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Music of the Netherlands
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For Renaissance music from the Low Countries, see Franco-Flemish School.
The Netherlands has multiple musical traditions. Contemporary Dutch popular music (Nederpop) is heavily influenced by music styles that emerged in the 1950s, in the United Kingdom and United States. The style is sung in both Dutch and English. Some of the latter exponents, such as Golden Earring and Shocking Blue, have attained worldwide fame.
Another popular genre of Dutch music is known as "Levenslied", meaning "Song of/about life". These songs have catchy, simple rhythms and melodies, and are always built up on couplets and refrains. Themes are often sentimental and include love, death and loneliness. Traditional Dutch musical instruments such as the accordion and the barrel organ are essential to levenslied, though in recent years many levenslied artists also use synthesizers and guitars. Artists in this genre include Koos Alberts and the late André Hazes and Willy Alberti.
Dutch techno, hardstyle, gabber, trance and other styles in electronic dance music conquered the world. Most of the best-known DJs in the EDM scene (and the world) hail from the Netherlands, including Tiësto, Don Diablo, Armin van Buuren, Ferry Corsten, Sander van Doorn, Fedde le Grand, Hardwell, Showtek, Afrojack, Oliver Heldens, Ran-D and Martin Garrix all of whom consistently rank high in the DJ Mag Top 100 DJs and other rankings. The Amsterdam dance event (ADE) is the world's leading electronic music conference and the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet. These artists also contribute significantly to the mainstream pop music played over the airwaves all around the world, as they frequently collaborate and produce for many notable artists.
Also hip-hop in the Dutch language (nederhop) is very popular in the Netherlands and Belgium.[citation needed]
Contents
1 Classical and contemporary classical music
2 Folk
3 Jazz
4 Pop music in Dutch language
5 Rock and pop music
5.1 Hard rock
5.2 Punk rock
5.3 Boerenrock
5.4 Indie rock
6 Heavy metal
6.1 Symphonic metal
6.1.1 Progressive metal
6.2 Extreme metal
6.2.1 Death metal
6.2.2 Black metal
6.2.3 Doom metal
7 Experimental
8 Electronic dance music
9 Hip hop
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
Classical and contemporary classical music[edit]
See also: Category:Dutch composers and Category:Dutch orchestras
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (May 1562 – October 16, 1621) was a Dutch composer, organist, and pedagogue whose work straddled the end of the Renaissance and beginning of the Baroque eras. Sweelinck was a master improviser, and acquired the informal title of the "Orpheus of Amsterdam". Over 70 keyboard works of his have survived, and many of them may be similar to the improvisations that residents of Amsterdam around 1600 were likely to have heard. Even his vocal music, which is more conservative than his keyboard writing, shows a striking rhythmic complexity and an unusual richness of contrapuntal devices.
His influence was international. Some of his music appears in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, which otherwise mainly contains the work of English composers. Sweelinck wrote variations on John Dowland's internationally famous Lachrimae Pavane, and John Bull, the English keyboard composer, wrote a set of variations on a theme of Sweelinck, indicating the close connection between the different schools of composition across the North Sea.
Jacob van Eyck (ca. 1590–1657) was a blind recorder and organ virtuoso, who composed a unique collection of flute music.
Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer (1692–1766) was an accomplished baroque composer, whose work Concerti Armonici erroneously was attributed to Giovanni Battista Pergolesi. Igor Stravinsky used Unico's music for Pulcinella.
Alphons Diepenbrock (September 2, 1862 in Amsterdam - April 5, 1921). He created a musical idiom which, in a highly personal manner, combined 16th-century polyphony with Wagnerian chromaticism, to which in later years was added the impressionistic refinement that he encountered in Debussy's music.
Willem Pijper (1894–1947) is generally considered one of the most important figures in modern Dutch music. Between 1918 and 1922 he grew into one of the more advanced composers in Europe. In each successive work he went a step further and, from 1919, Pijper's music can be described as atonal. However, Pijper remained a composer of strong emotional character, to which his Third Symphony (1926) bears witness. In Pijper's later works the harmonic expression seems at times to approach monotonality. As a teacher Pijper had a great influence on modern Dutch music, teaching many prominent Dutch composers of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. He was senior master of instrumentation in the Amsterdam Conservatoire, and from 1930 until his death in 1947 he was Head of the Rotterdam Conservatoire.
Ton de Leeuw (born Rotterdam, 16 November 1926 - died Paris, 31 May 1996) is known for his experiments with microtonality. He wrote one opera, Antigone (1990–1991).
Lex van Delden (1919–1988) was an important composer.
Louis Andriessen (born Utrecht: June 6, 1939) is a composer whose early works show experimentation with various contemporary trends: post war serialism (Series, 1958), pastiche (Anachronie I, 1966–67), and tape (Il Duce, 1973). Andriessen's mature music combines the influences of Stravinsky and American minimalism. His harmonic writing eschews the consonant modality of much minimalism, preferring post war European dissonance, often crystallised into large blocks of sound. Large-scale pieces such as De Staat [‘Republic’] (1972–76), for example, are influenced by the energy of the big band music of Count Basie and Stan Kenton and the repetitive procedures of Steve Reich, both combined with bright, clashing dissonances. Andriessen's music is thus anti-Germanic and anti-Romantic, and marks a departure from post war European serialism and its offshoots. He has also played a role in providing alternatives to traditional performance practice techniques, often specifying forceful, rhythmic articulations, and amplified, non-vibrato, singing. Other notable works include Workers Union (1975), a melodically indeterminate piece "for any loud sounding group of instruments"; Mausoleum (1979) for 2 baritones and large ensemble; De Tijd [‘Time’] (1979–81) for female singers and ensemble; De Snelheid [‘Velocity’] (1982-3), for 3 amplified ensembles; De Materie [‘Matter’] (1984–88) a large four part work for voices and ensemble; collaborations with filmmaker and librettist Peter Greenaway on the film M is for Man, Music, Mozart and the operas Rosa: A Horse Drama (1994) and Writing to Vermeer (1998); and the recent La Passione (2000–02) for female voice and ensemble.
Significant composers after Andriessen include Klaas de Vries (b. 1944), Jacob Ter Veldhuis, a.k.a. JacobTV (b. 1951), Guus Janssen (b. 1951) and Cornelis de Bondt (b. 1953).
Folk[edit]
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Dutch folk music, is characterized by simple straightforward bass motives heavily supplemented with fast, often happy, melody. (Click here for an example.) Uncommon among other European folk, in Dutch music the bass line, not the melody, is the musical line that is danced to. This means that though the music itself may sound fast, the dances are usually quite moderate to slow in tempo. The dances themselves are mainly group dances rather than individual or dual dances.[1] Clogs are often worn during dances; however, Dutch clog dancing is very different from its more modern counterpart. It is virtually impossible to perform highly active dances with Dutch clogs (which are entirely made from wood, not just the sole) and hence the clogs function as additional percussion, by stamping rhythmically.
Lang zal hij leven (Dutch Folk Song).
In the early 19th century, rural Dutch folk began moving to cities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam, bringing with them folk traditions. Many of their songs and dances, however, began to dwindle in popularity. In the early part of the 20th century, however, a number of urban intellectuals travelled to the countrysides to record with local musicians, a process paralleled in other European countries, such as Spain.
In the 1970s, the Netherlands underwent a roots revival, led by artists like Gerard van Maasakkers, Jos Koning, Dommelvolk and RK Veulpoepers BV, Fungus and Wolverlei. Many of the folk songs performed by these musicians was collected by Cobi Schreijer and Ate Doornbosch, the latter of whom broadcast them on his radio program Onder de groene linde (Under the green lime).
It was in about 1974 that the Dutch folk revival peaked, a year marked by the first recording of Fungus and the birth of Wargaren from the band Pitchwheel.
The mainstream popularity of the Dutch roots revival was short-lived, but it continued in Friesland, where a handful of groups, starting with Irolt in the mid-1970s, sang in the West Frisian language. Frisian folk music has survived thus, aided in part by the Aaipop Festival in Nylân and annual festival in Joure. At Joure's festival, established in 1955, participants dress in 19th century-style clothes and perform traditional music and dance like the skotsploech ensembles.
Dutch folk-rock group Matzko performing on an island in the river Vltava in Prague in the summer of 2005.
Modern revivalists include the Groningen band Törf, Folkcorn, Pekel and Twee Violen en een Bas, Lirio, Dubius, Mus, Matzko, Wè-nun Henk.
Moluccan-Dutch musicians like Tala Mena Siwa and the Moluccan Moods Orchestra have had some success with pop-based Moluccan music, while kaseko, a style from the former Dutch colony of Suriname, has also seen mainstream popularity, primarily due to musicians like William Souvenir and Carlo Jones.
Jazz[edit]
Main article: Dutch jazz
See also: Category:Dutch jazz musicians
The North Sea Jazz Festival attracts artists from international acclaim.
Misha Mengelberg (born June 5, 1935) is a jazz pianist and composer. He was the pianist on Eric Dolphy's last album, Last Date (1964). Also featuring on that record was the drummer Han Bennink, and together with Piet Noordijk they formed a quartet which had a number of different bassists. They played at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1966. In 1967 he co-founded the Instant Composers Pool, an organisation which promoted avant garde Dutch jazz performances and recordings, with Han Bennink and Willem Breuker.
Mengelberg has played with a large variety of musicians. He has often performed in a duo with compatriot Bennink, and with other musicians including Derek Bailey, Peter Brötzmann, Evan Parker, Anthony Braxton.
Han Bennink (born April 17, 1942) is a jazz drummer, percussionist and multi-instrumentalist. Through the 1960s he drummed with a number of American musicians visiting the Netherlands, including Dexter Gordon, Sonny Rollins and Eric Dolphy. He subsequently became a central figure in the emerging European free improvisation (or free jazz) scene. From the late 1960s he played in a trio with saxophonist Peter Brötzmann and Belgian pianist Fred Van Hove, which became a duo after Van Hove's departure in 1976. Through much of the 1990s he played in Clusone 3 (also known as the Clusone Trio), a trio with saxophonist and clarinetist Michael Moore and cellist Ernst Reijseger. He has often played duos with Mengelberg and collaborated with him alongside other musicians.
As well as playing with these long-standing groups, Bennink has performed and recorded solo (such as Tempo Comodo (1982)) and played with many free improvisation and free jazz luminaries including Derek Bailey, Conny Bauer, Don Cherry and Alexander von Schlippenbach, as well as more conventional jazz musicians.
Willem Breuker (November 4, 1944 – July 23, 2010) was a jazz bandleader, composer, arranger, saxophonist, and bass clarinetist. Since 1974 he led the 10-piece Willem Breuker Kollektief, which performed jazz in a theatrical and often unconventional manner, drawing elements from theater and vaudeville.
Pop music in Dutch language[edit]
Many Dutch artists have become popular by singing songs in their own language. It started with Peter Koelewijn in the late 1950s, the first to sing Rock and Roll in Dutch. In the 1960s it was mainly Boudewijn de Groot - to this day extremely popular. In the 1970s there were many performers, of which Rob de Nijs stood out. The 1980s were for André Hazes and less Koos Alberts. The 1990s were dominated by Marco Borsato. Other well-known names throughout the years were Jan Smit, Frans Bauer, Gerard Joling, Gordon, Guus Meeuwis and René Froger. Another notable Dutch band is Tambourine.
In addition, there is a great number of bands that compose and perform pop and rock songs in the Dutch language. That started in the 1970s with Polle Eduard, Bots and Normaal - which sang in dialect. Late 70s and early 80s there was a big boom of bands that used the Dutch-speaking songs. Well known representatives from that period: Doe Maar, Het Goede Doel, Frank Boeijen Groep and Toontje Lager, and during the late 80s De Dijk, The Scene[2] and Tröckener Kecks.
In the 90s there was a second boom Acda en de Munnik, Bløf, Van Dik Hout and IOS.
Rock and pop music[edit]
See also: Dutch rock
Pioneers of Dutch rock were the so-called Indorock bands from the late 1950s, like The Tielman Brothers and the Blue Diamonds. They played rock guitar instrumentals when most of the Dutch youth had hardly heard of rock 'n' roll. They stemmed from the Indo community in The Hague and were pivotal in earning that city the title of Beatstad ('Beat city') in later years. With 60s bands like Golden Earring and Shocking Blue, and Kane and Anouk in the 1990s, The Hague became synonymous for mainstream rock.
More progressive music emerged in the 1960s in Amsterdam. In 1964 (see 1964 in music), The Outsiders were the first Dutch psychedelic rock band to become successful. Well known was the 'Haagse Scene' - many of the popular bands of the 60s came from The Hague, such as Shocking Blue, which topped the US charts in 1970 with "Venus", Golden Earring, Q65, The Motions, Earth & Fire. Other representatives from this period: the Cats, Tee Set, Bintangs, Sandy Coast, Cuby & the Blizzards and Brainbox. George Baker acquired international fame with the songs Little Green Bag (1969), and "Una Paloma Blanca" (1975).
From the late 1960s the post war generation gained political influence. Many state subsidized rock venues opened all over the country. These clubs, like Amsterdam's Paradiso and Melkweg, were stepping stones for many alternative rock bands on their first European tour and the Dutch crowd stayed well informed about new British and American acts.
Dutch band Teach-In, best known for winning Eurovision Song Contest 1975 with the song "Ding-A-Dong". The band was founded in 1969 and parted in 1980. Throughout this time there were several changes in lineup.
In the 1970s some artists stood out. Herman Brood became the ultimate Rock 'n Roll icon. He even scored a hit in the US with Saturday Night. He became the epitome of the "rock'n'roll junkie" he sang about. As an artist he was in the media until his suicide in 2001. Other bands from the 70s: Pussycat (lead singer Toni Willé) whose song Mississippi hit the charts at number 1 in Netherlands in 1975 and many other countries including UK in 1976, Gruppo Sportivo, Massada, Vitesse, Solution, the Nits, Focus and still Golden Earring with their greatest hit ever: "Radar Love", also Top 10 in the US.
The late 70s and early 80s gave many one hit wonders and some bands that lasted longer. Girl groups Luv' and Dolly Dots but also disco bands Spargo and Time Bandits were most successful. Together with the Golden Earring, which scored some of their biggest hits with "Radar Love", "Twilight Zone' and "When The Lady Smiles". The Nits developed a large audience outside the Netherlands, including Finland, Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium, Greece and Canada and in 1989 were the first Dutch band to play in the (then still) Soviet Union. Urban Dance Squad was a cross-over band, combining hip-hop with funk and rock. The band's minor American success proved to be influential. Their music style (rapcore) influenced bands like Rage Against the Machine. Van Halen was created by Edward Van Halen who was of Dutch heritage.
The 1990s made international hits by 2 Unlimited, 2 Brothers On The 4th Floor, and Vengaboys. However, the 1990s was also the start of the DJ-era. Ferry Corsten, DJ Tiësto, Armin van Buuren, DJ Jean and Bart Claessen started their careers in the 1990s and became the stars of their era.
Dutch bands in the 2000s are Intwine, The Sheer, Naked Shepherd, Krezip, Di-rect and Johan.
Current pop acts[3] include Esmee Denters, Anouk, Sharon Doorson, Nielson Eva Simons, Ilse De Lange, Toni Willé (Pussycat), Celine Cairo and DJ acts Don Diablo.
Hard rock[edit]
Brothers and founding members of Van Halen, lead guitarist Edward Van Halen and drummer Alex Van Halen, are from the Netherlands, having been born in Nijmegen in the mid-50's before eventually moving to the United States in 1962.
Punk rock[edit]
Ivy Green was among the first punk bands, originating from Hazerswoude.
Tedje en de Flikkers, a group of homosexuals ("flikkers" is Dutch for "faggots") from Nijmegen, was one of the most infamous punk formation of the Netherlands. They sprang from the left wing and gay movements that thrived in Nijmegen during the 1970s and 1980s. Their provocative performances (politically more than musically) often literally resulted in orgies of sex, drugs and noise. They existed only for three years (1977–1980).
The Ex is an Amsterdam group of musicians making something that could be called punk. De Heideroosjes is also a well-known Dutch punk rock group, singing in Dutch, English, German and Limburgish.
Boerenrock[edit]
Some bands create a kind of rock music sometimes called "Boerenrock" ('farmers rock'). These bands mix rock and pop music with regional influences, sometimes sung in one of the regional dialects, and lyrics influenced by life in rural areas. Examples include BZB (Band Zonder Banaan) and WC Experience from North Brabant, Normaal and Jovink en de Voederbietels from Gelderland who sing in Dutch Low Saxon, Rowwen Hèze and Neet Oét Lottum from Limburg who sing in Limburgish, Mooi Wark from Drenthe who also sing in Dutch Low Saxon and Jitiizer from Friesland who sing in West-Frisian.
Musically, the music played by such bands can be described as a rowdy, straightforward style of rock music, inspired by bands such as ZZ Top, Motörhead, AC/DC and Creedence Clearwater Revival. At other times, influences from pop music and folk music (for instance the case with Rowwen Hèze) can be heard.
Not rarely, these bands display a lot of humorous elements in their repertoire, lyrics and live performances. An example is the repertoire of the WC Experience, which contains cover songs from bands such as Queen, Guns N' Roses and Madness, only the lyrics are replaced by different, rather silly lyrics in their own dialect. Also, the name of 'Band Zonder Banaan' means "Band without a Banana", and is a humorous play on the name of a famous Dutch pop-band, BZN (Band Zonder Naam, or 'Band Without a Name'). The name "Jovink en de Voederbietels" is a contraction of the names of the two founding band members (Hendrik Jan Lovink en Gijs Jolink), and "voederbietel" is a humorous contraction of the Dutch Low Saxon word for sugar beets (used as food for horses) and the name of the world-famous British popband The Beatles, of which they used a number of songs in which they replaced the lyrics for Achterhooks ones.
Boerenrock bands tend to perform at local festivities and concerts in big tents in rural areas, rather than in concert halls in bigger cities. An event where a lot of Boerenrock music can be heard, and a famous event amongst Boerenrock bands and fans, is the annual Zwarte Cross Festival ('Black Motocross'), which is organized by members of 'Jovink en de Voederbietels'. The event is a mixture of several motocross related activities and a rock festival.
Indie rock[edit]
Main article: Indie rock in the Netherlands
In the 1990s indie rock band Bettie Serveert was formed and independent record label Excelsior Recordings released albums of Dutch indie rock bands like Caesar, Ghost Trucker, Alamo Race Track, Johan, Spinvis, Gem, Bauer, Daryll-Ann, zZz and many others. After 2000 Voicst was formed and became popular after a beer commercial hit single for Heineken. After leaving Zoppo and forming Avec-A musician Yuri Landman received international attention as an experimental luthier for famous experimental rock bands. Dutch noise rock acts are The Ex, Gone Bald, The Moi Non Plus, Adept, Bonne Aparte, Feverdream. Post rock: We vs Death, Electropunk: Aux Raus. In the Netherlands the indie music scene is mainly present in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Groningen and Utrecht. A cross media platform called Subbacultcha! hosts nights in venues where many international touring avant garde rockbands like Health, Enon, Miracle Fortress, Mahjongg, These Are Powers, Pre perform as well as local indie and noise rock acts like The Moi Non Plus, Bonne Aparte, Adept, Hospital Bombers, Pfaff. Subbacultcha! also publishes a musical magazine with in depth interviews with the touring bands and arranges instant recording sessions in a studio in the Vondelpark with those bands. In The Hague a yearly festival State-X New Forms happens in Paard van Troje.
Heavy metal[edit]
Symphonic metal[edit]
The Netherlands are also known for symphonic metal bands such as Within Temptation, The Gathering, Stream of Passion, After Forever, Delain and Epica. They became successful in the late 1990s and in the beginning of the new millennium. However, bands like Supersister and Kayak (who had a hit with Ruthless Queen) were already internationally successful in the 1970s. In the 1980s Vandenberg was internationally successful.
Progressive metal[edit]
Unique progressive metal music is composed by Arjen Anthony Lucassen. From long list of his projects, Ayreon is the famost. Arjens music is characteristic by distinct vocals, storyline concept and wide spectrum of used music instruments.
Extreme metal[edit]
Death metal[edit]
Similarly, in the last decade of the previous century a more extreme variety of metal, death metal, has had some success. Starting in the late 80's and early 90's, bands like Pestilence, Sinister, Asphyx, Altar, Gorefest, and God Dethroned gained popularity both inside and outside of Europe, though the latter three have split up. At the present, bands like Pyaemia, Disavowed, Prostitute Disfigurement, Hail of Bullets, The Monolith Deathcult, Inhume, Callenish Circle, Rompeprop, Legion of the Damned, MaYaN and Severe Torture enjoy a similar status.
Black metal[edit]
Several black metal bands have risen to prominence from the Netherlands recently. Carach Angren, Cirith Gorgor, Israthoum, Dodecahedron, Ordo Draconis, Funeral Winds, Lugubre, Slechtvalk and Urfaust are some of the best-known. Israeli group Melechesh have also made the Netherlands their permanent base of operations. Viking/folk metal band Heidevolk are also gaining popularity.
Doom metal[edit]
Dutch doom metal bands include Officium Triste, Deinonychus, The Gathering and to a certain extent Asphyx.
Experimental[edit]
The Dutch musical culture has a small experimental music scene with a few artists that tour international such as Machinefabriek, solo projects of members of The Ex, Toktek, Gijs Gieskes, Knalpot, Yuri Landman, Jaap Blonk, Wessel Westerveld, Wouter van Veldhoven, Michiel van de Weerthof, Bram Stadhouders, his brother Jasper Stadhouders, Lukas Simonis and Michel Banabila . Also Pierre Bastien lives and works in The Netherlands, although not strongly connected to the Dutch scene. Venues like WORM in Rotterdam, Extrapool in Nijmegen and STEIM, OT301 and Mediamatic in Amsterdam are the main venues for this musical niche.
Electronic dance music[edit]
In the early 1990s, Dutch DJ's developed a style of electronic dance music called gabber. The style was developed in reaction to the commercialization of house music and was heavily influenced by early hardcore from Frankfurt and New York City. The DJs stripped the music of what they perceived as excess sounds, songs were reduced to a high-speed monotonous beat, of sometimes over 260 beats per minute. The first ever record to be labeled gabber was 'Amsterdam waar lech dat dan?' by Rotterdam-based 'The Euromasters' as a reaction to the media always focusing on Amsterdam. It has to be said that Amsterdam-based D-Shake was probably to be the first to use the term gabber in a 1990 Dutch TV program. Important gabber groups and DJs are the Rotterdam Terror Corps, The Dark Raver and Neophyte. Gabbers distinguish themselves through hair (bald heads) and clothes (Australian and Cavello). Now, gabber is usually called early hardcore. Gabber also spawned happy hardcore, an offshoot of gabber and Breakbeat Hardcore, a genre of dance music that originated in England. Important groups and DJs in happy hardcore include Charly Lownoise and Mental Theo, Party Animals and Flamman & Abraxas.
The Netherlands has also spawned many Eurodance acts, such as 2 Unlimited, Alice Deejay, the Venga Boys, the Two Brothers on the 4th Floor and Twenty Four Seven. Many of the world's top trance DJs are Dutch, such as Armin van Buuren, Ferry Corsten and DJ Tiësto. The DJ Magazine Top 10 has been dominated by the Dutch for many years. In 2012 five of the 10 DJ's were Dutch. DJ Tiesto has been awarded best Dj for three times in a row by DJ Magazine and is still present in the top 10. Armin van Buuren (also Dutch) has taken over his first place, doing this for four years in a row. Many foreign DJs live in and operate from the Netherlands. Drum and bass is also popular in the Netherlands, artists including Noisia and Black Sun Empire. The Netherlands is home to many of the largest trance events on earth, including Sensation and Trance Energy.
Other popular DJ's from the Netherlands are Afrojack, Hardwell, Laidback Luke, Fedde le Grand, Nicky Romero, Wildstylez, Headhunterz, Brennan Heart, Sander van Doorn, W&W, Yellow Claw, Tiësto, Ran-D and Martin Garrix.
The Dutch have through the years also made quite a reputation for themselves with their booming underground scene. A multitude of small independent recordlabels, event organizations and artists have cropped up through the years. Artists such as Speedy J, the Acid Junkies, Orlando Voorn, Miss Djax, Unit Moebius, and I-F all gained international recognition, paving the way for several new electronic artists from the Lowlands.
Hip hop[edit]
Main article: nederhop
Several Dutch groups have played an important role in the development of rap and hiphop in the Netherlands. The Urban Dance Squad, led by Rude Boy (who later also played with Junkie XL), produced an original mix of rock and rap, laying the foundation for the nu metal hype of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Def La Desh and the Fresh Witness, led by Wendy Wright, brought rap with vocals to the forefront, with groups like TLC following. The Osdorp Posse were the founders of Dutch rap or nederhop. Their frontman, Def P (Pascal Griffioen), switched from English to Dutch in 1988, which made him one of the first to rap in Dutch commercially. That year, Def P, IJsblok, King and Seda formed the Osdorp Posse. Over the years, they explored all sides of hiphop, from poetic hiphop to politically engaged hiphop. They introduced several Anglicisms in the Dutch language, such as moederneuker ("motherfucker"). But before Osdorp Posse, Rotterdam-based rapper Def Rhymz and other members of Bad Boys Posse already used the Dutch language for raps during underground concerts. Other important Dutch rappers are The Opposites, De Jeugd van Tegenwoordig, Pete Philly & Perquisite, Extince (Peter Kops), Kempi, Brainpower (Gert-Jan Mulder), Opgezwolle, Spookrijders, Polderkartel, Typhoon (rapper), and Def Rhymz (Dennis Bouman). Currently, Nicolay is one of the leading hip hop producers to come out of the region.
See also[edit]
Andy Tielman
Culture of the Netherlands
Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest
Music of Bonaire and Curaçao
Music of Belgium
Clan of Xymox
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Nederlandse jaarfeesten en hun liederen door de eeuwen heen, by M. Kruijswijk. ISBN 90-6550-799-X
Jump up ^ Dutch Wikipedia page
Jump up ^ Wearepopslags.com Archived 2009-11-19 at the Wayback Machine., We Are Pop Slags - Pop Atlas: The Netherlands
References[edit]
Bloemendaal, Wim. "Tilting at Windmills". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 207–210. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
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text:
Tom Herman (American football)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tom Herman
Herman at 2017 Big 12 Media Days
Sport(s)
Football
Current position
Title
Head coach
Team
Texas
Conference
Big 12
Record
13–8
Annual salary
$5.2 million
Biographical details
Born
(1975-06-02) June 2, 1975 (age 43)
Cincinnati, Ohio
Alma mater
California Lutheran University
University of Texas at Austin
Playing career
1994–1997
Cal Lutheran
Position(s)
Wide receiver
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1998
Texas Lutheran (WR)
1999–2000
Texas (GA)
2001–2004
Sam Houston State (WR/ST)
2005–2006
Texas State (OC/QB)
2007–2008
Rice (OC/QB)
2009–2011
Iowa State (OC/QB)
2012–2014
Ohio State (OC/QB)
2015–2016
Houston
2017–present
Texas
Head coaching record
Overall
35–12
Bowls
2–0
Accomplishments and honors
Championships
1 American Athletic Conference (2015)
Awards
The American Coach of the Year (2015)
Broyles Award (2014)
Thomas Joseph Herman III[1] (born June 2, 1975) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head football coach at The University of Texas at Austin. He was previously the head coach at the University of Houston.
Contents
1 Coaching career
1.1 Early coaching career
1.2 Sam Houston State
1.3 Texas State
1.4 Rice
1.5 Iowa State
1.6 Ohio State
1.7 Houston
1.8 Texas
2 Personal life
3 Media work
4 Head coaching record
4.1 Notes
5 Coaching tree
6 References
7 External links
Coaching career[edit]
Early coaching career[edit]
Herman began his coaching career in 1998 at Texas Lutheran as a receivers coach. He then took a position in 1999 at the University of Texas at Austin as a graduate assistant under the mentorship of Greg Davis.[2] During his tenure at Texas, Herman worked with the offensive line, which included All-American Leonard Davis.
Sam Houston State[edit]
In 2004, they finished 11-3 and advanced to the Division I-AA championship's semifinals. The Bearkats' offense was ranked second nationally in passing offense, averaging 358.5 yards, while the Bearkats' 471 yards of total offense ranked fifth among Division I-AA schools.[3]
Texas State[edit]
After four seasons at Sam Houston State, Herman joined Texas State as the offensive coordinator in 2005. During his two seasons at Texas State his squad led the Southland Conference in total offense and the 2005 team ranked eighth nationally in scoring. The Bobcats went on to make a deep run in the NCAA in the team's first ever Division I-AA appearance, while Barrick Nealy finished fifth in the voting for the Walter Payton Award (top offensive player in Division I-AA).[3]
Rice[edit]
In 2007, Herman then followed head coach David Bailiff from Texas State to form the new coaching staff at Rice. Rice ranked in the Top 10 nationally in 2008 in passing offense (5th; 327.8), scoring offense (T8th; 41.6) and total offense (10th; 472.3). Two Rice receivers had more than 1,300 yards receiving that year, tight end James Casey had 111 catches and quarterback Chase Clement was the Conference USA MVP.[3][4]
Iowa State[edit]
Herman at Iowa State
After building one of the nation’s most prolific offenses at Rice, Herman joined Iowa State as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach.[2][5] Herman installed his system and brought new life into the offense.[citation needed]
During his three seasons at Iowa State, the offense improved considerably and broke numerous team and player school records.[citation needed] Iowa State's 52 points in a win over Texas Tech marked the most points put up by the Cyclones against a conference opponent in 38 years. Iowa State quarterback Austen Arnaud ended his career as the Cyclones No. 2 all-time leading passer with 6,777 yards and 42 touchdown passes. His 8,044 yards of total offense is the second-best total in school history. Running back Alexander Robinson finished his Iowa State career as the Cyclones' fourth all-time leading rusher with 3,309 yards.[6]
Ohio State[edit]
On December 9, 2011, Urban Meyer selected Herman as his offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Buckeyes.[7] On December 9, 2014, after leading Ohio State's fourth ranked offense to their first national title since 2002, while playing two backup quarterbacks, Herman was awarded the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top assistant coach.[8]
Houston[edit]
On December 15, 2014, Herman was hired by Houston as its new head football coach. In the 2015 season, he led his 21st-ranked team to an 11–1 start and the Western Division title in the American Athletic Conference.[9] They won their first American Athletic Conference title by defeating the Temple Owls 24–13.[10]
On December 31, 2015, Herman led the 14th-ranked Cougars to a 38–24 victory over the 9th-ranked Florida State Seminoles at the Peach Bowl. The Cougars had not beaten an AP top-10 team in a bowl game since 1979. After the game, Herman stated that the Cougars had completed their return to national relevancy. The Cougars ended the season 13–1 and ranked #8 in both the AP and Coaches Polls, their highest post-season ranking since 1979.
In 2016, Herman's second season with Houston, the Cougars slipped to a 9–3 regular-season record. Among their nine wins were victories over Oklahoma and Louisville, each of which was ranked #3 in the AP Poll at the time Houston faced them.
Houston's overall record in its two seasons under Herman was 22–4, which included unblemished marks in home games at TDECU Stadium (14–0), in games versus teams ranked in the AP Poll (6–0), and in games versus teams from Power Five conferences (5–0). Herman's success with Houston brought him significant attention from the media and from multiple Power Five football programs throughout the season, which culminated in his appointment as the head coach of the Texas Longhorns immediately following Houston's final regular-season contest of 2016.
Texas[edit]
On November 27, 2016, Herman was hired as the new head coach at Texas. He signed a five-year contract with a base salary of $5 million per year.[11] Texas would go 7–6 in Herman's first season at the helm, which culminated in a 33–16 win over Missouri in the Texas Bowl. 2017 marked the program's first winning season since 2013 and first bowl win since 2012 under then-head coach Mack Brown.
Personal life[edit]
Herman was born in Cincinnati and still has family there, though he was raised in Simi Valley, California. Herman is a member of Mensa International and earned his B.S. in Business Administration from California Lutheran in 1997 where he was a cum laude graduate. He was a Presidential Scholarship recipient. At California Lutheran he was an All-Southern California Athletic Conference wide receiver. He also earned a master's degree from Texas. Herman and his wife, Michelle, have a daughter, Priya, and two sons, Maddock and Maverick.[4]
Media work[edit]
During college Herman interned and worked in various positions in the sports broadcasting industry. He worked in television as a sports production assistant in Oxnard, California, a highlight coordinator for Fox-TV in Los Angeles and a producer/production assistant at XTRA Sports Radio in Los Angeles.
Head coaching record[edit]
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Coaches#
AP°
Houston Cougars (American Athletic Conference) (2015–2016)
2015 Houston 13–1 7–1 T–1st (Western) W Peach† 8 8
2016 Houston 9–3 5–3 T–3rd (Western) Las Vegas[note 1]
Houston: 22–4 12–4
Texas Longhorns (Big 12 Conference) (2017–present)
2017 Texas 7–6 5–4 T–4th W Texas
2018 Texas 6–2 4–1
Texas: 13–8 9–5
Total: 35–12
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth
†Indicates CFP / New Years' Six bowl.
#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.
°Rankings from final AP Poll.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Herman left for Texas after the regular season; new head coach Major Applewhite coached the Cougars against San Diego State in the Las Vegas Bowl.
Coaching tree[edit]
Notable head coaches under whom Herman has served:
Mack Brown: Texas (1999–2000)
David Bailiff: Texas State (2005–2006), Rice (2007–2008)
Paul Rhoads: Iowa State (2009–2011)
Urban Meyer: Ohio State (2012–2014)
Assistants under Herman who have become head coaches:
Major Applewhite: Houston (2016–present)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Townsend, Brad (June 18, 2017). "How Longhorns coach Tom Herman wants to be 'dad to everybody' after losing father to addiction, homelessness". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ohio State hires Iowa State OC Tom Herman". CBSSports.com. December 8, 2011. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Player Bio: Tom Herman - RICEOWLS.COM - The Rice Official Athletic Site". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tom Herman Bio :: The Ohio State University :: Official Athletic Site". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Herman Brings Explosive Offense to Iowa State - Iowa State University Athletics". Iowa State University Athletics. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Land-Grant Holy Land, an Ohio State Buckeyes community". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tom Herman Named Ohio State Offensive Coordinator/QB Coach". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ohio State offensive coordinator Tom Herman wins Broyles Award". Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Report: Houston to name Buckeyes QB whisperer Tom Herman head coach". December 15, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Houston secures New Year's Six bid with AAC title win over Temple". ESPN.com. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What Tom Herman's contract at Texas will reportedly look like; Length, yearly salary and more". November 26, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
External links[edit]
Texas profile
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Current head football coaches of the Big 12 Conference
Matt Rhule (Baylor)
Matt Campbell (Iowa State)
David Beaty (Kansas)
Bill Snyder (Kansas State)
Lincoln Riley (Oklahoma)
Mike Gundy (Oklahoma State)
Gary Patterson (TCU)
Tom Herman (Texas)
Kliff Kingsbury (Texas Tech)
Dana Holgorsen (West Virginia)
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Houston Cougars head football coaches
Jewell Wallace (1946–1947)
Clyde Lee (1948–1954)
Bill Meek (1955–1956)
Hal Lahar (1957–1961)
Bill Yeoman (1962–1986)
Jack Pardee (1987–1989)
John Jenkins (1990–1992)
Kim Helton (1993–1999)
Dana Dimel (2000–2002)
Art Briles (2003–2007)
Chris Thurmond # (2007)
Kevin Sumlin (2008–2011)
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David Gibbs # (2014)
Tom Herman (2015–2016)
Major Applewhite (2016– )
# denotes interim head coach.
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Texas Longhorns head football coaches
No coach (1893)
Reginald DeMerritt Wentworth (1894)
Frank Crawford (1895)
Harry Orman Robinson (1896)
Walter F. Kelly (1897)
David Farragut Edwards (1898)
Maurice Gordon Clarke (1899)
Samuel Huston Thompson (1900–1901)
J. B. Hart (1902)
Ralph Hutchinson (1903–1905)
H. R. Schenker (1906)
W. E. Metzenthin (1907–1908)
Dexter W. Draper (1909)
Billy Wasmund (1910)
Dave Allerdice (1911–1915)
Eugene Van Gent (1916)
William Juneau (1917–1919)
Berry Whitaker (1920–1922)
E. J. Stewart (1923–1926)
Clyde Littlefield (1927–1933)
Jack Chevigny (1934–1936)
Dana X. Bible (1937–1946)
Blair Cherry (1947–1950)
Ed Price (1951–1956)
Darrell Royal (1957–1976)
Fred Akers (1977–1986)
David McWilliams (1987–1991)
John Mackovic (1992–1997)
Mack Brown (1998–2013)
Charlie Strong (2014–2016)
Tom Herman (2017– )
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2014 Ohio State Buckeyes football—consensus national champions
Eli Apple
J. T. Barrett
Vonn Bell
Michael Bennett
Joey Bosa
Noah Brown
Parris Campbell
Gareon Conley
Taylor Decker
Pat Elflein
Ezekiel Elliott
Chase Farris
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Michael Thomas
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Head coach: Urban Meyer
Assistant coaches: Chris Ash
Stan Drayton
Luke Fickell
Cody Hawkins
Tom Herman
Larry Johnson
Vince Oghobaase
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Broyles Award winners
1996: Andrews
1997: Herrmann
1998: Cutcliffe
1999: Friedgen
2000: Mangino
2001: Shannon
2002: Chow
2003: VanGorder
2004: Chizik
2005: Davis
2006: Foster
2007: Heacock
2008: Wilson
2009: Smart
2010: Malzahn
2011: Chavis
2012: Diaco
2013: Narduzzi
2014: Herman
2015: Riley
2016: Venables
2017: Elliott
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Herman_(American_football)&oldid=866222544"
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text:
Hey, Hey, What Can I Do
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (August 2018)
"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"
Single by Led Zeppelin
A-side
"Immigrant Song"
Released
5 November 1970 (1970-11-05)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
July 1970
Studio
Island, London
Genre
Country rock[1]
Length
3:55
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
John Bonham
John Paul Jones
Jimmy Page
Robert Plant
Producer(s)
Jimmy Page
"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do" is a song by the English rock group Led Zeppelin, released in 1970 as the B-side of "Immigrant Song" outside the United Kingdom.
It is the only non-album track the band released before their 1980 breakup, appearing on the Atlantic Records UK various artists compilation LP record, The New Age of Atlantic, released in 1972. The song was first released on CD in September 1990 on the 4-CD Led Zeppelin Boxed Set collection.[2]
Initial 7-inch single pressings of the song featured a long gradual fade that ends abruptly with acoustic guitar. Subsequent pressings had a quicker fade, presumably to avoid the sudden end. This is the version that has been featured on every CD release prior to 2015. The 2015 expanded edition of Coda features an even shorter fade, excising the acoustic guitar ending altogether.
In 1992, as a 20th anniversary release, "Immigrant Song"/"Hey, Hey What Can I Do" was released as a "vinyl replica" CD single. In 1993, "Hey, Hey What Can I Do" was included on The Complete Studio Recordings 10-CD box set, as one of four bonus tracks on the Coda disc as well as the subsequent 12-CD Led Zeppelin Definitive Collection box set released in 2008. In 2015, the song was also included on disc one of the two companion discs of the reissue of Coda.
Contents
1 Live performances
2 Cover versions
3 References
4 External links
Live performances[edit]
The song was never performed at a Led Zeppelin concert; however Page and Plant did perform the song on the accompanying tour for their 1994 live album No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded. Page also performed the song with the Black Crowes for their 2000 album Live at the Greek.
Cover versions[edit]
Main article: List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ George Case. Jimmy Page: Magus, Musician, Man: An Unauthorized Biography. Backbeat Books. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-87930-947-3.
Jump up ^ Nigel Williamson (2 August 2007). The Rough Guide to Led Zeppelin. Rough Guides Limited. pp. 214–. ISBN 978-1-84353-841-7.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Coda track listing
Songs
Side one
"We're Gonna Groove"
"Poor Tom"
"I Can't Quit You Baby"
"Walter's Walk"
Side two
"Ozone Baby"
"Darlene"
"Bonzo's Montreux"
"Wearing and Tearing"
1993 bonus
"Baby Come On Home"
"Travelling Riverside Blues"
"White Summer/Black Mountain Side"
"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"
Deluxe edition
"If It Keeps On Raining"
"Sugar Mama"
"Four Hands"
"Friends"
"St. Tristan's Sword"
"Desire"
"Bring It On Home"
"Everybody Makes It Through"
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin II
Led Zeppelin III
Led Zeppelin IV
Houses of the Holy
Physical Graffiti
Presence
In Through the Out Door
Coda
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t
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Led Zeppelin
John Bonham
John Paul Jones
Jimmy Page
Robert Plant
Studio albums
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin II
Led Zeppelin III
Led Zeppelin IV
Houses of the Holy
Physical Graffiti
Presence
In Through the Out Door
Coda
Live albums
The Song Remains the Same
BBC Sessions
How the West Was Won
Celebration Day
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The Best of Led Zeppelin
Mothership
Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition
Boxed sets
Led Zeppelin
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The Complete Studio Recordings
Definitive Collection
Singles
"Good Times Bad Times" / "Communication Breakdown"
"Whole Lotta Love" / "Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)"
"Immigrant Song" / "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"
"Black Dog" / "Misty Mountain Hop"
"Rock and Roll" / "Four Sticks"
"Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days"
"D'yer Mak'er" / "The Crunge"
"Trampled Under Foot" / "Black Country Woman"
"Candy Store Rock" / "Royal Orleans"
"Fool in the Rain" / "Hot Dog"
"Travelling Riverside Blues"
"Baby Come On Home"
"The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair"
Films
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Led Zeppelin DVD
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Tours
Scandinavia 1968
U.K. 1968
North America 1968–1969
U.K. & Scandinavia 1969
North America Spring 1969
U.K. Summer 1969
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Europe Autumn 1969
North America Autumn 1969
U.K. 1970
Europe 1970
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Iceland, Bath & Germany 1970
North America Summer 1970
U.K. Spring 1971
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Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert (2007)
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Bands
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Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga
Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored
When Giants Walked the Earth
People
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Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey,_Hey,_What_Can_I_Do&oldid=853583111"
Categories:
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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text:
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the film, see The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film).
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
UK first edition book cover
Author
John Boyne
Country
Ireland
Language
English
Genre
Historical / post modern
Publisher
David Fickling Books
Publication date
5 January 2006
Media type
Print (hard cover & paper back)
Pages
216
ISBN
0-385-60940-X
OCLC
62132588
Dewey Decimal
823.914 22
LC Class
CS 2006/45764
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006[1] Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne. Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books, he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days, barely sleeping until he got to the end.[1] As of March 2010, the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world.[2] In both 2007 and 2008, it was the best selling book of the year in Spain, and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list,[3] as well as in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.[not verified in body] The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name.
Plot[edit]
Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to "Out-With" because of the orders of "The Fury" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (in actuality, Auschwitz)[4] and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté is proved, as he never realizes he is living beside a death camp.
When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off. Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel, and Shmuel agrees, except that Bruno is fatter. Bruno's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out-With without them.
The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel's father. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes (which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas), and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp, both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a "march". They are forced to remove their clothing and are led into a gas chamber. In the gas chamber, Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno's best friend for life. Shmuel does not answer, as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed, it becomes dark, and all is chaos.
Critics' reviews[edit]
Kathryn Hughes, writing in The Guardian, calls the novel "a small wonder of a book". While she comments on "the oddness of Auschwitz security being so lax that a child prisoner could make a weekly date with the commandant's son without anyone noticing", she describes the novel as "something that borders on fable", arguing that "Bruno's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses".[5]
Nicholas Tucker, writing in The Independent, calls the novel "a fine addition to a once taboo area of history, at least where children's literature is concerned. It provides an account of a dreadful episode short on actual horror but packed with overtones that remain in the imagination. Plainly and sometimes archly written, it stays just ahead of its readers before delivering its killer punch in the final pages."[6]
Ed Wright, writing in The Age of Melbourne, calls the novel "a touching tale of an odd friendship between two boys in horrendous circumstances and a reminder of man's capacity for inhumanity." He felt that "Bruno's friendship with Shmuel is rendered with neat awareness of the paradoxes between children's naive egocentricity, their innate concept of fairness, familial loyalty and obliviousness to the social conventions of discrimination." He concludes by observing that "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is subtitled A Fable and, as in other modern fables such as Antoine de St Exupery's The Little Prince, Boyne uses Bruno to reveal the flaws in an adult world."[7]
A.O. Scott, writing in The New York Times, questioned the author and publisher's choice to intentionally keep the Holocaust setting of the book vague in both the dust jacket summary and the early portion of the novel, writing: "Boyne’s reluctance to say as much can certainly be defended, not least on the grounds that the characters in a story about the Holocaust are themselves most likely unaware of the scale and historical importance of their experiences. To recreate those experiences faithfully might require undoing some of the readers’ preconceptions." However Scott felt this undermined the work, saying: "A young reader who knows little or nothing about the mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis will not know much more after reading “The Boy in the Striped Pajamas,” while one who has read other books on the topic — Jerry Spinelli’s “Milkweed,” say, or Anne Frank’s diary — may be irritated by the book’s evasions and euphemisms. There is something awkward about the way Boyne manages to disguise, and then to disclose, the historical context." Scott concludes that "To mold the Holocaust into an allegory, as Boyne does here with perfectly benign intent, is to step away from its reality."[8]
Rabbi Benjamin Blech offered a historical criticism, contending that the premise of the book and subsequent film – that there could be a child of Shmuel's age in Auschwitz – was impossible, writing of the book: "Note to the reader: There were no 9-year-old Jewish boys in Auschwitz – the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work."[9] Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is "not just a lie and not just a fairytale, but a profanation". Blech acknowledges the objection that a "fable" need not be factually accurate; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the "myth that those [...] not directly involved can claim innocence", and thus undermines its moral authority. Students who read it, he warns, may believe the camps "weren't that bad" if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age, unaware of "the constant presence of death".[10]
Holocaust scholar Henry Gonashk rebuts Blech's historical contention in his book "Hollywood and the Holocaust", writing that "The rabbi found implausible Shmuel's very existence in the camp," but stating that "Blech is factually incorrect. In fact, there were male (though apparently not female) children at Auschwitz. In 1944, for example, according to the Nazis' meticulous records, there were 619 male children at the camp, ranging in age from one month to fourteen years old. Some of the boys sere employed by the Nazis as camp messengers, while others were simply kept around as mascots and curiosities. Probably some of these children were sexually abused by the guards. Of course, thousands of other children at Auschwitz (including all the girls who arrived at the camp) were gassed."[11]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Children's Author John Boyne (2006)". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
Jump up ^ "BBC World Service - World Book Club - Downloads". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Biography". John Boyne. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Kathryn (20 January 2006). "Educating Bruno". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Kathryn (21 January 2006). "Educating Bruno". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-boy-in-the-striped-pyjamas-by-john-boyne-6111909.html
Jump up ^ https://www.theage.com.au/news/book-reviews/the-boy-in-the-striped-pyjamas/2006/01/03/1136050420787.html
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/books/Scott.t.html
Jump up ^ Blech, Benjamin (October 23, 2008). "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas". Aish.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rabbi Benjamin Blech (October 23, 2008). "The Boy in the Striped Pajamas". aish.com. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=vOeYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272&dq=blech+%22boy+in+the+striped+pajamas%22&source=bl&ots=ti_C37es9b&sig=V7TvvGXKs4r_yvnjBwLDNLzHsI0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxhvmpq43bAhXny4MKHcdgBbg4ChDoAQhJMAY#v=onepage&q=blech%20%22boy%20in%20the%20striped%20pajamas%22&f=false
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GND: 7719172-9
LCCN: no2009181923
VIAF: 182554061
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