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Quartering Acts
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Quartering Act is a name given to a minimum of two Acts of British Parliament in the local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations and housing. It also required colonists to provide food for any British soldiers in the area. Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act and required annual renewal by Parliament.[1] They were originally intended as a response to issues that arose during the French and Indian War and soon became a source of tension between the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London, England. These tensions would later fuel the fire that led to the American Revolution.
Contents
[hide]
1 Quartering Act of 1765
2 Quartering: in time of War
3 Modern relevance
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Quartering Act of 1765[edit]
Main article: Intolerable Acts
General Thomas Gage, commander-in-chief of forces in British North America, and other British officers who had fought in the French and Indian War, had found it hard to persuade colonial assemblies to pay for quartering and provisioning of troops on the march. Therefore, he asked Parliament to do something. Most colonies had supplied provisions during the war, but the issue was disputed in peacetime. The Province of New York was their headquarters, because the assembly had passed an Act to provide for the quartering of British regulars, but it expired on January 2, 1764,[2] The result was the Quartering Act of 1765, which went far beyond what Gage had requested. No standing army had been kept in the colonies before the French and Indian War, so the colonies asked why a standing army was needed after the French had been defeated in battle.
This first Quartering Act[3] was given Royal Assent on May 15, 1765,[4] and provided that Great Britain would house its soldiers in American barracks and public houses, as by the Mutiny Act of 1765, but if its soldiers outnumbered the housing available, would quarter them in "inns, livery stables, ale houses, victualing houses, and the houses of sellers of wine and houses of persons selling of rum, brandy, strong water, cider or metheglin", and if numbers required in "uninhabited houses, outhouses, barns, or other buildings." Colonial authorities were required to pay the cost of housing and feeding these troops.
When 1,500 British troops arrived at New York City in 1766 the New York Provincial Assembly refused to comply with the Quartering Act and did not supply billeting for the troops. The troops had to remain on their ships. With its great impact on the city, a skirmish occurred in which one colonist was wounded following the Assembly's refusal to provide quartering. For failure to comply with the Quartering Act, Parliament suspended the Province of New York's Governor and legislature in 1767 and 1769, but never carried it out, since the Assembly soon agreed to contribute money toward the quartering of troops;[5] the New York Assembly allocated funds for the quartering of British troops in 1771. The Quartering Act was circumvented in all colonies other than Pennsylvania.
This act expired on March 24, 1776.
The Quartering Act of 1774 was known as one of the Coercive Acts in Great Britain, and as part of the intolerable acts in the colonies. This act applied to all colonies and stated that the British troops could live and eat in colonial homes without the owners' permission.
Quartering: in time of War[edit]
During the French and Indian War Britain had forcibly seized quarters in private dwellings.[6] In the American Revolutionary War, the New York Provincial Congress barracked Continental Army troops in private homes.[7] The Americans strongly opposed the quartering of British troops in their homes because the British Parliament had created the Mutiny Act under which the British army was supposed to be prohibited against quartering troops in private homes of citizens against their will. Although Parliament passed these laws in 1723, 1754, and 1756 the British Army ignored them in the Colonies. Because of this violation of their rights the colonies believed that liberty itself would be destroyed. Along with the fear of a loss of liberty, the colonists felt that the British army should be subordinate to civil authority since Parliament already stated that the army couldn’t force quartering through the Mutiny Act.[8]
With the growing worries of illegal quartering by the British, the Pennsylvania Assembly met and denied any quartering bill that guaranteed citizens could deny soldiers to stay in private homes. When the Assembly finally passed the quartering bill, the passage stating how soldiers could or could not be quartered in homes was omitted and it only outlined how the soldiers were to be quartered in public houses. That winter’s harsh conditions led the British commander, Col. Henry Bouquet, to order the colonists to quarter his troops in other places than just private homes. Bouquet felt his troops couldn’t survive the winter without better living conditions. Bouquet wrote a letter to the governor of Pennsylvania telling him to issue a warrant to allow the quartering of his troops in private homes. The governor issued the warrant but left it blank instead of directly listing what Col. Bouquet could or could not do. The Pennsylvania Assembly was outraged when they learned what their governor had done. But instead of asking for a veto on the warrant they asked for a review on how many troops could be quartered in a single home at a time. But the only response they received was that the king’s troops must and will be quartered. In response to this the Assembly met on a Sunday for the first time. There they wrote a letter to the governor asking why their constitutional rights were being violated when The British Parliament laws favored the colonists.[9]
In response to what was happening to the colonists, Benjamin Franklin opened up an Assembly meeting suggesting that soldiers could be quartered in public houses in the suburbs. This meant instead of the troops be directly in the city they would be in houses on the outskirts of the city on farms where they could potentially have more space. Governor Denny attended this Pennsylvania meeting and bluntly answered that the commander in chief had requested quartering for the troops in Philadelphia and if anybody had a problem with this then they should talk to Lord Loudoun. The committeemen brought to light that they felt Denny was siding with the British military when instead as governor he should work to protect the rights of the colonists. The ongoing quarrel between State Assembly, governor, and Lord Loudoun wasn’t a dispute between legislature and executive powers; but a contest for political liberty. The colonists had the same rights through British Parliament laws but they were not granted to them and instead threatened by bayonets for personal gain.[9]
In Albany, New York the mayor had allocated $1,000 for the building of barracks for Loudoun’s troops, but the barracks had not been built by the time the troops arrived. The mayor told Loudoun that he knew his rights and refused to let the troops be quartered in Albany. When the mayor stayed adamant on his beliefs of not allowing the troops to be quartered, Loudoun had them forcefully apply themselves in private homes.[9]
In an early August committee meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, the governor was able to get the committee to pass a bill to grant money for the building of barracks. These barracks would accommodate up to one thousand troops. The barracks were built and all that had to be done was convince Loudoun to obey the procedures set by parliament. Everything went smoothly until two recruiting officers complained to governor Pawnall of Massachusetts that they were denied quarters in Boston. The response was that it was illegal to quarter in private homes in Boston and the committeemen suggested that they stay at the newly built barracks at Castle William. The timing of this new meeting with Lord Loudoun was extremely unfortunate. He was currently suffering losses in northern New York while trying to hold off the French and Indians. When he heard of what happened with the committeemen he argued that the current military crisis made it acceptable to quarter troops in private homes. A bill was then brought to the governor to sign that said troops could be quartered in homes but innkeepers had the right to complain to a judge if they felt too many soldiers were there. Loudon was enraged with this and threatened to force troops upon civilians again. By the end of December, the Massachusetts legislature was able to get Loudoun to agree to quarter his troops at Castle William, which meant through the long process the colonists, were able to uphold their legal rights.[10]
On May 3, 1765 the British Parliament met and finally passed a Quartering Act for the Americans. The act stated that troops could only be quartered in barracks and if there wasn’t enough space in barracks then they were to be quartered in public houses and inns. If still not enough space then the governor and council were to find vacant space, but at no time was it legal to quarter troops in private homes.[11]
Modern relevance[edit]
A section of the United States Declaration of Independence listing the colonies' grievances against the King explicitly notes:
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us.
The Third Amendment to the United States Constitution, expressly prohibited the military from peacetime quartering of troops without consent of the owner of the house. A product of their times, the relevance of the Acts and the Third Amendment has greatly declined since the era of the American Revolution, having been the subject of only one case in over 200 years,[citation needed] Engblom v. Carey in 1982.[citation needed]
The Quartering Act was one of the reasons for the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution[citation needed], which prohibits infringing on the right of the people to keep and bear arms. Standing armies were mistrusted, and the First Congress considered quartering of troops to have been one of the tools of oppression before and during the American revolution.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Dragonnade
The Mutiny Acts
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ William Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents, 19-20 (2d ed., Government Printing Office 1920); "Quartering Act."
Jump up ^ Kammen, pg. 355
Jump up ^ 5 Geo. III, c. 33.
Jump up ^ Gordon Wood, The American Revolution (New York: Random House, 2002).
Jump up ^ America During the Age of Revolution, 1766-1767, Library of Congress
Jump up ^ Anderson, p. 649
Jump up ^ Schecter, pg. 90
Jump up ^ Rogers, pg. 7
^ Jump up to: a b c Rogers, pg. 8
Jump up ^ Rogers, pg. 9
Jump up ^ Rogers, pg. 10
References[edit]
Ammerman, David (1999). "The Tea Crisis and its Consequences, through 1775". In Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J. R. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
Kammen, Michael (1975). Colonial New York, A History. ISBN 0-684-14325-9.
Ketchum, Richard (2002). Divided Loyalties, How the American Revolution Came to New York. ISBN 0-8050-6120-7.
Rogers, J. Alan (February 1970). "Colonial Opposition to the Quartering of Troops During the French and Indian War". Military Affairs. 34 (1): 7–11. doi:10.2307/1984545.
Schecter, Barnet (2002). The Battle of New York. ISBN 0-8027-1374-2.
Cannon, John (2009). 'Intolerable Acts', The Oxford Companion to British History. ISBN 9780199567638.
Gerlach, Don (1966). "A Note on the Quartering Act of 1774". The New England Quarterly. The New England Quarterly Inc. 39 (1): 80–88. doi:10.2307/363643. JSTOR 363643.
External links[edit]
Text of the Act of 1765
Text of the Act of 1774
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text:
Top Gear (1977 TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the current format, see Top Gear (2002 TV series).
Top Gear
1994–1998 title screen
Presented by
Sue Baker
Jason Barlow
Stephen Bayley
Jon Bentley
Steve Berry
Tom Boswell
Julia Bradbury
Russell Bulgin
Vicki Butler-Henderson[1]
Jeremy Clarkson
Michael Collie
Brendan Coogan
Tom Coyne
Mike Dornan
Noel Edmonds
Marian Foster
Bob Friend
Barrie Gill
Chris Goffey
Richard Hammond
Kate Humble
Stephen Lee
David Llewellin
Peter Macann
Tony Mason
James May
Stirling Moss
Tiff Needell
Michele Newman
Frank Page
Gill Pyrah
Eric Richard
Angela Rippon
Adrian Simpson
Quentin Willson
Andy Wilman
Malcolm Wilson
Stewart Woodcock
William Woollard
Opening theme
"Jessica" – The Allman Brothers Band
Ending theme
"Out of the Blue" (from Blue Moves) – Elton John
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
45
No. of episodes
515 (list of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)
Dennis Adams
Jon Bentley
Phil Franklin
Ken Pollock
Tom Ross
Derek Smith
Brian Strachan
Running time
30 minutes
Release
Original network
BBC2
Picture format
PAL 4:3 (1977-1998)
720×576 anamorphic 16:9 (1998–2001)
First shown in
BBC West Midlands
Original release
22 April 1977 (1977-04-22) – 17 December 2001 (2001-12-17)
Chronology
Preceded by
Wheelbase
Followed by
Top Gear (2002)
Related shows
Top Gear Motorsport
The Car's The Star
Top Gear began life in April 1977, as a half hour motoring programme on the BBC in the United Kingdom. The original format ran for twenty four years up to December 2001. A revamped format of the show began nearly one year later, in October 2002.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Demise and relaunch
3 Spin-offs
4 Theme music
5 Car of the Year
6 Car survey
7 CD releases
8 VHS releases
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
The original Top Gear started as a monthly television series produced by BBC Midlands, based at the Pebble Mill Studios, Birmingham and ran in its original format until the end of 2001. The thirty minute programmes had a magazine format, and were transmitted at first to viewers in the Midlands region only. Top Gear and its title were conceived by executive producer Derek Smith.[2] The programme covered motoring related issues, such as new car road tests, fuel economy, safety, the police, speeding, insurance, second hand cars and holiday touring.
The first programme was broadcast on 22 April 1977, on BBC 1 Midlands at 10:15pm.[3][4] It was presented by Angela Rippon and Tom Coyne, who was front man of the local evening news programme, Midlands Today. In the first edition, Angela Rippon drove from Shepherd's Bush in London, to the Pebble Mill studios in Birmingham, reporting on driving conditions en route. Other items covered in the first programme were speed traps, fuel economy, strange new road signs and an interview with the transport minister. There were nine programmes in that initial series.[2]
The BBC network took Top Gear[5][6] and it became a weekly thirty minute BBC Two programme on 13 July 1978. Derek Smith remained as executive producer, as did Angela Rippon as presenter along with co-presenter Barrie Gill. In the first network series, seven of the ten programmes were sub titled Rippon On The Road, featuring items such as holiday driving, police driver training, the MOT test and a search for a female rally driver. Other items in that series covered drink driving, traffic jams, rust and corrosion, tachographs in lorries, the Le Mans 24 Hour race and the Motor Show.
For the second network series, again of ten programmes, Angela Rippon continued as main presenter. Reporters included Mike Dornan, Judith Jackson and Barrie Gill. Subjects covered included child car safety, tyres, CB radio, weighing lorries and junior grass track racing. Each week Noel Edmonds tested new cars, while Alec Jones, chief instructor of the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) set a driving problem. In one of the programmes, Noel Edmonds drove his Ford GT40 car round Silverstone.
In 1980, Noel Edmonds took over from Angela Rippon as presenter for two series. From 1980 on, a variety of reporters were regularly used in addition to the three main co presenters Sue Baker, Frank Page, and Chris Goffey. Other reporters included Gill Pyrah and Julia Bradbury. In 1981, William Woollard, formerly of BBC1's science series Tomorrow's World became the programme's main presenter. Phil Franklin and Brian Strachan joined the production team at this time.
The Top Gear team was also responsible for a number of other special programmes including coverage of the bi-annual British Motor Show, London Motorfair, and the Lombard RAC Rally. Its coverage of rallying was the only sport not controlled by BBC Sport in London for many years.
Top Gear titles in 1977
There continued to be two series a year through the 1980s of between seven and nine programmes each. In 1986, after Phil Franklin and executive producer Dennis Adams left the programme Tom Ross took over.
In the five years, Tom Ross ran the programme first as executive producer and then as editor[7] Jon Bentley (more recently a presenter on the Channel 5 technology show The Gadget Show) and Ken Pollock became the show's producers.
From 1986 to 1991, faced with repeated threats from various channel controllers from the BBC to cancel the programme, Top Gear embarked on subtle changes designed to raise its profile, increase its audience and cover a much wider range of motoring topics. In this period, many new presenters were added, including former Formula One driver Tiff Needell, Tom Boswell and rallying's Tony Mason.
Towards the end of 1988, Jeremy Clarkson, was introduced to the presenting list, coming from Performance Car Magazine.[8]
Top Gear Rally Report followed the Lombard RAC Rally each November, presented by William Woollard with Sue Baker, Barrie Gill, Steve Lee, Alan Douglas and Tony Mason. Between 1988 and 1991, the programme organised a Rally Quest competition each year in conjunction with Radio Times, to find a new rally driver with the prize being entry into that year's RAC Rally.[9]
Despite enduring criticism that it was overly macho, encouraged irresponsible driving behaviour[10] and ignored the environment, the show pulled in huge audiences regularly becoming BBC Two's most viewed programme with audiences over five million from 1988. New features introduced in these years were consumer issues, classic cars, motorbikes, and a wide range of motorsport.
It became hugely influential with motor manufacturers, since a critical word from the Top Gear team could have a severe negative effect on sales. One such example is the original Vauxhall Vectra, of which Clarkson said, "I know it's the replacement for the Cavalier. I know. But I'm telling you it's just a box on wheels."[11] However, even more critical statements never affected sales of the Toyota Corolla, and extreme praise did not help the Renault Alpine GTA/A610.
By the end of the spring season of 1991, the editor Tom Ross and the main presenter, William Woollard, left the show. The autumn season of 1991 saw former used car dealer Quentin Willson join the team, and later Michele Newman, who previously appeared on ITV's Pulling Power.
Other presenters of the era included Steve Berry, whose speciality was motorbikes, Janet Trewin, who typically presented hard hitting safety and consumer affairs pieces, and racing driver Vicki Butler-Henderson, who made a one off appearance in 1994, and started presenting the show full time from 1997. In 1999, journalist James May was introduced, and presented the show for its last two years, before transitioning to the new format for its second series in 2003.
Demise and relaunch[edit]
Main article: Top Gear (2002 TV series)
Following many well known presenters' departures during 1999 to 2000, the Top Gear audience fell from a peak of six million to under three million.[citation needed] In January 1999, following the departure of Clarkson, the programme was jointly presented by Quentin Willson and Kate Humble, who ran an ongoing test[clarification needed] throughout the programme between reports.[12] In July 1999, Brendan Coogan, who had joined in 1998, left the show one year later after being convicted of drunk driving.[13][14]
In 2000, Jason Barlow, from Channel 4's Driven, joined the existing line up for the final fifty three episodes.[15] The programme ran almost continuously between September 2000 to October 2001, and despite regularly being the most watched show on BBC Two, the channel decided the format needed to be dramatically refreshed. However, a special of Top Gear with Jason Barlow being the only remaining presenter — Vicki Butler-Henderson, Tiff Needell and Adrian Simpson having moved to Fifth Gear — was broadcast in 2002, with coverage of the 2002 Birmingham Motor Show from the NEC.
In December 2001, the show was cancelled by BBC bosses in London, only to be relaunched in a new one hour long, studio based format made by the BBC in London nearly one year later. In April 2002, however, Channel 5 launched Fifth Gear, a car show featuring many of the former Top Gear presenters, including Tiff Needell, Quentin Willson and Vicki Butler-Henderson. The show was produced by former Top Gear producer Jon Bentley. While most of the production team moved from the BBC to Channel 5 to create Fifth Gear.
Jason Barlow was still under contract to the BBC and went on to front the new programme Wrong Car, Right Car, which ran for two series and twenty three episodes. The name change to Fifth Gear was required, as in November 2001, the BBC would not relinquish the rights to the name of Top Gear (the corporation was publishing Top Gear Magazine).[16]
After the first series of Fifth Gear was completed, the BBC decided to relaunch Top Gear, but in a new studio based format as opposed to the magazine format used until the cancellation. The idea came from producer Andy Wilman and Jeremy Clarkson, who presented the relaunched show with Richard Hammond and Jason Dawe. James May replaced Dawe from the second series onwards of the current format. The pre cancellation show is referred to as "Old Top Gear", when mentioned on the new show due to the differences in style.
Spin-offs[edit]
Top Gear was a title sponsor of the 1987 and 1988 Formula One "Winter Series", the 1990 and 1991 Historic Rally Championships and the 1992 and 1993 British Rally Championships.[9] Due to the success of the main show, other motoring shows on the BBC also carried the Top Gear name including coverage of the British Motor Show, a show dedicated to motorsport, presented by Tiff Needell, Top Gear Motorsport and the Lombard RAC Rally highlights show, presented by William Woollard, Sue Baker and Tony Mason, Top Gear Rally Report.
In September 1993, a spin off magazine, Top Gear Magazine, was launched, featuring articles and columns from the presenters and additional contributors. The magazine soon became the United Kingdom's best selling car magazine. During the 1990s, Top Gear had a radio spin off, the Top Gear Radio Show, presented by Steve Berry, and available on BBC Radio Five Live.[17] In 1991, when joyriding among British youths was at its peak, Top Gear featured a Joy Riding special.[18]
It included an interview with Tyneside woman Joan McVittie, who was actively involved in campaigns against joyriding[19] after her sixteen year old son Mark Wren was killed, when the stolen car in which he was passenger crashed in October 1990, prior the release of Kindergarten Cop.
Since the early 1990s, the annual Top Gear J. D. Power Top 100 survey has consulted thousands of residents within the United Kingdom on their car ownership satisfaction. For legal reasons concerning the non commercial nature of the BBC, the actual consultation is now restricted to the magazine format, although the results are still used on the show. The survey is now conducted by Experian.
The video game Top Gear, developed for the Super NES, was unrelated to the television series, and the BBC won a court case blocking its creators from obtaining a trademark for it.[9] After Top Gear's success in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a number of competing programmes were introduced, including Channel 4's driven, ITV's Pulling Power, Granada's Vroom Vroom and BBC World's India's Wheels. Some of the presenters on Driven would go on to present Top Gear.
Theme music[edit]
The show's opening theme music from the very first programme in 1977 was the Allman Brothers Band instrumental "Jessica" from the album Brothers and Sisters (1973), although remixed versions were used after 1999. For much of the series' lifespan, Elton John's instrumental "Out of the Blue" from the album Blue Moves (1976) played over the closing credits.
The opening and closing titles music were suggested to executive producer Derek Smith by his son Graham, who had the two albums at home. He played the tracks to his father and was asked to write down the details, so they could be sourced from the record library in the BBC.
Car of the Year[edit]
Each year, Top Gear announced its Car of the Year. Winners have included:
1997 – Ford Puma 1.7
1998 – Ford Focus Mk1
1999 – Toyota Picnic
2000 – Fiat Multipla
2001 – Ford Mondeo
2002 – Range Rover
Note: The BMW Z3 M Coupé was voted "Driver's Car of the Year", and the Mercedes-Benz S500 was voted "Executive Car of the Year" for 2000.
In November 1987, the Audi Quattro officially became the Top Gear Car of the Decade.[20]
Car survey[edit]
From 1994, the magazine conducted a customer satisfaction survey that was published every April, to reveal how satisfying certain cars were to own. The results were announced on the programme, though the full details were only included in the magazine. The Toyota Corolla was winner of the first four surveys, with the Subaru Impreza winning the survey in 1998 and 1999, and the Subaru Legacy in 2000 and 2001.
The lowest ranking cars in the surveys were the Vauxhall Frontera in 1994, Ford Escort in 1995, Lada Samara in both 1996 and 1997, Vauxhall Vectra in 1998, Ford Galaxy in 1999, and the Vauxhall Sintra in 2000 and 2001.
In April 1998, Škoda was rated as the most satisfying brand of car in the survey, and these findings made the headlines — just a few years earlier, the brand had been the butt of many jokes about the sub standard design and quality of earlier cars. The Japanese manufacturers — particularly Subaru, Toyota, Honda and Mazda — also received high ratings in surveys of Top Gear.
Similar praise went to BMW, Hyundai, Kia, Mitsubishi, Nissan and Volvo. In contrast, many marques received heavy criticism in the surveys — particularly Lada, Fiat, Vauxhall, Peugeot, Ford and Alfa Romeo.
CD releases[edit]
Top Gear Classics – Turbo (1995)
Top Gear Classics – Baroque Busters (1995)
Top Gear Classics – Open Top Opera (1995)
Top Gear Classics – Motoring Moods (1995)
VHS releases[edit]
1994 – Super Cars. Presented By Jeremy Clarkson And Tiff Needell (62 min).
1994 – Classic Cars. Presented By Quentin Willson (65 min).
1997 – Fast & Furious. Presented By Jeremy Clarkson And Tiff Needell (77 min).
1998 – Classic Cars: Aston Martin. Presented By Jeremy Clarkson (45 min).
1998 – Classic Cars: Porsche. Presented By Tiff Needell (45 min).
1998 – Classic Cars: Ferrari. Presented By Chris Goffey (45 min).
1998 – Classic Cars: Jaguar. Presented By Quentin Willson (45 min).
1999 – Top Gear: 21 Years. Presented By Kate Humble, preproduction/promotional release (29 min).
2000 – Fast & Furious II. Presented By Tiff Needell, With Clarkson, Willson And Butler-Henderson (72 min).
See also[edit]
Fifth Gear
Top Gear (2002)
Top Gear Magazine
Rally Report
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Vicki Butler-Henderson made a one-off appearance in 1994, and started presenting the show full time from 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b Scheduled, Kvatch (2015-03-23). "Top Gear creator Derek Smith - who created multi million pound show from his Birmingham office - dies aged 87". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2015-05-24.
Jump up ^ Birmingham Post 5 April. 1977.
Jump up ^ " ". Radio Times Midlands Edition. April 1977.
Jump up ^ 21 Years of Top Gear, presented by Kate Humble, BBC Two 2000
Jump up ^ Savage, Mark (21 September 2006). "Top Gear's Chequered Past". BBC News. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Was Jeremy Clarkson trouble from the start? He sure was'". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Jeremy Clarkson". IMDb.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Application to register the trademark Top Gear" (PDF). Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top Gear too fast for MPs". BBC News. 9 November 1999. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Series 34 Episode 2". Top Gear. 28 September 1995. BBC Two.
Jump up ^ "Clarkson slips out of Top Gear". BBC News. 22 January 1999. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ ICM Presenters:Brendan Coogan
Jump up ^ "Top Gear host quits after conviction". BBC News. 14 July 1999. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Emap Automotive Appoints Jason Barlow as Editor of CAR Archived 22 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Top Gear Team Switch Lanes". BBC News. 15 November 2001. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top Gear". Top Gear. Series 37. Episode 09. 1997-02-27. 28:50 minutes in. BBC Two.
Jump up ^ "Old Top Gear 1991 - Joy Riding (Part 1)". YouTube. 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2015-05-24.
Jump up ^ "This Morning[09/03/93] (1993) | BFI". Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-24.
Jump up ^ "TopGear 19 Nov 1987 19th November 1987 507 BUO". Retrieved 2 April 2016.
External links[edit]
Top Gear at BBC Online
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Title (property)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Property law
Part of the common law series
Types
Real property
Personal property
Acquisition
Gift
Adverse possession
Deed

Conquest
Discovery
Accession
Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
Treasure trove
Bailment
License
Alienation
Estates in land
Allodial title
Fee simple
Fee tail

Life estate
Defeasible estate
Future interest
remainder
Concurrent estate
Leasehold estate
Condominiums
Real estate
Conveyancing
Bona fide purchaser
Torrens title

Strata title
Deeds registration
Estoppel by deed
Quitclaim deed

Mortgage
Equitable conversion
Action to quiet title
Escheat
Future use control
Restraint on alienation
Rule against perpetuities
Rule in Shelley's Case
Doctrine of worthier title
Nonpossessory interest
Lien
Easement
Profit
Usufruct
Covenant
Equitable servitude
Related topics
Fixtures
Waste
Partition
Practicing without a license

Property rights
Mineral rights
Water rights
prior appropriation
riparian
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Nemo dat
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Other common law areas
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Evidence
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In property law, a title is a bundle of rights in a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or equitable interest. The rights in the bundle may be separated and held by different parties. It may also refer to a formal document, such as a deed, that serves as evidence of ownership. Conveyance of the document may be required in order to transfer ownership in the property to another person. Title is distinct from possession, a right that often accompanies ownership but is not necessarily sufficient to prove it. In many cases, both possession and title may be transferred independently of each other. For real property, land registration and recording provide public notice of ownership information.
In United States law, typically evidence of title is established through title reports written up by title insurance companies, which show the history of title (property abstract and chain of title) as determined by the recorded public record deeds;[1] the title report will also show applicable encumbrances such as easements, liens, or covenants.[2] In exchange for insurance premiums, the title insurance company conducts a title search through public records and provides assurance of good title, reimbursing the insured if a dispute over the title arises.[3] In the case of vehicle ownership, a simple vehicle title document may be issued by a governmental agency.
The main rights in the title bundle are usually:
Exclusive possession
Exclusive use and enclosure
Acquisition
Conveyance, including by bequest
Access easement
Hypothecation
Partition
The rights in real property may be separated further, examples including:
Water rights, including riparian rights and runoff rights
In some U.S. states, water rights are completely separate from land—see prior appropriation water rights
Mineral rights
Easement to neighboring property, for utility lines, etc.
Tenancy or tenure in improvements
Timber rights
Farming rights
Grazing rights
Hunting rights
Air rights
Development rights to erect improvements under various restrictions
Appearance rights, often subjected to local zoning ordinances and deed restrictions
Possession is the actual holding of a thing, whether or not one has any right to do so. The right of possession is the legitimacy of possession (with or without actual possession), the evidence for which is such that the law will uphold it unless a better claim is proven. The right of property is that right which, if all relevant facts were known (and allowed), would defeat all other claims. Each of these may be in a different person.
For example, suppose A steals from B, what B had previously bought in good faith from C, which C had earlier stolen from D, which had been an heirloom of D's family for generations, but had originally been stolen centuries earlier (though this fact is now forgotten by all) from E. Here A has the possession, B has an apparent right of possession (as evidenced by the purchase), D has the absolute right of possession (being the best claim that can be proven), and the heirs of E, if they knew it, have the right of property, which they cannot prove. Good title consists in uniting these three (possession, right of possession, and right of property) in the same person(s).
The extinguishing of ancient, forgotten, or unasserted claims, such as E's in the example above, was the original purpose of statutes of limitations. Otherwise, title to property would always be uncertain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Equitable versus legal title
2 Applications
3 Political issues
4 Aboriginal title
5 See also
6 References
Equitable versus legal title[edit]
At common law equitable title is the right to obtain full ownership of property, where another maintains legal title to the property.[4]
When a contract for the sale of land is executed, equitable [interest/title] passes to the buyer. When the conditions on the sale contract have been met, legal title passes to the buyer in what is known as closing. Some companies, such as Econohomes/Visio Financial, use this term to describe a "trailing deed". This is not the case. Properties that are sold on the basis of equitable title have a legal chain of title intact, and a recorded transfer with the local municipality.
Legal title is actual ownership of the property as when the property has been bought, the seller paid in full and a deed or title is properly recorded. Equitable title separates from legal title upon the death of the legal title holder (owner). For example: When a person having legal title to property dies, heirs at law or beneficiaries per the last will, automatically receive equitable interest in the property. When an executor or administrator qualifies, that person acquires legal title, subject to divestment when the estate has been administered so as to allow for the lawful passing of the legal title to those having an equitable interest. The resulting merger of the legal and equitable gives rise to "perfect title," often referred to as marketable title.
Legal and equitable title also arises in trust. In a trust, one person may own the legal title, such as the trustees. Another may own the equitable title such as the beneficiary.[5]
Applications[edit]
In countries with a sophisticated private property system, documents of title are commonly used for real estate, motor vehicles, and some types of intangible property. When such documents are used, they are often part of a registration system whereby ownership of such property can be verified. In some cases, a title can also serve as a permanent legal record of condemnation of property, such as in the case of an automobile junk or salvage title. In the case of real estate, the legal instrument used to transfer title is the deed. A famous rule is that a thief cannot convey good title, so title searches are routine (or highly recommended) for purchases of many types of expensive property (especially real estate). In several counties and municipalities in the US a standard title search (generally accompanied by title insurance) is required under the law as a part of ownership transfer.
Paramount title is the best title in Fee simple available for the true owner. The person who is owner of real property with paramount title has the higher (or better, or "superior") right in an action to Quiet title. The concept is inherently a relative one. Technically, paramount title is not always the best (or highest) title, since it is necessarily based on some other person's title.[6][7]
A Quiet title action is a lawsuit to settle competing claims or rights to real property, for example, missing heirs, tenants, reverters, remainders and lien holders all competing to get ownership to the house or land.[8][9] Each of the United States have different procedures for a quiet title action.[10]
However, most personal property items do not have a formal document of title. For such items, possession is the simplest indication of title, unless the circumstances give rise to suspicion about the possessor's ownership of the item. Proof of legal acquisition, such as a bill of sale or purchase receipt, is contributory. Transfer of possession to a good faith purchaser will normally convey title if no document is required.
Political issues[edit]
California prevented aliens (mainly Asians) from holding title to land until the law was declared unconstitutional in 1952. Currently there are no restrictions on foreign ownership of land in the United States, although sales of real estate by non-resident aliens are subject to certain special taxation rules.
Aboriginal title[edit]
Main article: Aboriginal title
Prior to the establishment of the United States title to Indian lands in lands controlled by Britain in North America was governed by The Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763. This proclamation by King George III reserved title in land to the Indians, subject to alienation only by the Crown. This continued to be the law of Canada following the American Revolution.[11]
In the United States Indian title is the subservient title held by Native Americans in the United States to the land they customarily claimed and occupied. It was first recognized in Johnson v. M'Intosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat) 543 (1823).
It very early became accepted doctrine in this Court that although fee title to lands occupied by Indians when the colonists arrived became vested in the sovereign – first the discovering European nation and later the original states and the United States – a right of occupancy in the Indian tribes was nevertheless recognized. That right, sometimes called Indian Title and good against all but the sovereign, could be terminated only by sovereign act. Once the United States was organized and the Constitution adopted, these tribal rights to Indian lands became the exclusive province of the federal law. Indian title, recognized to be only a right of occupancy, was extinguishable only by the United States. Oneida Indian Nation v. County of Oneida , 414 U.S. 661, 667 (1974).
The usual method of extinguishing Indian title was by treaty.[12]
See also[edit]
Fee
Feu
Land tenure
Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
Manufacturer statement of origin
References[edit]
Jump up ^ American Bar Association. (1995). The American Bar Association guide to home ownership: the complete and easy guide to all the law every home owner should know. ISBN 0812925351, 9780812925357. Ch.3 sample.
Jump up ^ 3 Things You Should Know About Preliminary Title Reports. ZillowBlog.
Jump up ^ What is a Title Company?. Benchmark Title company.
Jump up ^ In the United States, legal titles are those that were recognized by the law courts in England. Equitable titles were those recognized by the English chancery courts. Both concepts were adopted by the various states upon their creation except, possibly, those based upon European Civil Law, such as Louisiana. Most, if not all of the states have merged the law and equity courts into a single court system, though there may still be law and chancery divisions in some of the systems.
Jump up ^ "Trusts and Estates – What is the difference between legal title and equitable title?". quizlaw.com. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Answers – The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions". Answers.com.
Jump up ^ "Enotes: West's Law Encyclopedia". enotes.com. Archived from the original on 2006-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Enotes: West's Law Encyclopedia". enotes.com. Archived from the original on 2006-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Legal Dictionary – Law.com". Law.com Legal Dictionary.
Jump up ^ For example, California --quiet title action
Jump up ^ "Virtual Law Office: Royal Proclamation of 1763". www.bloorstreet.com.
Jump up ^ "Indian Lands" Douglas Roger Nash
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U Turn (2016 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
U-Turn
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Pawan Kumar
Produced by
Pawan Kumar
Written by
Pawan Kumar
Starring
Shraddha Srinath
Radhika Chetan
Dileep Raj
Roger Narayan
Music by
Poornachandra Tejaswi
Cinematography
Advaitha Gurumurthy
Sathya Hegde
Siddharth Suni
Edited by
Suresh Armugam
Production
company
Pawan Kumar Studios
Distributed by
Mysore Talkies
Release date
20 May 2016 (2016-05-20)
Running time
121 minutes
Country
India
Language
Kannada
Budget
₹2.5 crore[1]
U Turn is a 2016 Indian Kannada-language mystery thriller film written, produced and directed by Pawan Kumar. It stars Shraddha Srinath in the lead role. Roger Narayan, Dilip Raj and Radhika Chetan feature in supporting roles. The plot revolves around the death of motorists who break a traffic rule at a particular flyover in Bangalore and subsequent pinning down of the culprit by an intern journalist and police inspector duo.[2][3]
U Turn was remade in Malayalam in 2017 as Careful (2017) and director Pawan Kumar remade it into a Tamil - Telugu bilingual in 2018 with the same title, thereby making this the first Kannada movie to be remade in three other South Indian languages.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Remakes
6 References
7 External source
Plot[edit]
Rachana (Shraddha Srinath), an intern, with The Indian Express, a daily newspaper, is working on an article on the incidents at a Bangalore flyover. She also has a crush on the crime reporter Aditya, whose help she seeks for research material on accidents on the flyover. She finds that each day some motorists move the concrete blocks that partition the road just to take a quick U-turn and avoid the traffic. They don’t move them back and the blocks are left to lie randomly on the road leading to many accidents. A homeless man sitting on the flyover notes down the vehicle numbers of commuters who violate the rule to take the U-turn and gives the list to Rachana. She obtains the details of the culprits using her contact in the traffic department, with the intention of confronting them for their "short-cut" and writing an article for the paper. Her attempt to meet the first person on the list goes in vain.
Later the same day, the police take her into custody and accuse her of killing the same person she wanted to meet. She is shocked and tells her side of the story. Though the senior police officer rejects it, sub-inspector Nayak, finds it believable and does some investigation. It is revealed that all the persons Rachana has on her list have committed suicide. They also noticed that they have committed suicide the same day they took the wrong "u-turn". Rachana and Nayak find another number has been noted by the homeless man which is to be delivered to Rachana the next day. The duo trace the address and try to rescue the man, a lawyer, who has taken the u-turn on the same day. As nothing seems suspicious, both leave only to encounter the very death of the lawyer whom they came to rescue.
Later Rachana tries to confront the homeless man for the injuries in the fly-over. Meanwhile, she see two young men violate the U-Turn and reports it to Nayak. Nayak locks them up in an old Police lock-up to save them. But they start fighting and eventually die under the nose of the police.
With no way of finding the real cause of the death of the culprits, Rachana herself takes the wrong u-turn and waits for something to happen. The one who has been killing the culprits is a woman named Maya, because she and her daughter Aarna died in an accident due to the concrete road blocks that were moved by the culprits in order to make way for their u-turn. Using her supernatural powers, Maya tries to kill Rachana as well. But Rachana promises to find the person who was responsible for Maya's death. Maya agrees. Rachana, with the help of Nayak, tries to find the person who moved the blocks on the day of Maya's accident. They find out the phone number and address of the guy who moved the block. Rachana writes this on a balloon and leaves it on the flyover for Maya to find. She then invites her boyfriend Aditya for dinner.
During dinner she tries to call the number she found out earlier. It turns out to be Aditya's work mobile number. Devastated she confronts Aditya and informs him that due to his negligence a mother and daughter lost their lives. Aditya says it was not him who made the U turn. He merely exchanged his bike with his friend. In the final twist, it is revealed that the guy who moved the block was Maya's own husband. Maya's ghost is waiting in Aditya's house to kill him, when Maya's husband whom Rachna has informed about the events turns up and explains to Maya that it was because of him that they lost their lives. He then tries to commit suicide by jumping from the balcony. Maya's ghost saves him and tells him that his punishment is to suffer in this world without his wife and daughter.
Cast[edit]
Shraddha Srinath as Rachana
Roger Narayan as Sub-inspector Nayak
Radhika Chetan as Maya
Dileep Raj as Aditya
Skanda Ashok as Ritesh
Krishna Hebbale as Inspector Sudhakar
Pavan
Naveen
Divya
Pramod Shetty as Sundar
Aarna Kulkarni as Aarna
Kennedy
Chethan D'Souza as Raju
Delson D'Souza
Ram Manjjonaath
Rajath Mayee as auto rickshaw driver
Production[edit]
Pawan Kumar of "Lucia" fame is back. The young filmmaker is making a return with his next crowd-funded project "U Turn", starring mainly newcomers. According to the director, the script of the movie took place on the road. He says, "U-Turn happened in July when I used to drop my daughter Lucy to school and traffic used to be high. I used to park in front of her school for more than an hour and used the time to write the script."[4]
"U Turn", which has been made under Pawan Kumar's newly launched banner PK Studios, has Poornachandra Tejaswi's music, Satya Hegde, Advitha Gurumurthy and Siddharth Nuni's cinematography and Suresh's editing. Shraddha Srinath and Dilip Raj, who has done lots of supporting roles before, are playing the main roles. Roger Narayan, Skanda, Krishna, Pavan, Naveen, Divya, Pramod, Aarna, Kennedy, Chethan D'Souza, Delson D'Souza and others are in the cast.[5]
Reception[edit]
Sunayana Suresh of The Times of India rated the film four out of five, and wrote, "The film can be read on philosophical and symbolic levels with leitmotifs and what not, but the triumph is that it even appeals to the lay viewer who seeks thrill and entertainment and nothing more."[6] Shyam Prasad S of Bangalore Mirror wrote, "It is what happens post interval that makes or breaks any film. Here, Pawan Kumar takes the easier route and robs U Turn of becoming a great film."[7] J Hurtado of Screen Anarchy wrote, "Pawan Kumar's U TURN Will Keep You Guessing Until The Last Minute. U-Turn is a film that constantly challenges and defies categorization in the service of telling its own story."[8]
Remakes[edit]
U Turn was remade in Malayalam as Careful (2017).[9] It was later remade in Telugu and Tamil under the same title, with Pawan Kumar returning to direct.[10][11] He has also signed on to direct a potential Hindi remake.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Actor-director Rakshit Shetty feels the challenge ahead is to keep the audience occupied". The Economic Times. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Samantha to bankroll remake of Kannada hit U Turn". 27 January 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kannada film U-Turn to be remade in Tamil, Telugu". India Today. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "It's U-Turn for Pawan as Nicotine Waits". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Lucia' director Pawan Kumar's 'U Turn' trailer released [VIDEO]". International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Suresh, Sunayana (20 May 2016). "U Turn Movie Review". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Shyam Prasad S (21 May 2016). "An urban legend is born". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Hurtado, J (22 May 2016). "Review: Pawan Kumar's U TURN Will Keep You Guessing Until The Last Minute". ScreenAnarchy. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/careful-movie-review-vijay-babu-and-jomol-impress-in-a-flawed-but-interesting-thriller-3515905.html
Jump up ^ "Samantha starts shooting for 'U-Turn' remake". The Times of India. 18 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/samantha-akkineni-u-turn-release-5269980/
Jump up ^ https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-horror-thriller-u-turn-be-remade-hindi-85553
External source[edit]
Official website
U Turn (2016) on IMDb
hide
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Films directed by Pawan Kumar
Lifeu Ishtene (2011)
Lucia (2013)
U Turn (2016)
U Turn (2018) (Tamil / Telugu)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U_Turn_(2016_film)&oldid=866509034"
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