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Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
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Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is an all-breed conformation show that has been held in New York City annually since 1877. Currently, the breed and Junior Showmanship competitions are held at Piers 92 and 94, while the group and Best in Show competitions are held at Madison Square Garden. The number of entries is so large at nearly 3000 that two days are required for all dogs to be judged.
The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is one of a handful of benched shows in the United States. Dogs are required to be on display in an assigned location (bench) during the entirety of the show except when being shown in the ring, groomed for showing, or taken outside to eliminate, so that spectators and breeders alike have an opportunity to see all the entered dogs. (In the more common unbenched shows, dogs are required to be present only at assigned ring times.)
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Controversy
3 Announcers
3.1 Show announcers
3.2 Television
4 Requirements for entry
5 Winning breeds
5.1 List of show winners and breeds
6 Popular culture
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Additional sources
9 External links
History[edit]
The Westminster Kennel Club was formed in 1877.
The Westminster show was first held on May 8, 1877, making it the second-longest continuously held sporting event in the United States behind only the Kentucky Derby, which was first held in 1875. (Both events were held even during the World War years.) The show originated as a show for gun dogs, primarily Setters and Pointers, initiated by a group of hunters who met regularly at the Westminster Hotel at Irving Place and Sixteenth Street in Manhattan. They decided to create a kennel club called the Westminster Kennel Club specifically for the purpose of holding a dog show. The prizes for these first shows included such items as pearl handled pistols, of use to the hunters and terriermen who worked these dogs in the field.
Held at Gilmore's Garden (Madison Square Garden) the Westminster show drew over 1200 dogs and proved so popular that its scheduled three days was extended to four, with the club donating proceeds from that fourth day to the ASPCA for creation of a home for stray and disabled dogs.
The Westminster Kennel Club predates the formation of the American Kennel Club by seven years, and became the first club admitted to the AKC after AKC's founding in 1884. Breed parent clubs (e.g., the Afghan Hound Club of America) create the standards for judging their breeds, with the AKC administering the rules about shows and judging.
Dogs are judged against their breed standards, to see how close each dog matches the standard, which is a written description of the ideal specimen of that breed. Standards may include references relating form to function in the performance of the job that the dog was bred for, and may also include items that seem somewhat arbitrary such as color, eye shape, tail carriage and more. While many breeds no longer need to perform their original jobs and are bred mostly for companionship, they should still have the innate ability and physical makeup to perform those jobs, and this is what the judge looks for.
Because of space considerations at Madison Square Garden, the entry is limited to 2,800 dogs and the breed judging is done during the day at Piers 92 and 94. Group and Best in Show judging take place in the evening at Madison Square Garden. The entry fills immediately on the first day that entries are accepted. Since 1992, the club has invited the top five dogs in each breed to be pre-entered (determined by the number of dogs defeated at shows during the previous year) to assure that all the top dogs have the chance to compete.
Today, Westminster takes place over two days and nights every February. During the day, the dogs compete at the breed level (i.e., against other dogs of the same breed). Each Best of Breed winner (BOB) advances into its respective group, of which there are seven (Sporting, Hound, Working, Terrier, Toy, Non-Sporting, and Herding). Group competition is held during the evenings, and the seven group winners advance into the final competition, which one judge will select one of them as the Best In Show winner. Since 2014, the show allowed mixed-breed dogs to compete in an agility event.[1]
Competition in Junior Showmanship (for handlers ages 9–18) has been held since 1934. The eight finalists all receive scholarships for post-secondary schooling. In addition, each year the club (through its Westminster Kennel Foundation) awards veterinary school scholarships for students from six schools.
The winning dog becomes "America's Dog" for the next year. It begins its reign with a media tour on the day following the show with appearances on virtually all television network morning shows, a visit to the Observation Deck at the Empire State Building, and much more.
The event is embraced in New York City every February, with salutes from such world-famous partners as the Empire State Building, which lights its tower in purple and gold (Westminster colors) during the show; Saks 5th Avenue, which features a street window with a Westminster-themed display; and the New York Stock Exchange, which invites the winner to ring the opening bell following its big win.
Controversy[edit]
Animal-rights advocates such as PETA have protested the show.
Announcers[edit]
Show announcers[edit]
For many years, Roger A. Caras was known as "The Voice of Westminster" for providing the narration for the breed descriptions during the show.[2][3]
In 2001, Michael J. LaFave was named show announcer at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.[4] He was replaced by Jim Fagan in 2010, but returned in 2011.[5]
Television[edit]
CBS Sports covered the event from the late 1960s to the 1980s as part of its CBS Sports Spectacular anthology series.
From 1984 until 2003, Universal's USA Network broadcast the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Following Universal's acquisition by General Electric in 2003 to form NBC Universal, from 2004 until 2016, it was produced under the auspices of NBC Sports. From 2006 through 2016, the Monday coverage was aired by CNBC due to conflicts with WWE Raw on USA. On July 28, 2015, it was announced that Fox Sports had acquired rights to the event under a 10-year deal beginning in 2017. Coverage is split between Fox Sports 1 and Nat Geo Wild.[6]
During NBC's coverage from 1990 to 2016, David Frei co-hosted the event with partners, Al Trautwig (1990–1991,[7][8] 1993[9]), Bud Collins (1992[10]), Joe Garagiola (1994–2002[11]), Mark McEwen (2003–2004[12][13]), Lester Holt (2005, 2007–2008[14]), Debbye Turner (2006[15]), Mary Carillo (2009,[16] 2011[5]–2016), and Tamron Hall (2010[17]).
Frei provided the commentary of the 140th event for his final time. According to a report in the New York Times, the Westminster Kennel Club would not allow Frei to announce their annual event, as well as announce the Kennel Club of Philadelphia's National Dog Show, which airs on Thanksgiving Day on NBC, as Westminister was leaving NBC for Fox starting in 2017.[18]
The 141st event in 2017 marked the beginning of the Fox Sports contract. Chris Myers and Westminster Director of Communications Gail Miller Bisher host the primetime coverage on Fox Sports 1. Justin Kutcher hosts the daytime breed judging on National Geographic Wild, initially in 2017 with Paula Nykiel and Jason Hoke. For 2018, Fox changed both booths. Kutcher remained host for the daytime judging with Kimberly Meredith Cavanna and Don Sturz, while Hoke moved to the primetime coverage to join Myers and Bisher as a three-man booth.[19]
Requirements for entry[edit]
In 1884, the AKC began requiring that all dog participants be registered with the AKC and recognized for conformation show competition. In 2016, there are 199 breeds and varieties eligible for Westminster. Because of the show's popularity and prestige, starting in 1992 the AKC limited entries by requiring that dogs must have already earned their breed championship before appearing at Westminster. Later, that rule was amended to require that dogs have one of the two required major wins towards their championship titles, but need not be finished champions to enter.
The top five dogs in each breed (based on breed points earned in AKC conformation showing through October 31 of the preceding year), as well as the Best of Breed winner from each breed's national specialty show, receive printed invitations by mail and are eligible for early entry. After the early entry deadline passes, other dogs with at least one major win may enter, up to a total of 2800 dogs, at which point entries are closed.
There is no prohibition against a winner competing again in future Westminster shows. In fact, seven dogs have won multiple Westminster championships: six dogs in consecutive years (including Warren Remedy, the only three-time champion of the event) and one dog in non-consecutive years. Since 1972, however, there have been no repeat winners. (See List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.)
Dogs of all breeds, including mutts, may participate in the show's agility competition. The highest ranking mutt in the competition is given an award, "All American Dog."
Winning breeds[edit]
Through the 134th Westminster Show (February 2010), Best in Show has been won by the Terrier Group 45 out of the 103 times that the prize has been awarded since 1907,[20] more than twice as many wins as any other group. The single breed that has won the most is the Wire Fox Terrier, which has won 14 times. Two of the most popular dog breeds in the United States have never won Best in Show, the Labrador Retriever and the Golden Retriever.[21]
The 2010 winner of Best in Show was Ch. Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot (a.k.a. "Sadie"), a Scottish Terrier. Sadie had already won 112 best-in-show ribbons at other shows, including winning the other two major United States shows (the National Dog Show and the AKC/Eukanuba National Championship) immediately prior to her Westminster win.
In 2011, at the 135th Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, 5-year-old GCH Foxcliffe Hickory Wind became the first of her breed (Scottish Deerhound) to capture the Best in Show award.[22]
Terrier Group: 46
Sporting Group: 18
Working Group: 15
Toy Group: 11
Non-Sporting Group: 10
Hound Group: 6
Herding Group: 2
The oldest dog to win Best in Show was a Sussex Spaniel named Ch. Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee (a.k.a. Stump), at 10 years of age in 2009. The youngest dog to win was a Rough Collie named Laund Loyalty of Bellhaven, at 9 months old in 1929.[23] One dog, a Smooth Fox Terrier named Ch. Warren Remedy won Best in Show three times (1907–1909), and six other dogs have won twice.[24] Dogs (males) have won Best in Show 68 times to 35 for bitches (females).[25]
List of show winners and breeds[edit]
Main article: List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
Following is a list of WKC Best in Show winners since 1990.[26]
2018: GCH Belle Creek's All I Care About Is Love - Bichon Frise
2017: Lockenhaus' Rumor Has It V Kenlyn - German Shepherd[27]
2016: GCH Vjk-Myst Garbonita's California Journey (aka: "CJ") - Pointer (German Shorthaired)[28]
2015: GCH Tashtins Lookin For Trouble (a.k.a. "Miss P") - Beagle[29]
2014: GCH Afterall Painting The Sky (a.k.a. "Sky") - Fox Terrier (Wire)[30]
2013: GCH Banana Joe V Tani Kazari (a.k.a. "Banana Joe") - Affenpinscher
2012: Ch. Palacegarden Malachy (a.k.a. "Malachy") - Pekingese
2011: GCH Foxcliffe Hickory Wind (a.k.a. "Hickory") - Scottish Deerhound[31]
2010: Ch. Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot (a.k.a. "Sadie") - Scottish Terrier[32]
2009: Ch. Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee (a.k.a. "Stump") - Sussex Spaniel
2008: Ch. K-Run's Park Me In First (a.k.a. "Uno" ) - Beagle
2007: Ch. Felicity's Diamond Jim (a.k.a. "James" ) - English Springer Spaniel
2006: Ch. Rocky Top's Sundance Kid (a.k.a. "Rufus" ) - Colored Bull Terrier
2005: Ch. Kan-Point's VJK Autumn Roses (a.k.a. "Carlee" ) - German Shorthaired Pointer
2004: Ch. Darbydale's All Rise Pouch Cove (a.k.a. "Josh" ) - Newfoundland
2003: Ch. Torums Scarf Michael (a.k.a. "Mick" ) - Kerry Blue Terrier
2002: Ch. Surrey Spice Girl (a.k.a. "Spice" ) - Miniature Poodle
2001: Ch. Special Times Just Right (a.k.a. "J.R." ) - Bichon Frise
2000: Ch. Salilyn 'N Erin's Shameless (a.k.a. "Samantha" ) - English Springer Spaniel
1999: Ch. Loteki Supernatural Being (a.k.a. "Kirby" ) - Papillon
1998: Ch. Fairewood Frolic (a.k.a. "Rocki" ) - Norwich Terrier
1997: Ch. Parsifal Di Casa Netzer - Standard Schnauzer
1996: Ch. Clussexx Country Sunrise (a.k.a. "Brady" ) - Clumber Spaniel
1995: Ch. Gaelforce Post Script (a.k.a. "Peggy Sue" ) - Scottish Terrier
1994: Ch. Chidley Willum The Conqueror - Norwich Terrier
1993: Ch. Salilyn's Condor (a.k.a.: '"Robert" ) - English Springer Spaniel
1992: Ch. Registry's Lonesome Dove (a.k.a. "Lacey" ) - Wire Fox Terrier
1991: Ch. Whisperwind On A Carousel (a.k.a. "Peter" ) - Standard Poodle
1990: Ch. Wendessa Crown Prince - Pekingese
Popular culture[edit]
The 2000 comedy film Best in Show takes place at the fictional "Mayflower Kennel Club Dog Show", based in part on Westminster.
Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog has used the setting of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show three times in his skits; ostensibly, he was the winner in the "Best Insult Comic Dog" category at Westminster 1997.
See also[edit]
Dogs portal
AKC/Eukanuba National Championship
Crufts
List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
World Dog Show
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jennifer Peltz, "Westminster Dog Show Adds Event With Mixed Breeds," Associated Press, January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Day, Sherri (February 20, 2001). "Roger Caras, 72, Animal Welfare Advocate". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2012/02/11/v-print/2226292/pets-qa-best-in-show-really-means.html
Jump up ^ "2004 Announcer". The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Westminster Kennel Club. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Ullmer, Mary (February 16, 2011). "Unleashed: Unleash the hounds! Gentle giant Scottish deerhound is Westminster's Best in Show". The Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Westminster Kennel's Dog Show Leaves NBCU's USA for Fox Sports". Variety. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dawson, Greg (February 16, 1990). "USA's Westminster Dog Show a cult hit". The News and Courier. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Zad, Martie (February 10, 1991). "TNT features 'Kisses'". The Daily Gazette. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The dog days of February". The Washington Times. February 13, 1993. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Bud Collins to Test Commentator Skills at National Dog Show". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 10, 1992. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Dale, Steve (February 10, 2002). "Canine Frenzy". Ocala Star-Banner. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dale, Steve. "The Voice of Westminster Dog Show". Dog Channel.com. BowTie, Inc. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pennington, Gail (February 9, 2004). "Critic's Picks". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Westminster puts on the dogs". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 7, 2008. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "TV Digest". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 23, 2006. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 8, 2009). "Former Westminster Winners Do Not Seem Past Their Prime". The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "USA Network & Westminster Brings Everyone's Best Friend Back to Madison Square Garden". News Blaze. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 15, 2016). "Saying Farewell to David Frei, Westminster's Nuzzling Voice". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Fox Sports Names Pick of the Litter for the 2017 Westminister Dog Show". Fox Sports Press Pass. Fox Sports public relations. January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Breed (1907-2010)
Jump up ^ "The Labrador Retriever Wins Top Breed for the 26th Year In a Row". akc.org.
Jump up ^ "Scottish deerhound is best in show at Westminster".
Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Oldest Dogs To Win Best In Show
Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Multiple Best In Show Wins
Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Sex Of The Dog
Jump up ^ Westminsterkennelclub.org - Best In Show Winners
Jump up ^ Whiteside, Kelly; Das, Andrew; Lyall, Sarah (February 14, 2017). "Westminster Dog Show 2017: Rumor the German Shepherd Wins Best in Show". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Chung, Jen. "CJ The German Shorthaired Pointer Named 2016 Best In Show At Westminster Kennel Club's Big Night". Gothamist. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canadians triumph at Westminster". Dog World. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/2014/results/bis/index.html
Jump up ^ "Westminster Best in Show Winner: Scottish Deerhound". New York: usatoday.com. February 15, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Duff, Oliver (February 17, 2010). "Sadie crowned top dog despite interruption". The Independent. London. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
Additional sources[edit]
Westminster show history
Barnes, Duncan (ed.) (1983). The AKC's World of the Pure-Bred Dog. Nick Lyons Books. ISBN 0-87605-406-8.
Sifel, William F. (2001). The Dog Show: 125 Years of Westminster. By William F. Stifel. ISBN 0-9705698-0-7
Frei, David (ed.) (2010). The Westminster Kennel Club Guidebook. Latest edition of annual publication.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.
Wikinews has related news:
Four new breeds in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
'Banana Joe' wins Westminster
Official look behind the scenes at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
Westminster Kennel Club official site
National Geographic news article about the show
Backstage at the 2009 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
Hype, Money and Cornstarch: What It Takes to Win at Westminster
List of American Kennel Club Titles and Abbreviations for Championship Dogs
[show]
v
t
e
Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 1907–1970
Warren Remedy (1907-09)
Sabine Rarebit (1910)
Tickle Em Jock (1911)
Kenmare Sorceress (1912)
Strathtay Prince Albert (1913)
Slumber (1914)
Matford Vic (1915-16)
Conejo Wycollar Boy (1917)
Haymarket Faultless (1918)
Briergate Bright Beauty (1919)
Conejo Wycollar Boy (1920)
Midkiff Seductive (1921)
Boxwood Barkentine (1922)
Barberryhill Bootlegger (1924)
Governor Moscow (1925)
Signal Circuit of Halleston (1926)
Pinegrade Perfection (1927)
Talavera Margaret (1928)
Laund Loyalty of Bellhaven (1929)
Pendley Calling of Blarney (1930-31)
Nancolleth Markable (1932)
Warland Protector of Shelterock (1933)
Flornell Spicy Bit of Halleston (1934)
Nunsoe Duc de la Terrace of Blakeen (1935)
St. Margaret Mignificent of Claredale (1936)
Flornell Spicy Piece of Halleston (1937)
Daro of Maridor (1938)
Ferry v. Rauhfelsen of Giralda (1939)
My Own Brucie (1940-41)
Wolvey Pattern of Edgerstoune (1942)
Pitter Patter of Piperscroft (1943)
Flornell-Rare-Bit of Twin Ponds (1944)
Shieling's Signature (1945)
Heatherington Model Rhythm (1946)
Warlord of Mazelaine (1947)
Rock Ridge Night Rocket (1948)
Mazelaine Zazarac Brandy (1949)
Walsing Winning Trick of Edgerstoune (1950)
Bang Away of Sirrah Crest (1951)
Rancho Dobe's Storm (1952-53)
Carmor's Rise and Shine (1954)
Kippax Fearnought (1955)
Wilber White Swan (1956)
Shirkhan of Grandeur (1957)
Puttencove Promise (1958)
Fontclair Festoon (1959)
Chik T'Sun of Caversham (1960)
Cappoquin Little Sister (1961)
Elfinbrook Simon (1962)
Wakefield's Black Knight (1963)
Courtenay Fleetfoot of Pennyworth (1964)
Carmichaels Fanfare (1965)
Zeloy Mooremaide's Magic (1966)
Bardene Bingo (1967)
Stingray of Derryabah (1968)
Glamoor Good News (1969)
Arriba's Prima Donna (1970)
[show]
v
t
e
Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 1970–present
Chinoe's Adamant James (1971-72)
Acadia Command Performance (1973)
Gretchenhof Columbia River (1974)
Sir Lancelot of Barvan (1975)
Jo Ni's Red Baron of Crofton (1976)
Dersade Bobby's Girl (1977)
Cede Higgins (1978)
Oak Tree's Irishtocrat (1979)
Innisfree's Sierra Cinnar (1980)
Dhandys Favorite Woodchuck (1981)
St. Aubrey Dragonora of Elsdon (1982)
Kabiks The Challenger (1983)
Seaward's Blackbeard (1984)
Braeburn's Close Encounter (1985)
Marjetta's National Acclaim (1986)
Covy Tucker Hill's Manhattan (1987)
Great Elms Prince Charming, II (1988)
Royal Tudor's Wild As The Wind (1989)
Wendessa Crown Prince (1990)
Whisperwind On A Carousel (1991)
Registry's Lonesome Dove (1992)
Salilyn's Condor (1993)
Chidley Willum The Conqueror (1994)
Gaelforce Postscript (1995)
Clussexx Country Sunrise (1996)
Parsifal Di Casa Netzer (1997)
Fairewood Frolic (1998)
Loteki Supernatural Being (1999)
Salilyn 'N Erin's Shameless (2000)
Special Times Just Right (2001)
Surrey Spice Girl (2002)
Torums Scarf Michael (2003)
Darbydale's All Rise Pouch Cove (2004)
Kan-Point's VJK Autumn Roses (2005)
Rocky Top's Sundance Kid (2006)
Felicity's Diamond Jim (2007)
K-Run's Park Me In First (2008)
Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee (2009)
Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot (2010)
Foxcliffe Hickory Wind (2011)
Palacegarden Malachy (2012)
Banana Joe V Tani Kazari (2013)
Afterall Painting The Sky (2014)
Tashtins Lookin For Trouble (2015)
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text:
Ring size
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the "ring gauge" used for cigars (1/64 inch), see Cigar.
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(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Bergeon ring sizing stick. (ISO 8653:1986 and number scales)
Ring size is a measurement used to denote the circumference of jewellery rings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Systems
2 Equations
3 Chart
4 References
Systems[edit]
There are several systems for denoting the sizes of jewellery rings in use around the world:
The ISO standard for ring sizes is ISO 8653:2016, which defines standard ring sizes in terms of the inner circumference of the ring measured in millimetres.[1]
In the United States and Canada, ring sizes are specified using a numerical scale, with quarter and half sizes. An increase of a full size is an increase of 0.032 inch (0.8128 mm) in diameter, or roughly 1/10 inch (more precisely, 0.1005 in or 2.55 mm) in inside circumference.
In Ireland, the United Kingdom and Australia, ring sizes are specified using an alphabetical scale, with half sizes.
In India, Japan and China, ring sizes are specified using a numerical scale, that only has whole sizes, and does not have simple linear correlation with diameter or circumference.
In Austria, France, Germany, Belgium and Scandinavia, ring sizes are specified using actual internal circumference in mm (the same as the ISO standard). In some countries, half sizes may be used.
In Italy, Spain, Netherlands, and Switzerland, ring sizes are specified as the circumference minus 40mm. A 50 in Germany will be a 10 in Switzerland.
Before accepting the equations and values in the article, consider the multiple dissenting opinions listed in the talk page and other sites. [2] [3]
For the system prevailing the United States, the Circular of the Bureau of Standards [4] summarizes the situation as: "While there apparently is only one standard in use in the United States, in reality, because of the lack of specific dimensions and because of the errors introduced by the adoption of a common commercial article as a pattern, there are many, although similar, standards." There does not appear to have been any improvement in the standard since then.
Equations[edit]
To convert from US, Canada and Mexico ring sizes (s) to ISO 8653:2016 circumference:
c = 2.55 × s + 36.5 {\displaystyle c=2.55\times s+36.5}
and for diameter:
d = 0.8128 × s + 11.63 {\displaystyle d=0.8128\times s+11.63}
Chart[edit]
Conversion chart for ring sizes[5]
Inside diameter
Inside circumference
Sizes
(in)
(mm)
(in)
(mm)
United States,
Canada and
Mexico
United Kingdom,
Ireland,
Australia,
South Africa and
New Zealand
China,
Japan,
South America
India
Italy,
Spain,
Switzerland
0.458 11.63 1.44 36.5 0
0.466 11.84 1.46 37.2 ¼
0.474 12.04 1.49 37.8 ½ A
0.482 12.24 1.51 38.5 ¾ A½
0.49 12.45 1.54 39.1 1 B 1
0.498 12.65 1.56 39.7 1¼ B½
0.506 12.85 1.59 40.4 1½ C 0.5
0.514 13.06 1.61 41 1¾ C½ 1 1
0.522 13.26 1.64 41.7 2 D 2 2 1.75
0.53 13.46 1.67 42.3 2¼ D½ 2.25
0.538 13.67 1.69 42.9 2½ E 3 3 3
0.546 13.87 1.72 43.6 2¾ E½ 4 3.5
0.554 14.07 1.74 44.2 3 F 4 4.25
0.562 14.27 1.77 44.8 3¼ F½ 5 5 4.75
0.57 14.48 1.79 45.5 3½ G 5.5
0.578 14.68 1.82 46.1 3¾ G½ 6 6 6
0.586 14.88 1.84 46.8 4 H 7 6.75
0.594 15.09 1.87 47.4 4¼ H½ 7 7.5
0.602 15.29 1.89 48 4½ I 8 8 8
0.61 15.49 1.92 48.7 4¾ J 9 8.75
0.618 15.7 1.94 49.3 5 J½ 9 9.25
0.626 15.9 1.97 50 5¼ K 10 10
0.634 16.1 1.99 50.6 5½ K½ 10 10.5
0.642 16.31 2.02 51.2 5¾ L 11 11.25
0.65 16.51 2.04 51.9 6 L½ 11 12 11.75
0.658 16.71 2.07 52.5 6¼ M 12 12.5
0.666 16.92 2.09 53.1 6½ M½ 13 13 13.25
0.674 17.12 2.12 53.8 6¾ N 13.75
0.682 17.32 2.14 54.4 7 N½ 14 14 14.5
0.69 17.53 2.17 55.1 7¼ O 15 15
0.698 17.73 2.19 55.7 7½ O½ 15 15.75
0.706 17.93 2.22 56.3 7¾ P 16 16.25
0.714 18.14 2.24 57 8 P½ 16 17 17
0.722 18.34 2.27 57.6 8¼ Q 17.5
0.73 18.54 2.29 58.3 8½ Q½ 17 18 18.25
0.738 18.75 2.32 58.9 8¾ R 19 19
0.746 18.95 2.34 59.5 9 R½ 18 19.5
0.754 19.15 2.37 60.2 9¼ S 20 20.25
0.762 19.35 2.39 60.8 9½ S½ 19 21 20.75
0.77 19.56 2.42 61.4 9¾ T 21.5
0.778 19.76 2.44 62.1 10 T½ 20 22 22
0.786 19.96 2.47 62.7 10¼ U 21 23 22.75
0.794 20.17 2.49 63.4 10½ U½ 22 23.25
0.802 20.37 2.52 64 10¾ V 24 24
0.81 20.57 2.54 64.6 11 V½ 23 25 24.75
0.818 20.78 2.57 65.3 11¼ W 25.25
0.826 20.98 2.59 65.9 11½ W½ 24 26 26
0.834 21.18 2.62 66.6 11¾ X 26.5
0.842 21.39 2.65 67.2 12 X½ 25 27 27.25
0.85 21.59 2.67 67.8 12¼ Y 28 27.75
0.858 21.79 2.7 68.5 12½ Z 26 28.5
0.866 22 2.72 69.1 12¾ Z½ 29 29
0.874 22.2 2.75 69.7 13 27 30 29.75
0.882 22.4 2.77 70.4 13¼ Z1 30.5
0.89 22.61 2.8 71 13½ 31 31
0.898 22.81 2.82 71.7 13¾ Z2 32 31.75
0.906 23.01 2.85 72.3 14 Z3 32.25
0.914 23.22 2.87 72.9 14¼ 33 33
0.922 23.42 2.9 73.6 14½ Z4 33.5
0.93 23.62 2.92 74.2 14¾ 34 34.25
0.938 23.83 2.95 74.8 15 35 34.75
0.946 24.03 2.97 75.5 15¼ 35.5
0.954 24.23 3 76.1 15½ 36 36.25
0.962 24.43 3.02 76.8 15¾ 36.75
0.97 24.64 3.05 77.4 16 37 37.5
Ring sizes can be measured physically by a plastic or metal ring sizer, or by measuring the inner diameter of a ring that already fits. There are also online measuring tools available. Online measuring tools vary, but many offer multiple ways to measure the ring size, such as wrapping a paper cutout around the finger, or measuring a current ring according to a chart.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jewellery -- Ring-sizes -- Definition, measurement and designation".
Jump up ^ "The Official International Ring Size Conversion Chart".
Jump up ^ "Larson Jewelers Common Ring Sizing Systems of the World".
Jump up ^ S.W. Stratton, Director (Jan 24, 1921). Circular of the Bureau of Standards, No 43., Jewelers' and Silversmiths' Weights and Measures (Report). United States Department of Commerce. p. 39.
Jump up ^ "Convert Your Ring Size to MM : Ring Size Guide". Jewelove. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_size&oldid=818197992"
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text:
Mixed economy
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A mixed economy is variously defined as an economic system blending elements of market economies with elements of planned economies, free markets with state interventionism, or private enterprise with public enterprise.[1] There is not only one definition of a mixed economy,[2] but rather two major definitions recognized for a "mixed economy". The first of these definitions refers to a mixture of markets with state interventionism, referring to capitalist market economies with strong regulatory oversight, interventionist policies and governmental provision of public services. The second definition is apolitical in nature and strictly refers to an economy containing a mixture of private enterprise with public enterprise.[3]
In most cases and particularly with reference to Western economies, a mixed economy refers to a capitalist economy characterized by the predominance of private ownership of the means of production with profit-seeking enterprise and the accumulation of capital as its fundamental driving force. In this system, markets are subject to varying degrees of regulatory control and governments wield indirect macroeconomic influence through fiscal and monetary policies designed to counteract capitalism’s history of boom/bust cycles, unemployment and income disparities. In this framework, varying degrees of public utilities and essential services are under public ownership and state activity is often limited to providing public goods and universal civic requirements like healthcare, physical infrastructure and management of public lands.[4][5]
In reference to post-war Western and Northern European economic models as championed by Christian democrats and social democrats, the mixed economy is defined as a form of capitalism where most industries are privately owned with only a small number of public utilities and essential services under public ownership. In the post-war era, European social democracy became associated with this economic model.[6] As an economic ideal, mixed economies are supported by people of various political persuasions, typically centre-left and centre-right, such as social democrats[7] or Christian democrats.
A mixed economy can also refer to socialist economies with a substantial role for non-social or non-public forms of ownership in the means of production, or to Soviet-type planned economies that have been reformed to allow a greater role for market forces.
Contents
1 Etymology
1.1 History
2 Political philosophy
2.1 Catholic social teaching
2.2 European social democracy
2.3 Fascism
2.4 Socialism
3 Typology
3.1 Mix of free markets and state intervention
3.2 Mix of private and public enterprise
3.3 Mix of markets and economic planning
4 Criticism
5 See also
6 Sources and notes
7 Further reading
Etymology[edit]
There is not only one definition of a mixed economy.[8] However, there are generally two major definitions, one being political and the other apolitical.
The political definition of a mixed economy refers to the degree of state interventionism in a market economy, portraying the state as encroaching onto the market under the assumption that the market is the "natural" mechanism for allocating resources. The political definition is limited to capitalistic economies and precludes an extension to non-capitalist systems, being concerned with public policy and state influence in the market.[9] On the other hand, the apolitical definition relates to patterns of ownership and management of economic enterprises in an economy.
The apolitical definition of mixed economy strictly refers to a mix of public and private ownership of enterprises in the economy and is unconcerned with political forms and public policy.[10]
History[edit]
The term "mixed economy" arose in the context of political debate in the United Kingdom in the postwar period, although the set of policies later associated with the term had been advocated from at least the 1930s.[11] Supporters of the mixed economy, including R. H. Tawney,[12] Anthony Crosland[13] and Andrew Shonfield were mostly associated with the British Labour Party, although similar views were expressed by Conservatives including Harold Macmillan. Critics of the mixed economy, including Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek, argued that there can be no lasting middle ground between economic planning and a market economy and any move in the direction of socialist planning is an unintentional move toward what Hilaire Bloc called "the servile state".[14]
Political philosophy[edit]
In the apolitical sense, the term "mixed economy" is used to describe economic systems which combine various elements of market economies and planned economies. As most political-economic ideologies are defined in an idealized sense, what is described rarely—if ever—exists in practice. Most would not consider it unreasonable to label an economy that, while not being a perfect representation, very closely resembles an ideal by applying the rubric that denominates that ideal. When a system in question, however, diverges to a significant extent from an idealized economic model or ideology, the task of identifying it can become problematic. Hence, the term "mixed economy" was coined. As it is unlikely that an economy will contain a perfectly even mix, mixed economies are usually noted as being skewed towards either private ownership or public ownership, toward capitalism or socialism, or toward a market economy or command economy in varying degrees.[15]
Catholic social teaching[edit]
Jesuit author David Hollenbach, S.J. has argued that Catholic social teaching calls for a "new form" of mixed economy. He refers back to Pope Pius XI's statement that government "should supply help to the members of the social body, but may never destroy or absorb them".[16] Hollenbach writes that a socially just mixed economy involves labour, management and the state working together through a pluralistic system that distributes economic power widely.[17]
However, subsequent scholars have noted that conceiving of subsidiarity as a "top-down, government-driven political exercise" requires a selective reading of 1960s encyclicals. A more comprehensive reading of Catholic social teaching suggests a conceptualization of subsidiarity as a "bottom-up concept" that is "rooted in recognition of a common humanity, not in the political equivalent of noblese oblige".[18]
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In the early post-war era in Western Europe, social democratic parties rejected the Stalinist political and economic model then current in the Soviet Union, committing themselves either to an alternate path to socialism or to a compromise between capitalism and socialism.[19] In this period, social democrats embraced a mixed economy based on the predominance of private property, with only a minority of essential utilities and public services under public ownership. As a result, social democracy became associated with Keynesian economics, state interventionism and the welfare state, while abandoning the prior goal of replacing the capitalist system (factor markets, private property and wage labour)[20] with a qualitatively different socialist economic system.[21][22][23]
Fascism[edit]
Although fascism is primarily a political ideology that stresses the importance of cultural and social issues over economics, fascism is generally supportive of a broadly capitalistic mixed economy. Fascism supports a state interventionism into markets and private enterprise, alongside a corporatist framework referred to as the "third position" that ostensibly aims to be a middle-ground between socialism and capitalism by mediating labour and business disputes to promote national unity. 20th century fascist regimes in Italy and Germany adopted large public works programs to stimulate their economies, state interventionism in largely private-sector dominated economies to promote re-armament and national interests. Scholars have drawn parallels between the American New Deal and public works programs promoted by fascism, arguing that fascism similarly arose in response to the threat of socialist revolution and similarly aimed to "save capitalism" and private property.[24]
Socialism[edit]
"Mixed economies" as a mixture of socially-owned and private enterprise have been predicted and advocated by various socialists as a necessary transitional form between capitalism and socialism. Additionally, a number of proposals for socialist systems call for a mixture of different forms of enterprise ownership including a role for private enterprise. For example, Alexander Nove's conception of "feasible socialism" outlines an economic system based on a combination of state-enterprises for large industries, worker and consumer cooperatives, private enterprises for small-scale operations and individually owned enterprises.[25]
The social democratic theorist Eduard Bernstein advocated a form of mixed economy, believing that a mixed system of public, cooperative and private enterprise would be necessary for a long period of time before capitalism would evolve of its own accord into socialism.[26]
The People's Republic of China adopted a socialist market economy, which represents an early stage of socialist development according to the Communist Party of China. The Communist Party takes the Marxist position that an economic system containing diverse forms of ownership—but with the public sector playing a decisive role—is a necessary characteristic of an economy in the preliminary stage of developing socialism.[27]
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam describes its economy as a "socialist-oriented market economy" that consists of a mixture of public, private and cooperative enterprise—a mixed economy that is oriented toward the long-term development of a socialist economy.
Typology[edit]
Mix of free markets and state intervention[edit]
This meaning of a mixed economy refers to a combination of market forces with state intervention in the form of regulations, macroeconomic policies and social welfare interventions aimed at improving market outcomes. As such, this type of mixed economy falls under the framework of a capitalistic market economy, with macroeconomic interventions aimed at promoting the stability of capitalism.[28] Other examples of common government activity in this form of mixed economy include environmental protection, maintenance of employment standards, a standardized welfare system and maintenance of competition.
Most contemporary market-oriented economies fall under this category, including the economy of the United States.[29][30] The term is also used to describe the economies of countries that feature extensive welfare states, such as the Nordic model practiced by the Nordic countries, which combine free-market capitalism with an extensive welfare state.[31][32]
The German social market economy is the economic policy of modern Germany that steers a middle path between the goals of social democracy and capitalism within the framework of a private market economy and aims at maintaining a balance between a high rate of economic growth, low inflation, low levels of unemployment, good working conditions, public welfare and public services by using state intervention. Under its influence, Germany emerged from desolation and defeat to become an industrial giant within the European Union.[33]
The American School (also known as the National System) is the economic philosophy that dominated United States national policies from the time of the American Civil War until the mid-twentieth century.[34] It consisted of three core policy initiatives: protecting industry through high tariffs (1861–1932; changing to subsidies and reciprocity from 1932–1970s), government investment in infrastructure through internal improvements and a national bank to promote the growth of productive enterprises. During this period, the United States grew into the largest economy in the world, surpassing the United Kingdom (though not the British Empire) by 1880.[35][36][37]
Mix of private and public enterprise[edit]
This type of mixed economy specifically refers to a mixture of private and public ownership of industry and the means of production. As such, it is sometimes described as a "middle path" or transitional state between capitalism and socialism, but it can also refer to a mixture of state capitalism with private capitalism.
Examples include the economies of Singapore, Norway, Vietnam and China—all of which feature large state-owned enterprise sectors operating alongside large private sectors. The French economy featured a large state sector from 1945 until 1986, mixing a substantial amount of state-owned enterprises and nationalized firms with private enterprise.[38]
Following the Chinese economic reforms initiated in 1978, the Chinese economy has reformed its state-owned enterprises and allowed greater scope for private enterprise to operate alongside the state and collective sectors. In the 1990s, the central government concentrated its ownership in strategic sectors of the economy, but local and provincial level state-owned enterprises continue to operate in almost every industry including information technology, automobiles, machinery and hospitality. The latest round of state-owned enterprise reform initiated in 2013 stressed increased dividend payouts of state enterprises to the central government and "mixed ownership reform" which includes partial private investment into state-owned firms. As a result, many nominally private-sector firms are actually partially state-owned by various levels of government and state institutional investors; and many state-owned enterprises are partially privately owned resulting in a "mixed ownership" economy.[39]
Mix of markets and economic planning[edit]
This type of mixed economy refers to a combination of economic planning with market forces for the guiding of production in an economy and may coincide with a mixture of private and public enterprise. It can include capitalist economies with indicative macroeconomic planning policies and socialist planned economies that introduced market forces into their economies, such as in Hungary.
Dirigisme was an economic policy initiated under Charles de Gaulle in France, designating an economy where the government exerts strong directive influence through indicative economic planning. In the period of Dirigisme, the French state used indicative economic planning to supplement market forces for guiding its market economy. It involved state control of industries such as transportation, energy and telecommunication infrastructures as well as various incentives for private corporations to merge or engage in certain projects. Under its influence France experienced what is called "Thirty Glorious Years" of profound economic growth.[33]
Hungary inaugurated the New Economic Mechanism reforms in 1968 that introduced market processes into its planned economy. Under this system, firms were still publicly-owned but not subject to physical production targets and output quotas specified by a national plan. Firms were attached to state ministries which had the power to merge, dissolve and reorganize them, and which established the firm's operating sector. Enterprises had to acquire their inputs and sell their outputs in markets, eventually eroding away at the Soviet-style planned economy.
Criticism[edit]
Numerous economists have questioned the validity of the entire concept of a "mixed economy" when understood to be a mixture of socialism and capitalism.
In Human Action, Ludwig von Mises argued that there can be no mixture of capitalism and socialism—either market logic or economic planning must dominate an economy.[40] Mises elabourated on this point by contending that even if a market economy contained numerous state-run or nationalized enterprises, this would not make the economy "mixed" because the existence of such organizations does not alter the fundamental characteristics of the market economy. These publicly owned enterprises would still be subject to market sovereignty, would have to acquire capital goods through markets, strive to maximize profits (or at the least try to minimize costs) and utilize monetary accounting for economic calculation.[41]
Classical and orthodox Marxist theorists also dispute the viability of a mixed economy as a "middle ground" between socialism and capitalism. Irrespective of enterprise ownership, either the capitalist law of value and accumulation of capital drives the economy, or conscious planning and non-monetary forms of valuation ultimately drive the economy. Therefore from the Great Depression onward extant "mixed economies" in the Western world are still functionally capitalist because they operate on the basis of capital accumulation.[42]
See also[edit]
Corporatist economy
Dirigisme
Distributism
Economic planning
Economic interventionism
Keynesian economics
Market economy
Political economy
Public-private partnership
Public sector
Regulation
Social liberalism
Third Way
Third Position
Types of capitalism
Sources and notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See:
Schiller, Bradley. The Micro Economy Today, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2010, p. 15. "Mixed economy - An economy that uses both market signals and government directives to allocate goods and resources." This follows immediately from a discussion on command economies and market mechanism.
Stilwell, Frank. Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press. 2006. Stilwell
Hendricks, Jean and Gaoreth D. Myles. Intermediate Public Economics, The MIT Press, 2006, p. 4 "the mixed economy where individual decisions are respected but the government attempts to affect these through the policies it implements."
Gorman, Tom. The Complete Idiots Guide to Economics, Alpha Books (2003), p. 9" In a market economy, the private-sector businesses and consumers decide what they will produce and purchase, with little government intervention....In a command economy, also known as a planned economy, the government largely determines what is produced and in what amounts. In a mixed economy, both market forces and government decisions determine which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed."
Jump up ^ A variety of definitions for mixed economy.
Jump up ^ Brown, Douglas (November 11, 2011). Towards a Radical Democracy (Routledge Revivals): The Political Economy of the Budapest School. Routledge. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0415608794. The apolitical definition of 'mixed economy' generally refers to the mix of public and private ownership forms...Here 'mixed economy' itself does not specify a political form. it means an economy characterized by a combination of public and private ownership as well as planning and markets
Jump up ^ Pollin, Robert. 2007. '"Resurrection of the Rentier", book review of Andrew Glyn's Capitalism Unleashed:Finance, Globalization and Welfare. New Left Review 46:July–August. pp. 141–142. http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/other_publication_types/NLR28008.pdf. "The underlying premise behind the mixed economy was straightforward. Keynes and like-minded reformers were not willing to give up on capitalism, and n particular, two of its basic features: that ownership and control of the economy’s means of production would remain primarily in the hands of private capitalists; and that most economic activity would be guided by ‘market forces’, that is, the dynamic combination of material self-seeking and competition. More specifically, the driving force of the mixed economy, as with free-market capitalism, should continue to be capitalists trying to make as much profit as they can. At the same time, Keynes was clear that in maintaining a profit-driven marketplace, it was also imperative to introduce policy interventions to counteract capitalism’s inherent tendencies—demonstrated to devastating effect during the 1930s calamity—toward financial breakdowns, depressions, and mass unemployment. Keynes’s framework also showed how full employment and social welfare interventions could be justified not simply on grounds of social uplift, but could also promote the stability of capitalism."
Jump up ^ Rees, Merlyn (1973). The Public Sector in the Mixed Economy. Bratsford. p. 240. ISBN 978-0713413724.
Jump up ^ Craig, Edward (June 1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 8. Routledge. p. 827. ISBN 978-0415187138. In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other essential services in public ownership.
Jump up ^ "social democracy". Jason P. Abbot. Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy. Ed. R. J. Barry Jones. Taylor & Francis, 2001. 1410
Jump up ^ A variety of definitions for mixed economy.
Jump up ^ Brown, Douglas (November 11, 2011). Towards a Radical Democracy (Routledge Revivals): The Political Economy of the Budapest School. Routledge. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0415608794. There are in general two broad yet distinguishable definitions of 'mixed economy': a political definition and an apolitical definition. The political definition refers to the degree of state intervention in what is basically a market economy. Thus this definition 'portray[s] the phenomenon in terms of state encroaching upon the market and thereby suggest[s] that market is the natural or preferable mechanism...The political definition of 'mixed economy' precludes extending it to non-capitalist systems
Jump up ^ Brown, Douglas (November 11, 2011). Towards a Radical Democracy (Routledge Revivals): The Political Economy of the Budapest School. Routledge. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0415608794. The apolitical definition of 'mixed economy' generally refers to the mix of public and private ownership forms...Here 'mixed economy' itself does not specify a political form. it means an economy characterized by a combination of public and private ownership as well as planning and markets
Jump up ^ Reisman, David A. Theories of the Mixed Economy (Theories of the mixed economy). Pickering & Chatto Ltd. ISBN 1-85196-214-X.
Jump up ^ Tawney, R. H. (1964). Equality. London: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 0-04-323014-8.
Jump up ^ Crosland, A. (1977). The Future of socialism. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-9586-1.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Martin. Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener St. Martin's Press (1991), p. 126
Jump up ^ Vuong, Quan-Hoang. Financial Markets in Vietnam's Transition Economy: Facts, Insights, Implications. ISBN 978-3-639-23383-4, VDM Verlag, Feb. 2010, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
Jump up ^ Pius XI, Quadragesimo Anno, para 79, published 15 May 1931, accessed 12 August 2018; the papal text refers to "every social activity", not only to government.
Jump up ^ David Hollenbach, S.J. (1984). "Unemployment and Jobs: A Theological and Ethical Perspective". In Houck, John; Williams, Oliver. Catholic social teaching and the United States economy: working papers for a bishops' pastoral. University Press of America. pp. 132–133.
Jump up ^ Denis O'Brien (2014). "Subsidiarity and Solidarity". In Booth, Phillip. Catholic social teaching and the market economy. The Institute of Economic Affairs. p. 454.
Jump up ^ Adams 1993, pp. 102-103: "The emergence of social democracy was partly a result of the Cold War. People argued that if the Stalinist Soviet empire, where the state controlled everything, showed socialism in action, then socialism was not worth having. [...] The consensus policies of a mixed and managed economy and the welfare state, developed by the post-war Labour government, seemed in themselves to provide a basis for a viable socialism that would combine prosperity and freedom with social justice and the possibility of a full life for everyone. They could be seen as a compromise between socialism and capitalism."
Jump up ^ Weisskopf 1992, p. 10: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system."
Jump up ^ Miller 1998, p. 827: "In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other essential services in public ownership."
Jump up ^ Jones 2001, p. 1410: "In addition, particularly since World War II, distinctions have sometimes been made between social democrats and socialists on the basis that the former have accepted the permanence of the mixed economy and have abandoned the idea of replacing the capitalist system with a qualitatively different socialist society."
Jump up ^ Heywood 2012, pp. 125–128: "As an ideological stance, social democracy took shape around the mid-twentieth century, resulting from the tendency among western socialist parties not only to adopt parliamentary strategies, but also to revise their socialist goals. In particular, they abandoned the goal of abolishing capitalism and sought instead to reform or ‘humanize’ it. Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other."
Jump up ^ The Political Economy of Fascism, by Gupta, Dipankar. 1977. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 12, No. 25 (Jun. 18, 1977), pp. 987-992
Jump up ^ Feasible Socialism: Market or Plan – Or Both: http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Ratner/Feassoc.html
Jump up ^ Steger, Manfred B. The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pg. 146.
Jump up ^ "Socialist Market Economic System". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. June 25, 2004. Retrieved February 8, 2018. The development of the economic system with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side is a basic characteristic of the socialist economic system at the preliminary stage. This is decided by the quality of socialism and the national situation in preliminary stage: first, China, as a socialist country, should persist in public ownership as the base of the socialist economy; second, China, as in its preliminary stage, should develop diverse forms of ownership on condition that the public ownership plays a dominant role
Jump up ^ Pollin, Robert. 2007. '"Resurrection of the Rentier", book review of Andrew Glyn's Capitalism Unleashed:Finance, Globalization and Welfare. New Left Review 46:July–August. pp. 141–142. http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/other_publication_types/NLR28008.pdf. "The underlying premise behind the mixed economy was straightforward. Keynes and like-minded reformers were not willing to give up on capitalism, and n particular, two of its basic features: that ownership and control of the economy’s means of production would remain primarily in the hands of private capitalists; and that most economic activity would be guided by ‘market forces’, that is, the dynamic combination of material self-seeking and competition. More specifically, the driving force of the mixed economy, as with free-market capitalism, should continue to be capitalists trying to make as much profit as they can. At the same time, Keynes was clear that in maintaining a profit-driven marketplace, it was also imperative to introduce policy interventions to counteract capitalism’s inherent tendencies—demonstrated to devastating effect during the 1930s calamity—toward financial breakdowns, depressions, and mass unemployment. Keynes’s framework also showed how full employment and social welfare interventions could be justified not simply on grounds of social uplift, but could also promote the stability of capitalism."
Jump up ^ U.S. Economy - Basic Conditions & Resources. U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany. "The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles." Accessed: October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ (4)Outline of the U.S. Economy – (2)How the U.S. Economy Works. U.S. Embassy Information Resource Center. "As a result, the American economy is perhaps better described as a "mixed" economy, with government playing an important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterprise and government management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkably successful." Accessed: October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lahti, Arto. Globalization & the Nordic Success Model: Part II. 2010. Arto Lahti & Ventus Publishing ApS. p 60. ISBN 978-87-7681-550-9.
Jump up ^ Eds. Johan Fritzell, Bjorn Hvinden, Mikko Kautto, Jon Kvist, Hannu Uusitalo. Nordic Welfare States in the European Context. 2001. Routledge. p 3. ISBN 0-415-24161-8.
^ Jump up to: a b (Gardner)
Jump up ^ "The Progressive Movement". United States History. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Making of Modern British Politics, Martin Pugh
Jump up ^ Global Political Economy, Robert O'Brien and Marc Williams
Jump up ^ *Gill: "By 1880 the United States of America had overtaken and surpassed the UK as industrial leader of the world.: (from Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy Chapter 6 titled "America becomes Number 1" pg. 39–49 – published 1990 by Praeger Publishers in the USA – ISBN 0-275-93316-4)
Lind: "Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party of 1865–1932, by presiding over the industrialization of the United State, foreclosed the option that the United States would remain a rural society with an agrarian economy, as so many Jeffersonians had hoped." and "Hamiltonian side … the Federalists; the National Republicans; the Whigs, the Republicans; the Progressives." (from Hamilton's Republic Introduction pg. xiv–xv – published 1997 by Free Press, Simon & Schuster division in the USA – ISBN 0-684-83160-0)
Lind: "During the nineteenth century the dominant school of American political economy was the "American School" of developmental economic nationalism. … The patron saint of the American School was Alexander Hamilton, whose Report on Manufactures (1791) had called for federal government activism in sponsoring infrastructure development and industrialization behind tariff walls that would keep out British manufactured goods...The American School, elabourated in the nineteenth century by economists like Henry Carey (who advised President Lincoln), inspired the "American System" of Henry Clay and the protectionist import-substitution policies of Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party well into the twentieth century." (from Hamilton's Republic Part III "The American School of National Economy" pg. 229–230 published 1997 by Free Press, Simon & Schuster division in the USA – ISBN 0-684-83160-0)
Richardson: "By 1865, the Republicans had developed a series of high tariffs and taxes that reflected the economic theories of Carey and Wayland and were designed to strengthen and benefit all parts of the American economy, raising the standard of living for everyone. As a Republican concluded..."Congress must shape its legislation as to incidentally aid all branches of industry, render the people prosperous, and enable them to pay taxes...for ordinary expenses of Government." (from "The Greatest Nation of the Earth" Chapter 4 titled "Directing the Legislation of the Country to the Improvement of the Country: Tariff and Tax Legislation" pg. 136-137 published 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College in the USA – ISBN 0-674-36213-6)
Boritt: "Lincoln thus had the pleasure of signing into law much of the program he had worked for through the better part of his political life. And this, as Leornard P. Curry, the historian of the legislation has aptly written, amounted to a "blueprint for modern America." and "The man Lincoln selected for the sensitive position of Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, was an ex-Democrat, but of the moderate cariety on economics, one whom Joseph Dorfman could even describe as 'a good Hamiltonian, and a western progressive of the Lincoln stamp in everything from a tariff to a national bank.'" (from Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream Chapter 14 titled "The Whig in the White House" pg. 196–197 published 1994 by University of Illinois Press in the USA – ISBN 0-252-06445-3
Jump up ^ Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0262182348. After World War II a wave of nationalizations occurred, affecting the Bank of France, the four largest commercial banks, the four leading groups of insurance companies, all electric power and gas producers, the coal mining industry, Air France, and the Renault automobile company (the last specifically because of wartime collabouration with the Nazis by its owner). Until 1981 no other firms were nationalized, although occasionally new public enterprises were created from scratch or the government bought part of ownership, as it did with Dassault Aircraft in 1978. Until 1986 none of these industries were denationalized.
Jump up ^ Fan, He (January 9, 2015). "The long march to the mixed economy in China". East Asia Forum. East Asia Forum. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mises, Ludwig. Human Action: A Treastise on Economics. Liberty Fund. p. 259. ISBN 978-0865976313. There is no mixture of the two systems possible or thinkable; there is no such thing as a mixed economy, a system that would be in part capitalistic and in part socialist.
Jump up ^ Mises, Ludwig. Human Action: A Treastise on Economics. Liberty Fund. p. 259. ISBN 978-0865976313. The fact that the state or municipalities own and operate some plants does not alter the characteristic features of a market economy. These publicly owned and operated enterprises are subject to the sovereignty of the market. They must fit themselves, as buyers of raw materials, equipment, and labour, and as sellers of goods and services, into the scheme of the market economy. They are subject to the laws of the market and thereby depend on the consumers who may or may not patronize them. They must strive for profits, or at least, to avoid losses.
Jump up ^ Paul Mattick (1969). "The Limits of the Mixed Economy". Marxism.org. Retrieved 17 January 2014. To be sure, 'orthodox Marxism' maintains that the mixed economy is still the capitalism of old, just as 'orthodox' bourgeois theory insists that the mixed economy is a camouflaged form of socialism. Generally, however, both the state-capitalist and mixed economies are recognized as economic systems adhering to the principle of progress by way of capital accumulation.
Further reading[edit]
Buchanan, James M. (1986) Liberty, Market and State: Political Economy in the 1980s New York University Press.
Buckwitz, George D. (1991) America’s Welfare State: From Roosevelt to Reagan. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Derthick, Martha and Paul J. Quirk (1985) The Politics of Deregulation. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Gross, Kyle B. (1991) The Politics of State Expansion: War, State and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain. New York: Routledge.
Rosin, Kirk (“Economic theory and the welfare state: a survey and interpretation.” Journal of Economic Literature, 30(2): 741-803. 1992, a review essay looking at the economics literature
Sanford Ikeda; Dynamics of the Mixed Economy: Toward a Theory of Interventionism London: Routledge 1997
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values: Progressive Alliance (political international)

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Third position

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People's Republic of China

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values: Edit section: Mix of free markets and state intervention

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Employment standards

values: Edit section: Mix of private and public enterprise

values: Edit section: Mix of markets and economic planning

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Public-private partnership

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values: The Public Sector in the Mixed Economy (page does not exist)

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https://www.amazon.com/dp/3639233832

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Martin Pugh (author)

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