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Trans-Saharan trade
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Trans-Saharan trade requires travel across the Sahara (north and south) to reach sub-Saharan Africa from the North African coast, Europe, to the Levant. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century.
The Sahara once had a very different environment. In Libya and Algeria, from at least 7000 BC, there was pastoralism, herding of sheep and goats, large settlements and pottery. Cattle were introduced to the Central Sahara (Ahaggar) from 4000 to 3500 BC. Remarkable rock paintings (dated 3500 to 2500 BC), in places which are currently very dry, portray vegetation and animal presence rather different from modern expectations.[1]
As a desert, Sahara is now a hostile expanse that separates the Mediterranean economy from the economy of the Niger basin. As Fernand Braudel points out that crossing such a zone (especially without mechanized transport) is worthwhile only when exceptional circumstances cause the expected gain to outweigh the cost and danger.[2] The Sahara has always been home to groups of people practicing trade on a regular, yet local basis.[citation needed]
Trade, beginning around 300 CE,[citation needed] was conducted by caravans of camels. These camels would be fattened for a number of months on the plains of either the Maghreb or the Sahel before being assembled into a caravan. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size per caravan was 1,000 camels; some caravans were as large as 12,000.[3][4] The caravans would be guided by highly paid Berbers who knew the desert and could ensure safe passage from their fellow desert nomads. The survival of a caravan was precarious and would rely on careful coordination. Runners would be sent ahead to oases so that water could be shipped out to the caravan when it was still several days away, as the caravans could not easily carry enough with them to make the full journey. In the middle of the 14th century Ibn Battuta crossed the desert from Sijilmasa via the salt mines at Taghaza to the oasis of Oualata. A guide was sent ahead and water was brought on a journey of four days from Oualata to meet the caravan.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early trans-Saharan trade
2 Introduction of the camel
3 Trans-Saharan trade in the Middle Ages
4 Decline of trans-Saharan trade
5 The future of trans-Saharan trade
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Notes
8 Further reading
Early trans-Saharan trade[edit]
A building in Oualata, southeast Mauritania
The Bilma oasis in northeast Niger, with the Kaouar escarpment in the background
Ancient trade spanned the northeastern corner of the Sahara in the Naqadan era. Predynastic Egyptians in the Naqada I period traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the Western Desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean to the east. Many trading routes went from oasis to oasis to resupply on both food and water. These oases were very important.[6] They also imported obsidian from Ethiopia to shape blades and other objects.[7]
The overland route through the Wadi Hammamat from the Nile to the Red Sea was known as early as predynastic times;[8] drawings depicting Egyptian reed boats have been found along the path dating to 4000 BC.[9] Ancient cities dating to the First Dynasty of Egypt arose along both its Nile and Red Sea junctions,[8] testifying to the route's ancient popularity. It became a major route from Thebes to the Red Sea port of Elim, where travelers then moved on to either Asia, Arabia or the Horn of Africa.[8] Records exist documenting knowledge of the route among Senusret I, Seti, Ramesses IV and also, later, the Roman Empire, especially for mining.[10]
The Darb el-Arbain trade route, passing through Kharga in the south and Asyut in the north, was used from as early as the Old Kingdom for the transport and trade of gold, ivory, spices, wheat, animals and plants.[11] Later, Ancient Romans would protect the route by lining it with varied forts and small outposts, some guarding large settlements complete with cultivation.[12] Described by Herodotus as a road "traversed ... in forty days", it became by his time an important land route facilitating trade between Nubia and Egypt,[13] and subsequently became known as the Forty Days Road. From Kobbei, 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of al-Fashir, the route passed through the desert to Bir Natrum, another oasis and salt mine, to Wadi Howar before proceeding to Egypt.[14] The Darb el-Arbain trade route was the easternmost of the central routes.
The westernmost of the three central routes was the Ghadames Road, which ran from the Niger River at Gao north to Ghat and Ghadames before terminating at Tripoli. Next was the easiest of the three routes: the Garamantean Road, named after the former rulers of the land it passed through and also called the Bilma Trail. The Garamantean Road passed south of the desert near Murzuk before turning north to pass between the Alhaggar and Tibesti Mountains before reaching the oasis at Kawar. From Kawar, caravans would pass over the great sand dunes of Bilma, where rock salt was mined in great quantities for trade, before reaching the savanna north of Lake Chad. This was the shortest of the routes, and the primary exchanges were slaves and ivory from the south for salt.
The western routes were the Walata Road, from the Sénégal River, and the Taghaza Trail, from the Mali River, which had their northern termini at the great trading center of Sijilmasa, situated in Morocco just north of the desert.[14] The growth of the city of Aoudaghost, founded in the 5th century BCE, was stimulated by its position at the southern end of a trans Saharan trade route.[citation needed]
To the east, three ancient routes connected the south to the Mediterranean. The herdsmen of the Fezzan of Libya, known as the Garamantes, controlled these routes as early as 1500 BC. From their capital of Germa in the Wadi Ajal, the Garamantean Empire raided north to the sea and south into the Sahel. By the 4th century BC, the independent city-states of Phoenecia had expanded their control to the territory and routes once held by the Garamantes.[14] Shillington states that existing contact with the Mediterranean received added incentive with the growth of the port city of Carthage. Founded c. 800 BCE, Carthage became one terminus for West African gold, ivory, and slaves. West Africa received salt, cloth, beads, and metal goods. Shillington proceeds to identify this trade route as the source for West African iron smelting.[15] Trade continued into Roman times. Although there are Classical references to direct travel from the Mediterranean to West Africa (Daniels, p. 22f), most of this trade was conducted through middlemen, inhabiting the area and aware of passages through the drying lands.[16] The Legio III Augusta subsequently secured these routes on behalf of Rome by the 1st century AD, safeguarding the southern border of the empire for two and half centuries.[14]
Introduction of the camel[edit]
Modern-day camel caravan near the Ahaggar Mountains in the central Sahara, 2006
Herodotus had spoken of the Garamantes hunting the Ethiopian Troglodytes with their chariots; this account was associated with depictions of horses drawing chariots in contemporary cave art in southern Morocco and the Fezzan, giving origin to a theory that the Garamantes, or some other Saran people, had created chariot routes to provide Rome and Carthage with gold and ivory. However, it has been argued that no horse skeletons have been found dating from this early period in the region, and chariots would have been unlikely vehicles for trading purposes due to their small capacity.[17]
The earliest evidence for domesticated camels in the region dates from the 3rd century. Used by the Berber people, they enabled more regular contact across the entire width of the Sahara, but regular trade routes did not develop until the beginnings of the Islamic conversion of West Africa in the 7th and 8th centuries.[17] Two main trade routes developed. The first ran through the western desert from modern Morocco to the Niger Bend, the second from modern Tunisia to the Lake Chad area. These stretches were relatively short and had the essential network of occasional oases that established the routing as inexorably as pins in a map. Further east of the Fezzan with its trade route through the valley of Kaouar to Lake Chad, Libya was impassable due to its lack of oases and fierce sandstorms.[18] A route from the Niger Bend to Egypt was abandoned in the 10th century due to its dangers.[citation needed]
Trans-Saharan trade in the Middle Ages[edit]
See also: Trans-Saharan slave trade
The rise of the Ghana Empire, now called Mali, Senegal, and southern Mauritania, paralleled the increase in trans-Saharan trade. Mediterranean economies were short of gold but could supply salt, taken by places like the African salt mine of Taghaza, whereas West African countries like Wangara had plenty of gold but needed salt. The trans-Saharan slave trade was also important because large numbers of Africans were sent north, generally to serve as domestic servants or slave concubines.[19] The West African states imported highly trained slave soldiers. It has been estimated that from the 10th to the 19th century some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.[20] Perhaps as many as nine million slaves were exported along the trans-Saharan caravan route.[21] Several trade routes became established, perhaps the most important terminating in Sijilmasa (Morocco) and Ifriqiya to the north. There, and in other North African cities, Berber traders had increased contact with Islam, encouraging conversions, and by the 8th century, Muslims were traveling to Ghana. Many in Ghana converted to Islam, and it is likely that the Empire's trade was privileged as a result. Around 1050, Ghana lost Aoudaghost to the Almoravids, but new goldmines around Bure reduced trade through the city, instead benefiting the Malinke of the south, who later founded the Mali Empire.
Saharan trade routes circa 1400, with the modern territory of Niger highlighted
Unlike Ghana, Mali was a Muslim kingdom since his foundation, and under it, the gold–salt trade continued. Other, less important trade goods were slaves, kola nuts from the south and slave beads and cowry shells from the north (for use as currency). It was under Mali that the great cities of the Niger bend—including Gao and Djenné—prospered, with Timbuktu in particular becoming known across Europe for its great wealth. Important trading centers in southern West Africa developed at the transitional zone between the forest and the savanna; examples include Begho and Bono Manso (in present-day Ghana) and Bondoukou (in present-day Côte d'Ivoire). Western trade routes continued to be important, with Ouadane, Oualata and Chinguetti being the major trade centres in what is now Mauritania, while the Tuareg towns of Assodé and later Agadez grew around a more easterly route in what is now Niger.
The eastern trans-Saharan route led to the development of the long lived Kanem-Bornu empire as well as the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires,centred on the Lake Chad area. This trade route was somewhat less efficient and only rose to great prominence when there was turmoil in the west such as during the Almohad conquests.
Decline of trans-Saharan trade[edit]
The Portuguese journeys around the West African coast opened up new avenues for trade between Europe and West Africa. By the early 16th century, European trading bases, the "Factories" established on the coast since 1445, and trade with the wealthier Europeans became of prime importance to West Africa. North Africa had declined in both political and economic importance, while the Saharan crossing remained long and treacherous. However, the major blow to trans-Saharan trade was the Battle of Tondibi of 1591–92. Morocco sent troops across the Sahara and attacked Timbuktu, Gao and some other important trading centres, destroying buildings and property and exiling prominent citizens. This disruption to trade led to a dramatic decline in the importance of these cities and the resulting animosity reduced trade considerably.
Although much reduced, trans-Saharan trade continued. But trade routes to the West African coast became increasingly easy, particularly after the French invasion of the Sahel in the 1890s and subsequent construction of railways to the interior. A railway line from Dakar to Algiers via the Niger bend was planned but never constructed. With the independence of nations in the region in the 1960s, the north–south routes were severed by national boundaries. National governments were hostile to Tuareg nationalism and so made few efforts to maintain or support trans-Saharan trade, and the Tuareg Rebellion of the 1990s and Algerian Civil War further disrupted routes, with many roads closed.
Azalai salt caravan from Agadez to Bilma, 1985
Traditional caravan routes are largely void of camels, but the shorter Azalai routes from Agadez to Bilma and Timbuktu to Taoudenni are still regularly—if lightly—used. Some members of the Tuareg still use the traditional trade routes, often traveling 2,400 km (1,500 mi) and six months out of every year by camel across the Sahara trading in salt carried from the desert interior to communities on the desert edges.[22]
The future of trans-Saharan trade[edit]
The African Union and African Development Bank support the Trans-Sahara Highway from Algiers to Lagos via Tamanrasset which aims to stimulate trans-Saharan trade. The route is paved except for a 200 km section in northern Niger, but border restrictions still hamper traffic. Only a few trucks carry trans-Saharan trade, particularly fuel and salt. Three other highways across the Sahara are proposed: for further details see Trans-African Highways. Building the highways is difficult because of sandstorms
See also[edit]
Trans-Sahara Highway
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Shillington, Kevin (1989, 1995). History of Africa, Second Edition. St. Martin's Press, New York. p. 32.
Jump up ^ Braudel, Fernand (1984). The Perspective of the World. (Vol III of Civilization and Capitalism). (Published in French in 1979).
Jump up ^ David Rouge, Saharan salt caravans ply ancient route, Reuters, 21 February 2007
Jump up ^ An African Pilgrim-King and a World-Traveler: Mansa Musa and Ibn Battuta
Jump up ^ Gibb, H.A.R.; Beckingham, C.F. trans. and eds. (1994). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4). London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 948–49. ISBN 978-0-904180-37-4. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Shaw, Ian (2002). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
Jump up ^ Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw (2000). Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors. "Stone", in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge, 5–77, pp. 46–47. Also note: Barbara G. Aston (1994). "Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels", Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 5, Heidelberg, pp. 23–26. (See on-line posts: [1] and [2].)
^ Jump up to: a b c Please refer to Wadi Hammamat#Trade route.
Jump up ^ Please refer to Wadi Hammamat#Carvings.
Jump up ^ Please refer to Wadi Hammamat#Quarries and Wadi Hammamat#Common era.
Jump up ^ Jobbins, Jenny. "The 40 days' nightmare", in Al-Ahram, 13–19 November 2003, Issue No. 664. Published in Cairo, Egypt.
Jump up ^ Please refer to Kharga Oasis.
Jump up ^ Smith, Dr. Stuart Tyson. Nubia: History, University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Anthropology, <http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/research/nubia_history.html>. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, ISBN 1-55876-405-4, pp. 6–7.
Jump up ^ Shillington (1995). p. 46.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Charles (1970). The Garamantes of Southern Libya. Oleander, North Harrow, Middlesex. p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b Masonen, P: "Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World."
Jump up ^ Lewicki, T. (1994). "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South". In UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3. University of California Press, ISBN 92-3-601709-6.
Jump up ^ Ibn Battuta's Trip: Part Twelve – Journey to West Africa (1351–1353)
Jump up ^ Fage, J.D. A History of Africa. Routledge, 4th edition, 2001. pg. 256
Jump up ^ The impact of the slave trade on Africa
Jump up ^ National Geographic Channel (2001). Africa, Episode 2, "Desert Odyssey" (TV/Video). This episode follows a Tuareg tribe across the Sahara for six months by camel.
Further reading[edit]
Albert Adu Boahen, Britain, the Sahara and the Western Sudan 1788–1861. Oxford 1964
Edward William Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors (Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1995) ISBN 1-55876-091-1
Donald Harden, The Phoenicians, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1971 (1962)
Kevin Shillington (eds), "Tuareg: Takedda and trans-Saharan trade" from the Encyclopaedia of African History, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004, ISBN 1-57958-245-1
B.H. Warmington, Carthage, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1964 (1960)
M'hammad Sabour and Knut S. Vikør (eds), Ethnic Encounter and Culture Change, Bergen, 1997, [3] Google Cache Last Retrieved Jan.2005.
Ross, Eric (2011). "A historical geography of the trans-Saharan trade" (PDF). In Krätli, Graziano; Lydon, Ghislaine. The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–34. ISBN 978-90-04-18742-9.
The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade 7th–14th Century from the Museum of Modern Art
Lagha Chegrouche\E, "Géopolitique transsaharienne de l'énergie", in Revue Géopolitique N°108, 2010
Lagha Chegrouche, "Géopolitique transsaharienne de l'énergie, le jeu et l'enjeu? in Revue de l'énergie, Etude, 2010
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Part of a series on trade routes
Amber Road
Hærvejen
Incense Route
Dvaravati–Kamboja route
King's Highway
Rome-India routes
Royal Road
Salt road
Siberian Route
Silk Road
Maritime Silk Road
Spice Route
Tea Horse Road
Varangians to the Greeks
Via Maris
Triangular trade
Volga trade route
Trans-Saharan trade
Old Salt Route
Maritime republics
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Burt Mustin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Burt Mustin
Mustin with Queenie Smith from The Funny Side, 1971
Born
Burton Hill Mustin
(1884-02-08)February 8, 1884
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died
January 28, 1977(1977-01-28) (aged 92)
Glendale, California, U.S.
Resting place
Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery
Nationality
American
Other names
Bert Mustin
Alma mater
Pennsylvania Military College
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1921–1977
Spouse(s)
Frances Robina Woods (m. 1915–1969)
Burton Hill "Burt" Mustin (February 8, 1884[1][2] – January 28, 1977) was an American character actor.[3] Over the course of his career, he appeared in over 150 film and television productions. He also worked in radio and appeared in stage productions.
Mustin began his professional acting career at the age of 67 after director William Wyler cast him in the 1951 film noir Detective Story. Known for his dependability and versatility, Mustin went on to establish a career as a well-known character actor and worked extensively in film and television from the 1950s to the 1970s.[4]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Television
2.1.1 1950s and 1960s
2.1.2 1970s
2.2 Films
2.3 Tribute
3 Personal life
3.1 Marriage
4 Death
5 Selected filmography
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Mustin was born in Pittsburgh to William I. and Sadie (Dorrington) Mustin. His father worked as a stockbroker. Mustin graduated from Pennsylvania Military College (renamed Widener University in 1972) in 1903 with a degree in civil engineering. He also played goaltender for their ice hockey team in 1902.[5] He worked as an engineer but later decided to go into sales. In 1916, Mustin began working as an automobile salesman selling Oakland Sensible Sixes. He later began selling the luxury Franklins. After the Franklin company went out of business, he sold Mercurys and Lincolns until civilian car production was halted during World War II. He then worked as a fiscal agent for the Better Business Bureau and the Chamber of Commerce.[6][7]
Before he began a professional career in show business, Mustin did amateur acting and performing. In 1921, he became the first announcer for a variety show broadcast on Pittsburgh's then newly established KDKA radio station. He appeared in productions in the Pittsburgh Savoyards (a Gilbert and Sullivan troupe) and the Pittsburgh Opera. He was also a member of the Barbershop Harmony Society, making his first trip to California in 1925 to compete in a quartet competition being held in San Francisco.[4][6] During this trip the group with their wives made a visit to Hollywood as tourists, but Mustin was not interested in a film career at that point because of his cozy life with his wife in Pittsburgh. They used their Lions Club contacts to secure lodging during the trip.
After retiring, Mustin moved to Tucson, Arizona. Director William Wyler saw him there in a stage production of Detective Story. Wyler told Mustin to look him up if he decided to pursue a screen career. Mustin did contact Wyler, who cast him in the 1951 film version of Detective Story. Mustin's acting career then took off, and he began landing roles in films and television series. He later moved to Los Angeles.[1][7]
Career[edit]
Television[edit]
1950s and 1960s[edit]
Mustin made his television debut in 1951 with a role in the Western series The Adventures of Kit Carson. Almost from the start to the end of his career, Mustin specialized in playing older men, and with his tall scarecrow frame, bald head and beaked nose, he became one of the most familiar and busiest elderly character actors. Throughout the 1950s, he made guest appearances on Leave It to Beaver, The Abbott and Costello Show, The Loretta Young Show, Cavalcade of America, The Public Defender, Treasury Men in Action, The Lone Ranger, Fireside Theater, Tales of the Texas Rangers, Mackenzie's Raiders, Lux Video Theatre, Studio 57, Dragnet, Our Miss Brooks, It's a Great Life, The Gale Storm Show, General Electric Theater, Peter Gunn, and The Texan, among many others. Mustin also starred in the TV series pilot episode of The Lone Wolf starring Louis Hayward in 1954.
In 1960, Mustin guest starred on The Twilight Zone in the episode "The Night of the Meek" alongside Art Carney. He also appeared in a second episode of the series, "Kick the Can", in 1962. In 1964, he had an uncredited role in The Outer Limits episode "The Guests".
During the 1960s, Mustin made multiple appearances on Bonanza, Gunsmoke, Ichabod and Me, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, Dragnet, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, Get Smart, The New Phil Silvers Show, The Beverly Hillbillies, Dr. Kildare, The Jack Benny Program, Ben Casey, The Monkees, The Virginian, Cimarron Strip, My Three Sons, Batman (episode 48), and Bewitched. In 1969, he co-starred in the television film The Over-the-Hill Gang. He also appeared in the sequel film The Over-the-Hill Gang Rides Again the following year.
In addition to guest-starring roles, Mustin also had recurring roles on several television shows during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1955, he played the role of "Foley" in The Great Gildersleeve. From 1957 to 1958, he appeared as Mr. Finley on Date with the Angels. In 1957, he made his first appearance as "Gus the Fireman" on Leave It to Beaver. Mustin would continue in the role until 1962, making a total of 15 appearances on the show. In 1960, he made his first guest appearance on The Andy Griffith Show as Jud Fletcher. He appeared in the role until 1966. He also portrayed "Old Uncle Joe" on two episodes of The Lucy Show in 1967. The following year, Mustin guest starred as "Grandpa Jenson" in three episodes of Petticoat Junction.
1970s[edit]
During the 1970s, Mustin continued with guest roles on The Brady Bunch, Love, American Style, Adam-12, Emergency! and Sanford and Son (episode "Home Sweet Home for the Aged".)
Known for his quick wit and song-and-dance abilities, Mustin was a frequent guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson during the 1970s.[4] From 1971 to 1976, he appeared in five episodes of All in the Family (his first appearance as a night watchman, and an additional four appearances in a recurring role as "Justin Quigley").
In 1971, Mustin co-starred in the sketch comedy show The Funny Side. Hosted by Gene Kelly, the series featured an ensemble cast of five married couples that dealt with various issues through comedy sketches and song-and-dance routines. Mustin was cast opposite Queenie Smith as "the elderly couple". The series debuted on NBC in September 1971 and was canceled in January 1972.[8]
Mustin guest starred as Jethroe Collins, a relative of a Jesse James victim in the "Bobby's Hero" episode of the Brady Bunch during the 1972–73 season.
The next year, Mustin co-starred in the television film version of Miracle on 34th Street, starring Sebastian Cabot, and had an uncredited role in the Disney television film Now You See Him, Now You Don't. Mustin's last continuing role was on the television series Phyllis, in which he played the suitor, and later husband, of Sally "Mother" Dexter, a role he played until shortly before his death.[9]
Films[edit]
In addition to his extensive work in television, Mustin also appeared in numerous films. He made his film debut at the age of 67 in Detective Story, in 1951. He followed this with roles in Talk About a Stranger (1952), The Sellout (1952), The Silver Whip (1953), Half a Hero (1953), She Couldn't Say No (1954), The Desperate Hours (1955), Man with the Gun (1955), Storm Center (1956), and The Sheepman (1958).
In the 1960s and 1970s, Mustin appeared in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960), Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962), Twilight of Honor (1963), What a Way to Go! (1964), The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964), Sex and the Single Girl (1964), The Cincinnati Kid (1965), Cat Ballou (1965) (uncredited as a former gunfighter "Old ... Old ... ?" ), The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1965), The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin (1967), Speedway (uncredited) (1968), The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968), The Great Bank Robbery (1969), Hail, Hero! (1969), and Skin Game (1971). In 1974, Mustin portrayed "Uncle Jeff" in the musical film Mame, starring Lucille Ball and Bea Arthur. He also had a small role in Herbie Rides Again, also released in 1974. The next year, he appeared as "Regent Appleby" in The Strongest Man in the World. His final film role came in 1976 in the Western film Baker's Hawk, starring Clint Walker and Burl Ives.
Tribute[edit]
In 2000 TVLand created a series of commercials celebrating the often seen but little known by name character actors who regularly appeared in their shows, with Mustin being featured in one.
Personal life[edit]
Mustin was one of the 110 original founders of the Pittsburgh chapter of the Lions Club which was established in 1921. He served as one of the presidents and remained active in the club for the remainder of his life.[1]
Marriage[edit]
Mustin married Frances Robina Woods in 1915. They remained married until Woods' death in 1969. The couple had no children.[1]
Death[edit]
On January 28, 1977, Mustin died at Glendale Memorial Hospital in Glendale, California, less than two weeks before his 93rd birthday.[10] He was buried in Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery.
Selected filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1951 The Last Outpost Marshal Uncredited
1951 Detective Story Willie Uncredited
1952 The Lusty Men Jeremiah Watrus
1953 One Girl's Confession Gardener
1954 Cattle Queen of Montana Dan
1955 The Desperate Hours Carl Uncredited
1956 Great Day in the Morning Doctor Uncredited
1957 Raintree County Old gent with "Flash" Uncredited
1958 Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys! Town Moderator Uncredited
1959 The FBI Story Uncle Fudd Schneider Uncredited
1960 Home from the Hill Gas station attendant Uncredited
1961 Snow White and the Three Stooges Farmer Uncredited
1962 All Fall Down Second Tramp Uncredited
1963 Son of Flubber Bailiff Uncredited
1963 The Thrill of It All The Fraleigh butler
1964 The Killers Elderly Man
1965 Cat Ballou Accuser
1966 The Ghost and Mr. Chicken Mr. Deligondo Uncredited
1967 The Reluctant Astronaut Ned Uncredited
1968 Speedway Old man Uncredited
1969 A Time for Dying Ed
1970 Tiger by the Tail Tom Dugger
1971 Skin Game Liveryman in Fair Shake Uncredited
1972 Now You See Him, Now You Don't Mr. Reed Uncredited
1974 Herbie Rides Again Rich Man in Mansion
1974 Mame Uncle Jeff
1975 The Strongest Man in the World Regent Appleby
1975 Train Ride to Hollywood George
1976 Baker's Hawk General
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1951 The Adventures of Kit Carson Dave Lowery Episode: "Fury at Red Gulch"
1953 The Stu Erwin Show Uncle Lucious Erwin Episode: "In the Shade of the Old Family Tree"
1954 Father Knows Best Old Eddie Gilbert Episode: "Grandpa Jim's Rejuvenation"
1955 The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin Jameson Penrose Episode: "The Legacy of Sean O'Hara"
1956 Science Fiction Theatre Mr. Stevenson Episode: "Brain Unlimited"
1957 State Trooper John Daka Episode: "Room Service for 321"
1957–1958 Date with the Angels Mr. Finley 5 episodes
1957–1962 Leave It to Beaver Gus the Fireman 15 episodes
1958 Maverick Henry Episode: "The Day They Hanged Bret Maverick"
1959 Cimarron City Episode 1, Season 1
1959 Peter Gunn Cab driver Episode: "The Rifle"
1959 Tombstone Territory Lucky Jack Oliver Episode: "The Black Diamond"
1960 The Dennis O'Keefe Show Grandpa Clayhipple Episode: "June Thursday"
1960 Mr. Lucky Uncle Billy Episode: "The Leadville Kid Gang"
1961 Thriller The Redcap Episode: "A Third for Pinochle"
1961 My Three Sons Max
1961 Peter Gunn Old Man Episode: “Down the Drain”
1961–1966 Bonanza Various characters 4 episodes
1961–1966 The Andy Griffith Show Jud Crowley 14 episodes
1962 Shannon Mr. Munday Episode: "The Medal"
1963 The Dick Van Dyke Show Mr. Donald Lucas Parker Episode: " Very Old Shoes, Very Old Rice"
1964 The Fugitive Charley Episode: "Nicest Fella You'd Ever Want to Meet"
1965 Hank Pete Episode: "Candidate"
1965 Get Smart Agent 8 Episode: "Dear Diary"
1966 Batman Old MacDonald Episode 48: "The Yegg Foes in Gotham"
1967 The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. Jan Streich Episode: "The Moulin Ruse Affair"
1968 Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Mr. Ferguson Episode: "Gomer Goes Home"
1968 Gunsmoke Uncle Finney Episode: "Uncle Finney"
1968 Dragnet (TV series) Charles Augustus William Smith Episode: "The Senior Citizen"
1969 The Good Guys Kiley Episode: "A Chimp Named Sam"
1969 Dragnet (TV series) Calvin Lampe Episode: "Homicide: DR 22"
1970 The Ghost & Mrs. Muir Mr. Homer Episode: "Pardon My Ghost"
1970–1974 Adam-12 Various characters 5 episodes
1971 The New Andy Griffith Show Mr. Ormstead Episode: "Glen Campbell Visits"
1971 All in the Family Harry Feeney Episode: "Archie is Worried About His Job"
1971 Bewitched Guru Episode: "The Return of Darrin the Bold"
1971 Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In Himself + various characters Season 5, Episode 13
1973 The Brady Bunch Jethroe Collins Episode: "Bobby's Hero"
1973 Sanford and Son Mr. Malloy Episode: "Home Sweet Home for the Aged"
1973–1976 All in the Family Justin Quigley 4 episodes
1974 Rhoda Sleeping Man Episode: "The Honeymoon"
1975 Switch Old man Episode: "The Deadly Missiles Caper"
1976 The Moneychangers Jack Henderson Miniseries
1976–1977 Phyllis Arthur Lanson 4 episodes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hollywood actor Mustin claimed by death at 92". St. Joseph News-Press. January 29, 1977. p. 2A. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Koykka, Arthur S. (1986). Project Remember: ANational Index Of Gravesites Of Notable Americans. Reference Publications. p. 164. ISBN 0-917256-22-0.
Jump up ^ Obituary Variety, February 2, 1977, page 94.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Burt Mustin". Boca Raton News. April 7, 1975. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Widener University. "Burt Mustin". Widener University. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Cecil (June 5, 1971). "Mustin, Life Begins At 87". Toledo Blade. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Burt Mustin Active, But Hollywood Isn't". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 5, 1970. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kleiner, Dick (November 28, 1971). "Contribution Of Burt And Queenie". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Burt Mustin, 92-year-old actor, is dead". Bangor Daily News. January 28, 1977. p. 33. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Actor Mustin dies at 92". The Telegraph-Herald. January 30, 1977. p. 2. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
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Filet-O-Fish
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Filet-O-Fish
Nutritional value per 1 sandwich (141 g)
Energy
380 kcal (1,600 kJ)
Carbohydrates
38 g (13%)
Sugars
5 g
Dietary fiber
2 g (7%)
Fat
18 g (28%)
Saturated
3.5 g (19%)
Trans
0 g
Protein
15 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A
30 IU
Vitamin C
(0%)
0 mg
Minerals
Calcium
(15%)
150 mg
Iron
(6%)
0.8 mg
Sodium
(43%)
640 mg
Other constituents
Energy from fat
170 kcal (710 kJ)
Cholesterol
40 mg (14%)
May vary outside US market. 360 kcal (1,500 kJ) in UK. Some restaurants publish nutritional information for the sandwich with the tartar sauce removed.
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: McDonald's
The Filet-O-Fish otherwise known as the 'Fish-O-Filet' is a fish sandwich sold by the international fast food chain store McDonald's. It was invented in 1962 by Lou Groen, a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio. While the fish composition of the sandwich has changed through the years to satisfy taste and supply shortcomings, the framework of its ingredients have remained constant; a fried breaded fish fillet, a steamed bun, tartar sauce, and pasteurized processed American cheese.
Contents
[hide]
1 Product description
2 History
3 Product marketing
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Product description[edit]
As of December 2014[update], the Filet-O-Fish contains a battered, fried fish fillet made from Alaska pollock.[1] In the Republic of Ireland either hoki or Alaska pollock may be served.[2] In New Zealand and the United Kingdom Filet-O-Fish contains hoki instead of Alaska pollock.[3] McDonald's Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, Czech Republic, The Netherlands and Hong Kong use a half slice of cheese in each Filet-O-Fish sandwich.[4][5][6][7]
History[edit]
The sandwich was created in 1962 by a McDonald's franchise owner in Cincinnati, Ohio, named Lou Groen.[8][9] Groen owned a McDonald's in a predominantly Roman Catholic neighborhood where his Catholic customers engaged in the practice of not eating meat on Fridays.[9]
The product was named by Cye Landy of Cye Landy Advertising Agency, which was the advertising firm for that particular McDonald's franchise.
It has become popular with people with dietary restrictions concerning meat-based products. For example, in Judaism, the fish used in the sandwich is considered kosher even without special preparation, while other meats would require special slaughter techniques to be considered kosher.[10] However, the preparation of the fish alongside non-kosher meat products and in a non-Kosher kitchen renders the Filet-O-Fish non-kosher.
The sandwich was the first non-hamburger menu item brought in by new McDonald's company owner Ray Kroc.[11] Kroc made a deal with Groen: they would sell two non-meat sandwiches on a Friday, Kroc's own Hula Burger (grilled pineapple with cheese on a cold bun) and the Filet-O-Fish, and whichever sold the most would be added to the permanent menu. The Filet-O-Fish "won hands down"[9] and was added to menus throughout 1963 until reaching nationwide status in 1965.[12]
The use of farmed fish in the Filet-O-Fish first came about in 1981, when an owner of a New Zealand fisheries company was dissatisfied with the pollock Filet-O-Fish he purchased at the Courtenay Place, Wellington restaurant. Saying to the manager that he could make a better-tasting fish fillet, he was handed a box of fillets and told to come back with identical, better-tasting fillets. He substituted red cod for the pollock, and after the manager was satisfied with the better-tasting red cod fillets, ended up in agreement to supply the Courtenay Place restaurant (and eventually several other New Zealand restaurants) with the red cod fillets. The similar-tasting hoki was substituted several years later, due to its competitive market value and its boneless fillets, and eventually was introduced widely in the early 1990s when global pollock stocks were facing low numbers.[13] McDonald's removed the Filet-O-Fish from its menus in the United States on September 26, 1996,[14] and replaced it with the Fish Filet Deluxe sandwich, which was part of McDonald's ill-fated Deluxe line of sandwiches. However, the Filet-O-Fish was brought back to its menus on a gradual basis starting in the middle of 1997, due to overwhelming letters and petitions, receiving the larger fish patty from the Fish Filet Deluxe. The Fish Filet Deluxe itself was discontinued at most restaurants early the next year, while others kept it a little longer until the Fish Filet Deluxe was finally removed in the year 2000.[15]
In November 2007, McDonald's lowered the use of New Zealand hoki and increased the use of Alaskan pollock,[16] due to declining New Zealand hoki fishery sustainability and large cutbacks in the total allowable commercial catch of hoki by the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries - from 250,000 tonnes in 1997 to 90,000 tonnes in 2007.[17] McDonald's originally used Atlantic cod, before declining cod catches forced McDonald's to find sustainable fish elsewhere. McDonald's is trying to maintain fish only from areas certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council, but that is becoming more difficult each year. Hoki is still a major ingredient.[18]
As of March 2009, the Marine Stewardship Council[19] placed the Alaskan pollock fisheries in a re-assessment program[20] due to catch numbers declining by over 30% between 2005 and 2008, and by-catch problems with salmon.
As of January 2013 the Marine Stewardship Council stated that the pollock comes from suppliers with sustainable fishing practices, and McDonald's packaging and promotion will reflect that change.[21]
In February 2015, for a limited time, McDonald's began offering a special Filet-O-Fish with Old Bay Seasoning in 700 stores within the United States[22]
Product marketing[edit]
Captain Crook, the McDonaldland character, was previously used to market the sandwich to children. Frankie the Fish was created to promote the burger in 2009, being based on the early 2000s Big Mouth Billy Bass fad, and even getting an animatronic singing fish counterpart from Big Mouth Billy Bass's creators, Gemmy Industries.
See also[edit]
Fish finger sandwich
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Filet-O-Fish". McDonald's. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Filet-O-Fish ® :: McDonalds.ie
Jump up ^ "Filet-o-Fish Ingredients". UK: McDonald's. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "McDonald's New Zealand". New Zealand: McDonald's. October 25, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "why is the fillet o fish served with half a slice of cheese, dont lie bcuz i have photgraphic evidence". Canada: McDonald's.
Jump up ^ "Why is the cheese slice on a filet-o-fish a tiny sliver?". Canada: McDonald's.
Jump up ^ "Why do you only use half a cheese slice in your Filet-O-Fish sandwiches? Has it always been this way?". Canada: McDonald's.
Jump up ^ Smith, Craig (November 7, 2002). "North Sea Cod Crisis Brings Call for Nations to Act". New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clark, Paul (February 20, 2007). "No fish story: Sandwich saved his McDonald's". USA Today. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Buying Kosher Fish". Chabad.org.
Jump up ^ Pepin, Jacques (December 7, 1998). "Burger Meister RAY KROC". Time. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Travel Through Time With Us!". McDonald's. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hepözden, Rosemary (2011). O'Flaherty, Brian, ed. Golden Arches under Southern Skies: Celebrating 35 years of McDonald's in New Zealand. in co-op with McDonald's Restaurants (NZ) Ltd. Auckland: Renaissance Publishing. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-9864521-1-6.
Jump up ^ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charlotte: Search Results". nl.newsbank.com. March 22, 1998. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Find The Answer :: McDonalds.co.uk". makeupyourownmind.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ Moore, Bill (June 28, 2011). "Hoki fishery rebuilt, quota to rise, says minister". Nelson Mail. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Daily Finance Article". DailyFinance.com. 11 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Alaska Pollock- Gulf of Alaska — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
Jump up ^ J Rice; D Bowen; S Hanna; P Knapman (November 12, 2008). "Surveillance Report – Gulf of Alaska Pollock Fishery" (PDF). Moody Marine. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (January 25, 2013). "McDonald's fish to carry 'sustainable' labeling". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "McDonald’s launches special Filet-O-Fish with Old Bay seasoning in an attempt to spice up sales in the Mid-Atlantic". MailOnline.
External links[edit]
Filetofish.com
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The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald
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Kyle Larson (NASCAR)
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McDonald's All-American Game
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Super Size Me
Don't Eat This Book
Legal cases
Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants
Magee v. McDonald's
McDonald's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.
Related
McDelivery
Big Mac Index
Bill Elliott
McDonald's Young Entertainers
McWords
San Ysidro McDonald's massacre
"Seriously McDonalds"
Sydney River McDonald's murders
Taiwan McDonald's bombings
Urban legends
Boom, Like That
The Founder (2016 film)
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