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State of the Union
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"States of the Union" redirects here. For other uses, see State of the Union (disambiguation).
For the most recent State of the Union address, see 2016 State of the Union Address.
The State of the Union address is a speech presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new president's term.[1] The address not only reports on the condition of the nation but also allows the President to outline his legislative agenda (for which he needs the cooperation of Congress) and national priorities.[2] The address fulfills rules in Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, requiring the President to periodically give Congress information on the "state of the union"[3] and recommend any measures that he believes are necessary and expedient. During most of the country's first century, the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress. With the advent of radio and television, the address is now broadcast live across the country on most networks.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 History
3 Delivery of the speech
3.1 Invitations
3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber
3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics
4 Opposition response
5 Significance
6 Local versions
7 Historic speeches
8 TV ratings
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:
He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.
— Article II, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution
Although the language of this Section of the Constitution is not specific, by tradition, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[5] and as late as February 12.[6]
While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[7] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[5]
Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. When a presidential inauguration occurs in January, the date may be delayed until February.[5]
What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).
Also, in recent decades, newly inaugurated presidents have chosen to deliver speeches to joint sessions of Congress in the early months of their presidencies, but have not officially considered them State of the Union addresses.[8]
History[edit]
George Washington's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address, January 8, 1790. Full 7 pages.
George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981.[9]
For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933 changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.
The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.
In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]
The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan's first State of the Union Address, given January 26, 1982
Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio. Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[clarification needed] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[12] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[13][14] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[15] George W. Bush was the first president to address the speaker as "Madam Speaker".
Delivery of the speech[edit]
A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[16][17]
Invitations[edit]
Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box. The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speakers box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.
Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]
By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[18] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[18]
The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[18] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[18] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[19]
The Sergeants at Arms of the House (left) and Senate (right) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address.
Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[20] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[19] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker (if the speaker is male)/Madam Speaker (if the speaker is female), the President of the United States!"[20]
As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[20] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[19] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[20] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.
After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[19][20] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[20]
At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake, congratulate the President on his way out.
Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]
Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[citation needed]
President George W. Bush with Senate President (U.S. Vice President) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address. 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair. (audio only)
Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.
In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[21] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as everyday Americans or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[22] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[23][24]
State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.
For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[25] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[26]
Opposition response[edit]
Main article: Response to the State of the Union address
Since 1966,[27] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[28] The same thing was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[29] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[30] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[31]
Significance[edit]
Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[24]
Local versions[edit]
Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor.
Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[32][33] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[34]
The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[35] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.
Historic speeches[edit]
Play media
Roosevelt's Second Bill of Rights (excerpt)
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work... We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." and how he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."
George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union
In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.
TV ratings[edit]
Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[36]
Date
President
Viewers,
millions
Households,
millions
Networks
2/28/2017* Trump 30.08 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC, UNIVERSO, FBN
1/12/2016 Obama 31.3 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/20/2015 Obama 31.7 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/28/2014 Obama 33.3 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
2/12/2013 Obama 33.5 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/24/2012 Obama 37.752 27.569 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/25/2011 Obama 42.789 30.871 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/27/2010 Obama 48.009 34.182 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
2/24/2009* Obama 52.373 37.185 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNBC
1/28/2008 Bush, GW 37.515 27.702 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION
1/24/2007 Bush, GW 45.486 32.968 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION
2/01/2006 Bush, GW 41.699 29.578 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA, AZTECA AMERICA
2/02/2005 Bush, GW 38.382 27.699 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA
1/20/2004 Bush, GW 43.411 30.286 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/28/2003 Bush, GW 62.061 41.447 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/29/2002 Bush, GW 51.773 35.547 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
2/27/2001* Bush, GW 39.793 28.201 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/27/2000 Clinton 31.478 22.536 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/19/1999 Clinton 43.500 30.700 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC
1/27/1998 Clinton 53.077 36.513 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC
2/04/1997 Clinton 41.100 27.600 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN
1/23/1996 Clinton 40.900 28.400 ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN
1/24/1995 Clinton 42.200 28.100 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN
1/25/1994 Clinton 45.800 31.000 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN
2/17/1993* Clinton 66.900 41.200 ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN
The 1993, 2001, 2009 and 2017 addresses were not, officially, State of the Union addresses.[1]
See also[edit]
List of joint sessions of the United States Congress
State Opening of Parliament
United States presidential address
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Diaz, Daniella, "Why Trump's Tuesday speech isn't a State of the Union address", CNN, February 28, 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Ben's Guide to U.S. Government". United States Government Printing Office.
Jump up ^ Modern quotes of the US constitution usually do not follow its original capitalization of most nouns, and Wikipedia's manual of style says to avoid unnecessary capitalization
Jump up ^ "31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres. Obama’s State of the Union Address". The Nielsen Company (Press release). January 21, 2015. On Tuesday, Jan. 20, 2015, President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address. The address was carried live from 9:00 p.m. to 10:15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape-delayed on Univision.
^ Jump up to: a b c The President's State of the Union Address: Tradition, Function, and Policy Implications (PDF). Congressional Research Service. January 24, 2014. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Jackson, David (January 11, 2013). "Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "State of the Union Addresses and Messages: research notes by Gerhard Peters". The American Presidency Project (APP). Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The President's address". The White House.
Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard. "State of the Union Messages". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved September 25, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Kolakowski, Michael & Neale, Thomas H. (March 7, 2006). "The President's State of the Union Message: Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "President to Appear Before Congress: Message to be Delivered Friday night". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Associated Press. January 2, 1936. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2004). 1968: The Year That Rocked the World. New York: Ballantine. p. 44. ISBN 0-9659111-4-4.
Jump up ^ "Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Retrieved July 4, 2006.
Jump up ^ Weinraub, Bernard (January 29, 1986). "The Shuttle Explosion: Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech". The New York Times. p. A9.
Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk. Joint Meetings, Joint Sessions, and Inaugurations. House History. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address". Speaker Boehner's Press Office (Press release). January 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "State of the Union 2015". Speaker Boehner's Press Office (Press release). December 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President" (PDF). Congressional Record: H414. January 27, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "President Delivers State of the Union Address" (Transcript). CNN. January 28, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President" (PDF). Congressional Record: H415. January 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Widmer, Ted (January 31, 2006). "The State of the Union Is Unreal". The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Ed (January 24, 2012). "Three decades of 'Skutniks' began with a federal employee". Washington Post. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wiggin, Addison (January 25, 2011). "Small Business Owners Should Be Obama's Lenny Skutnik". Forbes. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Clines, Francis X. (August 24, 1996). "Bonding as New Political Theater: Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Jennifer (January 13, 2011). "Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union". Politico.
Jump up ^ Hennessey, Kathleen (January 21, 2012). "Rival parties to mix it up – nicely – at State of the Union". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk. "Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages (1966–Present)". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 47. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
Jump up ^ Sincere, Richard E., Jr. (February 1997). "O.J., J.C., and Bill: Reflections on the State of the Union". Metro Herald. Archived from the original on July 31, 2002. Retrieved January 23, 2007. Watts told his audience—about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person, while a smaller number watched on television at home—that he is 'old enough to remember the Jim Crow' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small-town Oklahoma.
Jump up ^ York, Byron (January 21, 2004). "The Democratic Response You Didn’t See". National Review. Retrieved January 23, 2007. And then there was the Spanish-language response—the first ever—delivered by New Mexico governor, and former Clinton energy secretary, Bill Richardson.
Jump up ^ "Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama's State of the Union Address". The Washington Post. January 26, 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "UNH State of the University 2015". The University of New Hampshire (Press release). February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "State of the University 2015". Santa Clara University (Press release). February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Jeremy (January 20, 2015). "Why Your Company Deserves a ‘State of the Union’ Address". Inc.
Jump up ^ "EU has survived economic crisis, Barroso says in first State of Union address". EUobserver.com. September 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "State of The Union Address TV Ratings". Nielsen. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Portal:State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents
The American Presidency Project: State of the Union Messages "Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California, Santa Barbara," currently (January 2010), the APP "archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency."
State of the Union videos and transcripts at C-SPAN (since 1945)
State of the Union (Visualizations, Statistical Analysis, and Searchable texts)
State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2002) (in downloadable electronic file formats)
State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2006) (HTML format)
Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents (1790–2009)
The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) from January 28, 1992 to current date
Top 10 State of the Union Addresses, RealClearPolitics.com
The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube (1:01:02)
State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents
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Jenny Humphrey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jenny Humphrey
Gossip Girl and The It Girl character
Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey
First appearance
Novel:
Gossip Girl
(Gossip Girl series)
The It Girl
(The It Girl series)
Television:
"Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Last appearance
Novel:
Nothing Can Keep Us Together
(Gossip Girl series)
Classic
(The It Girl series)
Television:
"New York, I Love You XOXO"
(episode 6.10)
Created by
Character
Cecily von Ziegesar
Developed for Television
Josh Schwartz
Stephanie Savage
Portrayed by
Taylor Momsen
Information
Full name
Jennifer Tallulah Humphrey
Nickname(s)
Jenny (by everyone)
Aliases
J, Little J, Queen J, Erica Van Der Woodsen, Blair Waldorf
Occupation
Novels:
Artist
High school student
(at Constance Billard; expelled)
(at Waverly Academy)
Television:
High school student
(at Constance Billard; departed)
College student
(at Central Saint Martins)
Fashion designer
Drug dealer (former)
Family
Rufus Humphrey
(father)
Daniel "Dan" Humphrey
(older brother)
Novels:
Jeanette Humphrey
(mother; estranged)
Television:
Alison Humphrey
(mother)
Lillian "Lily" Humphrey
(ex-stepmother)
Scott Rosson
(paternal half-brother)
Serena van der Woodsen
(ex-paternal stepsister/sister-in-law)
Eric van der Woodsen
(ex-paternal stepbrother)
Charles "Chuck" Bass
(ex-adoptive stepbrother)
Jennifer Tallulah "Jenny" Humphrey is one of the characters in both the Gossip Girl and The It Girl series of novels by Cecily von Ziegesar. She is portrayed by Taylor Momsen in the Gossip Girl television adaptation on The CW.[1]
Contents
1 Novel series
1.1 Gossip Girl
1.2 The It Girl
2 TV series
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
2.4 Season 4
2.5 Season 5
2.6 Season 6
3 Reception
4 References
Novel series[edit]
Gossip Girl[edit]
Jennifer Humphrey is the daughter of Rufus Humphrey, an editor of Beat poets who has never been published himself, and Jeanette Humphrey, who ran off with a European aristocrat. She has an older brother, Dan Humphrey, an aspiring writer. Jenny is a student at the Constance Billard School for Girls, a small, elite, all-girls school on the Upper East Side that Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf also attend. In the book series, Jenny is described as a short, well-endowed brunette, but the television show depicts her as tall, skinny and blonde.
In the Gossip Girl prequel It Had To Be You, Jenny is noted for having a rather flat chest until she begins taking breast enlargement supplements, which are the cause of her DD cup size.
The It Girl[edit]
Jenny is the protagonist of the book series The It Girl, which shows her new life after she gets expelled from Constance Billard and starts at Waverly Academy in upstate New York. In The It Girl, Jenny tries to reinvent herself as a "popular and sophisticated city girl" and leave behind the person she was at Constance. When Jenny arrives at Waverly, she finds the students even more attractive, athletic, and intimidating than she had imagined. Jenny then meets her two new exceptionally beautiful and popular roommates: lithe and blonde Southern girl Callie Vernon, and red-headed, green-eyed, sophisticated New Jerseyan Brett Messerschmidt. She quickly learns that she has replaced their old best friend, the extremely attractive and notorious Tinsley Carmichael. Jenny can't help but feel that sleeping in such a lucky bed must rub off.
TV series[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Main article: List of Gossip Girl episodes
Jenny Humphrey is introduced in Season 1. A pretty, blonde freshman at Constance Billard,[2] she tries desperately to fit in with Blair's clique, but Blair makes it difficult for her, subjecting Jenny to the rules of high school hierarchy. A possible friendship ends when Blair discovers Nate's lingering feelings for Serena and Jenny's interest in Nate, entailing further cruelty to Jenny. When Blair's affair with Chuck Bass is exposed, Nate approaches Jenny and Blair's affair is made public. Blair's friends shun her for her hypocrisy and establish Jenny as the new Queen Bee of Constance Billard.[3] Despite being one of the school It Girls, she is driven to prove herself. Lacking self-confidence because she is not as rich as the other girls, she sells her sewing machine and barters an expensive dress she stole from one of her friends. When Blair throws her a surprise birthday party, the other girls discover that Jenny stole the dress, bringing Blair's scheme to fruition. Jenny retaliates by bringing Nate with her to Blair's victory party and winning the girls to her side.[4] Jenny and Blair then struggle for the position of Queen Bee. Jenny thinks she's found true love with Asher Hornsby, but their romance is short-lived when she discovers that he is gay. He convinces her to say that she lost her virginity to him in order to dispel the rumors that he is gay, promising that as long as she pretends it's true, he'll give her privileges that the Upper East Side can offer. But Blair and Eric out Asher at his own party, and Jenny confesses that she lied about having sex with him. Blair's clique abandons her once again, and she later finds Blair to tell her that she's won as it's "not worth it".[5] In the season finale, Jenny receives an internship at Blair's mother Eleanor's company.
Season 2[edit]
At the beginning of season 2, Jenny spends her summer working hard as a new intern for Eleanor Waldorf Designs. She apologizes to Eric for her behavior the previous season. He forgives her and invites her to the White Party in the Hamptons, where he introduces her to Tinsley Mortimer and she proves her worth to one of Eleanor's supervisors.[6]
Eleanor fires Jenny after a critical remark about one of her dresses, but during a citywide blackout, Eleanor realizes her talent and hires Jenny. After constant harassment by Blair’s minions, Jenny decides to skip school to pursue a future in fashion.
Blair and Serena have another fight about Serena's growing popularity, and Jenny is dragged into it during Eleanor's fashion show. When she changes the seating arrangement Blair had planned, Blair retaliates by telling Rufus that Jenny has been skipping school, and he confronts her. Blair attempts to sabotage Jenny’s work in the show but Jenny improvises, proposing that Serena and the socialites walk the runway. In an effort to ruin Serena, Blair switches the final dress with one that Jenny made, drawing Eleanor's ire. The dress is a huge hit with the audience and the fashion show is a big success. Jenny realizes Blair's frustrations with her friendship with Serena, commenting that they have worked hard for what they’ve wanted and Serena just glides through. Eleanor later praises Jenny for her work.[7]
Rufus eventually agrees to Jenny being home-schooled after seeing how committed and good at her job she is. At work, Jenny befriends Agnes Andrews (Willa Holland), a model who convinces her to start her own fashion line. Realizing that working for Eleanor won't help her develop as a designer and that Eleanor has begun to take advantage of her talents, Jenny leaves.[8] Jenny also begins a short relationship with Nate when they share a passionate kiss after he rescues her from being taken advantage of by an older photographer. Jenny and Rufus argue over her quitting Eleanor’s and Jenny moves out of the Humphreys' apartment and moves in with Agnes, who suggests that they plan a guerrilla fashion show at the charity gala honoring Lily and Bart.[9] The show is a big success but Vanessa witnesses her kissing Nate, thereby straining their friendship. Rufus tries to get her arrested but is stopped by Lily. Agnes's fiery temper and their growing disagreements over the clothing line make it hard for them to close a business deal. Jenny steals Agnes’s contact list, attempting to make a deal by herself. Upon learning of Jenny’s betrayal, Agnes burns all her dresses and kicks her out of her apartment, leaving her with nothing.[10]
Upon learning that she is too young to start her own business, she attempts to file for emancipation, but Rufus refuses. On Thanksgiving, Lily finds the papers after discovering that Jenny has been hiding in their apartment with Eric, and warns Rufus. Rufus and Jenny reconcile after a little persuasion from Eleanor and she returns home.[11] During the Snowflake Ball, Jenny learns that Vanessa and Nate are back together even though Vanessa was aware of Nate's feelings for her. Nate breaks up with her after she helps to humiliate Vanessa at the ball. Jenny returns to Constance and is forced to contend with Blair’s minions.
During the season finale and Serena’s hunt for Gossip Girl, Jenny decides to compete to be the next Queen Bee after Blair leaves. She almost drops out, but Blair gives her a touching speech about keeping her eye on the prize. In the end Blair chooses Jenny and crowns her queen of Constance.[12]
Season 3[edit]
After Jenny fails to bring about egalitarianism at Constance, she resolves to rule as Queen Bee with her own group of minions.[13] With her new position and wealth, Jenny’s social-climbing persona resurfaces and she begins to erase her former Brooklyn self, throwing away her homemade clothes and sewing machine. Worried that Jenny is turning into a typical Queen Bee, Eric and Jonathon attempt an intervention, but are humiliated by Jenny and her clique.[14] Eric teams up with Blair to take down Jenny at the Cotillion Ball by sabotaging her escort. The plan backfires, and Jenny instead secures Nate to escort her, winning her the respect of the Queens at every prep school on the Upper East Side. As a consequence of Eric’s scheming, Jonathan breaks up with him and a rift emerges in Jenny and Eric’s relationship.[15]
Chuck introduces her to Damien Dalgaard, son of the Belgian ambassador, who deals drugs.[16] Liking his wild lifestyle, Jenny strikes up a relationship with him and helps him supply drugs to his customers while sharing in some of the profit, even stealing some of Lily’s “headache pills”.[17] Lily and Rufus find out about the drugs, which Damien covers up with a story about his father.[18] Against Rufus’s will, Jenny continues her relationship with Damien, who seems interested in taking it further. Jenny, who is a virgin, backs out at the last minute, causing Damien to break up with her, leaving her to face her family.[19]
At Rufus’s suggestion, Eleanor reemploys Jenny to help out with her upcoming fashion show. Jenny is happy to be back, but is shocked to learn that one of the models she’ll be working with is Agnes, who, after the show finishes, takes revenge on Jenny by drugging her and leaving her in a bar to be taken advantage of. Nate rescues Jenny before anything happens to her. Because of this, Jenny’s feelings for Nate reawaken and she aspires to win him over.[20] She tries to kiss him but he resists her advances because he sees her only as a friend and because he is dating Serena. Jenny attempts to sabotage Serena and Nate’s relationship by lying to Serena and implying to Nate that she is having an affair with Carter Baizen. Jenny’s attempts fail, and her relationship with both is left tenuous after Nate kicks her out of his apartment.
At a gala event where Serena’s recently returned father William Van Der Woodsen is making a speech, a former client of Damien’s approaches Jenny, angrily telling her the drugs she sold her (Lily’s cancer medication) gave her a yeast infection. Rufus overhears this and grounds Jenny to the Humphrey apartment in Brooklyn.[21] During her punishment, Jenny researches Lily’s medicine and tells Chuck there is something very wrong with the medication Serena’s father is prescribing her. It is discovered that William has lied to Lily about her condition and been giving her drugs that make her sick in a plot to win her back from Rufus. Seeing an opportunity to break up Rufus and Lily and return her family to the way it was before, Jenny attempts to sabotage Blair, Chuck, and Nate’s plan to unveil William’s deception. When William is about to be held accountable, she quickly runs to William and warns him, telling him the police are coming to get him, and urges him to escape. Back at the van der Woodsen penthouse she reveals that she warned William and says she wishes her family could go back to normal: "When I lived in Brooklyn, I may have had to ride the subway to school, and make my own clothes, but at least our family was happy". Rufus says the only thing that needs to return to normal is Jenny. Eric is hurt by Jenny's attempt to leave the family, and says that if she wants out, no one is forcing her to stay.[22]
Jenny hits rock bottom after sending Gossip Girl a picture of Dan and Serena in bed together, jeopardizing Dan and Nate’s friendship, Dan and Vanessa's relationship, and breaking up Nate and Serena’s relationship. Blair confronts Jenny, telling her, “Nate loves Serena, Dan loves Vanessa — God knows why — and Chuck loves me. But you, Jenny? No one loves you except your daddy. And after what you pulled yesterday, who knows if that's even true anymore?”[23] Emotionally distressed, Jenny goes to Nate’s apartment but instead finds Chuck devastated over his break-up with Blair and in her state of vulnerability, Jenny loses her virginity to Chuck. Afterward, Blair arrives willing to take Chuck back and Jenny sneaks out. She breaks down in tears to Eric, telling him that everyone hates her and that she slept with Chuck. Eric tells Dan, who confronts Chuck just as he is about to propose to Blair. Jenny, in tears, leaves with Rufus and Lily. A week later, she says her goodbyes to her family and leaves to finish high school with her mother in Hudson.[24]
Season 4[edit]
Jenny has been living in Hudson with her mother since May. Blair finds Jenny preparing for an interview with Tim Gunn, and grants her a special day pass. When Chuck steals Jenny's portfolio, she is forced to visit The Empire Hotel, where Blair had forbidden her to go. This results in Blair and Jenny scheming against each other, and Jenny eventually telling Gossip Girl that she lost her virginity to Chuck, not Damien Dalgaard. While Jenny is left feeling victorious, a defeated Blair blames Chuck. Jenny ultimately realises the damage of her return and decides to leave for good, telling Blair and Chuck that their vindictive games against each other will soon destroy them both.
Juliet and Vanessa Skype Jenny, asking for help to take down Serena. Jenny doesn't want to go back to her old tricks but also feels Serena is to blame for everything that happened last year and can never take blame for anything, so she agrees to help with the scheme. But when Serena ends up in the hospital after being drugged by Juliet, Jenny tells Juliet that she is going to come clean with everyone about their scheme. Juliet warns her that she will be going down alone. When Jenny appears at the hospital, Vanessa has already pinned the entire scheme on her; unable to defend herself, she leaves, showing up at Blair's later that night, telling her that Juliet was behind everything and that she and Vanessa were merely accomplices. To prove her story, she hands Blair Juliet's masquerade mask and earns Blair's forgiveness. After confessing to Blair, she says she would love to help her take down Juliet, but she should return to Hudson rather than become involved in another scheme.
Season 5[edit]
In the premiere episode of season 5, "Yes, Then Zero," Rufus reveals that Jenny moved to London to attend Central Saint Martins.
Season 6[edit]
In the final episode of the series, it is revealed that Jenny knew that her brother, Dan Humphrey, was the mysterious blogger behind Gossip Girl. She returns to the Upper East Side, appearing in the five-year time jump for her brother's wedding to Serena van der Woodsen. Jenny works as a designer for Blair's fashion empire, implying that they have gotten over their past animosity. Together they create their own clothing line, "J for Waldorf".
Reception[edit]
Rumors have been made throughout Gossip Girl's first few seasons that Jenny would be given her own spin-off, in line with the character leaving for boarding school just like the novels. News later confirmed that producers did not pick up the spin-off.[25]
Jenny's character further gained prominence during the show's third season. Enid Portugez of the LA Times praised Jenny's fashionable skills, stating that "Jenny capped off the drama by showing us she's becoming extremely adept at becoming a drug dealer. Her brilliant idea to sew pills into jacket paillettes could have easily won her a "Project Runway" challenge! Despite the illegality of it all, it was nice to see Jenny put her wit and wiles to use..." [26] Following the dramatic events during the third season finale, Michael Ausiello praised both Leighton Meester and Taylor Momsen's performance.[27] L.J. Gibbs, from TV Fanatic, gave the episode a 3.5 rating star out of 5, and said that he felt that Chuck being shot at the end of the episode was a very "cheap move by the writers", and that the storyline involving Chuck and Jenny having sex was very "unlikely".[28] Mark O. Estes, from TV Overmind, had also praised Taylor Momsen's performance in the episode and said that he "wish that Jenny had of gotten her own spin-off", and questions that if her send-off in this episode means that the show's writers have a "Katherine Heigl" situation on their hands".[29] However, Jenny was included in TV Guide's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters.[30]
When asked during a Vanity Fair interview if "real" girls could afford the looks from the show, costume designers Eric Daman and Meredith Markworth-Pollack commented on Jenny's style and stated "Of course! Have fun with it like Jenny Humphrey does, and listen to your fashion sense. Go to a vintage or thrift store and have it tailored so it looks like Marc Jacobs [...] but it’s all about individuality." [31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gossip Girl - Cast - Taylor Momsen". CWtv.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Pilot Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Blair Bitch Project Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-13. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "All About My Brother Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Summer, Kind of Wonderful Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-24. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Serena Also Rises". TV.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Pret-a-Poor-J". TV.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "There Might be Blood Episode Recap". TV.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Bonfire of the Vanity Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Magnificent Archibalds Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Goodbye Gossip Girl Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Dan de Fleurette Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "How to Succeed in Bassness Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "They Shoot Humphreys, Don't They? Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Last Days of Disco Stick Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hurt Locket Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Lady Vanished Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Sixteen Year Old Virgin Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Empire Strikes Jack Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "It's a Dad, Dad Dad, World". TV.com. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Ex-Husbands and Wives Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango, Then Paris Trivia and Quotes". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-04. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango, Then Paris Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "'Gossip Girl' Producers Considering Spin-off?". Entertainment Weekly. 2008-06-11.
Jump up ^ "'Gossip Girl': Reunited and it feels so good". Los Angeles Times. March 9, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 10, 2010). "Exclusive: I've seen the 'Gossip Girl' finale and it's [major spoiler alert]!". EW. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gibbs, L.J. (May 18, 2010). "Gossip Girl Season Finale Review: The End of the Beginning". TV Fanatic. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Estes, Mark O. (May 18, 2010). "Gossip Girl 3.22 "Last Tango, Then Paris" Recap/Review". TV Overmind. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Most Loathed TV Characters Pictures, Jenny Photos". TV Guide. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Welcome Back, Gossip Girl". Vanity Fair. March 17, 2011. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011.
hide
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Gossip Girl
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Wild Brunch"
"Victor, Victrola"
"Hi, Society"
"The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate"
"Desperately Seeking Serena"
"All About My Brother"
"Much 'I Do' About Nothing"
Season 2
"Summer, Kind of Wonderful"
"Never Been Marcused"
"The Dark Night"
"The Ex Files"
"The Serena Also Rises"
"Seder Anything"
"Valley Girls"
"The Goodbye Gossip Girl"
Season 3
"Reversals of Fortune"
"The Freshman"
"The Lost Boy"
"Enough About Eve"
"They Shoot Humphreys, Don't They?"
"The Last Days of Disco Stick"
"The Debarted"
"The Hurt Locket"
"Last Tango, Then Paris"
Season 4
"Belles de Jour"
"Double Identity"
"The Undergraduates"
"Touch of Eva"
"Easy J"
"Gaslit"
"The Townie"
"Petty in Pink"
"The Princesses and the Frog"
"The Wrong Goodbye"
Season 5
"Yes, Then Zero"
"All the Pretty Sources"
"Rhodes to Perdition"
"Riding in Town Cars with Boys"
"The End of the Affair?"
"Father and the Bride"
"G.G."
"The Backup Dan"
Season 6
"Gone Maybe Gone"
"New York, I Love You XOXO"
Characters
Serena van der Woodsen
Blair Waldorf
Dan Humphrey
Nate Archibald
Jenny Humphrey
Chuck Bass
Vanessa Abrams
Eric van der Woodsen
Lily van der Woodsen
Rufus Humphrey
Georgina Sparks
Juliet Sharp
Ivy Dickens
Lola Rhodes
Related
Gossip Girl novel series
The It Girl novel series
OMFGG – Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1
Gossip Girl: Acapulco
episodes
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Prelude (short story)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
First edition
Prelude is a short story by Katherine Mansfield. It was first published by the Hogarth Press in July 1918, and reprinted in Bliss and Other Stories (1920).[1]
The story is based on the Beauchamps' move to Karori a country suburb of Wellington in 1893. Alpers says that some readers may not pick up the numerous hints that Linda is pregnant.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Characters in Prelude
3 Major themes
4 Literary significance
5 References
6 External links
Plot summary[edit]
The story is divided into twelve sections. It opens in medias res, and it is gradually developed that the Burnell family is moving out of their house.
I
There isn't enough room left on the buggy for Lottie and Kezia to get in because of all the stuff from the removal. A neighbour, Mrs Samuel Josephs, will look after them until another van comes in the evening to pick up other stuff. The children are told to mingle with the neighbours' children, and they are given tea.
II
Then Kezia goes back into her old house, looks about a few remaining items, then gets scared of something behind her. Lottie draws by and says the storeman is there to pick them up. They leave.
III
On the road the storeman refers to a lighthouse on Quarantine Island, thus suggesting that the story is set in Wellington. When they arrive, they are greeted by the grandmother; Linda has a headache; she and Aunt Beryl are having tea. Aunt Beryl and Stanley have argued over the fact that he was at work while she was left alone to deal with the removal.
IV
The grandmother tucks the children in: Lottie and Isabel in the same bed, Kezia with her. Lottie says a prayer. Aunt Beryl dreams of being independent from Stanley. Stanley brags about buying the new house so cheap, then goes to bed with Linda. Pat and the servant girl turn in too. The grandmother goes to bed the last.
V
The next day, Linda wakes up to a sunny weather and a husband boasting about his physique - she ridicules him slightly. Bored, she thinks of how she dreamt of birds.
VI
The grandmother is doing the dishes in the kitchen and remembers how, when they lived in Tasmania, Beryl was once stung by a red ant...Then Aunt Beryl wonders where she can put up some paintings she doesn't like. Linda comes up and is sent to the blooming garden to look after her children; Kezia and she look at an aloe.
VII
Stanley comes back delighted from work with cherries, oysters and a pineapple, willing to see his wife; Linda seems less happy; Aunt Beryl is 'restless'.
VIII
The girls play at grown-ups, until Pip and Rags, their cousins the Trout boys arrive. The garden is "boncer" (or bonzer, an Australasian word meaning "super").
IX
Pat chops off a duck's head to show the children that the duck still walks on for some instants after being killed; Kezia is shocked by the episode and demands Pat to "Put head back"
X
In the kitchen, Alice is reading a book on dreams; Aunt Beryl comes in and bosses her round, then feels better and walks out.
XI
They eat the duck for tea. Stanley and Aunt Beryl play a game of cribbage, and he wins. Linda and her mother take a turn in the garden to look at the aloe. To Linda, the tree gets her thinking that she loathes Stanley, and dreams about leaving the house; Mrs Fairfield thinks it would be good to make jam out of the berries in the vegetable garden.
XII
Aunt Beryl writes a letter to her friend Nan, saying she is bored with living in the countryside, then thinks to herself how despicably false and unhappy with herself she is, until Kezia calls for her to come to dinner.
Characters in Prelude[edit]
Linda Burnell, the mother, who is pregnant.
Mrs Fairfield, the grandmother.
Lottie, a Burnell child.
Kezia, a Burnell child.
Mrs Samuel Josephs, an elderly neighbour, with her speech impaired by a head cold.
Sadie, a Samuel Josephs child.
Moses, a Samuel Josephs child.
Stanley Burnell, Linda's husband. Ginger-haired, blue-eyed. He likes to boast about buying the house cheap, and having a lean body.
Fred, the storeman who picks up the Burnell children in the evening.
Aunt Beryl Fairfield, Linda's younger sister.
Pip, a cousin of Kezia's; tall, black-haired, white faced.
Rags, a cousin of Kezia's; very small and thin. Pip and Rags are "the Trout boys".
Isabel, a Burnell child.
Pat, the handyman.
Alice, the servant girl.
Mrs Jones, a guest (played by a child).
Gwen, a lady-help (also played by a child).
Major themes[edit]
Feminism, Aunt Beryl wishes she had 'money of her own'.Prelude describes the status of women in the 20th century before modernism.
Isolation, "six miles away from town"-Stanley "No one will come to visit"- Beryl.
Freedom, this is shown through animal and boat imagery.
Servility, shown by Grandmother, Servant girl-Alice, and Pat.
Family relationships
Literary significance[edit]
The text is written in the modernist mode, without a set structure, and with many shifts in the narrative.
It also addresses the issues for women in the 20th Century.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Katherine Mansfield, Selected Stories, Oxford World's Classics, explanatory notes
Jump up ^ Alpers (editor), Antony (1984). The Stories of Katherine Mansfield. Auckland: Oxford University Press. p. 558. ISBN 0-19-558113-X. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Full Text
[hide]
v
t
e
Short stories by Katherine Mansfield
Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding
The Woman at the Store
How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped
Millie
Something Childish But Very Natural
The Little Governess
Revelations
The Escape
An Indiscreet Journey
The Wind Blows
Prelude
Mr Reginald Peacock's Day
Feuille d'Album
A Dill Pickle
Je ne parle pas français
Sun and Moon
Bliss
Psychology
Pictures
The Man Without a Temperament
The Stranger
Miss Brill
The Daughters of the Late Colonel
Life of Ma Parker
The Young Girl
Mr and Mrs Dove
Her First Ball
The Singing Lesson
Bank Holiday
An Ideal Family
The Lady's Maid
Marriage à la Mode
At The Bay
The Voyage
A Married Man's Story
The Garden Party
The Doll's House
The Fly
A Cup of Tea
The Canary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prelude_(short_story)&oldid=801079809"
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1918 short stories
Short stories by Katherine Mansfield
Hogarth Press books
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Reservation against Cancellation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A Reservation Against Cancellation (RAC) is a type of ticket that can be sold for travel on the Indian Railways. Although it ensures certainty of travel, it does not guarantee a berth. A berth will be allocated to the ticket who reserves a RAC ticket if passengers who already have a confirmed ticket do not board before the train departure or get their confirmed ticket canceled.[1][2] A berth is split into 2 seats for 2 RAC ticket holders.
A RAC ticket holder is given an empty berth if:
If there are any last minute cancellations.
If any quota remains unsold.
If any confirmed ticket holders are given a free upgrade.
If this happens the other RAC ticket holder can then convert the 2 seats into a berth.[3]
Generally, RAC/WL tickets will have two numbers - RAC8/RAC2, WL20/WL15, WL12/RAC2, etc. The first number shows the status of the ticket at the time of booking. The second number after the slash (/) shows the current status of the ticket. So, RAC8/RAC2 means that when the ticket is purchased, it was the 8th such ticket under RAC category, which has moved 6 places after 6 cancellations. It can be assumed that it was the 8th ticket in the queue and is now the 2nd. Check the current status of a booking by entering 10-digit PNR number in Indian Railway website. So having a RAC ticket means that it is possible to travel without confirmed berth allocation.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Reservation Rules".
Jump up ^ "Indian Railways - New Rules". Indian Railways. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Indian Railways - RAC". Indian Mike Forum. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Passenger Current Status". Indian Railways. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
External links[edit]
Indian Railways - Reservation rules
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reservation_against_Cancellation&oldid=858644127"
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Cathedral hull
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A cathedral hull is a hull shape used in modern boats, usually power-driven. It can be thought of as a kind of vestigial trimaran in which the center hull has two smaller side hulls which are so close to the main hull that there is no longer any open space. A cathedral hull is a vee-bottomed boat with sponsons which extend almost as far forward as the main hull. The airspace between the hulls may be very small or nonexistent—a good example would be the classic "Boston Whaler 13" which is nearly a flat-bottomed scow at the stern.
Depending on the proportions of the side skirts and the depth of the main hull, the cathedral hull can approach the handling characteristics of either the Hickman sea sled, or the deep-vee hull. The naval architect first credited with the successful use of the deep-vee hull form, C. Raymond Hunt, also invented the Boston Whaler.
The term "cathedral hull" refers to the resemblance of a section through an inverted boat to that of a medieval cathedral.
The cathedral hull configuration tends to result in a very broad bow; many such boats are completely rectangular. This provides the maximum cargo or working space for a given length and beam. The hull shape is also very stable compared to a conventional v-shaped bottom, and in either light chop conditions or above 40 knots or so is faster than a flat bottom, for the same weight, length and beam.
Cathedral hulls became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, when the use of fiberglass made economical production of this hull-form possible. The undesirable aspects of the cathedral hull are greater weight and cost, pounding in rough water, and a boxy appearance. Their advantages include high waterplane area at rest (good initial stability) a dry ride in light chop, and reasonable fuel economy at planing speeds. In exposed waters this hullform has been almost totally replaced by the modified-vee and deep-vee hull forms. After a period of reduced popularity, they live on in modified form as "deck boats" which are very popular in the inland lakes and rivers.
The Catheral hull design was originated by Naval Architect Richard C. Cole for Thunderbird boats in North Miami, Florida in 1958.[1]
See also[edit]
Tunnel hull
Supercavitation propeller
Hull
References[edit]
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cathedral+hull
http://www.boatus.org/onlinecourse/reviewpages/boatusf/project/info1b.htm
http://www.huntdesigns.com/rayhunt.htm
Specific
Jump up ^ "Richard C. Cole Dies, Developed Cathedral Hull". Soundings Online. May 27, 2005.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_hull&oldid=799111072"
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