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Propaganda techniques
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See also: Doublespeak, Cult of personality, Spin (politics), Demonization, Factoid, Outline of public relations, and List of cognitive biases
Anti-capitalist propaganda
Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, junk science, books, leaflets, movies, social media, radio, television, and posters. Less common nowadays are letter post envelopes, examples of which have survived from the time of the American Civil War. (Connecticut Historical Society; Civil War Collections; Covers.) In the case of radio and television, propaganda can exist on news, current-affairs or talk-show segments, as advertising or public-service announcement "spots" or as long-running advertorials. Propaganda campaigns often follow a strategic transmission pattern to indoctrinate the target group. This may begin with a simple transmission such as a leaflet dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a web site, hot line, radio program, etc. The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to opinion leader through indoctrination.[1]
A number of techniques based in social psychological research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under logical fallacies, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid.
Information dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with propagandistic messages. Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread.
"Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth" by Viktor Deni. November 1920
Propaganda to urge immigrants to move to California, 1876
Specific techniques[edit]
Scholars have identified many standard techniques used in propaganda and persuasion.[2][clarification needed]

Ad hominem
A Latin phrase that has come to mean attacking one's opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments.
Ad nauseam
This uses tireless repetition of an idea. An idea, especially a simple slogan, that is repeated enough times, may begin to be taken as the truth. This approach is more effective alongside the propagandist limiting or controlling the media.
Appeal to authority
Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position, idea, argument, or course of action.
Appeal to fear
Appeals to fear seek to build support by instilling anxieties and panic in the general population, for example, Joseph Goebbels exploited Theodore Kaufman's Germany Must Perish! to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German people.
Appeal to prejudice
Using loaded or emotive terms to attach value or moral goodness to believing the proposition.
Bandwagon
Bandwagon and "inevitable-victory" appeals attempt to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action that "everyone else is taking."
Inevitable victory: invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory. Those already or at least partially on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is their best course of action. (e.g., "The debate is over. Nearly everyone who matters agrees with me.")
Join the crowd: This technique reinforces people's natural desire to be on the winning side. This technique is used to convince the audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their best interest to join.
"Getting What He Deserves" American anti-Catholic cartoon from Heroes of the Fiery Cross 1928.
Beautiful people
The type of propaganda that deals with famous people or depicts attractive, happy people. This suggests if people buy a product or follow a certain ideology, they too will be happy or successful. (This is used more in advertising for products, instead of political reasons.) Usually for advertising rather than political purposes, sexual arousal may also be used. For example, a message promoting a brand of motorcycles to a male target audience may also include sexually attractive bikini-clad women within the advertisement, to make the product more appealing to the audience by targeting sexual desires. However, some evidence suggests that using sexual appeal to sell a product may not succeed, as the target audience may focus too much on the sexually appealing people in the advertisement rather than the product itself.[3]
Big Lie
The repeated articulation of a complex of events that justify subsequent action. The descriptions of these events have elements of truth, and the "big lie" generalizations merge and eventually supplant the public's accurate perception of the underlying events. After World War I the German stab in the back explanation of the cause of their defeat became a justification for Nazi re-militarization and revanchism.
Black-and-white fallacy
Presenting only two choices, with the product or idea being propagated as the better choice. (e.g., "You're either with us, or against us....")
Cherry picking (fallacy) or Selective truth
Richard Crossman, the British Deputy Director of Psychological Warfare Division (PWD) for the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) during the Second World War said "In propaganda truth pays... It is a complete delusion to think of the brilliant propagandist as being a professional liar. The brilliant propagandist is the man who tells the truth, or that selection of the truth which is requisite for his purpose, and tells it in such a way that the recipient does not think he is receiving any propaganda... [...] The art of propaganda is not telling lies, but rather selecting the truth you require and giving it mixed up with some truths the audience wants to hear."[4]
Classical conditioning
All vertebrates, including humans, respond to classical conditioning. That is, if A is always present when B is present and B causes a physical reaction (e.g. disgust, pleasure), then when presented with object A in the absence of B, that same reaction will be experienced.
Cognitive dissonance
People desire to be consistent. Suppose a pollster finds that a certain group of people hates his candidate for senator but loves actor A. They use actor A's endorsement of their candidate to change people's minds because people cannot tolerate inconsistency. They are forced to either dislike the actor or like the candidate.
Common man
The "plain folks" or "common man" approach attempts to convince the audience that the propagandist's positions reflect the common sense of the people. It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in the common manner and style of the target audience. Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (and clothe their message in face-to-face and audiovisual communications) in attempting to identify their point of view with that of the average person. A common example of this type of propaganda is a political figure, usually running for a placement, in a backyard or shop doing daily routine things. This image appeals to the common person. With the plain folks device, the propagandist can win the confidence of persons who resent or distrust foreign sounding, intellectual speech, words, or mannerisms."[5] For example, a politician speaking to a Southern United States crowd might incorporate words such as "Y'all" and other colloquialisms to create a perception of belonging.
Cult of personality
A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media to create an idealized and heroic public image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. The hero personality then advocates the positions that the propagandist desires to promote. For example, modern propagandists hire popular personalities to promote their ideas and/or products.
Demonizing the enemy
Making individuals from the opposing nation, from a different ethnic group, or those who support the opposing viewpoint appear to be subhuman (e.g., the Vietnam War-era term "gooks" for National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam aka Vietcong, or "VC", soldiers), worthless, or immoral, through suggestion or false accusations. Dehumanizing is also a term used synonymously with demonizing, the latter usually serves as an aspect of the former.
World War I poster by Winsor McCay, urging Americans to buy Liberty Bonds
Demoralization
Propaganda towards an adversary to erode fighting spirit, and encourage surrender or defection.
Dictat
This technique hopes to simplify the decision making process by using images and words to tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices. Authority figures can be used to give the order, overlapping it with the appeal to authority technique, but not necessarily. The Uncle Sam "I want you" image is an example of this technique.
Disinformation
The creation or deletion of information from public records, in the purpose of making a false record of an event or the actions of a person or organization, including outright forgery of photographs, motion pictures, broadcasts, and sound recordings as well as printed documents.
Door-in-the-face technique
Is used to increase a person's latitude of acceptance. For example, if a salesperson wants to sell an item for $100 but the public is only willing to pay $50, the salesperson first offers the item at a higher price (e.g., $200) and subsequently reduces the price to $100 to make it seem like a good deal.
Euphemism
A euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant.
Euphoria
The use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness, or using an appealing event to boost morale. Euphoria can be created by declaring a holiday, making luxury items available, or mounting a military parade with marching bands and patriotic messages.
Exaggeration
An exaggeration (or hyperbole) occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true, but only to a certain degree. It is also seen as "stretching the truth" or making something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it actually is. Saying that a person ate 20 spring rolls at a party when they actually ate 7 or 8 would be considered an exaggeration.
False accusations
False accusations can be in any of the following contexts:
Informally in everyday life.
Quasi-judicially
Judicially.
Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
An attempt to influence public perception by disseminating negative and dubious/false information designed to undermine the credibility of their beliefs.
Flag-waving
An attempt to justify an action on the grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic, or in some way benefit a group, country, or idea. The feeling of patriotism this technique attempts to inspire may not necessarily diminish or entirely omit one's capability for rational examination of the matter in question.
The Finnish Maiden - personification of Finnish nationalism
Foot-in-the-door technique
Often used by recruiters and salesmen. For example, a member of the opposite sex walks up to the victim and pins a flower or gives a small gift to the victim. The victim says thanks and now they have incurred a psychological debt to the perpetrator. The person eventually asks for a larger favor (e.g., a donation or to buy something far more expensive). The unwritten social contract between the victim and perpetrator causes the victim to feel obligated to reciprocate by agreeing to do the larger favor or buy the more expensive gift.
Framing (social sciences)
Framing is the social construction of a social phenomenon often by mass media sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. It is an inevitable process of selective influence over the individual's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases.
Gaslighting
Using persistent denial, misdirection, contradiction, and lying to sow seeds of doubt in a target individual or group, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, sanity, and norms.
Gish Gallop
Bombarding a political opponent with obnoxiously complex questions in rapid fire during a debate to make the opponent appear to not know what they are talking about.
Glittering generalities
Glittering generalities are emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but present no concrete argument or analysis. This technique has also been referred to as the PT Barnum effect. (e.g., the advertising campaign slogan "Ford has a better idea!")
Guilt by association or Reductio ad Hitlerum
This technique is used to persuade a target audience to disapprove of an action or idea by suggesting that the idea is popular with groups hated, feared, or held in contempt by the target audience. Thus if a group that supports a certain policy is led to believe that undesirable, subversive, or contemptible people support the same policy, then the members of the group may decide to change their original position. This is a form of bad logic, where A is said to include X, and B is said to include X, therefore, A = B.
Half-truth
A half-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. It comes in several forms: the statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth, or it may utilize some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame, or misrepresent the truth.
Intentional vagueness
Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application. The intent is to cause people to draw their own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. In trying to "figure out" the propaganda, the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented. Their validity, reasonableness and application may still be considered.
Labeling
A euphemism is used when the propagandist attempts to increase the perceived quality, credibility, or credence of a particular ideal. A dysphemism is used when the intent of the propagandist is to discredit, diminish the perceived quality, or hurt the perceived righteousness of the individual. By creating a "label", "category", or "faction" of a population, it is much easier to make an example of these larger bodies, because they can uplift or defame the individual without actually incurring legal-defamation. Labeling can be thought of as a sub-set of guilt by association, another logical fallacy.[6]
Latitudes of acceptance
If a person's message is outside the bounds of acceptance for an individual and group, most techniques will engender psychological reactance (simply hearing the argument will make the message even less acceptable). There are two techniques for increasing the bounds of acceptance. First, one can take a more even extreme position that will make more moderate positions seem more acceptable. This is similar to the door-in-the-face technique. Alternatively, one can moderate one's own position to the edge of the latitude of acceptance and then over time slowly move to the position that was previously.[7]
"The Conquest or Arrival of Hernán Cortés in Veracruz", 1951, National Palace, Mexico City. Diego Rivera's political murals depict a modern interpretation of the Black Legend.
Loaded language
Specific words and phrases with strong emotional implications are used to influence the audience, for example, using the word reforms rather than a more neutral word like changes.
Love bombing
See also: Milieu control
Used to recruit members to a cult or ideology by having a group of individuals cut off a person from their existing social support and replace it entirely with members of the group who deliberately bombard the person with affection in an attempt to isolate the person from their prior beliefs and value system.
Lying and deception
Lying and deception can be the basis of many propaganda techniques including Ad Homimen arguments, Big-Lie, Defamation, Door-in-the-Face, Half-truth, Name-calling or any other technique that is based on dishonesty or deception. For example, many politicians have been found to frequently stretch or break the truth.
Managing the news
According to Adolf Hitler, "The most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly - it must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over."[8][9] This idea is consistent with the principle of classical conditioning as well as the idea of "Staying on Message."
Anti-Muslim propaganda in Germany produced during the Ottoman wars in Europe, 16th century
Milieu control
An attempt to control the social environment and ideas through the use of social pressure
Minimisation
Minimisation is the opposite of exaggeration. It is a type of deception[10] involving denial coupled with rationalization in situations where complete denial is implausible.
Name-calling
Propagandists use the name-calling technique to incite fears and arouse prejudices in their hearers in the intent that the bad names will cause hearers to construct a negative opinion about a group or set of beliefs or ideas that the propagandist wants hearers to denounce. The method is intended to provoke conclusions about a matter apart from impartial examinations of facts. Name-calling is thus a substitute for rational, fact-based arguments against an idea or belief on its own merits.
Non sequitur
A type of logical fallacy, in which a conclusion is made out of an argument that does not justify it. All invalid arguments can be considered as special cases of non sequitur.
Obfuscation, intentional vagueness, confusion
Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application. The intent is to cause people to draw their own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. In trying to "figure out" the propaganda, the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented. Their validity, reasonableness and application may still be considered.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning involves learning through imitation. For example, watching an appealing person buy products or endorse positions teaches a person to buy the product or endorse the position. Operant conditioning is the underlying principle behind the ad nauseam, slogan and other repetition public relations campaigns.
Oversimplification
Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems.
Illustration by Rev. Branford Clarke from Heroes of the Fiery Cross by Bishop Alma White published by the Pillar of Fire Church 1928 in Zarephath, NJ
Pensée unique
Enforced reduction of discussion by use of overly simplistic phrases or arguments (e.g., "There is no alternative to war.")
Quotes out of context
Selective editing of quotes that can change meanings. Political documentaries designed to discredit an opponent or an opposing political viewpoint often use this technique.
Rationalization
Individuals or groups may use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs. Vague and pleasant phrases are often used to justify such actions or beliefs.
Red herring
Presenting data or issues that, while compelling, are irrelevant to the argument at hand, and then claiming that it validates the argument.[6]
Repetition
This is the repeating of a certain symbol or slogan so that the audience remembers it. This could be in the form of a jingle or an image placed on nearly everything in the picture/scene. This also includes using subliminal phrases, images or other content in a piece of propaganda.[6]
Scapegoating
Assigning blame to an individual or group, thus alleviating feelings of guilt from responsible parties and/or distracting attention from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned.
Nationalist slogan "Brazil, love it or leave it", often used during the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–1985)
Slogans
A slogan is a brief, striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping. Although slogans may be enlisted to support reasoned ideas, in practice they tend to act only as emotional appeals. Opponents of the US's invasion and occupation of Iraq use the slogan "blood for oil" to suggest that the invasion and its human losses was done to access Iraq's oil riches. On the other hand, supporters who argue that the US should continue to fight in Iraq use the slogan "cut and run" to suggest withdrawal is cowardly or weak. Similarly, the names of the military campaigns, such as "enduring freedom" or "just cause" can also be considered slogans, devised to influence people.
Smears
A smear is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda. It can be applied to individuals or groups.
Stereotyping, name calling or labeling
This technique attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or finds undesirable. For instance, reporting on a foreign country or social group may focus on the stereotypical traits that the reader expects, even though they are far from being representative of the whole country or group; such reporting often focuses on the anecdotal. In graphic propaganda, including war posters, this might include portraying enemies with stereotyped racial features.
Straw man
A straw man argument is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by substituting a superficially similar proposition (the "straw man"), and refuting it, without ever having actually refuted the original position.
Testimonial
See also: Damaging quotation
Testimonials are quotations, in or out of context, especially cited to support or reject a given policy, action, program, or personality. The reputation or the role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of the individual giving the statement is exploited. The testimonial places the official sanction of a respected person or authority on a propaganda message. This is done in an effort to cause the target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authority's opinions and beliefs as its own.
"The Bulgarian Martyresses", 1877 painting by the Russian painter Konstantin Makovsky depicting the rape of Bulgarian women by Ottoman troops during the suppression of the April Uprising a year earlier, served to mobilize public support for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) waged with the proclaimed aim of liberating the Bulgarians.
Third party technique
See also: Soft power
Works on the principle that people are more willing to accept an argument from a seemingly independent source of information than from someone with a stake in the outcome. It is a marketing strategy commonly employed by Public Relations (PR) firms, that involves placing a premeditated message in the "mouth of the media." The third party technique can take many forms, ranging from the hiring of journalists to report the organization in a favorable light, to using scientists within the organization to present their perhaps prejudicial findings to the public. Frequently, astroturf groups or front groups are used to deliver the message.
Thought-terminating cliché
A commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell cognitive dissonance.
Transfer
Also known as association, this is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, object, or value onto another to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. Often highly visual, this technique often utilizes symbols (for example, the swastikas used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.
Unstated assumption
This technique is used when the propaganda concept would seem less credible if explicitly stated. The concept is instead repeatedly assumed or implied.
Virtue words
See also: Transfer (propaganda)
These are words in the value system of the target audience that produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, hope, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, "The Truth", etc. are virtue words. Many see religiosity as a virtue, making associations to this quality effectively beneficial.
Whataboutism
Whataboutism is a variant of the tu quoque logical fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly refuting or disproving their argument, which is particularly associated with Soviet and Russian propaganda. When criticisms were leveled at the Soviet Union, the Soviet response would be "What about..." followed by an event in the Western world.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Garth S. Jowett and Victoria J. O'Donnell, Propaganda & Persuasion (5th ed. 2011)
Jump up ^ Robert Cole, ed. Encyclopedia of Propaganda (3 vol 1998)
Jump up ^ "Sex Doesn't Sell After All, Study Says". Bloomberg. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Scot Macdonald (2007). Propaganda and information warfare in the twenty-first century: altered images and deception operations. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-415-77145-0.
Jump up ^ Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1. Washington DC: Headquarters; Department of the Army. 1979.
^ Jump up to: a b c A Citizens Guide to Understanding Corporate Media Propaganda Techniques[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ unacceptable message
Jump up ^ Joel H. Spring (2006). Pedagogies of globalization: the rise of the educational security state. Psychology Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8058-5557-9.
Jump up ^ Hilmar Hoffmann; John Broadwin; Volker R. Berghahn (1997). The triumph of propaganda: film and national socialism, 1933–1945. Berghahn Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-57181-122-6.
Jump up ^ Guerrero, L., Anderson, P., Afifi, W. (2007). Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
[show]
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Disinformation
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Fallacies of relevance
Ad nauseam
Argument from repetition
Argumentum ad ignorantiam
Argument from ignorance
Appeal to the stone / Proof by assertion
Ignoratio elenchi
Irrelevant conclusion
Argument from silence
Invincible ignorance
Moralistic / Naturalistic
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Two wrongs make a right
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Cliché
I'm entitled to my opinion
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Think of the children
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Invented here / Not invented here
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reductio ad Hitlerum
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reductio ad Stalinum
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Loki's Wager
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Circular reasoning / Begging the question
Loaded language (Leading question)
Compound question / Loaded question
No true Scotsman
Correlative-based fallacies
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Denying the correlative
Suppressed correlative
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Deductive fallacies
Accident
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Inductive fallacies
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Sampling bias (Cherry picking
McNamara fallacy)
Base rate fallacy / Conjunction fallacy
Double counting
False analogy
Hasty generalization / Slothful induction
Misleading vividness
Overwhelming exception
Vagueness / ambiguity
Accent
Amphibology
Continuum fallacy / Sorites paradox
False precision
Moving the goalposts
Slippery slope
Questionable cause
Animistic (Furtive)
Correlation proves causation (Cum hoc ergo propter hoc)
Gambler's (inverse)
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Make It or Break It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Make It or Break It
Genre
Family drama
Teen drama
Created by
Holly Sorensen
Starring
Josie Loren
Ayla Kell
Cassie Scerbo
Susan Ward
Neil Jackson
Candace Cameron Bure
Peri Gilpin
Chelsea Hobbs
Johnny Pacar
Anthony Starke
Dondre Whitfield
Theme music composer
Michael Suby
Opening theme
"Make It or Break It" by Michael Suby
Composer(s)
Michael Suby
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
48 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Holly Sorensen
Paul Stupin
John Ziffren
Producer(s)
Kevin C. Slattery
David Hartle
Maria L. Melograne
Nancy Haas
Location(s)

Los Angeles, CA
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach, CA<brSanta Monica Civic Auditorium
Santa Monica, CA
Santa Clarita Studios
The Ranch, Disney Studious
Santa Clarita, CA

Westlake Village, CA
Cinematography
Patrick Cady
Roy H. Wagner
Jonathan West
Editor(s)
Elena Malagini
Nathan Easterling
Lori Jane Coleman
David A. Simmons
Nicholas Erasmus
William Marrinson
Jan Northrop
Camera setup
Film; Single-camera
Running time
45 minutes
Production company(s)
Super Delicious! (pilot)
Pirates' Cove Entertainment
ProdCo Original
Hollycake (from season 2)
ABC Family Original Productions
Distributor
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Release
Original network
ABC Family
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
720p (HDTV)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
June 22, 2009 (2009-06-22) – May 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)
abcfamily.go.com/shows/make-it-break-it
Make It or Break It (a.k.a. MIOBI) is an American teen/family comedy-drama television series that focused on the lives of teen gymnasts who strived to make it to the Olympic Games. The series was inspired by Touchstone's 2006 teen comedy-drama film Stick It. It premiered on ABC Family on June 22, 2009, with 2.5 million viewers.[1] The show was picked up for an additional 10 episodes on July 27, 2009,[2] which started airing on January 4, 2010, bringing the total number of episodes in the first season to 20.[3][4] In January 2010, the show was renewed for a second season,[5] which premiered on June 28, 2010 at 10 pm.[6] Starting on July 13, 2010, new episodes aired following Pretty Little Liars.[7] The show's second season resumed after a six-month hiatus on March 28, 2011. The series was renewed for a third season on September 16, 2011, which premiered on March 26, 2012.[8] It was announced on April 26, 2012, that the series had ended and the third season would be the final season. The series finale aired on May 14, 2012.[9][10]
Internationally, the show aired on E4 in the United Kingdom,[11] Zee Café in India, Fox8 in Australia, ABC Spark in Canada, RTM2 in Malaysia, and on TV2 in New Zealand.
Make It or Break It was created by Holly Sorensen who, along with Paul Stupin and John Ziffren, served as the show's executive producers.[12] The stunt doubles were former elite, Olympian or NCAA champion gymnasts.[13][14][15]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast and characters
2.2 Recurring cast and characters
3 U.S. Nielsen ratings
4 DVD releases
5 Awards and nominations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Main article: List of Make It or Break It episodes
In the season one premiere, Payson Keeler (Ayla Kell), Kaylie Cruz (Josie Loren), and Lauren Tanner (Cassie Scerbo) are elite-level gymnasts. They train at one of the best gyms in the country, the fictional "Rocky Mountain Gymnastics Training Center" (or "The Rock") in Boulder, Colorado, in hopes of winning gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The girls have been best friends and teammates for years. They are joined by newcomer Emily Kmetko (Chelsea Hobbs), an untrained gymnastics phenomenon plucked from obscurity. It is revealed that Emily's family is struggling for money, and she has to work at Pizza Shack to keep them afloat, and receives scholarship money to do gymnastics. The Rock's Athletes compete for places on the club's team for nationals. Emily ranks third ahead of Lauren, despite Lauren's attempt to sabotage her vault.
The girls' futures are thrown into turmoil when their head coach, Marty Walsh (Erik Palladino), is blackmailed out of his job at The Rock by Lauren's father Steve, who is angry that his daughter was beaten by Emily. Marty is forced to move to The Rock's rival gym in Denver, taking Lauren and other gymnasts with him. It is revealed later that Kaylie's mother (Rosa Blasi) and Marty were having an affair, and he left to keep the secret from being exposed. After a visit from an angry Payson (who is joined by Kaylie, Emily and her sister Becca), Marty tells Steve he is in charge from now on and will do things his way. Steve then goes in search of Sasha Belov, the only gymnast to have beaten Marty Walsh to an Olympic gold medal. Belov tells Tanner he isn't interested because Steve split up what could have been the greatest team in US history when he took Lauren to Denver. Steve and Lauren then return to the rock accompanied by Sasha.
While Payson appreciates Sasha's experience and drive, the other girls chafe at his demanding style. Kaylie and Emily decide to go to a party before Sasha's new regime is put in place. Payson agrees to go as a chaperone. At the party Emily meets Razor, a coworker from the pizza shack, and a drunk Kaylie is seen by her secret boyfriend Carter having told him she couldn't go out because her Dad wouldn't let her. Meanwhile, Lauren abandons her birthday meal with her father, after he brings his executive assistant (and girlfriend) Summer. She goes to the party and comforts Carter. The two sleep together, but it clearly doesn't mean as much to Carter as it does to Lauren. Throughout the season, Emily tries to hide the fact she has to work to support her family, fearing this news could jeopardize her scholarship. However, she is forced to confess this to the other girls while they are cleaning mats as punishment for going to the party. They help her climb out the window to get to work in time to avoid being fired. Kaylie hides her relationship with Carter Anderson, another gymnast at The Rock. Lauren is hiding the fact that she has lost her virginity to Carter from Kaylie, while trying to get him to go out with her instead and struggling to fight the feeling that Summer is trying to replace her mother or is after her father's money. Payson has back problems and tries to conceal this from her parents and Sasha because she is desperate not to lose her chance to become National Champion and beat her rival, Kelly Parker (Nicole Gale Anderson) in a pre-nationals club meet between The Denver Elite and The Rock. While Payson manages to beat Kelly, Emily attempts a more difficult dismount on bars than the one Sasha told her to do and falls. She is banned from competing at nationals and suspended from the rock. Damon, a friend of Razors who is covering his shifts at the Pizza Shack helps Emily break into the gym at night to perfect the move and prove herself to Sasha. However, she isn't allowed back until she get over her trust issues and lets Sasha help her. Lauren warms up to Summer who convinces Steve to give Lauren her mother's contact details so she can come to watch her at nationals. Lauren goes to the bus stop but her mother Leslie never arrives. Later at nationals Summer realizes that Steve threatened Leslie into not coming and their argument results in a break-up. Before nationals, Carter confesses to Kaylie that he cheated. She disappears, but Emily, Lauren and Payson find her at gymnastics camp. Lauren reveals it was her who slept with Carter, but eventually all the girls put aside their differences and return to Boulder in time to leave for nationals. Payson is favorite to win but after a fall on the uneven bars, she fractures her spine and is told she can never do gymnastics again. Kaylie receives the title of National Champion, beating Kelly Parker. Lauren places fifth and Emily places twelfth, meaning that all three receive spots on the National Team.
As season one resumes, Payson deals with what seems to be the end of her gymnastics career and dreams. Summer and Sasha begin a relationship, and Emily and Payson get closer. Payson undergoes cutting-edge surgery to fix her spine. Although the operation is successful, she does not want to return to gymnastics, fearing she will re-injure herself. Meanwhile, the three Rock girls find an enemy in the head of the National Gymnastics Committee, Ellen Beals (Michelle Clunie), who prizes obedience to her authority and feels threatened by The Rock girls' independence. Emily wrestles with her desire to be an Olympic gymnast and her love for Damon, a co-worker at The Pizza Shack where she works. Carter is allowed back in The Rock and finds support from Lauren after she learns he is living in his car, having been kicked out of the home by his father, who does not support his gymnastics career. Payson's father is laid off from his job and has to accept another one far from Boulder.
Payson's mother, Kim (Peri Gilpin) takes over managing The Rock, as the girls are shut out of the National Team. Kaylie and Emily are kept back from a USA vs. China meet. To get The Rock girls recognized as being international standard, The Rock holds a private meet between them and the Chinese National Team. Ellen Beals pressures Kaylie not to compete, telling her she might lose and damage her profile. Ellen also blackmails Emily, telling her if she competes she will have her scholarship revoked after Ellen finds out about Emily's job at the Pizza Shack. Working together, the girls get five medals, more than the U.S. National Team got in Beijing.
In the second season, the girls are joined at The Rock by superstar male gymnast Austin Tucker (Zane Holtz). Payson refuses to accept her body has changed since her injury and is encouraged to petition to the National Team by Ellen Beals against the advice of Sasha, who thinks she is not ready. Her petition is denied, and she is heartbroken until Sasha convinces her to return, hoping to revitalize her career by transitioning her into being an artistic gymnast. Payson, whose previous style emphasized power over grace, is skeptical but comes around and finds herself romantically attracted to Sasha. She impulsively kisses him, but he pushes her away. The Kmetko family struggles financially with the loss of Emily's scholarship, until Steve Tanner secretly organizes a private scholarship to fund her training, after beginning a relationship with Chloe. When Emily finds out where the money is coming from, she refuses to accept the charity. Chloe secretly begins work as a bartender in a strip club. Emily's brother begins to have seizures because his prescription has not been refilled. Discovering problems with their insurance and not having money to pay for the medication, Emily steals the medication and is arrested.
Lauren finds the tape of Sasha and Payson's kiss in the practice camera. In an effort to get rid of Sasha and have Summer get back with her father, she leaks the first part (showing only the kiss) to Ellen Beals and deletes the later part (showing Sasha pushing Payson away). This results in Sasha being dismissed and Steve Tanner becoming president of The Rock. Summer is behind Sasha and does not believe he would act inappropriately. Sasha and Summer break up because though Sasha respects Summer's values, he does not share them. Newly minted national champion Kaylie struggles with the demands of her position and develops an eating disorder. Her parents refuse to believe it, but Austin tries to convince Kaylie that she needs help. In the midseason finale, the girls compete at trials for the World Championships. Payson confronts the gymnastics committee, asking them to accept her as an artistic gymnast. Police arrive to take Emily away, as she has missed her court hearing. Kaylie collapses while competing and is rushed to the hospital. All four girls make the Worlds team.
When Season Two returns, the girls cope with the loss of Sasha Belov. After breaking down, Kaylie admits to having an eating disorder and seeks treatment. Austin supports her, and they begin a relationship. Emily is forced to wear an ankle monitor due to her probation after being caught stealing. The other girls train for the World Gymnastics Competition, a task made harder by the presence of their arch enemy, Kelly Parker, at The Rock. Sasha returns after the girls track him down in Romania, and Lauren starts to like him better as he begins coaching her directly. While in recovery, Kaylie offers her mother's old recording studio to Emily's boyfriend Damon, who has been struggling to make an album in order to impress his new record label.
After Emily witnesses Kaylie and Damon singing together at the Pizza Shack, she imagines Damon is unfaithful and breaks up with him. Emily learns that she is pregnant, and Damon is the father. After members of the NGO try to persuade her to have an abortion, she insists that they have controlled her life for too long. She ignores their suggestion, and she keeps the baby. After informing Damon of the baby, she insists that being teen parents together will be perfect. Emily returns immediately to pack but is interrupted by Kaylie. Kaylie tells her that after Damon and Emily broke up, Damon kissed Kaylie. Feeling betrayed, Emily leaves to live with her godmother in Las Vegas without telling Damon. Eventually, Damon finds Emily and decides to be there for her.
Summer and Steve Tanner become engaged. A new gymnast, Max (Josh Bowman), comes to The Rock, attracting the attention of Lauren and Payson. Though Max seems more interested in Payson, she is more focused on her dream. Lauren pursues him past the point of ridiculousness. She assures Payson that Max is her new boyfriend; Max denies this. Max, Austin, and Payson help Kaylie train in secret, as they try to convince Sasha that Kaylie is ready to compete at Worlds. In the wake of Emily's departure, Kelly Parker becomes closer to Kaylie, despite the scheming of her stage mother, Sheila (Kathy Najimy). Kaylie offers her comfort as Kelly's mom is only supportive of Kelly's fame and fortune. Kelly steals Kaylie's journal and is instructed by her mother to give it to Ellen Beals. The night before Worlds, Kelly returns the journal and admits to stealing it. This causes Kaylie's new trust in Kelly to falter. At a party before the team is about to head off to Worlds, Steve announces that Summer and he are planning to get married in Rio, where worlds is hosted. However, later, Summer finds out that Lauren sent in the kiss cam video and calls off the wedding, as she wants nothing to do with Lauren or Steve Tanner. At the same party, Lauren tries to convince Max to have sex with her while Payson admits to Max that she thinks she might be in love with him. Max gets drunk sitting on a couch and later Austin finds him. Max explains his situation with the two girls under the influence of alcohol and Austins helps him up. Max kisses Austin drunkly and when questioned about his sexuality by Austin, Max admits that he is bisexual. He goes on a drive with Lauren, and they get into a car accident. Lauren is fine, but Max breaks his collarbone. Payson wants to go professional so she can earn money to help support her family, as they are struggling with debt after Payson's medical bills and training, but her parents do not want her to forfeit her eligibility for a college scholarship. Payson tells Max she loves him and begs him to forget she said anything when his feelings are not confessed to her. In the season two finale, the four girls lead the team to the World Competition in Rio de Janeiro, where they win team gold.
Season Three opens with Payson, Lauren, and Kaylie heading to the American Olympic Training Center as they prepare for the 2012 London Olympics. They deal with a new coach and teammates, including upcoming gymnasts. Max and Payson have a relationship through letters; on the first day Payson receives a letter in which Max breaks up with her because he's confused. Later Payson, Lauren, Kaylie, and Austin are having a conversation based around the breakup and Austin admits to the group that Max was bisexual and that they shared a kiss on the night of the party which leaves all three girls stunned. An uninvited gymnast, Jordan Randall, convinces Coach MacIntire to let her train with the group, causing tension. Coach Mac pairs up the girls, forcing Kaylie to live and work with Kelly Parker and Lauren to work with Payson. They eventually become close friends. Kelly is not good enough for the Olympics and leaves gymnastics. Payson has a new romance with Rigo (Tom Maden). Payson finds out that Lauren has an irregular heart beat, but Lauren has heart surgery. Austin does not make the Olympic Team and blames Kaylie. Jordan reveals that a former coach, Coach Keagan, molested her when she was young. Desperate to ensure her spot on the team, Wendy drugs Kaylie with a cold medicine containing a banned substance. After Austin and Kaylie reunite, then Lauren, Payson, and Jordan tell the NGO that they are boycotting Olympic tryouts unless Kaylie is allowed to perform. Lauren discovers the secret Wendy has been hiding and exposes her, getting Wendy kicked out. The season three finale culminates with the five girls, Payson, Lauren, Kaylie, plus Jordan, and finally Colleen, being chosen to represent the U.S. in the Olympics.
Cast and characters[edit]
The main cast of Make It or Break It
Main article: List of Make It or Break It characters
Main cast and characters[edit]
Character
Cast member
Notes
Kaylie Cruz Josie Loren Seasons 1–3
Payson Keeler Ayla Kell Seasons 1–3
Lauren Tanner Cassie Scerbo Seasons 1–3
Emily Kmetko Chelsea Hobbs Seasons 1–2
Summer van Horne Candace Cameron Bure Seasons 1–2; recurring Season 3
Sasha Belov Neil Jackson Seasons 1–2; recurring Season 3
Steve Tanner Anthony Starke Seasons 1–2; recurring Season 3
Kim Keeler Peri Gilpin Seasons 1–2
Chloe Kmetko Susan Ward Seasons 1–2
Damon Young Johnny Pacar Seasons 1–2
Coach McIntire (Mac) Dondre Whitfield Season 3
Recurring cast and characters[edit]
Character
Cast member
Notes
Ronnie Cruz Rosa Blasi Seasons 1–3
Alex Cruz Jason Manuel Olazabal Seasons 1–3
Mark Keeler Brett Cullen Seasons 1–3
Kelly Parker Nicole Gale Anderson Seasons 1–3
Carter Anderson Zachary Burr Abel Seasons 1–2
Razor Nico Tortorella Seasons 1–2
Ellen Beals Michelle Clunie Seasons 1–2
Becca Keeler Mia Rose Frampton Seasons 1–2
Leo Cruz Marcus Coloma Season 1
Nicky Russo Cody Longo Season 1
Marty Walsh Erik Palladino Seasons 1–2
MJ Martin Marsha Thomason Season 1
Brian Kmetko Wyatt Smith Seasons 1–2
Darby Conrad Meagan Holder Season 2
Max Spencer Joshua Bowman Season 2
Marcus Sean Maher Season 2
Sheila Baboyon Kathy Najimy Seasons 2–3
Austin Tucker Zane Holtz Seasons 2–3
Jordan Randall Chelsea Tavares Season 3
Wendy Capshaw Amanda Leighton Season 3
Rigo Tom Maden Season 3
Jake Russell Pitts Season 3
U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]
Main article: List of Make It or Break It episodes
The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode, each season of Make It or Break It on ABC Family.
Season
Timeslot (ET/PT)
# Ep.
Premiered
Ended
TV Season
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Premiere
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale
Viewers
(in millions)
Season 1
Monday 9:00 pm (2009–2010)
Monday 10:00 pm (2010)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (2010)
Monday 9:00 pm (2011–2012)
20
June 22, 2009
2.50[16]
March 8, 2010
2.50[17]
2009-2010
2.24
Season 2
20
June 28, 2010
1.83[18]
May 23, 2011
1.49[19]
2010-2011
1.68
Season 3
08
March 26, 2012
1.57[20]
May 14, 2012[21]
1.29[22]
2012
1.19
DVD releases[edit]
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the first ten episodes in a set entitled Make It or Break It – Volume 1: Extended Edition. Bonus material includes deleted scenes, the never-before-seen extended finale, and the featurette, "Making It", which shows how the stars manage the acting with the difficult stunts they do.[23][24]
DVD release dates for Make It or Break It
Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information
Season 1, Volume 1: Extended Edition January 12, 2010[24][25] 10 Deleted scenes, the never-before-seen extended finale, and the featurette "Making It".[23][24]
Season 1, Volume 2 January 4, 2011[26] 10 Deleted scenes
Season 2, Volume 3 May 3, 2011[27] 10 Deleted scenes
Awards and nominations[edit]
Awards and nominations for Make It or Break It
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Make It or Break It Nominated
2010 Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama Series Peri Gilpin Won
Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Make It or Break It Nominated
Choice Summer TV Star Male Zachary Burr Abel Nominated
Choice Summer TV Star Female Josie Loren Nominated
2011 Choice TV Drama Make It or Break It Nominated
Choice TV Star Female Drama Josie Loren Nominated
See also[edit]
Stick It, an American teen-comedy drama film in 2006
Code of Points (artistic gymnastics)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ABC Family's "Secret Life" Returns at Record Levels, While "Make It Or Break It" Sets Time Period Highs". The Futon Critic. June 23, 2009. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 27, 2009). "ABC Family Orders More "Make It"". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (July 27, 2009). "ABC Family Orders 10 More Episodes of Make It Or Break It". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 18, 2009). "The Secret Life of the American Teenager, Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday, January 4". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (January 12, 2010). ""The Secret Life of the American Teenager" and "Make It or Break It" Renewed". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (March 29, 2010). "ABC Family Announces Summer Slate Including "Pretty Little Liars," "Huge," and "Melissa & Joey"". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - ABC Family to "Break It" on Tuesdays". TheFutonCritic.com. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Roger (January 9, 2012). "THE SECRET LIFE OF THE AMERICAN TEENAGER & MAKE IT OR BREAK IT Return on March 26 and 8 episodes of the Third Season will end on May 14". [1]. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ Andreeva, N. "ABC Family’s ‘Make It Or Break It’ To End". Deadline.com (April 26, 2012)
Jump up ^ "'Make it Or Break It' Canceled, According to Executive Producer". TV By the Numbers. April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Make It or Break It - Make It or Break It". E4.com. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived August 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Behind The Scenes Of 'Make It Or Break It' With Ayla Kell". Starpulse.com. 2011-05-09. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Make It Or Break It: Stunt Doubles | Just About Every TV Show". Ax20.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
Jump up ^ http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/stunts_and_circuses/
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Monday Cable Finals: Secret Life Beats Gossip Girl; Damages Down Slightly - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. March 9, 2010. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Secret Life of the American Teenager ratings, Real Housewives of New Jersey ratings, American Pickers ratings, Pawn Stars ratings, Tori & Dean: Home Sweet Hollywood ratings, Nurse Jackie ratings, United States of Tara ratings, Neighbors from Hell ratings, WWE Raw ratings, Cake Boss ratings, All Worked Up ratings, Operation Repo ratings, Saving Grace ratings - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. June 29, 2010. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Monday Cable Ratings: Mavs/Thunder Tops Night; ‘WWE Raw’ Up + ‘Sanctuary,’ ‘Real Housewives of NJ’, ‘American Chopper,’ ‘Secret Life’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. May 24, 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘WWE RAW,’ ‘Basketball Wives’, ‘Secret Life of the American Teenager’, ‘Pawn Stars’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. March 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Shows A-Z - make it or break it on abc family". TheFutonCritic.com. March 26, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
Jump up ^ Futon Critic Staff, The (May 15, 2012). "Monday's Cable Ratings: TNT Hits NBA Postseason High With Lakers/Thunder". TheFutonCritic.com. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Make It or Break It – ABC/Disney Announces a Volume 1: Extended Edition DVD". Tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Make It or Break It – Volume 1: Extended Edition". Tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Make It or Break It: Volume One - Extended Edition: Chelsea Hobbs, Ayla Kell, Josie Loren, Cassie Scerbo, Zachary Burr Abel, Mia Frampton, n/a: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Make It or Break It: Season One, Volume Two: Chelsea Hobbs, Ayla Kell, Josie Loren, Cassie Scerbo, Candace Cameron Bure, Neil Jackson, Peri Gilpin, Holly Sorenson: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Make It or Break It: Season Two, Volume Three: Chelsea Hobbs, Ayla Kell, Cassie Scerbo, Mia Frampton, Zachary Abel, Peri Gilpin, Candace Cameron Bure, Josie Loren, Susan Ward, ABC Family: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
External links[edit]
Make It or Break It on IMDb
Make It or Break It at TV.com
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