text:
Four-leaf clover
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"Lucky clover" and "lucky leaf" redirect here. The term is also often used for the wood-sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) and Oxalis tetraphylla, a common potted plant.
For the popular 20th-century song, see "I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover". For the 2007 Second Person song, see "Four Leaf Clover" (Second Person song). For the 2010 Diana Vickers song, see Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree.
Four-leaf white clover (Trifolium repens)
The four-leaf clover is a rare variation of the common three-leaf clover. According to tradition, such clovers bring good luck,[1] though it is not clear when or how that tradition got started. The earliest mention of “Fower-leafed or purple grasse” is from 1640 and simply says that it was kept in gardens because it was “good for the purples in children or others”[2]. A description from 1869 says that four-leaf clovers were “gathered at night-time during the full moon by sorceresses, who mixed it with vervain and other ingredients, while young girls in search of a token of perfect happiness made quest of the plant by day”[3]. The first reference to luck might be from an 11-year-old girl, who wrote in an 1877 letter to St. Nicholas Magazine, “Did the fairies ever whisper in your ear, that a four-leaf clover brought good luck to the finder?” [4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Occurrence
2 Cause
3 Multi-leaved cultivars
4 Other species
5 Symbolic usage
6 Meanings
7 References
8 External links
Occurrence[edit]
It is claimed that there are approximately 10,000 three-leaf clovers for every four-leaf clover [5]. However, an actual survey of over 5 million clovers found the real frequency to be closer to 1 in 5000. [6]
Even so, this probability has not deterred collectors who have reached records as high as 160,000 four-leaf clovers in a lifetime. However, the world record for four-leaf clovers in a single day is 72, and the record for one hour is 51, set by an American named Griffin McDowell on August 12, 2013. [7]
Clovers can have more than four leaves. Five-leaf clovers are less commonly found naturally than four-leaf clovers;[8][9] however, they, too, have been successfully cultivated.[10] Some four-leaf clover collectors, particularly in Ireland, regard the five-leaf clover, known as a rose clover, as a particular prize.[11] In exceptionally rare cases, clovers are able to grow with six leaves and more in nature.[12] The most leaves ever found on a single clover stem (Trifolium repens L.) is 56 and was discovered by Shigeo Obara of Hanamaki City, Iwate, Japan, on 10 May 2009.[13][14]
Cause[edit]
A four-leaf clover
It is debated whether the fourth leaf is caused genetically or environmentally. Its relative rarity (1 in 10,000 clovers[5]) suggests a possible recessive gene appearing at a low frequency. Alternatively, four-leaf clovers could be caused by somatic mutation or a developmental error of environmental causes. They could also be caused by the interaction of several genes that happen to segregate in the individual plant. It is possible all four explanations could apply to individual cases. This means that multiple four-leaf clovers could be found in the same clover plant.[15]
Researchers from the University of Georgia have reported finding the gene that turns ordinary three-leaf clovers into the coveted four-leaf types. Masked by the three-leaf gene and strongly influenced by environmental condition, molecular markers now make it possible to detect the presence of the gene for four-leaves and for breeders to work with it. The results of the study, which also located two other leaf traits in the white-clover genome, were reported in the July/August 2010 edition of Crop Science, published by the Crop Science Society of America.[16]
The other leaf traits, the red fleck mark and red midrib, a herringbone pattern that runs down the center of each leaflet in a bold red color, were mapped to nearby locations, resolving a century-old question as to whether these leaf traits were controlled by one gene or two separate genes.
White clover has many genes that affect leaf color and shape, and the three in the study were very rare. These traits can be quite attractive, particularly if combined with others, and can turn clover into an ornamental plant for use in flower beds[17]
There are reports of farms in the US which specialize in four-leaf clovers, producing as many as 10,000 a day (to be sealed in plastic as "lucky charms") by introducing a genetically engineered ingredient to the plants to encourage the aberration (there are, however, widely available cultivars that regularly produce leaves with multiple leaflets – see below).[18]
Multi-leaved cultivars[edit]
Example of a five-leaf clover
There are some cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) which regularly produce more than three leaflets, including purple-leaved T. repens "Purpurascens Quadrifolium" and green-leaved T. repens "Quadrifolium".[19]
Trifolium repens "Good Luck" is a cultivar which has three, four, or five green, dark-centered leaflets per leaf.[20]
Other species[edit]
Other plants may be mistaken for, or misleadingly sold as, "four-leaf clovers"; for example, Oxalis tetraphylla is a species of wood sorrel with leaves resembling a four-leaf clover.[21][22] Other species that have been sold as "four-leaf clovers" include Marsilea quadrifolia.[23][24]
Symbolic usage[edit]
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (March 2016)
Italian automobile maker Alfa Romeo used to paint a four-leaf clover, or quadrifoglio, on the side of their racing cars. This tradition started in the 1923 Targa Florio race, when driver Ugo Sivocci decorated his car with a green clover on a white background.
Los Angeles-based space exploration company SpaceX includes a four-leaf clover on each space mission embroidered patch as a good luck charm. Inclusion of the clover has become a regular icon on SpaceX's flight patches ever since the company's first successful Falcon 1 rocket launch in 2008, which was the first mission to feature a clover "for luck" on its patch.[25]
Celtic Football Club, an association football team from Glasgow, Scotland, have used the four leaf clover as the club's official badge for over 40 years.
Former Japanese game developer studio Clover Studio used a four-leaf clover as their logo.
Several businesses and organisations use a four-leaf clover in their logos to signify Celtic origins.[26][27][28]
The global network of youth organizations 4-H uses a green four-leaf clover with a white H on each leaf.[29]
Meanings[edit]
Some folk traditions assign a different attribute to each leaf of a clover. The first leaf represents hope, the second stands for faith, the third is for love and the fourth leaf brings luck to the finder. A fifth leaf represents money, but there is no meaning as yet for the sixth leaf and above.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harry Oliver (2010). Black Cats & Four-Leaf Clovers: The Origins of Old Wives' Tales and Superstitions in Our Everyday Lives (reprint ed.). Penguin. ISBN 9781101442814.
Jump up ^ Parkinson J. 1640. Theatrum Botanicum: The Theater of Plants or An Herball of Large Extent. Tho. Cotes. Publisher, London, Pp 1110-1112.
Jump up ^ Masters MT. 1869. Vegetable Teratology, An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants. Robert Hardwicke Publisher, London, P 356.
Jump up ^ Child, Madge. 1877. In a letter titled "Four-Leaved Clovers," (St. Nicholas; an Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks), Volume 4, pp. 634-5, in the subsection of letters called "Jack-in-the-Pulpit", July 1877.
^ Jump up to: a b Bradley, David (31 October 2008). "Five-leaf Clovers". ScienceBase.com.
Jump up ^ "[1]" How rare are four-leaf clovers really?
Jump up ^ Levitt, Steven D. 160,000 Four-Leaf Clovers? New York Times. 25 May 2008.
Jump up ^ Hershey, David R. Re: how common is a five leaf clover?. MadSci.org. 16 March 2000.
Jump up ^ Facts About Five-leaf Clovers. FourLeafClover.com. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Five-leaf clover. Mt. Vernon Register-News. 14 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Mabey, Richard, Flora Britannica, p. 225 (citing Edward and Helene Wenis of Leonia, New Jersey, U.S., writing in BSBI News, 56, 1990)
^ Jump up to: a b Alanah Eriksen (26 August 2011). "One in a million: Siblings found TWO seven-leaf clovers in their 'luckiest garden in Britain'". Daily Mail. United Kingdom. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ [2]. Guinness World Record. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
Jump up ^ WEEK IN PHOTOS: Unlucky Kangaroo, 56-Leaf Clover, More. National Geographic. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Marcel Cleene, Marie Claire Lejeune (2002). Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe: Herbs. 2. Man & Culture.
Jump up ^ Tashiro, R.M., et al. Leaf Trait Coloration in White Clover and Molecular Mapping of the Red Midrib and Leaflet Number Traits. Crop Science 7 June 2010.
Jump up ^ [3] The Georgia White Clover Ornamental Collection.
Jump up ^ Mabey, Richard, Ibid, p. 225
Jump up ^ Lord, Tony (ed), RHS Plant Finder 2006–2007, (20th edition), Dorling Kindersley, London, 2006, p. 743. ISBN 1-4053-1455-9
Jump up ^ Killerplants.com Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. (photo)
Jump up ^ The Four Leaf Clover Kit (Mega Mini Kits) (Paperback). Amazon review. 12 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Good Luck Plant Kit Archived 2008-12-27 at the Wayback Machine.. FourLeafClover.com. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
Jump up ^ All About Shamrocks Four-Leaf Clovers Archived 2008-12-14 at the Wayback Machine.. LollySmith.com. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Keenan, Susan M. The Four Leaf Clover Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine.. HotFact.com. 11 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "SpaceX's 3rd Space Station Resupply Flight Gets 3-Sided Mission Patch". space.com. Retrieved 23rd February 2015
Jump up ^ "Clover Park School District Homepage".
Jump up ^ "Clover Pub - European Pub".
Jump up ^ "Celtic Computers - Computer Sales & Repairs".
Jump up ^ "Elsie Carper Collection on Extension Service, Home Economics, and 4-H". usda.gov. Retrieved 11th March 2016
17 august 2017 found 6 leavs clover in denmark roskilde .. Farrukh iqbal
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Four-leaf clover.
How to Find a Four Leaf Clover
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Big Boy (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Big Boy"
Single by Jackson 5
B-side
"You've Changed"
Released
January 30, 1968
June 13, 1995 (US)
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
November 1967
Genre
Soul
Length
3:00 (Original record)
3:36 (CD release)
Label
Steeltown Records
Songwriter(s)
Ed Silvers
Producer(s)
Gordon Keith, 1967
The Jackson 5, 1995
Jackson 5 singles chronology
"Big Boy"
(1968) "We Don't Have To Be Over 21 (to Fall in Love)"
(1968)
Big Boy/"You've Changed"
(1968) "We Don't Have To Be Over 21 (to Fall in Love)"
(1968)
"Big Boy" (also known as "I'm a Big Boy Now") is the debut single by The Jackson 5 and the first song sung by Michael Jackson. "Big Boy was released by Steeltown Records, a record company in Gary, Indiana, in January 1968.[1][2][3] After it was released, the song played on radio stations in the Chicago-Gary area and was a local hit. Beginning in March 1968, Steeltown Records sold thousands of copies of "Big Boy" nationally through a distribution deal with Atlantic Records, but it was neither a critical nor commercial success. The Jackson family, however, were delighted with the outcome nonetheless. The Jackson 5 would release a second single on the "Steeltown" label before signing with Motown Records in Detroit, on July 26, 1968. The group played instruments on many of their Steeltown compositions, including "Big Boy". The group's recordings at Steeltown Records were thought to be lost, but they were rediscovered more than 25 years later. They were remastered and released in 1995, with "Big Boy" as the promotional lead single.
Contents
[hide]
1 First record deal and lead single
1.1 Reception and Jackson family
2 Leaving Steeltown
3 Rediscovery
4 Notes
5 References
First record deal and lead single[edit]
The Jackson 5 began their career performing at talent contests, which they would often win. During a performance at Beckman Junior High in Gary, Indiana, the group were brought to the attention of Gordon Keith — a singer, record producer, and a founder-owner of Steeltown Records, a small record company located in Gary. Keith, Steeltown Records president in 1967, signed "The Jackson Five" to six-month contract with him (each Steeltown Records co-owner individually discovered, signed, managed, and received any profit for each signed individual or group, using Steeltown Records (Steeltown label) as an umbrella to promote name recognition) in November of that year, producing and releasing "Big Boy" on January 30, 1968.[4]
The band recorded with their instruments and a backing group on the weekends. Michael Jackson sang lead vocals on the majority of the tracks beginning with "Big Boy" in 1967, which took a few hours to record at Sunny Sawyers recording studio in South Chicago. "Big Boy" was written by Eddie Silvers, a Chicago musician.[5][6][7][8] According to legend, the group were paid three cents for each record sold, which was equally split among the five brothers and their drummer.[9][10] The group's first single "Big Boy", was backed with the B-side "You've Changed".[6][10] "The Jackson Five Plus Johnny" (Johnny Jackson on drums, no relation)[11] would go on to perform "Big Boy" and other songs locally throughout the Gary and South Chicago area before moving to California in 1969.[12]
Reception and Jackson family[edit]
The Jackson family gathered around a radio to hear the song broadcast for the first time. Michael Jackson — who was 9 years old at the time — said of the experience, "[the family] all laughed and hugged one another. We felt we had arrived." The single "Big Boy" did not appear on any of Billboard's music charts but sold in excess of 10,000 copies.[6][13][14]
Leaving Steeltown[edit]
"The Jackson Five" would release a second and final single through Steeltown Records — "We Don't Have To Be Over 21 (to Fall in Love)".[6] The two singles were to be supported by an eleven track studio album but it was never released.[15] The group auditioned at Motown in Detroit on July 23, 1968, and signed an initial deal with Motown Records on July 26.[16][17] However, as the group's Steeltown contract had not yet expired, the new contract could not be fully executed until March 11, 1969. Motown Records tried to get the group out of their Steeltown contract with Keith, and ultimately succeeded with a financial settlement.[18]
Rediscovery[edit]
The master tapes to "Big Boy" were thought to be lost,[19] but in 1994, Jackson family friend Ben Brown (and a former Steeltown co-owner) said he found the tapes in his parents' kitchen pantry.[14] Brown reissued the record in 1995, on the Inverted Records label — a week before Michael Jackson's HIStory album was issued. He also remastered the song, selling it by mail order, along with an instrumental version, in a limited edition package consisting of a compact disc and cassette tape — the package could be purchased at a cost of approximately $30.[8][15][20] The reissue of "Big Boy" was promoted with a music video.[21] In 2009, Gordon Keith put items from the Steeltown era up for auction, including "a sizable number of mint-condition copies of 'Big Boy'" in 45 rpm format and 100 copies of "We Don't Have To Be Over 21 (to Fall in Love)". Keith stated, "I could use the money... I got these guys off the ground... I didn't truly get real money for it".[22]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] 45 RPM Records
Jump up ^ "Big Boy 40 Jackson 5". Jackson5abc.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3] 45 RPM Records
Jump up ^ "Big Boy 40 Jackson 5". Jackson5abc.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Taraborrelli, p. 36–37
Jump up ^ Summers, Kim. "Jackie Jackson biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Young Michael Jackson's 1st Record to Be Re-Released". Chicago Sun-Times. June 18, 1994. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Big Boy 40 Jackson 5". Jackson5abc.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Mankiewicz, Josh (November 21, 2003). "Michael Jackson: Unmasked". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-21. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Big Boy 40 Jackson 5". Jackson5abc.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ George, p. 31
^ Jump up to: a b "Little-heard Jackson song comes out of the pantry". Deseret News. July 9, 1994. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Early Jackson 5 Records Set For Re-release On CD". (June 14, 1995). San Jose Mercury News.
Jump up ^ Taraborrelli, p. 48
Jump up ^ https://alivetampabay.com/music-and-art/day-68-jackson-5-signed-motown-video/ Today in '68
Jump up ^ Taraborrelli, p. 51
Jump up ^ "Big Boy 40 Jackson 5". Jackson5abc.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ Warner, p.170
Jump up ^ Susan Bickelhaupt and Ellen O'Brien. (May 15, 1995). "Something Old From The Jackson 5". The Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ Kostanczuk, Bob (April 30, 2009). "Jackson 5 collection for sale". Post Tribune. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
References[edit]
George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4.
Warner, Jay (2006). On this Day in Black Music History. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-09926-4.
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The Jackson 5/The Jacksons singles
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"Big Boy"
Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5
"I Want You Back"
ABC
"ABC"
"The Love You Save"
"Never Had a Dream Come True"
"Don't Know Why I Love You"
" La La (Means I Love You)"
Third Album
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Jackson 5 Christmas Album
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Maybe Tomorrow
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Greatest Hits
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Lookin' Through the Windows
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"Lookin' Through the Windows"
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Skywriter
"Skywriter"
G.I.T.: Get It Together
"Get It Together"
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Dancing Machine
"Dancing Machine"
"I Am Love"
Moving Violation
"Forever Came Today"
"All I Do Is Think of You"
The Jacksons
"Enjoy Yourself"
"Show You the Way to Go"
Destiny
"Blame It on the Boogie"
"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"
Triumph
"Lovely One"
"This Place Hotel"
"Can You Feel It"
"Walk Right Now"
Victory
"State of Shock"
"Torture"
2300 Jackson Street
"Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)"
"2300 Jackson Street"
Notable collaborations and album tracks
"Who's Lovin' You"
"Hum Along and Dance"
"Feelin' Alright"
"This Is It"
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