text:
Susanna Moodie
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Susanna Moodie
Susanna Moodie, artist
Born
Susannah Strickland
(1803-12-06)6 December 1803
Bungay, River Waveney, Suffolk
Died
8 April 1885(1885-04-08) (aged 81)
Toronto, Ontario
Occupation
Author
Genre
Children
Susanna Moodie (born Strickland; 6 December 1803 – 8 April 1885) was an English-born Canadian author who wrote about her experiences as a settler in Canada, which was a British colony at the time.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Recognition
1.1.1 Commemorative postage stamp
2 Bibliography
2.1 Novels
2.2 Poetry
2.3 Children's books
2.4 Memoirs
2.5 Letters
3 References
4 External links
Biography[edit]
Susanna Moodie was born in Bungay, on the River Waveney in Suffolk. She was the youngest sister of a family of writers, including Agnes Strickland, Jane Margaret Strickland and Catharine Parr Traill.[2] She wrote her first children's book in 1822, and published other children's stories in London, including books about Spartacus and Jugurtha. In London she was also involved in the Anti-Slavery Society, transcribing the narrative of the former Caribbean slave Mary Prince.[3] On 4 April 1831, she married John Moodie, a retired officer who had served in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1832, with her husband and daughter, Moodie immigrated to Upper Canada. The family settled on a farm in Douro township, near Lakefield, north of Peterborough, where her brother Samuel worked as a surveyor, and where artifacts are housed in a museum. Founded by Samuel, the museum was formerly an Anglican church and overlooks the Otonabee River where Susanna once canoed. It also displays artifacts concerning both Samuel and Catharine Parr Traill.
Moodie continued to write in Canada and her letters and journals contain valuable information about life in the colony. She observed life in what was then the backwoods of Ontario, including native customs, the climate, the wildlife, relations between the Canadian population and recent American settlers, and the strong sense of community and the communal work, known as "bees" (which she, incidentally, hated). She suffered through the economic depression in 1836, and her husband served in the militia against William Lyon Mackenzie in the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837.
As a middle-class Englishwoman, Moodie did not particularly enjoy "the bush", as she called it. In 1840 she and her husband moved to Belleville, which she referred to as "the clearings". She studied the Family Compact and became sympathetic to the moderate reformers led by Robert Baldwin, while remaining critical of radical reformers such as William Lyon Mackenzie. This caused problems for her husband, who shared her views, but, as sheriff of Belleville, had to work with members and supporters of the Family Compact.
In 1852, she published Roughing it in the Bush, detailing her experiences on the farm in the 1830s. In 1853, she published Life in the Clearings Versus the Bush, about her time in Belleville. She remained in Belleville, living with various family members (particularly her son Robert) after her husband's death, and lived to see Canadian Confederation. She died in Toronto, Ontario on 8 April 1885 and is buried in Belleville Cemetery.
Her greatest success was Roughing it in the Bush. The inspiration for the memoir came from a suggestion by her editor that she write an "emigrant's guide" for British people looking to move to Canada. Moodie wrote of the trials and tribulations she found as a "New Canadian", rather than the advantages to be had in the colony. She claimed that her intention was not to discourage immigrants but to prepare people like herself, raised in relative wealth and with no prior experience as farmers, for what life in Canada would be like.
Moodie taught her daughter Agnes how to paint flowers and Agnes later illustrated Canadian Wild Flowers, published in 1868.[4]
Recognition[edit]
Moodie's books and poetry inspired Margaret Atwood's collection of poetry, The Journals of Susanna Moodie, published in 1970. It was also an important influence on one of Atwood's later novels, Alias Grace, based on an account of murder convict Grace Marks which appeared in Life in the Clearings Versus the Bush. She has also been a source of inspiration for Carol Shields, who published a critical analysis of Susanna Moodie's work, Susanna Moodie: Voice and Vision. Additionally, the central character of Shields' novel, Small Ceremonies, is working on a biography of Moodie.
Commemorative postage stamp[edit]
On 8 September 2003, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the National Library of Canada, Canada Post released a special commemorative series, "The Writers of Canada", with a design by Katalina Kovats, featuring two English-Canadian and two French-Canadian stamps. Three million stamps were issued. Moodie and her sister Catherine Parr Traill were featured on one of the English-Canadian stamps.[5]
Bibliography[edit]
The sailor brother
Novels[edit]
Mark Hurdlestone – 1853
Flora Lyndsay – 1854
Matrimonial Speculations – 1854
Geoffrey Moncton – 1855
The World Before Them – 1868
Poetry[edit]
Patriotic Songs – 1830 (with Agnes Strickland)
Enthusiasm and Other Poems – 1831
Children's books[edit]
Spartacus – 1822
The Little Quaker
The Sailor Brother
The Little Prisoner
Hugh Latimer – 1828
Rowland Massingham
Profession and Principle
George Leatrim – 1875
Memoirs[edit]
Roughing It in the Bush – 1852
Life in the Backwoods; A Sequel to Roughing it in the Bush
Life in the Clearings Versus the Bush – 1853
Letters[edit]
Letters of a Lifetime – 1985 (edited by Carl Ballstadt, Elizabeth Hopkins, and Michael Peterman)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ballstadt, Carl; et al. (1993). Letters of a Lifetime. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 257. ISBN 0-8020-2580-3.
Jump up ^ Rosemary Mitchell, ‘Strickland, Agnes (1796–1874)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 26 May 2015
Jump up ^ Davies, Carole (2008). Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture. N-Z, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 770.
Jump up ^ "Fitzgibbon, Agnes Dunbar Moodie". Canadian Women Artists History Initiative.
Jump up ^ "50th Anniversary of the National Library / Canadian Authors Archived 23 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine.," Canada Post, Web, 28 Mar 2011.
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Susanna Moodie
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Susanna Moodie
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Works written by or about Susanna Moodie at Wikisource
Quotations related to Susanna Moodie at Wikiquote
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Works by Susanna Moodie at Project Gutenberg
Works by Susanna Moodie at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by or about Susanna Moodie at Internet Archive
Works by Susanna Moodie at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Moodie, Susanna. Life in the clearings versus the bush. London : Richard Bentley, 1853. Accessed 18 July 2012, in PDF format.
Ashton Warner – Slave Narrative of St Vincent, British West Indies 1831
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 20989
LCCN: n50001362
ISNI: 0000 0001 0860 8297
GND: 119027852
SUDOC: 028115910
BNF: cb120014792 (data)
BIBSYS: 90089955
NLA: 35741678
SNAC: w6hd9vxg
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanna_Moodie&oldid=828013584"
Categories:
Canadian children's writers
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Canadian women novelists
Canadian women poets
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Women of the Victorian era
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1803 births
1885 deaths
19th-century Canadian women writers
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text:
Quinn James
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Quinn James
Shantel VanSanten as Quinn James
One Tree Hill character
Portrayed by
Shantel VanSanten
First appearance
"4:30 AM (Apparently They Were Traveling Abroad)"
(episode 7.01)
Last appearance
"One Tree Hill"
(episode 9.13)
Created by
Mark Schwahn
Profile
Other names
Quinn James Fletcher
(first married name)
Quinn James Evans
(current married name)
Occupation
Photographer
Residence
Tree Hill, North Carolina
[show]Family
Family
James "Jimmy" James
(father; deceased)
Lydia James
(mother; née Brigard; deceased)
Vivian James
(older sister)
Taylor James
(older sister)
Haley James Scott
(younger sister)
Three unnamed brothers
Nathan Scott
brotherin law)
Unnamed niece
(niece, via Vivian and her husband)
James "Jamie" Scott
(nephew, via Nathan and Haley)
Lydia Scott
(goddaughter/niece, via Nathan and Haley)
Spouse
David Fletcher
(ex-husband)
Clay Evans
(husband)
Children
Logan Evans
(adoptive son, with Clay)
Quinn James Evans (formerly Fletcher) is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Shantel VanSanten. Introduced in the show's seventh season, Quinn is the elder sister to Haley James Scott. As the series progresses, she also becomes close friends with Brooke Davis and becomes romantically involved with Clay Evans, whom she marries in the series finale.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character development
1.1 Background
2 Character arc
2.1 Season 7
2.2 Season 8
2.3 Season 9
Character development[edit]
Background[edit]
Quinn Alexandra James was raised by Jimmy and Lydia James into a big family; including her sisters Taylor, Vivian (mentioned but never seen), Haley and three brothers. Quinn is a couple of years older than Haley, though she is younger than Vivian and Taylor. After school, Quinn became a photographer and married David Fletcher. They lived in an apartment before David bought a house with a dark room, as promised.
Character arc[edit]
Season 7[edit]
While Haley and Nathan were preparing for Jamie's seventh birthday, Quinn dropped in to see them. She attended Jamie's party, where she caught the attention of Nathan's sports agent Clay Evans, who thought she was hot, to which Quinn responded "I am hot." She continued to play the part of Jamie's fun aunt, playing a game of football with him and his friends, hiding the pain and lack of direction she was really feeling. She at first avoided telling Haley the truth about the breakdown of her marriage saying that David was simply off making a documentary but she later revealed that she left David because he wasn't the same person she fell in love with and she refused to spend her life with a complete stranger. David then started to contact Quinn, ringing her nonstop, forcing Haley to question why she actually left him. That night, Quinn told Haley about the day she decided she didn't want to be with David anymore. Quinn started to settle into life in Tree Hill and returned to working when Brooke Davis recruited her to photograph Alex Dupre in a Clothes Over Bro's photo shoot. During the shoot, Quinn showed her creative talent and befriended both Brooke and Millicent Huxtable but they were disrupted when Haley arrived having learned of the accusations against Nathan. After the shoot and trying to console Haley while at TRIC, Quinn ran into Clay and they talked until Clay left with Alex, prompting Quinn to ask if he is 'that guy'. Quinn continued to avoid her husband's call but was stunned when David arrived at TRIC, saying she had to talk to him eventually.
David then asked Quinn to come home, but she said she needed more time to think about it. Quinn met with David later and asked him for a divorce, saying that they couldn't save their marriage. At the fashion show, David arrived drunk and tried to persuade Quinn to talk to her, but Clay intervened and punched him. Quinn then talked to David again, and asked him to leave Tree Hill and to let go of her. Leaving David, she saw Clay and got into his car asking to go back to his place.
After going back to Clay's house, the two didn't sleep together and instead spent the night talking. The morning after, Clay and Quinn had breakfast together and continued to bond. When Quinn returned to the Scott house, David showed up wanting to know if Quinn went home with Clay the night before. When Quinn said that she did David told her that she had found a way to make him give up hope on them. He then said goodbye to her and left Tree Hill. With his scandal growing, Nathan told Clay not to see Quinn, however Clay found himself allowing Quinn to stay at his when the drama at the Scott house was too much.
In need of emotional support, Quinn turned to Clay but he decided to respect Nathan's request to leave Quinn alone. David returned all of Quinn's belongings, but he threw them all over Clay's driveway, forcing Quinn to go to his house to gather all her things. While going through her belongings, Quinn reminisced about her time with David. Ultimately deciding she wanted to move on, she went to see Clay, who she was unaware was dealing with the death of his late wife Sara. However, when Clay answered the door, he told her to go home to David because he didn't want to lose Sara.
Trying to move past Clay, Quinn had a girls' night in with Haley and Brooke and they called over Quinn's psychic Zelda to do readings for them. During her reading, Zelda told Quinn that a man in her life suffered a great loss and was struggling. After being told that it wasn't David, Quinn realized that Clay needed her and Zelda was referring to him. She went to his house, but he turned her away once again. However, realizing that he needed to let Quinn into his life, he ran to her car in the rain and stopped her - telling her about Sara. They then spent the night together on the beach talking about Sara and Quinn realized that Clay was finally letting her in. Quinn and Clay's relationship went from strong to stronger on the same day. On the night of Haley's concert, Quinn and Clay returned to the beach and after both admitting that they were scared and were tired of being afraid, they kissed.
When the Charlotte Bobcats signed another player instead of Nathan gets furious at Clay for both not getting him a new contract and for seeing Quinn, Nathan fired him. Quinn tried to support Clay but found there was nothing she could do. Returning to Nathan and Haley's house, Quinn didn't face a warm reception from Haley who told Quinn not to talk to her given that she played a huge part in Nathan losing his job. She then started to pack her bags and leave their house causing another argument between her and Haley, who said that Clay got careless by spending time with Quinn. Stating that Clay worked extremely hard for Nathan and that he received nothing in return, she was glad Clay wasn't in Nathan's life anymore.
Quinn and Haley put their differences on hold because Haley needed her sister's help. Needing to help Clay, Quinn went to his office and found his assistant - asking her to help Clay. Clay's assistant told Quinn that Joe Turner's mother was sick and, while the meaningfulness of this was lost on Quinn, when she told Clay, he took Quinn to Joe's house to talk to him, in a bid to persuade Joe to let Clay negotiate a deal with the Bobcats to allow Joe to play for them - a plan which could also get Nathan back on the team. With Joe on board after Clay visited him, he then had to persuade the Bobcats to sign a deal in which Joe and Nathan could be signed to the team and Derek McDaniel traded off the team to another. However, Quinn and Clay struggled to gain access to the Bobcats' arena, until Clay came up with a plan for Quinn to pose as a cheerleader. His plan faced an unexpected twist when Quinn's turn to perform came before Clay finished his discussions. Quinn initially copied another cheerleader but when she left the stage, Quinn was forced to improvise and decided to have fun with the routine while Clay watched from the sidelines. Clay got the deal and they broke the good news to an ecstatic Nathan and Haley, but Clay told Nathan that if he was to sign with him again he would have to know that he planned on falling completely in love with Quinn. Quinn and Clay then met at the beach and their relationship was made permanent when Quinn walked into the sea, facing her fear, to be with him
One of Clay's prospective clients, Katie Ryan bears an uncanny resemblance to Sara, Clay's dead wife. She soon begins to stalk Clay and even dyes her hair blonde to perfect her resemblance to Sara. However, when she realizes that Clay will never leave Quinn, Katie breaks into the beach house and shoots both Quinn and Clay before leaving them for dead.
Season 8[edit]
Having been shot by Katie Ryan, Haley finds Clay and Quinn in their beach house. She then rushes the two to the hospital. While in a coma, Clay and Quinn meet in a dream and remember what happened to them after spending the day on the beach. Once they discover they've been shot they watch their body and loved ones in the hospital. They realize that it is really distressing for them. Quinn gets well enough to come out of her coma but first refuses to leave Clay. Quinn stays by Clay's side and is desperate for him to wake up. Clay is later on a respirator until in his dream he met Will Bennett, who later dies and donated his organs to helping others and gives Clay his kidney, Clay's best friend Nathan had previously decided to donate his but wasn't a match.
Clay soon recovers, and leaves the hospital with Quinn. Once they return to their home together Quinn has trouble sleeping and has nightmares. In one of them she sees Katie as zombie as well as Nathan, Haley and Jamie. Clay eventually realizes something is wrong when he finds a gun in her drawer on Halloween night, right after she tells him she thinks she saw Katie on the monitor. Therefore, Clay asks her to go to South Africa for her work.
After not appearing in two episodes Quinn returns on Thanksgiving Day and seems quite happy but tired. When she opens her envelope containing her pictures she finds some of Katie, thus making it well known to her that she is back. After this Quinn goes to visits Dan for information on what she should do with Katie. Dan tries to convince her not to kill Katie and to open her eyes. After driving back home she stops by the river and throws her gun into the river. In the thunderstorm, Katie attacks Quinn at her home and Quinn struggles to stay alive. First she hides under her bed but Katie finds her and pulls her out. The two of them start a hide and seek game and when Quinn has the chance to escape, Katie tells her that she will find her. Quinn upon hearing this attacks Katie and throws her into the pool. Quinn pretends to have drowned so when Katie gets out and goes into the house Quinn grabs Katie's gun that was on the bed in the beach house and in the end she manages to shoot Katie but does not kill her. After the ordeal Quinn goes to a party along with Alex, Brooke, Haley and Millie and wakes up drunk the next day.
Season 9[edit]
At the start of season 9, Quinn is struggling with Clay as he has been sleepwalking and waking up in random places. Quinn tries to get Clay to seek help, however this causes Clay to act out even more and starts to argue with Quinn. Clay decides that it would be best if he was to go to a facility that would help him recover. Quinn struggles without Clay, however Clay is making progress and has started a friendship with a young boy, Logan. It is discovered that Clay was sleepwalking because he was blocking out a part of his life with Sara. Clay remembers that Logan is his son. Quinn tries to help Clay to tell Logan that he is his father. Quinn comforts Clay when Logan rejects Clay, however Logan reconsiders and wants Clay and Quinn to be a part of his life. Quinn and Clay prepare for Logan's first sleepover at the beach house. It is at this time that Clay proposes to Quinn. She says yes. In the final episode, Quinn and Clay make their way to the registry office to adopt Logan. Here Logan calls Quinn, 'mom' so this prompts Quinn to suggest that her and Clay get married there and then. They get married and adopt Logan.
[show]
v
t
e
One Tree Hill
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Season 8
Season 9
Characters
Original
Lucas Scott
Nathan Scott
Peyton Sawyer
Haley James Scott
Dan Scott
Brooke Davis
Whitey Durham
Keith Scott
Karen Roe
Deb Lee
Mouth McFadden
Skills Taylor
Secondary
Rachel Gatina
Jamie Scott
Millicent Huxtable
Julian Baker
Clay Evans
Quinn James
Alex Dupre
Chase Adams
Chris Keller
Recurring
Jake Jagielski
Tim Smith
Bevin Mirskey
Andy Hargrove
Lindsey Strauss
Victoria Davis
Mia Catalano
Quentin Fields
Nanny Carrie
Sam Walker
Episodes
"Pilot"
"With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept"
"4 Years, 6 Months, 2 Days"
"Hundred"
"Remember Me as a Time of Day"
"Almost Everything I Wish I'd Said the Last Time I Saw You"
"Darkness on the Edge of Town"
"This is My House, This is My Home"
"Last Known Surroundings"
"Danny Boy"
"One Tree Hill"
Related
Official soundtracks
"I Don't Want to Be"
Tree Hill, North Carolina
Clothes Over Bro's
Red Bedroom Records
Created by: Mark Schwahn
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quinn_James&oldid=779422030"
Categories:
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Fictional cheerleaders
Fictional photographers
Fictional characters from North Carolina
Fictional characters introduced in 2009
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This page was last edited on 8 May 2017, at 20:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Saturated fat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Types of fats in food
Unsaturated fat
Monounsaturated fat
ω−7
ω−9
Polyunsaturated fat
ω−3
ω−6
Trans fat
Saturated fat
Interesterified fat
See also
Fatty acid
Essential fatty acid
Conditionally essential fatty acid
Cholesterol
v
t
e
A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds. A fat is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Fats are made of long chains of carbon (C) atoms. Some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (-C-C-) and others are linked by double bonds (-C=C-).[1] Double bonds can react with hydrogen to form single bonds. They are called saturated, because the second bond is broken up and each half of the bond is attached to (saturated with) a hydrogen atom. Most animal fats are saturated. The fats of plants and fish are generally unsaturated.[1] Saturated fats tend to have higher melting points than their corresponding unsaturated fats, leading to the popular understanding that saturated fats tend to be solids at room temperatures, while unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature with varying degrees of viscosity (meaning both saturated and unsaturated fats are found to be liquid at body temperature).
Various fats contain different proportions of saturated and unsaturated fat. Examples of foods containing a high proportion of saturated fat include animal fat products such as cream, cheese, butter, other whole milk dairy products and fatty meats which also contain dietary cholesterol.[2] Certain vegetable products have high saturated fat content, such as coconut oil and palm kernel oil.[3] Many prepared foods are high in saturated fat content, such as pizza, dairy desserts, and sausage.[2][4]
Guidelines released by many medical organizations including the World Health Organization have advocated for reduction in the intake of saturated fat to promote health and reduce the risk from cardiovascular diseases. Many review articles also recommend a diet low in saturated fat and argue it will lower risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, or death.[5][6] However, a smaller number of other reviews have come to different conclusions.[7][8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Fat profiles
2 Examples of saturated fatty acids
3 Association with diseases
3.1 Cardiovascular disease
3.1.1 Dyslipidemia
3.2 Cancer
3.2.1 Breast cancer
3.2.2 Colorectal cancer
3.2.3 Ovarian cancer
3.2.4 Prostate cancer
3.3 Bones
4 Dietary recommendations
5 Molecular description
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Fat profiles[edit]
While nutrition labels regularly combine them, the saturated fatty acids appear in different proportions among food groups. Lauric and myristic acids are most commonly found in "tropical" oils (e.g., palm kernel, coconut) and dairy products. The saturated fat in meat, eggs, cacao, and nuts is primarily the triglycerides of palmitic and stearic acids.
Saturated fat profile of common foods; Esterified fatty acids as percentage of total fat[10]
Food
Lauric acid
Myristic acid
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Coconut oil 47% 18% 9% 3%
Palm kernel oil 48% 1% 44% 5%
Butter 3% 11% 29% 13%
Ground beef 0% 4% 26% 15%
Salmon 0% 1% 29% 3%
Egg yolks 0% 0.3% 27% 10%
Cashews 2% 1% 10% 7%
Soybean oil 0% 0% 11% 4%
Examples of saturated fatty acids[edit]
Main article: List of saturated fatty acids
Some common examples of fatty acids:
Butyric acid with 4 carbon atoms (contained in butter)
Lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms (contained in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and breast milk)
Myristic acid with 14 carbon atoms (contained in cow's milk and dairy products)
Palmitic acid with 16 carbon atoms (contained in palm oil and meat)
Stearic acid with 18 carbon atoms (also contained in meat and cocoa butter)
view
talk
edit
Food
Saturated
Mono-
unsaturated
Poly-
unsaturated
As weight percent (%) of total fat
Cooking oils
Canola oil 08 64 28
Coconut oil 87 13 00
Corn oil 13 24 59
Cottonseed oil[11] 27 19 54
Olive oil[12] 14 73 11
Palm kernel oil[11] 86 12 02
Palm oil[11] 51 39 10
Peanut oil[13] 17 46 32
Rice bran oil 25 38 37
Safflower oil, high oleic[14] 06 75 14
Safflower oil, linoleic[11][15] 06 14 75
Soybean oil 15 24 58
Sunflower oil[16] 11 20 69
Mustard oil 11 59 21
Dairy products
Butterfat[11] 66 30 04
Cheese, regular 64 29 03
Cheese, light 60 30 00
Ice cream, gourmet 62 29 04
Ice cream, light 62 29 04
Milk, whole 62 28 04
Milk, 2% 62 30 00
*Whipping cream[17] 66 26 05
Meats
Beef 33 38 05
Ground sirloin 38 44 04
Pork chop 35 44 08
Ham 35 49 16
Chicken breast 29 34 21
Chicken 34 23 30
Turkey breast 30 20 30
Turkey drumstick 32 22 30
Fish, orange roughy 23 15 46
Salmon 28 33 28
Hot dog, beef 42 48 05
Hot dog, turkey 28 40 22
Burger, fast food 36 44 06
Cheeseburger, fast food 43 40 07
Breaded chicken sandwich 20 39 32
Grilled chicken sandwich 26 42 20
Sausage, Polish 37 46 11
Sausage, turkey 28 40 22
Pizza, sausage 41 32 20
Pizza, cheese 60 28 05
Nuts
Almonds dry roasted 09 65 21
Cashews dry roasted 20 59 17
Macadamia dry roasted 15 79 02
Peanut dry roasted 14 50 31
Pecans dry roasted 08 62 25
Flaxseeds, ground 08 23 65
Sesame seeds 14 38 44
Soybeans 14 22 57
Sunflower seeds 11 19 66
Walnuts dry roasted 09 23 63
Sweets and baked goods
Candy, chocolate bar 59 33 03
Candy, fruit chews 14 44 38
Cookie, oatmeal raisin 22 47 27
Cookie, chocolate chip 35 42 18
Cake, yellow 60 25 10
Pastry, Danish 50 31 14
Fats added during cooking or at the table
Butter, stick 63 29 03
Butter, whipped 62 29 04
Margarine, stick 18 39 39
Margarine, tub 16 33 49
Margarine, light tub 19 46 33
Lard 39 45 11
Shortening 25 45 26
Chicken fat 30 45 21
Beef fat 41 43 03
Goose fat[18] 33 55 11
Dressing, blue cheese 16 54 25
Dressing, light Italian 14 24 58
Other
Egg yolk fat[19] 36 44 16
Avocado[20] 16 71 13
Unless else specified in boxes, then reference is:[21]
* 3% is trans fats
Association with diseases[edit]
Since the 1950s, it has been demonstrated that consumption of foods containing high amounts of saturated fatty acids (including meat fats, milk fat, butter, lard, coconut oil, palm oil, and palm kernel oil) is potentially less healthy than consuming fats with a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids. Sources of lower saturated fat but higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids include olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, avocados, corn, sunflower, soy, and cottonseed oils.[22][23]
Cardiovascular disease[edit]
Main article: Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease
There are strong, consistent, and graded relationships between saturated fat intake, blood cholesterol levels, and the mass occurrence of cardiovascular disease.[5] The relationships are accepted as causal.[24][25]
Many health authorities such as the American Dietetic Association,[26] the British Dietetic Association,[27] American Heart Association,[5] the World Heart Federation,[28] the British National Health Service,[29] among others,[30][31] advise that saturated fat is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization in May 2015 recommends switching from saturated to unsaturated fats.[32]
A small, limited number of systematic reviews have examined the relationship between saturated fat and cardiovascular disease and have come to different conclusions. However, these rely on observational studies and can therefore not be used to establish cause and effect relationships:
A 2017 systematic review by the American Heart Association of randomized controlled clinical trials showed that reducing intake of dietary saturated fat and replacing it with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats could reduce cardiovascular disease by about 30%, similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment for maintaining blood cholesterol within normal limits.[5]
A different 2017 systematic review of randomized, controlled trials concluded that replacing saturated fats with mostly n-6 polyunsaturated fats is unlikely to reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) events, CHD mortality or total mortality. The 2017 review showed that inadequately controlled trials (e.g., failing to control for other lifestyle factors) that were included in earlier meta-analyses explain the prior results.[33]
A 2015 systematic review also found no association between saturated fat consumption and risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, or death. However, this study only looked at observational studies, and can therefore not be used to determine cause and effect.[34]
A 2014 systematic review looking at observational studies of dietary intake of fatty acids, observational studies of measured fatty acid levels in the blood, and intervention studies of polyunsaturated fat supplementation concluded that the findings ″do not support cardiovascular guidelines that promote high consumption of long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids and suggest reduced consumption of total saturated fatty acids.″[35] Researchers acknowledged that despite their results, further research is necessary, especially in people who are initially healthy. Due to potential weaknesses in this review, experts recommend people remain with the current guidelines to reduce saturated fat consumption.[36] The American Heart Association noted that these cohort studies, unlike clinical trials, have more difficulty controlling for the consumption of carbohydrates as a replacement macronutrient for those who consumed less saturated fat.[5]
American Heart Association, 2017[5] "Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year, comprising 31.5% of total global deaths in 2013. In 2014, nearly 808,000 people in the United States died of heart disease, stroke, and other CVDs, translating to about 1 of every 3 deaths. Lowering intake of dietary saturated fat and replacing it with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by about 30%, similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment."
Harcombe, 2015[37] No reduction in CHD and all-cause mortality were observed when replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat, even though reductions in serum cholesterol were observed.
Schwab, 2014[38] There was convincing evidence that partial replacement of saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially in men.
Hooper, 2012[39] Reducing saturated fat in diets did not reduce mortality, despite reducing the risk of having a cardiovascular event by 14 percent.
Micha, 2010[40] Based on consistent evidence from human studies, replacing saturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated fat modestly lowers coronary heart disease risk, with ~10% risk reduction for a 5% energy substitution; whereas replacing SFA with carbohydrate has no benefit and replacing SFA with monounsaturated fat has uncertain effects.
Mozaffarian, 2010[41] These findings provide evidence that consuming polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) in place of SFA reduces Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) events in randomized controlled trials (RCT). Replacing saturated fats with PUFAs as percentage of calories strongly reduced CHD mortality.
Siri-Tarino, 2010[42] 5–23 years of follow-up of 347,747 subjects, 11,006 developed CHD or stroke. A meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies showed that there is no significant evidence for concluding that dietary saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of CHD or CVD.
Danaei, 2009[43] Low PUFA intake has a 1-5% Increased risk of ischemic heart disease: Low dietary PUFA (in replacement of SFA). age 30–44 Increase in RR 1.05.
Mente, 2009[44] Single-nutrient RCTs have yet to evaluate whether reducing saturated fatty acid intake lowers the risk of CHD events. For polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, most of the RCTs have not been adequately powered and did not find a significant reduction in CHD outcomes.
Skeaff, 2009[45] Intake of SFA was not significantly associated with CHD mortality, with a RR of 1.14. Moreover, there was no significant association with CHD death. Intake of PUFA was strongly significantly associated with CHD mortality, with a RR of 1.25. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the EUROASPIRE study results mirrored those of total PUFA; intake of linoleic acid was significantly associated with CHD mortality.
Jakobsen, 2009[46] "The associations suggest that replacing saturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated fatty acids rather than monounsaturated fatty acids or carbohydrates prevents CHD over a wide range of intakes."
Van Horn, 2008[47] 25-35% fats but <7% SFA and TFA reduces risk.
While many studies have found that including polyunsaturated fats in the diet in place of saturated fats produces more beneficial CVD outcomes,[5] the effects of substituting monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates are unclear.[48][49]
Dyslipidemia[edit]
See also: Lipid hypothesis
The consumption of saturated fat is generally considered a risk factor for dyslipidemia, which in turn is a risk factor for some types of cardiovascular disease.[50][51][52][53][54]
Abnormal blood lipid levels, that is high total cholesterol, high levels of triglycerides, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, "bad" cholesterol) or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, "good" cholesterol) cholesterol are all associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke.[28]
Meta-analyses have found a significant relationship between saturated fat and serum cholesterol levels.[5][55] High total cholesterol levels, which may be caused by many factors, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.[56][57] However, other indicators measuring cholesterol such as high total/HDL cholesterol ratio are more predictive than total serum cholesterol.[57] In a study of myocardial infarction in 52 countries, the ApoB/ApoA1 (related to LDL and HDL, respectively) ratio was the strongest predictor of CVD among all risk factors.[58] There are other pathways involving obesity, triglyceride levels, insulin sensitivity, endothelial function, and thrombogenicity, among others, that play a role in CVD, although it seems, in the absence of an adverse blood lipid profile, the other known risk factors have only a weak atherogenic effect.[59] Different saturated fatty acids have differing effects on various lipid levels.[60]
Cancer[edit]
Breast cancer[edit]
Main article: Epidemiology and etiology of breast cancer § Specific dietary fatty acids
A meta-analysis published in 2003 found a significant positive relationship in both control and cohort studies between saturated fat and breast cancer.[61] However two subsequent reviews have found weak or insignificant associations of saturated fat intake and breast cancer risk,[62][63] and note the prevalence of confounding factors.[62][64]
Colorectal cancer[edit]
One review found limited evidence for a positive relationship between consuming animal fat and incidence of colorectal cancer.[65]
Ovarian cancer[edit]
A meta-analysis of eight observational studies published in 2001 found a statistically significant positive relationship between saturated fat and ovarian cancer.[66] However, a 2013 study found that a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies observed no association between total fat intake and ovarian cancer risk. Further analysis revealed that omega-3 fatty acids were protective against ovarian cancer and that trans fats were a risk factor.[67] This study revealed that histological subtypes should be examined in determining the impact of dietary fat on ovarian cancer, rather than an oversimplified focus on total fat intake.
Prostate cancer[edit]
Further information: Prostate cancer § Oils and fatty acids
Some researchers have indicated that serum myristic acid[68][69] and palmitic acid[69] and dietary myristic[70] and palmitic[70] saturated fatty acids and serum palmitic combined with alpha-tocopherol supplementation[68] are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in a dose-dependent manner. These associations may, however, reflect differences in intake or metabolism of these fatty acids between the precancer cases and controls, rather than being an actual cause.[69]
Bones[edit]
Mounting evidence indicates that the amount and type of fat in the diet can have important effects on bone health. Most of this evidence is derived from animal studies. The data from one study indicated that bone mineral density is negatively associated with saturated fat intake, and that men may be particularly vulnerable.[71]
Dietary recommendations[edit]
Recommendations to reduce or limit dietary intake of saturated fats are made by the World Health Organization,[72] American Heart Association,[5] Health Canada,[73] the US Department of Health and Human Services,[74] the UK Food Standards Agency,[75] the Australian Department of Health and Aging,[76] the Singapore Government Health Promotion Board,[77] the Indian Government Citizens Health Portal,[78] the New Zealand Ministry of Health,[79] the Food and Drugs Board Ghana,[80] the Republic of Guyana Ministry of Health,[81] and Hong Kong's Centre for Food Safety.[82]
In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) expert consultation report concluded that "intake of saturated fatty acids is directly related to cardiovascular risk.[83] The traditional target is to restrict the intake of saturated fatty acids to less than 10% of daily energy intake and less than 7% for high-risk groups. If populations are consuming less than 10%, they should not increase that level of intake. Within these limits, intake of foods rich in myristic and palmitic acids should be replaced by fats with a lower content of these particular fatty acids. In developing countries, however, where energy intake for some population groups may be inadequate, energy expenditure is high and body fat stores are low (BMI <18.5 kg/m2). The amount and quality of fat supply has to be considered keeping in mind the need to meet energy requirements. Specific sources of saturated fat, such as coconut and palm oil, provide low-cost energy and may be an important source of energy for the poor."[83]
A 2004 statement released by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) determined that "Americans need to continue working to reduce saturated fat intake…"[84] In addition, reviews by the American Heart Association led the Association to recommend reducing saturated fat intake to less than 7% of total calories according to its 2006 recommendations.[85][86] This concurs with similar conclusions made by the US Department of Health and Human Services, which determined that reduction in saturated fat consumption would positively affect health and reduce the prevalence of heart disease.[87]
The United Kingdom, National Health Service claims the majority of British people eat too much saturated fat. The British Heart Foundation also advises people to cut down on saturated fat. People are advised to cut down on saturated fat and read labels on food they buy.[88][89]
A 2004 review stated that "no lower safe limit of specific saturated fatty acid intakes has been identified" and recommended that the influence of varying saturated fatty acid intakes against a background of different individual lifestyles and genetic backgrounds should be the focus in future studies.[90]
Blanket recommendations to lower saturated fat were criticized at a 2010 conference debate of the American Dietetic Association for focusing too narrowly on reducing saturated fats rather than emphasizing increased consumption of healthy fats and unrefined carbohydrates. Concern was expressed over the health risks of replacing saturated fats in the diet with refined carbohydrates, which carry a high risk of obesity and heart disease, particularly at the expense of polyunsaturated fats which may have health benefits. None of the panelists recommended heavy consumption of saturated fats, emphasizing instead the importance of overall dietary quality to cardiovascular health.[91]
In a 2017 comprehensive review of the literature and clinical trials, the American Heart Association published a recommendation that saturated fat intake be reduced or replaced by products containing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, a dietary adjustment that could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 30%.[5]
Molecular description[edit]
Two-dimensional representation of the saturated fatty acid myristic acid
A space-filling model of the saturated fatty acid myristic acid
It should be noted, as this is the defining factor of saturated fats, that the two-dimensional illustration has implicit hydrogen atoms bonded to each of the carbon atoms in the polycarbon tail of the myristic acid molecule (there are 13 carbon atoms in the tail; 14 carbon atoms in the entire molecule).
Carbon atoms are also implicitly drawn, as they are portrayed as intersections between two straight lines. "Saturated," in general, refers to a maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon of the polycarbon tail as allowed by the Octet Rule. This also means that only single bonds (sigma bonds) will be present between adjacent carbon atoms of the tail.
See also[edit]
List of saturated fatty acids
List of vegetable oils
Trans fat
Food groups
Food guide pyramid
Healthy diet
Diet and heart disease
Fast food
Junk food
Advanced glycation endproduct
ANGPTL4
Iodine value
Framingham Heart Study
Seven Countries Study
Ancel Keys
D. Mark Hegsted
Western pattern diet
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^ Jump up to: a b c Crowe FL, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Overvad K, Aardestrup IV, Johnsen NF, Tjønneland A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Zavitsanou A, Trichopoulos D, Sacerdote C, Palli D, Tumino R, Agnoli C, Kiemeney LA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Quirós JR, Sánchez MJ, González CA, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ (November 2008). "Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 88 (5): 1353–63. PMID 18996872.
^ Jump up to: a b Kurahashi N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane AS (April 2008). "Dairy product, saturated fatty acid, and calcium intake and prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of Japanese men". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 17 (4): 930–7. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2681. PMID 18398033.
Jump up ^ Corwin RL, Hartman TJ, Maczuga SA, Graubard BI (2006). "Dietary saturated fat intake is inversely associated with bone density in humans: Analysis of NHANES III". The Journal of Nutrition. 136 (1): 159–165. PMID 16365076.
Jump up ^ see the article Food pyramid (nutrition) for more information.
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Jump up ^ Smith SC, Jackson R, Pearson TA, Fuster V, Yusuf S, Faergeman O, Wood DA, Alderman M, Horgan J, Home P, Hunn M, Grundy SM (June 2004). "Principles for national and regional guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the World Heart and Stroke Forum". Circulation. 109 (25): 3112–21. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000133427.35111.67. PMID 15226228.
Jump up ^ "Dietary Guidelines for Americans" (pdf). United States Department of Agriculture. 2005.
Jump up ^ Eat less saturated fat
Jump up ^ Fats explained
Jump up ^ German JB, Dillard CJ (September 2004). "Saturated fats: what dietary intake?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (3): 550–559. PMID 15321792. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Zelman K (2011). "The Great Fat Debate: A Closer Look at the Controversy—Questioning the Validity of Age-Old Dietary Guidance". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 111 (5): 655–658. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.03.026. PMID 21515106.
Further reading[edit]
Feinman RD (2010). "Saturated Fat and Health: Recent Advances in Research". Lipids. 45 (10): 891–892. doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3446-8. PMC 2974200  . PMID 20827513.
Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Margolis KL, Mysiw WJ, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Schatz IJ, Snetselaar LG, Stevens VJ, Tinker LF, Trevisan M, Vitolins MZ, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Granek I, Greenland P, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM (2006). "Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial". Journal of the American Medical Association. 295 (6): 655–66. doi:10.1001/jama.295.6.655. PMID 16467234.
Zelman K (2011). "The Great Fat Debate". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 111 (5): 655–677. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.03.026. PMID 21515106.
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Lignoceric (C24)
Pentacosylic (C25)
Cerotic (C26)
Heptacosylic (C27)
Montanic (C28)
Nonacosylic (C29)
Melissic (C30)
Hentriacontylic (C31)
Lacceroic (C32)
Psyllic (C33)
Geddic (C34)
Ceroplastic (C35)
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Heptatriacontanoic (C37)
Octatriacontanoic (C38)
Nonatriacontanoic (C39)
Tetracontanoic (C40)
ω−3 Unsaturated
α-Linolenic (18:3)
Stearidonic (18:4)
Eicosapentaenoic (20:5)
Docosahexaenoic (22:6)
ω−5 Unsaturated
Myristoleic (14:1)
α-Eleostearic (18:3)
β-Eleostearic (trans-18:3)
Punicic (18:3)
ω−6 Unsaturated
Linoleic (18:2)
Linolelaidic (trans-18:2)
γ-Linolenic (18:3)
Calendic (18:3)
Pinolenic (18:3)
Dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3)
Arachidonic (20:4)
Adrenic (22:4)
Osbond (22:5)
ω−7 Unsaturated
Palmitoleic (16:1)
Vaccenic (18:1)
Rumenic (18:2)
Paullinic (20:1)
ω−9 Unsaturated
Oleic (18:1)
Elaidic (trans-18:1)
Gondoic (20:1)
Erucic (22:1)
Nervonic (24:1)
Mead (20:3)
ω−10 Unsaturated
Sapienic (16:1)
ω−11 Unsaturated
Gadoleic (20:1)
ω−12 Unsaturated
Petroselinic (18:1)
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