text:
Lighting for the elderly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Designing lighting for the elderly requires special consideration and care from architects and lighting designers. As people age, they experience neurodegeneration in the retina and in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Less light reaches the back of the eyes because the pupils decrease in size as you age, the lens inside your eye becomes thicker, and the lens scatters more light, causing objects and colors to appear less vivid.[1] These symptoms are particularly common with persons having alzheimer's disease. Older people also have reduced levels of retinal illuminance, such as having smaller pupils and less transparent crystalline lenses. Furthermore, as an individual ages, they begins to lose retinal neurons, which not only compromises the ability to see but also to register a robust daily pattern of light-dark that is needed to maintain biological rhythms. The 24-hour light-dark cycle is the most important external stimulus for regulating the timing of the circadian cycle.
In addition to the aging eye, lighting designers need to consider the unique lifestyle needs of the elderly. It is especially important to provide strong illumination in stairwells to prevent slip and trips, for example. Due to physical limitations, they may be deprived of natural sunlight. Many nursing homes and assisted living facilities have dim, constant light levels and poor light spectra, often caused by extensive use of fluorescent lighting. Although widely used in offices and factories, it is unsuitable for clinics and homes. This can cause disruption of the body’s circadian rhythms, which can potentially lead to negative health effects. Flicker from the bulbs can be disturbing, especially for epilepsy patients, and the colour rendition is poor when compared with incandescent bulbs.
Contents
1 Health concerns
1.1 Accident sensitivity
1.2 Circadian entrainment
1.3 Sleep disorders
1.4 Depression
2 Measuring light
3 Applications
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Health concerns[edit]
Grab rails on a longer-distance commuter train catering for mainly seated passengers
Accident sensitivity[edit]
A 230-volt incandescent light bulb, which gives strong, steady light ideal for illumination.
Low lighting levels may contribute to slips, trips and falls in the elderly by lowering visibility of hazards such as unexpected steps, or sudden changes in floor surfaces. Obstacles to a safe passage may include clutter or ill-placed furniture, which can cause a slip or a trip. Grab bars and stair rails are obvious aids but must be visible to the user, and so such environments demand strong lighting. Falls of elderly people causes a significant number of hip joint fractures, replacement of which is a serious medical event. Depending on fall configuration, other bones may be fractured. Head injury is also possible. Falls from ladders are very common among the elderly, especially men, with potentially worse injuries owing to the greater heights involved.
Fall prevention is thus an important consideration in designing homes for the elderly, and one of the most critical parts of that design process is supplying strong and effective lighting. Thus, when switched on, lights should react instantaneously, so the user is not surprised by a hidden obstacle as they moves into a kitchen or bathroom, for example. In such a case, incandescent light bulbs are preferred over fluorescent lighting, because they react instantaneously while a CFL takes time to warm up and become bright. Incandescent light bulbs also offer much greater illuminance than many other light sources, are relatively low cost and easy to install. Higher lighting levels enable users to see potential hazards before they need to take avoiding action, and so negotiate them safely and easily. Excellent colour rendering (as measured by the Colour rendering index) by such incandescent light also helps users identify colours correctly. Halogen bulbs are also available for greater efficiency, as are rough service bulbs to avoid discriminatory regulations, especially in the EU. No doubt LED lights will become an alternative source of high quality lighting in the future, but in 2013 they remain expensive for domestic use. Rough service bulbs are available in sizes up to 200 watt in all varieties of fittings. Although lifetime is generally lower than for CFLs, they are replaced easily.
But lighting should also be free from glare and highlights so as not to distract or even temporarily blind the user. Some skill is needed to meet the several criteria governing good lighting systems, especially for senior citizens and patients. Lighting ergonomics attempts to address the problem of designing safe light environments as well as specific lighting products.
Circadian entrainment[edit]
Underlying the foundation of light as therapy is the understanding that all living organisms have biological rhythms that repeat approximately in 24-hour cycles, in accordance with the cycle of sunlight. The most prominent way to measure whether a body is entrained in this circadian cycle is by measuring melatonin secretion, cortisol, and core body temperature. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates melatonin and temperature and typically produces melatonin at night. Melatonin informs the body when it is time to sleep.
When circadian cycles become disrupted (due either to too little light or too much light at the wrong time of day), melatonin is produced at disrupted times. This causes an individual to experience disrupted sleep patterns, which in turn causes numerous health issues to arise.
The key external stimulus is variation in light and darkness over the course of the day. The elderly are at high risk for physical ailments when their circadian cycles are disrupted. Impairment of these SCN-mediated circadian rhythms becomes increasingly common with advancing age, diminished health, and Alzheimer's disease, thereby contributing to the high prevalence of sleep disturbances in these populations.
Sleep disorders[edit]
Surveys show that 40 to 70 percent of those 65 years old and older suffer from chronic sleep disturbances.[2] The elderly tend to go to bed early in the evening and wake earlier in the morning than younger adults. Furthermore, the elderly often wake several times throughout the night and have difficulty falling asleep. They are prone to taking numerous naps during the day. Furthermore, constant lighting in assisted living facilities has been demonstrated to impair sleep ability.[3]
In persons with Alzheimer's Disease, sleep disturbances are much more frequent and tend to be more severe. These patients exhibit intermittent sleep throughout the 24-hour day, instead of consolidated sleep at night and wakefulness during the day.[4]
Poor sleep is one of the largest complaints among the elderly, and poor sleep can be linked to a wide variety of problems including increased cardiovascular problems, disruption of endocrine functions, decline of immune functions, stability problems, and poor cognition.[5] Studies have shown that when the elderly are exposed to high circadian light levels during the day and dim circadian levels at night, their sleep duration and efficiency has significantly improved.[6]
Depression[edit]
Bright light therapy is a common treatment for seasonal affective disorder and for circadian rhythm sleep disorders
The elderly frequently cite depression as a notable ailment. Many researchers have linked the depression to seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and seasonal mood variations have been linked to lack of light. (SAD is markedly more frequent in extreme latitudes, such as the arctic and in Finland[7]). Light therapy in the form of light boxes are a frequent non-drug treatment for SAD. Several preliminary studies have shown that light therapy is a positive treatment for depressive symptoms for older persons[8][9][10] although more studies need to be done in this area.
Measuring light[edit]
Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.
In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed.[11] This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.
The device is a small, head-mounted device which measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to circadian light—short-wavelength light, particularly natural light from the blue sky—that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.[12]
Applications[edit]
Providing light early in the evening can help seniors sleep better at night and be more alert during the day because the light delays the biological, circadian clock.[13] Many studies have shown that when the elderly are exposed to bright white light, the elderly individual saw improved sleep efficiency.[14][15][16][17] A recent study also demonstrated that exposure to 30 lx of blue light from LEDs in the evening (peaking at 470 nm at the eye for two hours) increased sleep efficiency for older adults who previously had difficulty sleeping.
Providing white light and blue light has even greater impact for those with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). So far, two lighting methods have been shown to improve nighttime sleep in AD patients: (1) exposure to bright white light (at least 2500 lx and as high as 8000 lx at the cornea) for at least one hour in the morning, for two weeks and (2) exposure to 30 lx of blue light from LEDs, peaking at 470 nm at the eye for two hours. The light, or the better sleep, also helped to reduce agitated behavior such as pacing, aggressiveness, and speaking loudly.[18][19][20][21][22] Evening exposure to bright white light (1500 to 2000 lx at the cornea) for two hours decreased nocturnal activity and severity of evening agitation.
Daylight is an ideal light source because it provides high circadian stimulation during the day. Daylight also has the correct intensity and spectrum needed to stimulate the circadian systems.[23] Architectural designs should consider adding sun rooms, skylights, patios, and courtyards into the design of facilities for the elderly. Architects can also select lighting fixtures that emit an array of blue light LEDS (λmax=470 nm) which deliver at least 30 lux at the corner. Lighting schemes that have timers are also helpful in providing the right type of light at the right type of day.
Nightlights are also helpful in reducing falls and injuries and, at the same time, help the elderly to maintain sleep. Falls are a major concern with the elderly; they threaten their independence and risk further health complications.[24] Lighting systems can help seniors maintain balance and stability.[25] Furthermore, sleep deprivation can contribute to decreased postural control.[26][27] Nightlights that accent horizontal and vertical spaces, such as soft lighting above a doorway or at the foot of a bed, can reduce the risk of falls without disturbing sleep.
See also[edit]
Architectural lighting design
Fluorescent lamps and health
Landscape lighting
Lighting designer
Lighting ergonomics
Vitamin D
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lighting the Way: A Key to Independence. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/lightHealth/AARP/senior/helpingOlderAdults/agingEye.asp
Jump up ^ Van Someren, EJ (2000). "Circadian rhythms and sleep in human aging". Chronobiol Int. 17 (3): 233–43. doi:10.1081/cbi-100101046.
Jump up ^ Figueiro M, Rea M. New research in the light and health field is expanding the possibilities for LED lighting in healthcare environments: CIE Midterm Meeting Conference Proceedings. Leon, Spain, 2005.
Jump up ^ Ncoli-Israel, S; Poceta, JS; Stepnowsky, C; Martin, J; Gehrman, P (1997). "Identification and treatment of sleep problems in the elderly". Sleep Med Rev. 1 (1): 3–17.
Jump up ^ Van Cauter, E; Plat, L; Leproult, R; Copinschi, G (1998). "Alterations of circadian rhythmicity and sleep in aging: endocrine consequences". Horm Res. 49 (3–4): 147–52. doi:10.1159/000023162.
Jump up ^ Figueiro MG, Bierman A, Bullough JD, Rea MS. 2009. A personal light-treatment device for possibly improving sleep quality in the elderly: Dynamics of nocturnal melatonin suppression at two exposure levels. Chronobiology International. 26(4):726-739. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/lightHealth/projects/Elderly.asp?id=167
Jump up ^ Avery, D H; Eder, DN; Bolte, MA; Hellekson, CJ; Dunner, DL; Vitiello, MV; Prinz, PN (2001). "Dawn simulation and bright light in the treatment of SAD: a controlled study". Biological Psychiatry. 50 (3): 205–216. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01200-8. PMID 11513820.
Jump up ^ Sumaya, IC; Rienzi, BM; Deegan, JF; Moss, DE (2001). "Bright light treatment decreases depression in institutionalized older adults: A placebo-controlled crossover study". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 56A (6): M356–M360.
Jump up ^ Tsai, YF; Wong, TK; Juang, YY; Tsai, HH (2004). "The effects of light therapy on depressed elders". Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 19: 545–548. doi:10.1002/gps.1125.
Jump up ^ Yamada, N; Martin-Iverson, MT; Daimon, K; et al. (1995). "Clinical and chronobiological effects of light therapy on nonseasonal affective disorders". Biol Psychiatry. 37: 866–873. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00221-n.
Jump up ^ Rea, MS; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD (2008). "A New Approach to Understanding the Impact of Circadian Disruption on Human Health". Journal of Circadian Rhythms. 6: 7. doi:10.1186/1740-3391-6-7. PMC 2430544. PMID 18510756.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2016-02-07. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ Murphy PJ, Campbell SS. 1996. Enhanced performance in elderly subjects following bright light treatment of sleep maintenance insomnia. J Sleep Res. 5(3):165-72.
Jump up ^ Satlin, A; Volicer, L; Ross, V; Herz, L.; Campbell, S. (1992). "Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease". American Journal of Psychiatry. 149: 1028–1032. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.8.1028.
Jump up ^ Okawa M, Mishima K, Hishikawa Y, Hozumi S, Hori H 1993. Sleep disorder in elderly patients with dementia and trials of new treatments -- enforcement of social interaction and bright light therapy. In: Vm Kumar, HN Mallick, U Nayar: Sleep Wakefulness. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern, 1993.
Jump up ^ Mishima; Okawa, M.; Hishikawa, Y.; Hozumi, S.; Hori, H.; Takahashi, K. (1994). "Morning bright light therapy for sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patients with dementia". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 89: 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01477.x.
Jump up ^ Fetveit, A; Skjerve, A; Bjorvatn, B (2003). "Bright light treatment improves sleep in institutionalized elderly--an open trial". Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 18 (6): 520–6. doi:10.1002/gps.852.
Jump up ^ Ancoli-Israel, S; Martin, J; Shochat, T; Marler, M (2000). "Morning light delays activity acrophase in demented elderly (abstract)". Soc. Light Treat. Biol. Rhythms. 12: 15.
Jump up ^ Koyama, E; Matsubara, H; Nakano, T (1999). "Bright light treatment for sleep-wake disturbances in aged individuals with dementia". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 53: 227–229. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00483.x.
Jump up ^ Lyketosos, CG; Lindell Veiel, L; Baker, A; Steele, C (1999). "A randomized, controlled trial of bright light therapy for agitated behaviors in dementia patients residing in long-term care". Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 14: 520–525.
Jump up ^ Mishima, K; Hishikawa, Y; Okawa, M (1998). "Randomized, dim light controlled, crossover test of morning bright light therapy for rest-activity rhythm disorders in patients with vascular dementia and dementia of Alzheimer's type". Chronobiol. Int. 15: 647–654. doi:10.3109/07420529808993200.
Jump up ^ Lovell, BB; Ancoli-Israel, S; Gevirtz, R (1995). "Effect of bright light treatment on agitated behavior n institutionalized elderly subjects". Psychiatry Res. 57: 7–12. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02550-g.
Jump up ^ Figueiro, MG (2008). "A proposed 24 hour lighting scheme for older adults". Lighting Research and Technology. 40: 153–160. doi:10.1177/1477153507087299.
Jump up ^ Black, A; Wood, J (2005). "Vision and falls". Clin. Experim. Opt. 88: 212–22.
Jump up ^ Postural Control and Stability for Seniors. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pdf/2007/Postural8511.pdf
Jump up ^ Patel, M; Gomez, S; Berg, S; et al. (2007). "Effects of 24 h and 36 h sleep deprivation on human postural control and adaptation". Exp. Brain Res.
Jump up ^ Brassington GS, King AC, Bliwise DL. Sleep problems as a risk factor for falls in a sample community-dwelling adults aged 64–99 years. J. Am. Ger. Soc. 2000; 48(10): 1234–40.
External links[edit]
Postural Control and Stability for Seniors.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Recommended practice for lighting and the visual environment for senior living, IESNA, New York, 1998, RP-28-98
Figueiro M. Lighting the Way: a key to independence. Guidelines for Designing Lighting for Older Adults. 2001. Retrieved 13 August 2007
Schuyler Ridge residential health care pilot demonstration of a lighting scheme designed for postural control and stability.
25 Lighting tips for seniors.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighting_for_the_elderly&oldid=853716125"
Categories:
Lighting
Architectural lighting design
Architectural elements
Ageing
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Archived copy as title
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 6 August 2018, at 15:00 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: /wiki/Pupils mw-redirect Pupils

values:
/wiki/Biological_rhythms
mw-redirect
Biological rhythms

values:
/wiki/Circadian_cycle
mw-redirect
Circadian cycle

values:
/wiki/Slip_and_trip
mw-redirect
Slip and trip

values:
/wiki/Nursing_home
mw-redirect
Nursing home

values:
/wiki/Assisted_living_facility
mw-redirect
Assisted living facility

values:
/wiki/Fluorescent_lighting
mw-redirect
Fluorescent lighting

values:
/wiki/Circadian_rhythms
mw-redirect
Circadian rhythms

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulbs
mw-redirect
Incandescent light bulbs

values:
/wiki/Colour_rendering_index
mw-redirect
Colour rendering index

values:
/wiki/Halogen_bulb
mw-redirect
Halogen bulb

values:
/wiki/Rough_service
mw-redirect
Rough service

values:
/wiki/Lighting_ergonomics
mw-redirect
Lighting ergonomics

values:
/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Disease
mw-redirect
Alzheimer's Disease

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1081%2Fcbi-100101046

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1159%2F000023162

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11513820

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fgps.1125

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1740-3391-6-7

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510756

values: Category:CS1 maint: Archived copy as title

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.149.8.1028

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fgps.852

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Lighting_for_the_elderly
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lighting_for_the_elderly rootpage-Lighting_for_the_elderly skin-vector action-view


text:
Reasonable suspicion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Reasonable suspicion is a legal standard of proof in United States law that is less than probable cause, the legal standard for arrests and warrants, but more than an "inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or 'hunch'";[1] it must be based on "specific and articulable facts", "taken together with rational inferences from those facts",[2] and the suspicion must be associated with the specific individual.[3] If police additionally have reasonable suspicion that a person so detained is armed and dangerous, they may "frisk" the person for weapons, but not for contraband like drugs. Reasonable suspicion is evaluated using the "reasonable person" or "reasonable officer" standard,[4] in which said person in the same circumstances could reasonably suspect a person has been, is, or is about to be engaged in criminal activity; it depends upon the totality of circumstances, and can result from a combination of particular facts, even if each is individually innocuous.
Contents
[hide]
1 Precedent
2 Child abuse
3 Other uses
3.1 Schools
3.2 Government workplaces
3.3 Borders
3.4 Traffic stops
3.5 Different jurisdictions
4 Examples
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Precedent[edit]
In Terry v. Ohio, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a person can be stopped and briefly detained by a police officer based on a reasonable suspicion of involvement in a punishable crime. If the officer has reasonable suspicion the detainee is armed, the officer may perform a "pat-down" of the person's outer garments for weapons. Such a detention does not violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizure, though it must be brief. Reasonable suspicion does not provide grounds for arrest; however, an arrest can be made if facts discovered during the detention provide probable cause (Note: probable cause cannot be after the fact. Any added probable cause after the fact would be admissible in the court of law )that the suspect has committed a crime.
In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada the Court further established that a state may require, by law, that a person identify himself or herself to an officer during a stop;[5] some states (e.g., Colorado[6]) require that a person detained provide additional information.
Child abuse[edit]
Most state child abuse reporting laws employ the "reasonable suspicion" standard as the threshold above which mandated reporters must report the case. However, the definition of this term is not widely understood.[7][8][9] As a result there is large variation in the rates of child abuse reporting in different states.[10]
Other uses[edit]
Schools[edit]
New Jersey has set the precedent that probable cause is not necessary to search a student on school grounds; reasonable suspicion is enough to search a student's belongings.[11] Overly intrusive searches, like a body cavity search, require probable cause.
Government workplaces[edit]
A few years after New Jersey v. T. L. O., the Supreme Court held in O'Connor v. Ortega that while government employees do have Fourth Amendment rights in the workplace, administrative investigations conducted by supervisors looking for evidence of work-related misconduct or violations of an employee policy – unlike investigations by law enforcement looking for evidence of criminal offenses – only require reasonable suspicion to justify a search.[12]
Borders[edit]
Main article: Border search exception
U.S. Customs can do routine suspicionless searches of people and effects crossing the border (including passing through airport customs) without establishing reasonable suspicion. This includes even complicated searches such as the disassembly of an automobile's gas tank.[13] However, there are some more intrusive types of searches, such as body cavity searches of a suspect balloon swallower, that require reasonable suspicion.[14][15]
Traffic stops[edit]
Main article: Traffic stop
A brief, non-custodial traffic stop is considered a "seizure" for the purposes of the 4th Amendment and must therefore be supported by reasonable suspicion or probable cause. The investigating officer must weigh the totality of the circumstances to determine whether sufficient objective facts exist to create reasonable suspicion that the driver is engaged in criminal activity.[16] If the investigating officer witnesses the driver commit a traffic violation, then said violation generally constitutes reasonable suspicion for the officer to stop the vehicle. The officer may then detain the driver and any passengers of the vehicle for long enough to confirm and/or deny his or her suspicions.
If his or her suspicions are confirmed, then there may be probable cause to either search the vehicle and/or arrest its occupant(s), depending on the nature of the suspected violations. In Illinois v. Caballes, the Supreme Court held that a drug dog may sniff the exterior of a vehicle during a traffic stop so long as any delay in calling the dog to the scene does not unreasonably prolong the traffic stop. The use of a drug dog is sui generis and a dog's sniff is not considered a search in and of itself under the 4th Amendment.[17]
Police may also set up roadblocks and stop drivers without particularized reasonable suspicion that the stopped individual is engaged in criminal activity, so long as the plan for the stop is applied neutrally, for instance, driving while intoxicated - so long as all vehicles are stopped or every third vehicle is stopped, or some other reasonably neutral policy is applied for stopping vehicles.[18] Note that some states also impose additional notice requirements for roadblocks, such as appropriate signage and/or flashing blue or red lights.
Different jurisdictions[edit]
Most powers applied by police officers in the United Kingdom are done on reasonable suspicion. Unlike in the United States, police officers in England and Wales can arrest on reasonable suspicion.
Examples[edit]
A police officer may briefly detain a person, without a warrant, if the officer has reasonable suspicion that the person is involved in a crime,[19] and an officer may use reasonable force to effect that detention. Courts have recognized that an officer's safety is paramount and have allowed for a "frisk" of the outermost garments from head to toe if the officer reasonably suspects that the detainee is armed, and for an officer to stop an individual at gunpoint if necessary. In the city of New York, once a person is released from a reasonable suspicion stop, a "stop, question and frisk report" is filled out and filed with the command in which the stop occurs.
U.S. courts have held that a stop on reasonable suspicion may be appropriate in the following cases: when a person possesses unusual items (like a wire hanger) which would be useful in a crime and is looking into car windows at 2 am, when a person matches a description of a suspect given by another officer, or a person is seen fleeing from a home or business with a sounding alarm. However, reasonable suspicion does not apply merely because a person refuses to answer questions, declines to allow a voluntary search, or is of a particular race or ethnicity. [20]
See also[edit]
Reasonable doubt
Stop and identify statutes (refusing to identify oneself when detained may be a crime in some jurisdictions)
United States v. Arnold (searches and seizures of electronic media at a United States port of entry by Customs and Border Protection)
Samson v. California (individualized reasonable suspicion is not required for searches to be conducted of the persons and homes of parolees)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968).
Jump up ^ Terry, 392 U.S., at 21.
Jump up ^ Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S. 85, 91 (1979).
Jump up ^ Terry, 392 U.S., at 21–22.
Jump up ^ Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004).
Jump up ^ Colo. Rev. Stat. §16-3-103(1).
Jump up ^ Levi, B.H. and S.G. Portwood, Reasonable suspicion of child abuse: finding a common language. J Law Med Ethics, 2011. 39(1): pp. 62–9.
Jump up ^ Levi, B.H. and K. Crowell, Child abuse experts disagree about the threshold for mandated reporting. 2011. 50(4): pp. 321–9.
Jump up ^ Flaherty, E.G. and R. Sege, Barriers to physician identification and reporting of child abuse. Pediatr Ann, 2005. 34(5): pp. 349–56.
Jump up ^ Kids Count Data. 2009.
Jump up ^ New Jersey v. T. L. O.,
Jump up ^ O'Connor v. Ortega, 480 U.S. 709 (1987).
Jump up ^ United States v. Flores-Montano, 541 U.S. 149 (2004).
Jump up ^ United States v. Montoya De Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531 (1985).
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266 (2002).
Jump up ^ Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 411 (2005).
Jump up ^ Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz, 496 U.S. 444 (1990).
Jump up ^ Terry, 392 U.S.
Jump up ^ Sheriff Rob Gordon (2008). "Search and Seizure Field Guide" (PDF). Washington County Sheriff's Office. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
External links[edit]
A definition on Dictionary.com
[show]
v
t
e
Criminal procedure (investigation)
Criminal investigation
Arrest warrant
Search warrant
Probable cause
Knock-and-announce
Exigent circumstance
Reasonable suspicion
Search and seizure
Search of persons
Arrest
Detention
Right to silence
Miranda warning
Arguido
Suspect
Criminal prosecution
Statute of limitations
Nolle prosequi
Bill of attainder
Precognition
Grand jury
Indictment
Ex post facto law
Criminal jurisdiction
Deferred prosecution agreement
Extradition
Habeas corpus
Bail
Inquisitorial system
Adversarial system
Charges and pleas
Alford plea
Arraignment
Information
Indictment
Plea
Peremptory plea
Nolo contendere
Plea bargain
Presentence investigation
Related areas
Criminal defenses
Criminal law
Evidence
Legal abuse
Criminal justice portal
Law portal
Wiktionary
Wikibooks
Wikiquote
WikiSource
Wikimedia Commons
Wikinews
Wikiversity
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reasonable_suspicion&oldid=842728653"
Categories:
United States criminal investigation law
Searches and seizures
Doubt
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
한국어
Svenska
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 08:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof
mw-redirect
Legal burden of proof

attrs: href title

value: span

value: sup

values: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Balloon_swallower
mw-redirect
Balloon swallower

values:
/wiki/Drug_detection_dog
mw-redirect
Drug detection dog

values:
/wiki/Driving_while_intoxicated
mw-redirect
Driving while intoxicated

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 392

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 444

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 542

values:
nofollow
http://datacenter.kidscount.org/
external text

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 480

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 541

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 473

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 543

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 496

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Criminal procedure (investigation)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:United States criminal investigation law

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: 합리적 의심 – Korean

values: Підозра (кримінальний процес) – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Reasonable_suspicion rootpage-Reasonable_suspicion skin-vector action-view


text:
I Want to Take You Higher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I Want to Take You Higher"
Single by Sly and the Family Stone
from the album Stand!
Released
1969
Format
7" single
Recorded
1969
Genre
Psychedelic soul, funk
Length
5:23
Label
Epic
5-10450
Songwriter(s)
Sly Stone
Producer(s)
Sly Stone
Sly and the Family Stone singles chronology
"Everyday People" / "Sing a Simple Song"
(1968) "Stand!" / "I Want to Take You Higher"
(1969) "Hot Fun in the Summertime"
(1969)
"Everyday People"/"Sing a Simple Song"
(1968) "Stand!"/"I Want to Take You Higher"
(1969) "Hot Fun in the Summertime"
(1969)
Audio sample
file
help
"I Want to Take You Higher"
Single by Ike & Tina Turner
Released
1970 (1970)
Songwriter(s)
Sly Stone
"I Want to Take You Higher" is a song by the soul/rock/funk band Sly and the Family Stone, the B-side to their Top 30 hit "Stand!". Unlike most of the other tracks on the Stand! album, "I Want to Take You Higher" is not a message song; instead, it is simply dedicated to music and the feeling one gets from music. Like nearly all of Sly & the Family Stone's songs, Sylvester "Sly Stone" Stewart was credited as the sole songwriter.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 About the song
2 Legacy
3 Cover versions
4 Personnel
5 References
6 External links
About the song[edit]
"I Want to Take You Higher" opens with a bluesy guitar riff played by Freddie Stone. The song, one of the most upbeat recordings in the Family Stone canon, is a remake of sorts of "Higher", a song from the band's 1968 Dance to the Music LP. "Higher" itself has its origins in "Advice", a song Sly Stone co-wrote and arranged for Billy Preston's album The Wildest Organ In Town in 1966.
"Higher" made the setlist for the band's performance at Woodstock alongside "Dance to the Music" and "Music Lover"; Sly Stone used the song during a memorable interlude, during which he had the Woodstock crowd repeating, at three in the morning, the song's frantic cry of "higher!"
Even though it was a b-side, "I Want to Take You Higher" became a Top 40 hit of its own in 1970. That same year, Ike & Tina Turner released a cover of the song that became a hit as well, peaking four spots above the original Family Stone recording on the US pop charts (at #34), and one position below the original on the R&B singles chart.
Legacy[edit]
Sly & the Family Stone performed a medley of "Dance to the Music" and "I Want to Take You Higher" on Soul Train on June 29, 1974.[2]
The song was featured prominently in the classic Canadian children's show Hilarious House of Frightenstein. It was the theme song for the Wolfman character.
From May 10, 1997 through February 28, 1998, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum presented their first temporary exhibit entitled I Want to Take You Higher: The Psychedelic Era 1965-1969,[3] timed to correspond with the 30th anniversary of the Summer of Love. It opened with a day-long outdoor festival MC'd by Chet Helms that drew thousands to the Museum’s plaza, featuring Big Brother and the Holding Company, Country Joe McDonald, and Donovan, with guests Ken Kesey and his Merry Pranksters (complete with the Further Bus). It accompanied the publishing of a book of the same name in 1997 (Chronicle Books) documenting the exhibit and the period. The last day featured an appearance by sixties icons Wavy Gravy and Paul Krassner, provided by the Cleveland-based group ACE.
In March 2005, Q magazine placed "I Want to Take You Higher" at number 84 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks.
In 2008, Backbeat Books published the bibliography I Want to Take You Higher: The Life and Times of Sly & the Family Stone, by Jeff Kaliss, featuring a foreword by and the first interview in twenty-one years with Sly Stone.[4]
Cover versions[edit]
Ike & Tina Turner recorded a cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" and released it as a single in 1970. It was a top 40 pop hit, peaking at No. 25.
Australian rock band Noiseworks recorded the song as 'Take You Higher' with Michael Hutchence of INXS in 1991, for the third Noiseworks album Love Versus Money, Their version was released a single in Australia.
Marcella Detroit covered the song as a b-side to her single "I Believe", and later included it on her album Jewel. It was also released as a promotional 7" single from that album.
Duran Duran recorded two versions for their 1995 covers album Thank You.
The Jackson 5 cover the song in their T.V. soundtrack Goin' Back to Indiana.
Sonia Dada recorded 'I Want To Take You Higher' for their 1999 live album, Lay Down and Love it Live. Also released as a single, it did not chart.
Tesla recorded a version for Real to Reel (2007).
Randy Hansen covered the song on his eponymous LP released in 1980.
The guitar riff from the original version was sampled for "Woodstock Hood Hop", by Slaughterhouse featuring M.O.P., in 2009.
Hanson covered the song on their Roots & Rock 'N' Roll EP in 2015.
Toto covered the song on their album Live at Montreux 1991, released in September 2016.
A cover of this song can be heard in the end credits sequence of Bob's Burgers bonus episode "Into The Mild" first aired on June 11, 2017.
Personnel[edit]
Lead vocals by Sly Stone, Rose Stone, Freddie Stone, and Larry Graham
Background vocals by Rose Stone, Freddie Stone, Larry Graham, Greg Errico, Jerry Martini, and Cynthia Robinson
Harmonica, keyboard by Sly Stone
Guitar by Freddie Stone
Bass by Larry Graham
Drums by Greg Errico
Horns by Jerry Martini (tenor saxophone) and Cynthia Robinson (trumpet)
Written and produced by Sly Stone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Henke, James; Charles Perry; Barry Miles (1997). I Want to Take You Higher. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-1700-8.
Jump up ^ The Best of Soul Train Live (booklet). Time Life. 2011.
Jump up ^ I Want to Take You Higher: The Psychedelic Era 1965-1969, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum website.
Jump up ^ Kaliss, Jeff (2008). I Want to Take You Higher: The Life and Times of Sly & the Family Stone. New York: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-984-9.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Sly and the Family Stone
Sly Stone
Freddie Stone
Rose Stone
Cynthia Robinson
Greg Errico
Jerry Martini
Larry Graham
Studio albums
A Whole New Thing (1967)
Dance to the Music (1968)
Life (1968)
Stand! (1969)
There's a Riot Goin' On (1971)
Fresh (1973)
Small Talk (1974)
High on You (Sly Stone, 1975)
Heard Ya Missed Me, Well I'm Back (1976)
Back on the Right Track (1979)
Ain't But the One Way (1982)
I'm Back! Family & Friends (Sly Stone, 2011)
Live albums
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Ten Years Too Soon
Sly & the Family Stone Anthology
Who in the Funk Do You Think You Are: The Warner Bros. Recordings
Rock and Roll
The Essential Sly & the Family Stone
Different Strokes by Different Folks
Higher!
The Collection
Singles
"Underdog"
"Dance to the Music"
"Dance à la Musique"
"Life"
"Everyday People"
"Stand!"
"Hot Fun in the Summertime"
"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)"
"I Want to Take You Higher"
"Family Affair"
"Runnin' Away"
"(You Caught Me) Smilin'"
"I Ain't Got Nobody"
"If You Want Me to Stay"
"Frisky"
"Time for Livin'"
"Loose Booty"
"I Get High on You"
"Le Lo Li"
"Crossword Puzzle"
"Blessing in Disguise"
"Family Again"
Additional personnel
Vet Stone
Mary McCreary
Elva Mouton
Gerry Gibson
Rustee Allen
Pat Rizzo
Andy Newmark
Bill Lordan
Vicki Blackwell
Jim Strassburg
Related articles
Awards
Discography
Sly Stone solo discography
Members
Little Sister
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Ike & Tina Turner
Ike Turner
Tina Turner
Studio albums
The Soul of Ike & Tina Turner
Dynamite!
Don't Play Me Cheap
It's Gonna Work Out Fine
Get It, Get It
River Deep - Mountain High
So Fine
Outta Season
Cussin’, Cryin’ And Carryin’ On
The Hunter
Ooh Poo Pah Doo
Come Together
Workin' Together
Nuff Said
Feel Good
Let Me Touch Your Mind
Nutbush City Limits
The Gospel According to Ike and Tina
Sweet Rhode Island Red
Delilah's Power
Airwaves
Compilations
Proud Mary: The Best of Ike & Tina Turner
Funkier Than a Mosquito's Tweeter
Singles
"A Fool in Love"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"I Idolize You"
"It's Gonna Work Out Fine"
"River Deep – Mountain High"
"A Love Like Yours"
"I've Been Loving You Too Long"
"The Hunter
"Come Together"
"I Want To Take You Higher"
"Proud Mary"
"Nutbush City Limits"
Related topics
Discography
The Ikettes
Albums
Songs
Book:Tina Turner
[show]
v
t
e
Noiseworks
Steve Balbi, Stuart Fraser, Kevin Nicol, Justin Stanley, Jon Stevens, Chris Becker, Barbara Griffin, Scott Aplin
Studio albums
Noiseworks (1987)
Touch (1988)
Love Versus Money (1991)
Compilations
Greatest Hits (1992)
The Essential Noiseworks (2007)
Live + Loud (2008)
Singles
"No Lies"
"Take Me Back"
"Love Somebody"
"Welcome to the World"
"Burning Feeling"
"Touch"
"Voice of Reason"
"Simple Man"
"In My Youth"
"Freedom"
"Miles & Miles"
"Hot Chilli Woman"
"R.I.P. (Millie)"
"I Want to Take You Higher"
"Let It Be"
Related articles
Mark Opitz
Randy Jackson
CBS
Epic Records
Sony BMG Music Entertainment
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Want_to_Take_You_Higher&oldid=795329883"
Categories:
1969 songs
1969 singles
1992 singles
Sly and the Family Stone songs
Ike & Tina Turner songs
Noiseworks songs
Song recordings produced by Sly Stone
Songs written by Sly Stone
Epic Records singles
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 August 2017, at 14:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: i

value: td

values: Everyday People (Sly & the Family Stone song)

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values:
/wiki/Sylvester_%22Sly_Stone%22_Stewart
mw-redirect
Sylvester "Sly Stone" Stewart

values: Dance to the Music (Sly and the Family Stone album)

values:
/wiki/The_Wildest_Organ_In_Town
mw-redirect
The Wildest Organ In Town

values:
/wiki/Woodstock_Festival
mw-redirect
Woodstock Festival

values:
/wiki/R%26B_singles_chart
mw-redirect
R&B singles chart

values:
/wiki/Hilarious_House_of_Frightenstein
mw-redirect
Hilarious House of Frightenstein

values: Association for Consciousness Exploration

values:
/wiki/Lay_Down_and_Love_it_Live
mw-redirect
Lay Down and Love it Live

values:
/wiki/Backbeat_Books
mw-redirect
Backbeat Books

values:
Sly_and_the_Family_Stone
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: A Whole New Thing (Sly and the Family Stone album)

values: Small Talk (Sly and the Family Stone album)

values: Greatest Hits (Sly and the Family Stone album)

values: Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)

values: Runnin' Away (Sly and the Family Stone song)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Ike_.26_Tina_Turner
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)

values:
Noiseworks
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
/wiki/Sony_BMG_Music_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Sony BMG Music Entertainment

values: navigation navbox Noiseworks padding:3px

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Sly Stone

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/I_Want_to_Take_You_Higher
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: I Want to Take You Higher – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-I_Want_to_Take_You_Higher rootpage-I_Want_to_Take_You_Higher vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view