text:
The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
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"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"
First book edition
Author
Ursula K. Le Guin
Country
United States
Language
English
Published in
New Dimensions, volume 3
Publication type
Anthology
Media type
Print
Publication date
1973
"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" is a 1973 short story by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. With deliberately both vague and vivid descriptions, the narrator depicts a summer festival in the utopian city of Omelas, whose prosperity depends on the perpetual misery of a single child.[1]
"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Short Fiction in 1974[2] and won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1974.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication
2 Synopsis
3 Background and themes
4 References
5 Sources
Publication[edit]
Le Guin's piece was originally published in New Dimensions 3, a hard-cover science fiction anthology edited by Robert Silverberg, in October 1973. It was reprinted in Le Guin's The Wind's Twelve Quarters in 1975, and has been frequently anthologized elsewhere.[4]
It has also appeared as an independently published, 31-page hardcover book for young adults in 1993.[5]
It was republished in the second volume of the short-story anthology The Unreal and the Real in 2014.[6]
Synopsis[edit]
The only chronological element of the work is that it begins by describing the first day of summer in Omelas, a shimmering city of unbelievable happiness and delight. In Omelas, the summer solstice is celebrated with a glorious festival and a race featuring young people on horseback. The vibrant festival atmosphere, however, seems to be an everyday characteristic of the blissful community, whose citizens, though limited in their advanced technology to communal (rather than private) resources, are still intelligent, sophisticated, and cultured. Omelas has no kings, soldiers, priests, or slaves. The specific socio-politico-economic setup of the community is not mentioned, but the narrator merely explains that the reader cannot be sure of every particular.
Self-admittedly, the uncertain narrator reflects that "Omelas sounds in my words like a city in a fairy tale, long ago and far away, once upon a time. Perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own fancy bids, assuming it will rise to the occasion, for certainly I cannot suit you all."[7] The narrator even suggests that, if necessary, the reader may include an orgy in their mental picture of Omelas.
Everything about Omelas is so abundantly pleasing that the narrator decides the reader is not yet truly convinced of its existence and so elaborates upon one final element of the city: its one atrocity. The city's constant state of serenity and splendor requires that a single unfortunate child be kept in perpetual filth, darkness, and misery.
Once citizens are old enough to know the truth, most, though initially shocked and disgusted, ultimately acquiesce with that one injustice which secures the happiness of the rest of the city. However, a few citizens, young and old, silently walk away from the city, and no one knows where they go. The writing ends with "The place they go towards is a place even less imaginable to most of us than the city of happiness. I cannot describe it at all. It is possible it does not exist. But they seem to know where they are going, the ones who walk away from Omelas."
Background and themes[edit]
Le Guin stated that the city's name is pronounced "OH-meh-lahss".[8] Le Guin hit upon the name of the town on seeing a road sign for Salem, Oregon, in a car mirror. "[… People ask me] 'Where do you get your ideas from, Ms. Le Guin?' From forgetting Dostoyevsky and reading road signs backwards, naturally. Where else?"[9]
"The central idea of this psychomyth, the scapegoat", writes Le Guin, "turns up in Dostoyevsky's Brothers Karamazov, and several people have asked me, rather suspiciously, why I gave the credit to William James. The fact is, I haven't been able to re-read Dostoyevsky, much as I loved him, since I was twenty-five, and I'd simply forgotten he used the idea. But when I met it in James' 'The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life,' it was with a shock of recognition."
The quote from William James is:
Or if the hypothesis were offered us of a world in which Messrs. Fourier's and Bellamy's and Morris's utopias should all be outdone, and millions kept permanently happy on the one simple condition that a certain lost soul on the far-off edge of things should lead a life of lonely torture, what except a sceptical and independent sort of emotion can it be which would make us immediately feel, even though an impulse arose within us to clutch at the happiness so offered, how hideous a thing would be its enjoyment when deliberately accepted as the fruit of such a bargain?[9][10]
Introducing the short work in her 2012 collection The Unreal and the Real, Volume Two, Le Guin noted that The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas "has a long and happy career of being used by teachers to upset students and make them argue fiercely about morality."[8]
It has been at times analyzed as a postmodernist work.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Spivack, Charlotte, Ursula K. Le Guin, (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984), page 159.
Jump up ^ "Locus Awards Nominee List". The Locus Index to SF Awards. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
Jump up ^ "1974 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
Jump up ^ Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Bibliography: The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas
Jump up ^ Le Guin, Ursula K. The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas, Creative Education, 1993. ISBN 9780886825010
Jump up ^ Le Guin, Ursula K., The Unreal and The Real Volume 2, Gollancz, 2014, ISBN 978-1473202856
Jump up ^ Boyd, Jason. "Forty years later, Omelas still haunts". The Nerdclave. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Le Guinn, Ursula K. (2012). The Unreal and the Real: Selected Stories of Ursula K. Le Guin. Volume Two: Outer Space, Inner Lands. Easthampton, MA: Small Beer Press. p. iv. ISBN 9781618730350.
^ Jump up to: a b Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia (ed.): An Introduction to Fiction, 8th ed., page 274. Longman, 2004. ISBN 0-321-08531-0.
Jump up ^ James, William. "The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life". April 1891.
Jump up ^ Agosta, Vincent. Returning to Omelas: A formal Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin’s “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas” and its Relationship to Traditionalist Narrative Structure and Postmodernism.
Sources[edit]
Bloom, Harold, ed. (1986). Ursula K. Le Guin (1st ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-87754-659-2.
Cadden, Mike (2005). Ursula K. Le Guin Beyond Genre: Fiction for Children and Adults (1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-99527-2.
Le Guin, Ursula (1975). The Wind's Twelve Quarters (1st ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-012562-4.
Spivack, Charlotte (1984). Ursula K. Le Guin (1st ed.). Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-7393-2.
[show]
v
t
e
Locus Award for Best Short Story
1971 - 1980
"The Region Between" by Harlan Ellison (1971)
"The Queen of Air and Darkness" by Poul Anderson (1972)
"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" by Ursula K. Le Guin (1973)
"The Deathbird" by Harlan Ellison (1974)
"The Day Before the Revolution" by Ursula K. Le Guin (1975)
"Croatoan" by Harlan Ellison (1976)
"Tricentennial" by Joe Haldeman (1977)
"Jeffty Is Five" by Harlan Ellison (1978)
"Count the Clock that Tells the Time" by Harlan Ellison (1979)
"The Way of Cross and Dragon" by George R. R. Martin (1980)
1981–2000
"Grotto of the Dancing Deer" by Clifford D. Simak (1981)
"The Pusher" by John Varley (1982)
"Sur" by Ursula K. Le Guin (1983)
"Beyond the Dead Reef" by James Tiptree, Jr. (1984)
"Salvador" by Lucius Shepard (1985)
"With Virgil Oddum at the East Pole" by Harlan Ellison (1986)
"Robot Dreams" by Isaac Asimov (1987)
"Angel" by Pat Cadigan (1988)
"Eidolons" by Harlan Ellison (1989)
"Lost Boys" by Orson Scott Card (1990)
"Bears Discover Fire" by Terry Bisson (1991)
"Buffalo" by John Kessel (1992)
"Even the Queen" by Connie Willis (1993)
"Close Encounter" by Connie Willis (1994)
"None So Blind" by Joe Haldeman (1995)
"The Lincoln Train" by Maureen F. McHugh (1996)
"Gone" by John Crowley (1997)
"Itsy Bitsy Spider" by James Patrick Kelly (1998)
"Maneki Neko" by Bruce Sterling (1999)
"macs" by Terry Bisson (2000)
2001–present
"The Missing Mass" by Larry Niven (2001)
"The Bones of the Earth" by Ursula K. Le Guin (2002)
"October in the Chair" by Neil Gaiman (2003)
"Closing Time" by Neil Gaiman (2004)
"Forbidden Brides of the Faceless Slaves in the Nameless House of the Night of Dread Desire" by Neil Gaiman (2005)
"Sunbird" by Neil Gaiman (2006)
"How to Talk to Girls at Parties" by Neil Gaiman (2007)
"A Small Room in Koboldtown" by Michael Swanwick (2008)
"Exhalation" by Ted Chiang (2009)
"An Invocation of Incuriosity" by Neil Gaiman (2010)
"The Thing About Cassandra" by Neil Gaiman (2011)
"The Case of Death and Honey" by Neil Gaiman (2012)
"Immersion" by Aliette de Bodard (2013)
"The Road of Needles" by Caitlín R. Kiernan (2014)
"The Truth About Owls" by Amal El-Mohtar (2015)
"Cat Pictures Please" by Naomi Kritzer (2016)
"Seasons of Glass and Iron" by Amal El-Mohtar (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Hugo Award for Best Short Story (1961–1980)
"The Longest Voyage" by Poul Anderson (1961)
"Hothouse" by Brian W. Aldiss (1962)
"The Dragon Masters" by Jack Vance (1963)
"No Truce with Kings" by Poul Anderson (1964)
"Soldier, Ask Not" by Gordon R. Dickson (1965)
""Repent, Harlequin!" Said the Ticktockman" by Harlan Ellison (1966)
"Neutron Star" by Larry Niven (1967)
"I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream" by Harlan Ellison (1968)
"The Beast that Shouted Love at the Heart of the World" by Harlan Ellison (1969)
"Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones" by Samuel R. Delany (1970)
"Slow Sculpture" by Theodore Sturgeon (1971)
"Inconstant Moon" by Larry Niven (1972)
"Eurema's Dam" by R. A. Lafferty / "The Meeting" by Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth (1973)
"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" by Ursula K. Le Guin (1974)
"The Hole Man" by Larry Niven (1975)
"Catch That Zeppelin!" by Fritz Leiber (1976)
"Tricentennial" by Joe Haldeman (1977)
"Jeffty Is Five" by Harlan Ellison (1978)
"Cassandra" by C. J. Cherryh (1979)
"The Way of Cross and Dragon" by George R. R. Martin (1980)
Complete list
Retro
1955–1960
1961–1980
1981–2000
2001–present
[show]
v
t
e
Works by Ursula K. Le Guin
Earthsea
Novels
A Wizard of Earthsea (1968)
The Tombs of Atuan (1971)
The Farthest Shore (1972)
Tehanu (1990)
The Other Wind (2001)
Short stories
"The Word of Unbinding" (1964)
"The Rule of Names" (1964)
"Dragonfly" (1997)
"Darkrose and Diamond" (1999)
Tales from Earthsea (collection) (2001)
"The Daughter of Odren" (2014)
Adaptations
Earthsea (miniseries) (2004)
Tales from Earthsea (film) (2006)
Related
Universe
Characters
Earthsea Revisioned (1993)
Hainish
Cycle
Novels
Rocannon's World (1966)
Planet of Exile (1966)
City of Illusions (1967)
The Left Hand of Darkness (1969)
The Dispossessed (1974)
The Word for World Is Forest (1976)
Four Ways to Forgiveness (1995)
The Telling (2000)
Short stories
"The Dowry of the Angyar" (1964)
"Winter's King" (1969)
"Vaster than Empires and More Slow" (1971)
"The Day Before the Revolution" (1974)
The Shobies' Story (1990)
"The Matter of Seggri" (1994)
"A Man of the People"
"Coming of Age in Karhide" (1995)
"Mountain Ways" (1996)
"Old Music and the Slave Women" (1999)
Related
Planets
Gethen
Werel (Alterra)
Werel (Voe Deo)
Shing
Ansible
Other
fiction
Novels
The Lathe of Heaven (1971)
The Eye of the Heron (1978)
Malafrena (1979)
The Beginning Place (1980)
Always Coming Home (1985)
Annals of the Western Shore (Gifts (2004)
Voices (2006)
Powers (2007))
Lavinia (2008)
Short stories
"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" (1973)
"The Wife's Story" (1982)
Paradises Lost (2002)
Collections
The Wind's Twelve Quarters (1975)
Orsinian Tales (1976)
The Compass Rose (1982)
Buffalo Gals and Other Animal Presences (1987)
A Fisherman of the Inland Sea (1994)
Unlocking the Air and Other Stories (1996)
The Birthday of the World (2002)
Changing Planes (2003)
Children's books
Catwings (series) (1988–1999)
Non-fiction
The Language of the Night (1979)
Dancing at the Edge of the World (1982)
Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching (1997)
Steering the Craft (1998)
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text:
Performance measurement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject. Please help improve this article by adding more general information. The talk page may contain suggestions. (December 2011)
Performance measurement[1] is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component. It can involve studying processes/strategies within organizations, or studying engineering processes/parameters/phenomena, to see whether output are in line with what was intended or should have been achieved.
Contents
[hide]
1 In education
2 In engineering
3 In the nonprofit and voluntary sector
3.1 History
3.2 The Balanced Scorecard
3.3 Social return on investment (SROI)
3.4 Vs. evaluation
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
In education[edit]
Performance measurement has been defined by Neely[2] as "the process of quantifying the efficiency and effectiveness of past actions", while Moullin[3] defines it as "the process of evaluating how well organisations are managed and the value they deliver for customers and other stakeholders”. Discussion on the relative merits of these definitions appeared in several articles in the newsletter of the Performance Management Association.[4]
Good performance is the criterion whereby an organization determines its capability to prevail.
Performance measurement estimates the parameters under which programs, investments, and acquisitions are reaching the targeted results.[5]
Performance Reference Model of the Federal Enterprise Architecture, 2005.[6]
All process of measuring performance requires the use of statistical modeling to determine results. A full scope copy of the performance of an organization can never be obtained, as generally some of the parameters cannot be measured directly but must be estimated via indirect observation and as a complete set of records never delivers an assessment without compression to key figures.
Several performance measurement systems are in use today, and each has its own group of supporters. For example, the Balanced Scorecard (Kaplan and Norton, 1993, 1996, 2001), Performance Prism (Neely, 2002), action-profit linkage APL (Epstein & Westbrook, 2001) and the Cambridge Performance Measurement Process (Neely, 1996) are designed for business-wide implementation; and the approaches of the TPM Process (Jones and Schilling, 2000), 7-step TPM Process (Zigon, 1999), and Total Measurement Development Method (TMDM) (Tarkenton Productivity Group, 2000) are specific for team-based structures. With continued research efforts and the test of time, the best-of-breed theories that help organizations structure and implement its performance measurement system should emerge.
Although the Balanced Scorecard has become very popular, there is no single version of the model that has been universally accepted. The diversity and unique requirements of different enterprises suggest that no one-size-fits-all approach will ever do the job. Gamble, Strickland and Thompson (2007, p. 31) list ten financial objectives and nine strategic objectives involved with a balanced scorecard.
In engineering[edit]
Performance measurement are carried out in the design, building, operation and maintenance of systems, machines, devices, structures, materials and processes. In design, performance measurement can be of physical properties, parameters, etc., while in maintenance, repair, and operations, and reliability engineering, failures, availability, maintainability and OEE are common measures. Within maintenance, EN 15341[7] lists 71 performance indicators, whereof 21 are technical indicators. Based upon the structure of EN 15341, a review of railway infrastructure indicators is offered by Stenström et al.[8]

In the nonprofit and voluntary sector[edit]
According to the National Center for Charitable Statistics, there are more than 1.4 million nonprofit organizations in the United States alone.[9] Measuring the success of a nonprofit at achieving its mission is a common practice and at times is needed in order to secure funding. It is important to measure the success of nonprofit organizations in order to improve its performance and ensure accountability.[10] However, there is no standard method used to measure the success of nonprofits since they vary in their size, structure, and mission. A survey conducted by the Social Enterprise program at Harvard Business School found that nonprofit organizations' board members frequently considered performance measurement to be one of their top three concerns.[11]
See also: Cost-weighted activity index
History[edit]
Performance measurement is not a new concept, but rather an old concept of renewed importance today. In 1943, the International City Management Association published an article on measuring the performance of municipal activities. During the Kennedy administration, systems analysis processes were introduced to the Department of Defense which fueled interest in performance measurement in the federal government. Other agencies began experimenting in performance measurement when the Johnson administration introduced what they called planning-programming-budgeting system (PPB). Eventually more and more state and local governments began using performance measurement to improve their management and budgeting. The use of performance measurement became a common practice in the 1970s with the introduction of new social programs that needed to be assessed. However, interest in performance measurement did dwindle in the 1980s, as people did not perceive benefits of using performance measurements in making decisions. In the 1990s, performance measurement was reenergized as the demands for holding government entities accountable to public increased. A number of resolutions were passed by associations such as the National Academy for Public Administration, urging government to set goals and measure their performance and in 1993, The Government Performance and Results Act was passed by the federal government requiring their agencies to become involved in strategic planning, goal-setting, and performance measurement.[12]
The Balanced Scorecard[edit]
The Balanced Scorecard "translates an organization's mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures that provide the framework for a strategic measurement and management system".[13] It was originally made for the private sector to "overcome deficiencies in the financial accounting model".[14]
Social return on investment (SROI)[edit]
While it is difficult to assign a financial value to social benefits many nonprofit work to produce, nonprofits feel the need to measure their performance. Social return on investment (SROI) is a form of measurement that can be used by nonprofits. SROI assigns a financial value to charitable activities so that nonprofits can measure their social benefits. For example, the nonprofit Crises employs the SROI method to measure the value of their activities by trying to show how helping the homeless population access education and training has benefits such as creating tax revenue and reducing the cost of welfare.[15]
Vs. evaluation[edit]
Evaluating programs can help figure out what works for the organization and what does not. However, evaluation takes time and is costly. Performance Measurement on the other hand is less time-consuming and can provide information in time for day-to-day decisions. While both evaluation and performance measurement are necessary, they each have their own advantages and disadvantages. A detrimental aspect of performance measurement is that the validity of the results can be questioned, and it is not clear as to whether or not positive outcomes were due to a specific program.[16]
See also[edit]
Data collection system
Library assessment
List of financial performance measures
Performance improvement
Performance metric
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Upadhaya, B., Munir, R., & Blount, Y. (2014). Association between Performance Measurement Systems and Organisational Effectiveness. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 34(7), 2-2.
Jump up ^ Neely, A.D., Adams, C. and Kennerley, M. (2002), The Performance Prism: The Scorecard for Measuring and Managing Stakeholder Relationships, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, London
Jump up ^ Moullin, M. (2002), Delivering Excellence in Health and Social Care, Open University Press,Buckingham
Jump up ^ Moullin, M. (2007) Performance measurement definitions. Linking performance measurement and organisational excellence, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,20:3,pp. 181-183.
Jump up ^ Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO) Enterprise Architecture Program (2007). Treasury IT Performance Measures Guide Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine.. U.S. Department of the Treasury. May 2007
Jump up ^ FEA Consolidated Reference Model Document. whitehouse.gov May 2005.
Jump up ^ CEN (2007). EN 15341: Maintenance – Maintenance key performance indicators. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels.
Jump up ^ Stenström, C.; Parida, A.; Galar, D. "Performance Indicators of Railway Infrastructure". International Journal of Railway Technology. 1 (3): 1–18. doi:10.4203/ijrt.1.3.1.
Jump up ^ National Center for Charitable Statistics http://nccs.urban.org/statistics/quickfacts.cfm
Jump up ^ Poister, T.H. Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, R. S. (2001). Strategic Performance Measurement and Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 11(3), 354.
Jump up ^ Poister, T.H. Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Jump up ^ Greenfield, J. M. (2001). The Nonprofit Handbook. New York: John Wiley.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, R. S. (2001). Strategic Performance Measurement and Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 11(3).
Jump up ^ McCurry, P. (2010). Measures of success. Third Sector, (621), 26.
Jump up ^ Boris, E. T., & Kopczynski Winkler, M. (2013). The Emergence of Performance Measurement as a Complement to Evaluation Among U.S. Foundations. New Directions For Evaluation, 2013(137), 69-80. doi:10.1002/ev.20047
Further reading[edit]
Behn, Robert D.; Why measure Performance? Different Purposes Require Different Measures, 2003.
Gamble, J., Strickland, A., Thompson, A. (2007). Crafting & Executing Strategy. (15th Ed.) New York, McGraw-Hill
Simon Briscoe. 2005. The trouble with targets. OECD Observer, no. No. 246-247.
Kaplan, Robert S. and David P. Norton; "Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work", Harvard Business Review, Sep/Oct 1993.
Hutton, C.R.; Performance Measures Briefing Paper.
Ittner, Christopher D. and David F. Larcker, "Coming up Short on Nonfinancial Performance Measurement", Harvard Business Review, November 2003.
Kaplan, Robert S. and Norton, David P; "The Balanced Scorecard: Measures That Drive Performance", Harvard Business Review, Jan/Feb 1992.
Kaplan, Robert S. and Norton, David P; "Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System", Harvard Business Review, Jan/Feb 1996.
Kirby, Julia, "Towards a Theory of High Performance", Harvard Business Review, Jul/Aug 2005.
Mendibil, Kepa and Macbryde Jillian; "Designing effective team-based performance measurement systems: an integrated approach", Centre for Strategic Manufacturing, University of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, March 2005.
Meyer, Christopher, "How the Right Measures Help Teams Excel", Harvard Business Review, May/June 1994.
National Partnership for Reinventing Government, USA; Balancing Measures: Best Practices in Performance Management, August 1999.
Rohm, Howard; Overview of the Balanced Scorecard, US Foundation for Performance Measurement, June 2000.
Van de Walle, Steven and Roberts, Alasdair, "Publishing Performance Information: An Illusion of Control?" Performance Information in the Public Sector: How it is Used, Van Dooren, W., Van de Walle, S., eds., Houndmills: Palgrave, pp. 211–226, 2008.
Grau, Micah E., 2008. "Using a Model Municipal Performance Measurement System to Assess Mid-size Texas Cities' Systems" . Applied Research Projects. Paper 282. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/282
Barrows, Ed and Neely, Andy; "Managing Performance in Turbulent Times: Analytics and Insight, Wiley, 2012
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