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France in the American Revolutionary War
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The British (center) surrender to French (left) and American (right) troops, at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.
French (left) and British ships (right) at the battle of the Chesapeake off Yorktown in 1781; the outnumbered British fleet departed, leaving the British army no choice but to surrender.
During the American Revolutionary War (American War of Independence; 1775–1783), France recognized and allied itself with the United States in 1778, declared war on Great Britain, and sent its armies and navy to fight Britain while providing money and matériel to arm the new republic. French intervention made a decisive contribution to the U.S. victory in the war. Motivated by a long-term rivalry with Britain and by revenge for its territorial losses during the French and Indian War, France began secretly sending supplies in 1775. Spain and the Netherlands joined France, making it a global war in which the British had no major allies. France obtained its revenge, but materially it gained little and was left with over 1 billion livres in debts.
Contents
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1 American origins of the conflict
2 French involvement
2.1 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war
2.2 Entry into the war
2.3 North American operations
2.4 Other theaters
3 Peace and consequences
4 Financial aspects
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
7 Bibliography
7.1 English
7.2 Primary sources
7.3 French
American origins of the conflict[edit]
Main article: American Revolution
After its defeat in the Seven Years' War in 1763, France lost its vast holdings in North America and wanted revenge. Meanwhile, the American colonists and the British government began to fight over whether Parliament in London, or the colonial assemblies had primary responsibility for taxation. The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775, at which point the American patriots took control of each of the 13 colonies away from Royal officials. The British refused to consider independence. The French, which had been rebuilding their Navy and other forces, now saw an opportunity to seriously weaken its perennial enemy. [1]
French involvement[edit]
Choiseul actively reorganised the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain.
France bitterly resented its loss in the Seven Years' War and sought revenge; it also wanted to keep Britain from becoming too powerful. The opportunity was now at hand. Following the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolution was well received in France, by both the general population and the aristocracy. The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the "English tyranny." Benjamin Franklin, dispatched to France in December 1776 to rally its support, was welcomed with great enthusiasm. The French had become interested in the American Revolution from the outset. They saw the revolution as an opportunity to strip Britain of their North American possessions in retaliation for France's loss of Canada a decade before. At first, French support was covert; French agents sent the Patriots military aid (predominantly gunpowder) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie, beginning in the spring of 1776. Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign up to 90%.[2] By 1777, over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels.
Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism, volunteers joined the American army such as Pierre Charles L'Enfant. The most famous was Lafayette, a charming young aristocrat who defied the king's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20. He became an aide to Washington and a combat general. More importantly he solidified a favourable American view of France. Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence. Lafayette's personal style was highly attractive; the young man learned quickly, adapted to the Patriot style, avoided politics, and became a fast friend of General Washington. Fifty years later, after a major career in French politics, he returned as a beloved hero of the war.[3]
Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war[edit]
Before open war between France and Britain, Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents.
Up against the British power, the young nation lacked arms and allies, and so turned towards France. France was not directly interested in the conflict, but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent. Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then Benjamin Franklin, France began covert support of the American cause.
Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France's foreign minister, the comte de Vergennes, Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie. The aid given by France, much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius, contributed to George Washington's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777, and was a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga. French ports accommodated American ships, including privateers and Continental Navy warships, that acted against British merchant ships. France provided significant economic aid, either as donations or loans, and also offered technical assistance, granting some of its military strategists "vacations", so they could assist American troops.
Silas Deane, appointed by the Americans, and, helped by French animosity towards Britain, obtained unofficial aid, starting in early 1776. However, the goal was the total involvement of France in the war. A new delegation composed of Franklin, Deane, and Arthur Lee, was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations. Franklin, age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries, served as the chief diplomat with the title of "minister" (the term "ambassador" was not used). He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress, and met with many leading diplomats, aristocrats, intellectuals, scientists and financiers. Franklin's image and writings caught the French imagination – there were many images of him sold on the market – and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France. When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser, Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against Prussia in line with the Franco-Austrian Alliance. France refused, causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour. Under these conditions, asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible. Attempts to rally Spain also failed: Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains, and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies.
Public opinion in France was in favor of open war, but King Louis and his advisors were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved. The king's economic and military advisors in particular remained reluctant. The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt, but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious conflict. Financiers Turgot and Necker warned war would be very expensive for France's wobbly system of taxation and finance.
The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States, France, and Spain would assure a rapid defeat of the British, but Vergennes, waiting until his navy was ready, hesitated. On July 23, 1777, Vergennes decided that it was time to decide either total assistance, with war, or abandonment of the new nation. The choice, ratified by the king, was war.[4]
Entry into the war[edit]
Main article: Franco-American alliance
Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga, by John Trumbull, 1822
The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777, but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France. The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious. The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans.[5]
France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance. Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17, 1778. The British naval force, then the largest fleet afloat, and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning. The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America, fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain. France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters, and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing, thus weakening the British Channel fleet. In spite of this reduction the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest, and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July. D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27, after which both fleets returned to port for repairs.
France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues. On the continent, France was protected through its alliance with Austria which, even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War, affirmed its diplomatic support of France.
Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause. Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and, in 1780, Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality.
North American operations[edit]
Franco-American routes during the Yorktown campaign.
French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders. In 1778, American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport, Rhode Island, then under British occupation. The attempt failed, in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet. He then sailed for Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm. In 1779, d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations, this time against British-held Savannah, Georgia. About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah, in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful. An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses.
Support became more notable when, in 1780, 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport, itself abandoned in 1779 by the British, where the French established a naval base. These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island. By early 1781, with the war dragging on, French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war. That year's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse, and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him. De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute. Rochambeau and Washington met at Wethersfield, Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options. Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia (the latter led first by turncoat Benedict Arnold, then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis). Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance. These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots. Rochambeau, in a separate letter, urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia. Following the Wethersfield conference, Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains, New York and placed his command under Washington.
De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown, Virginia. De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October. The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia. De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette's army in the blockade of Cornwallis. A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival. The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America.[6]
Other theaters[edit]
The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing.
Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the globe, from the West Indies to India. France's navy at first dominated in the West Indies, capturing Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Montserrat, Tobago, and St. Kitts, but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war. A planned Franco-Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782. At the end of the war the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands. In European waters, France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779. An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors. French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783, but were unsuccessful in either storming the site, or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison. They were more successful in capturing Minorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782.
In India, British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779, sparking the Kingdom of Mysore, a longtime French ally, to begin the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Allied with the French, the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast, but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784. A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes, and the only major military land action, the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore, was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed.
Because of decisive battles on American soil, the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris.
Peace and consequences[edit]
Starting with the Siege of Yorktown, Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States. Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River, except for Florida (which went to Spain). However, since France was not included in the American-British peace discussions, the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened. Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited.[7]
Ratification of the Treaty of Paris, 1783. The British delegation refused to pose for the picture
The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. France gained (or regained) territories in the Americas, Africa, and India. Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) were in part regained: Tobago, Saint Lucia, the Senegal River area, as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova. Spain regained Florida and Minorca, but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British.
Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature, over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort, raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion. The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker, who, rather than increase taxes, used loans to pay off debts. State secretary in Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas. The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances. Trade also severely declined during the war, but was revived by 1783.
The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France, who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter. However, Great Britain, not France, became the leading trading partner of the United States.[8] The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment, as attested by Franklin and Jefferson, and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787. In turn the Revolution influenced France.[9] Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences. European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous, and began to take measures in order to secure their positions. On May 22, 1781, the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons, reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility.
Financial aspects[edit]
By 1783, the new French debt acquired to fight the British came to a staggering 1.3 billion livres.[10] The French system of taxation was highly inefficient and could not absorb the cost. It "set off France's own fiscal crisis, in which a political brawl over taxation soon became one of the reasons for the French Revolution."[11] France had obtained its revenge against Britain; however, it gained little real value and her massive debt severely weakened the government and escalated it towards the French Revolution.[12]
France did gain a new, fast-growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner. However, the expected level of trade never materialized. American merchants belittled the quality of French products, and poor terms of trade. They preferred to deal with Britain.[13] In 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic, and in 1795 the Jay Treaty strengthened Anglo-American commercial ties, despite intense opposition from friends of France such as Thomas Jefferson.
Most historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict. However, Jonathan R. Dull argued that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation, not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada.[14]
See also[edit]
Franco-American alliance
List of French units in the American Revolutionary War
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 (United States Capitol Historical Society, 1981)
Jump up ^ "Journal of the American Revolution, The Gunpowder shortage (September 9, 2013).[1]
Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer, "America's Lafayette and Lafayette's America: A European and the American Revolution," William & Mary Quarterly (1981) 38#2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître (2005). Beaumarchais. Kessinger Publishing. p. 229.
Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson; et al. (2009). American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to 1920. Cengage Learning. pp. 13–15.
Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin (2000). From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South. iUniverse. p. 235.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf (1991). Establishing the New Regime: The Washington Administration. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30–31.
Jump up ^ Library of Congress (2002). The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad. The Minerva Group, Inc. pp. 21–23.
Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff (2006). A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Macmillan. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth, "Bridging the Continental Divide: Colonial America's 'French Quarter.'" OAH Magazine of History 25.1 (2011): 19-24.
Jump up ^ Peter McPhee (2015). The French Revolution. Melbourne U. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Peter P. Hill (1988). French Perceptions of the Early American Republic, 1783-1793. American Philosophical Society. p. 172.
Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774-1787 (1975)
Bibliography[edit]
English[edit]
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935)
Brown, John L. "Revolution and the Muse: the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry." William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41(4): 592–614. Issn: 0043-5597 Fulltext in : Jstor
Brecher, Frank W. Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance. Praeger Publishers, 2003. Pp. xiv, 327 online
Chartrand, René, and Back, Francis. The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey; 1991.
Corwin, Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books; 1962.
Dull, Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution; Yale U. Press, 1985.
Dull, Jonathan R. The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774–1787 (1975)
Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Diplomacy of the American Revolution: the Perspective from France." Reviews in American History 1976 4(3): 385–390. review of Dull (1975) in JSTOR
Gottschalk, Louis. Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online; Lafayette Joins the American Army (1937)
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783. U. Press of Virginia, 1986. 263 pp.
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778. U. Press of Virginia, 1981. 200 pp.
Hudson, Ruth Strong. The Minister from France: Conrad-Alexandre Gérard, 1729–1790. Lutz, 1994. 279 pp.
Hutson, James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1980)
Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783.Greenwood, 1977. 188 pp.
Kramer, Lloyd. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. (1996). 355 pp.
Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings (1983) Vol. 95, pp 29–51.
Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Perkins, James Breck. France in the American Revolution 1911 online
Popofsky, Linda S. and Sheldon, Marianne B. "French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution, 1770–1815: a Comparative Perspective." History of European Ideas1987 8(4–5): 597–609. Issn: 0191-6599
Pritchard, James. "French Strategy and the American Revolution: a Reappraisal." Naval War College Review 1994 47(4): 83–108. Issn: 0028-1484
Schaeper, Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era: The Life of Jacques-Donatien Leray de Chaumont, 1725–1803. Berghahn Books, 1995. 384 pp. He provided military supplies.
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette Wiley, 2002 online
Van Tyne, C. H. "Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America, 1778," American Historical Review (1916) 21#3 pp. 528–541 in JSTOR
Primary sources[edit]
Lafayette, Marquis de. Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790. Vol. 2: April 10, 1778–March 20, 1780. Cornell U. Press, 1979. 518 pp.
French[edit]
Susan Mary Alsop, Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI, 1982. Traduction française : Jean-Claude Lattès (1983).
Henri Haeau, Complot pour l'Amérique 1775–1779, Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, 1990, ISBN 2-221-05364-8
J.-M. Bizière et J. Sole, Dictionnaire des Biographies, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1993.
Olivier Chaline, La France au XVIIIe siècle (1715–1787), Paris, Éditions Belin, 1996.
Joël Cornette, Absolutisme et Lumière 1652–1783, collection Carré Histoire, Paris, Éditions Hachette, 2000. ISBN 2-01-145422-0
Jean Egret, Necker, ministre de Louis XVI, 1776–1790, Honoré Champion; Paris, 1975.
André Zysberg, La Monarchie des Lumières (1775–1786), Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2002.
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Orange Is the New Black (season 2)
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Orange Is the New Black (season 2)
Promotional poster
Starring
Taylor Schilling
Uzo Aduba
Danielle Brooks
Michael Harney
Natasha Lyonne
Taryn Manning
Kate Mulgrew
Jason Biggs
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
The second season of the American comedy-drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 6, 2014, at 12:00 am PST in multiple countries. It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 51–60 minutes, with a 90-minute finale. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan.
The series follows Piper Chapman, forced to board a bus and a plane without being given any information. Later she discovers that she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Meanwhile, in Litchfield Penitentiary, a new inmate is raising to power into the prison, by manipulating other inmates and taking control of the drug contraband. Threatened by this new inmate, Red goes to war, to protect her family and her power.
Orange is the New Black received critical acclaim. The series received numerous accolades including: Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Comedy and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. Uzo Aduba performance was awarded with the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. The second season was nominated to several Emmys: Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series (Pablo Schreiber) and Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series. The series was nominated for the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy, meanwhile Taylor Schilling was nominated for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy and Uzo Aduba for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. Lorraine Toussaint won a Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Episodes
3 Cast and characters
3.1 Main cast
3.2 Recurring cast
3.2.1 Inmates
3.2.2 Staff
3.2.3 Others
4 Production
5 Reception
5.1 Critical reception
5.2 Critics' top ten lists
6 Broadcast
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Piper is awakened in solitary and, without being given any information, forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown. After she lands, finally realizing she is in Chicago, Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings. After speaking with Alex, Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese-American inmate named Brook Soso, whom Piper comforts.
Taystee's mother figure Vee returns, to disapproval from Taystee. It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee's previous incarceration. Vee uses Suzanne's outcast desperation to manipulate her, and begins her bid to take back power in the prison. Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines. Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes
This article's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date
14
1 "Thirsty Bird" Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Piper is awakened in solitary and, without being given any information, forced to board a bus and a plane to whereabouts unknown. After she lands, finally realizing she is in Chicago, Piper assumes she has been transferred for killing Pennsatucky and attempts to adjust to her new surroundings. After speaking with Alex, Piper discovers she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Alex suggests to Piper they lie in court about knowing Kubra, fearing he will exact revenge if they tell the truth. However, Piper wishes to tell the truth. Piper meets with her lawyer, Larry's father Howard Bloom, who strongly advises her to tell the truth. In the van on the way to the trial, Alex pushes one last time for Piper to lie about knowing Kubra, saying she (Alex) will be screwed over if they do not tell the same story. Piper gives in and perjures herself at the trial. Afterwards, Howard washes his hands off her. Alex then informs Piper that although she planned to lie, she told the truth, which complicates matters for Piper, who now faces perjury charges and additional time. Piper shouts angrily at Alex, who is being led out of prison to be released.
Flashback: Several flashbacks from Piper's childhood reveal her complicated past.
15
2 "Looks Blue, Tastes Red" Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Pennsatucky is released from solitary after her fight with Piper. She makes a deal with Healy about what she will say about the fight, and in exchange she gets her teeth fixed. Daya has been constipated for the past five days, and her mother and Mendoza compete to solve the problem. Red's commissary funds run short because she no longer controls the kitchen and cannot aid her outside criminal associates. During a visit from her son, it is revealed that she has a grandchild. Red is taken in by the older inmates. A mock job fair gives Taystee a chance to show off her business smarts with a Philip Morris representative in a mock interview. She gets the mock job after she impresses the rep with her research on the company. At the end of the episode, Taystee's mother figure, Vee, shows up as a new inmate.
Flashback: Young Taystee—then referred to as Tasha—goes to a Black Adoption Festival, trying to find a permanent home. She later meets a drug dealer, Vee, who becomes a mother figure to her. Eventually, Taystee starts working for her in the drug trade.
16
3 "Hugs Can Be Deceiving" Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Piper returns to Litchfield along with a Japanese-American inmate named Brook Soso, whom Piper comforts until she becomes too annoying. Taystee's mother figure Vee returns, to disapproval from Taystee. It is revealed that Vee and Red know each other from Vee's previous incarceration. Larry meets with a journalist who wants to use Piper as a source for a story about fraud and embezzling by the administration at Litchfield. Morello is devastated upon finding out that Christopher is marrying another woman. Daya becomes frustrated with Bennett when he doesn't know how to smuggle in prenatal vitamins. He later realizes that his prosthetic leg will work well. It is discovered that Suzanne became distraught after the pageant and punched Piper into the snow. This makes the fight between Piper and Pennsatucky look like they were equally responsible. Vee uses Suzanne's outcast desperation to manipulate her, and begins her bid to take back power in the prison.
Flashback: It is shown that Suzanne was always marked as different, and was pushed by her adoptive mother to show that she is just as worthy and talented as others. At her high-school graduation, she is urged to sing during the ceremony, but stage fright leads to an embarrassing outburst, similar to her non-performance at the Christmas pageant.
17
4 "A Whole Other Hole" Phil Abraham Sian Heder Lorna June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Nicky and Big Boo engage in a contest to see who can sleep with the most women in jail. Vee offers to help Poussey sell her hooch to other inmates but Poussey declines. Red starts to grow plants in an old greenhouse as a cover to move contraband into the prison. Larry and Polly begin to bond more as Polly's husband is away. Morello discovers that her love, Christopher, is marrying another woman. While driving Rosa to cancer treatments, Morello takes the van, breaks into Christopher's home, dons a wedding veil found there, and takes a relaxing bath, nearly getting caught when he comes home.
Flashback: Lorna made money as a scam artist. Christopher was never her fiancé, but a man she stalked after a single date, leaving threatening messages and trying to put a bomb in the car of his actual girlfriend.
18
5 "Low Self Esteem City" Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
The bathroom that Gloria Mendoza and her girls use has plumbing problems and feces coming out of the shower drains. Vee is appointed head of the African American posse, and goes head to head against Gloria's Latinas when they infiltrate the Ghetto bathroom. Fig, the assistant warden, refuses to fix the Latina showers due to budget problems, and limits shower times to 30 seconds as a solution. As tensions rise between the blacks and the Latinas, Vee and Mendoza make a deal in order to calm things down. Meanwhile, Cal and Piper's mom visit Piper and inform her that her father doesn't want to see her "like that" (in prison). During the visit, Cal reveals that her grandmother is dying. Piper is devastated, and asks Healy for furlough. Boo and Nicky continue their contest over who can score the most points with their sexual conquests. While Boo goes after the "small pointers", Nicky spends her time trying to bed Fischer, one of the prison guards, to no avail.
Flashback: Gloria was a victim of domestic violence until she was arrested for committing fraud with food stamps traded at the store she ran.
19
6 "You Also Have a Pizza" Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
The inmates prepare for a Valentine's Day party. Red begins importing items through the sewer drain in the greenhouse with the help of her son, Vasily. Larry asks Piper to be his prison mole so that he can write articles about the prison's finances. Piper begins questioning prisoners and guards to find out where the prison's budget money is really going. At the Valentine's Party at Litchfield, Pennsatucky is outlawed from her former group of friends by Leanne. Poussey and Taystee argue. Flaca and Maritza share an intimate moment in the kitchen. Pennsatucky and Healy also share a moment outside the prison. Larry goes over to Polly's with all of Piper's things. He and Polly share a kiss, right before Pete returns home from his trip. Caputo invites Fischer to come see his band perform in a local bar, however she invites Luschek, Bell and O'Neill to come, too. Later, as Caputo performs with the band, he notices that Jimmy, an elderly inmate suffering from dementia, has escaped from the prison and is sitting in the bar listening to the music.
Flashback: Poussey has a relationship with a German girl (played by Nina Rausch) while living on an army base in Germany. The girl's father discovers the two making love, and uses his power to send Poussey's family back to the United States. When confronting her girlfriend's father, Poussey is ready to pull out a gun and attack him, but her own father intervenes before the gun is revealed.
20
7 "Comic Sans" Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Cindy June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Due to Jimmy's escape, Caputo demands that the correctional officers and guards start monitoring the inmates more closely, and imposes a minimum quota for shots written. Taystee gives Nicky a cigarette in exchange for postage stamps for Vee. Red smuggles in styling products and other items for Sophia in exchange for maintaining her hair color. The Spanish girls continue to request contraband from Bennett. Sick of being taken advantage of, he threatens them with shots, much to Daya's dismay. Vee's girls continue to exchange cigarettes for contraband and favors from other inmates. Daya, Flaca, and Morello all ask Piper if they can help with the newsletter she has started. Poussey refuses to involve herself in Vee's business, but Nicky encourages her to get on Vee's good side. Polly comes over to Larry's house in an emotional outrage, and the two have sex. Jimmy is given Compassionate Release from prison. It is revealed that she was taken to the bus station and left there.
Flashback: Black Cindy works as an airport security guard. She is shown searching through people's bags, and steals an iPad for her sister's birthday (later revealed to be her biological daughter).
21
8 "Appropriately Sized Pots" Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Piper faces a new backlash over special privileges. Caputo feels pressure to toughen up, which results in Fischer's termination. Also, Caputo starts to distrust Red's greenhouse but fortunately for her, Gloria moves her contraband before Caputo finds it. Piper asks Healy to revoke her furlough because the other inmates are treating her badly because of it. Piper calls her mom to tell her she was granted furlough, only to find out her grandmother died a day before. Rosa meets a young boy in chemo who she later learns is in remission.
Flashback: In the 1970s, Rosa drove the getaway car for multiple bank robberies perpetrated by her boyfriend and his friends.
22
9 "40 Oz. of Furlough" S. J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red & Vee June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Piper's relationship with Larry faces a real-world test when Piper returns home on furlough. Larry admits to Piper that he slept with someone else. Piper attends her grandmother's funeral, which turns into her brother's wedding. Upon Red's request, Piper visits Red's former deli, only to find it permanently closed. Red's efforts to redeem herself in the eyes of her former posse are finally rewarded. She intends to usurp Red's kitchen smuggling enterprise through her newly founded gardening club. Mendez returns to Litchfield. Bennett finds a cigarette and tears apart the black ghetto until Mendez stops him. Bennett is put on suspension and later reveals to Caputo that Daya is pregnant, and suggests that Mendez must be the father.
Flashback: The history of Red and Vee's relationship at Litchfield is explored through a series of flashbacks. The last flashback reveals that Vee had taken control of the black inmates and Red's kitchen, ending with Vee's posse brutally beating Red.
23
10 "Little Mustachioed Shit" Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Piper returns to prison after Furlough, while Bennett returns after suspension. She lies to Red about the condition of Red's Queens deli. The guards get tougher in a bid to turn up prison contraband. Daya's pregnancy is revealed. Mendez is fired and arrested because he is believed to be the father. Piper figures out that Larry and Polly slept together. Vee attempts to join Red's business in the garden. Poussey gets drunk and insults Vee, so Suzanne beats her up in a fit of rage. Nicky decides to bring to Red the heroin Taystee gave her. Healy starts a therapy group, Safe Place.
Flashback: More history of Alex and Piper's relationship is explored.
24
11 "Take a Break from Your Values" Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Piper finally reaches out to Alex and learns that Kubra wasn't convicted. Piper is told she is being transferred to Virginia. Soso's hunger strike attracts new support that takes on a religious fervor. Polly leaves Pete for Larry. The prison newspaper is shut down. Sister Ingalls joins the hunger strike. The elders form a plan to kill Vee but Red doesn't know about it. The plan backfires when they stab the wrong inmate.
Flashback: Flashbacks depict Sister Ingalls joining her first rally and continuing in social activism, until she is excommunicated by the church.
25
12 "It Was the Change" Phil Abraham Sara Hess Taystee & Vee June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Vee and Red's rivalry continues with several confrontations regarding their competing business ventures inside the jail. The inmates are forced to leave their bunks and sleep in the mess hall as a storm floods the plumbing system. Red and her gang are concerned about being attacked during the night. On the other side of the hall Vee also warns her posse about Red. As the night continues, Morello shares an intimate moment with a dying Rosa. Pennsatucky becomes close to Big Boo in an attempt to uncover details about their 'gay agenda'. Figueroa receives multiple angry calls from Caputo and discovers an uncomfortable truth about her husband. Red attacks Vee while they are alone outside, attempting to strangle her with a piece of plastic wrap, but fails. The two agree that Litchfield has changed them and they shake hands on a truce. At the end of the night, Piper escapes the mess hall to find evidence of Figueroa's fraud in her office but is caught by Caputo when the power comes back on. The next morning, while Red is cleaning up the mess made by the storm, she is slocked from behind by Vee and severely injured.
Flashback: Flashbacks depict Vee's relationship with Taystee, the police and a guy who is considered to be like her son before she went to prison.
26
13 "We Have Manners. We're Polite." Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)
Vee's family breaks apart and turns on her. After Nicky's theft of her stash of heroin Vee had become paranoid and tried to get Suzanne to take the fall for Vee's assault on Red. Piper reveals Figueroa's embezzlement to Caputo, who reports it to the warden and confronts Figueroa. Figueroa's attempt to buy Caputo's silence by performing oral sex on him is to no avail and she resigns. Caputo's new role as interim deputy warden gets off to a shaky start when Bennett confesses to him that he impregnated Daya. Caputo suppresses the confession in order to avoid a scandal for the new administration. Sister Ingalls ends her hunger strike after Red talks to Healy. Healy gets Luschek to sign a fake work order to exonerate Suzanne and turn the focus of the investigation back on Vee. Vee, alone and friendless, escapes from prison via Red's greenhouse storm drain pipe. Rosa is told by her doctor that her chemo is not working and she has only three-six weeks left to live. Morello leaves the keys in the van with Rosa, who takes the vehicle and flees the prison in order to taste freedom in the last few days of her life. She spies Vee by the side of the road and intentionally runs her down with the van.
Note: There are no flashbacks in this episode.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Orange Is the New Black characters
Main cast[edit]
Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman, inmate
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren, inmate
Danielle Brooks as Tasha "Taystee" Jefferson, inmate
Michael Harney as Sam Healy, correctional officer
Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols, inmate
Taryn Manning as Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett, inmate
Kate Mulgrew as Galina "Red" Reznikov, inmate
Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom, Piper's fiancé
Recurring cast[edit]
Main article: List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters
Inmates[edit]
Laura Prepon as Alex Vause
Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza
Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy "Black Cindy" Hayes
Dascha Polanco as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz
Yael Stone as Lorna Morello
Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington
Jackie Cruz as Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales
Lea DeLaria as Carrie "Big Boo" Black
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz
Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz
Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset
Annie Golden as Norma Romano
Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores
Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos
Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson
Julie Lake as Angie Rice
Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor
Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy
Constance Shulman as Erica "Yoga" Jones
Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang
Tamara Torres as Gerrman "Weeping Woman"
Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco
Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls
Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa "Miss Rosa" Cisneros
Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso
Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin
Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill
Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne "Vee" Parker
Staff
Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo
Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell
Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill
Matt Peters as Joel Luschek
Alysia Reiner as Natalie "Fig" Figueroa
Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson
Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell
Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford
Matt McGorry as John Bennett
Pablo Schreiber as George "Pornstache" Mendez
Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer
Others
Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman
Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset
Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman
Berto Colon as Cesar
Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman
Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper
Ian Paola as Yadriel
Production[edit]
On June 27, 2013, prior to the series premiere, Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes.[1] Jenji Kohan stated that the story for the second season would focus less on Piper Chapman and more in the cast as a whole. For the second season, Uzo Aduba, Taryn Manning, Danielle Brooks, and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars.[2] Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts.[3] In July, it was announced that Lorraine Toussaint had joined the cast in a recurring role.[4] Toussaint said of the role: "Jenji has written one of the more complex characters I've ever played, and probably one of the more difficult characters I've played. I think it'll be interesting seeing how this character is received, because Jenji has written a character that plays and enjoys the game, and is incredibly engaging and draws people into her, into the big game and has, I have a great deal of fun." It was revealed that Lori Petty would have a guest role.[5] In February 2014, Netflix revealed that the season was to be released on June 6, 2014.
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The second season received critical acclaim. Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98%, with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama, Orange Is the New Black's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor's standard for female-led television excellence.[6] Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[7] David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review, calling the first six episodes "not only as great as the first season, but arguably better."[8]
Critics' top ten lists[edit]
Orange Is the New Black was considered one of the best shows of the year by many critics and journalists.[9]
2nd – The Star-Ledger
3rd – Akron Beacon Journal
3rd – HitFix (Dan Fienberg)
3rd – Indiewire'
3rd – Las Vegas Weekly
3rd – Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
3rd – Tampa Bay Times
3rd – Village Voice
4th – Paste
4th – PopMatters
4th – Time
4th – Us Weekly
5th – Denver Post
5th – Uncle Barky
6th – The Daily Beast
6th – HitFix (Alan Sepinwall)
6th – NPR
6th – Sioux City Journal
7th – The Hollywood Reporter
7th – San Jose Mercury News
7th – Vox
8th – Slate
8th – Thompson on Hollywood!
9th – Digital Spy
10th – Washington Post
– Huffington Post
– Philadelphia Daily News
– ScreenCrush
Broadcast[edit]
In Australia, the second season began airing on Showcase on July 16, 2014.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Netflix Renews Original Series "Orange Is the New Black" for Second Season" (Press release). Netflix. June 27, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 8, 2013). "Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On 'Orange Is The New Black', Steven Culp In 'Revolution'". Deadline. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (June 12, 2014). "Orange Is the New Black Season 3: Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular!". Wetpaint. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Obenson, Tambay A. (July 29, 2013). "Lorraine Toussaint Joins Cast Of 'Orange Is The New Black' Season 2". IndieWire. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Newman, Jason (March 17, 2014). "'Orange Is the New Black' Cast Preview Season 2". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Orange Is the New Black: Season 2". Rotten Tomatoes. 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2". Metacritic. 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wiegland, David (June 3, 2014). "'Orange Is the New Black' review: Me vs. we". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2014: Television Critic Top Ten Lists". Metacritic. December 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Most anticipated returning shows in 2014". Foxtel. January 14, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Orange Is the New Black on IMDb
show
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Piper Chapman
Alex Vause
Crazy Eyes
Nicky Nichols
Tiffany Doggett
Lorna Morello
Miss Rosa
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Piper Kerman
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
"You've Got Time"
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Modern Family, season 1/season 2 (2010): Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 2/season 3 (2011): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 3/season 4 (2012): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Modern Family, season 4/season 5 (2013): Anderson-Emmons, Bowen, Burrell, Ferguson, Gould, Hyland, O'Neill, Rodriguez, Stonestreet, Vergara, Winter
Orange Is the New Black, season 2 (2014): Aduba, Biggs, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Freeman, Gardner, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Lake, Lapkus, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, Marsh Garland, McGorry, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Pimentel, Polanco, Reiner, Roberts, Rodriguez, Rosenblat, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Toussaint, Tucci, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 3 (2015): Aduba, Birbiglia, Blake, Brooks, Cox, Cruz, Curtin, DeLaria, Fowler, Glenn, Golden, Guerrero, Harney, Jeudy, Leyva, Manning, Marsh Garland, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Rodriguez, Rose, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Wiley
Orange Is the New Black, season 4 (2016): Aduba, Aisenberg, Brooks, Brown, Cruz, DeLaria, Dover, Glenn, Golden, Gómez, Guerrero, Harney, Henke, Jeudy, Lake, Leyva, Lyonne, Manning, McMenamin, Moore, Mulgrew, Myles, Peters, Petty, Pimentel, Polanco, Prepon, Purdy, Rodriguez, Sandow, Savage, Schilling, Shulman, Soules, Stone, Tucci, Wiley
Veep, season 6 (2017): Bakkedahl, Chlumsky, Cole, Colin, Dunn, DuVall, Franklin, Hale, Louis-Dreyfus, Richardson, Scheer, Scott, Simons, Sutherland, Walsh
Complete list
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(2010–2019)
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The Seeds of Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with The Seeds of Love (folk song).
The Seeds of Love
Studio album by Tears for Fears
Released
25 September 1989
Recorded
1986–1989
Genre
Pop[1]
neo-psychedelia[2]
progressive pop[3]
Length
49:31 (original)
65:18 (1999 reissue)
Label
Fontana/Mercury
Producer
Tears for Fears, Dave Bascombe
Tears for Fears chronology
Songs from the Big Chair
(1985)Songs from the Big Chair1985 The Seeds of Love
(1989) Tears Roll Down (Greatest Hits 82–92)
(1992)Tears Roll Down (Greatest Hits 82–92)1992
Singles from The Seeds of Love
"Sowing the Seeds of Love"
Released: 21 August 1989
"Woman in Chains"
Released: 6 November 1989
"Advice for the Young at Heart"
Released: 19 February 1990
"Famous Last Words"
Released: 6 August 1990
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
Chicago Tribune [4]
Los Angeles Times [5]
Rolling Stone [6]
The Seeds of Love is the third studio album by the British rock/pop band Tears for Fears, released on 25 September 1989, four years and seven months after Songs From The Big Chair.
The album, which reportedly cost over £1 million (GBP) to produce, retained the band's epic sound while incorporating influences ranging from jazz and blues to The Beatles, of which the latter is most evident on the hit single "Sowing the Seeds of Love".[7]
The Seeds of Love was an international success, entering the UK Albums Chart at number one and reaching the top ten in numerous other countries including the US. It has been certified Platinum in several territories including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Germany, Canada, and the Netherlands. Despite its success, it would be the last album that band members Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith would work on together for over a decade.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Release
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
5 Production
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Charts
6.2 Certifications
7 References
Production[edit]
The first song composed for the album was "Badman's Song" (originally titled "The Bad Man Song"), written during the band's 1985 world tour after Orzabal overheard two members of the tour personnel maligning him in a hotel room one night. The song was co-written by Orzabal with keyboardist Nicky Holland, who was touring with the band throughout 1985. Holland would go on to play an integral part in the writing and recording of The Seeds Of Love album, much as keyboardist Ian Stanley had on the band's previous album.
Recording sessions for the album began in late 1986 with producers Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley, but Orzabal and Smith were unhappy with the results and so the recordings were scrapped in early 1987. Chris Hughes (who had produced both the previous Tears For Fears albums) was then brought back into the fold, but again conflicts arose over the direction of the new material. Orzabal in particular had grown weary of composing and playing music using machines and sequencers, as the majority of Tears For Fears' music had been up to that point, and was striving for something more organic and a different way of working.[8]
"As a band, we came from the programmed pop era of the early '80s and we had inherited a sense of structure that permeated almost all our music. The way we were working was becoming too sterile. We wanted to do something more colourful, something that sounded big and warm. You cannot get that from machines. You only get that with real musicians and real players."
—  Curt Smith[8]
The song "Sowing the Seeds of Love" was written in June 1987, the same week as the UK General Election in which Margaret Thatcher and the Conservative Party won a third consecutive term in office (reflected in the lyric "Politician granny with your high ideals, have you no idea how the majority feels?"). Hughes and longtime TFF keyboardist Ian Stanley both left the project later in 1987 citing "creative differences", though their contributions to the track remained on the final album. After two failed attempts to make the album, the band opted to produce it themselves, assisted by engineer Dave Bascombe. Also in 1987, Orzabal and Smith flew over to the US to track down a hotel lounge pianist/vocalist named Oleta Adams, whom they had seen playing in Kansas City during their 1985 American tour. Hoping she could add to the organic feel by bringing a soulful warmth to their music, they invited Adams to work with them on their new album. Adams would ultimately perform on three tracks ("Woman in Chains", "Badman's Song" and "Standing On The Corner Of The Third World"), and a solo recording contract was also offered to her by the band's record company Fontana.[8]
Recording recommenced in early 1988 and lasted until the summer of 1989. Featuring an assortment of respected session players including drummer Manu Katché, bassist Pino Palladino, and even a guest appearance by Phil Collins on drums, much of the album was recorded as jam sessions featuring different performances of the music and then edited down later. Some of the tracks, particularly "Badman's Song", were recorded several times in a variety of musical styles including, according to Holland, versions of the song that were reminiscent of Barry White, Little Feat and Steely Dan before settling on the jazz/gospel version that is on the finished album. Co-producer Dave Bascombe commented that the final version of the song was almost nothing like the original demo because it had gone through so many changes. The track "Swords and Knives" was originally written for the 1986 film Sid and Nancy (about the relationship between Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen), but was rejected by the filmmakers for not being "punk" enough.[8]
Due to the starry cast of session players and lengthy production process, including the scrapped earlier recordings, the album reportedly cost £1 million to make (by comparison, the band's previous album Songs From The Big Chair only cost around £70,000[9]). The final mix of the album was completed at London's Mayfair Studios in July 1989. Frustrations during the making of the album had also given rise to tensions between Orzabal and Smith, Orzabal having become something of an intricate perfectionist and Smith preoccupied with living a jetset lifestyle rather than focusing on the album (Smith's first marriage had also ended in divorce during the making of the album). At one point, Orzabal considered calling the album Famous Last Words (the title of the album's final track), commenting "it may well turn out to be our last album."[8] Indeed, the duo did not make any further recordings together for over a decade.
Release[edit]
Now assigned to the newly reactivated Phonogram subsidiary label Fontana, the first single from the album, "Sowing the Seeds of Love", was released in August 1989. It became a worldwide hit, peaking at no.5 in the UK, no.2 in the US, and no.1 in Canada. The album was released in September 1989, entering the UK Album Chart at no.1 and would be certified Platinum by the BPI within three weeks. In the US, the album peaked at no.8, and was also certified Platinum. The album also reached the top ten in various other countries around the world.
Further singles from the album, "Woman in Chains" (recorded as a duet with Adams) and "Advice For The Young At Heart" (the only track featuring Smith on lead vocals), both reached the UK Top 40. "Famous Last Words" was released as a fourth single in mid-1990 by the record company without the band's involvement, though this only peaked at no.83 in the UK. A video compilation, Sowing the Seeds, featuring the promo videos for the first three singles from the album was also released in 1990.
The band embarked on a world tour to promote the album in 1990, featuring Adams both as a support act and as a player with the band (her solo album, Circle of One, produced by Orzabal and Dave Bascombe was also released during this time). The band's concert at the Santa Barbara County Bowl in May 1990 was filmed and released on home video, titled Going To California.
A 64-page companion book to the album, entitled Tears for Fears - The Seeds of Love, was also released in 1990 by Virgin Books and offers insight into the writing and recording process behind the album as well as the sheet music for each song and rare promotional photographs from the period.[8]
The album was remastered and reissued in 1999 with four bonus tracks which were originally B-sides to the album's first three singles. It does not include the B-Side "My Life In The Suicide Ranks" which was an additional B-Side to "Woman In Chains" and can be found on the band's 1996 rarities compilation Saturnine Martial & Lunatic.
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Woman in Chains" Roland Orzabal 6:30
2. "Badman's Song"
Orzabal
Nicky Holland
8:32
3. "Sowing the Seeds of Love"
Orzabal
Curt Smith
6:19
4. "Advice for the Young at Heart"
Orzabal
Holland
4:54
5. "Standing on the Corner of the Third World" Orzabal 5:30
6. "Swords and Knives"
Orzabal
Holland
6:20
7. "Year of the Knife"
Orzabal
Holland
6:55
8. "Famous Last Words"
Orzabal
Holland
4:31
Total length: 49:31
1999 reissue Bonus tracks
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
9. "Tears Roll Down" (B-side to "Sowing the Seeds of Love")
Orzabal
Dave Bascombe
3:16
10. "Always in the Past" (B-side to "Woman in Chains")
Orzabal
Ian Stanley
4:38
11. "Music for Tables" (B-side to "Advice for the Young at Heart") Orzabal 3:32
12. "Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams" (additional B-side to "Advice for the Young at Heart") Orzabal 4:17
Total length: 65:18
Note
A remix of "Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams" was also released as a separate single in the UK in 1991 and reached #70 on the UK Singles Chart and #1 on the UK Dance Chart.
Personnel[edit]
Tears for Fears
Roland Orzabal – lead vocals (1-3, 5-8), backing vocals, guitars, keyboards, Fairlight programming
Curt Smith – bass (1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8), backing vocals, lead vocals (4)
Ian Stanley – keyboards (3), Hammond organ (3)
Additional personnel
Phil Collins – drums (1 from 3:32)
Manu Katché – drums (1 from start to 3:31, 2, 5)
Chris Hughes – drums (3)
Simon Phillips – drums (4, 6, 7, 8)
Luís Jardim – percussion (1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8)
Carole Steele – percussion (2, 5)
Pino Palladino – bass (2, 5)
Neil Taylor – guitar (1), rhythm guitar (7)
Robbie McIntosh – lead guitar (2, 7), slide guitar (2)
Randy Jacobs – guitar (3-6, 8)
Simon Clark – keyboards, synthesizer (2, 5), Hammond organ (2, 4, 5, 7)
Oleta Adams – keyboards, female vocal (1), piano (2, 5), backing vocals (2)
Nicky Holland – keyboards, backing vocals (2, 4, 7), piano (4, 6, 8), Kurzweil strings (8)
Richard Niles – orchestral arrangement (3)
Jon Hassell – trumpet (5, 8)
Peter Hope-Evans – harmonica (5)
Kate St John – saxophone (6), oboe (6)
Tessa Niles – backing vocals (2, 5, 7), female vocal (6)
Carol Kenyon – backing vocals (2, 5, 7)
Maggie Ryder – backing vocals (4)
Dolette McDonald – backing vocals (7)
Andy Caine – backing vocals (7)
Production[edit]
Producers – Tears for Fears and David Bascombe
Engineer – David Bascombe
Additional engineer – Steve Chase
Assistant engineers – Heidi Canova and Lee Curle
Mixing – Bob Clearmountain (tracks 1 and 7), David Bascombe (tracks 2–6 and 8).
Art direction and photography – David Scheinmann
Oleta Adams' photo – Jeff Katz
Design – Stylorouge
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart
Peak
position
Australian ARIA Charts[10] 18
Austrian Albums Chart[11] 13
Canadian Albums Chart[12] 5
French Albums Chart[13] 3
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[14] 5
Italian Albums Chart[15] 5
Netherlands Megacharts[16] 7
New Zealand Albums Chart[17] 4
Norwegian Albums Chart[18] 14
Swedish Albums Chart[19] 5
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[20] 8
UK Albums (OCC)[21] 1
US Billboard 200[22] 8
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[23]
Gold 100,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[24]
2× Platinum 200,000^
France (SNEP)[25]
Platinum 300,000*
Netherlands (NVPI)[26]
Platinum 100,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[27]
Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[28]
Platinum 300,000^
United States (RIAA)[29]
Platinum 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Swihart, Stanton. "The Seeds of Love – Tears for Fears". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Frank W. (2005). Rhythm and Blues, Rap, and Hip-hop. Infobase Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8160-6980-4.
Jump up ^ Munro, Scott (July 21, 2017). "Steven Wilson meets Bollywood in Permanating video". Team Rock.
Jump up ^ Kot, Greg (26 October 1989). "Tears for Fears: The Seeds of Love (Polygram)". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Willman, Chris (24 September 1989). "Tears for Fears: Just So-So in 'The Seeds of Love'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Azerrad, Michael (2 November 1989). "Tears for Fears: The Seeds Of Love". Rolling Stone. New York. Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Nevin Martell. Looking for Calvin and Hobbes: The Unconventional Story of Bill Watterson . p. 67. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Thrills, Adrian (1990). Tears For Fears - The Seeds of Love. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 0-86369-329-6.
Jump up ^ Vare, Ethlie Ann (March 1985). "Tears For Fears To Tour: Electro-Popsters Push 'Big Chair'". Billboard Magazine. 97 (10 (March 9, 1985)): 48.
Jump up ^ "Australian Tears for Fears chart positions". australian-charts.com. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Austrian Tears for Fears chart positions". austriancharts.at. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Canadian The Seeds of Love chart positions". RPM. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste". infodisc.fr. Retrieved 28 October 2011. Select "TEARS for FEARS".
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Tears for Fears – The Seeds of Love" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - ALBUM 1989". hitparadeitalia.it. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl - Tears For Fears - The Seeds Of Love". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Tears for Fears chart positions". charts.org.nz. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Norwegian Tears for Fears chart positions". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Swedish Tears for Fears chart positions". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Tears for Fears – The Seeds of Love". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tears for Fears Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Brazilian album certifications – Tears for Fears – The Seeds of Love" (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Tears for Fears – The Seeds of Love". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "French album certifications – Tears for Fears – The Seeds of Love" (in French). InfoDisc. Select TEARS FOR FEARS and click OK
Jump up ^ "Dutch album certifications – Tears for Fears – The Seeds of Love" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Tears for Fears; 'The Seeds of Love')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Tears for Fears – The Seeds of Love". British Phonographic Industry. Enter The Seeds of Love in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Tears for Fears – The Seeds of Love". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Preceded by
Foreign Affair by Tina Turner UK number-one album
1 October 1989 – 7 October 1989 Succeeded by
Crossroads by Tracy Chapman
[hide]
v
t
e
Tears for Fears
Roland Orzabal
Curt Smith
Manny Elias
Ian Stanley
Studio albums
The Hurting
Songs from the Big Chair
The Seeds of Love
Elemental
Raoul and the Kings of Spain
Everybody Loves a Happy Ending
Live albums
Secret World Live in Paris
Compilations
Tears Roll Down (Greatest Hits 82–92)
Saturnine Martial & Lunatic
Shout: The Very Best of Tears for Fears
Rule the World – The Greatest Hits
Singles
"Suffer the Children"
"Pale Shelter"
"Mad World"
"Change"
"The Way You Are"
"Mothers Talk"
"Shout"
"Everybody Wants to Rule the World"
"Everybody Wants to Run the World"
"Head over Heels"
"I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)"
"Mothers Talk (US Remix)"
"Sowing the Seeds of Love"
"Woman in Chains"
"Advice for the Young at Heart"
"Famous Last Words"
"Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams"
"Laid So Low (Tears Roll Down)"
"Break It Down Again"
"Cold"
"Goodnight Song"
"Elemental"
"Raoul and the Kings of Spain"
"God's Mistake"
"Secrets"
"Falling Down"
"Closest Thing to Heaven"
"Everybody Loves a Happy Ending/Call Me Mellow"
"Secret World"
"I Love You But I'm Lost"
Video/DVD releases
The Videosingles
In My Mind's Eye
Scenes from the Big Chair
Sowing the Seeds
Going to California
Tears Roll Down (Greatest Hits 82–92)
Secret World (Live in Paris)
Related articles
Discography
Graduate
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Seeds_of_Love&oldid=843399126"
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