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Troposphere
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The lowest layer of the atmosphere
Space Shuttle Endeavour silhouetted against the atmosphere. The orange layer is the troposphere, the white layer is the stratosphere, and the blue layer is the mesosphere.[1] (The shuttle is actually orbiting at an altitude of more than 320 km (200 mi), far above all three layers.)
The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols.[2] The average height of the troposphere are 18 km (11 mi; 59,000 ft) in the tropics, 17 km (11 mi; 56,000 ft) in the middle latitudes, and 6 km (3.7 mi; 20,000 ft) in the polar regions in winter.
The lowest part of the troposphere, where friction with the Earth's surface influences air flow, is the planetary boundary layer. This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km (1.2 mi; 6,600 ft) deep depending on the landform and time of day. Atop the troposphere is the tropopause, which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere. The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness.[3]
The word troposphere is derived from the Greek tropos (meaning "turn, turn toward, change") and sphere (as in the Earth), reflecting the fact that rotational turbulent mixing plays an important role in the troposphere's structure and behaviour. Most of the phenomena associated with day-to-day weather occur in the troposphere.[3]
Diagram showing the five primary layers of the Earth's atmosphere: exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere. The layers are to scale. From Earth's surface to the top of the stratosphere (50 km) is just under 1% of Earth's radius.
Contents
1 Pressure and temperature structure
1.1 Composition
1.2 Pressure
1.3 Temperature
1.4 Tropopause
2 Atmospheric flow
2.1 Zonal flow
2.2 Meridional flow
2.3 Three-cell model
3 Synoptic scale observations and concepts
3.1 Forcing
3.2 Divergence and convergence
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Pressure and temperature structure[edit]
A view of Earth's troposphere from an airplane.
Composition[edit]
By volume, dry air contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor. Except for the water vapor content, the composition of the troposphere is essentially uniform. The source of water vapor is at the Earth's surface through the process of evaporation. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude. And, saturation vapor pressure decreases strongly as temperature drops. Hence, the amount of water vapor that can exist in the atmosphere decreases strongly with altitude and the proportion of water vapor is normally greatest near the surface of the Earth.
Pressure[edit]
The pressure of the atmosphere is maximum at sea level and decreases with altitude. This is because the atmosphere is very nearly in hydrostatic equilibrium so that the pressure is equal to the weight of air above a given point. The change in pressure with altitude can be equated to the density with the hydrostatic equation[4]
d P d z = − ρ g n = − m P g n R T {\displaystyle {\frac {dP}{dz}}=-\rho g_{n}=-{\frac {mPg_{n}}{RT}}}
where:
gn is the standard gravity
ρ is the density
z is the altitude
P is the pressure
R is the gas constant
T is the thermodynamic (absolute) temperature
m is the molar mass
Since temperature in principle also depends on altitude, one needs a second equation to determine the pressure as a function of altitude as discussed in the next section.
Temperature[edit]
This image shows the temperature trend in the Middle Troposphere as measured by a series of satellite-based instruments between January 1979 and December 2005. The middle troposphere is centered around 5 kilometers above the surface. Oranges and yellows dominate the troposphere image, indicating that the air nearest the Earth's surface warmed during the period.Source: [1]
The temperature of the troposphere generally decreases as altitude increases. The rate at which the temperature decreases, − d T / d z {\displaystyle -dT/dz} , is called the environmental lapse rate (ELR). The ELR is nothing more than the difference in temperature between the surface and the tropopause divided by the height. The ELR assumes that the air is perfectly still, i.e. that there is no mixing of the layers of air from vertical convection, nor winds that would create turbulence and hence mixing of the layers of air. The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact. Meanwhile, the radiation of heat at the top of the atmosphere results in the cooling of that part of the atmosphere.
Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR)
Altitude Region
Lapse rate
Lapse Rate
(m)
(Kelvin/km)
(°F/1000 feet)
0 – 11,000 6.5 3.57
11,000 – 20,000 0.0 0.0
20,000 – 32,000 -1.0 -0.55
32,000 – 47,000 -2.8 -1.54
47,000 – 51,000 0.0 0.0
51,000 – 71,000 2.8 1.54
71,000 – 85,000 2.0 1.09
The ELR assumes the atmosphere is still, but as air is heated it becomes buoyant and rises. The dry adiabatic lapse rate accounts for the effect of the expansion of dry air as it rises in the atmosphere and wet adiabatic lapse rates includes the effect of the condensation of water vapor on the lapse rate.
When a parcel of air rises, it expands, because the pressure is lower at higher altitudes. As the air parcel expands, it pushes the surrounding air outward, transferring energy in the form of work from that parcel to the atmosphere. As energy transfer to a parcel of air by way of heat is very slow, it is assumed to not exchange energy by way of heat with the environment. Such a process is called an adiabatic process (no energy transfer by way of heat). Since the rising parcel of air is losing energy as it does work on the surrounding atmosphere and no energy is transferred into it as heat from the atmosphere to make up for the loss, the parcel of air is losing energy, which manifests itself as a decrease in the temperature of the air parcel. The reverse, of course, will be true for a parcel of air that is sinking and is being compressed.[3]
Since the process of compression and expansion of an air parcel can be considered reversible and no energy is transferred into or out of the parcel, such a process is considered isentropic, meaning that there is no change in entropy as the air parcel rises and falls, d S = 0 {\displaystyle dS=0} . Since the heat exchanged d Q = 0 {\displaystyle dQ=0} is related to the entropy change d S {\displaystyle dS} by d Q = T d S {\displaystyle dQ=TdS} , the equation governing the temperature as a function of height for a thoroughly mixed atmosphere is
d S d z = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {dS}{dz}}=0}
where S is the entropy. The above equation states that the entropy of the atmosphere does not change with height. The rate at which temperature decreases with height under such conditions is called the adiabatic lapse rate.
For dry air, which is approximately an ideal gas, we can proceed further. The adiabatic equation for an ideal gas is [5]
p ( z ) T ( z ) − γ γ − 1 = constant {\displaystyle p(z)T(z)^{-{\frac {\gamma }{\gamma -1}}}={\text{constant}}}
where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the heat capacity ratio ( γ {\displaystyle \gamma } =7/5, for air). Combining with the equation for the pressure, one arrives at the dry adiabatic lapse rate,[6]
d T d z = − m g R γ − 1 γ = − 9.8 ∘ C / k m {\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dz}}=-{\frac {mg}{R}}{\frac {\gamma -1}{\gamma }}=-9.8^{\circ }\mathrm {C} /\mathrm {km} }
If the air contains water vapor, then cooling of the air can cause the water to condense, and the behavior is no longer that of an ideal gas. If the air is at the saturated vapor pressure, then the rate at which temperature drops with height is called the saturated adiabatic lapse rate. More generally, the actual rate at which the temperature drops with altitude is called the environmental lapse rate. In the troposphere, the average environmental lapse rate is a drop of about 6.5 °C for every 1 km (1,000 meters) in increased height.[3]
The environmental lapse rate (the actual rate at which temperature drops with height, d T / d z {\displaystyle dT/dz} ) is not usually equal to the adiabatic lapse rate (or correspondingly, d S / d z ≠ 0 {\displaystyle dS/dz\neq 0} ). If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 {\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings. In this case, the air parcel is denser than its surroundings, so it sinks back to its original height, and the air is stable against being lifted. If, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate, then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings, and will continue to accelerate upward.[3][4]
The troposphere is heated from below by latent heat, longwave radiation, and sensible heat. Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics. At middle latitudes, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 15 °C at sea level to about −55 °C at the tropopause. At the poles, tropospheric temperature only decreases from an average of 0 °C at sea level to about −45 °C at the tropopause. At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C at sea level to about −70 to −75 °C at the tropopause. The troposphere is thinner at the poles and thicker at the equator. The average thickness of the tropical tropopause is roughly 7 kilometers greater than the average tropopause thickness at the poles.[7]
Tropopause[edit]
Main article: Tropopause
The tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Measuring the temperature change with height through the troposphere and the stratosphere identifies the location of the tropopause. In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude. In the stratosphere, however, the temperature remains constant for a while and then increases with altitude. This coldest layer of the atmosphere, where the lapse rate changes from positive (in the troposphere) to negative (in the stratosphere), is defined as the tropopause.[3] Thus, the tropopause is an inversion layer, and there is little mixing between the two layers of the atmosphere.
Atmospheric flow[edit]
The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction. This, however, can often become interrupted, creating a more north to south or south to north flow. These scenarios are often described in meteorology as zonal or meridional. These terms, however, tend to be used in reference to localised areas of atmosphere (at a synoptic scale). A fuller explanation of the flow of atmosphere around the Earth as a whole can be found in the three-cell model.
Zonal flow[edit]
A zonal flow regime. Note the dominant west-to-east flow as shown in the 500 hPa height pattern.
A zonal flow regime is the meteorological term meaning that the general flow pattern is west to east along the Earth's latitude lines, with weak shortwaves embedded in the flow.[8] The use of the word "zone" refers to the flow being along the Earth's latitudinal "zones". This pattern can buckle and thus become a meridional flow.
Meridional flow[edit]
Meridional Flow pattern of October 23, 2003. Note the amplified troughs and ridges in this 500 hPa height pattern.
When the zonal flow buckles, the atmosphere can flow in a more longitudinal (or meridional) direction, and thus the term "meridional flow" arises. Meridional flow patterns feature strong, amplified troughs of low pressure and ridges of high pressure, with more north-south flow in the general pattern than west-to-east flow.[9]
Three-cell model[edit]
Main article: Atmospheric circulation
Atmospheric circulation shown with three large cells.
The three cells model of the atmosphere attempts to describe the actual flow of the Earth's atmosphere as a whole. It divides the Earth into the tropical (Hadley cell), mid latitude (Ferrel cell), and polar (polar cell) regions, to describe energy flow and global atmospheric circulation (mass flow). Its fundamental principle is that of balance – the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation. This overall Earth energy balance, however, does not apply in each latitude due to the varying strength of the sun in each "cell" as a result of the tilt of the Earth's axis in relation to its orbit. The result is a circulation of the atmosphere that transports warm air poleward from the tropics and cold air equatorward from the poles. The effect of the three cells is the tendency to even out the heat and moisture in the Earth's atmosphere around the planet.[10]
Synoptic scale observations and concepts[edit]
Forcing[edit]
Forcing is a term used by meteorologists to describe the situation where a change or an event in one part of the atmosphere causes a strengthening change in another part of the atmosphere. It is usually used to describe connections between upper, middle or lower levels (such as upper-level divergence causing lower level convergence in cyclone formation), but also be to describe such connections over lateral distance rather than height alone. In some respects, teleconnections could be considered a type of forcing.
Divergence and convergence[edit]
An area of convergence is one in which the total mass of air is increasing with time, resulting in an increase in pressure at locations below the convergence level (recall that atmospheric pressure is just the total weight of air above a given point). Divergence is the opposite of convergence – an area where the total mass of air is decreasing with time, resulting in falling pressure in regions below the area of divergence. Where divergence is occurring in the upper atmosphere, there will be air coming in to try to balance the net loss of mass (this is called the principle of mass conservation), and there is a resulting upward motion (positive vertical velocity). Another way to state this is to say that regions of upper air divergence are conducive to lower level convergence, cyclone formation, and positive vertical velocity. Therefore, identifying regions of upper air divergence is an important step in forecasting the formation of a surface low pressure area.
See also[edit]
Atmospheric sciences portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "STS-130 Shuttle Mission Imagery". NASA. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Troposphere". Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. McGraw-Hill. 1984. It contains about four-fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Danielson, Levin, and Abrams (2003). Meteorology. McGraw Hill. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Landau and Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics, Pergamon, 1979
Jump up ^ Landau and Lifshitz, Statistical Physics Part 1, Pergamon, 1980
Jump up ^ Kittel and Kroemer, Thermal Physics, Freeman, 1980; chapter 6, problem 11
Jump up ^ Paul E. Lydolph (1985). "The Climate of the Earth". Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 12. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "American Meteorological Society Glossary – Zonal Flow". Allen Press Inc. June 2000. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
Jump up ^ "American Meteorological Society Glossary – Meridional Flow". Allen Press Inc. June 2000. Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Meteorology – MSN Encarta, "Energy Flow and Global Circulation"". Encarta.Msn.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
External links[edit]
Look up troposphere in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
U.S. National Weather Service – Layers of the Atmosphere
Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
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text:
Utah Territory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Territory of Utah
Organized incorporated territory of the United States
←
1850–1896 →

→

→

→

→
Territorial coat of arms (1876)
The Utah Territory upon its creation. Modern state boundaries are shown for reference.
Capital
Fillmore (1851–1856)
Salt Lake City
Government Organized incorporated territory
Governor
• 1851–1858 Brigham Young
• 1893–1896 Caleb Walton West
Legislature Utah Territorial Assembly
History
• State of Deseret 1849
• Utah Organic Act September 9, 1850
• Colorado Territory formed February 28, 1861
• Nevada Territory formed March 2, 1861
• Wyoming Territory formed July 25, 1868
• Statehood January 4, 1896
The Territory of Utah was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 4, 1896, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Utah, the 45th state.
The territory was organized by an Organic Act of Congress in 1850, on the same day that the State of California was admitted to the Union and the New Mexico Territory was added for the southern portion of the former Mexican land. The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. With the exception of a small area around the headwaters of the Colorado River in present-day Colorado, the United States had acquired all the land of the territory from Mexico with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848.
The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. The Mormons, under the leadership of Brigham Young, had petitioned Congress for entry into the Union as the State of Deseret, with its capital as Salt Lake City and with proposed borders that encompassed the entire Great Basin and the watershed of the Colorado River, including all or part of nine current U.S. states. The Mormon settlers had drafted a state constitution in 1849 and Deseret had become the de facto government in the Great Basin by the time of the creation of the Utah Territory.
Following the organization of the territory, Young was inaugurated as its first governor on February 3, 1851. In the first session of the territorial legislature in September, the legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret.
Mormon governance in the territory was regarded as controversial by much of the rest of the nation, partly fed by continuing lurid newspaper depictions of the polygamy practiced by the settlers, which itself had been part of the cause of their flight from the United States to the Great Salt Lake basin after being forcibly removed from their settlements farther east.
Although the Mormons were the majority in the Great Salt Lake basin, the western area of the territory began to attract many non-Mormon settlers, especially after the discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1858. In 1861, partly as a result of this, the Nevada Territory was created out of the western part of the territory. Non-Mormons also entered the easternmost part of the territory during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, resulting in the discovery of gold at Breckenridge in Utah Territory in 1859. In 1861 a large portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory.
The controversies stirred by the Mormon religion's dominance of the territory are regarded as the primary reason behind the long delay of 46 years between the organization of the territory and its admission to the Union in 1896 as the State of Utah, long after the admission of territories created after it. In contrast, the Nevada Territory, although more sparsely populated, was admitted to the Union in 1864, only three years after its formation, largely as a consequence of the Union's desire to consolidate its hold on the silver mines in the territory. Colorado was admitted in 1876.
The evolution of the Utah Territory from its creation by Congress in 1850 to 1896, when statehood was granted.
Contents
[hide]
1 See also
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links
See also[edit]
Utah portal
Colorado portal
Nevada portal
Wyoming portal
History portal
American Civil War, 1861–1865
Utah in the American Civil War
Compromise of 1850
First Transcontinental Railroad
Great Basin
Great Salt Lake
Historic regions of the United States
History of Utah
History of slavery in Utah
Latter Day Saint movement
Chief Judges of the Supreme Court of the Utah Territory
Mexican–American War, 1846–1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
Morrisite War, June 1862
Mountain Meadows massacre September 7–11, 1857
Paiute War, 1860
Runaway Officials of 1851
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territories of Spain that encompassed land that would later become part of the Territory of Utah:
Gran Cuenca
Santa Fé de Nuevo Méjico, 1598–1821
Nueva California, 1768–1804
Alta California, 1804–1821
Territories of Mexico that encompassed land that would later become part of the Territory of Utah:
Alta California, 1821–1848
Santa Fé de Nuevo México, 1821–1848
U.S. territories that encompassed land that would later become part of the Territory of Utah:
Mexican Cession, 1848
State of Deseret, 1849–1850 (extralegal)
U.S. territories that encompassed land that was previously part of the Territory of Utah:
Territory of Jefferson, 1859–1861 (extralegal)
Territory of Colorado, 1861–1876
Nataqua Territory, 1856–1861 (extralegal)
Territory of Nebraska, 1854–1867
Territory of Nevada, 1861–1864
Territory of Idaho, 1863–1890
Territory of Dakota, 1861–1889
Territory of Wyoming, 1868–1890
US states that encompass land that was once part of the Territory of Utah:
State of Nevada, 1864, additional territory annexed 1866
State of Colorado, 1876
State of Wyoming, 1890
State of Utah, 1896
Utah in the American Civil War
Utah Territorial Statehouse
Utah War, March 1857 – July 1858
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Further reading[edit]
Unpopular Sovereignty: Mormons and the Federal Management of Early Utah Territory by Brent M. Rogers, 2017, University of Nebraska Press
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Utah Territory.
Utah in 1851, with the text of the 1850 Act of Congress to Establish the Territory of Utah, Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
Utah's Role in the Transcontinental Railroad, Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
Utah State History Utah Office of Tourism Official Website
[hide]
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Coordinates: 39°50′N 113°30′W / 39.833°N 113.500°W / 39.833; -113.500
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utah_Territory&oldid=839075249"
Categories:
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Utah Territory
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History of the American West
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text:
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Clint Eastwood
Produced by
Clint Eastwood
Screenplay by
John Lee Hancock
Based on
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
by John Berendt
Starring
Kevin Spacey
John Cusack
Music by
Lennie Niehaus
Cinematography
Jack N. Green
Edited by
Joel Cox
Production
company
Malpaso Productions
Silver Pictures
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
November 21, 1997 (1997-11-21)
Running time
155 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$30 million[2]
Box office
$25.1 million[3]
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is a 1997 American crime drama film based on John Berendt's 1994 novel of the same name, directed by Clint Eastwood, and starring Kevin Spacey and John Cusack. It follows the story of an antiques dealer on trial for the murder of a male prostitute.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming locations
4 Soundtrack
5 Reception
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The panoramic tale of Savannah's eccentricities focuses on a murder and the subsequent trial of Jim Williams (Kevin Spacey): self-made man, art collector, antiques dealer, bon vivant, and semi-closeted homosexual. John Kelso (John Cusack), a magazine reporter, finds himself in Savannah amid the beautiful architecture and odd doings to write a feature on one of Williams' famous Christmas parties.
Kelso is intrigued by Williams from the start, but his curiosity is piqued when he meets the violent, young Billy Hanson (Jude Law), Williams' lover. Later that night, Hanson is dead, and Kelso stays on to cover the murder trial. Along the way he encounters the irrepressible The Lady Chablis, a transsexual stand-up comedienne; Sonny Seiler, lawyer to Williams, whose famous dog "Uga IV" is the official mascot of the Georgia Bulldogs; a man who keeps flies attached to mini leashes on his lapels and threatens daily to poison the water supply; Serena Dawes, a former silent-film actress; the Married Ladies Card Club; and Minerva, a spiritualist and voodoo practitioner.
Between becoming Williams' friend, cuddling up to a torch singer, meeting every eccentric in Savannah, participating in midnight graveyard rituals, and helping solve the mysteries surrounding Hanson's murder, Kelso has his hands full. The judge and jury later find Williams not guilty, much to the pleasure of Kelso and the witnesses. Williams congratulates Kelso on proving his innocence.
As depicted in the film, Williams suffers a heart attack and dies a week after the trial concludes. As he dies on the floor near where Hanson died from his wounds, Williams sees an apparition of the hustler in death, then momentarily alive. The camera cuts away from the scene, showing both Hanson and Williams dead and only a few feet from each other. Following the funeral and visiting Hanson's grave once more with Minerva, Kelso, Mandy and the Lady Chablis go off together for a picnic with Uga.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Spacey as Jim Williams
John Cusack as John Kelso
Jack Thompson as Sonny Seiler
Irma P. Hall as Minerva
Jude Law as Billy Hanson
Alison Eastwood as Mandy Nicholls
Paul Hipp as Joe Odom
The Lady Chablis as Chablis Deveau
Kim Hunter as Betty Harty
Geoffrey Lewis as Luther Driggers
Bob Gunton as Finley Largent
Richard Herd as Henry Skerridge
Leon Rippy as Detective Boone
Sonny Seiler as Judge White
Dorothy Loudon as Serena Dawes
Michael Rosenbaum as George Tucker
Production[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Several changes were made in adapting the film from the book. Many unused characters were eliminated or combined into composite ones. John Kelso was based upon Berendt. The multiple trials were combined into one on-screen trial. Williams' real life attorney, Sonny Seiler, played Judge White, the presiding judge of the trial. Advertising for the film became a source of controversy when Warner Bros. used elements of Jack Leigh's famous photograph in the posters without permission.
Filming locations[edit]
The Mercer House. The alleged murder of Billy Hanson occurred in Williams' study – the bottom left room in this photograph
Principal photography began in spring 1997 in Savannah, Georgia, where the entire film was shot.[4] Several scenes were filmed in and around Monterey Square. Jim Williams' Mercer House is located on the southwestern end of the square, at 429 Bull Street. John Kelso stays at the Italianate Comer House at 2 East Taylor Street, on the square's northeastern side; however, the shots from his windows were filmed at 120 East Jones Street, across from 115, which doubled as Joe Odom's house. (Odom's real house, constructed by Eliza Jewett in 1847, was at 16 East Jones.)[5] Kelso's six-month rental, shown at the end of the film, is 218 West Jones Street, which is now valued at over $1.2 million.[6]
2 East Taylor Street, where John Kelso stayed during his visit
The scenes at Williams' attorney Sonny Seiler's offices were filmed at the Armstrong House, 447 Bull Street, south of Monterey Square and close to the northern edge of Forsyth Park. As of March 2017, Seiler still practises there.
The courthouse scenes were filmed at the United States Bankruptcy Court, on the western side of Wright Square. Dixie's Flowers, the flower shop Mandy works at, is on the northeastern side of the square, on East State Street.
The northern side of the Forsyth Park fountain
The residence used as The Lady Chablis' home is 418 East Liberty Street. The Myra Bishop Family Clinic she walks to is at the corner of Habersham Street and East Liberty Lane.
Kelso has breakfast at Clary's Cafe, at 404 Abercorn Street. Photos of the cast taken during down time from filming are hung on the walls of the diner.
The Married Women's Card Club is at 126 East Gaston Street.
Churchill's Pub was located at 9 Drayton Street at the time of filming, but it burned down in a fire six years later.[7] It is now at 13 West Bay Street.
The Debutante Ball was filmed at the now-defunct Savannah Inn and Country Club.
Bonaventure Cemetery, on the city's eastern edge, is featured on several occasions.
Forsyth Park, the venue for the dog-walking scenes, included the cameo appearance of Uga V, the English bulldog live mascot of the University of Georgia, playing his father, Uga IV. The Uga mascots live in Savannah between football games.
After location filming ended in June 1997, a fundraiser was held at and for Savannah's Lucas Theatre, which was built in 1921. Spacey donated $200,000 in Williams' honor to assist in the $7.6-million renovation of the theatre.[8] "I love Savannah. I had a great time here," said Spacey, an Oscar winner in 1996 for his role in The Usual Suspects. "I plan to visit again. And once this (theater) gets done, I'll bring a play here."[8] It was hoped that the movie's premiere would take place at the Lucas,[8] but it was instead held on November 17 at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California.
Soundtrack[edit]
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
November 18, 1997
Length
58:04
Label
Warner Bros.
Producer
Ernie Altschuler
Soundtrack
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic link
The soundtrack for the film was released in 1997. It is also dedicated to Johnny Mercer. The CD includes versions of songs heard in the film.[citation needed]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length
1. "Skylark" Hoagy Carmichael, Johnny Mercer k.d. lang 3:46
2. "Too Marvelous for Words" Richard Whiting, Mercer Joe Williams 3:40
3. "Autumn Leaves" Joseph Kosma, Jacques Prévert, Mercer Paula Cole 7:24
4. "Fools Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread)" Rube Bloom, Mercer Rosemary Clooney 4:10
5. "Dream" Mercer Brad Mehldau 5:10
6. "Days of Wine and Roses" Henry Mancini, Mercer Cassandra Wilson 4:47
7. "That Old Black Magic" Harold Arlen, Mercer Kevin Spacey 3:33
8. "Come Rain or Come Shine" Arlen, Mercer Alison Eastwood 4:32
9. "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" Arlen, Mercer Clint Eastwood 3:35
10. "This Time the Dream's on Me" Arlen, Mercer Alison Krauss 3:46
11. "Laura" David Raksin, Mercer Kevin Mahogany 4:49
12. "Midnight Sun" Lionel Hampton, Sonny Burke, Mercer Diana Krall 4:01
13. "I'm an Old Cowhand (From the Rio Grande)" Mercer Joshua Redman 4:59
14. "I Wanna Be Around" Sadie Vimmerstedt, Mercer Tony Bennett 2:10
Reception[edit]
The film was a box office failure, grossing $25.1 million[3] to an estimated $30 million budget.[2] It also received mixed reviews, with a 'rotten' score of 49% on review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes, based on 35 reviews with an average rating of 6/10.[9] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10]
See also[edit]
Bird Girl, the sculpture from the poster.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MIDNIGHT IN THE GARDEN OF GOOD AND EVIL (15)". British Board of Film Classification. January 22, 1998. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Hughes, p.149
^ Jump up to: a b Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Hughes, p.148
Jump up ^ "JONES STREET, SAVANNAH, GA" - GoSouthSavannah.com
Jump up ^ 218 West Jones Street - Realtor.com
Jump up ^ "Fire guts Churchill's Pub" - Savannah Morning News, June 21, 2003
^ Jump up to: a b c "'Midnight' filming ends in Savannah" - The Augusta Chronicle, June 16, 1997
Jump up ^ Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil at Metacritic
Sources[edit]
Hughes, Howard (2009). Aim for the Heart. London, UK: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-902-7.
External links[edit]
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil on IMDb
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil at Rotten Tomatoes
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil at Box Office Mojo
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil at Metacritic
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Films directed by Clint Eastwood
Play Misty for Me (1971)
High Plains Drifter (1973)
Breezy (1973)
The Eiger Sanction (1975)
The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976)
The Gauntlet (1977)
Bronco Billy (1980)
Firefox (1982)
Honkytonk Man (1982)
Sudden Impact (1983)
Pale Rider (1985)
Heartbreak Ridge (1986)
Bird (1988)
White Hunter Black Heart (1990)
The Rookie (1990)
Unforgiven (1992)
A Perfect World (1993)
The Bridges of Madison County (1995)
Absolute Power (1997)
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997)
True Crime (1999)
Space Cowboys (2000)
Blood Work (2002)
Piano Blues (2003)
Mystic River (2003)
Million Dollar Baby (2004)
Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
Changeling (2008)
Gran Torino (2008)
Invictus (2009)
Hereafter (2010)
J. Edgar (2011)
Jersey Boys (2014)
American Sniper (2014)
Sully (2016)
The 15:17 to Paris (2018)
The Mule (2019)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_in_the_Garden_of_Good_and_Evil_(film)&oldid=844464720"
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