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Metal detector
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U.S. Army soldiers use a metal detector in 2002.
A metal detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal inclusions hidden within objects, or metal objects buried underground. They often consist of a handheld unit with a sensor probe which can be swept over the ground or other objects. If the sensor comes near a piece of metal this is indicated by a changing tone in earphones, or a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance; the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary "walk through" metal detectors used for security screening at access points in prisons, courthouses, and airports to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body.
The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal is close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces a magnetic field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field (acting as a magnetometer), the change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected.
The first industrial metal detectors were developed in the 1960s and were used extensively for mineral prospecting and other industrial applications. Uses include detecting land mines, the detection of weapons such as knives and guns (especially in airport security), geophysical prospecting, archaeology and treasure hunting. Metal detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, and in the construction industry to detect steel reinforcing bars in concrete and pipes and wires buried in walls and floors.
Contents
1 History and development
1.1 Modern developments
1.2 Further refinements
1.3 Discriminators
1.4 New coil designs
1.5 Pulse induction
2 Uses
2.1 Archaeology
2.2 As a hobby
2.2.1 Politics and conflicts in the metal detecting hobby in the USA
2.3 Security screening
2.4 Industrial metal detectors
2.5 Civil engineering
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
History and development[edit]
Early metal detector, 1919, used to find unexploded bombs in France after World War 1.
Towards the end of the 19th century, many scientists and engineers used their growing knowledge of electrical theory in an attempt to devise a machine which would pinpoint metal. The use of such a device to find ore-bearing rocks would give a huge advantage to any miner who employed it. Early machines were crude, used a lot of battery power, and worked only to a very limited degree. In 1874, Parisian inventor Gustave Trouvé developed a hand-held device for locating and extracting metal objects such as bullets from human patients. Inspired by Trouvé, Alexander Graham Bell developed a similar device to attempt to locate a bullet lodged in the chest of American President James Garfield in 1881; the metal detector worked correctly but the attempt was unsuccessful because the metal coil spring bed Garfield was lying on confused the detector.[1]
Modern developments[edit]
The modern development of the metal detector began in the 1920s. Gerhard Fischer had developed a system of radio direction-finding, which was to be used for accurate navigation. The system worked extremely well, but Fischer noticed there were anomalies in areas where the terrain contained ore-bearing rocks. He reasoned that if a radio beam could be distorted by metal, then it should be possible to design a machine which would detect metal using a search coil resonating at a radio frequency. In 1925 he applied for, and was granted, the first patent for a metal detector. Although Gerhard Fischer was the first person granted a patent for a metal detector, the first to apply was Shirl Herr, a businessman from Crawfordsville, Indiana. His application for a hand-held Hidden-Metal Detector was filed in February 1924, but not patented until July 1928. Herr assisted Italian leader Benito Mussolini in recovering items remaining from the Emperor Caligula's galleys at the bottom of Lake Nemi, Italy in August 1929. Herr's invention was used by Admiral Richard Byrd's Second Antarctic Expedition in 1933, when it was used to locate objects left behind by earlier explorers. It was effective up to a depth of eight feet.[2] However, it was one Lieutenant Józef Stanisław Kosacki, a Polish officer attached to a unit stationed in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, during the early years of World War II, who refined the design into a practical Polish mine detector.[3] These units were still quite heavy, as they ran on vacuum tubes, and needed separate battery packs.
The design invented by Kosacki was used extensively during the Second Battle of El Alamein when 500 units were shipped to Field Marshal Montgomery to clear the minefields of the retreating Germans, and later used during the Allied invasion of Sicily, the Allied invasion of Italy and the Invasion of Normandy.[4]
As the creation and refinement of the device was a wartime military research operation, the knowledge that Kosacki created the first practical metal detector was kept secret for over 50 years.
The Mine Kafon Drone is a drone for autonomous, efficient and safe demining which has a metal detector attached that is hovered close above the ground using its sensors and a retractable arm.[5][6][7]
Further refinements[edit]
Many manufacturers of these new devices brought their own ideas to the market. White's Electronics of Oregon began in the 1950s by building a machine called the Oremaster Geiger Counter. Another leader in detector technology was Charles Garrett, who pioneered the BFO (Beat Frequency Oscillator) machine. With the invention and development of the transistor in the 1950s and 1960s, metal detector manufacturers and designers made smaller lighter machines with improved circuitry, running on small battery packs. Companies sprang up all over the United States and Britain to supply the growing demand.
Modern top models are fully computerized, using integrated circuit technology to allow the user to set sensitivity, discrimination, track speed, threshold volume, notch filters, etc., and hold these parameters in memory for future use. Compared to just a decade ago, detectors are lighter, deeper-seeking, use less battery power, and discriminate better.
Larger portable metal detectors are used by archaeologists and treasure hunters to locate metallic items, such as jewelry, coins, bullets, and other various artifacts buried beneath the surface.
Discriminators[edit]
The biggest technical change in detectors was the development of the induction-balance system. This system involved two coils that were electrically balanced. When metal was introduced to their vicinity, they would become unbalanced. What allowed detectors to discriminate between metals was the fact that every metal has a different phase response when exposed to alternating current. Scientists had long known of this fact; in time detectors were developed that could selectively detect desirable metals, while ignoring undesirable ones.
Even with discriminators, it was still a challenge to avoid undesirable metals, because some of them have similar phase responses e.g. tinfoil and gold, particularly in alloy form. Thus, improperly tuning out certain metals increased the risk of passing over a valuable find. Another disadvantage of discriminators was that they reduced the sensitivity of the machines.
New coil designs[edit]
Coil designers also tried out innovative designs. The original induction balance coil system consisted of two identical coils placed on top of one another. Compass Electronics produced a new design: two coils in a D shape, mounted back-to-back to form a circle. This system was widely used in the 1970s, and both concentric and D type (or widescan as they became known) had their fans. Another development was the invention of detectors which could cancel out the effect of mineralization in the ground. This gave greater depth, but was a non-discriminate mode. It worked best at lower frequencies than those used before, and frequencies of 3 to 20 kHz were found to produce the best results. Many detectors in the 1970s had a switch which enabled the user to switch between the discriminate mode and the non-discriminate mode. Later developments switched electronically between both modes. The development of the induction balance detector would ultimately result in the motion detector, which constantly checked and balanced the background mineralization.
The size of the coil can limit or optimize the size of the target detected. A very small coil can generally pickup smaller targets better than a larger coil. Conversely, a larger coil can usually detect larger objects from farther away, and sometimes sacrifices being able to detect smaller objects (even up close). There are trade-offs for what the "detectorist" is trying to find. Usually a detector user needs to decide which size coil will be used. On some high-performance detectors, sometimes the coil size is fixed (the coil cannot be changed) to optimize the circuitry for detecting smaller objects while still giving good depth on larger objects. Some higher performance metal detectors allow the user to change the coil size, to optimize what the user is searching for; a good example is very tiny gold pieces, usually requiring a smaller coil. Recent coil advancements have had a smaller coil inside a larger coil, and the circuitry is creating special timings between the two coils to optimize smaller and larger object detection simultaneously. Generally when using a metal detector the user should select the coil size based on "ground coverage" desired, "sensitivity" to smaller objects, distance that large objects can be detected, and the amount of "ground noise" that the coil will pickup or be able to "cancel". Smaller coils are sometimes used to focus the detecting search area to be smaller, thereby avoiding "trash" that may be present in a location.
Pulse induction[edit]
At the same time, developers were looking at using a different technique in metal detection called pulse induction.[8] Unlike the beat frequency oscillator or the induction balance machines which both used a uniform alternating current at a low frequency, the pulse induction machine simply magnetized the ground with a relatively powerful, momentary current through a search coil. In the absence of metal, the field decayed at a uniform rate, and the time it took to fall to zero volts could be accurately measured. However, if metal was present when the machine fired, a small eddy current would be induced in the metal, and the time for sensed current decay would be increased. These time differences were minute, but the improvement in electronics made it possible to measure them accurately and identify the presence of metal at a reasonable distance. These new machines had one major advantage: they were mostly impervious to the effects of mineralization, and rings and other jewelry could now be located even under highly mineralized black sand. The addition of computer control and digital signal processing have further improved pulse induction sensors.
The advantages for using a "PI detector" include the ability to "punch through" heavy mineral soil; in some cases the heavy mineral content may even help the PI detector function better. Where a "VLF" detector is usually greatly affected negatively, a "PI" is not.
Uses[edit]
Archaeology[edit]
Metal detectors are widely used in archaeology with the first recorded use by military historian Don Rickey in 1958 who used one to detect the firing lines at Little Big Horn. However archaeologists oppose the use of metal detectors by "artifact seekers" or "site looters" whose activities disrupt archaeological sites.[9] The problem with use of metal detectors in archaeological sites or hobbyist who find objects of archeological interest is that the context that the object was found in is lost and no detailed survey of its surroundings is made. Outside of known sites the significance of objects may not be apparent to a metal detector hobbyist.[10]
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
United States
In the United States cooperation between archeologists hunting for the location of colonial era Native American villages and hobbyists has been productive.[10]
England and Wales
In England and Wales metal detecting is legal provided that the landowner has granted permission and that the area is not a Scheduled Ancient Monument, a site of special scientific interest (SSSI), or covered by elements of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.
The Treasure Act 1996 governs whether or not items that have been discovered are defined as treasure.[11] Finders of items that the Act defines as treasure must report their finds to the local coroner.[12] If they discover items that are not defined as treasure but that are of cultural or historical interest, finders can voluntarily report them to the Portable Antiquities Scheme[13] and the UK Detector Finds Database.
Scotland
The situation in Scotland is very different. Under the Scots law principle of bona vacantia, the Crown has claim over any object of any material value where the original owner cannot be traced.[14] There is also no 300 year limit to Scottish finds. Any artifact found, whether by metal detector survey or from an archaeological excavation, must be reported to the Crown through the Treasure Trove Advisory Panel at the National Museums of Scotland. The panel then determines what will happen to the artifacts. Reporting is not voluntary, and failure to report the discovery of historic artifacts is a criminal offence in Scotland.
France
The sale of metal detectors is allowed in France. The first use of metal detectors in France which led to archaeological discoveries occurred in 1958: people living in the city of Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt who were seeking copper from World War I bombshell with military mine detector found a Roman silver treasure.[15] The French law on metal detecting is ambiguous because it refers only to the objective pursued by the user of a metal detector. The first law to regulate the use of metal detectors was Law No. 89-900 of 18 December 1989. This last is resumed without any change in Article L. 542-1 of the code of the heritage, which states that "no person may use the equipment for the detection of metal objects, for the purpose of research monuments and items of interest prehistory, history, art and archeology without having previously obtained an administrative authorization issued based on the applicant's qualification and the nature and method of research. " Outside the research of archaeological objects, using a metal detector does not require specific authorization, except that of the owner of the land. We often read, from some archaeologists, that the use of a metal detector is itself prohibited without official authorization. This is false. To realize this, one must look to the legislative intent in enacting the Law No. 89-900 of 18 December 1989. Asked about Law No. 89-900 of 18 December 1989 by the member of parliament mister Calloud, Jack Lang, Minister of Culture at the time, replied by letter the following: "The new law does not prohibit the use of metal detectors but only regulates the use. If the purpose of such use is the search for archaeological remains, prior authorization is required from my services. Apart from this case, the law ask to be reported to the appropriate authorities an accidental discovery of archaeological remains." The entire letter of Jack Lang was published in 1990 in a French metal detection magazine,[16] and then, to be visible on internet, scanned with permission of the author of the magazine on a French metal detection website.[17]
As a hobby[edit]
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This 156-troy-ounce (4.9 kg) gold nugget, known as the Mojave Nugget, was found by an individual prospector in the Southern California Desert using a metal detector
There are various types of hobby activities involving metal detectors:
Coin shooting is specifically targeting coins.[18] Some coin shooters conduct historical research to locate sites with potential to give up historical and collectible coins.
Prospecting is looking for valuable metals like gold, silver, and copper in their natural forms, such as nuggets or flakes.[19]
Metal detectors are also used to search for discarded or lost,[20] valuable man-made objects such as jewelry, mobile phones, cameras and other devices. Some metal detectors are waterproof, to allow the user to search for submerged objects in areas of shallow water.
General metal detecting is very similar to coin shooting except that the user is after any type of historical artifact. Detectorists may be dedicated to preserving historical artifacts, and often have considerable expertise. Coins, bullets, buttons, axe heads, and buckles are just a few of the items that are commonly found by relic hunters; in general the potential is far greater in Europe and Asia than in many other parts of the world. More valuable finds in Britain alone include the Staffordshire Hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold, sold for £3,285,000, the gold Celtic Newark Torc, the Ringlemere Cup, West Bagborough Hoard, Milton Keynes Hoard, Roman Crosby Garrett Helmet, Stirling Hoard, Collette Hoard and thousands of smaller finds.
Beach combing is hunting for lost coins or jewelry on a beach. Beach hunting can be as simple or as complicated as one wishes to make it. Many dedicated beach hunters also familiarize themselves with tide movements and beach erosion.
Metal detecting clubs across the United States, United Kingdom and Canada exist for hobbyists to learn from others, show off finds from their hunts and to learn more about the hobby.[21]
Politics and conflicts in the metal detecting hobby in the USA[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The metal detecting community and professional archaeologists have different ideas related to the recovery and preservation of historic finds and locations. Archaeologists claim that detector hobbyists take an artifact-centric approach, removing these from their context resulting in a permanent loss of historical information. Archaeological looting of places like Slack Farm in 1987 and Petersburg National Battlefield serve as evidence against allowing unsupervised metal detecting in historic locations.[22]
Hobbyists often state that professional archaeologists' resource limitations results in the loss or damage of many artifacts by plows, development, erosion and livestock. The language and breadth of legislation regarding artifact collection is also an issue, as the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 excludes scattered coins, the main target of inland hobbyists. Many hobbyists take issue with the breadth of metal detecting bans, marking large swaths of property off-limits which are either well-documented already or unlikely to ever receive professional attention.[citation needed] Suggestions to certify or offer limited permits for detecting at historic sites have been attempted in some areas of the United States.
Recently, productive efforts for cooperation between professionals and metal detecting hobbyists have begun, including the Montpelier Archeology Project and Battlefield Restoration and Archaeological Volunteer Organization (BRAVO) and many more. In these programs, skilled detector hobbyists work with experienced professionals with common goals of accurate, efficient site discovery and excavation. Away from supervised sites, hobbyists using improved record keeping and employment of global positioning system, GIS, logbooks, photo scales and online databases may aid professionals in evaluating possible sites. When searching for a site, hobbyists can aid with electronic scanning, reducing the need for test holes. Some land managers, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority have cited a role for amateur archaeologists in protecting sensitive sites from illegal looting and metal detector hobbyists have aided in the location and preservation of many sites.
Security screening[edit]
Metal detectors at Berlin Schönefeld Airport
A series of aircraft hijackings led the United States in 1972 to adopt metal detector technology to screen airline passengers, initially using magnetometers that were originally designed for logging operations to detect spikes in trees.[23] The Finnish company Outokumpu adapted mining metal detectors in the 1970s, still housed in a large cylindrical pipe, to make a commercial walk-through security detector.[24] The development of these systems continued in a spin-off company and systems branded as Metor Metal Detectors evolved in the form of the rectangular gantry now standard in airports. In common with the developments in other uses of metal detectors both alternating current and pulse systems are used, and the design of the coils and the electronics has moved forward to improve the discrimination of these systems. In 1995 systems such as the Metor 200 appeared with the ability to indicate the approximate height of the metal object above the ground, enabling security personnel to more rapidly locate the source of the signal. Smaller hand held metal detectors are also used to locate a metal object on a person more precisely.
Industrial metal detectors[edit]
Industrial metal detectors are used in the pharmaceutical, food, beverage, textile, garment, plastics, chemicals, lumber, mining, and packaging industries.
Contamination of food by metal shards from broken processing machinery during the manufacturing process is a major safety issue in the food industry. Metal detectors for this purpose are widely used and integrated into the production line.
Current practice at garment or apparel industry plants is to apply metal detecting after the garments are completely sewn and before garments are packed to check whether there is any metal contamination (needle, broken needle, etc.) in the garments. This needs to be done for safety reasons.
The industrial metal detector was developed by Bruce Kerr and David Hiscock in 1947. The founding company Goring Kerr[25] pioneered the use and development of the first industrial metal detector. Mars Incorporated was one of the first customers of Goring Kerr using their Metlokate metal detector to inspect Mars bars.
The basic principle of operation for the common industrial metal detector is based on a 3 coil design. This design utilizes an AM (amplitude modulated) transmitting coil and two receiving coils one on either side of the transmitter. The design and physical configuration of the receiving coils are instrumental in the ability to detect very small metal contaminates of 1 mm or smaller. Today modern metal detectors continue to utilize this configuration for the detection of tramp metal.
The coil configuration is such that it creates an opening whereby the product (food, plastics, pharmaceuticals, etc.) passes through the coils. This opening or aperture allows the product to enter and exit through the three coil system producing an equal but mirrored signal on the two receiving coils. The resulting signals are summed together effectively nullifying each other. Fortress Technology innovated a new feature, that allows the coil structure of their BSH Model to ignore the effects of vibration,[26] even when inspecting conductive products.[27]
When a metal contaminant is introduced into the product an unequal disturbance is created. This then creates a very small electronic signal. After suitable amplification a mechanical device mounted to the conveyor system is signaled to remove the contaminated product from the production line. This process is completely automated and allows manufacturing to operate uninterrupted.
Civil engineering[edit]
In civil engineering, special metal detectors (cover meters) are used to locate reinforcement bars inside walls.
See also[edit]
DEMIRA
Detectorists (BBC Television series)
Inductive sensor
Induction loop
Magnet fishing
Portable Antiquities Scheme
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Grosvenor and Wesson 1997, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Poulter, Thomas C. Outline of the Scientific Accomplishments of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition II, 1933-1935.
Jump up ^ Modelski, Tadeusz (1986). The Polish Contribution to The Ultimate Allied Victory in The Second World War. Worthing, England. p. 221.
Jump up ^ Croll, Mike; Cooper, Leo (1998). The History of Landmines. Pen & Sword Books, Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-628-0.
Jump up ^ Vincent, James. "This drone can detect and detonate land mines". The Verge. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "These brothers built a mine-sweeping drone". Popular Science. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Drone aims to rid the world of landmines". Metro World News. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "How Metal Detectors Work". 23 May 2001.
Jump up ^ Connor, Melissa; Scott, Douglas D. (1 January 1998). "Metal Detector Use in Archaeology: An Introduction". Historical Archaeology. 32 (4): 76–85. doi:10.2307/25616646 (inactive 2017-10-26). JSTOR 25616646.
^ Jump up to: a b Tyler J. Kelley (January 16, 2017). "Archaeologists and Metal Detectorists Find Common Ground" (The New York Times). Retrieved January 21, 2017. The difference between archaeology and looting, explained Brian Jones, Connecticut’s state archaeologist, is the recording of context.
Jump up ^ "Treasure Act 1996 – Meaning of "treasure"". HMSO. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Treasure Act 1996 – Coroners jurisdiction". HMSO. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Report Treasure". HM Government. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Treasure Trove Scotland".
Jump up ^ "Plat aux poissons du Trésor de Graincourt - Musée du Louvre - Paris".
Jump up ^ """". Le Prospecteur (5). ISSN 1169-3835.
Jump up ^ "Detecteur-de-metaux.com - Or natif et trésor - Conseils et guide d'achat".
Jump up ^ "Coin Shooting Tips :: metaldetectingworld.com".
Jump up ^ Dave McCracken. "The Fundamentals of Electronic Prospecting :: goldgold.com".
Jump up ^ Scott Clark. "Finding Jewelry with Metal Detector - lost ring :: detecting.us".
Jump up ^ "Directory listing of Metal Detector Clubs in the United States and Canada :: MetalDetector.com".
Jump up ^ "Civil War relic thief engaged in 'heartbreaking' destruction". NBC News.
Jump up ^ "The History of Airport Security".
Jump up ^ Jarvi, A, Leinonen, E, Thompson, M, and Valkonen K, Designing Modern Walk-through Metal Detectors, Access Security Screening: Challenges and Solutions, ASTM STP 1127 TP Tsacoumis Ed, American Society for Testing of Materials, Philadelphia 1992, pp21-25
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
Jump up ^ Editor, Mike Pehanich, Plant Operations. "Detecting Foreign Matter".
Jump up ^ "History - Fortress Technology".
References[edit]
Grosvenor, Edwin S. and Wesson, Morgan. Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone. New York: Harry N. Abrahms, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-8109-4005-1.
Colin King (Editor), Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance, ISBN 0-7106-2555-3
Graves M, Smith A, and Batchelor B 1998: Approaches to foreign body detection in foods, Trends in Food Science & Technology 9 21-27
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text:
Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Davy Jones
Pirates of the Caribbean character
Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Portrayed by
Bill Nighy
Appearance(s)
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
Dead Men Tell No Tales
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Captain, Flying Dutchman
Flagship captain of Beckett's E.I.T.C. Armada (temporanly)
Guide for souls lost at sea (abandoned)
Brethren status
Involved in the 1st Court
Ship(s) served on
Flying Dutchman
Weaponry
Left hand claw
Single-handed broadsword, DMC[1]
Norrington's Smallsword, AWE.[2]
Ships attacked
Edinburgh Trader
Black Pearl
Empress
Endeavor
Various unnamed ships
Davy Jones is a fictional character and one of the main antagonists of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He debut in the second film Dead Man's Chest as the main antagonist and return in the third film At World's End as one of the two main antagonists (the other is Cutler Beckett), respectively, and appear at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales who suggests will back in a possibile sixth film. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name).
The computer-generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history, behind King Kong in 2007.[3] The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Man's Chest.
The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones' Locker. In contrast to the historical legends, the films' Davy Jones is a villain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conception and creation
1.1 Design and appearance
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Before the films
2.2 Dead Man's Chest
2.3 At World's End
2.4 Dead Men Tell No Tales
3 Characterization
3.1 Music
3.2 Powers and abilities
4 Merchandise
5 References
6 External links
Conception and creation[edit]
From real to reality: Davy Jones is brought to life.
See also: Industrial Light & Magic, Motion capture, Computer-generated imagery, and photorealism
Before officially casting Bill Nighy, producers also met with Jim Broadbent, Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role.[4]
Like the entire crew of the Flying Dutchman (except "Bootstrap Bill"), Davy Jones's physical appearance is completely 3-D computer-generated.[5] Nighy's performance was recorded using motion capture during actual filming on the set, with Nighy wearing several markers in both a grey suit and his face, rather than in a studio during post-production.[6][7][8] Nighy also wore make-up around his eyes, since the original plan was to use his real eyes, if necessary to get the proper lighting, in the digital character; he also wore make-up on his lips and around his mouth, to assist in the motion capture of his character's Scottish accent.[5] Briefly during the third film, Jones appears as a human for a single scene, played by Nighy in costume. Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup due to the computer-generated character's photorealism.[9][10]
Design and appearance[edit]
Davy Jones' physique was designed by the films' producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features. Jones' most striking feature is his cephalopod-like head, with octopus-like appendages giving the illusion of a thick beard. The major features of the Davy Jones' physique bear strong resemblance to the mythical Cthulhu created by H.P. Lovecraft.[citation needed] In Lovecraft's short story "The Call of Cthulhu" he describes the creature as "...a monster of vaguely anthropoid outline, but with an octopus-like head whose face was a mass of feelers, a scaly, rubbery-looking body, prodigious claws on hind and fore feet..."
It is revealed in the bonus features of the Special Edition DVD that the face's color was partly inspired by a coffee-stained styrofoam cup which was then scanned into ILM's computers to be used as the skin. The character of Davy Jones has also a crustacean-style claw for his left arm, a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand, and the right leg of a crab (resembling a pegleg). He also speaks with a clearly distinguishable, albeit thick, Scottish accent that's slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose, and presumably, a nasal cavity and/or sinuses. Originally, director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch, as he is the captain of the "Dutch-man". Nighy however responded, "I don't do Dutch. So I decided on Scottish."[5] Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom Still Game influenced his choice of accent, stating: "I had to find an accent no one else had. Although Alex Norton is Scottish, mine was slightly different. We wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative...I have seen Still Game and I am a fan. The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area."[11]
Fictional character biography[edit]
Before the films[edit]
See also: Tia Dalma and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Davy Jones, a human and a great sailor, fell in love with Calypso, a sea goddess. She entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world.[12] Calypso gave him the Flying Dutchman to accomplish this task. She swore that after ten years, she would meet him and they would spend one day together before he returned to his duties. However, when Jones returned to shore after ten years, Calypso failed to appear. Believing Calypso had betrayed him, a heartbroken and enraged Davy Jones turned the Pirate Brethren against her, saying that if she were removed from the world, they would be able to claim the seas for themselves. They assembled in the First Brethren Court and Jones taught them how to imprison her into her human form.[13]
Despite betraying her, Jones still loved Calypso, and in despair and guilt for what he had done, he carved out his own heart and placed it in the "Dead Man's Chest". The Chest was sealed and placed within a larger wooden chest, along with Jones' numerous love letters to Calypso and all other items having to do with her, except his matching musical locket. The chest was then buried on Isla Cruces. Jones kept the chest's key with him at all times. With Calypso gone, Jones abandoned his duties and returned to the Seven Seas. As a result of this, Jones gradually became monstrous, his physical appearance merging with various aquatic fauna. Sailors everywhere would fear him to the death, for Davy Jones had turned fierce and cruel, with an insatiable taste for all things brutal. Jones recruits dying sailors by promising them a reprieve from death in exchange for 100 years of service aboard the Dutchman. He comes to command the Kraken, a feared mythological sea monster.
In the book series about Jack Sparrow's earlier adventures, Davy Jones shows interest in the Sword of Cortes, also sought by Jack. He is a minor character, but appears in the seventh book as Jack and his crew encounter the Flying Dutchman.
Jones also appears in the prequel book about Jack's first years as a captain. He helps the Brethren Court to identify the traitor among them, who turns out to be Borya Palachnik, the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea.[14]
Before the events of the first film, Davy Jones approaches Sparrow with a deal: Jones will raise the Black Pearl back from Davy Jones' Locker, allowing Sparrow to be captain for 13 years if Sparrow agrees to serve on the Dutchman for 100 years. This event, referenced in the films, also appears in the book series.[15]
Dead Man's Chest[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Davy Jones first appears in the second film; Dead Man's Chest he attempts to collect on his bargain with Jack Sparrow. Sparrow argues that he was only captain for two years before one of his crew members Hector Barbossa committed mutiny, but Jones rejects this explanation. Sparrow then attempts to escape the deal by providing Will Turner as a substitute for himself. Jack strikes a new deal with Jones; Jack will be spared enslavement on the Dutchman if he brings Jones one hundred souls to replace his own within the next three days. Jones accepts, removes the black spot from Jack's hand, and retains Will, keeping him as a "good faith payment."
Jones and some of the Flying Dutchman crew after Will challenges him to Liar's Dice.
While on the Dutchman, Will challenges Jones at a game of liar's dice. They wager Will's soul for an eternity of service against the key to the Dead Man's Chest. Bootstrap Bill joins the game and purposefully loses to save Will. During the game, Will learns where Jones keeps the key. The next morning, Jones realizes the key is gone and summons the Kraken to destroy the ship carrying Turner, who actually survives. The Dutchman then sails to Isla Cruces to stop Sparrow from getting the Chest.
Arriving, Jones sends his crew to retrieve the Chest; they return to him with it. The Dutchman then chases after the Black Pearl, but is outrun. Jones summons the Kraken, which drags Jack Sparrow and the Pearl to Davy Jones's Locker. He afterwards opens the Chest only to find his heart missing; it having been taken by James Norrington, who gives it to Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company.
At World's End[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
See also: Cutler Beckett
In the third film At World's End, Jones is under the control of Cutler Beckett and the East India Trading Company. Beckett possesses the heart, and threatens to have soldiers shoot it if Jones disobeys. Beckett orders Jones to sink pirate ships, but is infuriated when Jones leaves no survivors; Beckett wants prisoners to interrogate about the Brethren Court. Beckett orders Jones to kill the Kraken.[16] Later, he orders Jones attack the Pirate Lord Sao Feng; Jones subsequently kills Sao and captures Elizabeth Swann, who had been named captain by Sao Feng upon his death.[17] When Admiral James Norrington dies on board the Dutchman helping Elizabeth escape, Jones claims Norrington's sword (originally crafted by Will Turner). Jones then attempts mutiny against the EITC. However, Mercer successfully defends the Chest, forcing Jones to continue under Beckett's service.[18]
Beckett later summons Jones to his ship, the Endeavour. Jones confronts Will Turner and divulges his past with Calypso, while learning of Jack Sparrow's escape from the Locker. The three men then arrive at Shipwreck Cove.[13]
Human Davy Jones.
Jones confronts Calypso, locked in the brig of the Black Pearl. The two former lovers discuss Calypso's betrayal and Jones's curse. Calypso temporarily lifts his curse, allowing him to be seen briefly in his original human form. Jones tells her that his heart will always belong to her. Calypso, unaware that Jones betrayed her to the first Brethren Court, says that after her release, she will fully give her love to him.
Jones participates in a parley in which the EITC trades Turner for Sparrow.[19][20] After Calypso is freed, Will reveals that Jones betrayed her. She escapes, refusing to aid either the pirates or Jones. Her fury creates a monstrous maelstrom. The Dutchman and the Pearl enter it and battle.
During the battle Jones kills Mercer and retrieves the key to the Chest. Sparrow and Jones fight for control of the chest in the rigging of the Dutchman.[20] Jack acquires both the Chest and the key while Jones battles Will and Elizabeth. Jones quickly overpowers Elizabeth, and is subsequently impaled through the back by Will. Jones, unharmed, holds Will at sword-point. Jack threatens to stab the heart, and Jones cruelly stabs Will. Remembering Will as his son, Bootstrap Bill briefly fights and overpowers Jones, but is quickly defeated. Jones attempts to kill Bootstrap, but Jack helps Will stab the heart. Jones then calls out for Calypso, before tumbling to his death in the maelstrom.
Dead Men Tell No Tales[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
In the post-credits scene of the fifth film Dead Men Tell No Tales, Will (no longer bounded to the Flying Dutchman after the destruction of the Trident of Poseidon) and Elizabeth are sleeping in their bed together, when their room is entered by the silhouette of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones. Just as Jones raises his clawed arm to strike at the couple, Will awakens and the room is empty. Assuming Jones's appearance to be a nightmare, Will goes back to sleep, oblivious to the presence of barnacles on the floor amid a small puddle of seawater, suggesting it was no dream.[21]
Characterization[edit]
Music[edit]
In the films, Jones possesses a locket that plays a distinct melody, and he is known to play the same melody on his pipe organ. This melody is also his character's theme, and can be heard throughout the film's score. It comes in two variations: The soundtrack version and the film version. The melody of the soundtrack version is heard only in Dead Man's Chest. The film version is played in both films multiple times, and is heard last during the climax of the film. Because Jones and Calypso own matching locket lockets, Tia Dalma's theme is similar to that of Davy Jones, albeit in a different arrangement. The theme is also heard briefly after Jones' appearance in Dead Men Tell No Tales.
Powers and abilities[edit]
See also: Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean) and Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)
Davy Jones possesses a large number of supernatural abilities. Jones is capable of teleportation on board the Flying Dutchman and the Black Pearl, and he can pass through solid objects.
Jones is immortal, capable of surviving injuries that would be fatal to mortals. However, he is not impervious to pain, as demonstrated when Jack was able to cut off some of his facial tentacles during their battle. Jones can also track any soul that is owed to him using the black spot, with which any member of his crew can mark a victim.
Jones has also the power to control and call forth the Kraken, a sea monster which can destroy ships upon command.
In a physical confrontation, Jones' physiology also gives him various advantages; his facial tentacles allow him to manipulate objects while leaving his hands free, such that he is able to restrain Mercer's arms with his hands while smothering him with his tentacles. His tentacle finger allows him to exert a much stronger grip and control his sword more quickly and precisely than a normal hand could, and his crab claw hand possesses enough strength to bend or sever sword blades. He also demonstrates more general superhuman strength when he throws Jack off the crossbeam using only one arm.
Merchandise[edit]
Davy Jones was part of Series One of the Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest action figure set produced by NECA. Although the initial run of figures had a sticker on the box that proclaimed that the figure came with the Dead Man's Chest and Jones' heart, both props (as well as the key) were released with the Bootstrap Bill figure in Series Two.[22] Jones also made an appearance as a smaller figure with crew members Angler, Wheelback and Penrod. Jones was issued as a plush toy as part of Sega's "Dead Man's Chest" plush assortment. Jones was also part of a 3 figure pack as a 3.75 inch figure with Hector Barbossa and a limited edition gold Jack Sparrow for At World's End. Davy Jones and his ship, the Flying Dutchman, were produced as a Mega Blocks set for the movies Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. Although his minifigure counterpart in the Dead Man's Chest set has more bluish tentacles then his counterpart in the At World's End set, which has more greenish tentacles.
He was made as a Lego minifigure in November 2011, with 4184 Black Pearl.
A children's and adult Halloween costumes were released for Halloween 2007.
Davy Jones was released as a PEZ dispenser, along with Jack Sparrow and Will Turner.
Hot Toys also announced plans to make a 1:6 version of Davy Jones which became available Q2 2008, and is widely regarded as more detailed than those produced by NECA.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Ch.19 (Seen after the Kraken Attack)
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, crab claw for left hand Ch.14
Jump up ^ "Our 10 Favorite CG Characters". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
Jump up ^ Grant, Richard E. (2006). The Wah-Wah Diaries: The Making of a Film. Chatham, Kent: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-44197-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, second disc, "Meet Davy Jones"
Jump up ^ "An interview with Director Gore Verbinski". Post Magazine. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Various quotations and references". Never Been Typed. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
Jump up ^ "An interview with Bill Nighy". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Review by Russ Breimeier". ChristianityToday.com. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
Jump up ^ "A review by Iloz Zoc". BlogCritics.org. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Davy / Nighy news update". BillNighy.info. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.8
^ Jump up to: a b Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.15
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom, Ch.8 The Devil in the Deep Blue Sea
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom, Ch.19 The Freedom's Price
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.5
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.12
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.14
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.19
^ Jump up to: a b Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.21 through 24
Jump up ^ http://thekingdominsider.com/pirates-6-post-credits-scene-added-pirates-caribbean-dead-men-tell-no-tales/
Jump up ^ crawford. "Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man's Chest action figures – Another Toy Review by Michael Crawford, Captain Toy". Mwctoys.com. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
External links[edit]
Davy Jones on IMDb
[hide]
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This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 01:18.
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values: ديفي جونز (قراصنة الكاريبي) – Arabic

values: Дейви Джоунс (Карибски пирати) – Bulgarian

values: Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) – Danish

values: Davy Jones (Kariibi mere piraatide tegelane) – Estonian

values: Davy Jones (Piratas del Caribe) – Spanish

values: دیوی جونز (دزدان دریایی کارائیب) – Persian

values: Դեյվի Ջոնս (Կարիբյան ծովի ծովահենները) – Armenian

values: Davy Jones (Pirati dei Caraibi) – Italian

values: Davy Jones (A Karib-tenger kalózai) – Hungarian

values: Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) – Norwegian

values: Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) – Portuguese

values: Дейви Джонс (персонаж) – Russian

values: Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) – Finnish

values: Деві Джонс (Пірати Карибського моря) – Ukrainian

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