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Tiger versus lion
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An Asiatic lion and two Bengal tigers[1] in captivity at Bannerghatta National Park, India. India is the last country with both lions and tigers in the wild. Historically, the modern lion and tiger co-occupied a vast portion of Eurasia,[2] from India in the east, through northern Iran and Iraq, to the shores of the Black Sea in the west.[3][4]
Historically, a comparison of the tiger (Panthera tigris) versus the lion (Panthera leo)[3][4] has been a popular topic of discussion by hunters,[5][6] naturalists,[7] artists, and poets, and continues to inspire the popular imagination.[8][9][10][11] In the past, lions and tigers reportedly competed in the wilderness,[12][13] where their ranges overlapped in Eurasia.[3][14] The most common reported circumstance of their meeting is in captivity,[15] either deliberately[9][16] or accidentally.[12][17]
Contents
1 Temperament
2 History in captivity
3 Coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness
3.1 Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger
3.2 Asiatic lion and Caspian tiger
3.3 Cave lion and tiger
4 Observed fights
4.1 In captivity
4.2 In the wilderness
5 Physical comparison
6 Professional opinions
6.1 Favoring the tiger
6.2 Favoring the lion
6.3 Neutral
7 Arts and literature
7.1 Art
7.2 Literature
7.2.1 The lion's mane
7.3 Cinema
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Temperament[edit]
Both the lion and the tiger have fearsome reputations in their native areas in relation to prey, sympatric predators, and people. Both may prey on humans, though rates of man-eating tend to be higher for the tiger.[6][18] General differences in behaviour:
The lion is usually a highly social animal while the tiger is solitary. It is agreed that the tiger is faster, smarter and more ferocious, and that keepers of captive tigers must constantly fear sudden attack.[19]
Lions may roam in prides of up to 30 individuals headed by a mature male or group of related males, until an incumbent male is killed or driven away by a new male leader. The majority of single roaming lions tend to be males preparing for maturation and assimilation with a new or existing pride. While male lions are generally larger and stronger than female lions, it is the close-knit female pride alliance that typically hunts and provides for the pride. By contrast, tigers are often solitary,[19] though they do socialize.[4] During a mating tryst, a tiger and tigress are hostile to other creatures, with the same applying to lions.[20]
More specifically, however, the Asiatic lion has similarities and differences with both its African relative and the tiger. For example, Asiatic lions are social like their African relatives, and females may be promiscuous.[21] However, the structures of the prides of African and Asiatic lions vary,[22] with male Asiatic lions usually associating with females during times of mating,[23][24] similar to tigers,[4][20] and whereas Asiatic lionesses and tigresses may practice promiscuity to defend their cubs, African lionesses are believed not to do it for that purpose.[25]
History in captivity[edit]
Main articles: Lion-baiting and Tiger-baiting
A Mughal painting of a Dervish with a lion and tiger
In the circuses of Ancient Rome, exotic beasts were commonly pitted against each other,[16] including Barbary lions[4][26][27] and tigers.[28] A mosaic in the House of the Faun in Pompeii shows a fight between a lion and a tiger.[29] There are different accounts of which of these animals won victory. Although lions and tigers can be kept together in harmony in captivity,[30] fatal conflicts have also been recorded.[9][31][32][33]
Coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness[edit]
Currently, India is the only country confirmed to have both wild lions and tigers.[4][34][35] Though they do not share the same territory, they did in the past,[12][36][20][37] and there is a project mentioned below that could lead to their meeting in the wild.[38][39][40]
Before the end of the 20th Century, lions[41][42] and tigers[43][44] had also occurred in other Asian[2] or Eurasian nations, including Iran.[4][14][35][20] As such, there is a word for 'Lion',[3][4][14][42] which can also mean 'Tiger',[20][45] and is used in Iran, South Asia and other areas, that is 'Sher' or 'Shir' (Persian: شیر),[46] and its significance is discussed below. The lion is also of cultural importance in the Far East,[47][48] including the land[49][50] of the Indochinese tiger,[43] but according to authors such as Reginald Innes Pocock (1939)[20] and Nowell and Jackson (1996),[4] the lion did not naturally occur there.
According to Colin Tudge (2011), given that both cats hunt large herbivores, it is likely that they had been in competition in Asia. Despite their social nature, lions might have competed with tigers on an individual basis, as they would with each other.[2]
Apart from the possibility of competition, there are legends of Asiatic lions and tigers breeding to produce hybrid offspring, which would be ligers or tigons.[51][52][53][54][55] From the fossil record, besides genetics,[4][44][56] it would appear that the modern lion and tiger were present in Eurasia since the Pleistocene, when now-extinct relatives also existed there.[3][41][43] Additionally, in the days before Indian Independence, the Maharaja of Gwalior introduced African lions into his area, which is a habitat for Bengal tigers.[57]
Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger[edit]
Further information: Wildlife of India, Wildlife of Pakistan, and Wildlife of the Indian Subcontinent
An Asiatic lion in Gir Forest, Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' ecoregion, India
T-12 the Bengal tiger in Ranthambore National Park, Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' ecoregion, India
In India, or in the extended modern sense, the Subcontinent,[58] Asiatic lions[41][42][59] and Bengal tigers[43][60][61] coexisted in a number of places,[3][4][12][36][35][20][37] before the end of the 20th century.[62] Amongst the places where they coexisted, or were reported to have been at least, are the area of Gwalior in the center,[63] that of Mount Abu in the north,[64] and that of Bahawalpur in what is now Pakistan.[4][59] Kailash Sankhala (1978) said that the habitat and prey of the Indian lion was not like those of an African savannah, but like habitats of the Indian tiger to an extent, including the dry, deciduous Aravali part of Sariska Tiger Reserve in the State of Rajasthan, and that it was a difficult place for predators to hunt as groups.[65]
Today, lions are found in Gir Forest National Park and surrounding areas in the region of Saurashtra,[66] State of Gujarat,[42][67][68] and tigers are found in other places, like Sariska Tiger Reserve[65] and Ranthambore National Park[40] in neighboring Rajasthan, the neighboring states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, and the Bengali Sunderbans.[68][69] Gir, Sariska and Ranthambore are in the same ecoregion, that of Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests.[60][61] Though the Bengal tiger is reportedly extinct in northern and southeastern Gujarat, the nearest population of tigers to Kathiawar Peninsula is in the border-area of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.[4][37][44][60] It is located across the Gulf of Khambhat from Kathiawar Peninsula,[68] and includes the Dangs' Forest[70][71][72] and Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary.[73] Either big cat can be called 'Sher' (Hindi: शेर) and have a fearsome reputation in the Subcontinent,[4][20][42][45] and emigrate from its protected habitat.[38]
The possibility of conflict, between lions and tigers, had been raised in relation to India's Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which was meant to introduce Gir Forest's lions to another reserve which is considered to be within the former range of the Indian lion, that is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh,[39] before December 2017.[74][75] Kuno was reported to contain some tigers that came from Ranthambore Park, including one called 'T-38'.[12][40] Concerns were raised that the co-presence of lions and tigers would "trigger frequent clashes."[76] The University of Minnesota's Lion Research Project describes one reason to delay the introduction of lions to Kuno Palpur, is the fear that tigers living there would kill the incoming lions. In a one-on-one encounter, it is believed that a Bengal tiger could beat an Indian lion, given its weight advantage.[12][38] Despite the fact that the habitats of Indian lions and tigers are similar means that they both live in conditions that favor solitary hunters of prey,[65] these lions are social like their African relatives,[22] and may form fighting groups, whereas tigers are usually solitary, and it is believed that a group of lions (2 – 3 males) or lionesses (2 – 4 females) is more than match for a single tiger or tigress (see § Temperament). Therefore it would appear that in order for Asiatic lions to survive in an area with Bengal tigers, the lions would have to be translocated there as intact groups rather than as individuals.[12]
Reginald Innes Pocock (1939) mentioned that some people had the opinion that the tiger played a role in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, but he dismissed this view as 'fanciful'. According to him, there was evidence that tigers inhabited the Subcontinent, before lions. The tigers likely entered Northern India from the eastern end of the Himalayas, through Burma, and started spreading throughout the area, before the lions likely entered Northern India from Balochistan or Persia, and spread to places like the Bengal and the Nerbudda River. Because of that, before the presence of man could limit the spread of lions, tigers reached parts of India that lions did not reach. However, the presence of tigers throughout India did not stop the spread of lions there, in the first place, so Pocock said that it is unlikely that Bengal tigers played a role, significant or subordinate, in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, rather, that man was responsible for it,[20] as was the case with the decline in tigers' numbers.[3][4][43][20][37] As such, Pocock thought that it was unlikely that serious competition between them regularly occurred, and that even if Indian lions and tigers met, the chance that they would fight for survival was as good as the chance that they would choose to avoid each other, and that their chances of success, if they were to clash, were as good as each other's.[20]
Asiatic lion and Caspian tiger[edit]
Further information: Caspian Sea, List of mammals of Georgia (country), Wildlife of Afghanistan, Wildlife of Armenia, Wildlife of Azerbaijan, Wildlife of Iran, Wildlife of Iraq, Wildlife of Syria, and Wildlife of Turkey
Men with a restrained lion in Iran. This photograph was taken by Antoin Sevruguin, ca. 1880.[77]
A Caspian tiger killed in northern Iran, early 1940's
Before the start of the 21st century, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria,[78] Turkey, and former members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, such as Azerbaijan,[3][4] were reported to have had Asiatic lions[35][42] and Caspian tigers.[4][44][79][80] Besides Asia, lions and tigers had occurred in Europe, in the region of the Black Sea, with tigers occurring in Ciscaucasia, and lions occurring in the Balkans,[81] up to Thrace and Macedonia, and possibly the Danube River,[3][4][20] at least.[82]
Velikiy Kniaz Vladimir II Monomakh of Kievan Rus',[83] in his work, "Poucheniya Detyam" (1117), said that while he ruled Turov (in what is now Belarus)[84] and Chernigov (in what is now the Ukraine),[85] he was on a hunt when he was attacked by a lyuti zver (Russian: лютый зверь, Old Russian for "fierce animal"). The zver sprang towards his thighs, and hurt him and his horse. Traditionally, the zver was considered to be a wolf or lynx, but, according to Heptner and Sludskii (1972), neither would spring at a rider or injure a horse, so it was more likely to be a big cat, with some people thinking that it could have been a leopard, or that it was more likely to be a tiger than a lion. The occurrence of the lion at the southern Russian Steppes, or the area of the mouth of the Don River, is disputed, whereas tigers likely occurred in the Russian Steppes or at the estuary of the Don River.[3]
In Afghanistan, it is possible that lions occurred at least in the southwest and southern parts. Tigers bred at the upper reaches of the Hari Rud or Tedzhen Darya at Herat.[3][20] Tigers were found at a tributary of the Amu Darya called the "Pyandzh River," from where they could invade another place (like Persian tigers that invaded what was the Soviet Union), and the Geri, Kunduz and Murghab Rivers. Intrusions from the Soviet Union were reported in the 1960s.[3] The last known sighting of a tiger was in the Babatag Range, which is on the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, in 1998.[86]
In ancient times, the Persian lion lived throughout much of its namesake home, including in northern regions near the Transcaucasian and Turkestani parts of the Soviet Union, which is why Heptner and Sludskii could not deny that they had been in the Turkestani region also. Many years ago, in the north, lions had been in the area of Tehran, and the Persian upland. Around the year 900, they were encountered in the south, although not frequently. However, in the 1870s, they occurred in western region, in the southwestern part of the Zagros Mountains, near Mesopotamia, and in forested areas which were south and southeast of Shiraz. Persian tigers also occurred in regions close to the Soviet Union, including the north-western region, enough for them to invade the Trans-Caucasus and Turkestan, including those of the Atrek Basin and Gorgan.[3]
The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers flow from Turkey to Iraq, through the Syrian region.[87] Lions were seen along the upper reaches of the Euphrates (Biledzhik, 1877; Alston and Danford, 1880) in the 1870s, before disappearing there by the end of the 19th Century, though they otherwise survived in that period, in Mesopotamia and the Arabian peninsula. In the 1850s, lions also occurred in the upper courses of the Tigris, near Mosul in the north. In the 1860s, there were many lions in reed marshes, along the banks of the two rives, though mostly in their lower reaches (Blanford, 1876).[3] Two lions in the region of Mosul were reported for the last time in 1914, and the last lion in Iraq was slaughtered on the lower Tigris in 1918.[4][59][88] Mazandaran tigers also occurred in Iraq,[89] on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris. In 1887, a tiger was killed near Mosul (Kock, 1990).[79][4]
In the Syrian region, before the end of the 19th Century, the lion occurred from what is now the country of Syria[78] in the north, to the area of Palestine in the south. In particular, lions had been present in the area of Aleppo, even as late as 1891 (Kinnear, 1920).[3][4] Up to the 1970s, the tiger had been reported in the area of Hatay, which includes Amuq Valley, and had been transferred from Syria to Turkey, during the Second World War.[78] Turkish tigers were also reported from the Plain of Selçuk in the western region,[90][91] to sparse forests and riverine corridors in the eastern region, which borders Iraq and Syria.[80] In February 1970, a tiger was reportedly killed near Uludere in Şırnak Province, Hakkari Region.[4][79] Anatolian lions had been in parts of the eastern region, apparently up to the 19th Century. Before that, the lion had been throughout Asia Minor, excepting the region of the Pontic Mountains in the north.[3]
In what was to be the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the Soviet Union in 1922,[92] in the northern part of its range there, bypassing the eastern part of the Caucasus, the lion occurred in an area which extended unevenly from foot-hills and the Araks River near Yerevan (in what is now Armenia)[93] in the east, almost to Tbilisi (in what is now Georgia)[94] in the west, from Absheron Peninsula (in what is now Azerbaijan)[95] in the south, to the Samur River (in the region of what is now the border between Azerbaijan and Dagestan in Russia)[3][96] in the north. This place includes what are now the Lagodekhi Protected Areas[97] in the Caucasus mixed forests' ecoregion.[98] Lions were hunted by local hunters called 'shirvans' or 'shirvanshakhs', and became extinct by the end of the 10th Century. The Hyrcanian tiger was found in the areas of Tbilisi and Baku in Apsheron Peninsula (which has a wildlife sanctuary[99][100] in the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests' ecoregion),[101] and was reported to have intruded territories, like those of Baku and Tbilisi, from other places, like that of the Talysh Mountains and Lankaran Lowland in what is now Azerbaijan.[3][80][95] The Trans-Caucasus is home to a tugay type of forest, and lions and tigers would have hunted prey like deer here.[3]
For what used to be the Turkestani region of the Soviet Union, which now comprises the countries Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan,[102][103] Heptner and Sludskii could not exclude the possibility of lions occurring in the southern part of the area, which is close to Iran, and along the upper Amu Darya, which has a tributary called "Sherabad Darya," which touches a town called 'Shirabad'. Doctor A. B. Meyer, in his book, The Antiquity of the Lion in Greece, said that the lion did indeed occur in the region of Khaurism, between Afghanistan and the Caspian Sea.[59] This was based on Abbott's 1834 book, A Narrative of a journey from Heraut to Khiva, Moscow and St. Petersburgh, which said that the predators of Khaurism included both the lion and tiger.[104] In the southwestern part of Turkestan, tigers occurred in the area of the Kopet Dag, along the Atrek River to the Caspian Sea, and the river's tributaries, the Chandyr and Sumbar Rivers, including the area of Tedzhen, often as intruders from Iran. They also occurred in the regions of the Amu and Syr Daryas, and others, in a vast area extending to the region of Western Siberia or Lake Baikal in the east, where the Amur tiger also reportedly occurred. Two tigers that were captured in southwestern Tajikistan harbored tapeworms (Taenia bubesei) which were also recovered from the lion, according to Chernyshev (1953).[3]
Cave lion and tiger[edit]
An illustration of a Eurasian cave lion with a hunted reindeer, by Heinrich Harder
In prehistoric times, before the 10th millennium BC,[41] the Upper Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion[105][106] had occurred throughout much of Eurasia, including the Caucasus, what is now Siberia in Russia, and what used to be Beringia. Judging from cave paintings, such as those of Chauvet, cave lions were social, having formed hunting groups like their modern relatives. Their great distribution may have enabled them to influence the distributions of sympatric carnivores like the tiger, through direct or indirect competition. In fact, during the early Pleistocene, tigers, including the prehistoric Wanhsien tiger,[107][108] appear to have been confined to the Far East, from Siberia in the north to the Sunda Islands in the south. It was during the late Pleistocene or Holocene, around when the cave lion became rare or extinct,[41][109] that the tiger spread westwards to places like the Caucasus and Indian Subcontinent.[3][43][44][56][110]
Observed fights[edit]
In addition to historical recordings, clashes between lions and tigers were reported or even caught on camera,[62] in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was not always clear which species regularly beat the other, according to Doctor Packer (2015).[12][13]
In captivity[edit]
Roman Emperor Titus had Bengal tigers compelled to fight African lions, and the tigers always beat the lions.[111]
In July 1808, Sylvanus Urban said that Mr Bolton had a friend who claimed to have seen a fight between the lion and tiger at a circus in Verona. Though the tiger had attacked first, it yielded to the stronger lion.[112]
In 1830, a tiger attacked a lion at a menagerie in Turin, Rome. Despite having attacked first, the lion got it on its back, and used its jaws to hold the tiger's throat. The tiger died after that.[113]
Clark (1838) said that a British officer, who resided many years at Sierra Leone, saw many fights between lions and tigers, and that the tiger 'universally' won.[36][a]
In 1857, an 18-month-old tiger at the Bromwich Zoo broke into the cage of an adult lion. The pair fought, and the young tiger ripped the lion's stomach. The lion died minutes later.[114]
According to Porter (1894), a tiger called 'Gunga', which belonged to the King of Oude, killed thirty lions, and destroyed another after being transferred to the zoological garden in London.[6]
According to the Gettysburg Compiler and The Baltimore Sun (1899), towards the end of the 19th century in India, the Gaekwad of Baroda, that is Sayajirao III,[115][116] arranged a fight in an amphitheater, between a Barbary lion called 'Atlas', from the Atlas Mountains between Algeria and Morocco, and a Bengal tiger from the Indian region of Shimla, both large and hungry (with their diets reduced before the fight), before an audience of thousands, instead of between an Indian lion and the tiger, as Indian lions were believed to be no match for Bengal tigers.[b] The tiger was more than 10 feet (3.0 metres) long, over 4 feet (120 centimetres) feet at the shoulder, had strong shoulders and long teeth and claws, and was agile. The lion looked taller at the head than the tiger, and had a large mane, legs and paws. The tiger was seen as "the personification of graceful strength and supple energy," whereas the lion was seen as the "embodiment of massive power and adamantine muscle."[33] In the fight, both cats sustained injuries, and although the tiger sometimes retreated from Atlas, it would come back to fight it, and in the end, managed to scratch Atlas to death, though Atlas pushed it off in one final move, before dying. The Gaekwad agreed to pay 37,000 rupees, accepted that the tiger was the "King of the Cat Family," decreed that Atlas' body be given a Royal burial, and that the tiger should have a "cage of honour" in the menagerie of Baroda, and decided to prepare the tiger for a battle with a Sierran Grizzly bear weighing more than 1,500 lb (680 kilograms). The battle was to happen after the tiger recovered from its wounds.[9][33]
At the Coney Island animal show in 1909, a performing lion attacked a chained tiger by leaping through the air, landing on the tiger's back. Though hampered by the heavy neck chain fastened to the iron bars of the arena, the tiger was more than a match for the lion and mangled it to death.[117]
In May 1914, at New York's Bronx Zoo, the barrier between the cages of Rajah, an 8-year-old Bengal tiger, and Huerte, a Nubian lion which was 2[118][119] or 3 years old, and had been sick for some time, got opened in an "unaccountable manner." For the first few minutes, the more agile Huerte appeared to be winning, but when it aimed for its injured opponent's neck, about an hour into the fight, Rajah aimed for its nape. Not only did Rajah manage to bite Huerte's nape, but it also broke Huerte's back, thus slaughtering it.[120][121]
In 1934, a fully grown African lion killed a mature Bengal tiger a short time after these circus animals were unloaded from the train, before trainers could separate them.[17]
Bert Nelson (1938) said that in Chicago, when 20 lions and tigers were mixed together for an act at a circus, a fight occurred, lasting for about 10 minutes. No fatalities were mentioned, but Nelson said that order was 'restored' when tigers used escape doors to flee.[122]
At South Perth Zoo, 1949, in a three-minute fight between a lion and a tiger, the lion killed the tiger. The fight occurred when the tiger put his head through a connecting slide. The lion caught the tiger by the throat, and, dragging it through the opening, killed it before the keepers arrived.[123]
By 21 February 1951, Beatty had seen 50 tigers killed by lions throughout his career.[124][125]
In September 1951, at a corporation zoo in Madras, India, an eighteen-year-old tiger called 'Vikram' entered the cage of a seven-year-old lion called 'Leo', and got into a fight with it. Badly mauled, including in the femur, Vikram retreated into its cage, and despite receiving medical attention, died.[126]
An Indian Prince organised a filmed fight in a deep pit in the compound of his palace. The lion had killed the tiger, according to Kailash Sankhala (1978).[65][17][31][65][123]
In March 2011, a Bengal tiger at the Ankara Zoo passed through a gap, between its cage and that of a lion, and killed it with a single paw swipe.[127] "The tiger severed the lion's jugular vein in a single stroke with its paw, leaving the animal dying in a pool of blood," officials said.
In the wilderness[edit]
It appears from the 15th-century book Anvâr-i Suhaylî (Persian: اَنوارِ سُهيلى, "Lights of the Canopus")[128] that the lion and tiger competed for dominance in the region of the Tigris River, that is Mesopotamia.[3][4]
Herne (1855) mentioned that in the Indian jungle between the village of Elaw, city of Baroche, and Gulf of Cambay, north of the city of Surat and its Ghauts, about 6.0 or 7.0 mi (9.7 or 11.3 km) from the village, he and his party, which included locals, heard a tiger's roar. Pursuing it, they caught a glimpse of it, but by that time, the tiger had attacked a local. It disappeared with the victim, and after pursuing it for about 50.0 yd (150.0 ft), they heard the roar of lion, and besides it, sounds which suggested that it was in a struggle with the tiger, such as growls. The party not only managed to see the lion and tiger rolling about in their battle, after going through bushes, but also the man who fell victim to the tiger. The author termed both the lion and tiger as "tyrants of the forest," given that they would attack weaker creatures. The tiger was about the same size as the lion, but more agile. As for the lion, it used greater strength, and its mane, which was somewhat deeper than those of its bigger African cousins, could protect its head from the tiger's claws, though not other parts of its body, such as the back. They were as determined and brave as each other, but the lion endured. It caught the tiger's throat, turned it on its back, and killed it by clawing its abdomen open. The lion was thus hailed as the "King of Beasts." Otherwise, the fight had been harsh for both beasts, to the extent that the author felt that it would avenge their victims.[129]
The Sun (New York) reported that in a depopulated Indian village at the bank of a creek connected to the Cauvery River, about 30.0 mi (48.3 km) north-west of Bangalore, a hunter injured by a venomous creature saw a tiger on his left-hand side, and a lion on his right-hand side. The tiger was a "rousing big fellow, who had seen 15 years of his life," and had muscular limbs. The male lion was "medium-sized." Both of them stalked him, but they did not notice each other at first as they were separated by a wall that was about 4.0 ft (120 cm) tall, and their focus was on the witness. When they got closer to him, the tiger scented the lion, and behaved like an angry cat, which included making a noise that startled the latter. The lion showed its teeth in response, and after reaching the end of the wall, roared at its foe. After the lion's head showed around the wall, the crouching tiger pounced on it, and rolled over with it. As they fought, which involved making bites or scratches, they growled in a way that turned the hunter's hair gray, in his own words. Tigers often kill victims by biting their throats, and keeping their hold on them for as long as necessary,[130] but that was not the case with this struggle. Despite different descriptions of their sizes by the narrator, and that the tiger was more agile than the lion, the tiger's neck was vulnerable to a bite by the lion, and for reasons like these, it was difficult for either cat to defeat the other, overall. After they temporarily retreated from each other, the hunter could see that they were both injured. Still, they were determined to destroy each other. The lion and tiger respectively roared and snarled. The narrator suspected that their hatred for each other may have been because both had been hunting him at the same time, therefore, their respective presences interfered with each other's hunt for him. The tiger pounced on the lion's back, rolling over or falling with it again, and struggling to its feet like it. The lion seemed helpless as the tiger held onto its fore shoulder, before making a move in which it managed to catch the tiger's neck. Now, the tiger seemed helpless, before making a move to use its hind claws to force the lion to release its hold on it. Though the tiger was the aggressor this time, their struggle became more like that of dogs unable to beat each other. They bled from nose to tail as they moved away from the witness, towards the creek. They fell into the water, which was about 2.0 ft (61 cm) deep, and this stopped the fight. They retreated from each other, limping into the forest.[c]
Rivalry between the Asiatic lion and "Siberian tiger"[d] is mentioned in Hamilton M. Wright's work, in The San Francisco Call (1911).[135]
Physical comparison[edit]
Main article: Physical comparison of tigers and lions
Generally, in terms of dimensions of the body and weight, the modern tiger[43] and lion[41] are the two largest species of the genus Panthera and the cat family. Variations in opinions and measurements exist for them, especially across different populations or subspecies.[34][20] Apart from that, similarities and differences exist for other characteristics, such as the lengths of their skulls.[3] As for their prehistoric relatives, such as the Ngandong tiger[7] and American lion,[138][139] they were considered to have been rather large, but measurements, estimates or opinions for their weights or sizes differ.
Professional opinions[edit]
Favoring the tiger[edit]
John Varty, owner of the Londolozi Reserve in South Africa, said, "People always ask me which one is bigger? If a tiger and a lion had a fight, which one would win? Well, I've seen tigers crunch up a full-grown leopard tortoise like it was nothing. And lions try, but they just don't get it right. If there's a fight, the tiger will win, every time."[140]
The animal rescue organisation Big Cat Rescue of Tampa, Florida answered, "While it would depend on the size, age, and aggressiveness of the specific animals involved, generally tigers have a significant advantage."[141]
The conservation charity Save China's Tigers stated "Recent research indicates that the tiger is indeed stronger than the lion in terms of physical strength. Lions hunt in prides, so it would be in a group and the tiger as a solitary creature so it would be on its own. A tiger is generally physically larger than a lion. Most experts would favor a Siberian and Bengal tiger over an African lion."[142]
John Smith Clarke, a British lion tamer, said, in a lecture on the fight between a tiger and a lion given to the Glasgow Zoological Society, while showing the actual fight on the screen, "in 100 cases out of 100 the tiger would always beat the lion. It was far more agile, it was not so clumsy in its movements, it was equally strong, it was equally armed, but it fought in a different way. The tiger very often fought rolling on its back and held the lion in its grip until it defeated him."[143]
The BBC (2016), in a 3-round study of agility, strength and intelligence, favored the tiger in the case of intelligence, due to the time spent for a particular challenge.[144]
National Geographic Channel's documentary The Last Lions of Asia mentioned that a Bengal tiger had a weight advantage of 50 kilograms (110 lb) over an Asiatic lion, and could kill a lone lion in a fight.[38]
Favoring the lion[edit]
Clyde Beatty, the animal trainer and performer who owned several tigers, lions, hyenas, and other exotic animals, believed that in nine out of ten times, "a full-grown lion would whip a full-grown tiger". He mentioned that since he first began mixing the animals, 25 of his tigers (two of them being Siberian tigers, the rest of them being Bengal tigers) were killed in the circus arena, but there was not a single lion casualty.[31]
Renowned naturalist and conservationist of India, Kailash Sankhala wrote in his book Tiger that the tiger would be unable to get close to lion's vital joints because of his thick mane, and that the tiger would be vulnerable to the lion. He mentioned that once an Indian prince organized a fight in which the lion killed the tiger, and opined that "a tiger is no match for even single lion of equal strength".[65]
Neutral[edit]
Carl Hagenbeck, a trainer from Hamburg, said that the lion and tiger were alike in "good temper and reliability." He cited the example of a lion being trained for a month to do tricks, and of a tiger taking five weeks to do so.[145]
Arts and literature[edit]
Art[edit]
Battles between the two were painted in the 18th and 19th centuries by Eugène Delacroix, George Stubbs and James Ward. Ward's paintings, which portrayed lion victories in accordance with the lion's symbolic value in Great Britain, have been described as less realistic than Stubbs.[146]
The British Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger in battle; an Arabic language banner on the medal displays the words Asad Allāh al-Ghālib (Arabic: أسَـد الله الـغَـالِـب, "Lion of God the Conqueror"). The medal commemorated the British victory at the 1799 Battle of Seringapatam (in the town now known as Srirangapatna) over Tipu Sultan — who used tigers as emblems, as opposed to the British emblematic use of lions.[147]
Lion and Tiger Fighting by James Ward, 1797
A Lion and Tiger in Combat by Johann Wenzel Peter, circa 1809
The Garden Arbor (German: Die Gartenlaube) by Ernst Keil's Nachfolger, 1858
Painting by Friedrich Specht, 1883
Sculptures of a tiger and lion fighting, with the former dominating the latter, by Emile-Joseph-Alexandre Gouget, in Le musée d'Art et d'Industrie de la ville de Roubaix
The Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger
The British Lion's Vengeance on the Bengal Tiger, Punch cartoon from 1857
19th-century etching of a tamer in a cage of lions and tigers, circa 1873
A picture of a tiger and lion fighting in the wilderness
Literature[edit]
A 1739 advertisement by Charles Benjamin Incledon featuring feliforms: the Mesopotamian lion from the vicinity of Bassorah, Cape lion, tiger from the East Indies, panther from Buenos Aires, Hyaena hyaena from West Africa, and leopard from Turkey, besides a "Man tyger" from Africa. Note that the lion comes first in the list, and that it is referred to as the "Magnanimous King of Beaʃt" (sic).
18th-century naturalists and authors compared the species' characters, generally in favor of the lion.[148] Oliver Goldsmith ranked the lion first among carnivorous mammals, followed by the tiger, which in his view "seems to partake of all the noxious qualities of the lion, without sharing any of his good ones. To pride, courage and strength, the lion joins greatness, clemency and generosity; but the tiger is fierce without provocation, and cruel without necessity."[149] Charles Knight, writing in The English Cyclopaedia, disparaged the opinions of naturalists Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and Thomas Pennant in this context, stating "the general herd of authors who eulogise the 'courage, greatness, clemency and generosity' of the lion, contrasting it with the unprovoked ferocity, unnecessary cruelty and poltroonery of the tiger, becomes ridiculous, though led by such names as Buffon and Pennant."[148]
English literature compared their battle strengths.[150] The poets Edmund Spenser, Allan Ramsey, and Robert Southey described lion victories.[150] In the view of a 19th-century literary critic, these contests established "sovereignty of the animal world."[150]
According to John Hampden Porter (1894, page 176), Lockington said that the jaguar reigned 'supreme' as the "terror of the forest," and that this applied to the lion and tiger in the 'desert' and 'jungle', respectively.[6]
In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Narada told Srinjaya that tigers were fiercer and more ruthless than lions.[151] This is in contrast with other literature from ancient India, which prefers the lion to the tiger. For example, Vedic literature depicted the lion, rather than the tiger, as the "king of the forest."[152]
The lion and tiger rival each other in Iranian literature.[128] For example, Humphreys and Kahrom, in their 1999 book Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran, treated them as the "two greatest and most beautiful" of Iranian carnivores, albeit being extinct there. As with the lion,[3] the tiger's Persian name was used for people and places.[14]
The lion's mane[edit]
An East African lion with a sparse mane at Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
A Southern African lion with a thicker mane in Etosha National Park, Namibia
About the lion's mane, Knight wrote "The lion has owed a good deal to his mane and his noble and dignified aspect; but appearances are not always to be trusted."[148] In fact, a study was done by scientists Craig Packer and Peyton West that claimed that the mane of the lion was strictly for mating purposes. Darker-maned lions were more often picked by females to breed, while light-maned lions were not so lucky. A lion's mane did not always purposely help in a fight, and it might even hinder the male lion, slowing it down when it attacks, according to Packer and West.[153]
However, Dereck Joubert (1996), who spent many hours studying lions in Botswana, believed that the mane could defend the lion's throat, in a fight with another lion,[154] and Clyde (1939)[31] and Kailash (1978)[65] believed that the mane could defend part of the lion's neck, in a fight against the tiger. Reports also support these claims, for example, when the Shimlan tiger fought Atlas, it tried biting Atlas' neck, but it could not, due to the mane blocking its teeth, and interfering with its respiratory system.[33] According to Heptner and Sludskii (1997), Barbary and Cape lions had the "most luxuriant and extensive manes" among lions, with "tresses on flanks and abdomen." As for the Indian lion, which has a smaller mane than its African cousins,[3][20] apart from African lions that have weak manes or are maneless,[155] during the fight reported by The Sun (New York) (1889), though the tiger could bite the lion's body, it was not mentioned to have bitten the lion's neck.
Cinema[edit]
In Paalai, a Tamil film, there is dialogue about the characteristics of the tiger and lion. It concludes that the tiger is superior. In the film, the tiger is the symbol and flag of the native Tamil tribal people and the lion is the symbol and flag of non-Tamil Singhal (literally meaning 'Leonine') people.[156]
See also[edit]
Animal-baiting
Animal Face-Off
Lions, Tigers and Bears
The Jeff Corwin Experience, Episode 10 — India: Between the Tiger and the Lion
Tyavarekoppa Lion and Tiger Safari
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ As a West African nation, Sierra Leone would have had indigenous lions, but not tigers.[3][33]
Jump up ^ For more details, see Asiatic lion versus Bengal tiger.
Jump up ^ As reported by St. Landry Democrat (1887),[131] The Eaton Democrat (1887),[132] The Iola Register (1887),[133] The Milan Exchange (1887),[134] and The Sydney Mail (1889),[13] in chronological order.
Jump up ^ Though this term was used,[135] genetic tests showed that the Amur tiger was closely related to the Caspian tiger,[136][137] which also inhabited the former Soviet Union (where Siberia is located), and whose range would have overlapped with that of the lion in places like the Caucasus.[3]
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Jump up ^ Turner, A. and Antón, M. (1997). The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10228-5. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ The Medical times and gazette: A Journal of Medical Science. p. 626. Archived from the original on 1850.
Jump up ^ Urban, S. (1834). The Gentleman's Magazine, Volumes 156 – 157. F. Jeffries. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Lion and tiger fight". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 31 October 1930. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
Jump up ^ The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. Charles Darwin
Jump up ^ "His Highness Sayajirao Gaekwad III". Gaekwadsofbardoa.com. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Alastair (10 December 2011). "Indian maharajah's daring act of anti-colonial dissent". The BBC. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
Jump up ^ "Tiger whips Lion". Boston News Access. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lion Fights Tiger". The Horsham Times. 12 May 1914. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Lion Fights Tiger: Latter Scores A Win". Warracknabeal Herald. 12 May 1914. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Tiger and lion in death fight at New York Zoo". The Fairmont West Virginian. 8 May 1914. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Lion and tiger in death battle". The Pittsburgh Press. 8 May 1914. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
Jump up ^ Rover, R. (15 January 1938). "Our Junior Section: Ralph Rover's Letter". The Age. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lion Kills Tiger". Examiner. 30 July 1949. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jungle Cats' Clash Not In Act". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 22 February 1951. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Beatty fights off lion after tiger is killed". The Tuscaloosa News. 20 February 1951. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
Jump up ^ "ZOO TIGER SUCCUMBS: FOUGHT WITH LION". Retrieved 2016-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Tiger Kills Lion In Turkish Zoo". BBC News. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Eastwick, Edward B (transl.) (1854). The Anvari Suhaili; or the Lights of Canopus Being the Persian version of the Fables of Pilpay; or the Book Kalílah and Damnah rendered into Persian by Husain Vá'iz U'L-Káshifí. Hertford: Stephen Austin, Bookseller to the East-India College. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ Herne, P. (1855). "XXIII: Domus. Surat. The nature of the jungles beyond. A boa constrictor. A tiger. A lion. Terrible conflict. A Banyan tree.". Perils and Pleasures of a Hunter's Life; or the Romance of Hunting by Peregrine Herne. Cornell University Library. pp. 194–204. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
Jump up ^ Schaller, George B. (1967). The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India. Chicago: Chicago Press. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "An Awful Fight: A Combat Between a Tiger and a Lion". St. Landry Democrat. 30 April 1887. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
Jump up ^ "An Awful Fight: A Combat Between a Tiger and a Lion". The Eaton Democrat. 14 April 1887. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
Jump up ^ "An Awful Fight: A Combat Between a Tiger and a Lion". The Iola Register. 22 April 1887. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
Jump up ^ "An Awful Fight: A Combat Between a Tiger and a Lion". The Milan Exchange. 23 April 1887. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "When the Mastodon Walked Up Market Street". The San Francisco Call. 30 July 1911. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
Jump up ^ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11).
Jump up ^ Driscoll, C.A., Yamaguchi, N., Kahila Bar-Gal, G., Roca, A.L., Luo, S.-J., Macdonald, D. and O’Brien, S. J. (2009). "Mitochondrial phylogeography illuminates the origin of the extinct Caspian tiger and its relationship to the Amur tiger". PLOS ONE. 4: 1–8. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4125D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004125. PMC 2624500  . PMID 19142238. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Merriam, J. C. & Stock, C. 1932: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 442, 1–231.
Jump up ^ DeSantis, L. R.; Schubert, B. W.; Scott, J. R.; Ungar, P. S. (2012). "Implications of diet for the extinction of saber-toothed cats and American lions". PLoS ONE. 7 (12): e52453. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...752453D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052453. PMC 3530457  . PMID 23300674.
Jump up ^ "John Varty Interview". Country Life. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Big Cat Rescue FAQ". Big Cat Rescue. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Save China's Tigers Questions". Save China's Tigers. 9 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lion versus the tiger". The Glasgow Herald. 26 March 1937.
Jump up ^ "lion vs tiger:". BBC Earth Unplugged. 10 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Hornaday, W. T. (31 December 1905). "Mental capacity of Animals". The Evening Standard. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
Jump up ^ Frank McLynn (2006). 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World. Canongate Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8021-4228-3. George Stubbs, the most famous and original animal painter of his time who was just reaching his peak in 1759, liked to display combats of lion versus tiger, though he did not commit the egregious mistake made in James Ward's animal pictures painted later in the century where the lion symbolises Britain and the tiger India; in reality, as we know very clearly from the obscene animal fights staged by the Ancient Romans in the arena, the tiger would win every time
Jump up ^ Maya Jasanoff (2007). Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750–1850. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-42571-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Charles Knight (1854). The English cyclopaedia: a new dictionary of Universal Knowledge. Bradbury and Evans. p. 219. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Oliver Goldsmith; Georges Léopold C.F.D. Cuvier (baron de.) (1847). A history of the earth and animated nature, with an intr. view of the animal kingdom tr. from the Fr. of Baron Cuvier, notes and a life of the author by W. Irving. p. 367. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Charles Francis Richardson (1883). Good literature: a literary eclectic weekly, Volume 5. AbeBooks. p. 114.
Jump up ^ Prof. Muneo Tokunaga John D. Smith K M Ganguli. "Tiger in Hindu epic Mahabharatha". The Mahabharata in Sanskrit. Sacred Texts. pp. SECTION LXVIII. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ Mitra, S. (2005). Gir Forest and the saga of the Asiatic lion. New Delhi: Indus. ISBN 8173871833.
Jump up ^ "Mane of the Lion". Bigcatnews.blogspot.com. September 2006. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Joubert, D. (18 May 1996). "Letters : By any other mane". New Scientist. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
Jump up ^ Schoe, Marjolein; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Kaandorp, Jacques and de Iongh, Hans (2010) Progress Report – collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin. Funded by the Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund.
Jump up ^ IMDb (2011). "Paalai". Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Further reading[edit]
Isabel Thomas (2006). Lion vs. Tiger. Raintree. ISBN 978-1-4109-2398-1.
Jerry Pallotta; Rob Bolster (2009). Lion vs. tiger. Scholastic. ISBN 978-0-545-17571-5.
External links[edit]
Tiger vs. Lion — Who Would Win?, Smithsonian
Are there tigers in the lion's state of Gujarat?
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Yellow brick road
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Yellow Brick Road" redirects here. For other uses, see Yellow Brick Road (disambiguation).
Yellow brick road
Dorothy and her companion befriend the Cowardly Lion, while traveling on the Yellow Brick Road--illustration by W. W. Denslow (1900).
The Oz series location
Created by
L. Frank Baum
Genre
Classics children's books
Type
Road paved with yellow bricks, leading to its destination--Emerald City
The Yellow Brick Road is a fictional element in the 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by American author L. Frank Baum. The road also appears in the several sequel Oz books such as The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913).
The road's most notable portrayal is in the classic 1939 MGM musical movie The Wizard of Oz, loosely based on Baum's first Oz book. In the novel's first edition the road is mostly referred to as the "Road of Yellow Bricks". In the original story and in later films based on it such as The Wiz (1978), Dorothy Gale must find the road before embarking on her journey, as the tornado did not deposit her farmhouse directly in front of it as in the 1939 film.
Contents
1 Road's history
2 Real yellow brick roads
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
Road's history[edit]
The following is an excerpt from the third chapter of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which Dorothy sets off to see the Wizard:
..."There were several roads near by, but it did not take Dorothy long to find the one paved with yellow bricks. Within a short time she was walking briskly toward the Emerald City; her Silver Shoes tinkling merrily on the hard, yellow road-bed ".
The road is first introduced in the third chapter of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The road begins in the heart of the eastern quadrant called Munchkin Country in the Land of Oz. It functions as a guideline that leads all who follow it, to the road's ultimate destination—the imperial capital of Oz called Emerald City that is located in the exact center of the entire continent. In the book, the novel's main protagonist, Dorothy, is forced to search for the road before she can begin her quest to seek the Wizard. This is because the cyclone from Kansas did not release her farmhouse closely near it as it did in the various film adaptations. After the council with the native Munchkins and their dear friend the Good Witch of the North, Dorothy begins looking for it and sees many pathways and roads nearby, (all of which lead in various directions). Thankfully it doesn't take her too long to spot the one paved with bright yellow bricks.
Later in the book, Dorothy and her companions, the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman and Cowardly Lion discover that the road has fallen into disrepair in some parts of the land, having several broken chasms ending at dangerous cliffs with deadly drops. In the end of the book we learn the road's history; unlike in Walt Disney's prequel film Oz the Great and Powerful (2013), the Emerald City and yellow brick road did not exist prior to Oz's arrival. When Oscar Diggs arrived in Oz via hot air-balloon that had been swept away in a storm, the people of the land were convinced he was a great "Wizard" who had finally come to fulfill Oz's long-awaited prophecy. Since the recent fall of Oz's mortal King Pastoria, and the mysterious disappearance of his baby daughter Princess Ozma, Oscar immediately proclaimed himself as Oz's new dominant ruler and had his people build the road as well as the city in his honor.
In the second Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, Tip and his companion Jack Pumpkinhead, likewise follow a yellow brick road to reach Emerald City while traveling from Oz's northern quadrant, the Gillikin Country.[1] In the book The Patchwork Girl of Oz, it is revealed that there are two yellow brick roads from Munchkin Country to the Emerald City: according to the Shaggy Man, Dorothy took the longer and more dangerous one in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[1]
In the classic 1939 film, a red brick road can be seen starting at the same point as the yellow brick road and is entwined with it, despite seemingly going in a different direction. This version of the road does not exist in Baum's books. Also, at the cornfield where Dorothy meets and befriends the Scarecrow, there is a fork in the yellow brick road leading in different directions. Luckily they choose the correct one of the three branches that leads to Emerald City.
In Disney's 1985 live action semi-sequel to the 1939 movie Return to Oz, Dorothy returns to Oz six months after being sent back home to Kansas from her first visit. Upon her second arrival she finds the yellow brick road in ruins by the hands of the evil Nome King who also conquered the Emerald City. In the end, it is presumed that after she defeats him and saves the city and its citizens, the road is restored as well.
Real yellow brick roads[edit]
The actual road is believed to be one in Peekskill, New York, where L. Frank Baum attended Peekskill Military Academy.[2] According to a local legend, the Yellow Brick Road was derived from a road paved with yellow bricks near Holland, Michigan, where Baum spent summers.[citation needed] Ithaca, New York, also makes a claim for being Frank Baum's inspiration. He opened a road tour of his musical, The Maid of Arran, in Ithaca, and he met his future wife Maud Gage Baum while she was attending Cornell University. At the time, yellow bricks paved local roads.[3] Yellow brick roads can also be found in Aberdeen, South Dakota; Albany, New York; Rossville (Baltimore County), Maryland; Montclair, New Jersey (Parkhurst Place and Afterglow Way); Bronxville, New York (on Prescott and Valley roads); Chicago, Illinois; Liberal, Kansas; Sedan, Kansas and Chittenango, New York, as well as a school in Abington, Pennsylvania, and abroad in Sofia, Bulgaria.
Two direct, and the only published, references to the origin of the Yellow Brick Road came from Baum's own descendants: his son Frank Joslyn Baum in To Please A Child and the other by Roger S. Baum, the great-grandson of L. Frank Baum who stated, "Most people don't realize that the Wizard of Oz was written in Chicago, and the Yellow Brick Road was named after winding cobblestone roads in Holland, Michigan, where great-grandfather spent vacations with his family."
Dallas, Texas makes a claim that Baum once stayed at a downtown hotel during his newspaper career (located near what is now the Triple Underpass) at a time when the streets were paved with wooden blocks of Bois D'Arc also known as Osage Orange. Supposedly, after a rainstorm the sun came out and he saw a bright yellow brick road from the window of his room.
The Vision Oz Fund was established in November 2009 to raise funds that will be used to help increase the awareness, enhancement, and further development of Oz-related attractions and assets in Wamego, Kansas. The first fundraiser is underway and includes selling personalized engraved yellow bricks, which will become part of the permanent walkway (aka "The Yellow Brick Road") in downtown Wamego.[4]
In popular culture[edit]
Inspired the title, artwork, and title song of Elton John's 1973 album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road.
Inspired the title of the song by American musician, artist and poet Don Van Vliet, also known as Captain Beefheart, on his 1967 album Safe as Milk.
Inspired the title of the 2010 horror film YellowBrickRoad.
A song by Arctic Monkeys is called "Old Yellow Bricks."
Commenting on the song "The Sweet Escape," singer Gwen Stefani stated that it would put her "on the yellow brick road to the No Doubt record I might do."[5]
Oprah Winfrey has referred to her success as a "yellow brick road of blessings" during both the announcement of the decision to end her talk show and the farewell episode.[6][7]
Angus and Julia Stone also referred to the Yellow Brick Road in a song of the same name.
The American band Breaking Benjamin also referred to the Yellow Brick Road in their song "Home".
In "Gypsy", a song from Lady Gaga's Artpop, she sings "So I just packed my baggage and / Said goodbye to family and friends / And took a road to nowhere on my own / Like Dorothy on the yellow brick / Hope my ruby shoes get us there quick."[8]
The band Muse use a sample of "Follow the Yellow Brick Road" in the outro of their 2015 song Reapers.
Inspired the title of the famous ice cream shop Yellow Brick Road in Brick, NJ.[9]
Eminem used "Yellow Brick Road" as title to the track number 4 from his album Encore, which portrays his childhood.
The road also appears in Lego Dimensions, where the main characters: Batman, Gandalf, and Wyldstyle arrive at and they encounter Dorothy and her group along with the Wicked Witch of the West. Later, fragments of the road were summon to help the trio reach Foundation Prime's palace.
In the song: "The Wicked Witch" by Blind Guardian, the Yellow Brick Road is mentioned in the refrain: "Farewell to you Yellow Brick Road".
See also[edit]
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b L. Frank Baum, Michael Patrick Hearn, The Annotated Wizard of Oz, p 107, ISBN 0-517-50086-8
Jump up ^ Banjo, Shelly (May 31, 2011). "Historian Believes if You Follow the Yellow Brick Road, You End Up in Peekskill". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Facts & Triva About Ithaca". VisitIthaca.com. Retrieved 2015-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Wamego Community Foundation". Thewcf.org. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
Jump up ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Rihanna, Luda, Lady Sov, Kelis, Nas, Harry Potter, Angelina Jolie & More". MTV News. MTV Networks. December 14, 2006. Retrieved December 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Oprah Announces Plans to End The Oprah Winfrey Show in September 2011". Oprah.com. November 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Oprah Signs Off After 25 Years of The Oprah Winfrey Show". Oprah.com. May 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lady Gaga (2013). Gypsy (Music). Berlin, Germany. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/pages/Yellow-Brick-Road-Ice-Cream-Shops/121800102317
Further reading[edit]
Dighe, Ranjit S. ed. The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (2002)
Hearn, Michael Patrick (ed). (2000, 1973) The Annotated Wizard of Oz. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-04992-2
Ritter, Gretchen. "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics." Journal of American Studies (August 1997) vol. 31, no. 2, 171-203. online at JSTOR
Rockoff, Hugh. "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory," Journal of Political Economy 98 (1990): 739-60 online at JSTOR
show
v
t
e
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Canonical books
L. Frank Baum
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
Ozma of Oz (1907)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
The Road to Oz (1909)
The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919)
Glinda of Oz (1920)
Ruth Plumly
Thompson
The Royal Book of Oz (1921)
Kabumpo in Oz (1922)
The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923)
Grampa in Oz (1924)
The Lost King of Oz (1925)
The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926)
The Gnome King of Oz (1927)
The Giant Horse of Oz (1928)
Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929)
The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930)
Pirates in Oz (1931)
The Purple Prince of Oz (1932)
Ojo in Oz (1933)
Speedy in Oz (1934)
The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935)
Captain Salt in Oz (1936)
Handy Mandy in Oz (1937)
The Silver Princess in Oz (1938)
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939)
Others
The Wonder City of Oz (1940)
The Scalawagons of Oz (1941)
Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942)
The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946)
The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949)
The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951)
Merry Go Round in Oz (1963)
Yankee in Oz (1972)
The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976)
The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980)
The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986)
The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993)
The Giant Garden of Oz (1993)
The Runaway in Oz (1995)
The Rundelstone of Oz (2000)
The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005)
Trouble Under Oz (2006)
Alternate
Dorothy of Oz (1989)
Lion of Oz and the Badge of Courage (1995)
Locations
and elements
Land of Oz
Emerald City
Munchkin Country
Gillikin Country
Winkie Country
Quadling Country
Yellow brick road
Oogaboo
Deadly Desert
Nonestica
Forest of Burzee
Land of Ev
Merryland
Mo
Ix
Nome Kingdom
Noland
Ruby slippers
Silver Shoes
The Oz Film Manufacturing Company
Characters
Created by L. Frank Baum
Dorothy Gale
Toto
Aunt Em
Uncle Henry
Princess Ozma
The Wizard of Oz
Scarecrow
Tin Woodman
Cowardly Lion
Glinda, the Good Witch of the South
Good Witch of the North
Wicked Witch of the East
Wicked Witch of the West
Billina
Glass Cat
Hungry Tiger
Jack Pumpkinhead
Jellia Jamb
Jinjur
John Dough
Mombi
Munchkins
Boq
Ojo the Lucky
Nine Tiny Piglets
Nome King
Pastoria
Patchwork Girl
Peter Brown
Pigasus
Polychrome
Queen Lurline
Shaggy Man
Soldier with the Green Whiskers
Tik-Tok
Trot
Winged monkeys
Woggle-Bug
Created by other writers
Jinnicky the Red Jinn
Kabumpo
Other writers
Authors
John R. Neill
Jack Snow
Rachel Cosgrove Payes
Eloise Jarvis McGraw
Dick Martin
Alexander Volkov
Gregory Maguire
Sherwood Smith
Roger S. Baum
Illustrators
William Wallace Denslow
Frank Kramer
Dirk Gringhuis
Dick Martin
Eric Shanower
William Stout
show
Adaptations and other derivative works
Films
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910)
Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz (1910)
The Land of Oz (1910)
John Dough and the Cherub (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914)
The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914)
The Wizard of Oz (1925)
The Wizard of Oz (1933)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Return to Oz (1964)
The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969)
Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971)
Journey Back to Oz (1974)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1975)
The Wiz (1978)
The Wizard of Oz (1982)
Return to Oz (1985)
Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987)
The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990)
Lion of Oz (2000)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)
Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2011)
After the Wizard (2011)
Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014)
Ozland (2014)
Guardians of Oz (2015)
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)
Stage
The Wizard of Oz (1902)
The Woggle-Bug (1905)
The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913)
The Wizard of Oz (1942)
The Wiz (1974)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981)
The Wizard of Oz (1987)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2000)
The Wizard of Oz (2011)
The Woodsman (2012)
Television
Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961)
Off to See the Wizard (1967)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986)
The Wizard of Oz (1990)
The Oz Kids (1996)
Lost in Oz (2002)
Once Upon a Time (since 2011)
The Wiz Live! (2015)
Lost In Oz (2015)
Emerald City (2017)
Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017)
Comics
Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05)
Adventures in Oz (1986–92)
The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986)
Oz Squad (1991)
Lost Girls (1991–92)
Oz (1994)
Dorothy of Oz (2006)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009)
Video
games
The Wizard of Oz (1993)
The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008)
Emerald City Confidential (2009)
Parodies
The Wozard of Iz
Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's
Wizard of Odd
Reimagining
The Wizard of Mars (1965)
Hunter (1973)
Zardoz (1974)
Oz (1976)
The Number of the Beast (1980)
A Barnstormer in Oz (1982)
The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987)
The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1990)
Twister (1994)
The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass (1997)
Tin Man (2007)
Dorothy Must Die (2014)
The Wicked Will Rise (2015)
The Wicked
Years
Wicked
Son of a Witch
A Lion Among Men
Out of Oz
Wicked (musical)
Characters
Others
Rainbow Road to Oz
MÄR
The Wizard of Oz (pinball)
The Wizard of Oz (arcade game)
Ozma (album)
Related
The International Wizard of Oz Club
The Baum Bugle
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_brick_road&oldid=841586014"
Categories:
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