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United States federal civil service
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Remarks by FDR in 1944 at Union Station, thanking government workers for helping win the war
The United States federal civil service is the civilian workforce (i.e., non-elected and non-military, public sector employees) of the United States federal government's departments and agencies. The federal civil service was established in 1871 (5 U.S.C. § 2101).[1] U.S. state and local government entities often have competitive civil service systems that are modeled on the national system, in varying degrees.
According to the Office of Personnel Management, as of December 2011[update], there were approximately 2.79 million civil servants employed by the U.S. government.[2][3][4] This includes employees in the departments and agencies run by any of the three branches government (the executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial branch), such as over 600,000 employees in the U.S. Postal Service.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career employees and political appointees
2 History
3 Federal agencies
4 Pay systems
5 Employment by agency
6 U.S. Civil Service Commission
7 Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
8 Civil servants in literature
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Career employees and political appointees[edit]
The majority of civil service positions are classified as competitive service, meaning employees are selected based on merit after a competitive hiring process for positions that are open to all applicants. The Senior Executive Service (SES) is the classification for non-competitive, senior leadership positions filled by career employees or political appointments (e.g., Cabinet members, ambassadors, etc.). Excepted service positions (also known as unclassified service) are non-competitive jobs in certain federal agencies with security and intelligence functions (e.g., the CIA, FBI, State Department, etc.) that are authorized to create their own hiring policies and are not subject to most appointment, pay, and classification laws.[5]
History[edit]
Main article: U.S. Civil Service Reform
In the early 19th century, positions in the federal government were held at the pleasure of the president—a person could be fired at any time. The spoils system meant that jobs were used to support the American political parties, though this was gradually changed by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost two-thirds of the U.S. federal workforce was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies, are filled by political appointees. Under the Hatch Act of 1939, civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties.[6] In some cases, an outgoing administration will give its political appointees positions with civil service protection in order to prevent them from being fired by the new administration; this is called "burrowing" in civil service jargon.[7]
Federal agencies[edit]
Main article: List of United States federal agencies
Employees in the civil services work under one of the independent agencies or one of the 15 executive departments.
In addition to departments, there are a number of staff organizations grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the White House staff, the National Security Council, the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the Office of National Drug Control Policy and the Office of Science and Technology Policy.
There are also independent agencies such as the United States Postal Service, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In addition, there are government-owned corporations such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation.[8]
There were 456 federal agencies in 2009.[9]
Pay systems[edit]
Main articles: General Schedule, Federal Wage System, and Senior Executive Service
The pay system of the United States government civil service has evolved into a complex set of pay systems that include principally the General Schedule (GS) for white-collar employees, Federal Wage System (FWS) for blue-collar employees, Senior Executive System (SES) for Executive-level employees, Foreign Service Schedule (FS) for members of the Foreign Service and more than twelve alternate pay systems that are referred to as alternate or experimental pay systems such as the first experimental system China Lake Demonstration Project. The current system began as the Classification Act of 1923[10] and was refined into law with the Classification Act of 1949. These acts that provide the foundation of the current system have been amended through executive orders and through published amendments in the Federal Register that sets for approved changes in the regulatory structure of the federal pay system. The common goal among all pay systems is to achieve the goal of paying equitable salaries to all involved workers regardless of system, group or classification. This is referred to as pay equity or ("equal pay for equal work"). Select careers in high demand may be subject to a special rate table,[11] which can pay above the standard GS tables. These careers include certain engineering disciplines and patent examiners.[12][13]
The General Schedule (GS) includes white collar workers at levels 1 through 15, most professional, technical, administrative, and clerical positions in the federal civil service. The Federal Wage System or Wage Grade (WG) schedule includes most federal blue-collar workers. As of September 2004[update], 71% of federal civilian employees were paid under the GS; the remaining 29% were paid under other systems such as the Federal Wage System for federal blue-collar civilian employees, the Senior Executive Service/Senior Level and the Executive Schedule for high-ranking federal employees, and the pay schedules for the United States Postal Service and the Foreign Service. In addition, some federal agencies—such as the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Reserve System, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—have their own unique pay schedules.
All federal employees in the GS system receive a base pay that is adjusted for locality. Locality pay varies, but is at least 10% of base salary in all parts of the United States. The following salary ranges represent the lowest and highest possible amounts a person can earn in base salary, without earning over-time pay or receiving a merit-based bonus. Actual salary ranges differ adjusted for increased locality pay (for instance a GS-9, step 1 in rural Arkansas may start at $50,598[14] versus $61,084[15] in San Jose, California), but all base salaries lie within the parameters of the following ranges (effective January, 2018):[16]
Pay grade GS-1 GS-2 GS-3 GS-4 GS-5 GS-6 GS-7 GS-8 GS-9 GS-10 GS-11 GS-12 GS-13 GS-14 GS-15
Lowest step (1) $ 18,785 $ 21,121 $ 23,045 $ 25,871 $ 28,945 $ 32,264 $ 35,854 $ 39,707 $ 43,857 $ 48,297 $ 53,062 $ 63,600 $ 75,628 $ 89,370 $ 105,123
Highest step (10) $ 23,502 $ 26,585 $ 29,957 $ 33,629 $ 37,630 $ 41,939 $ 46,609 $ 51,623 $ 57,015 $ 62,787 $ 68,983 $ 78,355 $ 98,317 $116,181 $136,659
Source: U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 2018.[17]
Nineteen percent of federal employees earned salaries of $100,000 or more in 2009. The average federal worker's pay was $71,208 compared with $40,331 in the private sector, although under Office of Management and Budget Circular A-76, most menial or lower paying jobs have been outsourced to private contractors.[18] In 2010, there were 82,034 workers, 3.9% of the federal workforce, making more than $150,000 annually, compared to 7,240 in 2005.[19] GS salaries are capped by law so that they do not exceed the salary for Executive Schedule IV positions.[20] The increase in civil servants making more than $150,000 resulted mainly from an increase in Executive Schedule salary approved during the Administration of George W. Bush, which raised the salary cap for senior GS employees slightly above the $150,000 threshold.[21]
Basic pay rates for Senior Executive Service (i.e. non-Presidentially appointed civil servants above GS-15) will range from $119,554 to $179,700 in 2012.
Employment by agency[edit]
As of January 2009[update], the Federal Government, excluding the Postal Service and soldiers, employed about 2 million civilian workers.
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2018)
The Federal Government is the nation's single largest employer. Although most federal agencies are based in the Washington, D.C. region, only about 16% (or about 288,000) of the federal government workforce is employed in this region.[22]
Federal Government executive branch civilian employment,
except U.S. Postal Service, fiscal year 2016[23]
(Employment in thousands)
United States,
U.S. territories,
and foreign countries
Washington, D.C.
United States,
U.S. territories,
and foreign countries
Washington, D.C.
Combined Total
2,096 173
Executive departments
1,923 132
Independent agencies
173 41
Defense, total
738 16.5
Social Security Administration
64 0.2
Army
251 2
NASA
17 1
Navy
207 12
Environmental Protection Agency
16 4
Air Force
169 0.5
Securities and Exchange Commission
5 3
Other defense
80 2
General Services Administration
12 4
Veterans Affairs
373 8
Small Business Administration
4 0.8
Homeland Security
192 24
Office of Personnel Management
5 2
Treasury
92 9
Justice
117
Agriculture
97 7
Executive departments (cont.)
Interior
71 4
Health/Human Services (HHS)
87 4
Energy
15 5
Transportation
55 8
State
13 10
Commerce
46 3
Housing/Urban Dev (HUD)
8 3
Labor
16 5
Education
4 3
SOURCE: U.S. Office of Personnel Management
U.S. Civil Service Commission[edit]
Main article: United States Office of Personnel Management
Public support in the United States for civil service reform strengthened following the assassination of President James Garfield.[24] The United States Civil Service Commission was created by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which was passed into law on January 16, 1883. The commission was created to administer the civil service of the United States federal government. The law required federal government employees to be selected through competitive exams and basis of merit;[24] it also prevented elected officials and political appointees from firing civil servants, removing civil servants from the influences of political patronage and partisan behavior.[24][25] However, the law did not apply to state and municipal governments.
Effective January 1, 1978, the commission was renamed the Office of Personnel Management under the provisions of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1978 (43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783) and the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978.
The United States Civil service exams have since been abolished for many positions, since statistics show that they do not accurately allow hiring of minorities according to the affirmative action guidelines.[26]
Civil Service Reform Act of 1978[edit]
Main article: Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
This act abolished the United States Civil Service Commission and created the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) and the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). OPM primarily provides management guidance to the various agencies of the executive branch and issues regulations that control federal human resources. FLRA oversees the rights of federal employees to form collective bargaining units (unions) and to engage in collective bargaining with agencies. MSPB conducts studies of the federal civil service and mainly hears the appeals of federal employees who are disciplined or otherwise separated from their positions. This act was an effort to replace incompetent officials.[27][28]
Civil servants in literature[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010)
Mumms, Hardee (1977). Federal Triangle. New York: Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-10425-4. Humorous novel of 1970s federal employees in Washington, DC [29]
Philipson, Morris H (1983). Secret understandings: A novel. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-46619-0. Novel about the wife of a federal judge
Bromell, Henry (2001). Little America: A Novel. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-525-10425-4. A State Department employee's son reconstructs a childhood in a fictional Middle Eastern country
Costello, Mark (2002). Big If. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05116-2. A novel of life in the Secret Service
Keeley, Edmund (1985). A Wilderness Called Peace. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-47416-4. A novel of a diplomat's son in Cambodia
Bushell, Agnes (1997). The enumerator. London: Serpent's Tail. ISBN 978-1-85242-554-8. A novel about a public health contractor in San Francisco
White, Stewart Edward (1910). The Rules of the Game. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-1-4432-2300-3. A novel of the Forest Service[30]
See also[edit]
Government employees in the United States
List of United States federal agencies
Category:Civil service in the United States
Curtis Douglas vs. Veterans Administration
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Federal Civil Service". DOI University, National Business Center, U.S. Department of the Interior (Revised 11/10/98). Archived from the original on 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Total Government Employment Since 1962". Opm.gov. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Ed. "Federal Eye – How many federal workers are there?". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
Jump up ^ "December 2011". Opm.gov. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Help Center: Entering Federal Service". USAJOBS. United States Office of Personnel Management. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Political Activity (Hatch Act)". Osc.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
Jump up ^ Eilperin, Juliet (November 18, 2008). "Administration Moves to Protect Key Appointees". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Circular NO. A–11 PT. 7 Planning, Budgeting, Acquisition, and Management of Capital Assets" (PDF). OMB Circular No. A–11 (2008). Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget. June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.centerforsmallgovernment.com/small-government-news/agencies-of-the-federal-government
Jump up ^ Pub. Law no. 516, Ch. 265, 42 Stat. 1488 (March 4, 1923).
Jump up ^ "U.S. Office of Personnel Management".
Jump up ^ http://nasajobs.nasa.gov/benefits/pay.htm
Jump up ^ "Federal pay and the General Schedule (GS)".
Jump up ^ "OPM SALARY TABLE FOR THE REST OF U.S." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
Jump up ^ "OPM SALARY TABLE FOR THE LOCALITY PAY AREA OF SAN JOSE" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Office of Personnel Management, Salary Tables, 2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
Jump up ^ "2018 General Schedule (GS) Locality Pay Tables". Office of Personnel Management. 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-01-09. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
Jump up ^ Cauchon, Dennis (11 December 2009). "Richest of federal workers get richer". Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. pp. 1A.
Jump up ^ Cauchon, Dennis (10 November 2010). "More fed workers' pay tops $150K". Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. pp. 4A.
Jump up ^ "Congressional Research Service Report for Congress: The Executive Schedule IV Pay Cap on General Schedule Compensation" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-22.
Jump up ^ "January 2009 Pay Adjustments". United States Office of Personnel Management. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Federal Government, Excluding the Postal Service". US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2008-03-12. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-07-28. , Section: Employment. Note: Because data on employment in certain agencies cannot be released to the public for national security reasons, this total does not include employment for the Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, and National Imagery and Mapping Agency.
Jump up ^ "FedScope Federal Human Resources Data". U.S. Office of Personnel Management. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Digital History, Steven Mintz. "Digital History". Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
Jump up ^ Creating America: A History of the United States, Rand McNally, p. 238 (2003).
Jump up ^ E. Chemerinsky, "Making Sense of the Affirmative Action Debate", (1996)
Jump up ^ Ingraham, Patricia W.; Donald P. Moynihan (2000). The Future of Merit. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Roberge, Ellen (2011). SNAFU, A Hysterical Memoir About Why the Government Doesn't Work. Orlando, FL: Createspace/BureauRat Publishing. p. 119. ISBN 978-0615610290.
Jump up ^ "The Press: Soap Operas Come to Print". TIME. August 8, 1977. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B07E7DE1431E233A25756C0A9659C946096D6CF
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Civil Service.
Career Guide to Industries Federal Government, Excluding the Postal Service (Bureau of Labor Statistics) – Statistics and details on Federal civil service
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The Secret Life of Pets
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Secret Life of Pets
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Chris Renaud
Produced by
Chris Meledandri[1]
Janet Healy[1]
Written by
Brian Lynch[2]
Cinco Paul
Ken Daurio[2]
Starring
Louis C.K.
Eric Stonestreet
Kevin Hart
Jenny Slate
Ellie Kemper
Lake Bell
Dana Carvey
Hannibal Buress
Bobby Moynihan
Steve Coogan
Albert Brooks
Music by
Alexandre Desplat
Edited by
Ken Schretzmann
Production
company
Illumination Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
June 16, 2016 (2016-06-16) (AIAFF)
July 8, 2016 (2016-07-08) (United States)
Running time
87 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$75 million[4]
Box office
$875.5 million[4]
The Secret Life of Pets is a 2016 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment. It is directed by Chris Renaud, co-directed by Yarrow Cheney and written by Brian Lynch, Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio.[5][2] The film stars Louis C.K., Eric Stonestreet, Kevin Hart, Steve Coogan, Ellie Kemper, Bobby Moynihan, Lake Bell, Dana Carvey, Hannibal Buress, Jenny Slate and Albert Brooks.
The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16, 2016, and was released in theaters in the United States on July 8, 2016, by Universal Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $875 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing original animated film not produced by Disney or Pixar,[6] as well as the sixth highest-grossing film of 2016, and was the year's most profitable release. A sequel is set for release on June 7, 2019.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Music and soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.1.1 North America
6.1.2 Outside North America
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
A Jack Russell Terrier named Max lives with his owner Katie in a Manhattan apartment. While she is at work during the day, he hangs out with other pets in the building: tabby cat Chloe, pug Mel, dachshund Buddy, and budgerigar Sweet Pea. One day, Katie adopts Duke, a large mongrel from the pound, leaving Max jealous because of her divided focus on Duke. Enraged by Max's attitude towards him, Duke tries to abandon Max in an alley, but they are both attacked by cats led by Sphynx cat Ozone who removes both dogs' collars and leaves them to be caught by Animal Control. Duke fears that he will be killed if he goes back to the pound. When Gidget, a white Pomeranian who is (not so) secretly in love with Max, discovers that he is missing, she decides to find him.
Max and Duke are rescued by a white rabbit named Snowball, the leader of "The Flushed Pets" – a gang of sewer-dwelling animals who hate humans because their owners mistreated them. After Max and Duke pretend to despise humans as much as they do by saying they killed their owners, the Flushed Pets invite them to join. Before they can prove their loyalty, by allowing a one-fanged viper to bite them, Snowball learns from the cats that Max and Duke are domesticated. The two dogs escape the sewers and board a ferry to Brooklyn, inadvertently killing the viper in the process. Snowball vows to kill them and leads the Flushed Pets after them.
Meanwhile, Gidget recruits a red-tailed hawk named Tiberius to find Max, but he mistakenly returns carrying Ozone, whom Gidget coerces into telling what he knows about the dogs. They then enlist Mel, Buddy, Chloe, guinea pig Norman and Sweet Pea. On the way, they meet Pops, an old Basset Hound, who helps Gidget and the pets find Max. Meanwhile, Max and Duke raid a sausage factory for food. Then, Gidget and her team encounter Snowball, who vows to kill them as well, and Norman is captured as the rest of Gidget's team flees.
In the meantime, Duke tells Max about his previous owner, Fred, an elderly man who adopted him as a puppy and loved spending time with him. One day, Duke got lost while chasing a butterfly and was caught by Animal Control, but Fred never came to claim him. Max convinces him to visit Fred's house in a nearby neighborhood, confident Fred will still love him and take him back. When they arrive at Fred's house, they learn from the resident cat Reginald that Fred has died. Heartbroken, Duke accuses Max of attempting to get rid of him and barks at the new homeowners who have just returned to the house and called Animal Control. The handlers catch Max, but Duke interferes long enough for Max to escape and ends up being captured instead.
While trying to rescue Duke as he follows the Animal Control van, Max is attacked by Snowball who tries to kill him. However, when his gang is captured, Snowball realizes that he and Max must work together to rescue them. They drive a city bus into the van on the Brooklyn Bridge, stopping traffic. The Flushed Pets encircle Max, unaware of his partnership with Snowball, but Gidget and her team save him. Gidget uses her kung-fu fighting skills, and Max starts to fall in love with her. The van gets stuck in scaffolding and the Flushed Pets escape. As soon as Max gets the keys to Duke's cage, the van plummets into the East River with him inside. Max is unable to free Duke, so Snowball jumps into the river to retrieve the keys, allowing them to escape the sinking van. Once out of the river, Snowball realizes how good being heroic he feels.
The entire group returns to the apartment block by pig-driven taxi. Max expresses his love for Gidget, who returns his affection. Snowball and the Flushed Pets then come up with a new plan to annihilate all humans, but a little girl named Molly arrives and adopts Snowball and the remaining Flushed Pets return to the sewers. At first, Snowball resists, but gives in and lets himself become a domesticated pet. The other pets return to their homes and embrace their owners, and Max and Duke finally reunite with Katie, sparking a true friendship.
Buddy and Mel show up in costume at a party in poodle Leonard's apartment. Leonard's owner returns and Tattoo crashes to the floor on the chandelier.
Cast[edit]
Louis C.K. as Max, a Jack Russell Terrier.[8]
Eric Stonestreet as Duke, a large, brown, shaggy mongrel.[8]
Kevin Hart as Snowball, a white rabbit.[8]
Jenny Slate as Gidget, a white Pomeranian and Max's love interest.
Ellie Kemper as Katie, Max and Duke's friendly owner.[1][9]
Lake Bell as Chloe, an obese and apathetic grey tabby cat[9] who is one of Max's friends.
Dana Carvey as Pops, an elderly Basset Hound,[10] who is paralyzed in his back legs.
Hannibal Buress as Buddy, a laid-back dachshund[9][11] and one of Max's friends.
Bobby Moynihan as Mel, a hyperactive pug and one of Max's friends.
Steve Coogan as Ozone, a Cockney-accented Sphynx cat.
Steve Coogan also voices Reginald, a malevolent Himalayan cat.
Albert Brooks as Tiberius, a curmudgeonly red-tailed hawk.[9][11]
Chris Renaud as Norman, a guinea pig who keeps getting lost trying to find his apartment.
Michael Beattie as Tattoo, a slow-witted tattooed pig who is one of the Flushed Pets.
Sandra Echeverría as Maria, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Jaime Camil as Fernando, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Kiely Renaud as Molly, a little girl who adopts Snowball.
Production[edit]
In January 2014, it was announced that Louis C.K., Eric Stonestreet, and Kevin Hart had joined the cast of the film, with Chris Renaud set to direct from a screenplay written by Brian Lynch, Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, while Illumination Entertainment would produce, and Universal Pictures would distribute the film and was originally titled Max.[12][8] In June 2014, Albert Brooks, Hannibal Buress, Bobby Moynihan, Lake Bell and Ellie Kemper joined the cast.[9] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff.[13]
Music and soundtrack[edit]
The Secret Life of Pets (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat
Released
July 1, 2016 (2016-07-01)
Recorded
2016
Genre
Film score
Jazz
Classical
Length
51:31
Label
Back Lot Music
Producer
Dominique Lemonnier
Alexandre Desplat soundtrack chronology
Florence Foster Jenkins
(2016)Florence Foster Jenkins2016 The Secret Life of Pets
(2016) The Light Between Oceans
(2016)The Light Between Oceans2016
The original score for the film was composed by Alexandre Desplat.[14] The soundtrack was released on July 1, 2016 by Back Lot Music.[15]
Track listing
All music composed by Alexandre Desplat, except "We Go Together" by The Sausage Factory Singers.
[show]Track listing
No.
Title
Length
1. "Meet the Pets" 2:37
2. "Katie's Leaving" 0:55
3. "Meet Duke" 3:36
4. "Fetch Me a Stick" 3:09
5. "Telenovela Squirrels" 1:24
6. "Hijack!" 2:00
7. "Gidget Meets Tiberius" 4:56
8. "Initiation Time" 1:01
9. "Rooftop Route" 1:27
10. "The Viper" 1:49
11. "You Have an Owner?" 3:04
12. "Good Morning Max" 1:21
13. "Sewer Chase" 1:09
14. "Who's With Me?" 1:21
15. "Me Like What Me See" 0:54
16. "Traveling Bossa" 1:56
17. "Flushed Out To Brooklyn" 2:47
18. "Sausages!" 1:13
19. "Duke's Old House / Captured" 3:03
20. "Brooklyn Bridge Showdown" 2:34
21. "Rescuing Duke" 2:46
22. "Wet But Handsome / Blue Taxi" 1:24
23. "Max and Gidget" 1:36
24. "Welcome Home" 1:57
25. "We Go Together" (originally from Grease) 1:24
Total length: 51:31
Release[edit]
The film was originally scheduled to be released on February 12, 2016, but was pushed back to July 8, 2016.[2] It was released in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D using DMR.[16][better source needed] The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16, 2016, and was screened at VidCon.[17] The film is accompanied by a Despicable Me short film entitled Mower Minions.
Home media[edit]
The Secret Life of Pets was released on Digital HD on November 22, 2016, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray, and DVD on December 6, 2016. In addition to the short film Mower Minions, which was released theatrically with the feature film, the releases also include two short films: Norman Television and Weenie.[18]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Secret Life of Pets grossed $368.4 million in Canada and the U.S., and $507.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $875.5 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[4] Its international takings helped push Universal Pictures [International] past $1 billion for the tenth consecutive year,[19] and aided Illumination Entertainment to pass the $4 billion mark for the first time since 2010.[20]
It is the fifth highest-grossing original worldwide film of all time (behind Avatar, Zootopia, The Lion King, and Finding Nemo),[21] the sixth highest-grossing film of 2016,[22] the 12th highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 50th highest-grossing film of all time. Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $374.6 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the most profitable release of 2016.[23]
North America[edit]
In Canada and the United States, the film was projected to gross around $70 million in its opening weekend, with some predictions going as high as $100 million.[24][25][26] It received the widest release for an animated film as well as for a PG-rated film (breaking Shrek Forever After's record) and the seventh widest of all time overall, across 4,370 theaters, the widest release since The Dark Knight Rises.[25][27][28][29] It made $5.3 million from Thursday night previews in 3,009 theaters, which is the second biggest of all time for Illumination, behind only Minions ($6.2 million), and the third biggest of all time for an animated film, behind Finding Dory ($9.2 million) and Minions.[26][30] This was followed by a record-breaking $38.5 million opening day gross (including previews), the biggest for an original film.[31][32] In its opening weekend, it exceeded expectations and grossed $104.4 million, finishing first at the box office.[33] Its debut is the sixth biggest for an animated film, the sixth highest weekend debut in July, and the fourth biggest opening weekend for Universal Pictures.[34] It also set the record for largest opening for an original film, eclipsing the $90.4 million debut of Inside Out.[35][36]
In its second weekend, the film made $50.8 million (-51.3%) while maintaining the top spot, despite facing stiff competition with newcomer Ghostbusters.[37] Although it slipped into second place when overtaken by Star Trek Beyond in its third weekend, it was still able to fend off the two other new releases—Lights Out and Ice Age: Collision Course—by earning another $29.6 million.[38] It passed $300 million on its twenty-sixth day—the same day it crossed $400 million worldwide[39]—becoming the seventh film of 2016,[40] the seventh Universal Pictures film (the first for the year),[41] and the twelfth animated film overall to reach the benchmark.[42]
Outside North America[edit]
Internationally, The Secret Life of Pets received a scattered release from June to September in a total of 69 markets, and faced competition from other animated films such as Finding Dory and Ice Age: Collision Course in the course of its release.[43][44][45] In total, it had number-one openings in 45 markets and recorded the biggest opening for an original animated film in 17 territories, and the No. 1 animated film of 2016 to date in 13 markets.[20][46] It topped the international box office in its ninth weekend after earning $43.8 million in 53 markets (dethroning Suicide Squad).[47] However, this wasn't the film's biggest single weekend gross. Its biggest weekend gross was actually in its seventh weekend when it grossed $69.3 million. It opened at No. 3 behind Suicide Squad ($133.3 million) and the Chinese film Time Raiders ($64.6 million) that weekend.[48]
It was released in the United Kingdom and Norway two weeks ahead of its U.S. release, where it grossed a combined total of $14.1 million in the two markets.[43] Prior to its official debut in the UK and Ireland on June 24, the film had two days worth of previews on June 18 and 19, from which it made £3.63 million ($5.2 million) in two days. This figure was later counted in the film's official opening weekend.[49] It went on to score the fourth biggest original animation opening weekend ever there, with £9.58 million ($13.4 million) from 592 theaters, trailing behind Inside Out, Monsters, Inc., and Up. Excluding previews, its total three-day opening was $8.1 million.[50][51] This was amidst Brexit and despite facing competition from Independence Day: Resurgence.[43][52] The film held off extremely well in its second and third weekend falling just 20% and 24%, earning £4.47 million ($6.1 million) and £3.62 million ($4.8 million) respectively despite facing some competitions.[53][54] It has topped the box office for three consecutive weekends and has grossed total of $41 million there.[55] In Norway, it took the number one spot as well, with $778,000.[43] It scored the biggest animation opening of 2016 and the second biggest of all time overall in both Taiwan ($2 million)—behind Madagascar, and Hong Kong ($1.9 million)—behind Inside Out.[44]
In Argentina, the film had a record-breaking number-one debut with $4 million from 195 screens — the biggest opening weekend ever for an animated film and the second biggest opening ever for any film (behind Furious 7). Similarly, Chile also recorded the second biggest animated opening ever with $1.7 million (behind Minions). Colombia also opened at No. 1 with a huge $1.5 million.[56] In Mexico, other than opening at No. 1, it posted the biggest original animated opening of all time with $7.6 million, surpassing the studio's own previous record holder Inside Out.[45] Also in Russia, it scored the biggest original animated opening and the second biggest ever for an animated film, behind Minions with $16.3 million, although this included $6.4 million five days worth of previews.[47] It went on to become the highest-grossing film of the summer that year.[57] In Japan, the film opened on August 11—the date of Japan's first Mountain Day national holiday—with Toho-Towa distributing, and earned $4.6 million on 370,000 admissions for its two-day opening weekend dethroning Shin Godzilla off the top spot. The cumulative total for the four-day holiday (August 11–14) was $9.7 million.[19][58] Similarly, it had number-one debuts in Germany ($7.1 million) and France ($5.9 million), Australia ($5.6 million), Italy ($5.1 million), Brazil ($4.4 million), Spain ($4.5 million), Poland ($1.7 million), Singapore ($1.3 million), Belgium ($1.2 million) and Denmark ($1.2 million), Indonesia ($1.1 million), the Philippines ($1 million), and South Africa ($463,000). In Germany, it scored the best animation opening since Minions.[45][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] It topped the box office in Israel for five straight weekends and in Australia, Russia and Spain for three weekends.[45][47][61][63] In Japan, the film was the highest-grossing foreign release of the weekend, holding the top spot for four consecutive weekends.[60]
In China—the world's second biggest film market—the film opened on a Tuesday, earning a modest $5.2 million on its opening day. To Sunday, it achieved a six-day opening of $29.3 million and $15.5 million for the weekend alone (Friday to Sunday), with per screen averages over $500 per screen per day. In both instances, it was behind the local film Time Raiders.[59][66][67] In South Korea, despite debuting in fifth place, it had an opening of $6.9 million.[59] Elsewhere, it grossed $2.7 million in the Netherlands, $1.2 million in Sweden and in Hungary it scored the biggest opening of the year with $738,000,[59] and also in Portugal ($965,000), Latvia ($224,000),[47] and South Africa.[64]
In terms of total earnings, its biggest markets are China ($58 million), United Kingdom and Ireland ($47.2 million), Japan ($41.6 million) and Russia ($34.2 million).[19][47][68] It became the third highest-grossing film of all time in Russia (behind Avatar and Zootopia)[61] and the highest-grossing film of 2016 in Spain.[20][62]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 75% based on 204 reviews with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fast-paced, funny, and blessed with a talented voice cast, The Secret Life of Pets offers a beautifully animated, cheerfully undemanding family-friendly diversion."[69] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[70] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[71]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars and called it "an animated fluffball-a sort of Toy Story with pets does everything to drive you crazy and ends up being totally irresistible."[72] Scott Tobias, writing for NPR, characterized the film's concept as "Toy Story but with house pets," highlighting the film's "thinly distinguished characters" and "gloppy sentimentality."[73] Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and said "In much the same way that the smash Zootopia demonstrated that creatures of different culture and class and species are better off when they come together, The Secret Life of Pets is a testament to teamwork and friendship and fixing the rifts that divide us. Let the fur – and the warm, fuzzy feelings – fly."[74]
However, some critics disliked the film's unexpected similarities with Pixar's Toy Story.[75] Matthew Parkinson of The Escapist compared the plots of both films and wrote that "The Secret Life of Pets feels like one of those hour-long ripoffs you'd see on a children's television network."[76] Ethan Anderton of the website /Film criticised the film's characterisation, and noted that the relationship between Max and Duke was akin to "Woody and Buzz Lightyear all over again."[77]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Annie Awards February 4, 2017 Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Eric Guillon Nominated [78]
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat
British Academy Children's Awards November 20, 2016 BAFTA Kids' Vote The Secret Life of Pets [79][80]
Cinema Audio Society February 18, 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated David Acord, Jason Butler, Gary A. Rizzo, Carlos Sotolongo and Frank Wolf [81]
Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17, 2016 Best Original Score – Animated Film Alexandre Desplat Won [82][83]
2017 Kids' Choice Awards March 11, 2017 Favorite Animated Movie The Secret Life of Pets Nominated [84]
Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Kevin Hart
Favorite Villain Won
Most Wanted Pet
NAACP Image Awards February 11, 2017 Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance Nominated [85]
People's Choice Awards January 18, 2017 Favorite Family Movie The Secret Life of Pets [86]
Favorite Animated Movie Voice Kevin Hart
Producers Guild of America January 28, 2017 Best Animated Motion Picture Janet Healy and Chris Meledandri [87]
Sequel[edit]
In August 2016, it was announced that there would be a sequel with director Chris Renaud, producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy, and writer Brian Lynch, with a release date of July 13, 2018.[88] On January 25, 2017, its release date was pushed back to July 3, 2019.[89] On August 15, 2017, its release date was moved forward to June 7, 2019.[7] In November 2017, it was announced that Louis C.K. would not be reprising his role as Max after being accused of and having admitted to inappropriate sexual conduct with five women.[90]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Nancy Tartaglione (August 8, 2016). "'Suicide Squad's Offshore Bow Rises To $133.3M Topping 'Deadpool' Comp – Intl Box Office Hot Actuals". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (August 28, 2016). "'Bourne' Back At #1; 'Ice Age' Skates Across $300M Offshore; 'Pets' Prances Past $700M WW – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nancy Tartaglione (September 4, 2016). "'Star Trek Beyond' Beams Into China With $31.3M Bow; 'Pets' Woofs It Past $750M WW -International Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Anita Busch (September 13, 2016). "'Sully' Flies Higher In Offshore Debut; 'Suicide Squad' Squashes $700M WW – International Box Office Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (September 25, 2016). "'Bridget Jones's Baby' Tops Overseas Again As 'Magnificent 7' Corrals $19.2M & 'Storks' Bundles $18.3M – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (October 2, 2016). "'Miss Peregrine' Books $36.5M; 'Finding Dory', 'Bridget Jones' Reach Milestones; Big Frame For Local Pics – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (October 9, 2016). "'Miss Peregrine' Nears $100M Overseas; 'Girl On The Train' Chugs $16.5M; 'A Monster Calls' In Spain – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski (August 7, 2016). "China Box Office: Local Adventure 'Time Raiders' Romps to $71M, Unversal's 'Pets' Nears $30M". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patrick Frater (August 7, 2016). "China Box Office: 'Time Raiders' Runs Away With $65 Million Weekend". Variety. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski (August 30, 2016). "China Box Office: Growth Returns in August After Prolonged Downturn". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Pets (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Pets reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (2016-07-06). "'The Secret Life of Pets' Movie Review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Jump up ^ Tobias, Scott (July 7, 2016). "Just fur fun, peeking at 'The Secret Life of Pets'". NPR. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rea, Steven (July 7, 2016). "'The Secret Life of Pets': Louis C.K. and Kevin Hart in animated treat for pet lovers". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sim, Jonathan (May 8, 2016). "How 'The Secret Life of Pets' is RIPPING OFF Toy Story". Moviepilot. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Parkinson, Matthew (July 9, 2016). "The Secret Life of Pets - Toy Story with Animals, No Ambition". The Escapist. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (July 8, 2016). "Review: 'The Secret Life of Pets' Is a Silly, Poor Excuse for a 'Toy Story' Retread". SlashFilm. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "44th Annie Award Nominees". International Animated Film Society. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Foster, Elizabeth (October 19, 2016). "Horrible Histories, TrueTube lead BAFTA Children's noms". Kidscreen. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Children's BAFTA Kids' Vote - Film". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. November 21, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise. "'La La Land', 'Rogue One', 'Hacksaw Ridge' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees". Deadline. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards". Deadline. November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (November 2, 2016). "'La La Land' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations". Variety. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards Nominations". Variety. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hill, Libby (December 14, 2016). "'Moonlight,' 'Birth of a Nation' and 'Loving' score big with NAACP Image Award nominations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2017: Complete List of Nominations". E! Online. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary. "2017 Producers Guild Film Nominations Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 2, 2016). "'Secret Life of Pets 2' in the Works, Set for 2018 Release". Variety. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (January 25, 2017). "'Sing 2' Set for Christmas Day 2020 Release". Variety. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (November 10, 2017). "Universal Pictures, Illumination Parts Ways With Louis C.K. On 'Secret Life Of Pets 2'". Deadline. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
External links[edit]
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Technical foul
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In basketball, a technical foul (also colloquially known as a "T" or a "Tech") is any infraction of the rules penalized as a foul which does not involve physical contact during the course of play between opposing players on the court, or is a foul by a non-player. The most common technical foul is for unsportsmanlike conduct. Technical fouls can be assessed against players, bench personnel, the entire team (often called a bench technical), or even the crowd. These fouls, and their penalties, are more serious than a personal foul, but not necessarily as serious as a flagrant foul (an ejectable offense in leagues below the NBA, and potentially so in the NBA).
Technical fouls are handled slightly differently under international rules than under the rules used by the various competitions in the United States. First, illegal contact between players on the court is always a personal foul under international rules, whereas in the USA, such contact is, with some exceptions, a technical foul when the game clock is not running and/or when the ball is dead. Second, in FIBA play (except for the half-court 3x3 variant, in which individual personal foul counts are not kept), players foul out after five total fouls, technical and personal combined (since 2014, one technical can be included towards the total; two technicals in a game results in ejection). The latter rule is similar to that in college, high school, and middle school basketball in the United States. However, in leagues that play 48-minute games such as the NBA, and in some leagues such as the WNBA, players are allowed six personal fouls before being disqualified, and technical fouls assessed against them do not count toward this total. However, unsportsmanlike technicals in the NBA carry a fine, its severity depending on the number of technicals the player has already obtained, and players are suspended for varying amounts of time after accumulating sixteen technicals in the regular season or seven in the playoffs.
In most American competitions, ejection of the offender, that of the player, coach, or otherwise, is the penalty for being assessed two technical fouls in a game, if charged directly to him/her (some technicals committed by a player are charged to the team only). In addition, any single flagrant technical foul, or a disqualifying foul in FIBA, incurs ejection. FIBA rules do not provide for ejection for any number of non-flagrant technicals (known as unsportsmanlike fouls under that body's rules) against a player, except in 3x3, in which two unsportsmanlike fouls result in ejection. FIBA rules call for ejection when a coach draws two technicals, or a third is called on the bench.
Contents
[hide]
1 Infractions
2 Penalty
3 Notable instances
4 See also
5 References
Infractions[edit]
Many infractions can result in the calling of a technical foul. One of the most common is the use of profane language toward an official or another player. This can be called on either players who are currently active in the play of the game, or seated on a team's bench. It can also be assessed to a coach or another person associated with the team in an official capacity such as a trainer or an equipment manager. Additionally, coaches or players can be assessed a technical foul for disputing an official's call too vehemently, with or without the use of profanity. This verbal unsporting technical foul may be assessed regardless of whether the ball is dead or alive.
Other offenses can result in technical fouls, such as:
Allowing players to lock arms in order to restrict the movement of an opponent (usually a team technical)
Baiting or taunting an opponent
Disrespectfully addressing or contacting an official or gesturing in such a manner as to indicate resentment
Faking being fouled (flopping)
Fighting or threatening to fight
Goaltending a free throw
Grasping either basket during pre-game or halftime warm-ups during the time of the officials' jurisdiction, including attempting to dunk or stuff a dead ball (whether successful or not) prior to or during the game or during any intermission of the game. Beginning in 2015–16, dunking is permitted during warmup periods in NCAA play, although hanging on the rim remains illegal.
Illegal substitution or entering the game at an impermissible time
Intentionally hanging on the basket at any time (except to prevent an injury)
Kicking or striking the basketball at any time using the foot (in an unsportsmanlike manner; unintentional kicking is a violation only)
Knowingly attempting a free throw or accepting a foul to which the player was not entitled
Lifting or jumping onto a teammate to gain a height advantage
Remaining out of bounds to gain an advantage
Removing the jersey or pants within the visual confines of the playing area
Use of television monitoring or replay equipment, computers, or electronics such as megaphones for coaching purposes during the game
Using tobacco or smokeless tobacco
Violations of the rules for delaying the game (in the NBA, NCAA, and NFHS) usually incur a team warning for a first offense, followed by a team technical, or sometimes a player technical, if the same team delays a second time, to include:
Going out of bounds during an opponent's throw-in without contact (warning, then a technical foul), or touching an opposing thrower-in (intentional foul on the violator in NFHS, and is the warning for being out-of-bounds) or the ball (a technical on the offender in NFHS, and is the warning for being out-of-bounds) as it is held entirely in out-of-bounds
Huddling at the foul line for an excessive time (warning, then a technical in NFHS)
Not being ready to start play after a time-out, or to begin a quarter or half, or to shoot a free throw(s) at such times (a special protocol, known as the "resumption-of-play procedure", is used in NFHS, where violations instead of technicals are initially called in some such situations)
Refusing to immediately pass the ball to the nearer official when a whistle blows
Failing as the free thrower to be in the free-throw semicircle when the official is ready to administer the free throw (unless the resumption-of-play procedure is in effect in NFHS, supra)
Throwing the ball into the stands or otherwise preventing a ball from being made live promptly after a made goal to allow one's team to set up on defense (if a blatantly unsportsmanlike act, a technical foul against the player; otherwise, a warning to that team and team technicals thereafter). This includes throwing the ball to an official when such act is not required—such would likely incur a warning. In addition, throwing the ball at an opponent's head may also be considered a technical foul.
and more technical issues, such as:
Beginning the game with a starting player not so designated
Failure to supply the scorer with names and numbers of team players prior to the start of the scheduled contest, or at least 10 minutes prior to the contest in some jurisdictions
Having too many players on the court, or too few (NBA; NCAA and NFHS if intentional)
If the coach leaves his box, especially to argue. There are times when a coach may go to the scorer's table to correct a game error.
Failing, as the coach, to replace a disqualified player within the allotted time (charged to the coach)
(NBA only) playing a "scratched" player (a rule adopted in 2005 where up to two "scratches" are permissible on a 14-man roster)
Refusing to occupy the proper bench
Remaining in or returning to the game after being disqualified
In the NBA, a player may not be ejected if assessed a seventh or subsequent personal foul because of being forced to remain in the game because there are no eligible players on the bench. Each such extra personal foul, though, also includes a technical foul penalty.
Requesting an excess time-out
Uniform violations, including illegal insignia or numbers; having 2 or more players with the same number; or having the wrong number for a player in the official scorebook
Until 2001, the NBA also had a unique rule, the illegal defense, which was designed to stop defenders from dropping back into a zone and thus preventing drives to the basket. The penalty, after a warning, was a technical foul charged to the offending team and one shot for the offense, except that if the first violation occurred within 24 seconds of the end of a period, the technical was assessed without warning.
Beginning with the 2001–02 season, the NBA changed the illegal defense rule to the "defensive 3-second rule," which prohibits a defender from being in the shooting lane for three seconds, unless guarding an opponent within arm's reach (or the man with the ball, regardless of distance). The penalty is the same as it was for an illegal defense, except that no warning is issued. The WNBA implemented this rule in 2013.
Additionally, home teams can be assessed technical fouls resulting from their partisans' misconduct for excessive use of artificial noise, the playing of music by their band, or for dangerous offenses such as throwing items (particularly ice or coins) onto the court.
Usually a fight or lesser altercation between players results in a "double technical", in which a technical foul is issued to both players involved. If any player leaves the team bench during a fight, he can be charged with a technical foul and ejected, as can any coach that does so without the beckoning of an official. Rules against fighting vary from high school to college to the (W)NBA, but all levels penalize severely for such conduct, to include suspensions and (in the [W]NBA) heavy fines. NFHS and NCAA require the automatic ejection of bench personnel leaving the team area during a fight, whether or not these players actually participate in the fight.
Beginning with the 2010–11 season, the NBA began to crack down on general complaining. Technical fouls can now be issued for the following:[1]
Making aggressive gestures anywhere on the court
Disagreement in which a player demonstrates how he was fouled
Running toward an official to complain about a call
Excessive inquiries about a call
Penalty[edit]
When shooting a free throw for a technical foul, only the free throw shooter, in this case Andrei Ivanov, is allowed within the area below the free throw line extended.
In college basketball, NFHS, and lower divisions, the penalty for technical fouls has increased over the years. Initially, the opposing team was awarded one free throw. This later increased to one free throw and possession of the ball. For a while, "bench technicals" assessed on a non-active player, assistant coach, or anyone else on the team bench were considered more serious and resulted in the award of two shots. (Coaches have their own technical fouls, although they may be ejected and/or suspended if they have a mix of technicals totaling two or three fouls, depending on seriousness.)
Today, high school basketball (NFHS in the United States) provides for two free throws and possession of the ball at the division line opposite the scorer's table, regardless of circumstances, for a technical foul. International basketball provides a similar penalty. Before the 2015–16 season, college basketball awarded two shots for all technical fouls, with the ball then put in play at the point of interruption (POI), the spot and circumstances where play was stopped for the technical. Since 2015–16, the NCAA awards only one free throw for so-called "Class B" technicals, such as hanging on the rim or delay of game; "Class A" technical fouls still result in two free throws. In the [[WNBA and NBA, the penalty remains one free throw for the opposing team, with play resuming from the point of interruption. The shot clock is reset to 14 seconds if it read less than such at the time of the foul. The team awarded the foul shots for a technical may select the player(s) to shoot them (this rule differs slightly from level to level and internationally), as opposed to personal fouls, where the player fouled, unless injured, must shoot his own foul shots.
In the WNBA and NBA, technical fouls are split into two classes, unsportsmanlike and non-unsportsmanlike. A player assessed an unsportsmanlike technical foul is fined, and accumulating sixteen unsportsmanlike technical fouls during the regular season will result in a one-game suspension.[2] For every two technical fouls received thereafter during that regular season, the player or coach's suspension increases by one game.[2] Penalties for unsportsmanlike technical fouls are even higher for playoff games. Players and coaches will be fined for every unsportsmanlike technical foul they receive. Those who accumulate seven unsportsmanlike technical fouls will be suspended for one game. For every two unsportsmanlike technical fouls received thereafter, the player or coach's next suspension increases by one game.[3]
Non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical fouls are defined per NBA Rule 12, Section V, Paragraph c, and none count towards a fine, ejection or suspension. These fouls are assessed for excessive time-outs, defensive three seconds, scratched player dressing and playing, excessive personal fouls because team is out of players, shattering backboards, or delay of game. An offensive player who intentionally hangs on the backboard, unless it is legal for safety reasons, is fined $500 but is only assessed a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul.
Notable instances[edit]
One of the most famous technical fouls ever assessed was called on Chris Webber of the University of Michigan late in the 1993 NCAA championship game. Down by two points to North Carolina with only seconds remaining, Webber called a time-out when Michigan had none left. The resulting excessive time-out technical foul, for which North Carolina guard Donald Williams made both foul shots, ended any hopes Michigan had of claiming the championship.
In what has been called the greatest game ever played,[4] Game 5 of the 1976 NBA Finals between the Phoenix Suns and Boston Celtics, the Suns found themselves one point down with one second left in double overtime, no time-outs remaining and possession of the ball under their defensive basket after a John Havlicek bucket. Faced with the near-impossibility of sinking an 80-foot desperation shot, Suns guard Paul Westphal hit upon an unusual solution. He intentionally called a time-out the Suns did not have. While this gave the Celtics a free throw, which Jo Jo White successfully converted to increase the lead to two, it gave the Suns possession at halfcourt, and enabled Gar Heard to sink an 18-footer as time expired to force a third overtime. NBA rules were changed the following year to prevent a repeat occurrence.
An instance where many technical fouls could have been called, but were not (instead, the game was abandoned, a remedy available to the officials when too many players would have or have been disqualified or ejected for the game to continue, or when a team continually commits technical fouls in order to make a travesty of proceedings), was the Pacers–Pistons brawl involving players and spectators on November 19, 2004, in an NBA game between the Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons. Ron Artest of the Pacers and Ben Wallace of the Pistons began scuffling after Artest fouled Wallace hard. This escalated into a brawl where players from both teams became involved, and grew worse after Artest retreated to the scorer's table and was hit by a cup thrown by a spectator. Artest and several teammates and opponents then ran into the stands and fought with fans. Had technical fouls been formally assessed, the result would likely have been the ejection of both teams' entire squads (except for Pistons player Tayshaun Prince, who was the only player from either team to remain on the bench for the entire incident). In the end, nine players were suspended for a total of 146 games, including Artest for the remainder of the season.[5]
In a 2007 game against the Dallas Mavericks, San Antonio's Tim Duncan was charged a technical foul by referee Joe Crawford for laughing at him while sitting on the bench ("gesturing in such a manner as to indicate resentment," as indicated above). As he had already picked up a technical foul on the previous play, also while sitting on the bench, this led to his ejection. Upon further review it was determined that this technical foul was inconsistent with the league's game management, and NBA commissioner David Stern suspended Crawford for the rest of the season. Duncan was fined $25,000 for the incident.[6]
The most technical fouls ever charged to a team in a single professional game is 6 (all in the second half), to Aris Thessaloniki in a game against Olympiacos of the Greek A1 League on February 10, 2008.
Rasheed Wallace holds the record for the most technical fouls received during one season in the NBA. In the 2000–01 season, he received 41 technical fouls in 80 regular season and postseason games played. Wallace also holds the all-time mark for most technical fouls by a player in a career with 317, a record previously held by Dennis Rodman.[7][8]
There have been a few instances in the NBA when a team's entire bench has either been injured or fouled out, and one of the five remaining eligible players fouls out, resulting in the technical foul that effectively acts as a bonus free throw situation. The Atlanta Hawks' Cliff Levingston (fouled out, but one of the five remaining players was ejected) and the Los Angeles Lakers' Robert Sacre (fouled out) have both taken advantage[clarification needed] of the disqualified player rule. Under NBA Rule 3-I-a (player fouls out) and 3-I-b (player injured or ejected), the player was assessed with a technical foul for remaining in the game or returning to the game after fouling out.
See also[edit]
Flagrant foul
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abbott, Henry (September 24, 2010). "NBA expands rules on technicals". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Associated Press (April 7, 2011). "Magic's Howard, Richardson suspended". Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (March 30, 2011). "Dwight Howard's tech upheld by league". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Young, Bob (June 3, 2001). "SUNS: Greatest Game Ever". NBA.com/Suns: Arizona Republic. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
Jump up ^ "NBA suspends Artest for rest of season". NBC Sports. November 22, 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Crawford suspended indefinitely; Duncan fined $25K". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. April 18, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Forsberg, Chris (April 22, 2010). "Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gervino, Tony (December 4, 2012). "Rasheed Wallace Keeps Technicals Flowing With 'Ball Don't Lie'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
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