing only a wet suit or a dry suit since they are not designed to serve as lifesaving devices in the normal understanding of that term.
The Mark 10 Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment (SEIE) suit is intended to allow submariners to escape from much deeper depths than currently possible with the Steinke hood. Some United States Navy submarines already have the system, with an ambitious installation and training schedule in place for the remainder of the fleet.
Because it is a full-body suit, the Mark 10 provides thermal protection once the wearer reaches the surface, and the Royal Navy has successfully tested it at 180 metres (600 ft) depths.
Buoyancy compensator[edit]
Main article: Buoyancy compensator (diving)
Scuba divers commonly wear a buoyancy compensator, which has an inflatable gas chamber. The amount of gas can be increased or decreased to enable the diver to ascend, descend or maintain neutral buoyancy at a given water depth and to provide positive buoyancy in an emergency to bring him to the surface or keep him at the surface.
Specialized[edit]
Specialized life jackets include shorter-profile vests commonly used for kayaking (especially playboating), and high-buoyant types for river outfitters and other whitewater professionals. PFDs which include harnesses for tethered rescue work ('live-bait rescue') and pockets or daisy-chains (a series of loops created by sewing flat nylon webbing at regular intervals for the attachment of rescue gear) are made for swiftwater rescue technicians.
PFDs for pets[edit]
French bulldog wearing a life jacket
Not only people wear personal flotation devices; some are available for dogs and other pets.
While the USCG does not certify personal flotation devices for animals, many manufacturers produce life jackets for dogs and cats. Every year dogs and cats die from drowning, either because they do not know how to swim, or because they tire out from overexposure or old age, or have a medical complication such as a seizure, or become unconscious.
Most life jackets on the market are designed with foam that wraps around the animal's torso and neck. They provide a basic amount of buoyancy for a dog, but may not provide enough support for the head. They are not ideal for use with heavy dogs. However, they often incorporate a grab handle, which may help to hoist the dog back into the boat.
Although most pet life jackets are passive devices, there is at least one automatically inflated life jacket available for pets (made by Critter’s Inflatable, LLC). An automatic flotation device is generally more expensive than a foam life jacket, but, like automatic PFDs designed for humans, they are less bulky to wear when not inflated, and when inflated may provide more buoyancy than foam devices. Automatic pet flotation devices are popular in the bulldog community, and also for water therapy where extra support may be needed under the head.[10][11]
See also[edit]
Lifebuoy
Muster drill
Swimming float
Inflatable armbands
List of inflatable manufactured goods
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/sportingmagazin51unkngoog/sportingmagazin51unkngoog_djvu.txt https://ia800307.us.archive.org/33/items/sportingmagazin51unkngoog/sportingmagazin51unkngoog.pdf Page 149/417 in .pdf
Jump up ^ DCIEM / D.C.I.E.M. / Defence and Civil Institute for Environmental Medicine: 50 - The First Fifty Years, 1939 to 1989. Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine. 1989.
Jump up ^ "Feature - Survival Science". Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sea Kayaker: Deep Trouble by Matt Broze and George Gronseth". 5 May 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The bravest man in the RAF never to fly an aeroplane". Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Ingersoll, Ralph (1940). Report on England, November 1940. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 147, 158.
Jump up ^ "Mae West Crashes Oxford Dictionary". St. Petersburg Times (Volume 60 Number 13). INS. 6 August 1943. p. 15. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Ten newtons equals 1 kg of flotation
Jump up ^ https://www.britishrowing.org/sites/default/files/rowsafe/2-1-SafetyAids-v1.pdf
Jump up ^ "Doggie Life Jackets and Flotation Devices". Boat US Foundation. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Horsfall, Cindy. "Canine Flotation Devices". International Association of Animal Massage & Bodywork / Association of Canine Water Therapy. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
External links[edit]
Look up personal flotation device in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
PFD Selection, Use, Wear & Care, United States Coast Guard official web page for personal flotation devices
Personal Flotation Device Manufacturers Association
The Mae West: Giving Credit Where Credit is Due
Peter Markus: Inventor of the Mae West
Canada Small Vessel Regulations
All You Need to Know About Lifejackets
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personal_flotation_device&oldid=797493521"
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