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The Fool on the Hill
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For other uses, see Fool on the Hill (disambiguation).
"The Fool on the Hill"
The 1996 U.S. jukebox single release of the song, as the B-side to "Magical Mystery Tour"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Magical Mystery Tour
Released
27 November 1967 (US LP)
8 December 1967 (UK EP)
19 November 1976 (UK LP)
Recorded
25–27 September, and 20 October 1967
Genre
Baroque pop[1]
Length
3:00
Label
Parlophone, Capitol, EMI
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
"The Fool on the Hill" is a song by the Beatles. It was written and sung by Paul McCartney[2][3] (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and recorded in 1967. It was included on the Magical Mystery Tour EP and album, and presented in the Magical Mystery Tour film, with a promotional sequence filmed near Nice, in France from 30–31 October 1967. The song achieved perhaps its most widespread popular audience as a top ten hit single by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 in 1968.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Musical structure
3 Recording
4 Personnel
5 Critical reaction
6 Performance history
7 Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 version
8 Other versions
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Composition[edit]
The song's lyrics describe the titular "fool", a solitary figure who is not understood by others, but is actually wise. McCartney said the song relates to someone like Maharishi Mahesh Yogi:
'Fool on the Hill' was mine and I think I was writing about someone like Maharishi. His detractors called him a fool. Because of his giggle he wasn't taken too seriously ... I was sitting at the piano at my father's house in Liverpool hitting a D 6th chord, and I made up 'Fool on the Hill.'[2]
Alistair Taylor, in the book Yesterday, reports a mysterious incident involving a man who inexplicably appeared near him and McCartney during a walk on Primrose Hill and then disappeared again, soon after McCartney and Taylor had conversed about the existence of God; this allegedly prompted the writing of the song.[4]
McCartney played the song for John Lennon during a writing session for "With a Little Help from My Friends", and Lennon told him to write it down. McCartney did not; he was sure he would not forget it.[2] In his 1980 interview with Playboy magazine, Lennon said, "Now that's Paul. Another good lyric. Shows he's capable of writing complete songs."[3]
Musical structure[edit]
The song involves alternations of D major and D minor in a similar manner to Cole Porter's alternations of C minor and C major in "Night and Day".[5] Thus the D major tonality that begins with an Em7 chord on "Nobody wants to know him" moves through a ii7–V7–I6–vi7–ii7–V7 progression until the shift to the Dm tone and key on "but the fool". Other highlights are the inspired use in the Dm section of a minor sixth (B♭) melody note on the word "sun" (with a Dm♯5 chord) and a major ninth (E melody note) on the word "world" (with a Dm chord).[6]
Recording[edit]
McCartney recorded a solo demo version of the song on 6 September 1967.[7] This version was later released on the Anthology 2 compilation.[8] Recording began in earnest on 25 September, with significant overdubs by the Beatles on 26 September. Mark Lewisohn said that the 26 September version was "almost a re-make".[9] A take from 25 September – noticeably slower, somewhat heavier and with slightly different vocals – is also included on Anthology 2.[8] After another session on 27 September where McCartney added another vocal,[10] the song sat for a month before flutes were added on 20 October.[11]
Ray Thomas, flautist with the Moody Blues, reported that he and bandmate Mike Pinder contributed harmonicas to the song alongside Lennon and George Harrison.[12]
Personnel[edit]
Paul McCartney – vocals, piano, acoustic guitar, recorder, bass, penny whistle[13]
John Lennon – harmonica, Jew's harp
George Harrison – acoustic guitar, harmonica
Ringo Starr – drums, maracas, zill
Christopher Taylor – flute
Richard Taylor – flute
Jack Ellory – flute
Personnel per Ian MacDonald.[14] Flautists also documented by Mark Lewisohn.[15]
Critical reaction[edit]
Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said that "The Fool on the Hill" was the best of the new songs on Magical Mystery Tour aside from "I Am the Walrus".[16] Tim Riley, a music critic who has contributed to NPR, was not impressed, and unfavourably compared the subject of this song to fools in Shakespeare. Riley wrote, "Possibilities in this song outweigh its substance—it's the most unworthy Beatles standard since 'Michelle.'"[17] In 2012, the song was ranked the 420th best classic rock song of all time by New York's Q104.3.[18]. Robert Christgau, of Esquire Magazine in May 1968, wrote it "shows signs of becoming a favorite of the Simon & Garfunkel crowd and the transcendental meditators, who deserve it. A callow rendering of the outcast-visionary theme, it may be the worst song the Beatles have ever recorded."[19]
Performance history[edit]
The Beatles were no longer performing regular concerts when they released "The Fool on the Hill" on record. McCartney performed it live with Wings on their 1979 tour of the UK.[20] He also included it on his 1989–1990 world tour.[21] The performances on this tour incorporated sound bites from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech.[22] A live version from this tour is found on the album Tripping the Live Fantastic.[23] The song surfaced again for McCartney's 2001–2002 tours, and another live version appeared on the Back in the US album.
The song is used for the opening titles of the 2010 Jay Roach movie Dinner for Schmucks. It is claimed that Paramount/DreamWorks paid $1.5 million to buy the rights for the song in perpetuity.[24]
Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 version[edit]
"The Fool on the Hill"
Single by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66
from the album Fool on the Hill
Released
1968 (1968)
Genre
Bossa nova
Length
3:15
Label
A&M Records
Songwriter(s)
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
Producer(s)
Sérgio Mendes
Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 recorded "Fool on the Hill", using their approach of marrying a simple bossa nova rhythm with a string accompaniment.[25] The lead vocal was by Lani Hall. Released as a single, it was a big hit, reaching No. 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.[26] It also spent six weeks at No. 1 on the easy listening chart.[27] It was included on Mendes' album Fool on the Hill.
Other versions[edit]
Music service AllMusic lists more than 100 cover versions of the song.[28]
Year
Artist
Release
Notes
1968 Eddie Fisher (single) Charted on the Record World magazine Non-Rock survey, the first version of the song to make the US singles charts and the last US chart single by Fisher
1968 Bobbie Gentry Local Gentry
1968 Corry Brokken Das war ein harter Tag: Beatles-Lieder auf deutsch In German: "Der Mann, den ich will". Recorded in 1968, but not released until 1995, on a German compilation album Das war ein harter Tag: Beatles-Lieder auf deutsch.[29] Interestingly, it uses an arrangement similar to Sergio Mendes' version.
1969 Four Tops The Four Tops Now!
1969 Dorothy Ashby Dorothy's Harp
1969 Petula Clark Just Pet
1969 Roslyn Kind Give Me You
1969 Stone the Crows Stone the Crows
1969 Vera Lynn B-side of single Goodnight[30] Also on double album The Singles Collection (2007)
1970 Shirley Bassey (single) No. 48 on the UK Singles Chart;[31]
b/w "What Are You Doing The Rest Of Your Life"[32]
1971 Ron Goodwin Ron Goodwin in Concert Orchestral version. Goodwin's orchestration gives the opening penny whistle solo to the violas of the orchestra.
1971 The Chopsticks All of a Sudden
1976 Helen Reddy All This and World War II
1977 Björk Guðmundsdóttir Björk[33] Sung in Icelandic.
1981 Sarah Vaughan Songs of the Beatles
1981 John Paul Young The Singer
1982 John Williams The Portrait of John Williams Classical guitar version
1984 Sky Fool on The Hill Also on 2015 reissue edition of Cadmium.
2007 Beatallica Masterful Mystery Tour Merged with Metallica's "Fuel" to create "Fuel on the Hill"
2007 Aretha Franklin Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul Recorded in 1969 during the sessions for This Girl's in Love with You.
2009 Mark Mallman Minnesota Beatle Project, Vol. 1
2014 Eurythmics The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles This performance was the first and only reunion of Eurythmics founding members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart after the duo's disbanding in 2005.
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1968 (U.S.)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bogdanov, p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miles 1997, pp. 365–366.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheff 2000, p. 186.
Jump up ^ Turner 2005, pp. 143–144.
Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. pp183-184
Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. p184
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 123.
^ Jump up to: a b Apple Records 1994, pp. 41,42.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 126.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Kevin Ryan; Brian Kehew (2006). Recording the Beatles: The studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums. Curvebender. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-9785200-0-7. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Schnee, Stephen (15 January 2015). "An Exclusive interview with The Moody Blues' Ray Thomas!". Discussions Magazine. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ George Martin interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 270.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2007.
Jump up ^ Riley 1988, p. 240.
Jump up ^ "The Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time: Dirty Dozenth Edition". Q1043.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dylan-Beatles-Stones-Donovan-Who, Dionne Warwick and Dusty Springfield, John Fred, California". Esquire Magazine. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 254.
Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 317.
Jump up ^ Pereles 1989.
Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 334.
Jump up ^ "Song for "Schmucks": Beatles Score $1.5 Mil for "Fool on the Hill"". 20 July 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Ginell, Richard S. "Fool on the Hill". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Songfacts.com 2009.
Jump up ^ Whitburn 1996.
Jump up ^ Allmusic 2007.
Jump up ^ Radio interview with the writer of the booklet accompanying Das war ein harter Tag (in German). Corry Brokken is called Conny Brokken and Corry Broken respectively
Jump up ^ "Vera Lynn 45 catalogue". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
Jump up ^ Roberts 2006, pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ "Shirley Bassey - The Fool On The Hill". Retrieved 25 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Fritsch 2001.
References[edit]
Bogdanov, Vladimir. All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music. ISBN 0-87930-628-9.
"Alan Pollack review of "The Fool on the Hill"". Alan W. Pollack.
"Performers of "The Fool on the Hill". Allmusic. Archived from the original on 28 December 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
Anthology 2 (booklet). The Beatles. London: Apple Records. 1994. 31796.
Fritsch, Oliver (2001). "Official Bjork Discography". bjork.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
Madinger, Chip; Mark Easter (2000). Eight Arms To Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions, LP. ISBN 0-615-11724-4.
Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
Pereles, Jon (13 December 1989). "More Nostalgia Than Rock in Paul McCartney's Return". Reviews/Music. New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
Riley, Tim (1988). Tell Me Why. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-55061-7.
Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Polsson, Ken (1 November 2009). "Chronology of Personal Computers".
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
"The Fool on the Hill". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
Turner, Steve (2005). A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-084409-4.
Unterberger, Richie (2007). "Review of "The Fool on the Hill"". Allmusic. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits (6th ed.). New York: Billboard Publications.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Magical Mystery Tour
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "The Fool on the Hill"
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Bond length
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
In molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is the average distance between nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule. It is a transferable property of a bond between atoms of fixed types, relatively independent of the rest of the molecule.
Contents
1 Explanation
2 Bond lengths of carbon with other elements
3 Bond lengths in organic compounds
4 References
5 External links
Explanation[edit]
Bond length is related to bond order: when more electrons participate in bond formation the bond is shorter. Bond length is also inversely related to bond strength and the bond dissociation energy: all other factors being equal, a stronger bond will be shorter. In a bond between two identical atoms, half the bond distance is equal to the covalent radius.
Bond lengths are measured in the solid phase by means of X-ray diffraction, or approximated in the gas phase by microwave spectroscopy. A bond between a given pair of atoms may vary between different molecules. For example, the carbon to hydrogen bonds in methane are different from those in methyl chloride. It is however possible to make generalizations when the general structure is the same.
Bond lengths of carbon with other elements[edit]
A table with experimental single bonds for carbon to other elements[1] is given below. Bond lengths are given in picometers. By approximation the bond distance between two different atoms is the sum of the individual covalent radii (these are given in the chemical element articles for each element). As a general trend, bond distances decrease across the row in the periodic table and increase down a group. This trend is identical to that of the atomic radius.
Bond distance of carbon to other elements[1]
Bonded element
Bond length (pm)
Group
H 106–112 group 1
Be 193 group 2
Mg 207 group 2
B 156 group 13
Al 224 group 13
In 216 group 13
C 120–154 group 14
Si 186 group 14
Sn 214 group 14
Pb 229 group 14
N 147–210 group 15
P 187 group 15
As 198 group 15
Sb 220 group 15
Bi 230 group 15
O 143–215 group 16
S 181–255 group 16
Cr 192 group 6
Se 198–271 group 16
Te 205 group 16
Mo 208 group 6
W 206 group 6
F 134 group 17
Cl 176 group 17
Br 193 group 17
I 213 group 17
Bond lengths in organic compounds[edit]
The bond length between two atoms in a molecule depends not only on the atoms but also on such factors as the orbital hybridization and the electronic and steric nature of the substituents. The carbon–carbon (C–C) bond length in diamond is 154 pm, which is also the largest bond length that exists for ordinary carbon covalent bonds. Since one atomic unit of length(i.e., a Bohr radius) is 52.9177 pm, the C–C bond length is 2.91 atomic units, or approximately three Bohr radii long.
Unusually long bond lengths do exist. In one compound, tricyclobutabenzene, a bond length of 160 pm is reported. The current record holder is another cyclobutabenzene with length 174 pm based on X-ray crystallography.[2] In this type of compound the cyclobutane ring would force 90° angles on the carbon atoms connected to the benzene ring where they ordinarily have angles of 120°.
The existence of a very long C–C bond length of up to 290 pm is claimed in a dimer of two tetracyanoethylene dianions, although this concerns a 2-electron-4-center bond.[3][4] This type of bonding has also been observed in neutral phenalenyl dimers. The bond lengths of these so-called "pancake bonds"[5] are up to 305 pm.
Shorter than average C–C bond distances are also possible: alkenes and alkynes have bond lengths of respectively 133 and 120 pm due to increased s-character of the sigma bond. In benzene all bonds have the same length: 139 pm. Carbon–carbon single bonds increased s-character is also notable in the central bond of diacetylene (137 pm) and that of a certain tetrahedrane dimer (144 pm).
In propionitrile the cyano group withdraws electrons, also resulting in a reduced bond length (144 pm). Squeezing a C–C bond is also possible by application of strain. An unusual organic compound exists called In-methylcyclophane with a very short bond distance of 147 pm for the methyl group being squeezed between a triptycene and a phenyl group. In an in silico experiment a bond distance of 136 pm was estimated for neopentane locked up in fullerene.[6] The smallest theoretical C–C single bond obtained in this study is 131 pm for a hypothetical tetrahedrane derivative.[7]
The same study also estimated that stretching or squeezing the C–C bond in an ethane molecule by 5 pm required 2.8 or 3.5 kJ/mol, respectively. Stretching or squeezing the same bond by 15 pm required an estimated 21.9 or 37.7 kJ/mol.
Bond lengths in organic compounds[8]
C–H
Length (pm)
C–C
Length (pm)
Multiple-bonds
Length (pm)
sp3–H 110 sp3–sp3 154 Benzene 140
sp2–H 109 sp3–sp2 150 Alkene 134
sp–H 108 sp2–sp2 147 Alkyne 120
sp3–sp 146 Allene 130
sp2–sp 143
sp–sp 137
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Handbook of Chemistry & Physics (65th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0465-2.
Jump up ^ Fumio Toda (April 2000). "Naphthocyclobutenes and Benzodicyclobutadienes: Synthesis in the Solid State and Anomalies in the Bond Lengths". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2000 (8): 1377–1386. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0690(200004)2000:8<1377::AID-EJOC1377>3.0.CO;2-I.
Jump up ^ Novoa J. J.; Lafuente P.; Del Sesto R. E.; Miller J. S. (2001-07-02). "Exceptionally Long (2.9 Å) C–C Bonds between [TCNE]− Ions: Two-Electron, Four-Center π*–π* C–C Bonding in π-[TCNE]22−". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 40 (13): 2540–2545. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010702)40:13<2540::AID-ANIE2540>3.0.CO;2-O.
Jump up ^ Lü J.-M.; Rosokha S. V.; Kochi J. K. (2003). "Stable (Long-Bonded) Dimers via the Quantitative Self-Association of Different Cationic, Anionic, and Uncharged -Radicals: Structures, Energetics, and Optical Transitions". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (40): 12161–12171. doi:10.1021/ja0364928.
Jump up ^ Suzuki S.; Morita Y.; Fukui K.; Sato K.; Shiomi D.; Takui T.; Nakasuji K. (2006). "Aromaticity on the Pancake-Bonded Dimer of Neutral Phenalenyl Radical as Studied by MS and NMR Spectroscopies and NICS Analysis". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (8): 2530–2531. doi:10.1021/ja058387z.
Jump up ^ Huntley D. R.; Markopoulos G.; Donovan P. M.; Scott L. T.; Hoffmann R. (2005). "Squeezing C–C Bonds". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 44 (46): 7549–7553. doi:10.1002/anie.200502721. PMID 16259033.
Jump up ^ Martinez-Guajardo G.; Donald K. J.; Wittmaack B. K.; Vazquez M. A.; Merino G. (2010). "Shorter Still: Compresing C–C Single Bonds". Organic Letters, ASAP. 12 (18): 4058. doi:10.1021/ol101671m.
Jump up ^ Fox, Marye Anne; Whitesell, James K. (1995). Organische Chemie: Grundlagen, Mechanismen, Bioorganische Anwendungen. Springer. ISBN 978-3-86025-249-9.
External links[edit]
Bond length tutorial
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bond_length&oldid=865252614"
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Molecular geometry
Length
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Cabinet of the Philippines
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The Cabinet of the Philippines (Filipino: Gabinete ng Pilipinas, usually referred to as the Cabinet or Filipino: Gabinete) consists of the heads of the largest part of the executive branch of the national government of the Philippines. Currently, it includes the secretaries of 20 executive departments and the heads of other several other minor agencies and offices that are subordinate to the President of the Philippines.
The Cabinet secretaries are tasked to advise the President on the different affairs of the state like agriculture, budget, finance, education, social welfare, national defence, foreign policy, and the like.
They are nominated by the President and then presented to the Commission on Appointments, a body of the Congress of the Philippines that confirms all appointments made by the head of state, for confirmation or rejection. If the presidential appointees are approved, they are sworn into office, receive the title "Secretary," and begin to function their duties.
Contents
[hide]
1 Constitutional and legal basis
1.1 Appointment
2 Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials
2.1 Departments of the Philippine Government
2.2 Officials with Cabinet-level rank
3 History
3.1 First Republic
3.1.1 Philippine Islands
3.2 Commonwealth of the Philippines
3.3 Philippine Executive Commission
3.4 War Cabinet of the Commonwealth
3.5 Second Republic
3.6 Restoration of the Commonwealth
3.7 Third Republic
3.8 Fourth Republic
3.9 Fifth Republic
4 List of Cabinet of the Presidents
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Constitutional and legal basis[edit]
Appointment[edit]
Article 7, Section 16 of the Constitution of the Philippines says that the President
“ shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments, appoint the heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments are vested in him in this Constitution. He shall also appoint all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of other officers lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards. ”
Cabinet and Cabinet-level officials[edit]
The men and women listed below form the cabinet and are the heads of the executive departments of the Philippines.
Departments of the Philippine Government[edit]
All departments are listed by their present-day name with their English names on top and Filipino names at the bottom.
Department
Acronym
Office
Incumbent
in Office since

Department of Agrarian Reform
Kagawaran ng Repormang Pansakahan DAR Secretary of Agrarian Reform
Kalihim ng Repormang Pansakahan
John Castriciones (Acting) December 1, 2017

Department of Agriculture
Kagawaran ng Pagsasaka DA Secretary of Agriculture
Kalihim ng Pagsasaka
Emmanuel Piñol June 30, 2016

Department of Budget and Management
Kagawaran ng Pagbabadyet at Pamamahala DBM Secretary of Budget and Management
Kalihim ng Pagbabadyet at Pamamahala
Benjamin Diokno June 30, 2016

Department of Education
Kagawaran ng Edukasyon DepEd Secretary of Education
Kalihim ng Edukasyon
Leonor Briones June 30, 2016

Department of Energy
Kagawaran ng Enerhiya DOE Secretary of Energy
Kalihim ng Enerhiya
Alfonso Cusi June 30, 2016

Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Kayamanan DENR Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources
Kalihim ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Kayamanan
Roy Cimatu May 8, 2017

Department of Finance
Kagawaran ng Pananalapi DOF Secretary of Finance
Kalihim ng Pananalapi
Carlos Dominguez III June 30, 2016

Department of Foreign Affairs
Kagawaran ng Ugnayang Panlabas DFA Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Kalihim ng Ugnayang Panlabas
Alan Peter Cayetano May 18, 2017

Department of Health
Kagawaran ng Kalusugan DOH Secretary of Health
Kalihim ng Kalusugan
Francisco Duque III October 26, 2017

Department of Information and Communications Technology
Kagawaran ng Teknolohiyang Pang-Impormasyon at Komunikasyon DICT Secretary of Information and Communications Technology
Kalihim ng Teknolohiyang Pang-Impormasyon at Komunikasyon
Eliseo Rio (Acting) September 22, 2017

Department of the Interior and Local Government
Kagawaran ng Interyor at Pamahalaang Lokal DILG Secretary of the Interior and Local Government
Kalihim ng Interyor at Pamahalaang Lokal
Eduardo Año (OIC) January 4, 2018

Department of Justice
Kagawaran ng Katarungan DOJ Secretary of Justice
Kalihim ng Katarungan
Menardo Guevarra (OIC) April 5, 2018

Department of Labor and Employment
Kagawaran ng Paggawa at Empleyo DOLE Secretary of Labor and Employment
Kalihim ng Paggawa at Empleyo
Silvestre Bello III June 30, 2016

Department of National Defense
Kagawaran ng Tanggulang Pambansa DND Secretary of National Defense
Kalihim ng Tanggulang Pambansa
Delfin Lorenzana June 30, 2016

Department of Public Works and Highways
Kagawaran ng Pagawaing Bayan at Lansangan DPWH Secretary of Public Works and Highways
Kalihim ng Pagawaing Bayan at Lansangan
Mark Villar August 1, 2016

Department of Science and Technology
Kagawaran ng Agham at Teknolohiya DOST Secretary of Science and Technology
Kalihim ng Agham at Teknolohiya
Fortunato de la Peña June 30, 2016

Department of Social Welfare and Development
Kagawaran ng Kagalingang Panlipunan at Pagpapaunlad DSWD Secretary of Social Welfare and Development
Kalihim ng Kagalingang Panlipunan at Pagpapaunlad
Virginia Orogo (Acting) May 10, 2018

Department of Tourism
Kagawaran ng Turismo DOT Secretary of Tourism
Kalihim ng Turismo
Bernadette Romulo-Puyat May 8, 2018

Department of Trade and Industry
Kagawaran ng Kalakalan at Industriya DTI Secretary of Trade and Industry
Kalihim ng Kalakalan at Industriya
Ramón López June 30, 2016

Department of Transportation
Kagawaran ng Transportasyon DOTr Secretary of Transportation
Kalihim ng Transportasyon
Arthur Tugade June 30, 2016
Officials with Cabinet-level rank[edit]
Some officials have cabinet-level rank, but are not Secretaries of Executive Departments, meaning those people are permitted to attend Cabinet meetings for special purposes. They are the following:
Department
Acronym
Office
Incumbent
in Office since

Office of the Vice President
Tanggapan ng Pangalawang Pangulo OVP (TPP) Vice President
Pangalawang Pangulo H.E. Maria Leonor G. Robredo June 30, 2016

Executive Secretary
Tanggapan ng Kalihim Tagapagpaganap ES (TKT) Executive Secretary
Kalihim Tagapagpaganap Salvador Medialdea June 30, 2016

Office of the Cabinet Secretary
Tanggapan ng Kalihim ng Gabinete[1] OCS (TKG) Cabinet Secretary
Kalihim ng Gabinete Sec. Leoncio Evasco Jr. June 30, 2016

Office of the Presidential Spokesperson
Tanggapan ng Tagapagsalita ng Pangulo OPS (TTP) Presidential Spokesperson
Tagapagsalita ng Pangulo Sec. Harry Roque October 30, 2017

Presidential Communications Operations Office
Pampanguluhang Tanggapan ng Operasyong Pangkomunikasyon PCOO (PTOK) Secretary of the Presidential Communications Operations Office
Kalihim ng Pampanguluhang Tanggapan ng Operasyong Pangkomunikasyon Martin Andanar June 30, 2016

National Economic and Development Authority
Pambansang Pangasiwaan sa Kabuhayan at Pagpapaunlad NEDA (PPKP) Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority
Direktor-Heneral ng Pambansang Pangasiwaan sa Kabuhayan at Pagpapaunlad Sec. Ernesto Pernia June 30, 2016

Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
Sangguniang Pang-koordinasyon sa Pabahay at Pambayang Pagpapaunlad HUDCC (SPPPP) Chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
Tagapangulo ng Sangguniang Pang-koordinasyon sa Pabahay at Pambayang Pagpapaunlad Sec. Eduardo del Rosario July 12, 2017

National Security Council
Pambansang Sangguniang Panseguridad NSC (PSP) National Security Adviser
Tagapayo sa Pambansang Seguridad Sec. Hermogenes Esperon June 30, 2016

Commission on Higher Education
Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon CHED (KLME) Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education
Tagapangulo ng Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon Prospero De Vera III January 26, 2018

Office of the Chief Presidential Legal Counsel
Tanggapan ng Punong Tagapayo ng Pangulo sa Batas OCPLC (TPTPB) Chief Presidential Legal Counsel
Punong Tagapayo ng Pangulo sa Batas Sec. Salvador Panelo June 30, 2016

Presidential Management Staff
Pamunuan ng Pampanguluhang Pamamahala PMS (PNPP) Head of the Presidential Management Staff
Pinuno ng Pampanguluhang Pamamahala Sec. Christopher Go June 30, 2016

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Kalakhang Maynila MMDA (PPKM) Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
Tagapangulo ng Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Kalakhang Maynila Sec. Danilo Lim May 22, 2017

National Commission on Muslim Filipinos
Pambansang Komisyon sa mga Pilipinong Muslim NCMF(PKLK) Secretary of the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos
Tagapangulo ng Pambansang Komisyon sa mga Pilipinong Muslim Sec. Yasmin Busran-Lao

Commission on Filipinos Overseas
Komisyon para sa mga Filipino sa Ibayong Dagat CFO(KPID) Chairperson of the Commission on Filipinos Overseas
Tagapangulo ng Komisyon para sa mga Filipino sa Ibayong Dagat Usec. Astravel Pimentel-Naik February 6, 2018

Mindanao Development Authority
Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Mindanao MinDA (PPM) Chairman of the Mindanao Development Authority
Tagapangulo ng Pangasiwaan sa Pagpapaunlad ng Mindanao Sec. Datu Abul Khayr Alonto September 12, 2016

National Anti-Poverty Commission
Pambansang Komisyon Laban sa Kahirapan NAPC (PKLK) Lead Convenor of the National Anti-Poverty Commission
Punong Tagapagtanghal ng Pambansang Komisyon Laban sa Kahirapan Sec. Liza Maza[2] June 30, 2016

Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
Tanggapan ng Tagapayo ng Pangulo para sa Prosesong Pangkapayapaan OPAPP (TTPPP) Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
Tagapayo ng Pangulo para sa Prosesong Pangkapayapaan Sec. Jesus Dureza June 30, 2016

Presidential Legislative Liaison Office
Tanggapan ng Tagapamagitan ng Pangulo sa Lehislatura PLLO (TTPL) Head of the Presidential Legislative Liaison Office
Pinuno ng Tanggapan ng Tagapamagitan ng Pangulo sa Lehislatura Sec. Adelino B. Sitoy September 12, 2016

Office of the Political Adviser
Tanggapan ng Tagapayong Pulitikal OPA (TTP) Political Adviser
Tagapayong Pulitikal Sec. Francis Tolentino July 11, 2017
History[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The foundation date of various departments vary, depending on whether their origin can be traced to the First Republic or during the American era. The listing of cabinet officials is particularly complicated during World War II, when there were two governments, the Commonwealth of the Philippines first in unoccupied areas and then in exile, and the various governments established by the Japanese.
First Republic[edit]
Until the Tejeros Convention in 1897, government functions were conducted by the Katipunan. The convention decided to replace the Katipunan with a provisional revolutionary government. This was in turn replaced by the Biak na Bato Republic which in turn was disbanded because of the Pact of Biak na Bato. The Revolutionary movement was then led in exile by the Hong Kong Junta. The Revolution resumed in May, 1898 and resulted in what is officially considered the first actual (in contrast to provisional or preparatory) government, that of the First Republic. Constitution of the First Republic explicitly stated the government ministries to be formed.
Mabini Cabinet (January 21, 1899 - May 7, 1899)
Apolinario Mabini - Foreign Affairs, Prime Minister.
Mariano Trias - Finance
Teodoro Sandico - Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo - National Defense
Gracio Gonzaga - Welfare
Paterno Cabinet (May 7, 1899 - November 13, 1899)
Pedro Paterno - Prime Minister
Leon Ma. Guerrero - Agriculture, Industry and Commerce
Hugo Ilagan - Finance
Felipe Buencamino - Foreign Affairs
Severino de las Alas - Interior
Aguedo Velarde - Public Instruction
Maximo Paterno - Public Works and Communications
Mariano Trias - National Defense
Philippine Islands[edit]
Under the Philippine Commission, and then after the Philippine Legislature established a bicameral legislature, the American colonial government established cabinet offices appointed by the Governor-General of the Philippines, that continued up to the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The Executive power was wielded by the Governor-General of the Philippines. Among cabinet officials, Filipinos and Americans held various posts, except for that of Secretary of Public Instruction, which was reserved for an American, specifically, the Vice Governor-General.
Commonwealth of the Philippines[edit]
With autonomy achieved, the President of the Philippines appointed the cabinet members.
Philippine Executive Commission[edit]
Established in response to a directive from the Imperial Japanese Army, the Philippine Executive Commission assumed administrative responsibility over government in Japanese-occupied areas of the country.
War Cabinet of the Commonwealth[edit]
The existence of war resulted in the consolidation of cabinet portfolios and the formation of a war cabinet. The war cabinet system was reorganized several sometimes.
Second Republic[edit]
The Second Republic replaced the Philippine Executive Commission. Cabinet officials gave up the title of commissioners and became known as ministers.
Restoration of the Commonwealth[edit]
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was restored on Philippine soil in October, 1944, and formally restored in terms of its authority in February, 1945.
Third Republic[edit]
After recognition of Philippine Independence in 1946 by the United States, the former Commonwealth now as a Republic under the 1935 Constitution continues its function stated therein until 1972 when Marcos declared Martial Law and wielded dictatorial rule.
Fourth Republic[edit]
In 1978, under the 1973 Constitution, the departments were renamed into ministries. The 1973 Constitution originally set up a Parliamentary Form of governance, but this was amended before its full implementation into a Semi-presidential Form of government under Marcos' dictatorial will. In 1981, Martial Law was lifted, the regular Parliament convenes with Cesar Virata being voted Prime Minister and as well as Finance Minister.
Fifth Republic[edit]
Under her revolutionary powers, President Corazon Aquino abolished the system of government ministries and restored the department system. With the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, this change became permanent.
List of Cabinet of the Presidents[edit]
See also: List of Cabinets of the Philippines
See also[edit]
Executive departments of the Philippines
List of female cabinet secretaries of the Philippines
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Division of Labor: Presidential Management Staff, Executive Office, and Office of the Cabinet Secretary, Official Gazette (Philippines), retrieved 2012-11-08
Jump up ^ "Duterte appoints experts to DICT, MECO, NAPC". Presidential Communications Operations Office. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official site of the President's Cabinet
[show]
v
t
e
Cabinet of President Rodrigo Duterte
Cabinet
Office Name Term Office Name Term
Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea 2016– Secretary of Interior and Local Government Ismael Sueno
Catalino Cuy*
Eduardo Año* 2016–2017
2017–2018
2018
Secretary of Agrarian Reform Rafael V. Mariano
Rosalina Bistoyong*
John Castriciones* 2016–2017
2017
2017– Secretary of Justice Vitaliano Aguirre II
Menardo Guevarra* 2016–2018
2018–
Secretary of Agriculture Emmanuel Piñol 2016– Secretary of Labor and Employment Silvestre Bello III 2016–
Secretary of Budget and Management Benjamin Diokno 2016– Secretary of National Defense Delfin Lorenzana 2016–
Secretary of Education Leonor Briones 2016– Secretary of Public Works and Highways Rafael Yabut*
Mark Villar 2016
2016–
Secretary of Energy Alfonso Cusi 2016– Secretary of Science and Technology Fortunato de la Peña 2016–
Secretary of Environment and Natural
Resources Gina Lopez
Roy Cimatu 2016–2017
2017– Secretary of Social Welfare and Development Judy Taguiwalo
Emmanuel Leyco*
Virginia Orogo* 2016–2017
2017–2018
2018–
Secretary of Finance Carlos Dominguez III 2016– Secretary of Tourism Wanda Corazon Teo
Bernadette Romulo-Puyat* 2016–2018
2018–
Secretary of Foreign Affairs Perfecto Yasay Jr.
Enrique Manalo*
Alan Peter Cayetano
2016–2017
2017
2017– Secretary of Trade and Industry Ramon Lopez 2016–
Secretary of Health Paulyn Ubial
Herminigildo Valle*
Francisco Duque 2016–2017
2017
2017- Secretary of Transportation Arthur Tugade 2016–
Secretary of Information and Communications
Technology Rodolfo Salalima
Eliseo Rio Jr.* 2016–2017
2017-
Cabinet-level
Office Name Term Office Name Term
Vice President Leni Robredo 2016– Presidential Spokesperson Ernesto Abella
Harry Roque 2016–2017
2017-
Presidential Management Staff
Director-General Christopher Go 2016– Presidential Adviser on National Security Hermogenes Esperon 2016–
Secretary of Presidential Communications Martin Andanar 2016– Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Ricardo Visaya
Eduardo Año
Rey Leonardo Guerrero
Carlito Galvez Jr. 2016
2016–2017
2017-2018
2018
National Economic and Development Authority
Director-General Ernesto Pernia 2016– Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Jesus Dureza 2016–
Secretary to the Cabinet Leoncio Evasco Jr. 2016– Presidential Assistant for the Visayas Michael Diño 2016–
Chief Presidential Legal Counsel Salvador Panelo 2016– Lead Convenor of National Anti-Poverty Commission Liza Maza 2016–
*as Acting Secretary
See also: Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte and Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
[show]
v
t
e
Executive departments of the Philippines
Agrarian Reform (List)
Agriculture (List)
Budget and Management (List)
Education (List)
Energy (List)
Environment and Natural Resources (List)
Finance (List)
Foreign Affairs (List)
Health (List)
Information and Communications Technology
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Justice (List)
Labor and Employment (List)
National Defense (List)
Public Works and Highways (List)
Science and Technology (List)
Social Welfare and Development (List)
Tourism (List)
Trade and Industry (List)
Transportation (List)
[show]
v
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Polyatomic ion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion (NO3−). Areas coloured translucent red, around the outside of the red oxygen atoms themselves, signify the regions of most negative electrostatic potential
A polyatomic ion, also known as a molecular ion, is a charged chemical species (ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered to be acting as a single unit. The prefix poly- means "many," in Greek, but even ions of two atoms are commonly referred to as polyatomic. In older literature, a polyatomic ion is also referred to as a radical, and less commonly, as a radical group. In contemporary usage, the term radical refers to free radicals that are (not necessarily charged) species with an unpaired electron.
An example of a polyatomic ion is the hydroxide ion; consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, hydroxide has a charge of −1. Its chemical formula is OH−. An ammonium ion is made up of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms: it has a charge of +1, and its chemical formula is NH+
4.
Polyatomic ions are often useful in the context of acid-base chemistry or in the formation of salts. A polyatomic ion can often be considered as the conjugate acid/base of a neutral molecule. For example, the conjugate base of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the polyatomic hydrogen sulfate anion (HSO−
4). The removal of another hydrogen ion yields the sulfate anion (SO2−
4).
Contents
1 Nomenclature of polyatomic anions
2 Examples of common polyatomic ions
3 See also
4 External links
Nomenclature of polyatomic anions[edit]
There are two "rules" that can be used for learning the nomenclature of polyatomic anions. First, when the prefix bi is added to a name, a hydrogen is added to the ion's formula and its charge is increased by 1, the latter being a consequence of the hydrogen ion's +1 charge. An alternative to the bi- prefix is to use the word hydrogen in its place: the anion derived from H+
+ CO2−
3, HCO−
3, can be called either bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate.
Note that many of the common polyatomic anions are conjugate bases of acids derived from the oxides of non-metallic elements. For example, the sulfate anion, SO42−, is derived from H
2SO
4, which can be regarded as SO
3 + H
2O.
The second rule looks at the number of oxygens in an ion. Consider the chlorine oxoanion family:
oxidation state
−1 +1 +3 +5 +7
anion name
chloride hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate
formula
Cl−
ClO−
ClO−
2 ClO−
3 ClO−
4
structure
First, think of the -ate ion as being the "base" name, in which case the addition of a per- prefix adds an oxygen. Changing the -ate suffix to -ite will reduce the oxygens by one, and keeping the suffix -ite and adding the prefix hypo- reduces the number of oxygens by one more. In all situations, the charge is not affected. The naming pattern follows within many different oxyanion series based on a standard root for that particular series. The -ite has one less oxygen than the -ate, but different -ate anions might have different numbers of oxygen atoms.
These rules will not work with all polyatomic anions, but they do work with the most common ones (sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, chlorate).
Examples of common polyatomic ions[edit]
The following tables give examples of commonly encountered polyatomic ions. Only a few representatives are given, as the number of polyatomic ions encountered in practice is very large. A more complete list may be viewed at List of all polyatomic ions.
Anions
Acetate (ethanoate) CH
3COO−
or C
2H
3O−
2
Acetylide C2−
2
Benzoate C
6H
5COO−
or C
7H
5O−
2
Carbonate CO2−
3
Chromate CrO2−
4
Citrate C
6H
5O3−
7
Cyanide CN−
Hypochlorite ClO−
Chlorite ClO−
2
Chlorate ClO−
3
Perchlorate ClO−
4
Dichromate Cr
2O2−
7
Dihydrogen phosphate H
2PO−
4
Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) HCO−
3
Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) HSO−
4
Hydrogen phosphate HPO2−
4
Hydroxide OH−
Nitrite NO−
2
Nitrate NO−
3
Peroxide O2−
2
Permanganate MnO−
4
Phosphate PO3−
4
Sulfite SO2−
3
Sulfate SO2−
4
Cations
Ammonium NH+
4
Phosphonium PH+
4
Hydronium H
3O+
Fluoronium H
2F+
Mercury(I) Hg2+
2
Tropylium C
7H+
7
Guanidinium C(NH
2)+
3
See also[edit]
Monatomic ions
Salt (chemistry)
Mass spectrometry
Hydrogen peroxide
Molecule
Hydrogen molecular ion
External links[edit]
List of polyatomic ions
A Beginner's Guide To Polyatomic Ions.
Tables of Common Polyatomic Ions, including PDB files
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"Wedding at Cana" redirects here. For the Veronese painting, see The Wedding at Cana.
Marriage at Cana by Giotto, 14th century
The transformation of water into wine at the Marriage at Cana or Wedding at Cana is the first miracle attributed to Jesus in the Gospel of John.[1] In the Gospel account, Jesus, his mother and his disciples are invited to a wedding, and when the wine runs out, Jesus delivers a sign of his glory by turning water into wine.
The location of Cana has been subject to debate among biblical scholars and archeologists; several villages in Galilee are possible candidates.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical account
2 Interpretation
3 Geography and archaeology
4 In art
5 Other
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Biblical account[edit]
John 2:1-11 states that while Jesus was at a wedding in Cana with his disciples, the party ran out of wine. Jesus' mother (unnamed in John's Gospel) told Jesus, "They have no wine," and Jesus replied, "O Woman, what has this to do with me? My hour has not yet come." His mother then said to the servants, "Do whatever he tells you" (John 2:3-5). Jesus ordered the servants to fill containers with water and to draw out some and take it to the chief steward waiter. After tasting it, without knowing where it came from, the steward remarked to the bridegroom that he had departed from the custom of serving the best wine first by serving it last (John 2:6-10). John adds that: "Jesus did this, the first of his signs, in Cana of Galilee, and it revealed his glory; and his disciples believed in him" (John 2:11).
Interpretation[edit]
Although none of the Synoptic Gospels mention the marriage at Cana, Christian tradition based on John 2:11 holds that this is the first public miracle of Jesus.[2] It is considered to have symbolic importance as the first of the seven signs in the Gospel of John by which Jesus' divine status is attested, and around which the gospel is structured.
The Marriage at Cana by Maerten de Vos, c. 1596
It is still a matter of discussion among theologians whether the story is to be understood as an actual transformation of water into wine, or as a spiritual allegory. Interpreted allegorically, the good news and hope implied by the story is in the words of the steward of the Feast when he tasted the good wine, "Everyone serves the good wine first, and then the inferior wine after the guests have become drunk. But you have kept the good wine until now" (John 2:10, NRSV). This could be interpreted by saying simply that it is always darkest before the dawn, but good things are on the way. The more usual interpretation, however, is that this is a reference to the appearance of Jesus, whom the author of the Fourth Gospel regards as being himself "the good wine".[3]
The story has had considerable importance in the development of Christian pastoral theology. Fulton J. Sheen thought that it is very likely that it was one of Mary's relatives who was being married.[4] The gospel account of Jesus being invited to a marriage, attending, and using his divine power to save the celebrations from disaster are taken as evidence of his approval for marriage and earthly celebrations, in contrast to the more austere views of Paul the Apostle as found, for example, in 1 Corinthians 7.[5] It has also been used as an argument against Christian teetotalism.[6]
The miracle may also be interpreted as the antitype of Moses' first public miracle of changing water (the Nile river) into blood. This would establish a symbolic link between Moses as the first savior of the Jews through their escape from Egypt and Jesus as the spiritual savior of all people.[7]
Some commentators have speculated about the identity of the unnamed bridegroom. One tradition, represented by Thomas Aquinas among others, holds that the bridegroom was St John the Evangelist himself. Bishop John Spong suggests in his book Born of a Woman that the event was actually the wedding of Jesus himself to Mary Magdalene.[8] In 1854, at a time when polygamy was an element of mainstream Mormon practice, the Mormon elder Orson Hyde made a similar suggestion, arguing that Jesus was a polygamist and that the event at Cana was his wedding to Mary Magdalene, Martha and Mary of Bethany.[9][10][11]
Geography and archaeology[edit]
The "Wedding church" in Kafr Kanna, Israel, a pilgrimage site believed by many Christians to be the site of the biblical marriage.
The exact location of Cana has been subject to debate among scholars.[12] Modern scholars maintain that since the Gospel of John was addressed to Jewish Christians of the time, it isn’t likely that the evangelist would mention a place that did not exist.
Locations which are candidates for historical Cana are:
Kafr Kanna, in Galilee
Khirbet Qana, also called Kenet-l-Jalil, also in Galilee
Ain Qana, Southern Lebanon
Qana, Southern Lebanon.[13]
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1914, a tradition dating back to the 8th century identifies Cana with the modern Arab town of Kafr Kanna, in Galilee, about 7 km northeast of Nazareth, Israel.[14] Other suggested alternatives include the ruined village of Khirbet Qana, also called Kenet-l-Jalil, about 9 km further north, and Ain Qana, in Southern Lebanon, which is closer to Nazareth and considered to be a better candidate on etymological grounds. Some Christians, especially Lebanese Christians, believe the southern Lebanese village of Qana to have been the actual location of this event.[15]
In the journal Biblical Archaeological Review, Michael Homan argues that many biblical scholars have misinterpreted early texts, translating to 'wine' when the more sensible translation is 'beer'.[16]
In art[edit]
Depictions of Marriage at Cana are numerous in art history.
Marriage at Cana in art
Marriage at Cana, c. 1500, Gerard David, Musée du Louvre, Paris
The calling of Apostle John at the Marriage at Cana. Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen
Jacopo Tintoretto - Marriage at Cana, 1561
Giorgio Vasari - Marriage at Cana
Other[edit]
Columba of Iona supposedly performed an identical miracle when he served as a deacon in Ireland under Finnian of Movilla, and there was no wine for the mass [17]
See also[edit]
Chronology of Jesus
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
Miracles of Jesus
Parables of Jesus
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marriage at Cana.
Jump up ^ H. Van der Loos, 1965 The Miracles of Jesus, E.J. Brill Press, s of Christ ISBN 0-88141-193-0 page 71
Jump up ^ Towner, W. S. (1996), Wedding, in P. J. Achtermeier (Ed.), Harper Collins Bible Dictionary (pp. 1205-1206), San Francisco: Harper
Jump up ^ e.g. Smith, D. M. (1988), John, in Mays, J. L. (Ed.), Harper's Bible Commentary (pp. 1044-1076), San Francisco: Harper.
Jump up ^ Sheen, Fulton J., The World's first Love (1952)
Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 7
Jump up ^ e.g. Geisler, N. L. (1982), A Christian Perspective on Wine-Drinking, Bibliotheca Sacra, 49
Jump up ^ Day, Bill, The Moses Connection in John's Gospel, Mariner Publishing (1997) ISBN 0-9662080-0-5
Jump up ^ John Shelby Spong, Born of a Woman (Harper, 1992) pages 187-199.
Jump up ^ Orson Hyde, Conference message, October 6, 1854, Journal of Discourses 2:82
Jump up ^ Inside Today's Mormonism by Richard Abanes 2007 ISBN 0-7369-1968-6 page 239
Jump up ^ A Disparity in Doctrine and Theology by E Roberts 2011 ISBN 1-4497-1210-X page 54
Jump up ^ Jesus and archaeology by James H. Charlesworth 2006 ISBN 0-8028-4880-X pages 540-541
Jump up ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 2000 ISBN 90-5356-503-5 page 212
Jump up ^ "Catholic encyclopedia: Cana". Newadvent.org. 1908-11-01. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Lebanese Town Lays Claim To Jesus Christ's First Miracle", Associated Press, January 12, 1994.
Jump up ^ Homan, Michael M.. “Did the Ancient Israelites Drink Beer?.” Biblical Archaeology Review, Sep/Oct 2010.
Jump up ^ Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Penguin books, 1995
External links[edit]
Shea, Mark. "The Significance of the Wedding at Cana", National Catholic Register, September 10, 2012
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