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Happy Birthday to You
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This article is about the song. For the book, see Happy Birthday to You!
"Happy Birthday (song)" redirects here. For other songs by that name, see Happy Birthday.
"Happy Birthday to You"
Candles spelling "Happy Birthday", one of many types of birthday cake decorations that accompany this song
Song
Published
1893
Songwriter(s)
Patty Hill, Mildred J. Hill
"Happy Birthday to You", also known as "Happy Birthday", is a song traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person's birth. According to the 1998 Guinness World Records, it is the most recognized song in the English language, followed by "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow". The song's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages.[1] The melody of "Happy Birthday to You" comes from the song "Good Morning to All",[2] which has traditionally been attributed to American sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill in 1893,[3][4] although the claim that the sisters composed the tune is disputed.[5]
Contents
1 History
2 Lyrics
2.1 "Happy birthday to you"
2.2 Lyrics with melody
2.3 Traditional variations
3 Copyright status
3.1 2013 lawsuit
4 Public performances
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Footnotes
6.2 Works cited
7 External links
History
Patty Hill was a kindergarten principal in Louisville, Kentucky, developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse;[6] her sister Mildred was a pianist and composer.[7] The sisters used "Good Morning to All" as a song that young children would find easy to sing.[8] The combination of melody and lyrics in "Happy Birthday to You" first appeared in print in 1912, and probably existed even earlier.[9]
None of the early appearances of the "Happy Birthday to You" lyrics included credits or copyright notices. The Summy Company registered a copyright in 1935, crediting authors Preston Ware Orem and Mrs. R. R. Forman. In 1988, Warner/Chappell Music purchased the company owning the copyright for US$25 million, with the value of "Happy Birthday" estimated at US$5 million.[10][11] Based on the 1935 copyright registration, Warner claimed that the United States copyright will not expire until 2030, and that unauthorized public performances of the song are illegal unless royalties are paid to Warner. In one specific instance in February 2010, the royalty for a single use was said to be US$700.[12] By one estimate, the song is the highest-earning single song in history, with estimated earnings since its creation of US$50 million.[13][14] In the European Union, the copyright for the song expired on January 1, 2017.[15]
The American copyright status of "Happy Birthday to You" began to draw more attention with the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in 1998. When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft in 2003, Associate Justice Stephen Breyer specifically mentioned "Happy Birthday to You" in his dissenting opinion.[16] American law professor Robert Brauneis, who extensively researched the song, concluded in 2010 that "It is almost certainly no longer under copyright."[17] In 2013, based in large part on Brauneis's research, Good Morning to You Productions, a company producing a documentary about "Good Morning to All", sued Warner/Chappell for falsely claiming copyright to the song.[5][10] In September 2015, a federal judge declared that the Warner/Chappell copyright claim was invalid, ruling that the copyright registration applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song, and not to its lyrics and melody. In 2016, Warner/Chappell settled for US $14 million, and the court declared that "Happy Birthday to You" was in the public domain.[18][19]
Lyrics
"Happy birthday to you"
Happy birthday to you
Happy birthday to you
Happy birthday dear [NAME]
Happy birthday to you.[20]
The person whose birthday is being celebrated is filled in for "[NAME]". The earliest known publication used "John" as the example.
Lyrics with melody
Traditional variations
It is traditional, among English-speakers, that at a birthday party, the song "Happy Birthday to You" be sung to the birthday person by the other guests celebrating the birthday. More specifically, the birthday person is traditionally presented with a birthday cake with lit candles, with the number of candles sometimes corresponding to the age of the person. After the song is sung (usually just once), party guests sometimes add wishes like "and many more!" expressing the hope that the birthday person will enjoy a long life. The birthday person may be asked to make a wish ("Make a wish!")—which he or she does silently—and then is supposed to blow out the candles. Traditionally, blowing out the candles is believed (or is considered a lighthearted superstition) to ensure that the wish will come true.[21] Once the candles have been blown out, people may applaud, after which the cake may be served, often with the first piece being served to the person whose birthday it is.
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, immediately after "Happy Birthday" has been sung, it is traditional for one of the guests to enthusiastically lead with "Hip hip..." and then for all of the other guests to join in and say "... hooray!" This is normally repeated three times. In Canada, especially at young children's birthdays, immediately after "Happy Birthday" has been sung, the singers segue into "How old are you now? How old are you now? How old are you now-ow, how old are you now?" and then count up: "Are you one? Are you two? Are you..." until they reach the right age, at which the celebrant says "yes", and everybody else, who presumably know the right number, all cheer.[citation needed]
Copyright status
The public domain song Good-Morning to All
Instrumental version of "Good Morning to All".
Both the music and lyrics are in public domain in both the European Union and United States. The copyright expired in the European Union on January 1, 2017. In the United States, a federal court ruled in 2016 that Warner/Chappell's copyright claim was invalid and there was no other claim to copyright.
The origins of "Happy Birthday to You" date back to at least the late 19th century, when two sisters, Patty and Mildred J. Hill, introduced the song "Good Morning to All" to Patty's kindergarten class in Kentucky.[10] Years later, in 1893, they published the tune in their songbook Song Stories for the Kindergarten. Kembrew McLeod stated that the Hill sisters likely copied the tune and lyrical idea from other popular and similar nineteenth-century songs that predated theirs, including Horace Waters' "Happy Greetings to All", "Good Night to You All" also from 1858, "A Happy New Year to All" from 1875, and "A Happy Greeting to All", published 1885. However, American law professor Robert Brauneis disputes this, noting that these earlier songs had quite different melodies.[22]
It is likely that teachers and students spontaneously adapted the published version of "Good Morning to All" to celebrate birthdays in the classroom, changing the lyrics to "Happy Birthday" in the process.[3] The complete text of "Happy Birthday to You" first appeared in print as the final four lines of Edith Goodyear Alger's poem "Roy's Birthday", published in her book A Primer of Work and Play, copyrighted by D. C. Heath in 1901, with no reference to the words being sung.[23] The first book including "Happy Birthday" lyrics set to the tune of "Good Morning to All" that bears a date of publication is from 1911 in The Elementary Worker and His Work, but earlier references exist to a song called "Happy Birthday to You" including an article from 1901 in the Inland Educator and Indiana School Journal.[24] Children's Praise and Worship, edited by Andrew Byers, Bessie L. Byrum and Anna E. Koglin, published the song in 1918. In 1924, Robert Coleman included "Good Morning to All" in a songbook with the birthday lyrics as a second verse. Coleman also published "Happy Birthday" in The American Hymnal in 1933.
In 1935, several specific piano arrangements and an unused second verse of "Happy Birthday to You" were copyrighted as a work for hire crediting Preston Ware Orem for the piano arrangements and Mrs. R. R. Forman for the lyrics by the Summy Company, the publisher of "Good Morning to All".[25][26] This served as the legal basis for claiming that Summy Company legally registered the copyright for the song, as well as the later renewal of these copyrights.[27] A later 2015 lawsuit would find this claim baseless. That specific new lyrics that also included the full text of "Happy Birthday to You", was a copyright on the derivative work. A 1957 acquisition of C.C. Birchard & Company saw Summy Company becoming the Summy-Birchard Company. A later corporate restructuring in the 1970s saw Summy-Birchard becoming a division of a new company: Birch Tree Group Limited.
Warner/Chappell Music acquired Birch Tree Group Limited in 1988 for US$25 million.[10][11] The company continued to insist that one cannot sing the "Happy Birthday to You" lyrics for profit without paying royalties: in 2008, Warner collected about US$5,000 per day (US$2 million per year) in royalties for the song.[28] Warner/Chappell claimed copyright for every use in film, television, radio, anywhere open to the public, and for any group where a substantial number of those in attendance are not family or friends of whoever is performing the song. Brauneis cited problems with the song's authorship and the notice and renewal of the copyright, and concluded: "It is almost certainly no longer under copyright."[3][17]
In the European Union, copyright lasts for the life of the author(s) plus 70 years; since Patty Hill (the last surviving author) died in 1946, the copyright in these countries expired on January 1, 2017.[29]
2013 lawsuit
On June 13, 2013, documentary filmmaker Jennifer Nelson filed a putative class action suit in federal court for the Southern District of New York against Warner/Chappell in the name of her production company, Good Morning to You Productions.[5] As part of a documentary she was making about the song and its history, she had paid US$1,500 to secure the rights. Her complaint relied heavily on Brauneis's research, seeking not only the return of her money but all royalties collected by the company from other filmmakers since 2009.[10][30][31] A week later a similar case was filed in the Central District of California, Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc, Case No. 2:13-cv-04460.[32] Five weeks later, Nelson refiled the case there,[33] and the cases were combined.[34][35][36] As of April 2014, Warner's motion to dismiss had been denied without prejudice, and discovery began under an agreed plan with respect to Claim One, declaratory judgment as to whether "Happy Birthday to You" is in the public domain. The Motion Cut-Off as to Merits Issues on the Claim One deadline was November 7, 2014. After that, the court was expected to rule on the motion for summary judgment as to the merits issues on Claim One.[37] A jury trial was requested.[38]
On July 28, 2015, one day prior to a scheduled ruling, Nelson's attorneys Betsy Manifold and Mark Rifkin presented new evidence that they argued was conclusive proof that the song was in the public domain, "thus making it unnecessary for the Court to decide the scope or validity of the disputed copyrights, much less whether Patty Hill abandoned any copyright she may have had to the lyrics". Several weeks prior, they had been given access to documents held back from them by Warner/Chappell, which included a copy of the 15th edition of The Everyday Song Book, published in 1927. The book contained "Good Morning and Happy Birthday", but the copy was blurry, obscuring a line of text below the title. Manifold and Rifkin located a clearer copy of an older edition, published in 1922, that also contained the "Happy Birthday" lyrics. The previously obscured line was revealed to be the credit "Special permission through courtesy of The Clayton F Summy Co.". Manifold and Rifkin argued that because the music and lyrics were published without a valid copyright notice as was required at the time, "Happy Birthday" was in the public domain.[39]
Warner/Chappell disputed the evidence, arguing that unless there was "necessary authorization from the copyright owner", the "Happy Birthday" lyrics and sheet music would still be subject to common law copyright as an unpublished work, and that it was unknown whether the "special permission" from the Summy Company covered "Good Morning to All", "Happy Birthday", or both, thus alleging that the publication in The Everyday Song Book was unauthorized. The company also argued that it was not acting in bad faith in withholding the evidence of the 1927 publication.[40]
On September 22, 2015, federal judge George H. King ruled[41] that the Warner/Chappell copyright claim over the lyrics was invalid.[42][43] The 1935 copyright held by Warner/Chappell applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song, not the lyrics or melody.[44] The court held that the question of whether the 1922 and 1927 publications were authorized, thus placing the song in the public domain, presented questions of fact that would need to be resolved at trial.[41] However, Warner/Chappell had failed to prove that it actually had ever held a copyright to the lyrics, so the court was able to grant summary judgment to the plaintiffs, thus resolving the case.[41]
Some initial news sources characterized the decision as ruling that the song was in the public domain,[44][45] but the decision did not go so far, holding only that Warner/Chappell did not prove they owned the copyright.[42] However, because there are no other claimants to the copyright, and the copyright to the melody long ago expired,[46] the plaintiffs suggested that the song was de facto in the public domain.[42] Also, the judge ruled that the song was not copyrighted by Summy Co., who had written in the song book, "Special permission through courtesy of the Clayton F. Summy Co." Since there was no evidence Summy Co. had copyright on the song, the song is still considered to be in the public domain.[47]
Prior to the lawsuit, Warner/Chappell had been earning $2 million a year licensing the song for commercial use,[45] with a notable example the $5,000 paid by the filmmakers of the 1994 documentary, Hoop Dreams,[48] in order to safely distribute the film.[49] On February 8, 2016, Warner/Chappell agreed to pay a settlement of $14 million to those who had licensed the song, and would allow a final judgment declaring the song to be in the public domain, with a final hearing scheduled in March 2016.[50][51] On June 28, 2016, the final settlement was officially granted and the court declared that the song was in the public domain.[19] The following week, Nelson's short-form documentary, Happy Birthday: my campaign to liberate the people's song, was published online by The Guardian.[52]
In the wake of their success, the lawyers involved in the "Happy Birthday" lawsuit filed similar lawsuits regarding "We Shall Overcome"[53] and "This Land Is Your Land".[54]
Public performances
One of the most famous performances of "Happy Birthday to You" was Marilyn Monroe's rendition to U.S. President John F. Kennedy in May 1962.[55] Another notable use was by comedy pianist Victor Borge, who played the song in styles of various composers,[56] or would begin playing Moonlight Sonata, smoothly transitioning into the song.[57]
The documentary film The Corporation states that Warner/Chappell charged up to US$10,000 for the song to appear in a film. Because of the copyright issue, filmmakers rarely showed complete singalongs of "Happy Birthday" in films, either substituting the public-domain "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" or avoiding the song entirely. Before the song was copyrighted it was used freely, as in Bosko's Party, a Warner Bros. cartoon of 1932, where a chorus of animals sings it twice through. The copyright status of "Happy Birthday to You" is directly referenced in a 2009 episode of the TV series iCarly, "iMake Sam Girlier", in which the main character as well as others begin to sing the song to Sam but are prevented from doing so by Freddie, who says the song isn't public domain; "For She's a Jolly Good Fellow" is then sung instead.
In a 1998 episode of the television show Sports Night, "Intellectual Property", character Dan Rydell sings the song to his co-anchor during a telecast, forcing his network to pay royalties, and causing him to ask his colleagues to choose public-domain songs for him to sing for their birthdays.[58] The copyright is also referenced frequently in a Disney A.N.T. Farm episode where characters repeatedly try to sing the song, only to be stopped by others reminding them of the price. The melody of the song is also featured in The Wrong Trousers but was replaced with "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" for DVD releases. The use of the song is a problem even if it is sung in a made-up language, as a Klingon-language version was nixed in pre-production from the 7th-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation called "Parallels", replaced with "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" in Klingon. In the Futurama episode "I Second That Emotion", they poke fun at the song and its copyright by making their own version with the lyrics "What day is today? / It's (birthday person)'s birthday / What a day for a birthday / Let's all have some cake."
In The Goldbergs episode "Han Ukkah Solo", Erica Goldberg is challenged to write a Hanukkah song. She does, but her words are sung to the tune of "Happy Birthday To You". Her music teacher tells her she can't use it because "I'd have to pay those old ladies hundreds of thousands of dollars, and I've already spent our budget on construction paper."
In the 30 Rock episode "Goodbye, My Friend", TGS cast members begin to sing the song following an announcement about the royalty fee for singing "Happy Birthday to You" on a television show. The cast is interrupted after the first line by a character entering the scene.[citation needed] In the Community episode "Mixology Certification", a scene starts with the last two words of the song ("... to you"), implying it had been sung in its entirety, before Pierce confusedly asks, "How come we only sang the last two words?"[citation needed]
In the 1987 documentary Eyes on the Prize about the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, there was a birthday party scene in which Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s discouragement began to lift. After its initial release, the film was unavailable for sale or broadcast for many years because of the cost of clearing many copyrights, of which "Happy Birthday to You" was one. Grants in 2005 for copyright clearances[59] allowed PBS to rebroadcast the film as recently as February 2008.[60]
In 2010, the Western classical music conductor Zubin Mehta conducted the orchestra to play variations of Happy Birthday in the styles of various Western classical music composers including Wagner, Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, and in the Viennese, New Orleans and Hungarian composition styles.[61][62]
On August 5, 2013, the first anniversary of its landing on Mars, NASA's Curiosity rover celebrated its "birthday" when engineers at Goddard Space Flight Center used the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument to cause the rover to "sing" Happy Birthday on the Martian surface.[63]
During the March 6, 2014 episode of the Comedy Central series The Colbert Report, Stephen Colbert planned to sing the song in honor of the 90th anniversary of its 1924 publication. Due to the copyright issues, Colbert instead performed his new "royalty-free" birthday song, which is set to "The Star-Spangled Banner".[64][65]
See also
History portal
Kentucky portal
Music portal
United States portal
List of birthday songs
Copyright troll
References
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Brauneis (2010), p. 17.
Jump up ^ Hill;, Mildred J. (music); Hill, Patty S. (lyrics) (1896). "Good Morning to All". Song Stories for the Kindergarten. Illustrations by Margaret Byers; With an introduction by Anna E. Bryan (New, Revised, Illustrated and Enlarged ed.). Chicago: Clayton F. Summy Co. p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Collins, Paul (July 21, 2011). "You Say It's Your Birthday. Does the Infamous 'Happy Birthday to You' Copyright Hold up to Scrutiny?". Slate. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Originally published in Song Stories for the Kindergarten. Chicago: Clayton E. Summy Co. 1896. as cited by Snyder, Agnes (1972). Dauntless Women in Childhood Education, 1856–1931. Washington, D.C.: Association for Childhood Education International. p. 244.
^ Jump up to: a b c Masnick, Mike (June 13, 2013). "Lawsuit Filed to Prove Happy Birthday Is in The Public Domain; Demands Warner Pay Back Millions of License Fees". Techdirt.
Jump up ^ Clifft, Candice (2007). "Little Loomhouse". Louisville Life Program. Kentucky Educational Television. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Brauneis (2010), p. 7.
Jump up ^ Brauneis (2010), p. 14.
Jump up ^ Brauneis (2010), pp. 31–32.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Weiser, Benjamin (June 13, 2013). "Birthday Song's Copyright Leads to a Lawsuit for the Ages". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Happy Birthday' and the Money It Makes". The New York Times. December 26, 1989. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Williams, Wendy (February 5, 2010). "Transcript". The Wendy Williams Show. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2014. We paid $700 to say happy birthday. You got to pay for the song. Williams used the song during an episode of her show.
Jump up ^ Mohan, Isabel (December 29, 2012). "The Richest Songs in the World, BBC Four, Review". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Warner, Brian (March 12, 2014). "The 10 Richest Songs of All Time". Celebrity Net Worth. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ EU countries observe the "life + 70" copyright standard.
Jump up ^ 537 US 186, Justice Breyer, dissenting, II, C.
^ Jump up to: a b Brauneis (2010).
Jump up ^ Blistein, Jon (9 February 2016). "Warner Music Settles 'Happy Birthday' Lawsuit for $14 Million". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Good Morning to You Productions v. Warner/Chappell Music, Inc. (U.S. District Court for the Central District of California 2016) (“The Court hereby declares that, as of the Final Settlement Date, the Song entitled Happy Birthday to You! will be in the public domain.”). Text
Jump up ^ "Rupa Marya, et al. v. Warner/Chappell Music, Inc., et al." United States District Court for the Central District of California. September 22, 2015. Case Number CV-13-4460-GHK. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Konstantinides, Anneta (May 12, 2015). "That's Not What She Wished For! Grandma, 102, Blows Out Her Birthday Candles... and Ends Up Losing Her Teeth Instead". The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brauneis (2010), pp. 12–14.
Jump up ^ Feaster, Patrick (June 20, 2014), "Edith Goodyear Alger: Lyricist of 'Happy Birthday to You'?" Griffonage-Dot-Com.
Jump up ^ US District Court CA (2015), pp. 3.
Jump up ^ Romeo, Dave (2009). Striving for Significance: Life Lessons Learned While Fishing. iUniverse. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-4401-2213-2. Retrieved June 14, 2013 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Russell, Carrie (2004). Complete Copyright: An Everyday Guide for Librarians. American Library Association. p. 15. Retrieved June 14, 2013 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Brauneis, Robert (October 14, 2010). "Copyright and the World's Most Popular Song". Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 392. George Washington University Law School. 56: 335. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1111624. SSRN 1111624  .
Jump up ^ Brauneis (2010), pp. 4, 68.
Jump up ^ Balme, Charlie (22 December 2015). "US Happy Birthday copyright case settles after protracted legal battle". Marks & Clerk. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Happy Birthday to You' Belongs to Everyone: Lawsuit". New York Post.
Jump up ^ "Class Action Complaint: Good Morning to You Productions v. Warner/Chappell Music". June 13, 2013 – via Scribd.com.
Jump up ^ "Case docket: Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc". archive.org. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, Good Morning To You Productions Corp. v. Warner/Chappell Music, Docket No. 1:13-cv-04040 (S.D.N.Y. filed July 26, 2013).
Jump up ^ Third Amended Consolidated Complaint, Good Morning to You Productions Corp. v. Warner/Chappell Music, Docket No. 2:13-cv-04460 (C.D. Cal. November 6, 2013).
Jump up ^ Masnick, Mike (September 3, 2013). "Warner Music Reprising the Role of the Evil Slayer of the Public Domain, Fights Back Against Happy Birthday Lawsuit". Techdirt.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Ted (October 7, 2013). "Court Keeps Candles Lit on Dispute Over 'Happy Birthday' Copyright". Variety.
Jump up ^ Dkt. 89 (Joint Report Rule 26(f) Discovery Plan)
Jump up ^ Amended Complaint, Dkt. 75.
Jump up ^ "'Happy Birthday' Lawsuit: 'Smoking Gun' Emerges in Bid to Free World's Most Popular Song". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Warner Lawyers: 1922 Songbook with 'Happy Birthday' Lyrics Wasn't 'Authorized'". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c US District Court CA (2015).
^ Jump up to: a b c Mai-Duc, Christine (September 22, 2015). "'Happy Birthday' Song Copyright Is Not Valid, Judge Rules". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (September 22, 2015). "'Happy Birthday' Copyright Ruled to Be Invalid". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hunt, Elle (September 23, 2015). "Happy Birthday Ruled Public Domain as Judge Throws out Copyright Claim". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Calamur, Krishnadev (September 22, 2015). "Unchained Melody". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ US District Court CA (2015), pp. 14-16.
Jump up ^ Mai-Duc, Christine (September 23, 2015). "Filmmaker Picks a Fight with a Corporate Giant and Sets 'Happy Birthday' Free". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Gordon (May 8, 2009). "Truth and Consequences". On the Media (Transcript). Interviewed by Bob Garfield. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Happy Birthday', 'Hoop Dreams', and the Fight for Fair Use". Kartemquin Films. September 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (February 9, 2016). "Warner Music Pays $14 Million to End 'Happy Birthday' Copyright Lawsuit". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Happy Birthday: Warner Offers up to $14M to Settle Copyright Dispute". CBC News. February 9, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Documentary About Freeing Happy Birthday From Copyfraud Comes Out The Day After Happy Birthday Officially Declared Public Domain". Techdirt. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Happy Birthday' Legal Team Turns Attention to 'We Shall Overcome'". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Farivar, Cyrus (18 June 2016). "Lawyers who yanked 'Happy Birthday' into public domain now sue over 'This Land'". Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daniel (November 25, 2011). "Happy Birthday Mr President, I'm a Bit Out of Breath: Secret Behind Marilyn Monroe's Most Memorable Moment". The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Higham, Nick (December 24, 2000). "Victor Borge: The Great Dane". BBC News. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Logan, Brian (March 14, 2012). "Rainer Hersch's Victor Borge". The Guardian (Review). London. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sports Night "Intellectual Property" Quotes". imdb.com. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dean, Katie (August 30, 2005). "Cash Rescues Eyes on the Prize". Wired. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ "PBS News: PBS Celebrates Black History Month with an Extensive Lineup of Special Programming" (Press release). PBS. January 10, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Zubin Mehta, Happy Birthday Variation, Symphony" (Video). Retrieved June 6, 2015 – via You Tube.
Jump up ^ "Zubin Mehta Does Variations on 'Happy Birthday'". Best Jon Bon. Retrieved June 6, 2015 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Happy Birthday, Curiosity!". NASA. August 4, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Colbert Creates Royalty-Free Alternative to 'Happy Birthday' For 'Happy Birthday's Happy Birthday". Techdirt. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Stephen Colbert Audience Experience". Worcester Telegram & Gazette. March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
Works cited
Brauneis, Robert (2010). "Copyright and the World's Most Popular Song". GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1111624. SSRN 1111624  .
"Rupa Marya, et al. v. Warner/Chappell Music, Inc., et al." United States District Court for the Central District of California. September 22, 2015. Case Number CV-13-4460-GHK. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
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Free sheet music of Happy Birthday to You from Cantorion.org
The original edition of Song Stories For The Kindergarten in PDF (public domain). It contains the song "Good morning to you".
The Happy Birthday Song and The Little Loomhouse
"Happy Birthday" at MusicBrainz (information and list of recordings)
Mars rover Curiosity plays "Happy Birthday" to itself on YouTube in 2013
The Happy Birthday Song provides access to the "Good Morning and Birthday Song" from the 1927 edition of The Everyday Song Book held by the University of Pittsburgh Library System.
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text:
Weekend at Bernie's
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 1989 comedy film. For its 1993 sequel, see Weekend at Bernie's II. For the 2006 album by The Queers, see Weekend at Bernie's (album). For the episode of How I Met Your Mother, see Weekend at Barney's.
Weekend at Bernie's
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ted Kotcheff
Produced by
Victor Drai
Written by
Robert Klane
Starring
Andrew McCarthy
Jonathan Silverman
Catherine Mary Stewart
Terry Kiser
Music by
Andy Summers
Cinematography
François Protat
Edited by
Joan E. Chapman
Production
company
Gladden Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
July 5, 1989 (1989-07-05)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15 million[1]
Box office
$30,218,387
Weekend at Bernie's is a 1989 American comedy film written by Robert Klane and directed by Ted Kotcheff. The film stars Andrew McCarthy and Jonathan Silverman as young insurance corporation employees who discover their boss, Bernie, dead. While attempting to convince people that Bernie is still alive, they discover that Bernie had ordered their deaths to cover up his embezzlement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 Sequel
5 In Popular Culture
6 Lawsuit
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Larry Wilson (Andrew McCarthy) and Richard Parker (Jonathan Silverman) are two low-level financial employees at an insurance corporation in New York City. While going over actuarial reports, Richard discovers a series of payments made for the same death. Richard and Larry take their findings to the CEO, Bernie Lomax (Terry Kiser), who commends them for discovering insurance fraud and invites them to his Hamptons island beach house for the Labor Day weekend. Unbeknownst to Larry and Richard, Bernie is behind the fraud. Nervously meeting with his mob partner Vito (Louis Giambalvo), Bernie asks to have Larry and Richard killed. However, after Bernie leaves, Vito decides Bernie has been attracting too much attention with his greed and his relationship with Vito's girlfriend, Tina (Catherine Parks), and orders that he be killed instead.
Bernie arrives at the island before Larry and Richard and plans the murders with Paulie (Don Calfa), the hitman, on the phone, unaware the conversation is being recorded on his answering machine. Bernie then plants cash and a fake confession note implicating Larry and Richard in the insurance fraud. Paulie arrives, killing Bernie with a drug overdose. When Larry and Richard arrive at Bernie's house, they find Bernie's body. Before they can call the police, guests arrive for a party that Bernie used to host every weekend. To Larry and Richard's amazement, the guests are too engrossed in their partying to notice he is dead, with the dopey grin from the fatal injection and his sunglasses concealing his lifeless state. Fearing implication in Bernie's death, and wanting to enjoy the luxury of the house for the weekend, Larry proposes he and Richard maintain the illusion that Bernie is still alive, a notion that Richard finds absurd. Only the arrival of Richard's office crush, Gwen Saunders (Catherine Mary Stewart), a summer intern for the company, convinces him to go along with Larry's plan.
Later that night, Tina arrives at the house, and has Larry and Richard direct her to Bernie. There, she also fails to realize he is dead. At that moment, Marty, one of Vito's mobsters witnesses the two of them apparently making love. Fooled into thinking Bernie's assassination failed, he notifies Vito. The next morning, Richard is appalled to discover Larry furthering the illusion of Bernie being alive by manipulating his body's limbs. Richard attempts to call the police but instead activates the phone message detailing Bernie's plot against them. Unaware of the circumstances of Bernie's death, they mistakenly believe they are still the targets of a mob hit and decide to use Bernie's corpse as a prop for protection. Richard and Larry make various attempts to leave the island. All attempts are thwarted, as they repeatedly misplace and recover Bernie's body. Finally, Larry and Richard are forced to return to Bernie's home. Meanwhile, Paulie, unhinged at his apparent failure to kill Bernie, returns to the island.
At the house, Gwen confronts Larry and Richard, who confess that Bernie has been dead since their arrival. Paulie then appears and opens fire at Bernie, then turns his attention to Larry, Richard, and Gwen. Chasing after the trio, Paulie corners Larry, who clumsily manages to subdue him with a phone cord and a punch. The police eventually arrive and place Paulie under arrest, taking him away in a straitjacket as he continues to insist Bernie is still alive. Bernie is loaded into an ambulance, however, his gurney rolls away and topples off the boardwalk, dumping him onto the beach right behind Richard, Larry, and Gwen, who run away after noticing him. Eventually, a young boy comes along and starts to "play" with Bernie, scooping buckets of sand over his body.
Cast[edit]
Andrew McCarthy as Lawrence "Larry" Wilson
Jonathan Silverman as Richard Parker
Terry Kiser as Bernie Lomax
Catherine Mary Stewart as Gwen Saunders
Don Calfa as Paulie
Catherine Parks as Tina
Eloise Broady as Tawny
Gregory Salata as Marty
Louis Giambalvo as Vito
Ted Kotcheff as Mr. Parker
Margaret Hall as Lomax's secretary
Jason Woliner as Bratty kid
Reception[edit]
The film received mixed reviews from critics, holding a 54% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[2] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film "tasteless" and "crude" and felt that in the end it was impossible to "drag one tired joke around for nearly two hours. Like Bernie, the movie ends up dead on its feet."[3] Roger Ebert echoed this sentiment, arguing that movies centered on dead bodies are rarely funny. Ebert gave the film 1 out of 4 stars overall.[4]
Nevertheless, the film was a financial success, grossing US$30 million at the box office, and was profitable on home video, as well as becoming a cult classic.[5][6]
Sequel[edit]
The film's commercial success inspired a 1993 sequel, Weekend at Bernie's II.
In Popular Culture[edit]
In the NCIS episode "Jeopardy", NCIS director Jenny Shepard had been kidnapped, and the kidnapper was demanding the return of $5,000,000 in confiscated heroin and the release of his brother. Unfortunately, the brother had died in custody. The NCIS team decided to place the deceased in the driver's seat of a car, tape his hands to the wheel, and make it appear that the brother had driven the car to the location for the hostage exchange. Agent Tony DiNozzo twice referred to the suspect as "Bernie", and then explained the film reference to Agent Ziva David.
In the Friends episode "The One with the Embryos", it was revealed that Rachel's favourite movie was Weekend at Bernies in the game that Ross created to solve an argument between Chandler and Joey, and Rachel and Monica, about who knew each other best.
Lawsuit[edit]
On January 24, 2014, director Ted Kotcheff and screenwriter Robert Klane filed a lawsuit against Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and 20th Century Fox for breach of contract for profits they claimed were due from the film.[7][8][9]
See also[edit]
The Two Deaths of Quincas Wateryell
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Weekend at Bernie's. The Wrap. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Weekend at Bernie's at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ "Weekend at Bernie's". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "Weekend at Bernie's Movie Review (1989) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Steve (Jul 13, 1993). "Resurrection 'Weekend at Bernie's II' Feels More Like a Month". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Familiarity Breeds Film Hits". Daily News of Los Angeles. Jul 13, 1993. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (24 January 2014). "Fox & MGM Sued In Multimillion-Dollar 'Weekend At Bernie's' Profits Suit". Deadline.com. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (24 January 2014). "'Weekend at Bernie's' Filmmakers Sue Fox, MGM Over Profits". Variety. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Lowrey, Brandon (15 October 2014). "MGM Tries To Kill 'Weekend At Bernie's' Contract Claims". Retrieved 2 April 2015.
External links[edit]
Weekend at Bernie's on IMDb
Weekend at Bernie's at the TCM Movie Database
Weekend at Bernie's at AllMovie
Weekend at Bernie's at the American Film Institute Catalog
Weekend at Bernie's at Box Office Mojo
Weekend at Bernie's at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Ted Kotcheff
Tiara Tahiti (1962)
Life at the Top (1965)
The Desperate Hours (1967)
Of Mice and Men (1968) (TV)
Two Gentlemen Sharing (1969)
Wake in Fright (1971)
Billy Two Hats (1974)
The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974)
Fun with Dick and Jane (1977)
Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? (1978)
North Dallas Forty (1979)
Split Image (1982)
First Blood (1982)
Uncommon Valor (1983)
Joshua Then and Now (1985)
Switching Channels (1988)
Winter People (1989)
Weekend at Bernie's (1989)
Folks! (1992)
The Shooter (1995)
Family of Cops (1995)
Borrowed Hearts (1997)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weekend_at_Bernie%27s&oldid=839281157"
Categories:
1989 films
English-language films
1980s black comedy films
1980s buddy films
1980s criminal comedy films
20th Century Fox films
American black comedy films
American buddy films
American criminal comedy films
American films
Films about contract killing
Films directed by Ted Kotcheff
Films set in Long Island
Films set in New York City
Films set on beaches
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in North Carolina
Mafia comedy films
Necrophilia in fiction
Slapstick films
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text:
List of Buffalo Bills seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of seasons completed by the Buffalo Bills American football franchise. The list documents the season-by-season records of the Bills' franchise from 1960 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Bills finished their most recent season (2016) with a record of seven wins and nine losses.
For complete team history, see History of the Buffalo Bills.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Seasons
3 Footnotes
4 References
5 External links
Key[edit]
The Finish, Wins, Losses, and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list.
Seasons[edit]
AFL Champions (1960–1969) Super Bowl Champions (1970–present) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth One-Game Playoff Berth
Franchise records according to Pro-Football Reference.com[1]
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular Season
Post Season Results
Awards
Head coaches
Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties
1960
1960 AFL Eastern 3rd 5 8 1 Buster Ramsey
1961
1961 AFL Eastern 4th 6 8 0
1962
1962 AFL Eastern 3rd 7 6 1 Lou Saban
1963
1963 AFL Eastern 2nd 7 6 1 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Patriots) 8–26
1964
1964 AFL Eastern 1st 12 2 0 Won AFL Championship (1) (Chargers) 20–7 Lou Saban (COY)
1965
1965 AFL Eastern 1st 10 3 1 Won AFL Championship (2) (at Chargers) 23–0 Lou Saban (COY)
1966
1966 AFL Eastern 1st 9 4 1 Lost AFL Championship (Chiefs) 7–31 Bobby Burnett (ROY) Joe Collier
1967
1967 AFL Eastern 3rd 4 10 0
1968
1968 AFL Eastern 5th 1 12 1 Joe Collier (0–2)
Harvey Johnson (1–10–1)
1969
1969 AFL Eastern 4th 4 10 0 John Rauch
1970
1970 NFL AFC East 4th 3 10 1 Dennis Shaw (OROY)(ROY)
1971
1971 NFL AFC East 5th 1 13 0 Harvey Johnson
1972
1972 NFL AFC East 4th 4 9 1 Lou Saban
1973
1973 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 5 0 O.J. Simpson (MVP)(OPOY)
1974
1974 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 14–32
1975
1975 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 6 0
1976
1976 NFL AFC East 5th 2 12 0 Lou Saban (2–3)
Jim Ringo (0–9)
1977
1977 NFL AFC East 5th 3 11 0 Jim Ringo
1978
1978 NFL AFC East 4th 5 11 0 Chuck Knox
1979
1979 NFL AFC East 4th 7 9 0 Jim Haslett (DROY), Jerry Butler (ROY)
1980
1980 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Chargers) 14–20 Joe Cribbs (ROY), Chuck Knox (COY)
1981
1981 NFL AFC East 3rd 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Jets) 31–27
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bengals) 21–28
1982[2]
1982 NFL AFC — 9th 4 5 0
1983
1983 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Kay Stephenson
1984
1984 NFL AFC East 5th 2 14 0
1985
1985 NFL AFC East 5th 2 14 0 Kay Stephenson (0–4)
Hank Bullough (2–10)
1986
1986 NFL AFC East 4th 4 12 0 Hank Bullough (2–7)
Marv Levy (2–5)
1987
1987 NFL AFC East 4th 7 8 0 Shane Conlan (DROY)(ROY) Marv Levy
1988
1988 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Oilers) 17–10
Lost Conference Championship (at Bengals) 10–21 Marv Levy (COY)
1989
1989 NFL AFC East 1st 9 7 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Browns) 30–34
1990
1990 NFL AFC East 1st 13 3 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Dolphins) 44–34
Won Conference Championship (Raiders) 51–3
Lost Super Bowl XXV (vs. Giants) 19–20 Bruce Smith (DPOY)
1991
1991 NFL AFC East 1st 13 3 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Chiefs) 37–14
Won Conference Championship (Broncos) 10–7
Lost Super Bowl XXVI (vs. Redskins) 24–37 Thurman Thomas (MVP)(OPOY)
1992
1992 NFL AFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 41–38 (OT)[3]
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 24–3
Won Conference Championship (at Dolphins) 29–10
Lost Super Bowl XXVII (vs. Cowboys) 17–52
1993
1993 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 29–23
Won Conference Championship (Chiefs) 30–13
Lost Super Bowl XXVIII (vs. Cowboys) 13–30 Marv Levy (COY)
1994
1994 NFL AFC East 4th 7 9 0
1995
1995 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Dolphins) 37–22
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 21–40 Bryce Paup (DPY)
1996
1996 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Jaguars) 27–30 Bruce Smith (DPY)
1997
1997 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0
1998
1998 NFL AFC East 3rd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Dolphins) 17–24 Wade Phillips
1999
1999 NFL AFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Titans) 16–22[4]
2000
2000 NFL AFC East 4th 8 8 0
2001
2001 NFL AFC East 4th 3 13 0 Gregg Williams
2002
2002 NFL AFC East 4th 8 8 0
2003
2003 NFL AFC East 3rd 6 10 0
2004
2004 NFL AFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Mike Mularkey
2005
2005 NFL AFC East 3rd 5 11 0
2006
2006 NFL AFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Dick Jauron
2007
2007 NFL AFC East 2nd 7 9 0
2008
2008 NFL AFC East 4th 7 9 0
2009
2009 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0 Dick Jauron (3–6)
Perry Fewell (3–4)
2010
2010 NFL AFC East 4th 4 12 0 Chan Gailey
2011
2011 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0
2012
2012 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0
2013
2013 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0 Kiko Alonso (PFWA DROY) Doug Marrone
2014
2014 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0
2015
2015 NFL AFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Rex Ryan
2016
2016 NFL AFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Rex Ryan (7–8)
Anthony Lynn (0–1)
Totals
400
460
8
All-time regular season record (1960–2016)
14
15
0
All-time postseason record (1960–2016)
414
475
8
All-time regular & postseason record (1960–2016)
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2016 NFL season.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Bills Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro-Football Reference.
Jump up ^ 1982 was a strike-shortened season so the league was divided up into two conferences instead of its normal divisional alignment.
Jump up ^ This game is also known as the Comeback
Jump up ^ This game is also known as the Music City Miracle
References[edit]
"NFL Football History". CBS Sportsline. Archived from the original on March 25, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
"NFL.com – History – Yearly Standings". National Football League Official Website. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
"Pro Football Hall of Fame – Buffalo Bills". Pro Football Hall of Fame Website. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
"History of the Buffalo Bills". Football @ JT-SW.com. John M. Troan. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
External links[edit]
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Mere Sapno Ki Rani
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Mere Sapno Ki Rani"
Film song by Kishore Kumar
from the album Aradhana
Language
Hindi
Released
1969
Length
5:00
Label
Saregama
Composer(s)
Sachin Dev Burman
Lyricist(s)
Anand Bakshi
"Mere Sapno Ki Rani" is a popular Hindi song from the 1969 Bollywood movie Aradhana. The song was composed by Sachin Dev Burman and performed by Kishore Kumar. In the film, Rajesh Khanna, the male protagonist, sings the song atop an open jeep virtually chasing the heroine, Sharmila Tagore, who was aboard the toy train in Darjeeling (Darjeeling Himalayan Railway).[1][2] R. D. Burman composed the song after his father, S.D. Burman, became too ill to finish the film's music. The song became a superhit in India.[2] Many other versions of this song were made such as the song "Atha Dilisena Hiru" by famous Sri Lankan singer H. R. Jothipala[3] The song was re-used in the Tamil film, Eli (2015).[4]
Picturization[edit]
In the film, Rajesh Khanna stars as Arun Verma, a young pilot from the Indian Air Force. On the Darjeeling toy train, Sharmila Tagore is Vandana, a recent college graduate who is returning to her hill station home. Arun and his friend, Madan (Sujit Kumar) have taken leave without permission, and as Madan drives the open top jeep, Arun sings the song in Kishore Kumar's voice, flirtatiously eying Vandana, and later in the film, when they meet again, they fall in love.
Singer[edit]
Originally, Mohammed Rafi was supposed to have sung all the songs in the film, but the composer, Sachin Dev Burman fell ill. His son, R.D. Burman reportedly ghost-composed this song, and took a chance and gave the song to Kishore Kumar.[5] It, along with "Roop Tera Mastana", turned Kishore into an overnight sensation along with Rajesh Khanna, and the two became best friends in the industry.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mahalingam, Sudha (March 2001). "Darjeeling: Where the journey is the destination". Travelogues. Outlook Traveller. Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited. Archived from the original on 2006-12-10. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Darjeeling Toy Train". Theme India: Train Tourism in India. IndiaLine. Retrieved 2007-03-09. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ SinhalaJukebox - A Jukebox of Songs from Sri Lanka (siinhalajukebox.org[permanent dead link])
Jump up ^ Naig, Udhav (13 May 2015). "Won't rule out another stint in politics, says Vadivelu". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Bharatan, Raju (31 October 2000). "The Aradhana syndrome and SD Burman". Retrieved 2012-10-18.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mere_Sapno_Ki_Rani&oldid=822396693"
Categories:
1969 songs
Hindi film songs
Indian songs
Kishore Kumar songs
Songs with music by S. D. Burman
Songs with lyrics by Anand Bakshi
Transport culture of India
Railway culture
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