text:
Black Lightning (TV series)
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Black Lightning
Genre
Superhero
Drama
Based on
Characters from DC Comics
Developed by
Mara Brock Akil
Salim Akil
Starring
Cress Williams
China Anne McClain
Nafessa Williams
Christine Adams
James Remar
Damon Gupton
Marvin "Krondon" Jones III
Composer(s)
Kurt Farquhar[1]
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
(list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Mara Brock Akil
Salim Akil
Greg Berlanti
Sarah Schechter
Location(s)
Atlanta, Georgia
Camera setup
Single-camera
Production company(s)
Akil Productions
Berlanti Productions
DC Entertainment
Warner Bros. Television
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
The CW
External links
Website
www.cwtv.com/shows/black-lightning/
Production
website
www.warnerbros.com/tv/black-lightning-season-1
Black Lightning is an upcoming American television series that will air on The CW, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. Mara Brock Akil and Salim Akil created the series, which stars Cress Williams as the titular character alongside China Anne McClain, Nafessa Williams, Christine Adams, James Remar, Damon Gupton, and Marvin "Krondon" Jones III. The series sees the retired Black Lightning return to the hero life and its effects on his family life.
Development on the series began in September 2016 when Fox ordered a pilot production commitment for Black Lightning. In February 2017, Fox passed on the series, with it being picked up by The CW with a new script for the pilot. The CW officially ordered the series in May 2017. Black Lightning is scheduled to premiere in 2018 during the 2017–2018 season, for a 13-episode run.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing
3.3 Casting
3.4 Design
3.5 Filming
4 Episodes
5 Connection to the Arrowverse
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
Jefferson Pierce, who retired from his superhero persona Black Lightning nine years ago after seeing the effects it had on his family, is forced to become a hero again when the rise of the local gang The One Hundred leads to increased crime and corruption in his community.[3]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Cress Williams as Jefferson Pierce / Black Lightning: A retired superhero with the ability to harness and control electricity who becomes a principal at a charter high school. He returns to fighting crime thanks to his daughter and the threat of a star student being recruited by a local gang.[4][3]
China Anne McClain as Jennifer Pierce: Jefferson's younger daughter who is "an independent, outspoken scholar-athlete with a wild streak of her own."[5]
Nafessa Williams as Anissa Pierce: Jefferson's older daughter who is in medical school and teaches part-time at Jefferson's school.[5]
Christine Adams as Lynn Pierce: Jefferson's ex-wife.[6]
James Remar as Peter Gambi: Jefferson's oldest friend, who became a father figure and mentor to him, and works as his "tailor".[7]
Damon Gupton as Henderson: A veteran detective inspector with the police, who becomes an unlikely ally to Jefferson, despite his role in the community.[7]
Marvin "Krondon" Jones III as Tobias Whale: A former politician who rose through the ranks of local government through corruption who was brought down by Alvin Pierce, Jefferson's father. After killing Alvin, Tobias was exiled where he becomes the leader of The 100 gang.[8]
Recurring[edit]
Kyanna Simone Simpson as Kiesha: Jennifer Pierce's best friend and the daughter of Henderson, who encourages Jennifer to challenger her perfect image.[9]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In September 2016, after being in various stages of development, Warner Bros. Television began pitching Black Lightning to networks.[10] The project was being developed by Mara Brock Akil and her husband, Salim Akil. They were partnered with Greg Berlanti, who was behind several DC Comics properties for the studio, eventually landing at Fox with a pilot production commitment.[11] In February 2017, Fox opted not to go forward with the project, deciding that it was "not a good fit into its already crowded genre drama space".[12] Warner Bros. Television presented the project to other networks, with The CW officially ordering a pilot for Black Lightning.[13] The CW also opted to discard the original pilot script, as it had been written for Fox, and shoot a short presentation instead.[14] The CW officially ordered Black Lightning to series on May 10, 2017.[15] It will premiere in 2018 of the 2017–18 season.[3]
Writing[edit]
Salim Akil stated that Black Lightning would not follow the villain of the week format or be a procedural, because he wanted to "explore the characters, even the villains".[16]
Casting[edit]
In late February 2017, Cress Williams was cast as Jefferson Pierce / Black Lightning,[4] followed a month later by the casting of China Anne McClain and Nafessa Williams as his daughters, Jennifer Pierce and Anissa Pierce, respectively,[5] and Christine Adams was cast as Lynn Pierce, Jefferson's ex-wife.[6] At the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con International, it was announced that James Remar and Damon Gupton had joined the cast as Pierce's friend Peter Gambi and detective inspector Henderson, respectively.[7] The following month, Marvin "Krondon" Jones III was cast as Tobias Whale.[8]
At the end of September 2017, Kyanna Simone Simpson was cast as the recurring role Kiesha.[9]
Design[edit]
Black Lightning's costume was designed by Laura Jean Shannon.[17]
Filming[edit]
Filming for the series takes place in Atlanta.[18][3]
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Pilot"[4] Salim Akil Mara Brock Akil and Salim Akil TBA TBA TBD
Connection to the Arrowverse[edit]
Further information: Arrowverse
Despite airing on The CW and being created by Berlanti, Mark Pedowitz, president of The CW said in May 2017 that the series "at this time, is not part of the Arrowverse. It is a separate situation."[3] Berlanti had previously stated when the series was in development at Fox that it would not crossover with his other DC Comics television properties on The CW nor would it exist in the Arrowverse.[19] However, Akil later stated that they were not ruling out eventual crossovers.[16] In August 2017, Pedowitz added, "If [the showrunners] wish to bring it in, that is their call. We had a long discussion with the studio, Mara, Salim and myself. We were fine with them making it separate from the Arrowverse, they have a different point a view. If they end up wanting to go that way, that will be their decision."[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kurt Farquhar [@KurtFarquhar] (March 29, 2017). "So happy to be composer for Black Lightning! Thanks Akils! #gregberlanti #tvmusic #blacklightning #kurtfarquhar" (Tweet). Retrieved August 19, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Sydney Bucksbaum [@SydneyBucksbaum] (August 2, 2017). "#TheOriginals final season and #BlackLightning will also be 13 episodes each this year. #TCA17" (Tweet). Retrieved August 2, 2017 – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Abrams, Natalie (May 18, 2017). "The CW's Black Lightning not part of Arrowverse, crossover unlikely". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Swift, Andy (February 24, 2017). "Black Lightning: Cress Williams to Star in The CW's Latest DC Comics Pilot". TVLine. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andreeva, Nellie (March 2, 2017). "'Black Lightning' CW Pilot: Nafessa Williams, China Anne McClain Cast". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (March 10, 2017). "'Black Lightning': Christine Adams Cast As Jefferson's Ex-Wife". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Petski, Denise (July 22, 2017). "‘Black Lightning’ Casts James Remar & Damon Gupton As Series Regulars, Watch Trailer – Comic-Con". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramos, Dino-Ray (August 10, 2017). "‘Black Lightning’ Adds Marvin “Krondon” Jones III As Villain Tobias Whale". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (September 26, 2017). "‘Black Lightning’: Kyanna Simone Simpson Set To Recur In the CW Series". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 1, 2016). "‘Black Lightning’ DC Superhero Series In Works From Greg Berlanti, Mara Brock Akil & Salim Akil". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 8, 2016). "Fox Nabs ‘Black Lightning’ DC Superhero Drama With Pilot Production Commitment". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 2, 2017). "‘Black Lightning’ Drama Eyes Move To the CW To Join Greg Berlanti Comic Lineup". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 3, 2017). "‘Black Lightning’ DC Drama From Greg Berlanti & ‘The Game’ Duo Gets The CW Pilot Order". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 12, 2017). "PILOTS 2017: Very, Very Early Buzz Edition". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 10, 2017). "'Black Lightning' & Lucy Hale's 'Life Sentence' Picked Up To Series By The CW". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Massabrook, Nicole (June 11, 2017). "‘Black Lightning’ TV Show Spoilers: What The EPs Revealed At ATX". International Business Times. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (March 29, 2017). "First Look At Black Lightning From The CW's New DC Comics Pilot". IGN. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 7, 2017). "Pilot Locations 2017: NY, Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up; LA, Toronto, Chicago Slip". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gerding, Stephen (January 9, 2017). "FOX’S BLACK LIGHTNING SHOW WON’T CROSS OVER WITH THE ARROWVERSE". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (August 2, 2017). "This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow". IGN. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Black Lightning on IMDb
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text:
ß
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
ẞ ß
Variant forms of Eszett (from top left): Cambria (2004), Lucida Sans (1985), Theuerdank blackletter (1933, based on a 1517 type), Kurrent (1865)
In German orthography, the grapheme ß, called Eszett (IPA: [ɛsˈtsɛt]) or scharfes S (IPA: [ˈʃaɐ̯fəs ˈʔɛs], [ˈʃaːfəs ˈʔɛs]), in English "sharp S", represents the [s] phoneme in Standard German, specifically when following long vowels and diphthongs, while ss is used after short vowels. The name Eszett represents the German pronunciation of the two letters S and Z.
It originates as the sz digraph as used in Old High German and Middle High German orthography, represented as a ligature of long s and tailed z in blackletter typography (ſʒ), which became conflated with the ligature for long s and round s (ſs) used in Roman type.
The grapheme has an intermediate position between letter and ligature. It behaves as a ligature in that it has no separate position in the alphabet. In alphabetical order it is treated as the equivalent of ⟨ss⟩ (not ⟨sz⟩). It behaves like a letter in that its use is prescribed by orthographical rules and conveys phonological information (use of ß indicates that the preceding vowel is long).[1][2] Traditionally, it did not have a capital form, although some type designers introduced de facto capitalized variants of ß. Capital ß (ẞ) was ultimately adopted into German orthography in 2017, ending a long orthographic debate.[3]
While ß has been used as a ligature for the ⟨ss⟩ digraph in early modern printing for languages other than German, its use in modern typography is limited to the German language. In the 20th century, it has fallen out of use completely in Swiss Standard German (used in Switzerland and Liechtenstein),[4] while it remains part of the orthography of Standard German elsewhere.
ß was encoded by ECMA-94 (1985) at position 223 (hexadecimal DF), inherited by Latin-1 and Unicode (U+00DF ß LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S).[5] The HTML entity ß was introduced with HTML 2.0 (1995). The capital variant was introduced by ISO 10646 in 2008 (U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Sulzbacher form
1.3 Historical orthography
2 Representation
2.1 Graphical variants
2.2 Capital form
2.3 Encoding
3 Usage in the reformed orthography of 1996
3.1 Usage in the traditional orthography
3.2 Substitution and all caps
3.3 Switzerland and Liechtenstein
4 Keyboards
5 Alternative uses
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
The spelling of sz for the voiceless alveolar fricative ([s]), continuing Proto-Germanic /t/, originates in Old High German, contrasting with the voiceless alveo-palatal fricative ([ɕ]), continuing Proto-Germanic /s/, spelled ss.[6]
The spelling survived into Middle High German even after the merger of the two phonemes [s] and [ɕ]. In the Gothic book hands and bastarda scripts of the high medieval period, ⟨sz⟩ would be written with long s and tailed z, as ſʒ. The development of a recognizable ligature representing the sz digraph develops in handwriting, in the early 14th century.[7] This ligature was also adopted as a separate type in the early blackletter types of the 15th century.
The ſs ligature used for Latin in 16th-century printing (utiliſsimæ)
The ſs ligature is in origin separate from the development of the ſʒ ligature. It developed in early 16th-century humanist Latin manuscripts representing the digraph of ſ (long s) and s (round s). Brekle (2001) cites as the earliest appearance of the ligature the handwriting of Lodovico Vicentino, dated 1515. This ligature was adopted into Antiqua typefaces.
There was thus, in early printing, no direct contrast between an ſʒ and an ſs ligature in any single typeface: blackletter fonts designed for printing German would have an ſʒ but no ſs ligature (German ⟨ss⟩ being rendered as ſſ), while Antiqua fonts intended for printing Latin or Italian would have an ſs but no ſʒ ligature. When German texts began to be printed in Antiqua (see Antiqua–Fraktur dispute), the Antiqua ſs (i.e. ⟨ss⟩) ligature came to be used as an equivalent of the ſʒ (i.e. ⟨sz⟩) ligature in blackletter fonts. Thus, the modern (Antiqua) German letter ß is in some fonts derived from ſs graphically although it represents the historical sz digraph continued from Middle High German and Early Modern High German orthography.
Essen with ſs-ligature reads Eßen (Latin Blaeu Atlas, set in Antiqua, 1650s)
The combination of long s and s is also seen in Early Modern English (example from the US Bill of Rights)
In the late 18th and early 19th century, when more and more German texts were printed in Roman type (Antiqua), typesetters looked for an exact Roman counterpart for the blackletter ſz ligature, which did not exist in Roman fonts. Printers experimented with various techniques, mostly replacing blackletter ß in Roman type with either sz, ss, ſs, or some combination of these. Although there are early examples in Roman type of a ſs-ligature that looks like the letter ß, it was not commonly used for sz.[citation needed]
Sulzbacher form[edit]
It was only with the First Orthographic Conference in Berlin in 1876 that printers and type foundries started to look for a common letter form to represent the Eszett in Roman type. In 1879, a proposal for various letter forms was published in the Journal für Buchdruckerkunst. A committee of the Typographic Society of Leipzig chose the "Sulzbacher form". In 1903 it was proclaimed as the new standard for the Eszett in Roman type.[8]
Since then, German printing set in Roman type has used the letter ß. The Sulzbacher form, however, did not find unanimous acceptance. It became the default form, but many type designers preferred (and still prefer) other forms. Some resemble a blackletter sz-ligature, others more a Roman ſs-ligature.[clarification needed]
The letter ß proper has thus only been used in German typesetting. The use of ligatures similar to ß representing not a letter but the digraph ſs can be found in early modern printing in other languages (Italian and Latin); in English-language typesetting, the spelling ſs occurs mostly as two unligated letters.
Historical orthography[edit]
Johann Christoph Adelung (1732–1806) and Johann Christian August Heyse (1764–1829) were two German lexicographers who tried to establish consistent rules on the application of the letter s.
In Austria, Heyse's rule of 1829 prevailed from 1879 until the second orthographic conference of 1901, where it was decided to prefer Adelung's rule over Heyse's. The German orthography reform of 1996 reintroduced Heyse's variant, but without the long s.[9]
Rules of Adelung and Heyse
Fraktur according to Adelung
Waſſerschloſʒ Floſʒ Paſʒſtraſʒe Maſʒſtab Grasſoden Hauseſel
Fraktur according to Heyse
Waſſerschloſs Floſʒ Paſsſtraſʒe Maſʒſtab Grasſoden Hauseſel
Antiqua in the 20th century (Adelung)
Wasserschloß Floß Paßstraße Maßstab Grassoden Hausesel
Antiqua in the 21st century (Heyse)
Wasserschloss Floß Passstraße,
Pass-Straße Maßstab Grassoden Hausesel
Translation
moated castle raft pass road scale (grass) sod domestic donkey
In order to display its elements correctly, the ligatures of the Fraktur typesetting are not shown. The IPA character ʒ (U+0292) is here used to represent Fraktur tailed z (𝖟).
Heyse's argument: Given that "ss" may appear at the end of a word, before a fugue and "s" being a common initial letter for words, "sss" is likely to appear in a large number of cases (the amount of these cases is even higher than all the possible triple consonant cases (e.g. "Dampfschifffahrt") together).[10] Critics point out that a triple "s" in words like "Missstand" feature less readability than spelling it "Mißstand". Even in cases where the second word of a compound does not start with "s", "ß" should be used to improve the readability of the fugue (e.g. "Meßergebnis" over "Messergebnis" (measurement), which suggests the unrelated word "Messer" (knife), and "Meßingenieur" over "Messingenieur" (measuring engineer), which suggests the unrelated word "Messing" (brass)).[11]
This problem of Adelung's rule was solved by Heyse who distinguished between the long s ("ſ") and the round s ("s"). Only the round s could finish a word, therefore also called terminal s (Schluß-s resp. Schluss-s). The round s also indicates the fugue in compounds. Instead of "Missstand" and "Messergebnis" one wrote "Miſsſtand" and "Meſsergebnis". Back then a special ligature for Heyse's rule was introduced: ſs. Amongst the common ligatures of "ff", "ft", "ſſ" and "ſt", "ſs" and "ſʒ" were two different characters in the Fraktur typesetting if applying Heyse's rule.
Representation[edit]
Graphical variants[edit]
The recommendation of the Sulzbacher Form (1903) was not followed universally in 20th-century printing. There were four distinct variants of ß in use in Antiqua fonts:
Four forms of Antiqua Eszett: 1. ſs, 2. ſs ligature, 3. ſz ligature, 4. Sulzbacher Form
ſs without ligature, but as a single type, with reduced spacing between the two letters
the ligature of ſ and s inherited from the 16th-century Antiqua typefaces
a ligature of ſ and tailed z, adapting the blackletter ligature to Antiqua
the Sulzbacher form.
The first variant (no ligature) has become practically obsolete. Most modern typefaces follow either 2 or 4, with 3 retained in occasional usage, notably in street signs in Bonn and Berlin.
Three contemporary handwritten forms of ß demonstrated on the word aß, "(I/he/she/it) ate"
Use of typographic variants in street signs:
Unligatured ſs variant in a street sign in Pirna, Saxony
Antiqua form of the ſz ligature (Berlin street signs)
Blackletter form of the ſz ligature (Erfurt street signs)
Sulzbacher form (Nürnberg street signs)
Two distinct blackletter typefaces used in red and blue street signs in Mainz. The red sign spells Straße with ſs, the blue sign uses the standard blackletter ſz ligature.
Sulzbacher Form in the German Einbahnstraße ("one way street") sign
Capital form[edit]
Main article: Capital ß
Capital sharp s (ẞ) in the Code2000 typeface (2008).
Uppercase ß on a book cover from 1957
Capitalisation as SZ on a Bundeswehr crate (ABSCHUSZGERAET for Abschußgerät "launcher")
Because ß is treated as a ligature, not a full letter of the German alphabet, it has no capital form in early modern typesetting. There have however been proposals to introduce capital forms of ß for use in allcaps writing (where ß would usually be represented as either SS or SZ). This was first proposed in 1879, but did not enter official or widespread usage.[12] The preface to the 1925 edition of the Duden dictionary expressed the desirability of a separate glyph for capital ß:
"Die Verwendung zweier Buchstaben für einen Laut ist nur ein Notbehelf, der aufhören muss, sobald ein geeigneter Druckbuchstabe für das große ß geschaffen ist."[13]
"The use of two letters for a single phoneme is makeshift, to be abandoned as soon as a suitable type for the capital ß has been developed."
The Duden was edited separately in East and West Germany during the 1950s to 1980s. The East German Duden of 1957 (15th ed.) introduced a capital ß in its typesetting without revising the rule for capitalisation. The 16th edition of 1969 still announced that an uppercase ß was in development and would be introduced in the future. The 1984 edition again removed this announcement and simply stated that there is no capital version of ß.[14]
Regardless of prescriptive or orthographical concerns, types for capital ß were designed in various typefaces in the 1920s and 1930s even though they were rarely used. In the 2000s, Andreas Stötzner, editor of the typographical magazine Signa campaigned for the introduction of the character. Stötzner deposited a corresponding proposal with the Unicode Consortium in 2004. The proposal was rejected at the time,[15] but a second proposal submitted in 2007 was successful and the character was introduced in 2008 (Unicode version 5.1.0), as U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S (Latin Extended Additional block).[16] In 2016, the Council for German Orthography proposed the introduction of optional use of ẞ in its ruleset (i.e. variants STRASSE vs. STRAẞE would be accepted as equally valid).[17] The rule was officially adopted in 2017.[18]
Encoding[edit]
The HTML entity for ß is ß. Its codepoint in the ISO 8859 character encoding versions 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16 and identically in Unicode is 223, or DF in hexadecimal. In TeX and LaTeX, \ss produces ß. A German language support package for LaTeX exists in which ß is produced by "s (similar to umlauts, which are produced by "a, "o, and "u with this package).[19]
In modern browsers, "ß" will be converted to "SS" when the element containing it is set to uppercase using text-transform: uppercase in Cascading Style Sheets. The JavaScript in Google Chrome will convert "ß" to "SS" when converted to uppercase (e.g. "ß".toUpperCase()).[citation needed]
Character
ẞ
ß
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
Unicode 7838 U+1E9E 223 U+00DF
UTF-8 225 186 158 E1 BA 9E 195 159 C3 9F
Numeric character reference ẞ ẞ ß ß
Named character reference ß
Usage in the reformed orthography of 1996[edit]
Replacement street sign in Aachen adapted to the 1996 spelling reform (old: Kongreßstraße, new: Kongressstraße).
In the orthography of the German spelling reform of 1996, both ß and ss are used to represent /s/ between two vowels as follows:
ß is used after diphthongs (beißen [ˈbaɪ̯sn̩] ‘to bite’)
ß is used after long vowels (grüßen [ˈɡʁyːsn̩] ‘to greet’)
ss is used after short vowels (küssen [ˈkʏsn̩] ‘to kiss’)
Thus it helps to distinguish words like Buße (long vowel) 'penance, fine' and Busse (short vowel) 'buses'. It is also consistent with the general rule of German spelling that a doubled consonant letter serves to mark the preceding vowel as short (the consonant sound is never actually doubled or lengthened in pronunciation).
In words where the stem changes, some forms may have an ß but others an ss, for instance sie beißen (‘they bite’) vs. sie bissen (‘they bit’).
The same rules apply at the end of a word or syllable, but are complicated by the fact that single s is also pronounced /s/ in those positions. Thus, words like groß ('large') require ß, while others, like Gras ('grass') use a single s. The correct spelling is not predictable out of context (in Standard German pronunciation), but is usually made clear by related forms, e.g., Größe ('size') and grasen ('to graze'), where the medial consonants are pronounced [s] and [z] respectively. Many dialects of German however have an even longer vowel, or an audibly less sharp s, in cases single s is used.[citation needed]
Usage in the traditional orthography[edit]
In the traditional orthography, ß is always used at the end of a word or word-component, or before a consonant, even when the preceding vowel is short. For example, Fuß ('foot') has a long vowel, pronounced /fuːs/, and so was unaffected by the spelling reform; but Kuß ('kiss') has a short vowel, pronounced /kʊs/, and was reformed to Kuss. Other traditional examples included Eßunlust ('loss of appetite'), and wäßrig ('watery'), but Wasser ('water').
The spelling reform affected some German-language forms of foreign place names, such as Rußland ("Russia"), reformed Russland, and Preßburg ("Bratislava"), reformed Pressburg.[20] The orthography of personal names (first names and family names) and of names for locations within Germany proper, Austria and Switzerland were not affected by the reform of 1996, however; these names often use irregular spellings that are otherwise impermissible under German spelling rules, not only in the matter of the ß but also in many other respects.
The traditional orthography encouraged the use of SZ in place of ß in words with all letters capitalized where a usual SS would produce an ambiguous result. One possible ambiguity was between IN MASZEN (in limited amounts; Maß, "measure") and IN MASSEN (in massive amounts; Masse, "mass"). Such cases were rare enough that this rule was officially abandoned in the reformed orthography. The German military still occasionally uses the capitalized SZ, even without any possible ambiguity, as SCHIESZGERÄT (“shooting materials”). Architectural drawings may also use SZ in capitalizations because capital letters and both Maß and Masse are frequently used. Military teleprinter operation within Germany still uses sz for ß (unlike German typewriters, German teleprinter machines never featured either umlauts or the ß letter).
Substitution and all caps[edit]
Further information: Capital ß
If no ß is available, ss or sz is used instead (sz especially in Hungarian-influenced eastern Austria). This applies especially to all caps or small caps texts because ß had no generally accepted majuscule form until 2017. Excepted are all-caps names in legal documents; they may retain an ß to prevent ambiguity (for instance: STRAßER, since Straßer and Strasser are both possible names).
This ss that replaces an ß has to be hyphenated as a single letter in the traditional orthography. For instance STRA-SSE (‘street’); compare Stra-ße. In the reform orthography, it is hyphenated like other double consonants: STRAS-SE.[21]
Switzerland and Liechtenstein[edit]
In Swiss Standard German, ss usually replaces every ß. This is officially sanctioned by the reformed German orthography rules, which state in §25 E2: In der Schweiz kann man immer „ss“ schreiben ("In Switzerland, one may always write 'ss'"). Liechtenstein follows the same practice.
In Switzerland, ß has been gradually abolished since the 1930s, when most cantons decided not to teach it any more and the Swiss postal service stopped using it in place names. The Neue Zürcher Zeitung was the last Swiss newspaper to give up ß, in 1974. Today, Swiss publishing houses use ß only for books that address the entire German-speaking market.
Keyboards[edit]
The ß key (and Ä, Ö, Ü) on a 1964 German typewriter
In Germany and Austria, the letter ß is present on computer and typewriter keyboards, normally to the right on the upper row. The German typewriter keyboard layout was defined in DIN 2112, first issued in 1928.[22]
In other countries, the letter is not marked on the keyboard, but a combination of other keys can produce it. Often, the letter is input using a modifier and the s key. The details of the keyboard layout depend on the input language and operating system, such as Ctrl+Alt+s, on some keyboards such as US-International also AltGr+s in Microsoft Windows or Option+s on the US, US-Extended, and UK keyboards in macOS.
Some modern virtual keyboards show ß when the user presses and holds the s key.
Alternative uses[edit]
Use of ß (blackletter ſz) in historical Sorbian orthography: wyßokoſcʒi (modern spelling wysokosći, for ὕψιστος "highest"), text of Luke 2:14 in Sorbian and German blackletter in Oßling church.
ß is sometimes used in German writing to indicate a pronunciation of /s/ where /z/ would otherwise be usual (in standard German, initial ⟨s⟩ before a vowel is pronounced /z/). Gabriela Mendling (pseudonym Luise Endlich) in her two novels (1999, 2000) used an initial ß in her novels to approximate the local dialect in Frankfurt (Oder); thus ßind ßie? ("Sind Sie?").
'ß' was used to represent /ʃ/ ⟨ in a German-influenced spelling system for the Lithuanian language which was used in Lithuania Minor in East Prussia, which can be seen in e.g. some surnames.
'ß' has also occasionally been used for transliterating Sumerian /ʃ/ ⟨standard transliteration š⟩.
The Sulzbacher Form of ß is somewhat similar in shape to the unrelated lowercase Greek letter "β" (beta). As a consequence, ß has occasionally been used as a surrogate for Greek "β", notably in reference to beta test versions of application programs for older operating systems, whose character encodings (notably Latin-1 and Windows-1252) did not support easy use of Greek letters. Also, the original IBM DOS code page, CP437 (aka OEM-US) conflates the two characters, assigning them the same codepoint (0xE1) and a glyph that minimizes their differences.
See also[edit]
Capital ß
Greek letter β (Beta)
阝
Long s (ſ)
Sz (digraph)
Ȥ
de:Heysesche s-Schreibung (in German)
de:Adelungsche s-Schreibung (in German)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ß (as well as ä, ö and ü) taught as "letters of the alphabet" in Germany, which is taken to consist of 26 letters. Uhlitzsch, Julia. "Unterrichtsstunde: Wir lernen das Alphabet! Wörter nach dem ABC ordnen" (PDF) (in German). p. 2. Retrieved 17 March 2016. In der deutschen Sprache besteht das Alphabet aus 26 Buchstaben.
Jump up ^ "Das Alphabet, Vokale und Konsonanten, besondere Laute und Buchstaben" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved 17 March 2016. Das deutsche Alphabet besteht aus 26 Buchstaben, die groß- oder kleingeschrieben werden können. "Wer hat unser Alphabet erfunden?" (in German). Retrieved 17 March 2016. Hast Du Dich schon mal gefragt, wer sich die 26 Buchstaben unseres Alphabets ausgedacht hat?
Jump up ^ Ha, Thu-Huong. "Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet". Retrieved 9 August 2017. According to the council’s 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It’s also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße — STRASSE — STRAẞE.
Jump up ^ Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung (English: Guide to German Orthography), 3rd edition 2007 (in German) from the Swiss Federal Chancellery, retrieved 22-Apr-2012
Jump up ^ C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement. glossed "uppercase is “SS”; nonstandard uppercase is 1E9E ẞ; typographically the glyph for this character can be based on a ligature of 017F ſ with either 0073 s or with an old-style glyph for 007A z (the latter similar in appearance to 0292 ʒ ). Both forms exist interchangeably today."
Jump up ^ Wolf-Dieter Michel, "Die graphische Entwicklung der s-Laute im Deutschen", Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 81 (1959), p. 461.
Jump up ^ Herbert E. Brekle: Zur handschriftlichen und typographischen Geschichte der Buchstabenligatur ß aus gotisch-deutschen und humanistisch-italienischen Kontexten. In: Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Mainz 2001, 67–76.
Jump up ^ Zeitschrift für Deutschlands Buchdrucker, Steindrucker und verwandte Gewerbe. Leipzig, 9. Juli 1903. Nr. 27, XV. Jahrgang. Faksimile in: Mark Jamra: The Eszett (no date) http://www.typeculture.com/academic_resource/articles_essays/ (checked 17 April 2008)
Jump up ^ Busch, Wolf. "Heysesche s-Schreibung in Frakturschrift" (in German). Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Ickler, Theodor. "Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnungen". Mein Rechtschreibtagebuch (in German). Forschungsgruppe Deutsche Sprache. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Theodor, Ickler (1997). "Die sogenannte Rechtschreibreform – Ein Schildbürgerstreich" (PDF) (in German). St. Goar: Leibnitz-Verlag. p. 14. ISBN 3-931155-09-9. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Signa – Beiträge zur Signographie. Heft 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ Vorbemerkungen, XII. In: Duden – Rechtschreibung. 9. Auflage, 1925
Jump up ^ Der Große Duden. 25. Auflage, Leipzig 1984, S. 601, K 41.
Jump up ^ Andreas Stötzner: Vorschlag zur Kodierung eines versalen ß in Unicode (n2888.pdf PDF). Unicode Consortium: Rejected Characters and Scripts. online (englisch); und als Kommentar dazu: Michael Kaplan: Every character has a story #15: CAPITAL SHARP S (not encoded) Michael Kaplan (englisch).
Jump up ^ Cord Wischhöfer: Proposal to encode Latin Capital Letter Sharp S to the UCS. (n3327.pdf). Resolutions of WG 2 meeting 50.Unicode 5.1.0
Jump up ^ 3. Bericht des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2011–2016 (2016), p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Deutsche Rechrtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016" (PDF). §25, E3. Retrieved 29 June 2017. E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.[When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.]
Jump up ^ "German". ShareLaTeX. 2016. Reference guide. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
Jump up ^ (in German) Wortschatz, Uni Leipzig, Searches for 'Rußland' and 'Preßburg'. Accessed March 20, 2008
Jump up ^ Peter Gallmann (1997): "Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben. Zugleich: Eine Anmerkung zu Eisenbergs Silbengelenk-Theorie". In: Augst, Gerhard; Blüml, Karl; Nerius, Dieter; Sitta, Horst (Eds.) Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik. Tübingen: Niemeyer (= Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, Vol. 179) pages 135–140.[1], p. 5.
Jump up ^ Vom Sekretariat zum Office Management: Geschichte — Gegenwart — Zukunft, Springer-Verlag (2013), p. 68.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ß.
James Mosley: Eszett or ß - January 31, 2008 on typefoundry.blogspot.com
Mark Jamra: The Eszett
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Attainder
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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See also: Bills of attainder
In English criminal law, attainder or attinctura was the metaphorical "stain" or "corruption of blood" which arose from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entailed losing not only one's life, property and hereditary titles, but typically also the right to pass them on to one's heirs. Both men and women condemned of capital crimes could be attainted.
Attainder by confession resulted from a guilty plea at the bar before judges or before the coroner in sanctuary. Attainder by verdict resulted from conviction by jury. Attainder by process resulted from a legislative act outlawing a fugitive. The last form is obsolete in England (and prohibited in the United States), and the other forms have been abolished.
Contents
1 Attainders of English noblemen and women in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
2 Passage in Parliament
3 Corruption of blood
4 Examples of cases where a person's property was subject to attainder
5 References
Attainders of English noblemen and women in the Middle Ages and Renaissance[edit]
Richard of York, attainted by Margaret of Anjou
Medieval and Renaissance English monarchs used acts of attainder to deprive nobles of their lands and often their lives. Once attainted, the descendants of the noble could no longer inherit his lands or income. Attainder essentially amounted to the legal death of the attainted's family.[1]
Monarchs typically used attainders against political enemies and those who posed potential threats to the king's position and security. The attainder eliminated any advantage the noble would have in a court of law; nobles were exempt from many of the techniques used to try commoners, including torture. Likewise, in many cases of attainder, the king could coerce the parliament into approving the attainder and there would be a lower or non-existent burden of proof (evidence) than there would be in court.[2]
Prior to the Tudors, most rulers reversed their attainders in return for promises of loyalty. For example, Henry VI reversed all 21 attainders, Edward IV 86 of 120, and Richard III 99 of 100.[3] However, this changed with Henry VII, as described below.
Regnants who used attainder include:
Margaret of Anjou: her attainder of Richard of York compelled him to invade England and attempt to seize the throne after the Battle of Northampton, which led to the penultimate phases of the War of the Roses.
Edward IV of England: used attainder after killing his brother, George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence for high treason. This allowed Richard III of England to seize the throne when he claimed that Edward IV's sons were illegitimate.
Henry VII: initially attainted men after he ascended the throne.[3] He used the threat of attainder as a means to keep the few nobles who survived the War of the Roses in line. Often, however, he would penalize them with exorbitant fees and fines, or force them to have bonds which would be forfeit unless they exhibited good behaviour (his goal was to reduce the number of nobles with private armies of retainers.) Henry VII attainted 138 men, of whom he reversed only 46 attainders, and some of these were conditional.
Henry VIII: compelled parliament to attaint many nobles during his lifetime, including magnates with major land holdings, and any magnates whom he came to mistrust. Examples include:
Anne Boleyn: Before her execution, she was stripped of her title, and her marriage was annulled.
Catherine Howard: Henry VIII had an Act of Attainder passed against Catherine Howard, which made it treason for a woman with an unchaste reputation to marry the king.[4]
Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, one of the wealthiest magnates in England, whom Henry had executed on flimsy charges in 1521.[3]
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury: One of the last surviving noble Plantagenets of senior line.
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey: The poet son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk.
Charles I: subsequent to the failed impeachment of his former Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, was attainted during the political crisis of 1640 -1641. The Bill of Attainder, having passed the depleted House of Commons and House of Lords, was enacted by Charles I as a concession to his political opponents. During his reign, the Long Parliament of 1641 passed an Act of Attainder against William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury who was beheaded in 1645.
Charles II: Although deceased by the time of the Restoration, the regicides John Bradshaw, Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and Thomas Pride were served with a Bill of Attainder on 15 May 1660 backdated to 1 January 1649 (NS).
William III:
James, III and VIII, the Old Pretender, 1702[5]
George II of Great Britain, following the Jacobite rising of 1745:
Attainder of Earl of Kellie and others Act 1746
Once attainted, nobles were considered commoners, and as such, could be subjected to the same treatments, including torture and methods of execution. For example, commoners could be burned at the stake, whereas nobles could not.
Often, nobles would refer to the act of being attainted (and then executed) as the person's "destruction".
Passage in Parliament[edit]
In the Westminster system, a bill of attainder is a bill passed by Parliament to attaint persons who are accused of high treason, or, in rare cases, a lesser crime. A person attainted need not have been convicted of treason in a court of law; in fact, the attainder process is a method of declaring a person a fugitive.
A rumour circulated that a bill of attainder against Thomas Jefferson occurred in 1774 because of his authorship of A Summary View of the Rights of British America.[6]
A bill of attainder was last passed in Britain in 1798, against Lord Edward FitzGerald. Attainders by confession, verdict and process were abolished in the United Kingdom by the Forfeiture Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict., c.23).
Section 9 of Article One of the United States Constitution provides that no bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed by Congress.[7] The following section forbids states from passing them.[8]
Corruption of blood[edit]
Corruption of blood is one of the consequences of attainder. The descendants of an attainted person could not inherit either from the attainted person (whose property had been forfeited by the attainder) or from their other relatives through him. For example, if a person is executed for a crime leaving innocent children, the property of the criminal is forfeited to the crown and will not pass to the children. If the criminal's innocent father subsequently dies, the property inherited by the criminal from the father cannot be inherited by the criminal's children either: it will be distributed among other family members.[citation needed]
The United States Constitution prohibits corruption of blood as a punishment for treason.[9] In England and Wales corruption of blood has been abolished.
Examples of cases where a person's property was subject to attainder[edit]
Earl of Strafford
John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln
Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven
Parker Wickham
Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel
Thomas Cromwell
Earl of Perth
Viscount Strathallan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ J. R. Landera1. "Cambridge Journals Online - Abstract". Journals.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Attainder, Being Attainted, Attainder Reversed - Luminarium Encyclopedia". Luminarium.org. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII". History.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
Jump up ^ Mike Mahoney. "Kings and Queens of England - Henry VIII". English Monarchs. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
Jump up ^ "William III, 1701: An Act for the Attainder of the pretended Prince of Wales of High Treason". British History Online. Retrieved 2018-01-26.
Jump up ^ Jon Meacham: Thomas Jefferson The Art of Power
Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 9, ¶ 3.
Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 10, ¶ 1.
Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution, Art. III, Sec. 3, ¶ 2.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attainder&oldid=835561291"
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