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List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
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The Norwegian Nobel Institute (headquarters pictured) assists the Norwegian Nobel Committee in selecting recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize and in organising the annual award in Oslo.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[2] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.[3] The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm.[5] Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an individual.
The prize is considered the most controversial of the Nobel Prizes with several of the selections having been criticised.[6][7] Despite having been nominated five times, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi never won the Prize. Following his assassination in 1948, the committee considered awarding it to him posthumously but decided against it and instead withheld the Prize that year with the explanation that "there was no suitable living candidate."[8] In 1961, Dag Hammarskjöld, who died after his nomination but several months before the announcement, became the only laureate to be recognised posthumously; following this, the statutes were changed to make a future posthumous prize nearly impossible.[9] In 1973, Le Duc Tho declined the Prize, because "he was not in a position to accept the Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason."[10] Linus Pauling, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962, is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.[10] At 17 years of age, Malala Yousafzai, the 2014 recipient, is the youngest to be awarded the Peace Prize.
Contents
[hide]
1 Laureates
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
4.1 Citations
4.2 Sources
5 External links
Laureates
As of 2016[update], the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[11] Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).[10] There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, more times than any other Nobel Prize.
Lê Đức Thọ is the only person to refuse to accept a Nobel Peace Prize.[12] He was jointly awarded the 1973 award with Henry Kissinger but declined the prize on grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities" were not for him[93] and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full.
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale
1901 Henry Dunant Switzerland For his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross[9][13]
Frédéric Passy France "[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress"[9][13]
1902 Élie Ducommun Switzerland "[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[9][14]
Charles Albert Gobat "[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][14]
1903 William Randal Cremer United Kingdom "[For his role as] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][15]
1904 Institute of International Law Belgium "[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law"[9][16]
1905 Bertha von Suttner Austria-Hungary For writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[9][17]
1906 Theodore Roosevelt United States "[For] his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[9][18]
1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy "[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[9][19]
Louis Renault France "[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"[9][19]
1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson Sweden "[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League"[9][20]
Fredrik Bajer Denmark "[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau"[9][20]
1909 Auguste Beernaert Belgium "[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][21]
Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant France "[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[9][21]
1910 Permanent International Peace Bureau Switzerland "[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries"[22][23]
1911 Tobias Asser Netherlands "[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law"[9][24]
Alfred Fried Austria-Hungary "[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society"[9][24]
1912 Elihu Root[A] United States "[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[9][25]
1913 Henri La Fontaine Belgium "[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau"[9][26]
1914 Not awarded due to World War I.
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland "[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families"[9][27]
1918 Not awarded due to World War I.
1919 Woodrow Wilson United States "[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations"[9][28]
1920 Léon Bourgeois France "[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907" and for his work towards "what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'"[9][29]
1921 Hjalmar Branting Sweden "[F]or his work in the League of Nations"[9][30]
Christian Lange Norway "[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][30]
1922 Fridtjof Nansen "[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine" and "his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace"[31][32]
1923 Not awarded
1924
1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain[A] United Kingdom For work on the Locarno Treaties[9][33]
Charles G. Dawes[A] United States "[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[9][33]
1926 Aristide Briand France For work on the Locarno Treaties[9][34]
Gustav Stresemann Germany
1927 Ferdinand Buisson France "[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[9][35]
Ludwig Quidde Germany
1928 Not awarded
1929 Frank B. Kellogg[A] United States "[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy"[9][36]
1930 Nathan Söderblom Sweden "[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[9][37]
1931 Jane Addams United States "[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[9][38]
Nicholas Murray Butler "[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[9][38]
1932 Not awarded
1933 Sir Norman Angell[A] United Kingdom For authoring The Great Illusion and for being a "supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general"[39]
1934 Arthur Henderson "[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[9][40][41]
1935 Carl von Ossietzky[B] Germany "[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[9][42]
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina "[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia"[9][43]
1937 The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood United Kingdom For his work with the League of Nations[9][44]
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees League of Nations For its work in aiding refugees[45]
1939 Not awarded due to World War II.
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland "[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity"[46]
1945 Cordell Hull United States "[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[47]
1946 Emily Greene Balch "Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[48]
John Raleigh Mott "Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[48]
1947 Friends Service Council United Kingdom "compassion for others and the desire to help them"[49]
American Friends Service Committee United States
1948 Not awarded because "there was no suitable living candidate." (A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India.)[8]
1949 The Lord Boyd-Orr United Kingdom "Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[50]
1950 Ralph Bunche United States "Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[51]
1951 Léon Jouhaux France "President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations"[52]
1952 Albert Schweitzer "Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[53]
1953 George C. Marshall United States "General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"[54]
1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations "An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[55]
1955 Not awarded
1956
1957 Lester Bowles Pearson Canada "former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[56] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[9]
1958 Dominique Pire Belgium "Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[57]
1959 Philip Noel-Baker United Kingdom "Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[58]
1960 Albert Lutuli South Africa
(Born in Southern Rhodesia) "President of the African National Congress,"[59] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[9]
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld[C] Sweden "Secretary General of the U.N.,"[60] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[9]
1962 Linus Pauling United States "for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing"[61]
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland For their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.[62]
League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. United States Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence." King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities. King also organized the March on Washington, where he gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech”.[63]
1965 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) United Nations "An international aid organization." [64]
1966 Not awarded
1967
1968 René Cassin France "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[65]
1969 International Labour Organization United Nations [66]
1970 Norman E. Borlaug United States "International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[67] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[9]
1971 Willy Brandt West Germany "Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[68]
1972 Not awarded
1973 Henry Kissinger United States
(Born in Germany) "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces"[9][69]
Lê Đức Thọ[D] Vietnam (North)
1974 Seán MacBride Ireland
(Born in France) "President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[70] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[9]
Eisaku Satō Japan "Prime Minister of Japan,"[70] "for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation"[9]
1975 Andrei Sakharov[E] Soviet Union "[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations"[71]
1976 Betty Williams United Kingdom "Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[72]
Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International "[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience"[9][73]
1978 Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat Egypt "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[74]
Menachem Begin Israel
Poland
(Born in Russia)
1979 Mother Teresa India
(Born in Skopje, now Republic of Macedonia) "Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[75]
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Argentina "Human rights leader;"[76] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[9]
1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations "An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[77]
1982 Alva Myrdal Sweden "[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[78][79]
Alfonso García Robles Mexico
1983 Lech Wałęsa Poland "Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[80]
1984 Desmond Tutu South Africa "Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[81]
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War United States For "authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues."[82]
1986 Elie Wiesel United States
(Born in Romania) "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[83]
1987 Óscar Arias Costa Rica "for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[84]
1988 United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces United Nations "[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations"[85][86]
1989 Tenzin Gyatso,
14th Dalai Lama India
(Born in Tibet)[87] "In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people."[88][89]
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet Union General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"[90]
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi[F] Burma "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[91]
1992 Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala "for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[92]
1993 Nelson Mandela South Africa "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[93]
Frederik Willem de Klerk
1994 Yasser Arafat Palestine
(Born in Egypt) "to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[94]
Yitzhak Rabin Israel
Shimon Peres Israel
(Born in Poland)
1995 Joseph Rotblat United Kingdom
(Born in Poland) "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[95]
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Canada
1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo East Timor "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[96]
José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines Switzerland "for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[97]
Jody Williams United States
1998 John Hume Ireland "for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[98]
David Trimble United Kingdom
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières Switzerland "in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"[99]
2000 Kim Dae-jung South Korea "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[100]
2001 United Nations United Nations "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[101]
Kofi Annan Ghana
2002 Jimmy Carter United States "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[102]
2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran "for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children."[103]
2004 Wangari Muta Maathai Kenya "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[104]
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"[105]
Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt
2006 Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh "for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"[106]
Grameen Bank
2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[107]
Al Gore United States
2008 Martti Ahtisaari Finland "for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[108]
2009 Barack Obama United States "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[109]
2010 Liu Xiaobo China "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"[110]
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[111]
Leymah Gbowee
Tawakkul Karman Yemen
2012 European Union European Union "for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."[112]
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons International "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons."[113]
2014 Kailash Satyarthi India "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"[114]
Malala Yousafzai Pakistan
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Tunisia "for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011"[115]
2016 Juan Manuel Santos Colombia "for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people"[116]
2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Switzerland "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons"[117].
See also
List of Nobel laureates
List of peace activists
Notes
A Elihu Root, Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes, Frank B. Kellogg, and Norman Angell were all awarded their respective Prizes one year late because the Committee decided that none of the nominations in the year in which they are listed as being awarded the Prize met the criteria in Nobel's will; per its rules the Committee delayed the awarding of the Prizes until the next year, although they were awarded as the previous year's Prize.[25][33][36][39]
B Carl von Ossietzky's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of Germany.[118]
C Dag Hammarskjöld's Prize was awarded posthumously.
D Lê Đức Thọ declined to accept the Prize.[69]
E Andrei Sakharov's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of the Soviet Union.[119]
F Aung San Suu Kyi's Prize was awarded in absentia because she was being held prisoner by the government of Burma. Following her release from house arrest and election to the Pyithu Hluttaw, Suu Kyi accepted her award in person on 16 June 2012.[120]
G Liu Xiaobo's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned in China.[121]
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Jump up ^ "Press Release- The Nobel Peace Prize 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-12-02. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2011". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2013" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2014". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2016". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2017 - Press Release". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Biography: Carl von Ossietzky". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
Jump up ^ Lionaes, Aase. "Award Ceremony Speech (1975)". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
Jump up ^ Sejersted, Francis. "Award Ceremony Speech (1991)". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
Jump up ^ Jagland, Thorbjørn. "Award Ceremony Speech (2010)". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
Sources
"All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
"Winners of the Nobel Prize for Peace". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
Rogers, Simon (8 October 2010). "Nobel peace prize winners list 2010: how does Liu Xiaobo compare to previous medal holders?". The Guardian.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize laureates.
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Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903 Randal Cremer
1904 Institut de Droit International
1905 Bertha von Suttner
1906 Theodore Roosevelt
1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909 A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910 International Peace Bureau
1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912 Elihu Root
1913 Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919 Woodrow Wilson
1920 Léon Bourgeois
1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
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1923
1924
1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
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1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929 Frank B. Kellogg
1930 Nathan Söderblom
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1932
1933 Norman Angell
1934 Arthur Henderson
1935 Carl von Ossietzky
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937 Robert Cecil
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross
1945 Cordell Hull
1946 Emily Balch / John Mott
1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949 John Boyd Orr
1950 Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951 Léon Jouhaux
1952 Albert Schweitzer
1953 George Marshall
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957 Lester B. Pearson
1958 Georges Pire
1959 Philip Noel-Baker
1960 Albert Lutuli
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld
1962 Linus Pauling
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
1966
1967
1968 René Cassin
1969 International Labour Organization
1970 Norman Borlaug
1971 Willy Brandt
1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975 Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977 Amnesty International
1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979 Mother Teresa
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi
1992 Rigoberta Menchú
1993 Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998 John Hume / David Trimble
1999 Médecins Sans Frontières
2000 Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002 Jimmy Carter
2003 Shirin Ebadi
2004 Wangari Maathai
2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008 Martti Ahtisaari
2009 Barack Obama
2010 Liu Xiaobo
2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012 European Union
2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016 Juan Manuel Santos
2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
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1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).
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Wake Forest School of Medicine
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This article is about the medical school in Winston-Salem, NC. For the unaffiliated healthcare system based in Raleigh, NC, see WakeMed.
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Type
Private
Established
1902
Dean
Julie Ann Freischlag, MD[1]
Academic staff
1,165[2]
Students
469 M.D.
16 MD/PhD
298 Graduate
150 P.A.
Location
Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.
Campus
Urban
Colors
Old gold & Black
Website
school.wakehealth.edu
{{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
Wake Forest School of Medicine is the medical school of Wake Forest University, located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It is affiliated with Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, the academic medical center whose clinical arm is Wake Forest Baptist Health. U.S. News & World Report in 2015 ranked Wake Forest School of Medicine as 49th best for research in the nation and 71st best for primary care. The School of Medicine also ranks in the top third of U.S. medical schools in funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History and background
2 Admissions and rankings
3 Academics and curriculum
4 Joint degree programs
5 Institutes and centers
6 Student life
7 Notable faculty and alumni
8 References
9 External links
History and background[edit]
Statue of Bowman Gray in the main entrance to the School of Medicine
In 1902, the two-year Wake Forest College Medical School was founded on the college campus in Wake Forest, North Carolina. Thirteen students made up the charter medical class. Tuition was $37.50 per term; additional fees were charged for laboratories and student health care.[4]
The Southern Baptist denomination in 1919 began its first planning for a hospital directed primarily at the care of the poor. Applications were received from Raleigh, High Point, Charlotte, Greensboro, Salisbury and Winston-Salem. The Southern Baptists chose Winston-Salem, and an 88-bed hospital opened there in 1923.
In the wake of a 1935 Carnegie Foundation report suggesting the dissolution of two-year medical schools, those schools began to consider alternatives. Meanwhile, the death of Bowman Gray, the president of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. in Winston-Salem, also in 1935, led his family to consider how to best make use of $750,000 that he left to be put toward a community cause. The Gray family decided to offer the money to a medical school willing to relocate to Winston-Salem. After the University of North Carolina rejected a chance to obtain the money because it did not want to leave Chapel Hill, Wake Forest’s medical school dean, Coy Cornelius Carpenter, in 1939 helped to forge a deal for the funds. In 1941, Bowman Gray School of Medicine opened on the campus of N.C. Baptist Hospital with 75 students, including 45 freshmen and 30 sophomores.
The rest of Wake Forest University would follow the medical school to Winston-Salem in 1956, in an effort led by the family of R.J. Reynolds.[4]
The school became known for its innovative curriculum and prominent faculty members, including:[citation needed]
Camillo Artom, a renowned Italian biochemistry expert who fled Italy to escape fascism, and who, at Wake Forest, worked with lipids in research on atherosclerosis, among other subjects.
Richard Masland, a professor of psychiatry and neurology who later became director of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. He encouraged faculty to pursue research grants, which helped the school in its push toward research and growth as an academic medical center.
James Toole, a neurologist who opened the Stroke Center soon after arriving in 1962 and who wrote a widely used text, Cerebrovascular Disorders.
A flurry of building projects beginning in the late 1950s and continuing today began a period of expansion that continues today. More than $700 million was spent on new buildings and equipment for the School of Medicine and medical center campus in the 1990s and 2000s. In 1997, the school was renamed Wake Forest University School of Medicine, and the medical school campus became the Bowman Gray Campus. In 2011, the name would be changed slightly again, to Wake Forest School of Medicine, as a part of a restructuring that also renamed the institution's clinical component as Wake Forest Baptist Health.[5]
The School of Medicine's strong research focus is evident in its translational work, which raised about $345.5 million in licensing revenues from 2010-2014. The newer buildings and facilities that are a focus of research for students and faculty are Ardmore Tower, which is home to Brenner Children's Hospital, the J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, the Comprehensive Cancer Center and Wake Forest Innovation Quarter. The latter is a 200-acre, mixed-used center in downtown Winston-Salem focusing on the biomedical and material sciences and information technology fields. Tenants at the Innovation Quarter include the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), which was established in 2004 and has risen to national prominence. WFIRM's scientists are working to engineer more than 30 different replacement tissues and organs and to develop healing cell therapies—all with the goal to cure, rather than merely treat, disease.[5]
Tiered Learning Classroom at Wake Forest School of Medicine
Wake Forest School of Medicine - Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education
In July 2016, the School of Medicine opened the Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, a $50 million, state-of-the-art building in downtown Winston-Salem, located at 475 Vine Street. The new campus occupies 168,000 square feet in a former R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company plant next to BioTech Place, with half the cost being paid for by historic tax credits.[6][7]
Admissions and rankings[edit]
Students applying to Wake Forest School of Medicine are required to take the MCAT. There are no required pre-requisite courses.[citation needed] The average MCAT subject score for students admitted for the class of 2017 was an 11.3, and the average total MCAT was 34. The median GPA for those accepted was a 3.7, and nine students had advanced degrees prior to applying. Overall, 7,492 students applied for admission and 573 were interviewed for 120 spots.[8][9] Wake Forest School of Medicine is currently the seventh most selective medical school in the United States, with an acceptance rate of just 2.9 percent.[10]
Academics and curriculum[edit]
The School of Medicine is a member of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME), which is jointly sponsored by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association (AMA) and the AAMC.
During the first year of study, basic science courses and introduction to medicine classes are taught, while the second year focuses on pathophysiology of disease and is organized by systems. The third and fourth years of medical education consist of clinical rotation in which the students are members of the medical team learning to treat patients in a hospital setting. Third-year students rotate through a series of required clerkships, while the fourth year allows for students to choose their rotations based on their interests and future career plans, including time for research or away rotations at other institutions. Students also have the opportunity to do electives in foreign countries and gain exposure to the differences in care in other countries.[11]
Students do clinical and research work primarily with Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health—Brenner Children’s Hospital, W.G. Hefner Salisbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences.
Joint degree programs[edit]
The School of Medicine offers, in conjunction with Wake Forest University’s Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, a joint M.D./Ph.D. degree from the M.D./Ph.D. Program[12] It also offers a joint M.D./M.A. degree in bioethics.
The joint Ph.D./M.B.A. program was established in 1999 by the Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Schools of Business, with the goal of providing Ph.D. scientists with the opportunity to obtain advanced business training and internship opportunities.
In addition, to address the growing need for professionals to be trained in both medicine and management, the school offers an M.D./M.B.A. degree in conjunction with Wake Forest University’s School of Business. Finally, there is an M.D./M.S. offered in Clinical and Population Translational Sciences through Wake Forest University’s Department of Public Health Sciences.[13]
Institutes and centers[edit]
Physicians, scientists and students at Wake Forest School of Medicine often work in the research- or education-based institutes and centers affiliated with the school. These include:
Institutes and Research-based Centers
Childress Institute for Pediatric Trauma[14]
Translational Science Institute[15]
Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine[16]
Brain Tumor Center of Excellence[17]
Center for Biomolecular Imaging[18]
Center for Cancer Genomics[19]
Center for Diabetes Research[20]
Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research[21]
Center for Integrative Medicine[22]
Center for Worker Health[23]
Comprehensive Cancer Center[24]
Hypertension and Vascular Research Center[25]
Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity[26]
J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation[27]
Wake Forest Primate Center[28]
Education and Training-based Centers
Center for Applied Learning[29]
Center of Excellence for Research, Training and Learning[30]
Women's Health Center of Excellence for Research, Leadership, Education[31]
Student life[edit]
Students participate in a number of volunteer and common-interest organizations. Delivering Equal Access to Care (DEAC) is a student-run clinic serving uninsured, low-income residents of Winston-Salem.[32] Oasis is an online magazine that publishes student artistic and literary works.[33] Other student organizations include interest groups that correspond with particular specialties and Wake Forest chapters of the American Medical Association, Student National Medical Association and Operation Smile. Many students also are active in intramural sports organized through the university.
A significant number of students also participate in research, and the Medical Student Research Program funds student research projects during the summer between their first and second years.[34] The School of Medicine also participates in the Albert Schweitzer Fellowship program, with a number of students winning fellowships each year.[35]
Notable faculty and alumni[edit]
Anthony Atala, M.D.
Thomas Marshburn, M.D.
See also: List of Wake Forest University people
William Allan, Genetics
Anthony Atala, Regenerative medicine and urology
Ken Blum, Neuropsychopharmacology and genetics
Paul Bucy, Neurology and neurosurgery
Coy Cornelius Carpenter, Dean
Richard Cytowic, Neurology
James Forrester, Politician
Max Gomez, Medical reporter
Tinsley Randolph Harrison, Internal medicine
David L. Heymann, Infectious disease
Robert Lanza, Regenerative medicine
Thomas T. Mackie, Preventative medicine and infectious disease
Thomas Marshburn, Astronaut
Jerry Punch, ESPN commentator
Leon S. Robertson, Epidemiology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Leader Profiles: Julie Ann Freischlag, MD, Interim Dean". Wake Forest School of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "School of Medicine Faculty". Wake Forest School of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "Ranking Tables of NIH Funding to US Medical Schools in 2010". Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research.
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Coy C (1970), The Story of Medicine At Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest U. Health Sciences Press
^ Jump up to: a b "WakeHealth.edu".
Jump up ^ Craver, Richard (December 8, 2014). "$100 million investment to bring Wake Forest Baptist's educational facilities downtown". Winston-Salem Journal. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hennessey, Michael (July 19, 2016). "Wake Forest Baptist completes new medical education building". WGHP. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Class Profile". Class Profile Data.
Jump up ^ "Class Profile".
Jump up ^ Susannah Snider. "10 Medical Schools That Are Most Competitive for Applicants". US News & World Report.
Jump up ^ "MD Program Curriculum". Wake Forest School of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "MD-PhD Program's Student Site @ Wake Forest Univ. School of Medicine". mudphud.org.
Jump up ^ "Combined Degree Programs". Wake Forest School of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "Childress Institute for Pediatric Trauma". Childress Institute.
Jump up ^ "WF Translational Science Institute - Wake Forest School of Medicine". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Brain Tumor Center of Excellence in North Carolina". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Center for Biomolecular Imaging". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Center for Cancer Genomics". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Center for Diabetes Research". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Center for Integrative Medicine". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Center for Worker Health". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Cancer Center - Wake Forest Baptist, North Carolina". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Hypertension & Vascular Research Center - Wake Forest School of Medicine". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Sticht Center on Aging". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Center for Comparative Medicine Research - Wake Forest School of Medicine". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Center for Applied Learning". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "The Center of Excellence for Research, Teaching and Learning". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "The Office of Women in Medicine and Science (OWIMS) - Wake Forest School of Medicine". wakehealth.edu.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to DEAC". Wake Forest School of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "Oasis". Wake Forest School of Medicine.
Jump up ^ "Medical Student Research Program Fellowships". Translational Science Institute, WFSM.
Jump up ^ "North Carolina Fellows and Projects". The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship.
External links[edit]
Official website
Wake Forest University website
Footprints Over Time: A Building History of WFUBMC Photographs demonstrating the growth of the medical center and school
[hide]
v
t
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Wake Forest University
Located in: Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Academics
Calloway School of Business and Accountancy
School of Business
School of Divinity
School of Law
School of Medicine
School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences
Athletics
Atlantic Coast Conference
BB&T Field
Demon Deacon
Gene Hooks Field
Kentner Stadium
Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum
Reynolds Gymnasium
Tobacco Road
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Teams
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Campus
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Founded: 1834
Students: 7,591
Endowment: 1.167 billion
Coordinates: 36°05′25″N 80°16′07″W / 36.0902°N 80.2686°W / 36.0902; -80.2686
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wake_Forest_School_of_Medicine&oldid=801147279"
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