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List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat
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There have been a total of 11 seats on the Supreme Court of the United States: one Chief Justiceship and ten Associate Justiceships. Two of the Associate Justiceships were abolished, leaving the nine-seat Court of today.
The Associate Justiceships are numbered in order of their creation. The dates given below for the filling of a seat are the dates the justices were sworn in. If seats were established simultaneously, they are ordered according to the seniority directed by statute—i.e., by the dates on their commissions, and given ties, by age. President George Washington commissioned the first five associate justices on the following respective dates:
John Rutledge – September 26, 1789
William Cushing – September 27, 1789
James Wilson – September 29, 1789
John Blair – September 30, 1789
James Iredell – February 10, 1790
Justice Iredell replaced Robert H. Harrison, commissioned September 28, 1789, who declined to serve.
The Judicial Circuits Act of July 23, 1866 (see 14 Stat. 209) provided that each Associate Justiceship would be abolished as it became vacant until only six Associate Justiceships would remain. Since there were nine Associate Justiceships when the Act was passed, three were to be abolished:
Seat 7 was vacant when the Judicial Circuits Act passed, and hence was abolished on July 23, 1866. John Catron was the only occupant of this seat.
Seat 5 was abolished upon the death of James Moore Wayne on July 5, 1867.
The Circuit Judges Act of 1869 (see 16 Stat. 44) superseded the Judicial Circuits Act before a third seat could be abolished.
Chief Justice
The seat of Chief Justice was established by the Constitution and organized on September 24, 1789 by the Judiciary Act of 1789 (see 1 Stat. 73).
Jay October 19, 1789 –
June 29, 1795
J. Rutledge August 12, 1795 –
December 15, 1795
Ellsworth March 8, 1796 –
December 15, 1800
J. Marshall February 4, 1801 –
July 6, 1835
Taney March 28, 1836 –
October 12, 1864
S.P. Chase December 15, 1864 –
May 7, 1873
Waite March 4, 1874 –
March 23, 1888
Fuller October 8, 1888 –
July 4, 1910
E. White December 19, 1910 –
May 19, 1921
Taft July 11, 1921 –
February 3, 1930
Hughes February 24, 1930 –
June 30, 1941
Stone July 3, 1941 –
April 22, 1946
Vinson June 24, 1946 –
September 8, 1953
Warren October 5, 1953 –
June 23, 1969
Burger June 23, 1969 –
September 26, 1986
Rehnquist September 26, 1986 –
September 3, 2005
J. Roberts September 29, 2005 –
present
Associate Justice (Seat 1)
This seat was established September 24, 1789 by the Judiciary Act of 1789 (see 1 Stat. 73).
J. Rutledge February 15, 1790 –
March 5, 1791
T. Johnson August 6, 1791 –
January 16, 1793
Paterson March 11, 1793 –
September 9, 1806
Livingston January 20, 1807 –
March 18, 1823
Thompson September 1, 1823 –
December 18, 1843
Nelson February 14, 1845 –
November 28, 1872
Hunt December 11, 1872 –
January 27, 1882
Blatchford March 22, 1882 –
July 7, 1893
E. White February 19, 1894 –
December 12, 1910
Van Devanter December 16, 1910 –
June 2, 1937
Black August 18, 1937 –
September 17, 1971
Powell January 7, 1972 –
June 26, 1987
Kennedy February 18, 1988 –
present
Associate Justice (Seat 2)
This seat was established September 24, 1789 by the Judiciary Act of 1789 (see 1 Stat. 73).
Cushing February 2, 1790 –
September 13, 1810
Story February 3, 1812 –
September 10, 1845
Woodbury September 23, 1845 –
September 4, 1851
Curtis October 10, 1851 –
September 30, 1857
Clifford January 21, 1858 –
July 25, 1881
Gray January 9, 1882 –
September 15, 1902
Holmes December 8, 1902 –
January 12, 1932
Cardozo March 14, 1932 –
July 9, 1938
Frankfurter January 30, 1939 –
August 28, 1962
Goldberg October 1, 1962 –
July 25, 1965
Fortas October 4, 1965 –
May 14, 1969
Blackmun June 9, 1970 –
August 3, 1994
Breyer August 3, 1994 –
present
Associate Justice (Seat 3)
This seat was established September 24, 1789 by the Judiciary Act of 1789 (see 1 Stat. 73).
Wilson October 5, 1789 –
August 21, 1798
Washington February 4, 1799 –
November 26, 1829
Baldwin January 18, 1830 –
April 21, 1844
Grier August 10, 1846 –
January 31, 1870
Strong March 14, 1870 –
December 14, 1880
Woods January 5, 1881 –
May 14, 1887
L. Lamar January 18, 1888 –
January 23, 1893
H. Jackson March 4, 1893 –
August 8, 1895
Peckham January 6, 1896 –
October 24, 1909
Lurton January 3, 1910 –
July 12, 1914
McReynolds October 12, 1914 –
January 31, 1941
Byrnes July 8, 1941 –
October 3, 1942
W. Rutledge February 15, 1943 –
September 10, 1949
Minton October 12, 1949 –
October 15, 1956
Brennan October 16, 1956 –
July 20, 1990
Souter October 9, 1990 –
June 29, 2009
Sotomayor August 8, 2009 –
present
Associate Justice (Seat 4)
This seat was established September 24, 1789 by the Judiciary Act of 1789 (see 1 Stat. 73).
Blair February 2, 1790 –
October 25, 1795
S. Chase February 4, 1796 –
June 19, 1811
Duvall November 23, 1811 –
January 14, 1835
Barbour May 12, 1836 –
February 25, 1841
Daniel January 10, 1842 –
May 31, 1860
Miller July 21, 1862 –
October 13, 1890
Brown January 5, 1891 –
May 28, 1906
Moody December 17, 1906 –
November 20, 1910
J. Lamar January 3, 1911 –
January 2, 1916
Brandeis June 5, 1916 –
February 13, 1939
Douglas April 17, 1939 –
November 12, 1975
Stevens December 19, 1975 –
June 29, 2010
Kagan August 7, 2010 –
present
Associate Justice (Seat 5)
This seat was established September 24, 1789 by the Judiciary Act of 1789 (see 1 Stat. 73).
Iredell May 12, 1790 –
October 20, 1799
Moore April 21, 1800 –
January 26, 1804
W. Johnson May 7, 1804 –
August 4, 1834
Wayne January 14, 1835 –
July 5, 1867
This seat was abolished upon the death of James Moore Wayne per the Judicial Circuits Act (see 14 Stat. 209).
Associate Justice (Seat 6)
This seat was established February 24, 1807 by the Seventh Circuit Act (see 2 Stat. 420).
Todd May 4, 1807 –
February 7, 1826
Trimble June 16, 1826 –
August 25, 1828
McLean January 11, 1830 –
April 4, 1861
Swayne January 27, 1862 –
January 24, 1881
Matthews May 17, 1881 –
March 22, 1889
Brewer January 6, 1890 –
March 28, 1910
Hughes October 10, 1910 –
June 10, 1916
Clarke October 9, 1916 –
September 18, 1922
Sutherland October 2, 1922 –
January 17, 1938
Reed January 31, 1938 –
February 25, 1957
Whittaker March 25, 1957 –
March 31, 1962
White April 16, 1962 –
June 28, 1993
Ginsburg August 10, 1993 –
present
Associate Justice (Seat 7)
This seat was established March 3, 1837 by the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act (see 5 Stat. 176).
Catron May 1, 1837 –
May 30, 1865
This seat was abolished July 23, 1866 by the Judicial Circuits Act (see 14 Stat. 209).
Associate Justice (Seat 8)
This seat was established March 3, 1837 by the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act (see 5 Stat. 176).
McKinley January 9, 1838 –
July 19, 1852
Campbell April 11, 1853 –
April 30, 1861
Davis December 10, 1862 –
March 4, 1877
Harlan December 10, 1877 –
October 14, 1911
Pitney March 18, 1912 –
December 31, 1922
Sanford February 19, 1923 –
March 8, 1930
O. Roberts June 2, 1930 –
July 31, 1945
Burton October 1, 1945 –
October 13, 1958
Stewart October 14, 1958 –
July 3, 1981
O'Connor September 25, 1981 –
January 31, 2006
Alito January 31, 2006 –
present
Associate Justice (Seat 9)
This seat was established March 3, 1863 by the Tenth Circuit Act (see 12 Stat. 794).
Field May 20, 1863 –
December 1, 1897
McKenna January 26, 1898 –
January 5, 1925
Stone March 2, 1925 –
July 2, 1941
R. Jackson July 11, 1941 –
October 9, 1954
Harlan II March 28, 1955 –
September 23, 1971
Rehnquist January 7, 1972 –
September 26, 1986
Scalia September 26, 1986 –
February 13, 2016
Gorsuch April 10, 2017 –
present
Associate Justice (Seat 10)
This seat was established April 10, 1869 by the Circuit Judges Act of 1869 (see 16 Stat. 44).
Bradley March 23, 1870 –
January 22, 1892
Shiras October 10, 1892 –
February 23, 1903
Day March 2, 1903 –
November 13, 1922
Butler January 22, 1923 –
November 16, 1939
Murphy February 5, 1940 –
July 19, 1949
Clark August 24, 1949 –
June 12, 1967
T. Marshall October 2, 1967 –
October 1, 1991
Thomas October 23, 1991 –
present
See also[edit]
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition
List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office
References[edit]
"Judges of the United States Courts". Official website of the Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on November 7, 2004. Retrieved November 21, 2004.
source for seat information
"Members of the Supreme Court from the Supreme Court of the United States" (PDF). Official website of the Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved May 29, 2005.
PDF (28 kB)
source for term of active service
External links[edit]
Decisions and biography by Justice
Thorough Supreme Court site by Northwestern University
Biographies of Supreme Court Justices at michaelariens.com
The Supreme Court Historical Society
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You Can Call Me Al
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"You Can Call Me Al"
Single by Paul Simon
from the album Graceland
Released
September 5, 1986 (1986-09-05)
Format
7"
12"
Recorded
April 1986
The Hit Factory, New York City
Genre
Pop rock
worldbeat
Length
4:40
3:55 (Single Version)
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Paul Simon
Producer(s)
Paul Simon
Paul Simon singles chronology
"Think Too Much"
(1984) "You Can Call Me Al"
(1986) "Graceland"
(1986)
"Think Too Much"
(1984) "You Can Call Me Al"
(1986) "Graceland"
(1986)
"You Can Call Me Al" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Paul Simon. It was the lead single from his seventh studio album, Graceland (1986), released on Warner Bros. Records. Written by Simon, its lyrics follow an individual seemingly experiencing a midlife crisis. Its lyrics were partially inspired by Simon's trip to South Africa and experience with its culture.
Released in September 1986, "You Can Call Me Al" became one of Simon's biggest solo hits, reaching the top five in seven countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Recording and production
3 Composition
4 Music videos
5 Chart performance
6 Credits and personnel
7 In popular culture
8 Charts
9 Certifications and sales
10 Notes
11 External links
Background[edit]
The names in the song came from an incident at a party that Simon went to with his then-wife Peggy Harper. French composer and conductor Pierre Boulez, who was attending the same party, mistakenly referred to Paul as "Al" and to Peggy as "Betty", inspiring Simon to write a song.[1][2]
Recording and production[edit]
"You Can Call Me Al" was recorded entirely at The Hit Factory in New York City in April 1986; it differs from much of Graceland in this regard, as most songs on the record were recorded in numerous locales worldwide.[3]
After the song's completion, it was mixed at The Hit Factory alongside the rest of Graceland, at an average of two days per song.[3] Simon's vocals on the song are rather quick-paced, which made them difficult to mix over the numerous instruments in the backing track. After much work on the track, Simon's long-time engineer Roy Halee used tape delays feeding separately into the two audio channels, which made the vocals clear.[3]
Composition[edit]
The lyrics can be interpreted as describing a man experiencing a midlife crisis[4] ("Where's my wife and family? What if I die here? Who'll be my role model?"). However, as Paul Simon himself explained during the Graceland episode of the Classic Albums documentary series, by the third verse the lyrics move from a generic portrait-like perspective to a personal and autobiographical one, as he describes his journey to South Africa which inspired the entire album.[5]
The song opens simply, with its protagonist wondering aloud why his life is difficult, amid other questions. Simon structured the song's lyrics in a way that listeners would be given the simplest information first, before getting abstract with his imagery in the song's third verse: "Because there's been a structure, [...] those abstract images, they will come down and fall into one of the slots that the mind has already made up about the structure of the song."[6]
Synthesizer player Rob Mounsey arranged and conducted the horn section, and contributed heavily to the track's arrangement and groove.[3] The song features a bass run performed by Bakithi Kumalo; the solo is palindromic as only the first half was recorded, and was then played backwards for the second half. The decision to reverse the recording was made by Halee, who noted in a later interview that this type of experimentation was common in order to make the songs more interesting.[3] The penny whistle solo was performed by jazz musician Morris Goldberg.
Music videos[edit]
Paul Simon did not like the original music video that was made, which was a performance of the song Simon gave during the monologue when he hosted Saturday Night Live in the perspective of a video monitor.[7] A replacement video was conceived partly by Lorne Michaels and directed by Gary Weis, wherein Chevy Chase lip-synced Simon's vocals, with gestures punctuating the lyrics.[8]
Chart performance[edit]
"You Can Call Me Al" became Simon's biggest hit single as a solo act. In the United States, however, it initially fared poorly, reaching number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 1986. As sales and acclaim for Graceland grew, culminating in a win for Album of the Year at the 29th Annual Grammy Awards in February 1987, the single began to re-enter the charts. After making a second entry in March, the song rose to a peak of number 23 in May 1987.[9]
Credits and personnel[edit]
Paul Simon—lead vocals, six-string electric bass, background vocals
Ray Phiri—guitar
Adrian Belew—guitar synthesizer
Bakithi Kumalo—bass
Isaac Mtshali—drums
Ralph MacDonald—percussion
James Guyatt—percussion
Rob Mounsey—synthesizer, horn arrangement (uncredited on album)
Ronnie Cuber—bass and baritone saxophone
Jon Faddis—trumpet
Randy Brecker—trumpet
Lew Soloff—trumpet
Alan Rubin—trumpet
Dave Bargeron—trombone
Kim Allan Cissel—trombone
Morris Goldberg—penny whistle
Ladysmith Black Mambazo—background vocals (uncredited)
In popular culture[edit]
A live performance of "You Can Call Me Al" by Paul Simon is included in the DVD release The 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Concerts/Time Life presents Ravin' Films, Tenth Planet; directed by Joel Gallen. Imprint New York: Time Life, c2010. This videodisc features live and previously unseen performances from two New York concerts at Madison Square Garden that aired originally on HBO.[10][11]
The song is the basis for a karaoke sketch[12] in the Portlandia season 5 episode of the same name,[13] which also features a guest spot from Simon himself.[14]
In the Family Guy season 10 episode "Grumpy Old Man" (2011), Lois plays the song with her saxophone, in so-called "phone sax" with Peter.[15]
Simon appeared on a Late Show with Stephen Colbert episode, as "Alan", leader of a supposed Paul Simon tribute band named "Troubled Waters", and on being addressed as "Alan" by Colbert, who then asked Simon, "Can I call you Al?"[16]
Vance Joy performed the song mixed with "Cheerleader" by OMI during his Fire and the Flood tour in 2016.[17]
The song is featured in the season 1 episode "Pilgrim Rick" of This Is Us.
In The Office season 5 episode "Heavy Competition" (2009), an a cappella version of the song is sung by Andy Bernard and his band.
Train performed the song during their Save Me San Francisco tour in 2017. Marc Roberge, Jerry DePizzo, and Jon Lampley from O.A.R., touring with Train, joined them on the song.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1986–87)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent)[18] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19] 2
Canada (RPM)[20] 11
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21] 5
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[22] 9
Ireland (IRMA)[23] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[24] 2
South Africa Top 20[25] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[27] 23
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[28]
Gold 500,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Notes[edit]
References
Jump up ^ "An artistic conversation of brillianace [sic]" by Kelly McNoldy, The Sandspur, October 17, 2008
Jump up ^ Eliot, Marc (2010). Paul Simon: A Life. John Wiley & Sons. p. 194. ISBN 9780470900871.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Buskin, Richard (September 2008). "Paul Simon 'You Can Call Me Al': Classic Tracks". Sound on Sound. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pareles, Jon (August 31, 1996). "The Dance Within the Hit Parade". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Director & Producer: Jeremy Marre (25 November 2016). "Classic Albums: Paul Simon: Graceland". Classic Albums. BBC. BBC Four.
Jump up ^ Zollo, Paul (April 1990). "Paul Simon: Spirit Voices Vol. I". SongTalk.
Jump up ^ "" Pop Up Video: Paul Simon , 'You can call me Al'" by Paul Simon | Music Video". VH1.com. Retrieved August 25, 2014. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Paul Simon – "You can call me Al"". Mvdbase.com. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (March 28, 2015). "Rewinding the Charts: In 1987, Paul Simon's 'You Can Call Me Al' Reignited". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ The-25th-Anniversary-Rock-Roll-Hall-Of-Fame-Concert cast Retrieved on November 10, 2015
Jump up ^ The-25th-Anniversary-Rock-Roll-Hall-Of-Fame-Concert Retrieved on November 10, 2015
Jump up ^ Portlandia karaoke sketch summary. Retrieved November 10, 2015
Jump up ^ Portlandia episode titled "You Can Call Me Al" summary Retrieved on November 10, 2015
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Watch Paul Simon Stop by Portlandia for Awkward Q&A by Joe Lynch, Billboard, March 2, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015
Jump up ^ "What is the name of the song Peter Griffin and Lois have phone sax too?". kgbanswers.com. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Late Show with Steven Colbert summary Retrieved on November 10, 2015
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NK-7FE7sSM
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Paul Simon – You Can Call Me Al" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "RPM100: Singles" (PDF). RPM. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada. 45 (7). November 8, 1986. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Paul Simon – You Can Call Me Al" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Paul Simon: You Can Call Me Al" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – You Can Call Me Al". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Paul Simon – You Can Call Me Al". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Currin, Brian. "South African Rock Lists Website, SA Charts 1969–1989 Acts (S)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Paul Simon Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Paul Simon – You Can Call Me Al". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 6, 2017. Enter You Can Call Me Al in the search field and then press Enter.
Sources
Bennighof, James (2007). The Words and Music of Paul Simon. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-99163-0.
Kingston, Victoria (2000). Simon & Garfunkel: The Biography. Fromm International. ISBN 978-0-88064-246-0.
External links[edit]
Official music video on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
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Jamestown, Virginia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestowne, Virginia
Fort (1606–1607); Town (1619)
The ruined tower of the 17th century Jamestown Church; the nave was reconstructed in 1907 on the original foundations

Location in Virginia
Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestown, Virginia
Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 37°12′33″N 76°46′39″W / 37.20917°N 76.77750°W / 37.20917; -76.77750Coordinates: 37°12′33″N 76°46′39″W / 37.20917°N 76.77750°W / 37.20917; -76.77750
Present Country
United States of America
State
Virginia
Historic Country
Kingdom of England
Colony
Colony of Virginia
Established
May 14, 1607
Abandoned
briefly in 1610; again after 1699
Founded by
Virginia Company of London
Named for
James VI and I
The Jamestown[1] settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. William Kelso writes that Jamestown "is where the British Empire began".[2] It was established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607 (O.S.; May 14, 1607 N.S.),[3] and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke. Jamestown served as the capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699.
The settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah, which was ruled by the Powhatan Confederacy, and specifically in that of the Paspahegh tribe. The natives initially welcomed and provided crucial provisions and support for the colonists, who were not agriculturally inclined. Relations soured fairly early on, however, leading to the total annihilation of the Paspahegh in warfare within three years. Mortality was very high at Jamestown itself due to disease and starvation, with over 80-percent of the colonists perishing in 1609–10 in what became known as the "Starving Time".[4]
The Virginia Company brought eight Polish[5] [6] and German colonists in 1608 in the Second Supply, some of whom built a small glass factory—although the Germans and a few others soon defected to the Powhatans with weapons and supplies from the settlement.[7][8][9][10] The Second Supply also brought the first two European women to the settlement.[7][8] In 1619, the first documented Africans came to Jamestown—about 50 men, women, and children aboard a Portuguese slave ship that had been captured in the West Indies and brought to the Jamestown region. They most likely worked in the tobacco fields as indentured servants, but they became slaves as time went on.[11] The modern conception of slavery in the United States was formalized in 1640 (the John Punch hearing) and was fully entrenched in Virginia by 1660.[12]
The London Company's second settlement in Bermuda claims to be the site of the oldest town in the English New World, as St. George's, Bermuda was officially established in 1612 as New London, whereas James Fort in Virginia was not converted into James Towne until 1619, and further did not survive to the present day.[13] In 1676, Jamestown was deliberately burned during Bacon's Rebellion, though it was quickly rebuilt. In 1699, the capital was relocated from Jamestown to what is today Williamsburg, Virginia, after which Jamestown ceased to exist as a settlement, existing today only as an archaeological site.
Today, Jamestown is one of three locations comprising the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia, along with Williamsburg and Yorktown, with two primary heritage sites. Historic Jamestowne[14] is the archaeological site on Jamestown Island and is a cooperative effort by Jamestown National Historic Site (part of Colonial National Historical Park) and Preservation Virginia. Jamestown Settlement, a living history interpretive site, is operated by the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation, a state agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Settlement
1.1 Arrival and beginning (1607–1609)
1.2 Starving Time and Third Supply (1609–1610)
1.3 Rising fortunes (1610–1624)
1.4 Later years (1624–1699)
2 Aftermath and preservation
2.1 American Civil War
2.2 Preservation and early archaeology
3 Today
3.1 Historic Jamestowne
3.2 Jamestown Settlement
4 Commemorations
4.1 200th anniversary (1807)
4.2 250th anniversary (1857)
4.3 300th anniversary (1907): Jamestown Exposition
4.4 350th Anniversary (1957): Jamestown Festival
4.5 400th anniversary: Jamestown 2007
4.6 2019 Commemoration
5 Jamestown in fiction
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Settlement[edit]
Main article: History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99)
See also: European colonization of the Americas
Spain, Portugal, and France moved quickly to establish a presence in the New World, while other European countries moved more slowly. The English did not attempt to found colonies until many decades after the explorations of John Cabot, and early efforts were failures—most notably the Roanoke Colony which vanished about 1590.
Arrival and beginning (1607–1609)[edit]
Map of Jamestown Island, showing the terrain and location of the original 1607 fort. (Modern roads, causeway, and buildings not shown)
Late in 1606, English colonizers set sail with a charter from the London Company to establish a colony in the New World. The fleet consisted of the ships Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed, all under the leadership of Captain Christopher Newport. They made a particularly long voyage of four months, including a stop in Canary Islands[15][16] and subsequently Puerto Rico, and finally departed for the American mainland on April 10, 1607. The expedition made landfall on April 26, 1607 at a place which they named Cape Henry. Under orders to select a more secure location, they set about exploring what is now Hampton Roads and an outlet to the Chesapeake Bay which they named the James River in honor of King James I of England.[17] Captain Edward Maria Wingfield was elected president of the governing council on April 25, 1607. On May 14, he selected a piece of land on a large peninsula some 40 miles (64 km) inland from the Atlantic Ocean as a prime location for a fortified settlement. The river channel was a defensible strategic point due to a curve in the river, and it was close to the land, making it navigable and offering enough land for piers or wharves to be built in the future.[18] Perhaps the most favorable fact about the location was that it was not inhabited by nearby Virginia Indian[19] tribes, who regarded the site as too poor and remote for agriculture.[20] The island was swampy and isolated, and it offered limited space, was plagued by mosquitoes, and afforded only brackish tidal river water unsuitable for drinking.
The Jamestown settlers arrived in Virginia during a severe drought, according to a research study conducted by the Jamestown Archaeological Assessment (JAA) team in the 1990s. The JAA analyzed information from a study conducted in 1985 by David Stahle and others, who obtained borings of 800 year-old baldcypress trees along the Nottoway and Blackwater rivers. The lifespan of these trees is up to 1,000 years and their rings offer a good indication of an area’s annual amount of rainfall. The borings revealed that the worst drought in 700 years occurred between 1606 and 1612. This severe drought affected the Jamestown colonist and Powhatan tribe’s ability to produce food and obtain a safe supply of water.[21]
Salt marshes along Jamestown Island. The ample wetlands on the island proved to be a breeding ground for mosquitoes.
The settlers also arrived too late in the year to get crops planted.[22] Many in the group were either gentlemen unused to work or their manservants, both equally unaccustomed to the hard labor demanded by the harsh task of carving out a viable colony.[22] One of these was Robert Hunt, a former vicar of Reculver, England who celebrated the first known Eucharist in the territory of the future United States on June 21, 1607.[23]
In a few months, 80% of the party were dead; some of the survivors were deserting to the Indians whose land they had colonized.[22] Virginia Native Americans had established settlements long before the English settlers arrived, and there were an estimated 14,000 in the region who were politically known as Tsenacommacah and who spoke an Algonquian language. They were the Powhatan Confederacy, ruled by their paramount chief known as Wahunsenacawh or "Chief Powhatan". Wahunsenacawh initially sought to resettle the English colonists from Jamestown, considered part of Paspahegh territory, to another location known as Capahosick where they would make metal tools for him as members of his Confederacy, but this never transpired.
The first explorers had been welcomed by the Indians with dancing, feasting, and tobacco ceremonies.[24] Despite the hospitality of Wahunsenacawh, the presence of the English settlers and perhaps a further expedition up the James River by Captain Christopher Newport provoked the Paspahegh, Weyanock, and other groups to mount a series of attacks on the fort during period of violence lasting from May 27 to July 14, 1607.
Detail of the map made by Pedro de Zúñiga, depicting the fort in about 1608
Two-thirds of the settlers died before ships arrived in 1608 with supplies and German, Polish, and Slovak craftsmen,[25][26][27] who helped to establish the first manufactories in the colony. As a result, glassware became the foremost American products to be exported to Europe at the time. Clapboard had already been sent back to England beginning with the first returning ship.
Names of those on the Second Supply - Page 445 (or Page 72)"The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles", by Capt. John Smith - [28]
The delivery of supplies in 1608 on the First and Second Supply missions of Captain Newport had also added to the number of hungry settlers. It seemed certain at that time that the colony at Jamestown would meet the same fate as earlier English attempts to settle in North America, specifically the Roanoke Colony (Lost Colony) and the Popham Colony, unless there was a major relief effort. The Germans who arrived with the Second Supply and a few others defected to the Powhatans, with weapons and equipment.[9][10] The Germans even planned to join a rumored Spanish attack on the colony and urged the Powhatans to join it.[29] The Spanish were driven off by the timely arrival in July 1609 of Captain Samuel Argall in Mary and John, a larger ship than the Spanish reconnaissance ship La Asunción de Cristo.[30]
The investors of the Virginia Company of London expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments. With the Second Supply, they expressed their frustrations and made demands upon the leaders of Jamestown in written form. They specifically demanded that the colonists send commodities sufficient to pay the cost of the voyage, a lump of gold, assurance that they had found the South Sea, and one member of the lost Roanoke Colony. It fell to the third president of the Council Captain John Smith to deliver a bold and much-needed wake-up call in response to the investors in London, demanding practical laborers and craftsmen who could help make the colony more self-sufficient.[31]
Starving Time and Third Supply (1609–1610)[edit]
Main articles: Starving Time and Third Supply
After Smith was forced to return to England due to an explosion which gave him deep burn wounds during a trading expedition,[32] the colony was led by George Percy, who proved incompetent in negotiating with the native tribes. There are indications that those in London comprehended and embraced Smith's message. The Third Supply mission of 1609 was to be by far the largest and best equipped. They also had a new purpose-built flagship, Sea Venture, constructed, and placed in the most experienced of hands, Christopher Newport.
Mass grave at Jamestown discovered by archaeologists, beneath the foundations of one of the later capitol buildings
On June 2, 1609, Sea Venture set sail from Plymouth as the flagship of a seven-ship fleet (towing two additional pinnaces) destined for Jamestown, Virginia as part of the Third Supply, carrying 214 settlers.[33] On July 24, the fleet ran into a strong storm, likely a hurricane, and the ships were separated. Although some of the ships did make it to Jamestown, the leaders, and most of the supplies had been aboard Sea Venture, which fought the storm for three days before Admiral of the Company, Sir George Somers, deliberately drove her onto the reefs of Bermuda to prevent her foundering. This allowed all aboard to be landed safely.[34]
The survivors (including Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Gates, Captain Christopher Newport, Sylvester Jordain, Stephen Hopkins, later of Mayflower, and secretary William Strachey) were stranded on Bermuda for approximately nine months. During that time, they built two new ships, the pinnaces Deliverance and Patience. The original plan was to build only one vessel, Deliverance, but it soon became evident that she would not be large enough to carry the settlers and all of the food (salted pork) that was being sourced on the islands.[35]
While the Third Supply was stranded in Bermuda, the colony at Jamestown was in even worse shape. In the "Starving Time" of 1609–1610, the Jamestown settlers faced rampant starvation for want of additional provisions. During this time, lack of food drove people to eat snakes and even boil the leather from shoes for sustenance.[36] Only 60 of the original 214 settlers at Jamestown survived.[33] There is scientific evidence that the settlers at Jamestown had turned to cannibalism during the starving time.[37][38][39]
The ships from Bermuda arrived in Jamestown on 23 May 1610.[40][41][42] Many of the surviving colonists were near death, and Jamestown was judged to be unviable. Everyone was boarded onto Deliverance and Patience, which set sail for England. However, on June 10, 1610, the timely arrival of another relief fleet, bearing Governor Baron De La Warr (who would eventually give his name to the colony of Delaware), which met the two ships as they descended the James River, granted Jamestown a reprieve. The Colonists called this The Day of Providence. The fleet brought not only supplies, but also additional settlers.[43] All the settlers returned to the colony, though there was still a critical shortage of food.
Relations between the colonists and the Powhatans quickly deteriorated after De La Warr's arrival, eventually leading to conflict. The Anglo-Powhatan War lasted until Samuel Argall captured Wahunsenacawh's daughter Matoaka, better known by her nickname Pocahontas, after which the chief accepted a treaty of peace.
Rising fortunes (1610–1624)[edit]
Due to the aristocratic backgrounds of many of the new colonists, a historic drought and the communal nature of their work load, progress through the first few years was inconsistent at best. By 1613, six years after Jamestown's founding, the organizers and shareholders of the Virginia Company were desperate to increase the efficiency and profitability of the struggling colony. Without stockholder consent the Governor, Sir Thomas Dale, assigned 3-acre (12,000 m2) plots to its "ancient planters" and smaller plots to the "settlement's" later arrivals. Measurable economic progress was made, and the settlers began expanding their planting to land belonging to local native tribes. That this turnaround coincided with the end of a drought that had begun the year before the English settlers' arrival probably indicates multiple factors were involved besides the colonists' ineptitude.[44]
Among the colonists who survived the Third Supply was John Rolfe, who carried with him a cache of untested new tobacco seeds from Bermuda, which had grown wild there after being planted by shipwrecked Spaniards years before.[45] In 1614, Rolfe began to successfully harvest tobacco.[46] Prosperous and wealthy, he married Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, bringing several years of peace between the English and natives.[47] However, at the end of a public relations trip to England, Pocahontas became sick and died on March 21, 1617.[48] The following year, her father also died. Powhatan's brother, a fierce warrior named Opchanacanough, became head of the Powhatan Confederacy. As the English continued to appropriate more land for tobacco farming, relations with the natives worsened.
Due to the high cost of the trans-atlantic voyage at this time, many English settlers came to Jamestown as indentured servants: in exchange for the passage, room, board, and the promise of land or money, these immigrants would agree to work for three to seven years. Immigrants from continental Europe, mainly Germans, were usually redemptioners—they purchased some portion of their voyage on credit and, upon arrival, borrowed or entered into a work contract to pay the remainder of their voyage costs.[49] Along with European indentured servants, around 20 African slaves arrived in Jamestown in 1619. These slaves were captives taken from a ship headed for Mexico. Though these Africans started in Jamestown as slaves, some were able to obtain the status of indentured servant later in life.
In 1619, the first representative assembly in America convened in the Jamestown Church, "to establish one equal and uniform government over all Virginia" which would provide "just laws for the happy guiding and governing of the people there inhabiting." This became known as the House of Burgesses (forerunner of the Virginia General Assembly). Initially, only men of English origin were permitted to vote. On June 30, 1619, in what was the first recorded strike in Colonial America, the Polish artisans protested and refused to work if not allowed to vote ("No Vote, No Work").[50][51][52] On July 21, 1619, the court granted the Poles and Slovaks equal voting rights.[53] Afterwards, the labor strike (the first "in American history"[6]) was ended and the artisans resumed their work.[52][54][55][56] Individual land ownership was also instituted, and the colony was divided into four large "boroughs" or "incorporations" called "citties" by the colonists. Jamestown was located in James Cittie.
After several years of strained coexistence, Chief Opchanacanough and his Powhatan Confederacy attempted to eliminate the English colony once and for all. On the morning of March 22, 1622, they attacked outlying plantations and communities up and down the James River in what became known as the Indian Massacre of 1622. More than 300 settlers were killed in the attack, about a third of the colony's English-speaking population.[44] Sir Thomas Dale's development at Henricus, which was to feature a college to educate the natives, and Wolstenholme Towne at Martin's Hundred, were both essentially wiped out. Jamestown was spared only through a timely warning by a Virginia Indian employee. There was not enough time to spread the word to the outposts.
Of the 6,000 people who came to the settlement between 1608 and 1624, only 3,400 survived.[44]
Later years (1624–1699)[edit]
In 1624, King James revoked the Virginia Company's charter, and Virginia became a royal colony. Despite the setbacks, the colony continued to grow. Ten years later, in 1634, by order of King Charles I, the colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia (or counties), in a fashion similar to that practiced in England. Jamestown was now located in James City Shire, soon renamed the "County of James City", better known in modern times as James City County, Virginia, the nation's oldest county.
Another large-scale "Indian attack" occurred in 1644. In 1646, Opchanacanough was captured and while in custody an English guard shot him in the back—against orders—and killed him. Subsequently, the Powhatan Confederacy began to decline. Opechancanough's successor signed the first peace treaties between the Powhatan Indians and the English. The treaties required the Powhatan to pay yearly tribute payment to the English and confined them to reservations.[57]
A generation later, during Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, Jamestown was burned, eventually to be rebuilt. During its recovery, the Virginia legislature met first at Governor William Berkeley's nearby Green Spring Plantation, and later at Middle Plantation, which had been started in 1632 as a fortified community inland on the Virginia Peninsula, about 8 miles (13 km) distant.[58]
When the statehouse burned again in 1698, this time accidentally, the legislature again temporarily relocated to Middle Plantation, and was able to meet in the new facilities of the College of William and Mary, which had been established after receiving a royal charter in 1693. Rather than rebuilding at Jamestown again, the capital of the colony was moved permanently to Middle Plantation in 1699. The town was soon renamed Williamsburg, to honor the reigning monarch, King William III. A new Capitol building and "Governor's Palace" were erected there in the following years. This was a revolutionary change.
Aftermath and preservation[edit]
1854 image of the ruins of Jamestown showing the tower of the old Jamestown Church built in the 17th century
Due to the movement of the capital to Williamsburg, the old town of Jamestown began to slowly disappear from view. Those who lived in the general area attended services at Jamestown's church until the 1750s, when it was abandoned. By the mid-18th century, the land was heavily cultivated, primarily by the Travis and Ambler families.
During the American Revolutionary War, although the Battle of Green Spring was fought nearby at the site of former Governor Berkeley's plantation, Jamestown was apparently inconsequential. In 1831, David Bullock purchased Jamestown from the Travis and Ambler families.
American Civil War[edit]
During the American Civil War, in 1861, Confederate William Allen, who owned the Jamestown Island, occupied Jamestown with troops he raised at his own expense with the intention of blockading the James River and Richmond from the Union Navy.[59] He was soon joined by Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones, who directed the building of batteries and conducted ordnance and armor tests for the first Confederate ironclad warship, CSS Virginia, which was under construction at the Gosport Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth in late 1861 and early 1862.[59] Jamestown had a peak force of 1,200 men.[59]
During the Peninsula Campaign, which began later that spring, Union forces under General George B. McClellan moved up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe in an attempt to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond.[59] The Union forces captured Yorktown in April 1862, and the Battle of Williamsburg was fought the following month.[59] With these developments, Jamestown and the lower James River were abandoned by the Confederates.[59] Some of the forces from Jamestown, and the crew of Virginia, relocated to Drewry's Bluff, a fortified and strategic position high above the river about 8 miles (13 km) below Richmond. There, they successfully blocked the Union Navy from reaching the Confederate capital.
Once in Federal hands, Jamestown became a meeting place for runaway slaves, who burned the Ambler house, an eighteenth-century plantation house, which along with the old church was one of the few remaining signs of old Jamestown.[59] When Allen sent men to assess the damage in late 1862, they were killed by the former slaves.[59] Following the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, the oath of allegiance was administered to former Confederate soldiers at Jamestown.[59]
Preservation and early archaeology[edit]
See also: Jamestown Rediscovery
Ruins of Jamestown Church at the turn of the 20th century, prior to the Tercentennial in 1907
In the years after the Civil War, Jamestown became quiet and peaceful once again. In 1892, Jamestown was purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Edward Barney. The following year, the Barneys donated 22½ acres of land, including the ruined church tower, to the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (now known as Preservation Virginia).
By this time, erosion from the river had eaten away the island's western shore. Visitors began to conclude that the site of James Fort lay completely underwater. With federal assistance, a sea wall was constructed in 1900 to protect the area from further erosion. The archaeological remains of the original 1607 fort, which had been protected by the sea wall, were discovered in 1994.
In 1932, George Craghead Gregory of Richmond was credited with discovering the foundation of the first brick statehouse (capitol) building, circa 1646, at Jamestown on the land owned by Preservation Virginia.[60] Around 1936, Gregory, who was active with the Virginia Historical Society, founded the Jamestowne Society for descendants of stockholders in the Virginia Company of London and the descendants of those who owned land or who had domiciles in Jamestown or on Jamestown Island prior to 1700.[61]
Colonial National Monument was authorized by the U.S. Congress on July 3, 1930 and established on December 30, 1930. In 1934, the National Park Service obtained the remaining 1,500 acre (6.1 km²) portion of Jamestown Island which had been under private ownership by the Vermillion family. The National Park Service partnered with Preservation Virginia to preserve the area and present it to visitors in an educational manner. On June 5, 1936, the national monument was re-designated a national historical park, and became known as Colonial National Historical Park.
From 1936 J.C. “Pinky” Harrington worked on the NPS's excavations at Jamestown. In 1954 John L. Cotter took charge of field projects at Jamestown, conducted with the site's 350th anniversary (1957) in mind. Cotter worked with Edward B. Jelks and Harrington to survey the area's colonial sites. In 1957 Cotter and J. Paul Hudson co-authored New Discoveries at Jamestown. Cotter contributed, along with Jelks, Georg Neumann, and Johnny Hack, to the 1958 report Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown.[62]
Today[edit]
In the present time, as part of the Colonial National Historical Park, the Jamestown Island area is home to two heritage tourism sites related to the original fort and town. Nearby, the Jamestown-Scotland Ferry[63] service provides a link across the navigable portion of the James River for vehicles and affords passengers a view of Jamestown Island from the river.
Historic Jamestowne[edit]
Main article: Historic Jamestowne
Historic Jamestowne, located at the original site of Jamestown, is administered by Preservation Virginia and the National Park Service. The central 22½ acres of land, where the archaeological remains of the original James Fort were found, are owned by Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities); the remaining 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) are held by the National Park Service and is part of the Colonial National Historical Park.
The site gained renewed importance when in 1996 the Jamestown Rediscovery project began excavations in search of the original James Fort site, originally in preparation for the quadricentennial of Jamestown's founding. The primary goal of the archaeological campaign was to locate archaeological remains of "the first years of settlement at Jamestown, especially of the earliest fortified town; [and the] subsequent growth and development of the town".[64]
Today, visitors to Historic Jamestowne can view the site of the original 1607 James Fort, the 17th-century church tower and the site of the 17th-century town, as well as tour an archaeological museum called the Archaearium and view many of the close to two million artifacts found by Jamestown Rediscovery. They also may participate in living history ranger tours and Archaeological tours given by the Jamestown Rediscovery staff. Visitors can also often observe archaeologists from the Jamestown Rediscovery Project at work, as archaeological work at the site continues. As of 2014[update], the archaeological work and studies are ongoing.[65] In addition to their newsletter and website, new discoveries are frequently reported in the local newspaper, the Virginia Gazette based in nearby Williamsburg, and by other news media, often worldwide.[66]
Jamestown Settlement[edit]
Main article: Jamestown Settlement
Jamestown Settlement is a living-history park and museum located 1.25 miles (2.01 km) from the original location of the colony and adjacent to Jamestown Island. Initially created for the celebration of the 350th anniversary in 1957, Jamestown Settlement is operated by the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, and largely sponsored by the Commonwealth of Virginia. The museum complex features a reconstruction of a Powhatan village, the James Fort as it was c. 1610–1614, and replicas of the three ships that brought the first settlers, Susan Constant, Godspeed, Discovery.
Commemorations[edit]
With the national independence of the United States established by the end of the 18th century, Jamestown came to be looked at as a starting point. Its founding in 1607 has been regularly commemorated, with the most notable events being held every fifty years.
200th anniversary (1807)[edit]
The bicentennial of Jamestown on May 13–14, 1807, was called the Grand National Jubilee.[67] Over 3,000 people attended the event, many arriving on vessels which anchored in the river off the island.[67]
May 13 was the opening day of the festival, which began with a procession which marched to the graveyard of the old church, where the attending bishop delivered the prayer.[67] The procession then moved to the Travis mansion, where the celebrants dined and danced in the mansion that evening.[67] Also during the festivities, students of the College of William and Mary gave orations. An old barn on the island was used as a temporary theater, where a company of players from Norfolk performed.[67] Attending were many dignitaries, politicians, and historians. The celebration concluded on May 14 with a dinner and toast at the Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg.[67]
250th anniversary (1857)[edit]
In 1857, the Jamestown society organized a celebration marking the 250th anniversary of Jamestown's founding.[67] According to the Richmond Enquirer, the site for the celebration was on 10 acres (40,000 m2) on the spot where some of the colonists' houses were originally built.[67] However, it is also speculated that the celebration was moved further east on the island closer to the Travis grave site, in order to avoid damaging Major William Allen's corn fields.[67]
The attendance was estimated at between 6,000 and 8,000 people.[67] Sixteen large steam ships anchored offshore in the James River and were gaily decorated with streamers.[67] Former US President John Tyler of nearby Sherwood Forest Plantation gave a 2½ hour speech, and there were military displays, a grand ball and fireworks.[67]
300th anniversary (1907): Jamestown Exposition[edit]
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Main article: Jamestown Exposition
The Jamestown Tercentenary Monument, erected on Jamestown Island in 1907. It stands 103 feet (31 m) tall.
The 100th anniversary of the Surrender at Yorktown in 1781 had generated a new interest in the historical significance of the colonial sites of the Peninsula. Williamsburg, a sleepy but populated town of shops and homes, was still celebrating Civil War events. However, as the new century dawned, thoughts turned to the upcoming 300th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown. The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (now known as Preservation Virginia) started the movement in 1900 by calling for a celebration honoring the establishment of the first permanent English colony in the New World at Jamestown to be held on the 300th anniversary in 1907.
As a celebration was planned, virtually no one thought that the actual isolated and long-abandoned original site of Jamestown would be suitable for a major event because Jamestown Island had no facilities for large crowds. The original fort housing the Jamestown settlers was believed to have been long ago swallowed by the James River. The general area in James City County near Jamestown was also considered unsuitable, as it was not very accessible in the day of rail travel before automobiles were common.
As the tricentennial of the 1607 Founding of the Jamestown neared, around 1904, despite an assumption in some quarters that Richmond would be a logical location, leaders in Norfolk began a campaign to have a celebration held there. The decision was made to locate the international exposition on a mile-long frontage at Sewell's Point near the mouth of Hampton Roads. This was about 30 miles (48 km) downstream from Jamestown in a rural section of Norfolk County. It was a site which could become accessible by both long-distance passenger railroads and local streetcar service, with considerable frontage on the harbor of Hampton Roads. This latter feature proved ideal for the naval delegations which came from points all around the world.
The Jamestown Exposition of 1907 was one of the many world's fairs and expositions that were popular in the early part of the 20th century. Held from April 26, 1907 to December 1, 1907, attendees included US President Theodore Roosevelt, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, the Prince of Sweden, Mark Twain, Henry H. Rogers, and dozens of other dignitaries and famous persons. A major naval review featuring the United States' Great White Fleet was a key feature. U.S. Military officials and leaders were impressed by the location, and the Exposition site later formed the first portion of the large U.S. Naval Station Norfolk in 1918 during World War I.
350th Anniversary (1957): Jamestown Festival[edit]
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her consort Prince Philip inspect the replica of Susan Constant at Jamestown Festival Park in Virginia on October 16, 1957
With America's increased access to automobiles, and with improved roads and transportation, it was feasible for the 350th anniversary celebration to be held at Jamestown itself in 1957. Although erosion had cut off the land bridge between Jamestown Island and the mainland, the isthmus was restored and new access provided by the completion of the National Park Service's Colonial Parkway which led to Williamsburg and Yorktown, the other two portions of Colonial Virginia's Historic Triangle. There were also improvements of state highways. The north landing for the popular Jamestown Ferry and a portion of State Route 31 were relocated.[67]
Major projects such were developed by non-profit, state and federal agencies. Jamestown Festival Park was established by the Commonwealth of Virginia adjacent to the entrance to Jamestown Island. Full-sized replicas of the three ships that brought the colonists, Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery were constructed at a shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia and placed on display at a new dock at Jamestown, where the largest, Susan Constant, could be boarded by visitors. On Jamestown Island, the reconstructed Jamestown Glasshouse, the Memorial Cross and the visitors center were completed and dedicated.[67] A loop road was built around the island.
Special events included army and navy reviews, air force fly-overs, ship and aircraft christenings and even an outdoor drama at Cape Henry, site of the first landing of the settlers.[67] This celebration continued from April 1 to November 30 with over a million participants, including dignitaries and politicians such as the British Ambassador and U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon.[67] The highlight for many of the nearly 25,000 at the Festival Park on October 16, 1957 was the visit and speech of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her consort, Prince Philip.[67] Queen Elizabeth II loaned a copy of the Magna Carta for the exhibition. It was her first visit to the United States since assuming the throne.
The 1957 Jamestown Festival was so successful that tourists still kept coming long after the official event was completed. Jamestown became a permanent attraction of the Historic Triangle, and has been visited by families, school groups, tours, and thousands of other people continuously ever since.
400th anniversary: Jamestown 2007[edit]
Main article: Jamestown 2007
Virginia State Quarter (Reverse)
Obverse of Jamestown 400th Anniversary silver dollar, the "Three Faces of Diversity" of Jamestown
Obverse of the Jamestown 400th Anniversary gold five dollar coin
Coins released in commemoration of the 400th anniversary
Early in the 21st century, new accommodations, transportation facilities and attractions were planned in preparation for the quadricentennial of the founding of Jamestown. Numerous events were promoted under the banner of America's 400th Anniversary and promoted by the Jamestown 2007 Commission. The commemoration included 18 months of statewide, national and international festivities and events, which began in April 2006 with a tour of the new replica Godspeed.
In January 2007, the Virginia General Assembly held a session at Jamestown. On May 4, 2007, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip attended a ceremony commemorating the 400th anniversary of the settlement's arrivals, reprising the honor they paid in 1957.[68]
In addition to the Virginia State Quarter, Jamestown was also the subject of two United States commemorative coins celebrating the 400th anniversary of its settlement. A silver dollar and a gold five dollar coin were issued in 2007.
2019 Commemoration[edit]
In 2019 Jamestown, in cooperation with Williamsburg, will hold a commemoration that marks the 400th anniversary of three landmark events in American history: the first meeting of the Virginia House of Burgesses, the arrival of the first Africans to English North America, and the first Thanksgiving.[69]
Jamestown in fiction[edit]
A fictional romantic adventure set at Jamestown, To Have and to Hold, was the bestselling novel in the United States in 1900. The novel was later adapted into two feature films, in 1916 and 1922.
A highly fictionalized version of the Jamestown settlement is depicted in the animated Disney film Pocahontas (1995) as well as its direct-to-video sequel Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998). Among other inaccuracies it is shown as being near mountains, when it was actually located on the Tidewater region.
A feature-length film, The New World (2005), directed by Terrence Malick, covers the story of Jamestown's colonization. Although the historical details are accurate in most ways, the plot focuses on a dramatized relationship between John Smith, played by Colin Farrell, and Pocahontas, played by Q'orianka Kilcher. It also features John Rolfe, played by Christian Bale. Many scenes were filmed on-location along the James and Chickahominy Rivers and at Henricus Historical Park in Chesterfield County, Virginia.
Another feature-length film, First Landing: The Voyage from England to Jamestown (2007), documents the 1607 landing of English colonists.[70]
In 2017, Sky 1 launched a new series based in Jamestown. The series, named after its eponymous setting, revolves around the societal change triggered by the arrival of women to the settlement to marry the male citizens of the area, and is made by the producers of Downton Abbey.[71][72][dead link]
References[edit]
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Attribution:
This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document "Jamestown During the Civil War".
This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document "Chronology of Jamestown Commemorations".
Further reading[edit]
Chesapeake, a novel (1978) by author James A. Michener
James M. Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion: Historic Preservation and Virginia Traditionalism (Virginia, 1993)
Ernie Gross, "The American Years" (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999)
David A. Price, Love and Hate in Jamestown (Alfred A. Knopf, 2003)
James Horn, A Land as God Made It (Perseus Books, 2005) ISBN 0-465-03094-7
William M. Kelso, Jamestown, The Buried Truth (University of Virginia Press, 2006)
Jocelyn R. Wingfield, Virginia's True Founder: Edward Maria Wingfield and His Times (Booksurge, 2007) ISBN 1-4196-6032-2
Christopher M. B. Allison, "Jamestown’s Relics: Sacred Presence in the English New World." Essay. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). doi:10.22332/con.ess.2016.2 http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/essays/jamestown-s-relics-sacred-presence-english-new-world
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jamestown, Virginia.
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Jamestown, Virginia.
APVA web site for the Jamestown Rediscovery project
Historic Jamestowne
Where are We Digging Now?
Jamestown 1607
Jamestown Settlement and Yorktown Victory Center
Virtual Jamestown
National Park Service: Jamestown National Historic Site
New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L. Cotter and J. Paul Hudson, (1957) at Project Gutenberg
Following in Godspeeds Wake
Jamestown records on The UK National Archives' website.
Archaeology of the Paspahegh settlement.
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