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Grey matter
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For other uses, see Grey matter (disambiguation).
Grey matter
The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. (Grey matter labeled at center right.)
Micrograph showing grey matter, with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies (dark shade of pink), and white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork-like appearance (left of image - lighter shade of pink). HPS stain.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Substantia grisea
TA
A14.1.00.002
FMA
67242
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter, in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axon tracts.[1] The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 History
4.1 Etymology
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Grey matter refers to unmyelinated neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. It is present in the brain, brainstem and cerebellum, and present throughout the spinal cord.
Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex) and of the cerebellum (cerebellar cortex), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum (thalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia – putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens; septal nuclei), cerebellar (deep cerebellar nuclei – dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus), brainstem (substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei).
Grey matter in the spinal cord is known as the grey column which travels down the spinal cord distributed in three grey columns that are presented in an "H" shape. The forward-facing column is the anterior grey column, the rear-facing one is the posterior grey column and the interlinking one is the lateral grey column. The grey matter on the left and right side is connected by the grey commissure. The grey matter in the spinal cord consists of interneurons, as well as cell bodies.
Diagram of a spinal vertebra. The grey matter is in the central part of the spinal cord.
Cross-section of spinal cord with grey matter labelled.
Grey matter undergoes development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence.[3]
Function[edit]
Grey matter contains most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies. The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control, and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making, and self-control.[4]
The grey matter in the spinal cord is split into three grey columns:
The anterior grey column contains motor neurons. These synapse with interneurons and the axons of cells that have travelled down the pyramidal tract. These cells are responsible for the movement of muscles.
The posterior grey column contains the points where sensory neurons synapse. These receive sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion. This information is then transmitted in axons up the spinal cord in spinal tracts, including the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract and the spinothalamic tract.
The lateral grey column is the third column of the spinal cord.
The grey matter of the spinal cord can be divided into different layers, called Rexed laminae. These describe, in general, the purpose of the cells within the grey matter of the spinal cord at a particular location.
Interneurons present in the grey matter of the spinal cord
Rexed laminae groups the grey matter in the spinal cord according to its function.
Clinical significance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)
High alcohol consumption has been correlated with significant reductions in grey matter volume.[5][6] Short-term cannabis use (30 days) is not correlated with changes in white or grey matter.[7] However, several cross-sectional studies have shown that repeated long-term cannabis use is associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the hippocampus, amygdala, medial temporal cortex, and prefrontal cortex, with increased grey matter volume in the cerebellum.[8][9][10] Long-term cannabis use also alters white matter integrity in an age-dependent manner,[11] with heavy cannabis use during adolescence and early adulthood causing the greatest amount of damage.[12]
Meditation has been shown to change grey matter structure.[13][14][15][16][17]
Habitual playing of action video games has been reported to promote a reduction of grey matter in the hippocampus.[18][19]
It has been shown that pregnancy renders substantial changes in brain structure, primarily reductions in gray matter volume in regions subserving social cognition. The gray matter reductions endured for at least 2 years post-pregnancy. [20]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
In the current edition[21] of the official Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica, substantia grisea is used for English grey matter. The adjective grisea for grey is however not attested in classical Latin.[22] The adjective grisea is derived from the French word for grey, gris.[22] Alternative designations like substantia cana [23] and substantia cinerea [24] are being used alternatively. The adjective cana, attested in classical Latin,[25] can mean grey,[22] or greyish white.[26] The classical Latin cinerea means ash-coloured.[25]
Additional images[edit]
Human brain right dissected lateral view
Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
See also[edit]
Grey matter heterotopia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale; George J. Augustine; David Fitzpatrick; William C. Hall; Anthony-Samuel LaMantia; James O. McNamara; Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.
Jump up ^ Kolb & Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (2003) page 49
Jump up ^ Sowell, E. R.; Thompson, P. M.; Tessner, K. D.; Toga, A. W. (2001). "Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (22): 8819–29. PMID 11698594.
Jump up ^ Miller, A. K. H.; Alston, R. L.; Corsellis, J. A. N. (1980). "Variation with Age in the Volumes of Grey and White Matter in the Cerebral Hemispheres of Man: Measurements with an Image Analyser". Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 6 (2): 119–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1980.tb00283.x. PMID 7374914.
Jump up ^ Yang, Xun; Tian, Fangfang; Zhang, Handi; Zeng, Jianguang; Chen, Taolin; Wang, Song; Jia, Zhiyun; Gong, Qiyong (2016). "Cortical and subcortical gray matter shrinkage in alcohol-use disorders: A voxel-based meta-analysis". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 66: 92–103. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.034. PMID 27108216.
Jump up ^ Xiao, Peirong; Dai, Zhenyu; Zhong, Jianguo; Zhu, Yingling; Shi, Haicun; Pan, Pinglei (2015). "Regional gray matter deficits in alcohol dependence: A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 153: 22–8. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.030. PMID 26072220.
Jump up ^ Thayer, Rachel E.; YorkWilliams, Sophie; Karoly, Hollis C.; Sabbineni, Amithrupa; Ewing, Sarah Feldstein; Bryan, Angela D.; Hutchison, Kent E. "Structural Neuroimaging Correlates of Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Adolescents and Adults". Addiction: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/add.13923. ISSN 1360-0443.
Jump up ^ Lorenzetti, Valentina; Lubman, Dan I.; Whittle, Sarah; Solowij, Nadia; Yücel, Murat (September 2010). "Structural MRI findings in long-term cannabis users: what do we know?". Substance Use & Misuse. 45 (11): 1787–1808. doi:10.3109/10826084.2010.482443. ISSN 1532-2491. PMID 20590400.
Jump up ^ Matochik, John A.; Eldreth, Dana A.; Cadet, Jean-Lud; Bolla, Karen I. (2005-01-07). "Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 77 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.011. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 15607838.
Jump up ^ Yücel, Murat; Solowij, Nadia; Respondek, Colleen; Whittle, Sarah; Fornito, Alex; Pantelis, Christos; Lubman, Dan I. (June 2008). "Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use". Archives of General Psychiatry. 65 (6): 694–701. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.694. ISSN 1538-3636. PMID 18519827.
Jump up ^ Jakabek, David; Yücel, Murat; Lorenzetti, Valentina; Solowij, Nadia (October 2016). "An MRI study of white matter tract integrity in regular cannabis users: effects of cannabis use and age". Psychopharmacology. 233 (19-20): 3627–3637. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4398-3. ISSN 1432-2072. PMID 27503373.
Jump up ^ Becker, Mary P.; Collins, Paul F.; Lim, Kelvin O.; Muetzel, R. L.; Luciana, M. (December 2015). "Longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure after heavy cannabis use". Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 16: 23–35. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.004. ISSN 1878-9307. PMC 4691379  . PMID 26602958.
Jump up ^ Black, David S.; Kurth, Florian; Luders, Eileen; Wu, Brian (2014). "Brain Gray Matter Changes Associated with Mindfulness Meditation in Older Adults: An Exploratory Pilot Study using Voxelbased Morphometry". Neuro. 1 (1): 23–26. doi:10.17140/NOJ-1-106. PMC 4306280  . PMID 25632405.
Jump up ^ Hölzel, Britta K.; Carmody, James; Vangel, Mark; Congleton, Christina; Yerramsetti, Sita M.; Gard, Tim; Lazar, Sara W. (2011). "Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density". Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 191 (1): 36–43. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006. PMC 3004979  . PMID 21071182.
Jump up ^ Kurth, Florian; MacKenzie-Graham, Allan; Toga, Arthur W.; Luders, Eileen (2015). "Shifting brain asymmetry: the link between meditation and structural lateralization". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 10 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu029. PMC 4994843  . PMID 24643652.
Jump up ^ Fox, Kieran C.R.; Nijeboer, Savannah; Dixon, Matthew L.; Floman, James L.; Ellamil, Melissa; Rumak, Samuel P.; Sedlmeier, Peter; Christoff, Kalina (2014). "Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 43: 48–73. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016. PMID 24705269.
Jump up ^ Hölzel, Britta K.; Carmody, James; Evans, Karleyton C.; Hoge, Elizabeth A.; Dusek, Jeffery A.; Morgan, Lucas; Pitman, Roger K.; Lazar, Sara W. (2010). "Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 5 (1): 11–7. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp034. PMC 2840837  . PMID 19776221.
Jump up ^ https://www.news-medical.net/news/20170808/Habitual-players-of-action-video-games-have-less-grey-matter-in-their-brain-study-reveals.aspx
Jump up ^ http://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2017/08/07/playing-action-video-games-can-actually-harm-your-brain/
Jump up ^ Hoekzema, Elseline; Barba-Müller, Erika; Pozzobon, Cristina; Picado, Marisol; Lucco, Florencio; García-García, David; Soliva, Juan Carlos; Tobeña, Adolf; Desco, Manuel; Crone, Eveline A.; Ballesteros, Agustín; Carmona, Susanna; Vilarroya, Oscar (2016). "Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure". Nature Neuroscience. 20: 287. doi:10.1038/nn.4458. PMID 27991897.
Jump up ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme
^ Jump up to: a b c Triepel, H. (1910). Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
Jump up ^ Triepel, H. (1910). Nomina Anatomica. Mit Unterstützung von Fachphilologen. Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
Jump up ^ Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805). Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur. Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jump up ^ Stearn, W.T. (1983). Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary. (3rd edition). Newton Abbot London: David Charles.
External links[edit]
Why Gray Matter is Gray
[show]
v
t
e
Nervous tissue
CNS
Tissue Types
Grey matter
White matter
Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Funiculus
Fasciculus
Nerve tract
Decussation
Commissure
Neuropil
Meninges
Cell Types
Neuronal
Pyramidal
Purkinje
Granule
Glial
insulating:
Myelination: Oligodendrocyte
other
Astrocyte
Radial glial cell
Ependymal cells
Tanycyte
Microglia
PNS
General
Dorsal
Root
Ganglion
Ramus
Ventral
Root
Ramus
Ramus communicans
Gray
White
Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
Postganglionic nerve fibers)
Connective tissues
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Nerve fascicle
Neuroglia
Myelination: Schwann cell
Neurilemma
Myelin incisure
Node of Ranvier
Internodal segment
Satellite glial cell
Neurons/
nerve fibers
Parts
Soma
Axon hillock
Axon
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Axon terminals
Axoplasm
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Dendrite
Nissl body
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Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite
Types
Bipolar
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Pseudounipolar
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Interneuron
Renshaw
Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory neuron
GSA
GVA
SSA
SVA
fibers
Ia or Aα
Ib or Golgi or Aα
II or Aβ and Aγ
III or Aδ or fast pain
IV or C or slow pain
Efferent nerve fiber/
Motor neuron
GSE
GVE
SVE
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
α motorneuron
β motorneuron
γ motorneuron
Termination
Synapse
Electrical synapse/Gap junction
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Active zone
Postsynaptic density
Autapse
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Sensory receptors
Meissner's corpuscle
Merkel nerve ending
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending
Muscle spindle
Free nerve ending
Nociceptor
Olfactory receptor neuron
Photoreceptor cell
Hair cell
Taste bud
[show]
v
t
e
The spinal cord
General features
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina
Meninges
Grey matter
Posterior grey column
Marginal nucleus
Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
Nucleus proprius
Spinal lamina V
Spinal lamina VI
Lateral grey column
Intermediolateral nucleus
Posterior thoracic nucleus
Anterior grey column
Interneuron
Alpha motor neuron
Onuf's nucleus
Gamma motor neuron
Other
Rexed laminae
Central gelatinous substance
Gray commissure
Central canal
Terminal ventricle
White matter
Sensory
Posterior
Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway:
Gracile
Cuneate
Lateral:
Spinocerebellar
dorsal
ventral
Spinothalamic
lateral
anterior
Posterolateral
Spinotectal
Spinoreticular tract
Spino-olivary tract
Motor
Lateral
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Lateral
Extrapyramidal
Rubrospinal
Olivospinal
Raphespinal
Anterior
Corticospinal
Anterior
Extrapyramidal
Vestibulospinal
Reticulospinal
Tectospinal
Both
Anterior white commissure
External features
Ventral
Anterior median fissure
Anterolateral sulcus
Dorsal
Posterior median sulcus
Posterolateral sulcus
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
Superolateral
Central (frontal+parietal)
Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
Parieto-occipital
Preoccipital notch
Medial/inferior
Longitudinal fissure
Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
Collateral (temporal+occipital)
Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Supracallosal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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text:
List of districts in Telangana
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Location of Telangana in India
The state of Telangana, in southern India is divided into 31 districts. A 'district' in the state of Telangana is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a District collector, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service.
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
2 History
2.1 1948
2.2 1953
2.3 1956
2.4 1978
2.5 2014
2.6 2016
3 District statistics
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Statistics[edit]
Telangana new districts created in 2016
In terms of area, Bhadradri Kothagudem is the largest district with an area of 7,483 km2 (2,889 sq mi) and Hyderabad is the smallest with 217 km2 (84 sq mi). Hyderabad district is the most populated district with a population of 3943323 and Kumarambheem Asifabad district is the least populated with 515,805. Telangana consist of 68 Revenue Divisions and 584 Revenue Mandals(Tehsil).[1]
History[edit]
Hyderabad state until 1956
Telangana at the time of formation on June 02 2014
1948[edit]
Telangana region of Hyderabad State was consist of 8 Districts in 1948 when it inducted in Dominion of India they are Atraf-i-Baldah (Hyderabad), Mahbubnagar district, Medak district, Nalgonda district (Nalgundah), Nizamabad districts, Adilabad, Karimnagar, and Warangal districts.[2]
1953[edit]
Khamam district was creating by bifurcation of Warangal district on 1st October 1953.[3]
1956[edit]
Andhara Pradesh was fromed by merging Telangana region of Hyderabad State and Andhra state on November 1st. Bhadrachalam division and Aswaraopet taluka parts was merged in Khammam district from Godavari districts for better Administration.[3]
1978[edit]
Hyderabad district was split into Hyderabad Urban District and Hyderabad Rural District on 15th August 1978.Hyderabad Urban District was made by 4 Talukas are Charminar, Golkonda, Mushirabad and Secunderabad Talukas which consist of only MCH area, Secunderabad cantonment and Osmania University. Hyderabad rural district was later renamed as Ranga Reddy District.[4]
2014[edit]
Telangana curved out from with 10 dristrict from Andhara Pradesh . 7 mandals of Bhadrachalam division was given back to East Godavari district.[5][6]
2016[edit]
21 New districts were created on 11th October, which lead to 31 districts in Telangana. All districts were divided in to minmum 3 to maximum 5 except Hyderabad district which was untouched.[7]
District statistics[edit]
S.No.
Name
Headquarters
Area (km2)
Population
(2011 census)
No.of mandals
Density
(per km2)
Urban (%)
Literacy (%)
Sex Ratio
1 Adilabad Adilabad 4,153 708,972 18 171 23.66 63.46 989
2 Bhadradri Kothagudem Kothagudem 7,483 1,069,261 23 143 31.71 66.40 1008
3 Hyderabad Hyderabad 217 3,943,323 16 18172 100 83.25 954
4 Jagtial Jagtial 2,419 985,417 18 407 22.46 60.26 1036
5 Jangaon Jangaon 2,188 566,376 13 259 12.60 61.44 997
6 Jayashankar Bhupalapally Bhupalpalle 6,175 711,434 20 115 7.57 60.33 1009
7 Jogulamba Gadwal Gadwal 2,928 609,990 12 208 10.36 49.87 972
8 Kamareddy Kamareddy 3,652 972,625 22 266 12.71 56.51 1033
9 Karimnagar Karimnagar 2,128 1,005,711 16 473 30.72 69.16 993
10 Khammam Khammam 4,361 1,401,639 21 321 22.60 65.95 1005
11 Kumarambheem Asifabad Asifabad 4,878 515,812 15 106 16.86 56.72 998
12 Mahabubabad Mahabubabad 2,877 774,549 16 269 9.86 57.13 996
13 Mahabubnagar Mahabubnagar 5,285 1,486,777 26 281 20.73 56.78 995
14 Mancherial Mancherial 4,016 807,037 18 201 43.85 64.35 977
15 Medak Medak 2,786 767,428 20 275 7.67 56.12 1027
16 Medchal–Malkajgiri[8] Shamirpet 1,084 2,440,073 14 2251 91.40 82.49 957
17 Nagarkurnool Nagarkurnool 6,924 861,766 20 124 10.19 54.38 968
18 Nalgonda Nalgonda 7,122 1,618,416 31 227 22.76 63.75 978
19 Nirmal Nirmal 3,845 709,418 19 185 21.38 57.77 1046
20 Nizamabad Nizamabad 4,288 1,571,022 27 366 29.58 64.25 1044
21 Peddapalli Peddapalli 2,236 795,332 14 356 38.22 65.52 992
22 Rajanna Sircilla Sircilla 2,019 552,037 13 273 21.17 62.71 1014
23 Ranga Reddy Shamshabad 5,031 2,446,265 27 486 58.05 71.95 950
24 Sangareddy Sangareddy 4,403 1,527,628 26 347 34.69 64.08 965
25 Siddipet Siddipet 3,632 1,012,065 22 279 13.74 61.61 1008
26 Suryapet Suryapet 3,607 1,099,560 23 305 15.56 64.11 996
27 Vikarabad[9] Vikarabad 3,386 927,140 18 274 13.48 57.91 1001
28 Wanaparthy Wanaparthy 2,152 577,758 14 268 15.97 55.67 960
29 Warangal Rural Warangal 2,175 718,537 15 330 6.99 61.26 994
30 Warangal Urban Warangal 1,309 1,080,858 11 826 68.51 76.17 997
31 Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Bhongir 3,092 739,448 16 239 16.66 65.53 973
Telangana
-
-
112,077
35,003,674
584
312
38.88
66.54
988
See also[edit]
List of mandals in Telangana
List of districts in India
New Districts portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Yazdani, Ghulam. "Hyderabad State". Atlantic Publishers & Distri – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "Know Your Corporation".
Jump up ^ Law, Gwillim (2011-09-25). "Districts of India". Statoids. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
Jump up ^ "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2014" Accessed 13 July 2014 [2]
Jump up ^ "Protests against Centre, Andhra Pradesh in Khammam over Polavaram Bill". Deccan Chronicle, 12 July 2014. Accessed 13 July 2014. [3]
Jump up ^ "New districts". Andhra Jyothy.com. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Medchal-Malkajgiri district" (PDF). Official website of Medchal district. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikarabad district". Official website Vikarabad district. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
External links[edit]
[hide]
v
t
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State of Telangana
Capital: Hyderabad
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Portal: Telangana
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text:
The Heavy (band)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
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The Heavy
The Heavy playing at Bowery Ballroom in New York City in 2010
Background information
Origin
Bath, Somerset, England
Genres
Indie rock
funk rock
alternative rock
blues rock
neo soul
Years active
2007 (2007)–present
Labels
Counter
Bad Son
Ninja Tune
Website
theheavy.co.uk
Members
Kelvin Swaby
Daniel Taylor
Spencer Page
Chris Ellul
The Heavy are a British rock band from Bath, Somerset, England, formed in 2007 and signed to Ninja Tune imprint Counter Records and the Bad Son Recording Company. The band consists of Kelvin Swaby (vocals), Dan Taylor (guitar), Spencer Page (bass guitar) and Chris Ellul (drums). They have released four albums as well as a wide array of singles. Their music has been widely used in media, with their 2009 single "How You Like Me Now?" being used the most and becoming the band's signature song.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Musical style
3 In media
4 Discography
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The Heavy are Kelvin Swaby (vocals), Dan Taylor (guitar), Spencer Page (bass guitar) and Chris Ellul (drums). Taylor and Swaby became friends in 1998 when they bonded over vintage R&B music and Jim Jarmusch films and soon formed the band.
The Heavy released two singles in the last half of 2007. "That Kind of Man", the first single, was released on Don't Touch Recordings and was mixed by Corin Dingley who was the original drummer and co producer of the first album before Ninja Tune discovered them and promptly signed the band, Swaby, Taylor and Dingley. The Heavy released their first album Great Vengeance and Furious Fire on 17 September 2007 in the United Kingdom and 8 April 2008 in the United States.
On 26 March 2008, the Heavy were named artist of the day in Spin.[1] The band was also mentioned in the Rolling Stone Hot List in May 2008. They played at the 2008 South By Southwest (SXSW) music festival on the 89.3 The Current Stage and collected one of the Best Discovery awards in Spin Magazine's "Best and Worst of SXSW 2008".[2][3][4]
The Heavy appeared on the 2009 album Johnny Cash Remixed with a version of "Doing My Time". On 2 October 2009 their second album The House That Dirt Built was released by Counter Records. The band's third album The Glorious Dead was released on 21 August 2012 via Counter Records/Ninja Tune.[5] The band undertook an extensive tour of the United States throughout August–September 2012 with sponsorship from the American beer company Miller Lite. The band also had a string of European dates to support The Glorious Dead, in October–November 2012.[6] On April 1, 2016, The Heavy released their fourth album, Hurt & The Merciless.[7]
The Heavy is back on tour in 2016 and will be playing throughout Europe, the US, and making stops at major festivals including Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, South by Southwest, Free Press Summer Fest, INmusic festival, Fuji Rock Festival, Hurricane Festival and Southside Festival.[8]
Musical style[edit]
The Heavy play a mix of guitar-heavy neo soul and rock using crunchy guitar, funky horns, and raspy James Brown-like vocals. Their songs incorporate many different styles; for example, "Sixteen" samples the horn line and guitar verse from Screamin' Jay Hawkins's "I Put a Spell on You". "How You Like Me Now?" samples the song "Let a Woman Be a Woman" by Dyke & the Blazers.[9] "Oh No! Not You Again" emulates garage rock; and "Girl" is a combination of spoken word and rap sampled from Terry Reid's "Superlungs".
In media[edit]
"How You Like Me Now?" is featured in several television series episodes: the twentieth episode of the fourth season of The Vampire Diaries; the sixth season finale of Entourage; the fourth episode of Community; the third episode of Rookie Blue; and the second season summer finale of White Collar. The song is featured throughout the 2010 feature film The Fighter. It is featured on the soundtrack of the baseball video game MLB 10: The Show. It was featured in the 2011 film Horrible Bosses as well as the trailer for The Change-Up. It was featured in the alternate ending for the film Limitless. The song is played on the soundtrack of the film This Means War. The song was used in a Kia Sorento television commercial,[10] which was broadcast during Super Bowl XLIV, appears in the soundtrack for Driver: San Francisco along with songs "Big Bad Wolf" and "The Sleeping Ignoramus". The song was used in pro skateboarder Torey Pudwill's Big Bang video in the summer of 2011. The song was also used in a commercial for Strongbow cider in the UK. It was recently featured on the Ted movie trailer. The song was also the theme song to MLB Network's television show, Intentional Talk and for MSNBC's afternoon broadcast of Martin Bashir's news commentary. It was also featured in the credits for the movie G.I. Joe: Retaliation and on trailers and TV spots for Turbo.
"How You Like Me Now?" could be heard being played over the speakers at the McCormick Place Convention Center in Chicago, Illinois, the 2012 election night location for U.S. President Barack Obama, just after the projected results for Ohio were announced. The Electoral College votes from Ohio clinched the 2012 Presidential re-election for him. The band played the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on 18 January 2010; this was the first time that Letterman had ever asked a musical artist to perform an encore on his show.[11][12] On 9 June 2010 "How You Like Me Now?" was featured in the opening montage of Hockey Night in Canada's broadcast of Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Finals. "That Kind of Man" from the band's first album was featured in "Filthy Lucre", an episode of the series Californication.
"That Kind Of Man" was used in the trailer for Parker and "Coleen" also in FIFA 09 both from the band's first album, was featured in "Play the Man", an episode of the USA network television show Suits. The show also used "What Makes a Good Man?" for the season 2 promo, "Can't Play Dead" in episode "Zane vs. Zane" and "Short Change Hero" in episode "War".
"Short Change Hero", from the Heavy's second album, has been used in the film Faster; the TV shows The Vampire Diaries, The Listener, Suits and Killjoys; the ITV documentary Best of Enemies; the trailer for Batman: Arkham City; and in the promos for the first season of Haven and second season of Longmire. The song was also used as the theme song since the second season of Strike Back. The video game Borderlands 2 featured "Short Change Hero" in the opening scene and "How You Like Me Now?" in the end credits. An instrumental jazz version of "Short Change Hero" later appeared in Poker Night 2, which featured characters from Borderlands. "What Makes A Good Man?" was later used in the credits of the next game released, Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel.
"What Makes A Good Man?", from their third album, was used for the launch trailer of Sleeping Dogs, the official theme song for the 2013 Royal Rumble pay-per-view event, was featured in the 2013 film "Grudge Match", the video game NHL 13, the trailer for Dallas Buyers Club and Guinness' "Sapeurs" commercial, a production in collaboration with the advertisement agency, AMV BBDO, which was hailed as one of the most successful example of brand-agency partnership as top-classed quality adverts have been consistently produced.[13] In addition, the song also appeared in the H&M commercials featuring David Beckham. The band also made their second appearance on Late Show with David Letterman on 28 August 2012 performing "What Makes A Good Man?" gaining their second encore on the show.[14]
The band was asked to record a cover of the song "And When I Die" for the fourth season finale of True Blood.[15] It also appeared on the third True Blood soundtrack.
"Who Needs The Sunshine?" was featured in the penultimate episode of the fourth series of Being Human, "Making History". The song was featured in a promo for the Cinemax series Hunted.
"Big Bad Wolf" was used in the 2010 film The Losers (based on the comic series of the same name) and was also used in the episode "Brotherfae of the Wolves" of the Canadian TV show Lost Girl and in the credits sequence to Season 2 Episode 1 of the British crime-drama Luther. It was also used in the BBC Two series Top Gear in episode 4 of series 21. The CBS show Battle Creek used the song throughout its third episode. The song is often used in Blue Angels performances.
The song "Same 'Ol'" was used for the launch trailer for the game Splinter Cell: Blacklist, while a variation of it was used in the trailer for Quentin Tarantino's eighth feature film, The Hateful Eight. The song was also used in a montage during the first episode of The Grand Tour.
The song "Don't Say Nothing" was used in the trailer for Kingsman: The Secret Service, included in Gameloft's Gangstar Vegas, and appeared on the soundtrack for FIFA 13.
On February 23, 2016, The Heavy were the musical guest on Le Petit Journal (Canal+) where they performed their single, "Turn Up" from their forthcoming album, Hurt & The Merciless.[16] In addition, the song is featured on the video game soundtrack of EA SPORTS Madden NFL 17.
Discography[edit]
Main article: The Heavy discography
Great Vengeance and Furious Fire (2007)
The House That Dirt Built (2009)
The Glorious Dead (2012)
Hurt & the Merciless (2016)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Heavy at Spin Magazine Online
Jump up ^ "MPR: The Current Music Blog: The Current's SXSW line-up". Minnesota.publicradio.org. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
Jump up ^ SXSW '08: SPIN's Best and Worst at Spin Magazine Online
Jump up ^ Live at SXSW at Minnesota Public Radio's website
Jump up ^ "The Glorious Dead / The Heavy / Releases / Ninja Tune". Ninjatune.net. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
Jump up ^ "European Tour Announced / The Heavy / Headlines / Ninja Tune". Ninjatune.net. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
Jump up ^ http://theheavy.co.uk
Jump up ^ theheavy.co.uk
Jump up ^ "Who Sampled Who, The Heavy How You Like Me Now". Retrieved 2010-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Kia Motors". Kia. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
Jump up ^ Myspace. "Dig This Song: "How You Like Me Now" by The Heavy | MLive.com". Blog.mlive.com. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
Jump up ^ The Heavy perform "How You Like Me Now?" on The Late Show with David Letterman (includes encore performance)
Jump up ^ In-housed staff Writer"World's most creative partnerships: Guinness & AMV BBDO",Campaign,21st Jun, 20167
Jump up ^ "The Heavy - The Late Show with David Letterman!". The Heavy. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "KCRW Exclusive: The Heavy Cover Blood Sweat & Tears for True Blood Finale | KCRW Music Blog". Blogs.kcrw.com. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.canalplus.fr/c-emissions/c-le-petit-journal/pid6515-le-petit-journal.html?vid=1365591
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide]
v
t
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Kelvin Swaby
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Spencer Page
Albums
Great Vengeance and Furious Fire
The House That Dirt Built
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Other songs
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MusicBrainz: ea99eec5-bd72-4b4f-86e4-54c5a34f7e10
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Fisher & Paykel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Limited
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Major appliance
Founded
1934; 84 years ago
Founder
Maurice Paykel
Sir Woolf Fisher
Headquarters
East Tamaki, Auckland, New Zealand
Area served
New Zealand, Australia, United States, Italy, Lebanon, Hong Kong, United Kingdom
Key people
Stuart Broadhurst, Managing Director and CEO
Keith Turner Chairman
Products
Major appliances
Revenue
NZ$1.412 billion (2007)[1]
Operating income
NZ$93.818 million (2007)[1]
Profit
NZ$61.180 million (2007)[1]
Number of employees
3300[2]
Parent
Haier
Website
www.fisherpaykel.com/
A Fisher & Paykel store in Hong Kong
Fisher & Paykel in David Jones Market Street, Sydney
Fisher & Paykel /ˈfɪʃər.ænd.ˈpaɪkəl/ is a major appliance manufacturing company based in East Tamaki, New Zealand.
Originally an importer of domestic refrigerators,[3] Fisher & Paykel now holds over 420 patents[4] and bases its identity on innovative design, particularly in the areas of usability and environmental awareness.[5]
The company's trademarked appliances include Active Smart refrigerators, AeroTech ovens, DishDrawer dishwashers, Smart Drive washing machines and Smartload top loading dryers. The company also manufactures gas and electric cooktops.[6]
In 2004, Fisher & Paykel Appliances purchased the United States-based cookware manufacturer Dynamic Cooking Systems, and Italian cookware company Elba in 2006.
Fisher & Paykel products are available in more than 80 countries worldwide.[3] The company had manufacturing plants at Auckland in New Zealand; Cleveland in Australia; Huntington Beach, United States; Treviso, Italy; Rayong, Thailand; and Reynosa, Mexico but announced the closure of four manufacturing facilities in; Dunedin - New Zealand, Cleveland - Australia, Huntington Beach and Clyde Ohio - USA, on 17 April 2008.[7][dead link]
In 2012, Haier, a major Chinese white goods manufacturer, purchased over 90% of Fisher & Paykel Appliance shares.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Fisher & Paykel Industries
1.2 Fisher & Paykel Appliances
2 Current products
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd was listed publicly in 2001, following the separation of Fisher & Paykel Industries Ltd into Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd and Fisher & Paykel Appliances Ltd that same year.[3]
Fisher & Paykel Industries[edit]
Fisher & Paykel Industries Ltd was founded in 1934 by Sir Woolf Fisher and Maurice Paykel.[3] The company publicly listed in 1979 with authorised capital of NZ$ 40 million.
Initially the company was an importer of Crosley appliances, Maytag and Pilot products; in 1938 the company began manufacturing Kelvinator washing machines under license. This followed the introduction of tariffs by the First Labour Government of New Zealand.[9]
In 1956, manufacturing was moved to a purpose-built factory in Mount Wellington, Auckland. This facility included flexible machinery manufacturing techniques developed in tandem with the raw material suppliers, enabling Fisher & Paykel Industries to greatly increase production.
In 1955, Fisher and Paykel acquired Dunedin electric oven manufacturer H. E. Shacklock Ltd, which dominated the New Zealand domestic appliance market through the era of Government protectionism. Subsequently, the Shacklock brand was gradually withdrawn from the Fisher and Paykel product range.
The company began exporting within Australasia and East Asia around 1968. At this time the company also manufactured cabinets, sparkplugs and televisions.
During the 1980s the company became more focussed on research and development,[3] resulting in the development of the ECS direct drive mechanism washing machine and highly automated production lines.[9] In 1989, the company opened its first overseas manufacturing facility in Cleveland, Australia.
The company entered the European market in 1992, and by 1994 was exporting to over 80 countries.[3]
Fisher & Paykel Appliances[edit]
On 12 November 2001, Fisher & Paykel Industries split into Fisher & Paykel Appliances Holdings Ltd and Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Corporation Ltd.[3]
In October 2004, Fisher & Paykel Appliances acquired Dynamic Cooking Systems Inc, a United States manufacturer and distributor of cooking appliances. Dynamic Cooking Systems was acquired for US$33 million (NZ$49.3 million) in a debt-free state, allowing the company to leverage market presence while maintaining its quality of engineering.
In June 2006, the Italian cookware business Elba was acquired from DeLonghi for €78 million (NZ$158 million).[10] Elba has been since renamed as Fisher & Paykel Appliances Italy S.p.A.[1] and exports to over 54 countries, focusing on the UK market.
Fisher Paykel's flagship dishwashers get mixed reviews for reliability, but seem to have more problems than average, as commented in trade reviews [11] and consumer reviews. [12]
The poor reliability record of dishwashers is confirmed in a 2010 Appliance Reliability survey by Consumer New Zealand of nearly 19,000 customers. Other Fisher & Paykel products fare better.[13]
Current products[edit]
DishDrawer dishwasher
Fisher & Paykel Appliances currently manufactures cooking, laundry and whiteware appliances. The company's flagship product is the DishDrawer double drawer dishwasher which is claimed to wash dishes more efficiently than standard dishwashers or hand washing.
The current Fisher & Paykel-branded product range includes built-in ovens, electric cooktops, dishwashers, dryers, freezers, ranges, rangehoods, refrigerators and washing machines.
A large number of Fisher & Paykel products utilise microprocessor and brushless DC electric motor technology from production line equipment to improve efficiency.[14]
The company's trademarked brushless motor-based performance features include Smart Drive washing machines, SmartLoad Dryers and DishDrawer dishwashers. Microprocessor-based control systems form the basis of Active Smart refrigerators and AeroTech ovens.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Annual Report 2006/07". Fisher and Paykel Holdings Limited.
Jump up ^ "Fisher & Paykel Appliances - Parent Company".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Business History Project timeline". The University of Auckland.
Jump up ^ "Global F&P Appliances patents". Delphion.
Jump up ^ "Fisher and Paykel". Better by Design NZ. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Consumer site". Fisher & Paykel Appliances.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Sharemarket Announcement". NZX.com.
Jump up ^ "Haier Obtains More Than 90% of Fisher & Paykel Shares". wsj.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Business History Project profile". The University of Auckland.
Jump up ^ "Fisher & Paykel launches Italian-made cooking appliances". Current.com.au. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fisher & Paykel Dishdrawer". ukwhitegoods.co.uk. 29 June 2005.
Jump up ^ "Fisher and Paykel DD 603 Double Drawer Reviews". reviewcentre.com. 2005–2010.
Jump up ^ "F&P lags behind in appliances surveys". TVNZ. 10 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Our Products". Fisher & Paykel Appliances.
External links[edit]
Fisher & Paykel US
Fisher & Paykel CA
Fisher & Paykel NZ
Fisher & Paykel AU
Dynamic Cooking Systems
[hide]
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NZX 50 companies of New Zealand
As of 19 September 2016
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