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Fluorescence microscope
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An upright fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX61) with the fluorescent filter cube turret above the objective lenses, coupled with a digital camera.
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Fluorescent and confocal microscopes operating principle
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.[1][2] The "fluorescence microscope" refers to any microscope that uses fluorescence to generate an image, whether it is a more simple set up like an epifluorescence microscope, or a more complicated design such as a confocal microscope, which uses optical sectioning to get better resolution of the fluorescent image.[3]
On 8 October 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy," which brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension".[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Principle
1.1 Epifluorescence microscopy
2 Light sources
3 Sample preparation
3.1 Biological fluorescent stains
3.2 Immunofluorescence
3.3 Fluorescent proteins
4 Limitations
5 Sub-diffraction techniques
6 Fluorescence micrograph gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Principle[edit]
The specimen is illuminated with light of a specific wavelength (or wavelengths) which is absorbed by the fluorophores, causing them to emit light of longer wavelengths (i.e., of a different color than the absorbed light). The illumination light is separated from the much weaker emitted fluorescence through the use of a spectral emission filter. Typical components of a fluorescence microscope are a light source (xenon arc lamp or mercury-vapor lamp are common; more advanced forms are high-power LEDs and lasers), the excitation filter, the dichroic mirror (or dichroic beamsplitter), and the emission filter (see figure below). The filters and the dichroic beamsplitter are chosen to match the spectral excitation and emission characteristics of the fluorophore used to label the specimen.[1] In this manner, the distribution of a single fluorophore (color) is imaged at a time. Multi-color images of several types of fluorophores must be composed by combining several single-color images.[1]
Most fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes, where excitation of the fluorophore and detection of the fluorescence are done through the same light path (i.e. through the objective). These microscopes are widely used in biology and are the basis for more advanced microscope designs, such as the confocal microscope and the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRF).
Epifluorescence microscopy[edit]
Schematic of a fluorescence microscope.
The majority of fluorescence microscopes, especially those used in the life sciences, are of the epifluorescence design shown in the diagram. Light of the excitation wavelength is focused on the specimen through the objective lens. The fluorescence emitted by the specimen is focused to the detector by the same objective that is used for the excitation which for greater resolution will need objective lens with higher numerical aperture. Since most of the excitation light is transmitted through the specimen, only reflected excitatory light reaches the objective together with the emitted light and the epifluorescence method therefore gives a high signal-to-noise ratio. The dichroic beamsplitter acts as a wavelength specific filter, transmitting fluoresced light through to the eyepiece or detector, but reflecting any remaining excitation light back towards the source.
Light sources[edit]
Fluorescence microscopy requires intense, near-monochromatic, illumination which some widespread light sources, like halogen lamps cannot provide. Four main types of light source are used, including xenon arc lamps or mercury-vapor lamps with an excitation filter, lasers, supercontinuum sources, and high-power LEDs. Lasers are most widely used for more complex fluorescence microscopy techniques like confocal microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy while xenon lamps, and mercury lamps, and LEDs with a dichroic excitation filter are commonly used for widefield epifluorescence microscopes. By placing two microlens arrays into the illumination path of a widefield epifluorescence microscope,[6] highly uniform illumination with a coefficient of variation of 1-2% can be achieved.
Sample preparation[edit]
A sample of herring sperm stained with SYBR green in a cuvette illuminated by blue light in an epifluorescence microscope. The SYBR green in the sample binds to the herring sperm DNA and, once bound, fluoresces giving off green light when illuminated by blue light.
In order for a sample to be suitable for fluorescence microscopy it must be fluorescent. There are several methods of creating a fluorescent sample; the main techniques are labelling with fluorescent stains or, in the case of biological samples, expression of a fluorescent protein. Alternatively the intrinsic fluorescence of a sample (i.e., autofluorescence) can be used.[1] In the life sciences fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool which allows the specific and sensitive staining of a specimen in order to detect the distribution of proteins or other molecules of interest. As a result, there is a diverse range of techniques for fluorescent staining of biological samples.
Biological fluorescent stains[edit]
Many fluorescent stains have been designed for a range of biological molecules. Some of these are small molecules which are intrinsically fluorescent and bind a biological molecule of interest. Major examples of these are nucleic acid stains like DAPI and Hoechst (excited by UV wavelength light) and DRAQ5 and DRAQ7 (optimally excited by red light) which all bind the minor groove of DNA, thus labeling the nuclei of cells. Others are drugs or toxins which bind specific cellular structures and have been derivatised with a fluorescent reporter. A major example of this class of fluorescent stain is phalloidin which is used to stain actin fibres in mammalian cells.
There are many fluorescent molecules called fluorophores or fluorochromes such as fluorescein, Alexa Fluors or DyLight 488, which can be chemically linked to a different molecule which binds the target of interest within the sample.
Immunofluorescence[edit]
Main article: Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescence is a technique which uses the highly specific binding of an antibody to its antigen in order to label specific proteins or other molecules within the cell. A sample is treated with a primary antibody specific for the molecule of interest. A fluorophore can be directly conjugated to the primary antibody. Alternatively a secondary antibody, conjugated to a fluorophore, which binds specifically to the first antibody can be used. For example, a primary antibody raised in a mouse which recognises tubulin combined with a secondary anti-mouse antibody derivatised with a fluorophore could be used to label microtubules in a cell.
Fluorescent proteins[edit]
See also: Fluorescent protein
The modern understanding of genetics and the techniques available for modifying DNA allow scientists to genetically modify proteins to also carry a fluorescent protein reporter. In biological samples this allows a scientist to directly make a protein of interest fluorescent. The protein location can then be directly tracked, including in live cells.
Limitations[edit]
Fluorophores lose their ability to fluoresce as they are illuminated in a process called photobleaching. Photobleaching occurs as the fluorescent molecules accumulate chemical damage from the electrons excited during fluorescence. Photobleaching can severely limit the time over which a sample can be observed by fluorescent microscopy. Several techniques exist to reduce photobleaching such as the use of more robust fluorophores, by minimizing illumination, or by using photoprotective scavenger chemicals.
Fluorescence microscopy with fluorescent reporter proteins has enabled analysis of live cells by fluorescence microscopy, however cells are susceptible to phototoxicity, particularly with short wavelength light. Furthermore, fluorescent molecules have a tendency to generate reactive chemical species when under illumination which enhances the phototoxic effect.
Unlike transmitted and reflected light microscopy techniques fluorescence microscopy only allows observation of the specific structures which have been labeled for fluorescence. For example, observing a tissue sample prepared with a fluorescent DNA stain by fluorescent microscopy only reveals the organization of the DNA within the cells and reveals nothing else about the cell morphologies.
Sub-diffraction techniques[edit]
See also: Super resolution microscopy and Correlative Light-Electron Microscopy
The wave nature of light limits the size of the spot to which light can be focused due to the diffraction limit. This limitation was described in the 19th century by Ernst Abbe and limits an optical microscope's resolution to approximately half of the wavelength of the light used. Fluorescence microscopy is central to many techniques which aim to reach past this limit by specialized optical configurations.
Several improvements in microscopy techniques have been invented in the 20th century and have resulted in increased resolution and contrast to some extent. However they did not overcome the diffraction limit. In 1978 first theoretical ideas have been developed to break this barrier by using a 4Pi microscope as a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope where the light is focused ideally from all sides to a common focus which is used to scan the object by 'point-by-point' excitation combined with 'point-by-point' detection.[7] However, the first experimental demonstration of the 4pi microscope took place in 1994.[8] 4Pi microscopy maximizes the amount of available focusing directions by using two opposing objective lenses or Two-photon excitation microscopy using redshifted light and multi-photon excitation.
Integrated correlative microscopy combines a fluorescence microscope with an electron microscope. This allows one to visualize ultrastructure and contextual information with the electron microscope while using the data from the fluorescence microscope as a labelling tool.[9]
The first technique to really achieve a sub-diffraction resolution was STED microscopy, proposed in 1994. This method and all techniques following the RESOLFT concept rely on a strong non-linear interaction between light and fluorescing molecules. The molecules are driven strongly between distinguishable molecular states at each specific location, so that finally light can be emitted at only a small fraction of space, hence an increased resolution.
As well in the 1990s another super resolution microscopy method based on wide field microscopy has been developed. Substantially improved size resolution of cellular nanostructures stained with a fluorescent marker was achieved by development of SPDM localization microscopy and the structured laser illumination (spatially modulated illumination, SMI).[10] Combining the principle of SPDM with SMI resulted in the development of the Vertico SMI microscope.[11][12] Single molecule detection of normal blinking fluorescent dyes like Green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be achieved by using a further development of SPDM the so-called SPDMphymod technology which makes it possible to detect and count two different fluorescent molecule types at the molecular level (this technology is referred to as two-color localization microscopy or 2CLM).[13]
Alternatively, the advent of photoactivated localization microscopy could achieve similar results by relying on blinking or switching of single molecules, where the fraction of fluorescing molecules is very small at each time. This stochastic response of molecules on the applied light corresponds also to a highly nonlinear interaction, leading to subdiffraction resolution.
Fluorescence micrograph gallery[edit]
A z-projection of an osteosarcoma cell phalloidin stained to visualise actin filaments. The image was taken on a confocal microscope and the subsequent deconvolution was done using an experimentally derived point spread function.
Epifluorescent imaging of the three components in a dividing human cancer cell. DNA is stained blue, a protein called INCENP is green, and the microtubules are red. Each fluorophore is imaged separately using a different combination of excitation and emission filters, and the images are captured sequentially using a digital CCD camera, then overlaid to give a complete image.
Endothelial cells under the microscope. Nuclei are stained blue with DAPI, microtubules are marked green by an antibody bound to FITC and actin filaments are labeled red with phalloidin bound to TRITC. Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells
3D dual-color super-resolution microscopy with Her2 and Her3 in breast cells, standard dyes: Alexa 488, Alexa 568. LIMON microscopy
Human lymphocyte nucleus stained with DAPI with chromosome 13 (green) and 21 (red) centromere probes hybridized (Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH))
Yeast cell membrane visualized by some membrane proteins fused with RFP and GFP fluorescent markers. Imposition of light from both of markers results in yellow color.
Super-resolution microscopy: Single YFP molecule detection in a human cancer cell. Typical distance measurements in the 15 nm range measured with a Vertico-SMI/SPDMphymod microscope
Super-resolution microscopy: Co-localization microscopy (2CLM) with GFP and RFP fusion proteins (nucleus of a bone cancer cell) 120.000 localized molecules in a wide-field area (470 µm2) measured with a Vertico-SMI/SPDMphymod microscope
Fluorescence microscopy of DNA Expression in the Human Wild-Type and P239S Mutant Palladin.
Fluorescence microscopy images of sun flares pathology in a blood cell showing the affected areas in red.
See also[edit]
Green fluorescent protein (GFP)
Mercury-vapor lamp
Microscope
Scanning electron microscope#Cathodoluminescence
Stokes shift
Xenon arc lamp
Correlative Light-Electron Microscopy
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Spring KR, Davidson MW. "Introduction to Fluorescence Microscopy". Nikon MicroscopyU. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Jump up ^ "The Fluorescence Microscope". Microscopes—Help Scientists Explore Hidden Worlds. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Jump up ^ Juan Carlos Stockert, Alfonso Blázquez-Castro (2017). Fluorescence Microscopy in Life Sciences. Bentham Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-68108-519-7. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ritter, Karl; Rising, Malin (8 October 2014). "2 Americans, 1 German win chemistry Nobel". Associated Press. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Chang, Kenneth (8 October 2014). "2 Americans and a German Are Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry". New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ F.A.W. Coumans; E. van der Pol; L.W.M.M. Terstappen (2012). "Flat-top illumination profile in an epi-fluorescence microscope by dual micro lens arrays". Cytometry Part A. 81 (4): 324–331. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22029. PMID 22392641.
Jump up ^ Cremer, C; Cremer, T (1978). "Considerations on a laser-scanning-microscope with high resolution and depth of field" (PDF). Microscopica acta. 81 (1): 31–44. PMID 713859.
Jump up ^ S.W. Hell, E.H.K. Stelzer, S. Lindek, C. Cremer; Stelzer; Lindek; Cremer (1994). "Confocal microscopy with an increased detection aperture: type-B 4Pi confocal microscopy". Optics Letters. 19 (3): 222–224. Bibcode:1994OptL...19..222H. doi:10.1364/OL.19.000222. PMID 19829598. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Baarle, Kaitlin van. "Correlative microscopy: Opening up worlds of information with fluorescence". Retrieved 2017-02-16.
Jump up ^ Hausmann, Michael; Schneider, Bernhard; Bradl, Joachim; Cremer, Christoph G. (1997), "High-precision distance microscopy of 3D nanostructures by a spatially modulated excitation fluorescence microscope", in Bigio, Irving J; Schneckenburger, Herbert; Slavik, Jan; et al., Optical Biopsies and Microscopic Techniques II (PDF), Optical Biopsies and Microscopic Techniques II, 3197, p. 217, doi:10.1117/12.297969
Jump up ^ Reymann, J; Baddeley, D; Gunkel, M; Lemmer, P; Stadter, W; Jegou, T; Rippe, K; Cremer, C; Birk, U (2008). "High-precision structural analysis of subnuclear complexes in fixed and live cells via spatially modulated illumination (SMI) microscopy" (PDF). Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology. 16 (3): 367–82. doi:10.1007/s10577-008-1238-2. PMID 18461478.
Jump up ^ Baddeley, D; Batram, C; Weiland, Y; Cremer, C; Birk, UJ (2003). "Nanostructure analysis using spatially modulated illumination microscopy" (PDF). Nature Protocols. 2 (10): 2640–6. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.399. PMID 17948007. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Gunkel, M; Erdel, F; Rippe, K; Lemmer, P; Kaufmann, R; Hörmann, C; Amberger, R; Cremer, C (2009). "Dual color localization microscopy of cellular nanostructures" (PDF). Biotechnology journal. 4 (6): 927–38. doi:10.1002/biot.200900005. PMID 19548231.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluorescent microscope images.
Library resources about
Fluorescence microscopy
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Fluorophores.org, the database of fluorescent dyes
Microscopy Resource Center
Fluorescence Microscopy at Leica Science Lab
animations and explanations on various types of microscopes including fluorescent and confocal microscopes (Université Paris Sud)
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e
Optical microscopy
Microscope
Optical microscopy
Illumination and
contrast methods
Bright-field microscopy
Köhler illumination
Dark field microscopy
Phase contrast
Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy
Differential interference contrast (DIC)
Dispersion staining
Second harmonic imaging (SHIM)
4Pi microscope
Structured illumination
Sarfus
Fluorescence methods
Fluorescence microscopy
Confocal microscopy
Two-photon excitation microscopy
Multiphoton microscopy
Image deconvolution
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF)
Lightsheet microscopy (LSFM/SPIM)
Sub-diffraction
limit techniques
Diffraction limit
Stimulated emission depletion (STED)
Photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM/STORM)
Near-field (NSOM/SNOM)
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Tour of Duty (TV series)
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Tour of Duty
Title card (Seasons 2–3)
Created by
Steve Duncan
L. Travis Clark
Starring
Stephen Caffrey
Terence Knox
Kim Delaney
Tony Becker
Miguel A. Núñez Jr.
Ramón Franco
Stan Foster
Music by
Joseph Conlan
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
58 (list of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)
Zev Braun
Running time
47 minutes
Production company(s)
Braun Entertainment Group
New World Television
Distributor
Columbia Pictures Television (1991-1995)
Columbia TriStar Television (1995-2002)
Sony Pictures Television (2002-present)
Release
Original network
CBS
Audio format
Mono
Original release
September 24, 1987 – April 28, 1990
Tour of Duty is a U.S. television series from 1987–1990, based on events in the Vietnam War, with rebroadcasts in syndication over 30 years from initial airing on CBS. The series ran for three seasons, from September 1987 to April 1990, for a total of 58 one-hour episodes. The show was created by Steve Duncan and L. Travis Clark and produced by Zev Braun.
The show follows an American infantry platoon on a tour of duty during the Vietnam War. It was the first television series to regularly show Americans in combat in Vietnam and was one of several similarly themed series to be produced in the wake of the acclaimed Oliver Stone film Platoon. The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series, and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Characters
3 Awards
4 International broadcasts
5 Music
5.1 The original soundtrack albums
5.2 Compilation soundtrack CDs
6 DVD releases
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
Not simply an action program, Tour of Duty was also groundbreaking as it addressed the issues of politics, faith, teamwork, racism, suicide, fragging, terrorism, civilian deaths, sexuality, drug abuse, and the shattered lives and confused feelings of those troops who finally made it home alive. The story focused mainly on Bravo company's second platoon under the command of 2nd Lieutenant (1st Lieutenant from the start of season 2) Myron Goldman (Stephen Caffrey) and Staff Sergeant (later Sergeant First Class) Zeke Anderson (Terence Knox).
The first season was filmed on location in Hawaii at Schofield Barracks.[citation needed] For the second and third seasons, the series was filmed around Los Angeles, California in order to reduce costs.[citation needed] This also enabled the producers to re-dress a studio backlot as Saigon. The move also meant reusing the same locations, notably a small river with grass on one bank and woods on the other which turns up in a number of episodes. A lot of filming was undertaken on the old set of M*A*S*H.[citation needed] Helicopter scenes with 1st Lt. McKay were filmed on the ground with the rotors running.[citation needed]
The first season opens in 1967 and follows a standard light infantry platoon. In the second season, the troops found themselves relocated to a base near Saigon while conducting the typical "search and destroy" missions. Production staff interviewed in VIETNAM Magazine cited this change as a change in premise that doomed the series, as female characters were also introduced (in hopes of gaining more female viewership and because of the premiere of the ABC Vietnam Army Nurses drama China Beach, which was aimed at a more female audience), and the show ceased to be a realistic chronicle of life in the field for the average line infantryman in favor of being more romance- and action/adventure-oriented.[citation needed] In the third season, the remaining female character was killed off, and the platoon was transferred to a SOG (Studies and Observation Group) unit under the command of Colonel Brewster (played by Carl Weathers), conducting covert operations in Vietnam and in Cambodia, culminating in the fictional version of the raid on Son Tay Prison. The third season was the show's last.
In its third season, CBS moved the show to the Saturday 9:00 p.m. time slot.[citation needed] Being forced to compete with NBC's The Golden Girls and Empty Nest, the show's ratings dropped, and the show was canceled at the end of the season.[citation needed]
Besides Carl Weathers, notable guest stars include Lee Majors, James Hong, Mako, Greg Germann, Kelly Hu, Angela Bassett, Ving Rhames, Melora Hardin, Scott Lawrence, and Patrick Kilpatrick.
Characters[edit]
Character
Actor
Rank(s)/Job
Seasons
1
2
3
Clayton Ezekiel "Zeke" Anderson Terence Knox Staff Sgt./Sgt. 1st Class Main Cast
Myron Goldman Stephen Caffrey 2nd Lt./1st Lt. Main Cast
Daniel "Danny" Percell Tony Becker PFC./Cpl./SP4. Main Cast
Alberto Ruiz Ramón Franco Pvt./PFC./SP4. Main Cast
Marcus Taylor Miguel A. Núñez Jr. Pvt./PFC./SP4./Sgt. Main Cast
Marvin Johnson Stan Foster SP4./Sgt. Main Cast Main Cast (11 episodes)
Scott Baker Eric Bruskotter Pvt./SP4. Main Cast Guest Star (1 episode)
Roger Horn Joshua D. Maurer Pvt./PFC./SP4. Main Cast
Randy "Doc" Matsuda Steve Akahoshi SP4. Main Cast (13 episodes)
Rusty Wallace Kevin Conroy Captain Main Cast (11 episodes)
Nikki Raines Pamela Gidley 2nd Lt. Recurring Guest Star
Dalby Bruce Gray Lt. Col. Recurring Guest Star
Johnny McKay Dan Gauthier 1st Lt. Main Cast
Alex Devlin Kim Delaney Reporter Main Cast Main Cast (2 episodes)
Dr. Jennifer Seymour Betsy Brantley Civilian Contracted Psychiatrist / then Major U.S. Army Medical Corps Recurring Guest Star
Darling Richard Brestoff Major Also Starring
Marion Hannegan/ Putman Charles Hyman Master Sergeant (as Hannnegan), SFC (as Putnam) Recurring Guest Star
Francis "Doc Hock" Hockenbury John Dye PFC./SP4. Main Cast
Carl Brewster Carl Weathers Colonel Special Guest Star
Thomas "Pop" Scarlett Lee Majors Private Special Guest Star
William Griner Kyle Chandler Pvt. Recurring Guest Star
Duke Fontaine Patrick Kilpatrick CIA Agent Recurring Guest Star
Joseph "Skip" Beller Greg Germann 1st Lt. Recurring Guest Star
Mike Duncan Michael B. Christy Major Also Starring
Sister Bernardette Maria Mayenzet Nun (Civilian) Also Starring
Stringer Alan Scarfe Colonel Also Starring
Jack Elliot Peter Vogt General Also Starring
Edward Higgins Michael Fairman Major General Also Starring
Awards[edit]
The series won an Emmy Award in 1988 for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series, and it was nominated again in 1989 and 1990.
Emmy Award nominations:
1989: Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (for "I Wish it Could Rain")
1990: Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series (for "And Make Death Proud to Take Us")
Eddie Award nominations
1988: Best Edited Episode from a Television Series (for the pilot episode)
International broadcasts[edit]
In Argentina, it was broadcast by Telefe as "Nam: Primer Pelotón" (Nam: First Platoon).
In Australia, Network Ten originally aired the series at 7:30 pm. In recent years, repeats have returned to Australian television with the Seven Network repeating the series in 2006 in late night Thursday timeslots airing at 11.30 pm then later bumped to 12:00 midnight. Repeats also returned with Channel Ten repeating the series in 2010 in late Sunday nights airing at 1.30am. FOX Classics started airing the first series on the 17 September 2012.
In Brazil, the show was broadcast by SBT with the title "Combate no Vietnã" (Combat in Vietnam).
In Chile and Colombia, the show was aired with the title "Misión del Deber" (Duty Mission), based on the Mexican dub of the series.
In Dominican Republic, the show was aired with the title "Misión del Deber" in channel 11.
In Costa Rica, it was aired by channel 9 and then by channel 7 as "Misión Vietnam" (Mission Vietnam).
In Denmark, the show was broadcast in the 1990s as "Platoon B" on various local-TV networks, mainly on Kanal 2.
In France and the Canadian province of Québec, the French-speaking version was called "L'Enfer du devoir" (The Hell of duty) and aired on La Cinq in France, and on the Historia channel in Québec Monday through Thursday at 5 PM in July and August 2005.
In Germany, the show was aired by RTL with the title "NAM – Dienst in Vietnam" (NAM – Service in Vietnam).
In Israel, the show aired in the mid-2000s on the now-defunct local version of the AXN cable channel under the name "Sherut Kravi" (Combat Service). It was also previously broadcast on the METV channel.
In Italy, the show was aired by a local TV Network Italia7 with the title "Vietnam Addio" (Goodbye Vietnam) in the form of a TV-movie. It was also aired on the national network Italia1.
In Japan, the show with the title "Good Luck Saigon" was aired through the Wowow, a paid satellite broadcast around 1991. For this reason, the show is least known by the Japanese public.
In Mexico, it was aired by Televisa's Canal 5 as "Misión del Deber" (Duty Mission).
In the Netherlands, it was broadcast by Veronica on the national television network.
In New Zealand, the show was aired by TVNZ. It was a very popular show in New Zealand and re-runs were also shown on the Orange TV network throughout the 1990s.
In Norway, the show was broadcast with the title "Pliktløpet" (Run of duty) by TV Norge in the 1990s.
In the Philippines, it was weekly aired in English on GMA 7 every Monday night at 9:00 pm. The American service members stationed in the Philippines routinely watched it on the local network because the episodes were newer than the ones on Armed Forces Radio and Television Service's Far East Network.
In Poland, the show was never aired, but there was a VHS release with the title "Rok w Piekle" (Year in Hell).
In Saudi Arabia, it was (as of July 2013) being shown with the original title and in English with Arabic subtitles. It is broadcast on the MBC Action channel.
In South Africa, the show was aired with the title "Sending Vietnam" (Mission Vietnam) in Afrikaans by the SABC.
In South Korea, the show was aired with the title "머나먼 정글" (Faraway Jungle) by MBC from 1990. It was initially aired at 11:00 PM Monday but due to popularity it moved to 6:00 PM Saturday.
In Spain, the show aired as "Camino del Infierno" (Road of Hell) on Telecinco in late night hours Wednesday and later on C+ as Tour of Duty at 12.00 M.
In Sri Lanka, the show has been aired at least twice, once in 1990s and once in 2007/8 by MTV.
In Sweden, the show was originally scheduled by the public service SVT network as "Pluton B i Vietnam" (Platoon B in Vietnam), but only the pilot episode was broadcast followed by a massive media outcry for the heavy violence in the show. In the late 1990s, the show was picked up by Kanal 5 under the same name.
In Taiwan (Republic of China), the show has been aired on China Television Company, Ltd. (CTV) as 霹靂神兵. The Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China) also purchased the series, renamed 天降神兵 and aired it on Chinese Television System (CTS) and CTS Education and Culture.
In the United Arab Emirates, it was aired on Dubai Channel 33.
In the United Kingdom, Tour of Duty was screened on ITV on Friday nights at various times, usually around midnight. It was later broadcast on the FX channel.
In Zimbabwe, the show was broadcast in the early 1990s, showing on the national television channel ZBC TV1 (Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation Television 1) at nine o'clock pm on Thursdays and developed a cult following, becoming a hit television series throughout its screening.
Music[edit]
The opening theme song was an abbreviated version of The Rolling Stones hit "Paint It, Black" that had featured in the end titles of the 1987 Vietnam War film Full Metal Jacket; this was removed for the US DVD release. The closing consisted of an instrumental, synthesized tune with a distinctive Asian sound mixed in with acoustic guitar; it was performed by Joseph Conlan, and was never released for public consumption other than in the series. That music was used as background music for most of the series. On the US release DVD most of the Vietnam War era popular music was replaced by instrumental bits to cover the blank spots of music.
All three seasons that have been released in the United Kingdom, has the complete original soundtrack including "Paint It, Black".
The show was known for its classic American rock soundtrack including Creedence Clearwater Revival, Jimi Hendrix, and Jefferson Airplane. One first-season episode, "USO Down", used "live" versions of "Wooly Bully", and "We Gotta Get Out of This Place" as performed by a USO band, the latter song being used also for ironic comment. The songs in this episode were retained in the DVD soundtracks. But for copyright reasons, the VHS and DVD soundtracks of the majority of episodes were replaced with sound alikes (the music played but there were no voices)—a move which was widely protested by buyers, and resulted in a significantly lower sales volume for the third-season DVD set than for the first two.
In the Netherlands, amongst other European nations, a total number of seven albums were released, containing most of the songs featured on the show. As a result, "Paint It, Black" was re-released as a single, again hitting the number 1 position in the Dutch top 40 popchart in May 1990.[citation needed]
The original soundtrack albums[edit]
The Tour of Duty television series soundtrack was released by CBS on Columbia Records as four different compilation albums during 1988 and 1989. The original albums are now out of print. Their track listings are as follows:
Tour of Duty Soundtrack, Volume 1 (1988)
"Baby Love" – Diana Ross and The Supremes
"Here Comes The Night" – Them
"We Gotta Get Out Of This Place" – The Animals
"A Whiter Shade Of Pale" – Procol Harum
"Itchycoo Park" – Small Faces
"All Along The Watchtower" – Jimi Hendrix
"Hurdy Gurdy Man" – Donovan
"Time Of The Season" – The Zombies
"And When I Die" – Blood, Sweat & Tears
"War" – Edwin Starr
"Ball Of Confusion" – Temptations
"What's Going On" – Marvin Gaye
"Time Has Come Today" – Chambers Brothers
"I Want To Take You Higher" – Sly & The Family Stone
"Groovin' Is Easy" – The Electric Flag
"Oye Como Va" – Santana
"Ball And Chain" – Janis Joplin
"Ballad Of Easy Rider" – The Byrds
Tour of Duty Soundtrack, Volume 2 (1988)
"Paint It Black" – Chris Farlowe
"Tin Soldier" – Small Faces
"Stone Free" – The Jimi Hendrix Experience
"Sunshine Of Your Love" – Cream
"Born To Be Wild" – Steppenwolf
"Reach Out I'll Be There" – The Four Tops
"People Get Ready" – The Impressions
"Jennifer Juniper" – Donovan
"Your Precious Love" – Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell
"Groovin'" – The Rascals
"Eight Miles High" – The Byrds
"Cloud Nine" – The Temptations
"I Heard It Through The Grapevine" – Gladys Knight & The Pips
"Piece Of My Heart" – Janis Joplin
"It Takes A Lot To Laugh, It Takes A Train To Cry" – Al Kooper & Stephen Stills
"Ring Of Fire" – Eric Burdon & The Animals
"Spinning Wheel" – Blood, Sweat & Tears
"Bridge Over Troubled Water" – Aretha Franklin
Tour of Duty Soundtrack, Volume 3 (1989)
"White Room" – Cream
"Highway Chile" – Jimi Hendrix
"Lazy Sunday" – Small Faces
"Gloria" – Them
"Sky Pilot" – Eric Burdon & The Animals
"Natural Born Bugie" – Humble Pie
"White Rabbit" – Grace Slick & The Great Society
"The Weight" – The Band
"Go Now" – The Moody Blues
"San Francisco" – Scott McKenzie
"Draft Morning" – The Byrds
"Evil Ways" – Santana
"Dance To The Music" – Sly & The Family Stone
"Tell Her No" – The Zombies
"Barabajagal" – Donovan
"Killing Floor" – The Electric Flag
"Black Night" – Deep Purple
"Paranoid" – Black Sabbath
Tour of Duty Soundtrack, Volume 4 (1989)
"This Wheel's On Fire" – Julie Driscoll
"Rag Mama Rag" – The Band
"On The Road Again" – Canned Heat
"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?" – Chicago
"American Woman" – Guess Who
"Race With The Devil" – The Gun
"Down The Dustpipe" – Status Quo
"Living In The Past" – Jethro Tull
"Bird On The Wire" – Leonard Cohen
"Tears Of Rage" – Bob Dylan
"Save The Country" – Laura Nyro
"To Love Somebody" – The Bee Gees
"There Won't Be Many Coming Home" – Roy Orbison
"Melting Pot" – Blue Mink
"Hi De Ho" – Blood, Sweat & Tears
"Chestnut Mare" – The Byrds
"Sweet Baby James" – James Taylor
"Listen To The Music" – The Doobie Brothers
Compilation soundtrack CDs[edit]
In 1992, Sony Music released a compilation CD titled The Best of 'Tour of Duty'. It contains only twenty of the songs featured in the four original Tour of Duty Soundtrack albums.
The Best of Tour of Duty (1992)
"Born To Be Wild" – Steppenwolf
"Tin Soldier" – Small Faces
"This Wheel's On Fire" – Julie Driscoll
"Barabajagal" – Donovan
"Time Of The Season" – The Zombies
"The Weight" – The Band
"Get Together" – The Youngbloods
"Chimes Of Freedom" – The Byrds
"A Whiter Shade Of Pale" – Procol Harum
"Piece Of My Heart" – Janis Joplin
"Evil Ways" – Santana
"25 Or 6 To 4" – Chicago
"Killing Floor" – The Electric Flag
"Dance To The Music" – Sly & The Family Stone
"And When I Die" – Blood, Sweat & Tears
"On The Road Again" – Canned Heat
"American Woman" – The Guess Who
"Race With The Devil" – The Gun
"Shapes Of Things" – The YardBirds
"Sky Pilot" – Eric Burdon & The Animals
Tour of Duty Top 100 (2008)
Disc 1
"I Can Hear Music" – The Beach Boys
"White Room" – Cream
"Are You Ready" – Pacific Gas & Electric
"Eight Miles High" – The Byrds
"Hush" – Deep Purple
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" – CCR
"Question" – The Moody Blues
"Reflections – Diana Ross & The Supremes
"Here Comes the Night" – Them
"Son of a Preacher Man" – Dusty Springfield
"Lady Willpower" – Gary Puckett & The Union Gap
"Black Magic Woman" – Santana
"Death of a Clown" – Dave Davies
"It's the Same Old Song" – The Four Tops
"You Wear It Well" – Rod Stewart
"Mannish Boy" – Muddy Waters
"I'd Rather Go Blind – Chicken Shack
"All Right Now" – Free
"Roll Over Beethoven" – The Electric Light Orchestra
"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag (Parts 1 & 2)" – James Brown
Disc 2
DVD releases[edit]
Sony released all 3 seasons in the USA for the very first time in 2004-2005. All original music was replaced with sound-alike versions. These releases have been discontinued and are out of print.
On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Tour of Duty.[1] They subsequently re-released the first season on DVD on September 16, 2014.[2]
On April 21, 2015, Mill Creek released a budget priced complete series set, an eleven-disc set featuring all 58 episodes of the series.[3]
On November 7, 2011 Fabulous Films (licensed from Fremantle Home Entertainment) in the United Kingdom released the complete first season as a region 2 PAL boxed set. This release has improved sound and picture quality and the complete original soundtrack, including "Paint It, Black". The release consists of 5 DVDs covering all 21 episodes. The fifth disc contains extras including hundreds of behind the scenes stills and images and a brand new documentary that runs for 55 minutes. Fabulous Films filmed a series of interviews in Los Angeles in July 2011 with 7 of the key cast: Terence Knox, Josh Maurer, Steve Akahoshi, Tony Becker, Eric Bruskotter, Kevin Conroy and Miguel A Nunez Jr. and key members of the production crew that included Zev Braun (producer) Bill Norton (writer/director), Steve Smith (writer/producer), Steve Duncan (creator) and Paul Sinor (military advisor). Additional documentaries are being produced for the season 2 and 3 releases.
The complete second season was released on May 14, 2012 in the UK. Featuring a brand new making of documentary 'The Story of Tour Of Duty' Part 2 (30 mins) featuring Cast and Crew, Character Biographies, Original Cast Biographies, Original Crew Biographies, Action Stills, Behind The Scenes Stills, Publicity Stills, Synopses and Glossary of Tour of Duty Military Terms.[4]
On November 26, 2012, Fabulous released the complete third season on DVD in the UK, along with the complete series set which was released simultaneously. The third instalment of the documentary features Dan Gauthier AKA Lt. Johnny McKay
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low-Cost DVD Release". tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tour of Duty DVD news: Re-Release for Tour of Duty - Season 1". tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tour of Duty DVD news: Re-Release for Tour of Duty - The Complete Series". tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tour of Duty – The Complete Second Season". Amazon. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tour of Duty
Tour of Duty on IMDb
Tour of Duty at TV.com
Official Tour of Duty UK Fanhub
HUM90 Tour of Duty fanpage
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