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Derbent
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Derbent
Дербент (Russian)
Dərbənd (Azeri)
Кьвевар (Lezgian)
Дербенд (Avar)
- City[1] -

Location of the Republic of Dagestan in Russia
Derbent
Location of Derbent in the Republic of Dagestan
Coordinates: 42°03′N 48°18′E / 42.050°N 48.300°E / 42.050; 48.300Coordinates: 42°03′N 48°18′E / 42.050°N 48.300°E / 42.050; 48.300
Coat of arms
Administrative status (as of April 2006)
Country
Russia
Federal subject
Republic of Dagestan[1]
Administratively subordinated to
City of Derbent[1]
Capital of
Republic of Dagestan[1]
Administrative center of
City of Derbent,[1] Derbentsky District[1]
Municipal status (as of October 2012)
Urban okrug
Derbent Urban Okrug[2]
Administrative center of
Derbent Urban Okrug,[2] Derbentsky Municipal District[citation needed]
Statistics
Area
69.63 km2 (26.88 sq mi)[3]
Population (2010 Census)
119,200 inhabitants[4]
- Rank in 2010
137th
Density
1,712/km2 (4,430/sq mi)[5]
Time zone
MSK (UTC+03:00)[6]
Founded
438[citation needed]
City status since
1840[citation needed]
Postal code(s)[7]
368600
Dialing code(s)
+7 87240[citation needed]
Website
www.derbent.org
Derbent on Wikimedia Commons
Derbent (Russian: Дербе́нт; Persian: دربند; Azerbaijani: Dərbənd; Lezgian: Кьвевар; Avar: Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend,[8] is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea, north of the Azerbaijani border. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second-most important city of Dagestan. Population: 119,200 (2010 Census);[4] 101,031 (2002 Census);[9] 78,371 (1989 Census).[10]
Derbent occupies the narrow gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains connecting the Eurasian steppes to the north and the Iranian Plateau to the south.
Derbent claims to be the oldest city in Russia with historical documentation dating to the 8th century BCE.[11] Due to its strategic location, over the course of history, the city changed ownership many times, particularly among the Persian, Arab, Mongol, Timurid, Shirvan and Iranian kingdoms. In the 19th century, the city passed from Iranian into Russian hands by the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan.[12]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Persian rule
2.2 Arab conquest
2.3 Shirvanshah era
2.4 Russian annexation
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Administrative and municipal status
5 Demographics
5.1 Jewish community
6 Economy and culture
6.1 Citadel of Derbend
7 Notable people
8 Twin towns and sister cities
9 Gallery
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Sources
11 External links
Etymology[edit]
Derbent is derived from modern Persian: دربند, translit. Darband, lit. 'Barred gate' (dar “gate” + band “bar,” lit., “barred gate”[13]), referring to the adjacent pass. It is often identified with the legendary Gates of Alexander. The Persian name for the city came into use at the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century AD, when the city was re-established by Kavadh I of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia, but Derbent was probably already in the Sasanian sphere of influence as a result of the victory over the Parthians and the conquest of Caucasian Albania by Shapur I, the second shah of the Sassanid Persians.[14] The geographical treatise Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr written in Middle Persian mentions the old name of the fortress – Wērōy-pahr (The Gruzinian Guard):
"šahrestan [ī] kūmīs [ī] panj-burg až-i dahāg pad šabestān kard. māniš [ī] *pārsīgān ānōh būd. padxwadayīh [ī] yazdgird ī šabuhrān kard andar tāzišn ī čōl wērōy-pahr [ī] an ālag. (The city of Kūmīs of five towers Aži Dahag made it his own harem. The abode of the Parthians was there. In the reign of Yazdgird, the son of Šabuhr made it during the invasion of the Čōl, at the boundary of the Gruzinian Guard.)".[15]
"-Wėrōy-pahr: "The Gruzinian Guard" The old name of the fortress at Darband;..."[16]
In Arabic texts the city was known as Arabic: باب الأبواب, translit. Bāb al-Abwāb, lit. 'Gate of Gates',[17] or simply al-Bāb.
History[edit]
View of the city from the citadel of Naryn-Kala, 1910s
Derbent's location on a narrow, three-kilometer strip of land in the North Caucasus between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus mountains is strategic in the entire Caucasus region. Historically, this position allowed the rulers of Derbent to control land traffic between the Eurasian Steppe and the Middle East. The only other practicable crossing of the Caucasus ridge was over the Darial Gorge.
Persian rule[edit]
Derbent is renowned for its Medieval fortress, Naryn-Kala, a UNESCO world heritage site.
Picture of Derbent's fortress during winter.
A traditionally and historically Iranian city,[18] the first intensive settlement in the Derbent area dates from the 8th century BC; the site was intermittently controlled by the Persian monarchs, starting from the 6th century BC. Until the 4th century AD, it was part of Caucasian Albania which was a satrap of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and is traditionally identified with Albana, the capital.[14] The modern name is a Persian word (دربند Darband) meaning "gateway", which came into use in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century AD, when the city was re-established by Kavadh I of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia,[19] however, Derbent was probably already into the Sasanian sphere of influence as a result of the victory over the Parthians and the conquest of Caucasian Albania by Shapur I, the second shah of the Sassanid Persians.[14] In the 5th century Derbent also functioned as a border fortress and the seat of a Sassanid marzban.[14]
The 20-meter-high (66 ft) walls with thirty north-looking towers are believed to belong to the time of Kavadh's son, Khosrau I, who also directed the construction of Derbent's fortress.[20]
The Sassanid fortress does not exist any more, as the famous Derbent fortress as it stands today was built from the 12th century onward.[21] Some say that the level of the Caspian was formerly higher and that the lowering of the water level opened an invasion route that had to be fortified.[22] The chronicler Movses Kagankatvatsi wrote about "the wondrous walls, for whose construction the Persian kings exhausted our country, recruiting architects and collecting building materials with a view of constructing a great edifice stretching between the Caucasus Mountains and the Great Eastern Sea." Derbent became a strong military outpost and harbour of the Sassanid empire. During the 5th and 6th centuries, Derbent also became an important center for spreading the Christian faith in the Caucasus.
During periods when the Sasanians were distracted by war with the Byzantines or protracted battles with the Hephthalites in the eastern provinces, the northern tribes succeeded in advancing into the Caucasus. The first Sasanian attempt to seal off the road along the Caspian seacoast at Darband by means of a mud-brick wall has been dated in the reign of Yazdegerd II (438–457 AD).[14]
Movses Kagankatvatsi left a graphic description of the sack of Derbent by the hordes of Tong Yabghu of the Western Turkic Khaganate in 627. His successor,[citation needed] Böri Shad, proved unable to consolidate Tong Yabghu's conquests, and the city was retaken by the Persians, who held it as an integral domain until the Muslim Arab conquest.
As mentioned by the Encyclopedia Iranica, ancient Iranian language elements were absorbed into the everyday speech of the population of Dagestan and Derbent especially during the Sassanian era, and many remain current.[23] In fact, a deliberate policy of “Persianizing” Derbent and the eastern Caucasus in general can be traced over many centuries, from Khosrow I to the Safavid shahs Ismail I, and ʿAbbās the Great.[23] According to the account in the later "Darband-nāma", after construction of the fortifications Khosrow I “moved much folk here from Persia”,[24] relocating about 3,000 families from the interior of Persia in the city of Derbent and neighboring villages.[23] This account seems to be corroborated by the Spanish Arab Ḥamīd Moḥammad Ḡarnāṭī, who reported in 1130 that Derbent was populated by many ethnic groups, including a large Persian-speaking population.[25]
Arab conquest[edit]
In 654, Derbent was captured by the Arabs, who called it the Gate of Gates (Bab al-Abwab),[26] following their invasion of Persia. They transformed it into an important administrative center and introduced Islam to the area. The impression of antiquity evoked by these fortifications led many Arab historians to connect them with Khosrow I and to include them among the seven wonders of the world.[14] The Darband fortress was certainly the most prominent Sasanian defensive construction in the Caucasus and could have been erected only by an extremely powerful central government.[14] Because of its strategic position on the northern branch of the Silk Route, the fortress was contested by the Khazars in the course of the Khazar-Arab Wars. The Sassanids had also brought Armenians from Syunik to help protect the pass from invaders; as Arab rule weakened in the region at the end of the ninth century, the Armenians living there were able to establish a kingdom, which lasted until the early years of the thirteenth century.[27][28]
Excavations on the eastern side of the Caspian Sea, opposite to Derbent, revealed the Great Wall of Gorgan, the eastern counterpart to the wall and fortifications of Derbent. Similar Sassanian defensive fortifications there—massive forts, garrison towns, long walls—also run from the sea to the mountains.
The Caliph Harun al-Rashid lived in Derbent and brought it into great repute as a seat of the arts and commerce. According to Arab historians, Derbent, with population exceeding 50,000, was the largest city of the 9th century Caucasus. In the 10th century, with the collapse of the Arab Caliphate, Derbent became the capital of an emirate. This emirate often fought losing wars with the neighboring Christian state of Sarir, allowing Sarir to manipulate Derbent's politics on occasion. Despite that, the emirate outlived its rival and continued to flourish at the time of the Mongol invasion in 1239. In the 14th century, Derbent was occupied by Timur's armies.
Shirvanshah era[edit]
The Shirvanshahs dynasty existed as independent or a vassal state, from 861 until 1538; longer than any other dynasty in the Islamic world. They were renowned for their cultural achievements and geopolitical pursuits. The rulers of Shirvan, called the Shirvanshahs, had attempted, and on numerous times, succeeded, to conquer Derbend since the 18th Shirvanshah king, Afridun I, was appointed as the governor of the city. Over the centuries the city changed hands often. The 21st Shirvanshah king, Akhsitan I, briefly reconquered the city. However, the city was lost once again to the northern Kipchaks.
After the Timurud invasion, Ibrahim I of Shirvan, the 33rd Shirvanshah, managed to keep the kingdom of Shirvan independent. Ibrahim I revived Shirvan's fortunes, and through his cunning politics managed to continue without paying tribute. Furthermore, Ibrahim also greatly increased the limits of his state. He conquered the city of Derbend in 1437. The Shirvanshahs integrated the city so closely with their political structure that a new branch of the Shirvan dynasty emerged from Derbend, the Derbenid dynasty. The Derbenid dynasty, being a cadet dynasty of Shirvan, inherited the throne of Shirvan in the 15th century.
In the early 16th century the kingdom of Shirvan was conquered by Shah Ismail of the Safavid dynasty. As Shah Ismail incorporated all the Shirvan possessions, he also inherited Derbend.
Russian annexation[edit]
Derbent stayed under Iranian rule, while occasionally briefly taken by the Ottoman Turks such as in 1583 after the Battle of Torches and the Treaty of Istanbul, till the course of the 19th century, when the Russians occupied the city and wider Iranian-ruled swaths of Dagestan.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Being briefly taken by the Russians as a result of the Persian expedition of 1722–23 by Peter the Great, the 1735 Treaty of Ganja, formed by Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran (de facto ruled by Nader Shah), forced Russia to return Derbent and its bastion to Iran. In 1747, Derbent became the capital of the Derbent Khanate of the same name.
During the Persian Expedition of 1796, Derbent was stormed by Russian forces under General Valerian Zubov, but the Russians were forced to retreat due to internal political issues,[36] making it fall under Persian rule again. As a consequence of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and the resulting Treaty of Gulistan of 1813, Derbent and wider Dagestan were forcedly and irrevocably ceded by Qajar Iran to the Russian Empire.[37] For background see Russian conquest of the Caucasus#Caspian Coast.)
In the 1886 population counting of the Dagestan Oblast, of the 15,265 inhabitants Derbent had, 8,994 (58,9%) were of Iranian descent (Russian: персы) thus comprising an absolute majority in the town.[38]
Geography[edit]
The modern city is built near the western shores of the Caspian Sea, south of the Rubas River, on the slopes of the Tabasaran Mountains (part of the Bigger Caucasus range). Derbent is well served by public transport, with its own harbor, a railway going south to Baku, and the Baku to Rostov-on-Don road.
To the north of the town is the monument of the Kirk-lar, or forty heroes, who fell defending Dagestan against the Arabs in 728. To the south lies the seaward extremity of the Caucasian wall (fifty metres long), otherwise known as Alexander's Wall, blocking the narrow pass of the Iron Gate or Caspian Gates (Portae Athanae or Portae Caspiae). When intact, the wall had a height of 9 m (29 ft) and a thickness of about 3 m (10 ft) and, with its iron gates and numerous watch-towers, defended Persia's frontier.[19]
Climate[edit]
Derbent has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).
hideClimate data for Derbent
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
26.7
(80.1) 26.6
(79.9) 28.3
(82.9) 30.1
(86.2) 34.2
(93.6) 35.3
(95.5) 35.8
(96.4) 38.8
(101.8) 33.0
(91.4) 28.0
(82.4) 28.0
(82.4) 27.6
(81.7) 38.8
(101.8)
Average high °C (°F)
4.8
(40.6) 4.7
(40.5) 7.4
(45.3) 13.6
(56.5) 20.0
(68) 25.4
(77.7) 28.4
(83.1) 28.2
(82.8) 23.7
(74.7) 17.5
(63.5) 11.7
(53.1) 7.2
(45) 16.1
(61)
Daily mean °C (°F)
2.1
(35.8) 2.0
(35.6) 4.5
(40.1) 10.1
(50.2) 16.3
(61.3) 21.7
(71.1) 24.9
(76.8) 24.6
(76.3) 20.2
(68.4) 14.3
(57.7) 8.9
(48) 4.5
(40.1) 12.9
(55.2)
Average low °C (°F)
−0.2
(31.6) −0.2
(31.6) 2.2
(36) 7.1
(44.8) 12.8
(55) 17.9
(64.2) 21.2
(70.2) 21.0
(69.8) 16.9
(62.4) 11.4
(52.5) 6.4
(43.5) 2.3
(36.1) 10.0
(50)
Record low °C (°F)
−18.9
(−2) −19.0
(−2.2) −9.1
(15.6) −3.1
(26.4) 4.1
(39.4) 8.5
(47.3) 12.9
(55.2) 10.7
(51.3) 5.1
(41.2) −3.4
(25.9) −9.7
(14.5) −14.2
(6.4) −19.0
(−2.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
30.7
(1.209) 31.6
(1.244) 23.4
(0.921) 20.9
(0.823) 22.9
(0.902) 18.7
(0.736) 18.9
(0.744) 24.8
(0.976) 47.0
(1.85) 52.2
(2.055) 48.5
(1.909) 39.9
(1.571) 379.5
(14.941)
Average precipitation days
11.0 10.9 8.7 6.1 5.9 5.8 4.9 5.2 7.3 9.3 10.6 11.2 96.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours
72 73 102 158 227 260 275 248 193 133 86 67 1,894
Source: climatebase.ru[39]
Administrative and municipal status[edit]
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Derbent serves as the administrative center of Derbentsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Derbent—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the City of Derbent is incorporated as Derbent Urban Okrug.[2]
Demographics[edit]
The main ethnic groups are (2002 Census):[40][41]
Lezgins (32.6%)
Azerbaijanis (31.7%)
Tabasarans (6.4%)
Dargins (5.5%)
Russians (5.0%)
Aghuls (2.9%)
Rutuls (0.7%)
Jewish community[edit]
Main article: Mountain Jews
Jews began to settle in Derbent in ancient times. During the Khazars' reign, they played an important part in the life of the city.[42] The Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela mentions Jews living in Derbent in the 12th century, and Christian traveler Wilhelm of Rubruquis writes about a Jewish community in the 13th century. The first mention of Jews in Derbent in modern times is by a German traveler, Adam Olearius, in the 17th century.
Derbent's Jewry suffered during the wars in the 18th century. Nadir Shah of Persia forced many Jews to adopt Islam. After the Russian conquest, many Jews of rural Dagestan fled to Derbent, which became the spiritual center of the Mountain Jews. The Jewish population numbered 2,200 in 1897 (15% of total population) and 3,500 in 1903. In 1989, there were 13,000 Jews in the city, but most emigrated after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In 2002, there were 2,000 Jews with an active synagogue and community center.[43] The chief rabbi of Derbent, Obadiah Isakov, was badly injured in an assassination attempt on July 25, 2013, sparking concerns of further acts of anti-Semitism targeting the Jewish community.[44] In 2016, the Jewish population was down to 1,345.[45]
Economy and culture[edit]
The city is home to machine building, food, textile, fishing and fishery supplies, construction materials and wood industries. It is the center of Russian brandy production. The educational infrastructure includes a university as well as several technical schools. On the cultural front, there is a Lezgin drama theater (named after S. Stalsky). About two kilometers (1.2 miles) from the city is the vacation colony of Chayka (Seagull).
The Soviet novelist Yury Krymov named a fictional motor tanker after the city in his book The Tanker "Derbent".
Citadel of Derbend[edit]
Main article: Fortifications of Derbent
Sassanid Fortress Naryn-Kala.
Derbent resembles a huge museum and has magnificent mountains and shore nearby, and therefore possesses much touristic potential, further increased by UNESCO's classification of the citadel, ancient city and fortress as a World Heritage Site in 2003; however, instability in the region has halted development.
The current fortification and walls were built by the Persian Sassanian Empire as a defensive structure against hostile nomadic people in the north, and continuously repaired or improved by later Arab, Mongol, Timurid, Shirvan and Iranian kingdoms until the early course of the 19th century, as long as its military function lasted. The fortress was built under direction of the Sassanid emperor Khosrow (Chosroes) I.[20]
A large portion of the walls and several watchtowers still remain in reasonable shape. The walls, reaching to the sea, date from the 6th century, Sassanid dynasty period. The city has a well-preserved citadel (Narin-kala), enclosing an area of 4.5 hectares (11 acres), enclosed by strong walls. Historical attractions include the baths, the cisterns, the old cemeteries, the caravanserai, the 18th-century Khan's mausoleum, as well as several mosques. The oldest mosque is the Juma Mosque, built over a 6th-century Christian basilica; it has a 15th-century madrassa. Other shrines include the 17th-century Kyrhlyar mosque, the Bala mosque and the 18th-century Chertebe mosque.
Notable people[edit]
Shahriyar of Derbent, Sasanian commander
Bella Nisan, ophthalmologist
Igor Yusufov, politician
Israel Tsvaygenbaum, artist
Mushail Mushailov, artist and teacher
Sergey Izgiyayev, poet, playwright, and translator of Mountain Jewish descent
Suleyman Kerimov, businessman, investor, and politician
Tamara Musakhanova, sculptor and ceramist
Yagutil Mishiev, writer
Twin towns and sister cities[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
Derbent is twinned with:
Ganja, Azerbaijan[46]
Yakima, United States
Hadera, Israel
Kronstadt, Russia
Pskov, Russia
Gallery[edit]
The old Armenian Church, now used as a venue and Museum
Russian Orthodox Church of the Intercession
Memorial of the grieving mother
Walls of the Citadel
School number 15
Putin visiting an exhibition dedicated to the 2000th anniversary of Derbent in the State Historical Museum
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Law #16
^ Jump up to: a b c Law #6
Jump up ^ "База данных показателей муниципальных образований". Retrieved June 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
Jump up ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
Jump up ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
Jump up ^ Baynes, T.S., ed. (1878). "Derbend". Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 105.
Jump up ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Derbent - Russia’s oldest city: 5,000 and counting Archived May 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond p 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1598849484
Jump up ^ Zonn, Igor S; Kosarev, Aleksey N; Glantz, Michael; Kostianoy, Andrey G. (2010). The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia. Springer. p. 160.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "DARBAND (1)". Retrieved 29 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Daryaee, Touraj (2002). Šahrestānīhā Ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History. Costa Mesa, California 92628 U.S.A.: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 14,18. ISBN 1-56859-143-8.
Jump up ^ Daryaee., Touraj (2002). Šahrestānīhā Ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History. Costa Mesa, California 92628 U.S.A.: Mazda Publishers, Inc. p. 40. ISBN 1-56859-143-8.
Jump up ^ McFarquhar, Neil (February 17, 2016). "Derbent as Russia's Oldest City? Think Again, Moscow Says". New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael Khodarkovsky. "Bitter Choices: Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus" Cornell University Press, 12 mrt. 2015. ISBN 0801462908 pp 47–52
^ Jump up to: a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Derbent". Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
^ Jump up to: a b Kevin Alan Brook. "The Jews of Khazatia" Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 27 sep. 2006. ISBN 978-1442203020 p 126
Jump up ^ Nicolle, David (2009-09-22). Saracen Strongholds 1100-1500: The Central and Eastern Islamic Lands. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781846033759.
Jump up ^ Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A historical Atlas, 2001, page 89
^ Jump up to: a b c "DAGESTAN". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Saidov and Shikhsaidov, pp. 26-27
Jump up ^ Bol’shakov and Mongaĭt, p. 26
Jump up ^ Hoyland, Robert G. (2014). In Gods Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 113.
Jump up ^ See (in Armenian) Sedrak Barkhudaryan, “Դերբենդի հայ-աղվանական թագավորությունը” (“The Armenian-Caucasian Albanian Kingdom of Derbend”). Patma-Banasirakan Handes . № 3, 1969, pp. 125-147.
Jump up ^ (in Armenian) Matthew of Edessa. Ժամանակնագրություն (Chronicle). Translated by Hrach Bartikyan. Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1973, pp. 151-152, 332, note 132a.
Jump up ^ Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press. pp. 69, 133. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3.
Jump up ^ L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-89774-940-4.
Jump up ^ E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan (2000). Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7425-0063-1.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Elena (2010). Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-415-78153-4.
Jump up ^ Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000). The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-975-6782-18-7.
Jump up ^ Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-465-04576-1.
Jump up ^ "Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent". Retrieved 29 December 2014.
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Jump up ^ "население дагестана". Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "DERBENT - JewishEncyclopedia.com". Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Derbent - Jewish Virtual Library". Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "После покушения на раввина евреи Дагестана живут в страхе". Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Derbent as Russia's Oldest City? Think Again, Moscow Says
Jump up ^ "Twin-cities of Azerbaijan". Azerbaijans.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
Sources[edit]
Народное Собрание Республики Дагестан. Закон №16 от 10 апреля 2002 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №106 от 30 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Дагестан». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Дагестанская правда", №81, 12 апреля 2002 г. (People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan. Law #16 of April 10, 2002 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of Dagestan, as amended by the Law #106 of December 30, 2013 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Dagestan. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Народное Собрание Республики Дагестан. Закон №6 от 13 января 2005 г. «О статусе и границах муниципальных образований Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №43 от 30 апреля 2015 г. «О статусе городского округа с внутригородским делением "Город Махачкала", статусе и границах внутригородских районов в составе городского округа с внутригородским делением "Город Махачкала" и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Республики Дагестан». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Дагестанская правда", №8, 15 февраля 2005 г. (People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan. Law #6 of January 13, 2005 On the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Republic of Dagestan, as amended by the Law #43 of April 30, 2015 On the Status of the "City of Makhachkala" Urban Okrug with Intra-Urban Divisions, the Status and the Borders of the Intra-City Districts Comprising the "City of Makhachkala" Urban Okrug with Intra-Urban Divisions, and on Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Dagestan. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Some text used with permission from www.travel-images.com. The original text can be found here.
M. S. Saidov, ed., Katalog arabskikh rukopiseĭ Instituta IYaL Dagestanskogo filiala AN SSSR (Catalogue of Arabic manuscripts in the H.L.L. Institute of the Dāḡestān branch of the A.N. of the U.S.S.R.) I, Moscow, 1977.
Idem and A. R. Shikhsaidov, “Derbend-name (k istorii izucheniya)” (Darband-nāma. On the history of research),” in Vostochnye istochniki po istorii Dagestana (Eastern sources on the history of Dāḡestān), Makhachkala, 1980, pp. 564.
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Derbent - Russia's oldest city: 5,000 and counting
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text:
2010 Pro Bowl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2010 NFL Pro Bowl
AFC
NFC
41 34
Head coach:
Norv Turner
(San Diego Chargers)
Head coach:
Wade Phillips
(Dallas Cowboys)
1
2
3
4
Total
AFC 14 3 17 7 41
NFC 10 7 14 3 34
Date
January 31, 2010
Stadium
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida
MVP
Matt Schaub (Houston Texans)
Referee
Jeff Triplette
Attendance
70,697
Ceremonies
National anthem
Honor Society
Coin toss
Don Shula
TV in the United States
Network
ESPN
Announcers
Mike Tirico, Ron Jaworski, Jon Gruden, Michele Tafoya, and Suzy Kolber
← 2009
Pro Bowl
2011 →
The 2010 Pro Bowl was the National Football League's all-star game for the 2009 season. It took place at 8:00 PM EST on Sunday, January 31, 2010, at Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, the home stadium of the Miami Dolphins and host site of Super Bowl XLIV.[1] The television broadcasters were Mike Tirico, Ron Jaworski and Jon Gruden.
The AFC won the game 41–34.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Site & date changes
2 Broadcasting
3 Scoring summary
4 AFC roster
4.1 Offense
4.2 Defense
4.3 Special teams
5 NFC roster
5.1 Offense
5.2 Defense
5.3 Special teams
6 Number of selections per team
7 References
8 External links
Site & date changes[edit]
The 2010 Pro Bowl was held on the weekend before the Super Bowl, the first time ever that the Pro Bowl was held before the championship game, and the first time that the Pro Bowl was held somewhere other than Aloha Stadium in Honolulu since 1980 (1979 season).[1] NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell said the move was made after looking at alternatives to strengthen the Pro Bowl.[3]
The game was moved up in order to prevent a conflict that would have taken place if the game had taken place on February 13 or 14, with the game facing against the NBA All-Star Game, Winter Olympics, and Daytona 500. Due to the change, players from the conference championship teams, who were going to play in the Super Bowl the following week—the Indianapolis Colts and New Orleans Saints—did not participate. As a result, for the first time in Pro Bowl history, rosters for the AFC and NFC teams were not allowed to include any players from the teams that would be playing in the Super Bowl to avoid major injuries to members of either team. However, these players were still required to be on site for the Pro Bowl to collect a bonus payment from the NFL.
Several NFL players spoke out against the decision regarding timing of the game; ten-time Pro Bowl quarterback Peyton Manning raised issue with the possibility that if the concept of rotating the location of the game were to continue, the 2012 game could be held in a cold-weather city (Indianapolis) not seen as a winter vacation destination.[4] NBC sportscaster Al Michaels was skeptical of the changes, telling the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that "the [NFL] thinks playing it before the Super Bowl will add to the buzz. It won't."[5] Indianapolis Colts president Bill Polian also came out against the change, explaining that it seemed disruptive and "stupid" to have players voted to the Pro Bowl, only to have to sit out because they're playing in the Super Bowl, but still have to show up to the game to collect a bonus payment.[6]
Broadcasting[edit]
ESPN aired the game instead of CBS, which aired the 52nd Grammy Awards that evening.[1]
The game was the first Pro Bowl to be legally broadcast on internet radio. As part of a catch in the league's broadcast contracts, the Pro Bowl has, to this point, never been broadcast on the NFL's FieldPass system due to it being broadcast exclusively by Westwood One. The NFL had negotiated internet broadcast rights with all 32 of its teams, but never did so with Westwood One (since it was seen as redundant); since none of the 32 teams actually play in the Pro Bowl, FieldPass did not hold rights. When contracts were renegotiated in 2009, Westwood One's broadcasts were added to FieldPass, and along with it, play-by-play of the Pro Bowl.[7] The Sports USA Radio Network provided the commentary for Westwood One, with SUSA's Larry Kahn on play-by-play and Dan Fouts sharing color commentary with Westwood One's Boomer Esiason.
Scoring summary[edit]
Scoring Play
Score
1st Quarter
AFC – Andre Johnson 33-yard pass from Matt Schaub (Dan Carpenter kick), 12:00 AFC 7–0
NFC – David Akers 47-yard field goal, 9:29 AFC 7–3
AFC – Brandon Marshall 23-yard pass from Matt Schaub (Dan Carpenter kick), 7:07 AFC 14–3
NFC – Steve Smith 48-yard pass from Aaron Rodgers (David Akers kick), 3:37 AFC 14–10
2nd Quarter
NFC – DeSean Jackson 7-yard pass from Aaron Rodgers (David Akers kick), 11:31 NFC 17–14
AFC – Dan Carpenter 30-yard field goal, 5:31 17–17
3rd Quarter
NFC – DeSean Jackson 58-yard pass from Donovan McNabb (David Akers kick), 14:22 NFC 24–17
AFC – Vincent Jackson 48-yard pass from David Garrard (Dan Carpenter kick), 13:33 24–24
AFC – Maurice Jones-Drew 4-yard run (Dan Carpenter kick), 11:27 AFC 31–24
AFC – Dan Carpenter 26-yard field goal, 5:13 AFC 34–24
NFC – DeAngelo Williams 7-yard run (David Akers kick), 1:27 AFC 34–31
4th Quarter
NFC – David Akers 39-yard field goal, 11:48 34–34
AFC – Chris Johnson 2-yard run (Dan Carpenter kick), 6:03 AFC 41–34
AFC roster[edit]
Offense[edit]
Position:
Starter(s):
Reserve(s):
Alternate(s):
Quarterback 18 Peyton Manning, Indianapolis[e] 17 Philip Rivers, San Diego[b]
12 Tom Brady, New England[b] 8 Matt Schaub, Houston[a][c][g]
10 Vince Young, Tennessee[a][h]
9 David Garrard, Jacksonville[a]
Running back 28 Chris Johnson, Tennessee 32 Maurice Jones-Drew, Jacksonville
27 Ray Rice, Baltimore
Fullback 33 Le'Ron McClain, Baltimore
Wide receiver 80 Andre Johnson, Houston
87 Reggie Wayne, Indianapolis[e] 15 Brandon Marshall, Denver[c]
83 Wes Welker, New England[b] 81 Randy Moss, New England[a][b]
85 Chad Ochocinco, Cincinnati[a]
83 Vincent Jackson, San Diego[a]
Tight end 44 Dallas Clark, Indianapolis[e] 85 Antonio Gates, San Diego[c] 83 Heath Miller, Pittsburgh[a]
Offensive tackle 77 Jake Long, Miami[b]
78 Ryan Clady, Denver 73 Joe Thomas, Cleveland[c] 60 D'Brickashaw Ferguson, N.Y. Jets[a]
Offensive guard 70 Logan Mankins, New England
66 Alan Faneca, N.Y. Jets 68 Kris Dielman, San Diego
Center 74 Nick Mangold, N.Y. Jets 63 Jeff Saturday, Indianapolis[e] 68 Kevin Mawae, Tennessee[a]
Defense[edit]
Position:
Starter(s):
Reserve(s):
Alternate(s):
Defensive end 93 Dwight Freeney, Indianapolis[e]
98 Robert Mathis, Indianapolis[e] 90 Mario Williams, Houston[c] 93 Kyle Vanden Bosch, Tennessee[a][c]
92 Shaun Ellis, N.Y. Jets[a]
Defensive tackle 92 Haloti Ngata, Baltimore
75 Vince Wilfork, New England 98 Casey Hampton, Pittsburgh
Outside linebacker 92 Elvis Dumervil, Denver
92 James Harrison, Pittsburgh 56 Brian Cushing, Houston[b] 56 LaMarr Woodley, Pittsburgh[a]
Inside linebacker 52 Ray Lewis, Baltimore 59 DeMeco Ryans, Houston
Cornerback 24 Darrelle Revis, N.Y. Jets
21 Nnamdi Asomugha, Oakland 24 Champ Bailey, Denver
Free safety 20 Ed Reed, Baltimore[b] 31 Jairus Byrd, Buffalo[b] 31 Brandon Meriweather, New England[a][c]
41 Antoine Bethea, Indianapolis[a][e]
Strong safety 20 Brian Dawkins, Denver 37 Yeremiah Bell, Miami[a]
Special teams[edit]
Position:
Starter(s):
Reserve(s):
Alternate(s):
Punter 9 Shane Lechler, Oakland
Placekicker 10 Nate Kaeding, San Diego[b] 5 Dan Carpenter, Miami[a]
Kick returner 16 Joshua Cribbs, Cleveland
Special teamer 81 Kassim Osgood, San Diego
Long snapper 59 Jon Condo, Oakland[d]
NFC roster[edit]
Offense[edit]
Position:
Starter(s):
Reserve(s):
Alternate(s):
Quarterback 9 Drew Brees, New Orleans[e] 4 Brett Favre, Minnesota[b]
12 Aaron Rodgers, Green Bay[c] 5 Donovan McNabb, Philadelphia[a]
9 Tony Romo, Dallas[a] 13 [[Kurt Warner],Arizona[b]
Running back 28 Adrian Peterson, Minnesota 39 Steven Jackson, St. Louis[b]
34 DeAngelo Williams, Carolina 21 Frank Gore, San Francisco[a]
Fullback 43 Leonard Weaver, Philadelphia 30 John Kuhn, Green Bay
Wide receiver 11 Larry Fitzgerald, Arizona[b]
10 DeSean Jackson, Philadelphia[f] 18 Sidney Rice, Minnesota[b]
19 Miles Austin, Dallas[c] 12 Steve Smith, N.Y. Giants[a]
84 Roddy White, Atlanta[a]
Tight end 85 Vernon Davis, San Francisco 82 Jason Witten, Dallas
Offensive tackle 71 Jason Peters, Philadelphia
74 Bryant McKinnie, Minnesota[j] 78 Jon Stinchcomb, New Orleans[e] 66 David Diehl N.Y. Giants[a][c]
Offensive guard 76 Steve Hutchinson, Minnesota
73 Jahri Evans, New Orleans[e] 70 Leonard Davis, Dallas[c] 76 Chris Snee N.Y. Giants[a]
Center 65 Andre Gurode, Dallas[b] 60 Shaun O'Hara, N.Y. Giants[c] 76 Jonathan Goodwin, New Orleans[a][e]
67 Ryan Kalil, Carolina[a]
Defense[edit]
Position:
Starter(s):
Reserve(s):
Alternate(s):
Defensive end 69 Jared Allen, Minnesota
90 Julius Peppers, Carolina 58 Trent Cole, Philadelphia
Defensive tackle 93 Kevin Williams, Minnesota[b]
90 Darnell Dockett, Arizona 90 Jay Ratliff, Dallas[c] 94 Justin Smith, San Francisco[a]
Outside linebacker 94 DeMarcus Ware, Dallas
55 Lance Briggs, Chicago[b] 98 Brian Orakpo, Washington[c] 52 Clay Matthews, Green Bay[a]
Inside linebacker 52 Patrick Willis, San Francisco[b] 51 Jonathan Vilma, New Orleans[e] 59 London Fletcher, Washington[a][c]
52 Jon Beason, Carolina[a]
Cornerback 21 Charles Woodson, Green Bay[b]
22 Asante Samuel, Philadelphia 29 Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, Arizona[b] 26 Antoine Winfield, Minnesota[a][b]
41 Terence Newman, Dallas[a][c][i]
21 Mike Jenkins, Dallas[a]
Free safety 42 Darren Sharper, New Orleans[e] 36 Nick Collins, Green Bay[c] 21 Antrel Rolle, Arizona[a]
Strong safety 24 Adrian Wilson, Arizona[b] 41 Roman Harper, New Orleans[a][e]
27 Quintin Mikell, Philadelphia[a][c]
Special teams[edit]
Position:
Starter(s):
Reserve(s):
Alternate(s):
Punter 4 Andy Lee, San Francisco
Placekicker 2 David Akers, Philadelphia
Kick returner 10 DeSean Jackson, Philadelphia[f] 12 Percy Harvin, Minnesota[a][b]
13 Johnny Knox, Chicago[a]
Special teamer 59 Heath Farwell, Minnesota
Long snapper 46 Jon Dorenbos, Philadelphia[d]
Notes:
bold denotes player who participated in game
a Replacement selection due to injury or vacancy
b Injured player; selected but did not play
c Replacement starter; selected as reserve
d "Need player"; named by coach
e Selected but did not play since his team advanced to Super Bowl XLIV
f Jackson was selected at both wide receiver and kick returner; he was replaced at kick returner by Percy Harvin
g Ben Roethlisberger was the first alternate, but declined due to injury[8]
h Carson Palmer was the third alternate, but declined due to injury[9]
i Sheldon Brown was the second alternate, but declined citing personal reasons[10]
j McKinnie did not play in the Pro Bowl due to unexplained absences from practices
Number of selections per team[edit]
AFC Team
Selections
NFC Team
Selections
Indianapolis Colts 7 Minnesota Vikings 10
New England Patriots 6 Dallas Cowboys 9
San Diego Chargers 6 Philadelphia Eagles 9
Baltimore Ravens 5 New Orleans Saints 7
Denver Broncos 5 Arizona Cardinals 5
Houston Texans 5 San Francisco 49ers 5
New York Jets 5 Carolina Panthers 4
Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Green Bay Packers 4
Tennessee Titans 4 New York Giants 4
Miami Dolphins 3 Chicago Bears 2
Oakland Raiders 3 Washington Redskins 2
Cleveland Browns 2 Atlanta Falcons 1
Jacksonville Jaguars 2 St. Louis Rams 1
Buffalo Bills 1 Detroit Lions 0
Cincinnati Bengals 1 Seattle Seahawks 0
Kansas City Chiefs 0 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pro Bowl to precede Super Bowl". ESPN. December 30, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Offenses light up soggy Pro Bowl scoreboard as AFC comes out on top". ESPN. 2010-01-31. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
Jump up ^ "2010 Pro Bowl moving to Miami, will be played before Super Bowl". NFL.com. December 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2 January 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Players prefer the league's all-star game to stay in Hawaii". NFL.com. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Williams' success at MU doesn't surprise Crean". JSOnline.com. February 9, 2009. Archived from the original on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009. .
Jump up ^ Colts’ Polian calls new Pro Bowl setup ’stupid’. NFL.com. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
Jump up ^ Best, Neil (March 12, 2009). "NFL eschews ESPN, sticks with Westwood One radio". Newsday. Retrieved 20 March 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Shoulder keeps Big Ben out of Pro Bowl". Fox Sports. Associated Press. 2010-01-20. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Aaron (2010-01-21). "Wilson: Palmer could have gone to the Pro Bowl". National Football Post. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Sheldon Brown turns down Pro Bowl". Philadelphia Daily News. January 26, 2010. Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
External links[edit]
Official Pro Bowl website at NFL.com
2010 Pro Bowl on IMDb
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National Eligibility Test
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Wiki-uk (talk | contribs) at 15:38, 10 August 2017 (→Controversies). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
Revision as of 15:38, 10 August 2017 by Wiki-uk (talk | contribs) (→Controversies)
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The National Eligibility Test (NET) is a test to determine eligibility for college and university level lecturership and for award of Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) for Indian nationals. It aims to ensure minimum standards for the entrants in teaching professions and research. On behalf of the University Grants Commission (UGC), the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) holds the test for determining the eligibility of Indian nationals for the Eligibility for Assistant Professor only or Junior Research Fellowship and Eligibility for Assistant Professor Both in Indian universities and colleges.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 NET qualified persons are eligible for jobs in public sector
2 Controversies
3 UGC NET qualification procedure
3.1 UGC NET result
4 References
5 External links
NET qualified persons are eligible for jobs in public sector[edit]
University Grants Commission (UGC) announced in 2013 that the candidates who clear the NET successfully would be eligible for lucrative jobs in public sector undertakings (PSUs). PSUs can utilise UGC-NET scores for the recruitment process of the posts of executives in their organisations in disciplines like science (R&D), management, corporate communications, human resources, finance, etc. This step taken by the UGC would also increase the number of students taking the UGC-NET examination which has witnessed a gradual decline in recent years.[2]
Controversies[edit]
A section of academics advocated the abolition of the National Eligibility Test, but the All India Federation of University and College Teachers’ Organisation (AIFUCTO) strongly opposed attempts to scrap the test. The organization advocated that the test improves the standard of teaching in the country and instead of abolishing it altogether the government must revisit some of its provisions that are making it flawed and un-implementable.[3]
The NET of June 2012 was the most controversial examination because its results were published on 18 September 2012, but after the publication of results, the Commission allegedly altered the Test’s qualification norms by mandating that candidates in the general category score an aggregate of 65 per cent for all three of the NET’s papers to become eligible for lectureship. The corresponding figure for the Other Backward Class (OBC) category is 60 per cent and that of the SC/ST category is 55 per cent. According to the appearing students, in the original notification of the UGC it was specified that candidates in the general category should score at least 40 per cent for papers one and two and 50 per cent for paper three to be eligible for consideration for the final preparation of the result.[4]
UGC set an aggregate pass criteria General -65%, OBC - 60% and SC/ST - 55%. In the light of the student protests and representations, the UGC released a supplementary list on 12 November 2012, which qualified a few more candidates, though it did not specify any criteria for the revised list.[5] Added to this was the fact that there were anomalies in the results declared where candidates securing less than 50 percent aggregate were declared as qualified whereas many general candidates with more 60 percent remained unqualified.
More than 7,000 candidates approached the Kerala High Court against the University Grants Commission. The Kerala High court declared as illegal the new norms fixed by UGC for the NET for college and university lectureship. The court held that fixing of higher aggregate marks for three categories (General, OBC and SC/ST), that too just before the announcements of results, cannot be justified as the same was "not supportable by law".[6]
In the light of this judgement, the University Grants Commission added the specific note "NOTIFICATION REGARDING PROCEDURE AND CRITERIA FOR DECLARATION OF RESULT OF UGC NET TO BE HELD ON 30TH DECEMBER, 2012 " on its website just two days before the examination. It also listed stepwise clearance criteria for candidates of different categories and subjects according to the competitive cutoffs fixed by the University Grants Commission, with an aim to clear top 15 percent candidates only.[7]
UGC NET is no longer compulsory for becoming assistant professors in colleges and universities. Individuals who completed a PH.D before 2009 would be eligible for lectureship without clearing the NET.
UGC NET qualification procedure[edit]
UGC NET qualification is divided into following steps:
Obtain minimum qualifying marks
Who have cleared first step with all subjects; a merit list will be prepared.
Top 6% candidates will be selected for each subject and category eligibility for Assistant Professor only.
From Net qualified students, a list of JRF will be prepared. Merit list will be prepared by using a formula.
UGC NET result[edit]
The conducting body of UGC NET, i.e. CBSE, has declard the result for Jan 2017 Exam on the official website. Due to the delay from the official authorities, the Result was declared lately on 29th May 2017. This year, CBSE has announced to conduct the next UGC NET Exam on 5th November 2017. The Result for the same is expected to be declared in the month of March 2018. The UGC NET Exam that is being conducted for determining the ability of Indian nationals for the post of Assistant Professor and Junior Research Fellowship in Indian universities and colleges is expected to be conducted once a year from 2018.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CBSE NET". AglaSem Careers. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "NET qualified eligible for jobs in public sector: UGC". India Today. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Jump up ^ ""UGC-NET should not be abolished: AIFUCTO"". India Education Review. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ ""UGC NET results leave students an angry lot"". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ ""UGC NET June 2012 Result Supplementary List"" (PDF). http://www.ugcnetonline.in. Retrieved 3 January 2013. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ ""UGC norms for NET declared illegal by Kerala High Court"". New Indian Express. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ ""University Grants Commission NET"". http://www.ugcnetonline.in. Retrieved 28 December 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to UGC NET June 2012 Results and Discussions.
UGC NET Homepage
UGC NET portal
CSIR conducts NET for science stream
UGC NET Applications Go Online
UGC NET Pattern is Likely to Change
Kerala High Court Judgement on UGC NET June 2012
Supreme Court upholds changed NET criteria
List of Fake Universities in India by UGC

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