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Electric current
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flow of electric charge
Electric current
A simple electric circuit, where current is represented by the letter i. The relationship between the voltage (V), resistance (R), and current (I) is V=IR; this is known as Ohm's law.
Common symbols
I
SI unit
ampere
Derivations from
other quantities
I = V R , I = Q t {\displaystyle I={V \over R}\,,I={Q \over t}}
Dimension
I
Part of a series of articles about
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An electric current is a flow of electric charge.[1]:2 In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionised gas (plasma).[2]
The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.[3]
Electric currents cause Joule heating, which creates light in incandescent light bulbs. They also create magnetic fields, which are used in motors, inductors and generators.
The moving charged particles in an electric current are called charge carriers. In metals, one or more electrons from each atom are loosely bound to the atom, and can move freely about within the metal. These conduction electrons are the charge carriers in metal conductors.
Contents
1 Symbol
2 Conventions
2.1 Reference direction
3 Ohm's law
4 Alternating and direct current
5 Occurrences
6 Current measurement
7 Resistive heating
8 Electromagnetism
8.1 Electromagnet
8.2 Radio waves
9 Conduction mechanisms in various media
9.1 Metals
9.2 Electrolytes
9.3 Gases and plasmas
9.4 Vacuum
9.5 Superconductivity
9.6 Semiconductor
10 Current density and Ohm's law
11 Drift speed
12 See also
13 References
Symbol
The conventional symbol for current is I, which originates from the French phrase intensité de courant, (current intensity).[4][5] Current intensity is often referred to simply as current.[6] The I symbol was used by André-Marie Ampère, after whom the unit of electric current is named, in formulating Ampère's force law (1820).[7] The notation travelled from France to Great Britain, where it became standard, although at least one journal did not change from using C to I until 1896.[8]
Conventions
The electrons, the charge carriers in an electrical circuit, flow in the opposite direction of the conventional electric current.
The symbol for a battery in a circuit diagram.
In a conductive material, the moving charged particles that constitute the electric current are called charge carriers. In metals, which make up the wires and other conductors in most electrical circuits, the positively charged atomic nuclei are held in a fixed position, and the negatively charged electrons are free to move, carrying their charge from one place to another. In other materials, notably the semiconductors, the charge carriers can be positive or negative, depending on the dopant used. Positive and negative charge carriers may even be present at the same time, as happens in an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell.
A flow of positive charges gives the same electric current, and has the same effect in a circuit, as an equal flow of negative charges in the opposite direction. Since current can be the flow of either positive or negative charges, or both, a convention is needed for the direction of current that is independent of the type of charge carriers. The direction of conventional current is arbitrarily defined as the same direction as positive charges flow.
Since electrons, the charge carriers in metal wires and most other parts of electric circuits, have a negative charge, as a consequence, they flow in the opposite direction of conventional current flow in an electrical circuit.
Reference direction
Since the current in a wire or component can flow in either direction, when a variable I is defined to represent that current, the direction representing positive current must be specified, usually by an arrow on the circuit schematic diagram. This is called the reference direction of current I. If the current flows in the opposite direction, the variable I has a negative value.
When analyzing electrical circuits, the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown. Consequently, the reference directions of currents are often assigned arbitrarily. When the circuit is solved, a negative value for the variable means that the actual direction of current through that circuit element is opposite that of the chosen reference direction. In electronic circuits, the reference current directions are often chosen so that all currents are toward ground. This often corresponds to the actual current direction, because in many circuits the power supply voltage is positive with respect to ground.
Ohm's law
Main article: Ohm's law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,[9] one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:[10]
I = V R {\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}}}
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.[11]
Alternating and direct current
See also: War of Currents
In alternating current (AC) systems, the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. AC is the form of electric power most commonly delivered to businesses and residences. The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave. Certain applications use different waveforms, such as triangular or square waves. Audio and radio signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current. An important goal in these applications is recovery of information encoded (or modulated) onto the AC signal.
In contrast, direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, or a system in which the movement of electric charge is in one direction only. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. An old name for direct current was galvanic current.[12]
Occurrences
Natural observable examples of electrical current include lightning, static electric discharge, and the solar wind, the source of the polar auroras.
Man-made occurrences of electric current include the flow of conduction electrons in metal wires such as the overhead power lines that deliver electrical energy across long distances and the smaller wires within electrical and electronic equipment. Eddy currents are electric currents that occur in conductors exposed to changing magnetic fields. Similarly, electric currents occur, particularly in the surface, of conductors exposed to electromagnetic waves. When oscillating electric currents flow at the correct voltages within radio antennas, radio waves are generated.
In electronics, other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube, the flow of ions inside a battery or a neuron, and the flow of holes within a semiconductor.
Current measurement
Current can be measured using an ammeter.
At the circuit level, various techniques are used to measure current:
Shunt resistors[13]
Hall effect current sensor transducers
Transformers (however DC cannot be measured)
Magnetoresistive field sensors[14]
Resistive heating
Main article: Joule heating
Joule heating, also known as ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat. It was first studied by James Prescott Joule in 1841. Joule immersed a length of wire in a fixed mass of water and measured the temperature rise due to a known current through the wire for a 30 minute period. By varying the current and the length of the wire he deduced that the heat produced was proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the electrical resistance of the wire.
Q ∝ I 2 R {\displaystyle Q\propto I^{2}R}
This relationship is known as Joule's First Law. The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol J. The commonly known unit of power, the watt, is equivalent to one joule per second.
Electromagnetism
Electromagnet
Main article: Electromagnet
In an electromagnet a coil, of a large number of circular turns of insulated wire, wrapped on a cylindrical core, behaves like a magnet when an electric current flows through it. When the current is switched off, the coil loses its magnetism immediately.[15][16]
According to Ampère's law, an electric current produces a magnetic field.
Electric current produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire that persists as long as there is current.
Magnetism can also produce electric currents. When a changing magnetic field is applied to a conductor, an Electromotive force (EMF) is produced, and when there is a suitable path, this causes current.
Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer, but this method involves breaking the electrical circuit, which is sometimes inconvenient. Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the magnetic field associated with the current. Devices used for this include Hall effect sensors, current clamps, current transformers, and Rogowski coils.
Radio waves
Main article: Radio waves
When an electric current flows in a suitably shaped conductor at radio frequencies radio waves can be generated. These travel at the speed of light and can cause electric currents in distant conductors.
Conduction mechanisms in various media
Main articles: Electrical conductivity and Charge transport mechanisms
In metallic solids, electric charge flows by means of electrons, from lower to higher electrical potential. In other media, any stream of charged objects (ions, for example) may constitute an electric current. To provide a definition of current independent of the type of charge carriers, conventional current is defined as moving in the same direction as the positive charge flow. So, in metals where the charge carriers (electrons) are negative, conventional current is in the opposite direction as the electrons. In conductors where the charge carriers are positive, conventional current is in the same direction as the charge carriers.
In a vacuum, a beam of ions or electrons may be formed. In other conductive materials, the electric current is due to the flow of both positively and negatively charged particles at the same time. In still others, the current is entirely due to positive charge flow. For example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions. In a common lead-acid electrochemical cell, electric currents are composed of positive hydrogen ions (protons) flowing in one direction, and negative sulfate ions flowing in the other. Electric currents in sparks or plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, the electric current is entirely composed of flowing ions.
Metals
In a metal, some of the outer electrons in each atom are not bound to the individual atom as they are in insulating materials, but are free to move within the metal lattice. These conduction electrons can serve as charge carriers, carrying a current. Metals are particularly conductive because there are a large number of these free electrons, typically one per atom in the lattice. With no external electric field applied, these electrons move about randomly due to thermal energy but, on average, there is zero net current within the metal. At room temperature, the average speed of these random motions is 106 metres per second.[17] Given a surface through which a metal wire passes, electrons move in both directions across the surface at an equal rate. As George Gamow wrote in his popular science book, One, Two, Three...Infinity (1947), "The metallic substances differ from all other materials by the fact that the outer shells of their atoms are bound rather loosely, and often let one of their electrons go free. Thus the interior of a metal is filled up with a large number of unattached electrons that travel aimlessly around like a crowd of displaced persons. When a metal wire is subjected to electric force applied on its opposite ends, these free electrons rush in the direction of the force, thus forming what we call an electric current."
When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a DC voltage source such as a battery, the source places an electric field across the conductor. The moment contact is made, the free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field. The free electrons are therefore the charge carrier in a typical solid conductor.
For a steady flow of charge through a surface, the current I (in amperes) can be calculated with the following equation:
I = Q t , {\displaystyle I={Q \over t}\,,}
where Q is the electric charge transferred through the surface over a time t. If Q and t are measured in coulombs and seconds respectively, I is in amperes.
More generally, electric current can be represented as the rate at which charge flows through a given surface as:
I = d Q d t . {\displaystyle I={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,.}
Electrolytes
Main article: Conductivity (electrolytic)
Electric currents in electrolytes are flows of electrically charged particles (ions). For example, if an electric field is placed across a solution of Na+ and Cl− (and conditions are right) the sodium ions move towards the negative electrode (cathode), while the chloride ions move towards the positive electrode (anode). Reactions take place at both electrode surfaces, absorbing each ion.
Water-ice and certain solid electrolytes called proton conductors contain positive hydrogen ions ("protons") that are mobile. In these materials, electric currents are composed of moving protons, as opposed to the moving electrons in metals.
In certain electrolyte mixtures, brightly coloured ions are the moving electric charges. The slow progress of the colour makes the current visible.[18]
Gases and plasmas
In air and other ordinary gases below the breakdown field, the dominant source of electrical conduction is via relatively few mobile ions produced by radioactive gases, ultraviolet light, or cosmic rays. Since the electrical conductivity is low, gases are dielectrics or insulators. However, once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and ionizing, neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown. The breakdown process forms a plasma that contains enough mobile electrons and positive ions to make it an electrical conductor. In the process, it forms a light emitting conductive path, such as a spark, arc or lightning.
Plasma is the state of matter where some of the electrons in a gas are stripped or "ionized" from their molecules or atoms. A plasma can be formed by high temperature, or by application of a high electric or alternating magnetic field as noted above. Due to their lower mass, the electrons in a plasma accelerate more quickly in response to an electric field than the heavier positive ions, and hence carry the bulk of the current. The free ions recombine to create new chemical compounds (for example, breaking atmospheric oxygen into single oxygen [O2 → 2O], which then recombine creating ozone [O3]).[19]
Vacuum
Since a "perfect vacuum" contains no charged particles, it normally behaves as a perfect insulator. However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission. Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum. Externally heated electrodes are often used to generate an electron cloud as in the filament or indirectly heated cathode of vacuum tubes. Cold electrodes can also spontaneously produce electron clouds via thermionic emission when small incandescent regions (called cathode spots or anode spots) are formed. These are incandescent regions of the electrode surface that are created by a localized high current. These regions may be initiated by field electron emission, but are then sustained by localized thermionic emission once a vacuum arc forms. These small electron-emitting regions can form quite rapidly, even explosively, on a metal surface subjected to a high electrical field. Vacuum tubes and sprytrons are some of the electronic switching and amplifying devices based on vacuum conductivity.
Superconductivity
Main article: Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.
Semiconductor
Main article: Semiconductor
In a semiconductor it is sometimes useful to think of the current as due to the flow of positive "holes" (the mobile positive charge carriers that are places where the semiconductor crystal is missing a valence electron). This is the case in a p-type semiconductor. A semiconductor has electrical conductivity intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator. This means a conductivity roughly in the range of 10−2 to 104 siemens per centimeter (S⋅cm−1).
In the classic crystalline semiconductors, electrons can have energies only within certain bands (i.e. ranges of levels of energy). Energetically, these bands are located between the energy of the ground state, the state in which electrons are tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and the free electron energy, the latter describing the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material. The energy bands each correspond to a large number of discrete quantum states of the electrons, and most of the states with low energy (closer to the nucleus) are occupied, up to a particular band called the valence band. Semiconductors and insulators are distinguished from metals because the valence band in any given metal is nearly filled with electrons under usual operating conditions, while very few (semiconductor) or virtually none (insulator) of them are available in the conduction band, the band immediately above the valence band.
The ease of exciting electrons in the semiconductor from the valence band to the conduction band depends on the band gap between the bands. The size of this energy band gap serves as an arbitrary dividing line (roughly 4 eV) between semiconductors and insulators.
With covalent bonds, an electron moves by hopping to a neighboring bond. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that the electron be lifted into the higher anti-bonding state of that bond. For delocalized states, for example in one dimension – that is in a nanowire, for every energy there is a state with electrons flowing in one direction and another state with the electrons flowing in the other. For a net current to flow, more states for one direction than for the other direction must be occupied. For this to occur, energy is required, as in the semiconductor the next higher states lie above the band gap. Often this is stated as: full bands do not contribute to the electrical conductivity. However, as a semiconductor's temperature rises above absolute zero, there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band. The current-carrying electrons in the conduction band are known as free electrons, though they are often simply called electrons if that is clear in context.
Current density and Ohm's law
Main article: Current density
Current density is a measure of the density of an electric current. It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area. In SI units, the current density is measured in amperes per square metre.
I = ∫ J → ⋅ d A → {\displaystyle I=\int {\vec {J}}\cdot d{\vec {A}}}
where I {\displaystyle I} is current in the conductor, J → {\displaystyle {\vec {J}}} is the current density, and d A → {\displaystyle d{\vec {A}}} is the differential cross-sectional area vector.
The current density (current per unit area) J → {\displaystyle {\vec {J}}} in materials with finite resistance is directly proportional to the electric field E → {\displaystyle {\vec {E}}} in the medium. The proportionality constant is called the conductivity σ {\displaystyle \sigma } of the material, whose value depends on the material concerned and, in general, is dependent on the temperature of the material:
J → = σ E → {\displaystyle {\vec {J}}=\sigma {\vec {E}}\,}
The reciprocal of the conductivity σ {\displaystyle \sigma } of the material is called the resistivity ρ {\displaystyle \rho } of the material and the above equation, when written in terms of resistivity becomes:
J → = E → ρ {\displaystyle {\vec {J}}={\frac {\vec {E}}{\rho }}} or
E → = ρ J → {\displaystyle {\vec {E}}=\rho {\vec {J}}}
Conduction in semiconductor devices may occur by a combination of drift and diffusion, which is proportional to diffusion constant D {\displaystyle D} and charge density α q {\displaystyle \alpha _{q}} . The current density is then:
J = σ E + D q ∇ n , {\displaystyle J=\sigma E+Dq\nabla n,}
with q {\displaystyle q} being the elementary charge and n {\displaystyle n} the electron density. The carriers move in the direction of decreasing concentration, so for electrons a positive current results for a positive density gradient. If the carriers are holes, replace electron density n {\displaystyle n} by the negative of the hole density p {\displaystyle p} .
In linear anisotropic materials, σ, ρ and D are tensors.
In linear materials such as metals, and under low frequencies, the current density across the conductor surface is uniform. In such conditions, Ohm's law states that the current is directly proportional to the potential difference between two ends (across) of that metal (ideal) resistor (or other ohmic device):
I = V R , {\displaystyle I={V \over R}\,,}
where I {\displaystyle I} is the current, measured in amperes; V {\displaystyle V} is the potential difference, measured in volts; and R {\displaystyle R} is the resistance, measured in ohms. For alternating currents, especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance.
Drift speed
The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions, like the particles of a gas. (More accurately, a Fermi gas.) To create a net flow of charge, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in most metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field. The speed they drift at can be calculated from the equation:
I = n A v Q , {\displaystyle I=nAvQ\,,}
where
I {\displaystyle I} is the electric current
n {\displaystyle n} is number of charged particles per unit volume (or charge carrier density)
A {\displaystyle A} is the cross-sectional area of the conductor
v {\displaystyle v} is the drift velocity, and
Q {\displaystyle Q} is the charge on each particle.
Typically, electric charges in solids flow slowly. For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm2, carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is on the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines at about a tenth of the speed of light.
Any accelerating electric charge, and therefore any changing electric current, gives rise to an electromagnetic wave that propagates at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor. This speed is usually a significant fraction of the speed of light, as can be deduced from Maxwell's Equations, and is therefore many times faster than the drift velocity of the electrons. For example, in AC power lines, the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate through the space between the wires, moving from a source to a distant load, even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance.
The ratio of the speed of the electromagnetic wave to the speed of light in free space is called the velocity factor, and depends on the electromagnetic properties of the conductor and the insulating materials surrounding it, and on their shape and size.
The magnitudes (not the natures) of these three velocities can be illustrated by an analogy with the three similar velocities associated with gases. (See also hydraulic analogy.)
The low drift velocity of charge carriers is analogous to air motion; in other words, winds.
The high speed of electromagnetic waves is roughly analogous to the speed of sound in a gas (sound waves move through air much faster than large-scale motions such as convection)
The random motion of charges is analogous to heat – the thermal velocity of randomly vibrating gas particles.
See also
Electronics portal
Look up amperage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Alternating current
Current 3-vector
Direct current
Electric shock
Electrical measurements
History of electrical engineering
Hydraulic analogy
International System of Quantities
SI electromagnetism units
Single-phase electric power
Two-phase electric power
Three-phase electric power
References
Jump up ^ Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (2015). The art of electronics (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80926-9.
Jump up ^ Anthony C. Fischer-Cripps (2004). The electronics companion. CRC Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7503-1012-3.
Jump up ^ Lakatos, John; Oenoki, Keiji; Judez, Hector; Oenoki, Kazushi; Hyun Kyu Cho (March 1998). "Learn Physics Today!". Lima, Peru: Colegio Dr. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
Jump up ^ T. L. Lowe, John Rounce, Calculations for A-level Physics, p. 2, Nelson Thornes, 2002 ISBN 0-7487-6748-7.
Jump up ^ Howard M. Berlin, Frank C. Getz, Principles of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement, p. 37, Merrill Pub. Co., 1988 ISBN 0-675-20449-6.
Jump up ^ K. S. Suresh Kumar, Electric Circuit Analysis, Pearson Education India, 2013, ISBN 9332514100, section 1.2.3 "'Current intensity' is usually referred to as 'current' itself."
Jump up ^ A-M Ampère, Recueil d'Observations Électro-dynamiques, p. 56, Paris: Chez Crochard Libraire 1822 (in French).
Jump up ^ Electric Power, vol. 6, p. 411, 1894.
Jump up ^ Consoliver, Earl L.; Mitchell, Grover I. (1920). Automotive ignition systems. McGraw-Hill. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Robert A. Millikan and E. S. Bishop (1917). Elements of Electricity. American Technical Society. p. 54.
Jump up ^ Oliver Heaviside (1894). Electrical papers. 1. Macmillan and Co. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-8218-2840-3.
Jump up ^ Andrew J. Robinson; Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007). Clinical Electrophysiology: Electrotherapy and Electrophysiologic Testing (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7817-4484-3.
Jump up ^ What is a Current Sensor and How is it Used?. Focus.ti.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-22.
Jump up ^ Andreas P. Friedrich, Helmuth Lemme The Universal Current Sensor. Sensorsmag.com (2000-05-01). Retrieved on 2011-12-22.
Jump up ^ We And Our World. D.A.V. College Managing Committee.
Jump up ^ From the book/ We And Our World
Jump up ^ "The Mechanism Of Conduction In Metals", Think Quest.
Jump up ^ Rudolf Holze, Experimental Electrochemistry: A Laboratory Textbook, page 44, John Wiley & Sons, 2009 ISBN 3527310983.
Jump up ^ "Lab Note #106 Environmental Impact of Arc Suppression". Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
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41 Original Hits from the Soundtrack of American Graffiti
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41 Original Hits from the Soundtrack of American Graffiti
Soundtrack album from American Graffiti by Various
Released
August 1973 (LP)
June 22, 1993 (CD)
Recorded
1953-1973
Genre
Rock and roll, Doo-wop, R&B
Label
MCA 8001
Producer
Gil Rodin (soundtrack producer)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
41 Original Hits from the Soundtrack of American Graffiti is the official 1973 soundtrack album of the film American Graffiti. It has been certified triple platinum in the U.S., where it peaked at #10 on the Billboard 200 album chart.
Included in the film, but not on the soundtrack, are "Gee" by The Crows, "Louie Louie" by Flash Cadillac & the Continental Kids, and Harrison Ford's in-character a cappella rendition of "Some Enchanted Evening".
A second compilation, titled More American Graffiti (MCA 8007) (and not to be confused with the 1979 film sequel of that name) was issued by MCA in early 1975, with George Lucas's approval.[citation needed] It features more rock and doo-wop hits from the late '50s and early '60s (only one of which, the Crows' "Gee", was featured in the film), along with additional Wolfman Jack dialogue. A third and final oldies compilation, titled American Graffiti Vol. III (MCA 8008) was also issued by MCA in early 1976. All three albums were released as 2-record sets, or as a double-length tape and are now entirely out of print.
All songs on the soundtrack album are presented in the order they appeared in the film.
The UK version of the soundtrack album is slightly reordered and omits three tracks; both Beach Boys songs and "Teen Angel" by Mark Dinning. The album is thus retitled "38 Original Hits from the Sound Track of American Graffiti".
Contents
1 Differences between vinyl and CD releases
2 Track listing
2.1 LP
2.2 CD
3 References
Differences between vinyl and CD releases[edit]
Fats Domino's "Ain't That a Shame": On the original vinyl release of the soundtrack, an alternate version including an overdubbed female chorus (created for Domino's 1963 LP Let's Dance with Domino) is used. The CD issue uses the original hit single recording.
"Love Potion No. 9" by The Clovers: The vinyl release features the LP version which concludes with the lyrics "I had so much fun that I'm going back again. I wonder what will happen with Love Potion No. 10." The CD features the single version of the song which concludes by repeating the verse "But when I kissed the cop at 34th and Vine, he broke my little bottle of Love Potion No. 9."
"Party Doll" by Buddy Knox: fades out earlier than the original version during the final chorus.
Track listing[edit]
LP[edit]
Side one (Front side of record one)
No.
Title
Original Artist and year
Length
1. "(We're Gonna) Rock Around the Clock" Bill Haley & the Comets 1954 2:08
2. "16 Candles" The Crests 1958 2:48
3. "Runaway" Del Shannon 1961 2:18
4. "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers 1956 2:14
5. "That'll Be the Day" The Crickets 1957 2:14
6. "Fannie Mae" Buster Brown 1959 2:52
7. "At the Hop" Flash Cadillac & the Continental Kids 1973 2:25
8. "She's So Fine" Flash Cadillac & the Continental Kids 1973 2:18
9. "The Stroll" The Diamonds 1957 2:26
10. "See You In September" The Tempos 1959 2:03
Side two (Front side of record two)
No.
Title
Original Artist and year
Length
1. "Surfin' Safari" The Beach Boys 1962 2:05
2. "(He's) The Great Imposter" The Fleetwoods 1961 1:33
3. "Almost Grown" Chuck Berry 1959 2:09
4. "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" The Platters 1958 2:37
5. "Little Darlin'" The Diamonds 1957 2:04
6. "Peppermint Twist" Joey Dee and the Starlighters 1961 1:58
7. "Barbara Ann" The Regents 1961 2:14
8. "The Book of Love" The Monotones 1958 2:17
9. "Maybe Baby" Buddy Holly 1957 2:01
10. "Ya Ya" Lee Dorsey 1961 2:22
11. "The Great Pretender" The Platters 1955 2:35
Side three (Back side of record two)
No.
Title
Original Artist and year
Length
1. "Ain't That a Shame" Fats Domino 1955 2:31
2. "Johnny B. Goode" Chuck Berry 1958 2:38
3. "I Only Have Eyes for You" The Flamingos 1959 3:09
4. "Get a Job" The Silhouettes 1958 2:37
5. "To the Aisle" The Five Satins 1957 2:44
6. "Do You Want To Dance" Bobby Freeman 1958 2:35
7. "Party Doll" Buddy Knox 1957 1:54
8. "Come Go with Me" The Del-Vikings 1956 2:37
9. "You're Sixteen - You're Beautiful (And You're Mine)" Johnny Burnette 1960 1:56
10. "Love Potion No. 9" The Clovers 1959 1:53
Side four (Back side of record one)
No.
Title
Original Artist and year
Length
1. "Since I Don't Have You" The Skyliners 1958 2:35
2. "Chantilly Lace" The Big Bopper 1958 2:21
3. "Teen Angel" Mark Dinning 1959 2:35
4. "Crying in the Chapel" Sonny Till & the Orioles 1953 3:04
5. "A Thousand Miles Away" The Heartbeats 1957 2:25
6. "Heart and Soul" The Cleftones 1961 1:49
7. "Green Onions" Booker T. & the M.G.'s 1962 2:25
8. "Only You (And You Alone)" The Platters 1955 2:35
9. "Goodnight, Well it's Time to Go" The Spaniels 1954 2:43
10. "All Summer Long" The Beach Boys 1964 2:05
CD[edit]
Disc One
No.
Title
Original Artist and year
Length
1. "Rock Around the Clock" Bill Haley & His Comets 1954
2. "16 Candles" The Crests 1958
3. "Runaway" Del Shannon 1961
4. "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers 1956
5. "That'll Be the Day" Buddy Holly 1957
6. "Fanny Mae" Buster Brown 1959
7. "At the Hop" Flash Cadillac & the Continental Kids 1973
8. "She's So Fine" Flash Cadillac & the Continental Kids 1973
9. "The Stroll" The Diamonds 1957
10. "See You In September" The Tempos 1959
11. "Surfin' Safari" The Beach Boys 1962
12. "(He's) The Great Imposter" The Fleetwoods 1961
13. "Almost Grown" Chuck Berry 1959
14. "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" The Platters 1959
15. "Little Darlin'" The Diamonds 1957
16. "Peppermint Twist" Joey Dee and the Starlighters 1961
17. "Barbara Ann" The Regents 1961
18. "The Book of Love" The Monotones 1958
19. "Maybe Baby" Buddy Holly 1958
20. "Ya Ya" Lee Dorsey 1961
21. "The Great Pretender" The Platters 1955
Disc Two
No.
Title
Original Artist and year
Length
1. "Ain't That a Shame" Fats Domino 1955
2. "Johnny B. Goode" Chuck Berry 1958
3. "I Only Have Eyes for You" The Flamingos 1959
4. "Get a Job" The Silhouettes 1958
5. "To the Aisle" The Five Satins 1957
6. "Do You Wanna Dance?" Bobby Freeman 1958
7. "Party Doll" Buddy Knox 1957
8. "Come Go with Me" The Del-Vikings 1957
9. "You're Sixteen" (written by Bob & Dick Sherman) Johnny Burnette 1960
10. "Love Potion No. 9" The Clovers 1959
11. "Since I Don't Have You" The Skyliners 1958
12. "Chantilly Lace" The Big Bopper 1958
13. "Teen Angel" Mark Dinning 1960
14. "Crying in the Chapel" Sonny Till & the Orioles 1953
15. "A Thousand Miles Away" The Heartbeats 1957
16. "Heart and Soul" The Cleftones 1961
17. "Green Onions" Booker T. & the M.G.'s 1962
18. "Only You (And You Alone)" The Platters 1954
19. "Goodnite, Sweetheart, Goodnite" The Spaniels 1953
20. "All Summer Long" The Beach Boys 1964
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. American Graffiti Original Soundtrack review allmusic.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-09.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=41_Original_Hits_from_the_Soundtrack_of_American_Graffiti&oldid=856876016"
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text:
Reunited (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Reunited"
Single by Peaches & Herb
from the album 2 Hot
B-side
"Easy as Pie"
Released
March 1979 (1979-03)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1977
Genre
R&B
Length
5:46
Label
Polydor
Songwriter(s)
Dino Fekaris
Freddie Perren
Producer(s)
Freddie Perren
Peaches & Herb singles chronology
"Shake Your Groove Thing"
(1978) "Reunited"
(1979) "We've Got Love"
(1979)
"Reunited" was a hit song for R&B vocal duo Peaches & Herb. As the second single release from their 1978 album, 2 Hot, the song was a huge crossover smash, topping both the pop and soul charts. It spent four weeks at number one on both the R&B singles chart and the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1979[1] and sold over 2 million copies. Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1979. In Canada, "Reunited" likewise reached number one and was the No. 9 song for the year.[2]
The song was written by Dino Fekaris and Freddie Perren, and was the sequel song to the duo's 1968 hit "(We'll Be) United", which was itself a cover of The Intruders' original 1966 hit.[3][4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly singles charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Sales and certifications
3 Cover versions
4 Sampled versions
5 Uses in popular culture
6 References
7 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1979)
Peak
position
Australia 8
Canada 1
Netherlands 2
New Zealand [7] 2
UK 4
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[8] 1
U.S. Billboard R&B 1
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[9] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1979)
Rank
Australia [10] 58
Canada [11] 9
New Zealand [12] 18
UK [13][not in citation given] 27
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [14] 5
U.S. Cash Box [15] 9
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[16]
Platinum 10,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[17]
Silver 250,000^
United States (RIAA)[18]
Platinum 2,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Cover versions[edit]
A version by Louise Mandrell and R. C. Bannon reached #13 on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1979.
It was regularly covered by Faith No More as the intro song to the live shows on their 2009/2010 reunion tour.
It was sung by David Hasselhoff at the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
Lulu recorded a version with Cliff Richard for her Together album.
Raven-Symoné and Bobb'e J. Thompson sang "Reunited" in 2005 in the Season 3 episode of That's So Raven "The Grill Next Door".
Sampled versions[edit]
South Korean rapper Cho PD sampled in First Love (첫사랑) from the 2007 album Money Talks.
Uses in popular culture[edit]
Peaches and Herb's version appears in a 2014 TV commercial for H&R Block. It appears in the TV shows Son of the Beach, Haven, Grounded for Life, King of the Hill, Brooklyn Nine-Nine and was also used as the theme for the BBC TV series Stars Reunited between 2003 and 2004.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 454.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "The Intruders - (We'll Be) United". YouTube. 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "(We'll Be ) United - Peaches & Herb". YouTube. 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Reunited (Peaches & Herbs) with lyrics". YouTube. 2010-05-15. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Peaches & Herb on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 1942-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 1979-06-24. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 32, No. 13, December 22, 1979". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1979 | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 1979-12-31. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Chart Archive – 1970s Singles". everyHit.com. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1979/Top 100 Songs of 1979". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Peaches & Herb – Reunited". Music Canada. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Peaches & Herb – Reunited". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 29 March 2012. Enter Reunited in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Peaches & Herb – Reunited". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 29 March 2012. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song
Preceded by
"Heart of Glass" by Blondie Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
May 5–26, 1979 Succeeded by
"Hot Stuff" by Donna Summer
Preceded by
"Disco Nights (Rock-Freak)" by GQ Billboard Hot Soul Singles number-one single
April 28 - May 19, 1979 Succeeded by
"I Wanna Be with You (Part 1)" by The Isley Brothers
[show]
v
t
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Peaches & Herb
Studio albums
2 Hot
Singles
"Shake Your Groove Thing"
"Reunited"
Related topics
Freddie Perren
Meritxell Negre
Book:Peaches & Herb
[show]
v
t
e
Louise Mandrell
Notable singles
"Everlasting Love"
"Save Me"
"Too Hot to Sleep"
"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet"
"Maybe My Baby"
"I Wanna Say Yes"
"Some Girls Have All the Luck"
"I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips"
Collaboration singles
"Reunited" (with R.C. Bannon)
Related articles
Barbara Mandrell
Irlene Mandrell

This 1970s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
This 1970s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reunited_(song)&oldid=788288388"
Categories:
1979 singles
1978 songs
Peaches & Herb songs
R.C. Bannon songs
Louise Mandrell songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Number-one dance singles in Canada
Vocal duets
Songs written by Freddie Perren
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Dino Fekaris
Polydor Records singles
1970s pop song stubs
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This page was last edited on 30 June 2017, at 16:03.
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