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Big Apple
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For other uses, see Big Apple (disambiguation).
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"Big Apple Corner" at 54th Street and Broadway, in Manhattan's Theater District
"Big Apple" is a nickname for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald, a sports writer for the New York Morning Telegraph. Its popularity since the 1970s is due in part to a promotional campaign by the New York tourist authorities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the name
1.1 Early mentions
1.2 Racing context
2 Fall and Rise in Popularity
3 In popular culture
4 References
5 External links
Origin of the name[edit]
Although the history of Big Apple was once thought a mystery,[1] a clearer picture of the term's history has emerged due to the work of amateur etymologist Barry Popik[2] and Gerald Cohen of Missouri University of Science and Technology.[3] A number of false theories had previously existed,[4] including a claim that the term derived from a woman named Eve who ran a brothel in the city.[5] This was subsequently exposed as a hoax.[6][7]
Early mentions[edit]
The earliest known usage of 'big apple' appears in the book The Wayfarer in New York (1909), in which author Edward S. Martin writes:
Kansas is apt to see in New York a greedy city.... It inclines to think that the big apple gets a disproportionate share of the national sap.[8][9]
William Safire considered this the coinage, but the Random House Dictionary of American Slang has described the usage as "metaphorical or perhaps proverbial, rather than a concrete example of the later slang term".[citation needed]
Racing context[edit]
This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Big Apple was popularized as a name for New York City by John J. Fitz Gerald in a number of horse-racing articles for the New York Morning Telegraph in the 1920s. The earliest of these was a casual reference on 3rd May, 1921:
J. P. Smith, with Tippity Witchet and others of the L. T. Bauer string, is scheduled to start for "the big apple" to-morrow after a most prosperous Spring campaign at Bowie and Havre de Grace.[10]
Fitz Gerald referred to the "big apple" frequently thereafter.[11] He explained his use in a column dated 18th February, 1924, under the headline "Around the Big Apple":
The Big Apple. The dream of every lad that ever threw a leg over a thoroughbred and the goal of all horsemen. There's only one Big Apple. That's New York.[12]
Fitz Gerald's reference to "dusky" stable hands suggests the term's origin may lie in African-American culture. Evidence for this may be found in the Chicago Defender, an African-American newspaper that had a national circulation. Writing for the Defender on 16th September 1922, “Ragtime” Billy Tucker used the name "big apple" to refer to New York in a non-horse-racing context:
I trust your trip to 'the big apple' (New York) was a huge success and only wish that I had been able to make it with you.[13]
Tucker had also earlier used "big apple" as a reference to Los Angeles. It is possible that he simply understood "big apple" as a nickname for any large city:
Dear Pal, Tony: No, Ragtime Billy Tucker hasn't dropped completely out of existence, but is still in the 'Big Apple', Los Angeles.[13]
Fall and Rise in Popularity[edit]
The New York Mets Home Run Apple located in Citi Field.
By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use "Big Apple" and were using it in contexts other than horse-racing.[14] "The Big Apple" was a popular song[15] and dance[16] in the 1930s. Walter Winchell and other writers continued to use the term in the 1940s and 1950s,[17] but by the 1960s it had generally come to be known as an old name for New York.[18]
In the early 1970s, however, the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau (now NYC & Company, New York City's official marketing and tourism organization) began to promote the city's "Big Apple" nickname[19] under the leadership of its president, Charles Gillett.[20] It has remained popular since then.[21]
Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani in 1997 signed legislation designating as "Big Apple Corner" the southwest corner of West 54th Street and Broadway, the corner on which John J. Fitz Gerald lived from 1934 to 1963.[22] As part of the celebrations following as his election as President of the United States in 2016, Donald Trump hosted a party which he named 'The Big Apple Ball' and which featured themed decorations and cut-outs of New York landmarks in honor of his home city.[23]
Today the name enjoys exclusive ubiquity in literature and speech referring to New York City, and is used with regularity by journalists and news-headline writers across the English-speaking world.[24][25][26][27]
In popular culture[edit]
The term "big apple" was used by Frank Sinatra in conversation with opera singer Dorothy Kirsten on an episode of the NBC radio program Light Up Time on 28th March, 1950.[citation needed][28]
In Evita, Buenos Aires is referred to as "B.A., Buenos Aires, Big Apple" in the song Eva, Beware of the City. This line, produced by lyricist Tim Rice, does not appear to reflect any pre-existing usage.
The New York Mets baseball team[29] have featured a "Home Run Apple" that rises whenever a Mets player hits a home run. It has become a symbol of the Mets baseball team, recognized throughout Major League Baseball[30] as an iconic feature of the Mets' stadiums. It first appeared in Shea Stadium, and the original can still be seen on display at Citi Field, outside the Jackie Robinson Rotunda. Citi Field now uses a new apple, one that is much larger than original.[31]
Uses of the term abound elsewhere in the names of cultural products and events in or concerning New York, including the Big Apple Anime Fest, the Big Apple Theater Festival, Jess Teong's The Kid from the Big Apple and Kajagoogoo's Big Apple, and playful uses of the nickname have been seen, such as Patrick Downey's 2008 historical study of New York City's criminal underworld, entitled Bad Seeds in the Big Apple.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Why is New York called the Big Apple?, The Straight Dope February 18, 1977
Jump up ^ The Big Apple. Research by Barry Popik and others with the text of contemporary examples.
Jump up ^ Gerald Cohen, Origin of New York City's Nickname "The Big Apple" (1991), ISBN 3-631-43787-0
Jump up ^ False Etymologies
Jump up ^ Why Is New York City Called "The Big Apple"? Wayback Machine archive of earlier version of web page.
Jump up ^ Big Apple Whore Hoax (1800s!)
Jump up ^ Salwen, Peter. "Why Is New York City Called "The Big Apple"?".
Jump up ^ Safire, William (September 17, 2000), "Big Applesource", The New York Times Magazine
Jump up ^ Safire, William (2004), The Right Word in the Right Place at the Right Time, p. p. 23
Jump up ^ First “Big Apple”: May 3, 1921.
Jump up ^ Numerous 1920s “Big Apple” citations in the New York Morning Telegraph.
Jump up ^ First “Big Apple” explanation: February 18, 1924. See also the original article image.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Apple" antedating; 1920s Vaudeville/Ragtime “Big Apple” Citations.
Jump up ^ 1920s Non-Horseracing “Big Apple” Citations.
Jump up ^ “Big Apple” song by Bob Emmerich.
Jump up ^ “Big Apple” in the 1930s (Two clubs, plus song and dance).
Jump up ^ “Big Apple” in the 1940s-1950s
Jump up ^ Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five 265 (1969; Delta Trade Paperbacks ed. 1999) ("That's what they used to call New York").
Jump up ^ About NYC and Company.
Jump up ^ Big Apple 1970s Revival: Charlie Gillett and Lew Rudin.
Jump up ^ "Words and Their Stories: Nicknames for New York City". Voice of America. February 23, 2010. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Mayor's Press Office, Release No. 082-97, Mayor Giuliani Signs Legislation Creating "Big Apple Corner" in Manhattan (Feb. 12, 1997).
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump to hold an NYC-themed inauguration party dubbed the 'Big Apple Ball'". www.nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Malcolm Turnbull's big day out in the Big Apple ahead of Donald Trump meeting". www.smh.com.au. The Sydney Morning Herald. May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Apple picnics: Enjoy New York like a local". www.usatoday.com. USA Today. April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Taking a bite out of the Big Apple". www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk. Manchester Evening News. May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Apple benefits from falling overseas interest in London commercial real estate". www.scmp.com. South China Morning Post. August 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "big apple and frank sinatra - Google Scholar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Official New York Mets Site".
Jump up ^ "Official Major League Baseball Site".
Jump up ^ "A new Home Run Apple grows at Citi Field". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
External links[edit]
Look up Big Apple in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Giuliani creates Big Apple Corner from the February 1997 Archives of the Mayor's Press Office
The Big Apple Research on the term's history from amateur etymologist Barry Popik
Straight Dope article
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Apple&oldid=798900904"
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Prime meridian (Greenwich)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a historical prime meridian. For the general concept and information on modern prime meridians, see prime meridian.
Coordinates: 51°28′40.12″N 0°00′05.31″W / 51.4778111°N 0.0014750°W / 51.4778111; -0.0014750
Tourists taking pictures with the Prime Meridian monument
Laser projected from the Royal Observatory in Greenwich marking the Prime meridian.
A prime meridian, based at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in London, England,[1] was established by Sir George Airy in 1851. By 1884, over two-thirds of all ships and tonnage used it as the reference meridian on their charts and maps. In October of that year, at the behest of US President Chester A. Arthur, 41 delegates from 25 nations met in Washington, D.C., United States, for the International Meridian Conference. This conference selected the meridian passing through Greenwich as the official prime meridian due to its popularity.[note 1][2] However, France abstained from the vote, and French maps continued to use the Paris meridian for several decades. In the 18th century, London lexicographer Malachy Postlethwayt published his African maps showing the "Meridian of London" intersecting the Equator a few degrees west of the later meridian and Accra, Ghana.[3]
The plane of the prime meridian is parallel to the local gravity vector at the Airy transit circle (51°28′40.1″N 0°0′5.3″W / 51.477806°N 0.001472°W / 51.477806; -0.001472 (Airy Transit))[4] of the Greenwich observatory. The prime meridian was therefore long symbolised by a brass strip in the courtyard, now replaced by stainless steel, and since 16 December 1999, it has been marked by a powerful green laser shining north across the London night sky.
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers show that the marking strip for the prime meridian at Greenwich is not exactly at zero degrees, zero minutes, and zero seconds but at approximately 5.3 seconds of arc to the west of the meridian (meaning that the meridian appears to be 102.478 metres east). In the past, this offset has been attributed to the establishment of reference meridians for space-based location systems such as WGS 84 (which GPS relies on) or that errors gradually crept into the International Time Bureau timekeeping process. The actual reason for the discrepancy is that the marking strip is indeed at astronomical longitude zero degrees, zero minutes, and zero seconds[note 2]—but GPS receivers show geodetic longitude, which equalises the higher mass, otherwise seen, of the eastern hemisphere (specifically per Standard ITRF/WGS 84).
Contents
1 History
2 The meridian today
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Before the establishment of a common meridian, most maritime countries established their own prime meridian, usually passing through the country in question. In 1721, Great Britain established its own meridian passing through an early transit circle at the newly established Royal Observatory at Greenwich. The meridian was moved around 10 metres or so east on three occasions as transit circles with newer and better instruments were built, on each occasion next door to the existing one. This was to allow uninterrupted observation during each new construction. The final meridian was established as an imaginary line from the north pole to the south pole passing through the Airy transit circle. This became Great Britain's meridian in 1851.[5] For all practical purposes of the period, the changes as the meridian was moved went unnoticed.
Transit instruments are installed to be perpendicular to the local level (which is a plane perpendicular to a plumb line). In 1884, the International Meridian Conference took place to establish an internationally recognised single meridian. The meridian chosen was that which passed through the Airy transit circle at Greenwich and it became the prime meridian.
At around the time of this conference, scientists were making measurements to determine the deflection of the vertical on a large scale.[6] One might expect that plumb lines set up in various locations, if extended downward, would all pass through a single point, the centre of the Earth, but this is not the case, primarily due to the Earth being an ellipsoid, not a sphere. The downward extended plumb lines don't even all intersect the rotation axis of the Earth; this much smaller effect is due to the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass. To make computations feasible, scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution; a given ellipsoid would be a good compromise for measurements in a given area, such as a country or continent. The difference between the direction of a plumb line or vertical, and a line perpendicular to the surface of the ellipsoid of revolution—a normal to said ellipsoid—at a particular observatory, is the deflection of the vertical.[7]
A GPS receiver at the marking strip of the prime meridian. The indicated longitude is not exactly zero because the geodetic zero meridian on a geocentric reference ellipsoid (which is what GPS positioning yields) is 102.478 metres east of this strip.
When the Airy transit circle was built, a mercury basin was used to align the telescope to the perpendicular. Thus the circle was aligned with the local vertical or plumb line, which is deflected slightly from the normal, or line perpendicular, to the reference ellipsoid used to define geodetic latitude and longitude in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (which is nearly the same as the WGS-84 system used by GPS). While the local vertical defined at the Airy transit circle still points to the modern celestial meridian (the intersection of the prime meridian plane with the celestial sphere), it does not pass through the Earth's rotation axis. As a result of this, the ITRF zero meridian, defined by a plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis, is 102.478 metres to the east of the prime meridian. A 2015 analysis by Malys et al. shows the offset between the Airy transit circle and the ITRF/WGS 84 meridians can be explained by this deflection of the vertical alone; other possible sources of the offset that have been proposed in the past are smaller than the current uncertainty in the deflection of the vertical near the observatory. The astronomical longitude of the Greenwich prime meridian was found to be 0.19″ ± 0.47″ East, i.e. the plane defined by the local vertical on the Greenwich prime meridian and the plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis on the ITRF zero meridian are effectively parallel. However, the claim, found, e.g., in a BBC article that this difference between astronomical and geodetic coordinates means that any measurements of transit time across the IRTF zero meridian will occur 0.352 seconds (or 0.353 sidereal seconds) before the transit across the "intended meridian"[8] is based on a failure of understanding. The explanation by Malys et al.[4] on the other hand is both lucid and correct.
The meridian today[edit]
As of 2018 the Greenwich meridian passes through:
United Kingdom,
France,
Spain,
Algeria,
Mali,
Burkina Faso,
Togo,
Ghana,
Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.
See also[edit]
Greenwich Mean Time
IERS Reference Meridian
United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Voting took place on 13 October and the resolutions were adopted on 22 October 1884.
Jump up ^ Astronomical longitude is influenced by local gravity anomalies.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ROG Learning Team (23 August 2002). "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich". Royal Museums Greenwich. Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Howse 1997, pp. 12, 137.
Jump up ^ Malachy Postlethwayt. (1774) Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce. (4th edition) London: W. Strahan, J. & F. Rivington. Vol. 1 "A New and Correct Map of the Coast of Africa".
^ Jump up to: a b Malys, Stephen; Seago, John H.; Palvis, Nikolaos K.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Kaplan, George H. (1 August 2015). "Why the Greenwich meridian moved". Journal of Geodesy. doi:10.1007/s00190-015-0844-y.
Jump up ^ "The Greenwich Meridian".
Jump up ^ Dracup, Joseph F. (8 June 2006). "Geodetic Surveys in the United States, the Beginning and the Next 100 Years". NOAA History: A Science Odyssey.
Jump up ^ Geodesy for the Layman (PDF) (Technical report) (5th ed.). National Ocean Service. December 1983. pp. 6–10.
Jump up ^ "Scientists explain why Greenwich Meridian line is in 'wrong place'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2015-08-17.
Howse, Derek (1997). Greenwich Time and the Longitude. Phillip Wilson. ISBN 0-85667-468-0. ASIN 0948065265.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime meridian.
"Where the Earth's surface begins—and ends", Popular Mechanics, December 1930
International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian at Project Gutenberg
A pictorial catalogue of meridian markers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)&oldid=851238847"
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Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Much Ado About Nothing
Directed by
Kenneth Branagh
Produced by
Kenneth Branagh
Stephen Evans
David Parfitt
Screenplay by
Kenneth Branagh
Based on
Much Ado About Nothing
by William Shakespeare
Starring
Kenneth Branagh
Michael Keaton
Robert Sean Leonard
Keanu Reeves
Emma Thompson
Denzel Washington
Music by
Patrick Doyle
Cinematography
Roger Lanser
Edited by
Andrew Marcus
Production
company
BBC Films
American Playhouse Theatrical Films
Renaissance Films
Distributed by
The Samuel Goldwyn Company
Release date
May 7, 1993 (1993-05-07) (United States)
August 27, 1993 (1993-08-27) (United Kingdom)
Running time
110 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
United States
Language
English
Budget
$11 million[1]
Box office
$36 million
Much Ado About Nothing is a 1993 British/American romantic comedy film based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. It was adapted for the screen and directed by Kenneth Branagh, who also stars in the film. The film also stars Branagh's then-wife Emma Thompson, Robert Sean Leonard, Denzel Washington, Michael Keaton, Keanu Reeves, and Kate Beckinsale in her film debut.
The film was released on May 7, 1993, reaching 200 U.S. screens at its widest release. It earned $22 million at the U.S. box office and $36 million total worldwide, which, despite failing to reach the mark set by Franco Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet, made it one of the most financially successful Shakespeare films ever released. It was also entered into the 1993 Cannes Film Festival.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Soundtrack
4 Reception
4.1 Accolades
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Having just crushed an uprising by his half-brother, Don John, Don Pedro of Aragon and his noblemen visit their friend Leonato in Messina. Accompanying Don Pedro is the witty Benedick, former lover of Leonato's equally sharp-tongued niece, Beatrice. Also present are Benedick's friend Claudio, a young count; and Don John who, despite his rebellion, has apparently reconciled with his brother. Claudio has been thinking of Leonato's beautiful daughter Hero since before he went to war, and returns to find her as attractive as ever. Don Pedro, learning of his friend's feelings, decides to act on his behalf and arranges the match at a party. An unrepentant Don John attempts to foil it, but unsuccessfully – the match is made. Needing something to pass the time until the wedding, Don Pedro decides to arrange a similar fate for Beatrice and Benedick, whose animosity for each other is clear.
Don Pedro, Leonato, and Claudio stage a conversation containing a false account of how much Beatrice loves Benedick, all the while knowing Benedick to be hiding within earshot. Hero and her gentlewoman Ursula play the same trick upon Beatrice. Each of them believes the story they hear about the other. In the midst of all of this good-natured scheming, Don John has been searching for ways to stop the marriage between Claudio and Hero. The night before the wedding, Don John's servant Borachio arranges a steamy liaison with Hero's gentlewoman Margaret at Hero's chamber window. Don John shows Don Pedro and Claudio this, and they believe that they are seeing Hero in the act of infidelity.
Against the revelry of the evening, the noble but incompetent constable Dogberry appoints a watch to keep the peace. The three hapless watchmen happen to hear Borachio bragging to his colleague Conrade about how he and Don John had succeeded in stopping the wedding. The watchmen apprehend Borachio and Conrade, and, in the morning, Dogberry attempts to have Leonato interrogate the prisoners. However, a hurried Leonato is unable to decipher what the bumbling Dogberry is trying to tell him. Amidst the confusion, Don John quietly flees.
At the wedding, Claudio publicly disgraces his would-be bride and storms away, along with most of the guests, except for Ursula, the Friar, Leonato, Beatrice, Antonio, and Benedick. They all agree to the Friar's plan to publish the tale that Hero, upon the grief of Claudio's accusations, suddenly died. Beatrice and Benedick linger a moment and eventually confess their love to one another. In the wake of this declaration, Beatrice asks Benedick to do the one thing that will satisfy her outrage with what has just happened – kill Claudio. With a heavy heart, he agrees to challenge his friend. Meanwhile, Borachio and Conrade are interrogated by Dogberry and his men. Despite Dogberry's incompetence, the truth of Don John's sinister machinations is revealed.
Moments after Benedick's challenge to Claudio, Leonato is made aware of what really happened. Leonato continues to pretend to Claudio that Hero is dead. Claudio entreats Leonato to impose whatever vengeance he sees fit for Claudio's part in Hero's disgrace and death. Leonato forgives Claudio on the condition that he publicly declare his wrongdoing and then marry Hero's cousin the next morning. Claudio agrees, and carries out the former by reciting an epitaph at Hero's tomb that night.
When the bride is brought forth the next day, she is revealed to be none other than Hero herself. She and Claudio profess their true, undying love for each other, as do Beatrice and Benedick, who agree to marry. Benedick renounces his challenge against Claudio and embraces him. Moments later, Don John is marched in, having been captured before he could escape. Those gathered begin to dance, with the two happy couples at the middle. Don Pedro remains behind, still single, but happy for his friends.
Cast[edit]
Kenneth Branagh as Benedick, a nobleman in the court of Don Pedro. He is very self-righteous but shows himself to have good judgement during the "wedding" scene, as he is the only man from Don Pedro's entourage who implicitly believes Hero. His arrogance and selfishness make his relationship with Beatrice an argumentative one, but at the end of the film, Beatrice and Benedick agree to marry.
Emma Thompson as Beatrice, Leonato's niece, and Hero's cousin and chamber-mate. She is a strong-willed woman who charms and beguiles all who know her with her wit and cleverness. She confesses her love for Benedick and agrees to marry him.
Robert Sean Leonard as Count Claudio, a close friend of Don Pedro and Benedick, and fiancé to Hero, with whom he has been in love since before the men went to war against Don John. He does not believe Hero when she protests her innocence, and humiliates her by publicly casting her off during their wedding ceremony. When Borachio finally confesses and Hero's innocence becomes clear, Claudio is devastated over his part in her "death" (as Hero's father leads him to believe). He agrees to marry Hero's cousin at Leonato's request, and is reunited with his love when it is revealed that "sweet Hero" is still alive and now his bride in truth.
Kate Beckinsale as Hero, the sweet, innocent only child of Governor Leonato, in love with Claudio. She is falsely accused of being unfaithful to Claudio on the night before her wedding. At the end of the film, Don John's plot against her and Claudio is revealed and they are happily married as was planned in the beginning.
Denzel Washington as Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon; remarkable for being one of the few "marriageable" men in the piece who does not get married by the end of the play, though he does play matchmaker for others. In the second act, when he and Beatrice are alone, he quietly asks her, "will you have me, lady?", revealing his true feelings for her. Beatrice gently rebuffs his proposal, and the two remain friends. He believes, with Claudio, in Hero's alleged infidelity, but is likewise earnestly sorry when he learns the truth.
Keanu Reeves as Don John, Don Pedro's evil half-brother. After leading a failed rebellion against Don Pedro, he conspires with his men Borachio and Conrade to ruin Hero and Claudio's wedding by impugning Hero's honor. When his plot is found out, he attempts to escape but is captured and imprisoned.
Richard Briers as Leonato, Governor of Messina and the father of Hero. He loves his daughter immensely but upon hearing the false news that she was being unfaithful to Claudio, he wishes she had never been born if that would mean that he would be spared the pain of her disgrace. He eventually listens to the Friar's counsel and becomes party to the pretence that Hero has died in order to test Claudio's remorse over his humiliation of Hero, before finally reuniting the two young lovers in the last act.
Michael Keaton as Dogberry, the local constable. He is not half so clever as he thinks he is and has a bad habit for malapropisms. He solves crimes and misdeeds accidentally. He and his men accidentally catch Borachio boasting about his involvement with separating Claudio and Hero. His men arrest Borachio and his conspiring friends. He ultimately saves the day by forcing Borachio to confess his part in Don John's plot to Leonato.
Gerard Horan as Borachio, Don John's drunken henchmen. He assists Don John in ruining Claudio's and Hero's wedding by making Hero appear unfaithful and initially succeeds, but is caught boasting about his crime by Dogberry's men and forced to confess.
Imelda Staunton as Margaret, Hero's rather worldly waiting gentlewoman who is tricked by Borachio, and mistaken for Hero by Don Pedro and Claudio.
Brian Blessed as Antonio, the brother of Leonato. He is very kind-hearted, but is incredibly furious by the accusations leveled against his niece.
Ben Elton as Verges, the local headborough and Dogberry's partner.
Jimmy Yuill as Friar Francis, the priest at Claudio and Hero's wedding who later defends Hero from the accusations made against her.
Richard Clifford as Conrade, a henchman of Don John.
Phyllida Law as Ursula, Hero's other waiting gentlewoman.
Patrick Doyle as Balthazar, Don Pedro's musician.
Production[edit]
Much Ado About Nothing was filmed entirely at Villa Vignamaggio, Greve in Chianti, Florence. Tuscany, Italy.
Soundtrack[edit]
Much Ado About Nothing
Film score by Patrick Doyle
Released
4 May 1993
Recorded
1993
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
59:02
Label
Epic Soundtrax
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Filmtracks link
The music to Much Ado About Nothing was composed by frequent Kenneth Branagh collaborator Patrick Doyle, who makes a brief cameo in the film as Balthazar singing Sigh No More Ladies and Pardon, Goddess of the Night.[3] The soundtrack was released May 4, 1993 through Epic Soundtrax and features twenty-four tracks of score at a running time just under an hour.[4]
"The Picnic" (2:57)
"Overture" (4:20)
"The Sweetest Lady" (2:05)
"The Conspirators" (2:39)
"The Masked Ball" (1:55)
"The Prince Woos Hero" (1:18)
"A Star Danced" (2:43)
"Rich She Shall Be" (1:42)
"Sigh No More Ladies" (1:58)
"The Gulling of Benedick" (3:12)
"It Must Be Requited" (1:58)
"The Gulling of Beatrice" (1:41)
"Contempt Farewell" (1:32)
"The Lady is Disloyal" (2:14)
"Hero's Wedding" (0:47)
"Take Her Back Again" (3:10)
"Die to Live" (4:43)
"You Have Killed a Sweet Lady" (3:03)
"Choose Your Revenge" (1:48)
"Pardon, Goddess of the Night" (4:32)
"Did I Not Tell You" (1:40)
"Hero Revealed" (1:26)
"Benedick the Married Man" (2:06)
"Strike Up Pipers" (2:41)
Reception[edit]
Much Ado About Nothing received general acclaim from critics. The film currently holds a 89% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a website that aggregates professional critiques, with the consensus "Kenneth Branagh's love for the material is contagious in this exuberant adaptation."[5]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it three out of four stars, calling it "cheerful from beginning to end."[6] Vincent Canby of The New York Times also wrote the film a positive review, praising Branagh's direction and calling it "ravishing entertainment."[7] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post praised Branagh's cuts to the text as giving "wonderful import to this silliness from long ago" and stated that "Kenneth Branagh has, once again, blown away the forbidding academic dust and found a funny retro-essence for the '90s."[8] Online critic James Berardinelli gave the film a glowing four-star review, calling it a "gem of a movie", especially praising the accessibility of the humor, the performances, and Branagh's lively direction, of which he wrote, "This film cements Branagh's status as a great director of Shakespeare, and perhaps of film in general, as well."[9]
Conversely, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote the film a negative review, praising some moments as "invigorating fun", but ultimately calling it "overripe."[10] Most of the negative criticisms focused on particular casting choices, notably Keanu Reeves as Don John, and Michael Keaton as Dogberry.[6][10] For his performance in the film, Reeves was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor, where he lost to Woody Harrelson for Indecent Proposal.[11]
Much Ado About Nothing was ranked #11 on Rotten Tomatoes list of Greatest Shakespeare Movies.[12]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
British Academy Film Awards Best Costume Design Phyllis Dalton Nominated
Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Kenneth Branagh Nominated
Evening Standard British Film Awards Best Actress Emma Thompson Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Kenneth Branagh Nominated
Independent Spirit Awards Best Film Kenneth Branagh, Stephen Evans, David Parfitt Nominated
Best Female Lead Emma Thompson Nominated
London Film Critics' Circle British Producer of the Year Kenneth Branagh Won
Golden Raspberry Award Worst Supporting Actor Keanu Reeves Nominated

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Much Ado About Nothing (1993)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Much Ado About Nothing". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
Jump up ^ Patrick Doyle Biography (1953-) at Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
Jump up ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Much Ado About Nothing soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Much Ado About Nothing (1993)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Ebert, Roger (21 May 1993). "Much Ado About Nothing". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (7 May 1993). "Much Ado About Nothing (1993) Review/Film; 'A House Party of Beatrice, Benedick and Friends'". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomson, Desson (21 May 1993). "Much Ado About Nothing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James. "Much Ado About Nothing". ReelViews. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Travers, Peter (7 May 1993). "Much Ado About Nothing". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John (4 December 2005). "Nominees & Winners". Fourteenth Annual RAZZIE® Awards (for 1993). Golden Raspberry Award Foundation. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Greatest Shakespeare Movies". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-06.
External links[edit]
Much Ado About Nothing on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Kenneth Branagh
Henry V (1989)
Dead Again (1991)
Swan Song (1992)
Peter's Friends (1992)
Much Ado About Nothing (1993)
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994)
In the Bleak Midwinter (1995)
Hamlet (1996)
Love's Labour's Lost (2000)
Listening (2003)
As You Like It (2006)
The Magic Flute (2006)
Sleuth (2007)
Thor (2011)
Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014)
Cinderella (2015)
Murder on the Orient Express (2017)
Artemis Fowl (2019)
[show]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing
Characters
Don Pedro
Dogberry
Adaptations
Screen
1984 (TV)
1993
2005 (TV)
2012
Opera
Béatrice et Bénédict (1862)
Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901)
Musical
Much Ado (1995)
The Boys Are Coming Home (2005)
Adaptations
The Law Against Lovers (1662)
Dil Chahta Hai (2001)
Related
Dogberryism
"Curiosity killed the cat"
Pleaching
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Much_Ado_About_Nothing_(1993_film)&oldid=826570909"
Categories:
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BBC Films films
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Across the Sea (Lost)
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"Across the Sea"
Lost episode
"Mother" (Allison Janney) shows young Jacob (Kenton Duty) and young Man in Black (Ryan Bradford) the "Heart of the Island."
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 15
Directed by
Tucker Gates
Written by
Carlton Cuse
Damon Lindelof
Production code
615
Original air date
May 11, 2010 (2010-05-11)
Guest appearance(s)
Mark Pellegrino as Jacob
Allison Janney as Mother
Ryan Bradford as Young Man in Black
Lela Loren as Claudia
Titus Welliver as Man in Black
Kenton Duty as Young Jacob
Ivo Nandi as Hunter
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Candidate" Next →
"What They Died For"
Lost (season 6)
List of Lost episodes
"Across the Sea" is the 15th episode of the American Broadcasting Company's sixth season of the serial drama television series Lost and 118th episode overall. The episode aired on May 11, 2010, on ABC in the United States.[1] The episode was written by Carlton Cuse & Damon Lindelof and directed by Tucker Gates. The episode is centered on Jacob and The Man in Black. This episode is the second in the season that does not feature a "flash-sideways."
The episode, unlike most Lost episodes, does not divide its time between two different time settings, but takes place entirely in the past, except for a brief scene at the end from the season one episode "House of the Rising Sun." It depicts the origins of the characters of Jacob (Mark Pellegrino) and his brother, The Man in Black (Titus Welliver), and how they came to be on the island. It also reveals the identities of the corpses discovered in the cave in "House of the Rising Sun." None of the series regulars appear in the episode, except in the flashback sequence, making it the only episode of the series in which this occurs.
This is the only episode where the Man in Black appears in his original, human form. In all of his other appearances, he is either in his smoke form or the smoke in the form of a dead person. Although he appears in his own form in "The Incident" and "Ab Aeterno", this was an imitation of his original form which by that point was dead.
This episode is notable for receiving a widely mixed opinion, with many commentators alternately considering one of the best or worst episodes of the series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Reception
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Washed ashore on the island, a pregnant woman named Claudia (Lela Loren) encounters an unnamed woman (Allison Janney); both of the women speak Latin. The woman helps Claudia give birth to her son, whom Claudia names Jacob (Kenton Duty). Then another boy is born (Ryan Bradford). The woman then kills Claudia with a blow to the head. The woman raises the twins as her own, and tries to keep them ignorant of a world beyond the island. She also convinces them to be distrustful of humanity, which she says she regards as corrupt and dangerous.
At age 13, Jacob's brother (the future Man in Black) finds a Senet game, containing polished black and white pieces. Jacob asks about the box and his brother tells him it's a game for which he "just knows" the rules. He asks Jacob to keep the box a secret from the woman, but Jacob reveals it to her as she appears to know there is a secret. The woman confronts Jacob's brother and claims that she left the box for him, musing to him that "Jacob doesn't know how to lie...he's not like you." She allays the accusation by telling the young Man in Black that he is "special." He suggests that the box came from somewhere else, across the sea. The woman responds, "There is nowhere else." When the young Man in Black persists in asking about his origins, the woman explains that she came from her own mother who is now dead. When he asks "What is dead?" the woman explains, "Something you'll never have to worry about."
After following a boar some distance from their camp, Jacob and his brother discover that other people are on the island. The woman warns the brothers that the other people "are not like us. We are here for a reason." Then she worriedly expresses out loud that "it's not time yet" and reluctantly decides to show the brothers a mysterious, hidden tunnel filled with light and an underground stream. She tells them that one of them will eventually be its caretaker, and that she "made it so you [the two boys] can never hurt each other." Upon seeing the light-filled tunnel, the woman explains that the light is "the warmest, brightest light you've ever felt. And we must make sure no one ever finds it." She goes on to explain that, "A little bit of this very same light is inside of every man, and they always want more." And then she finally warns, "If the light goes out here, it goes out everywhere."
Soon after, the brothers are playing the box game and Jacob is frustrated at his brother's selfish rules for the game. The young Man in Black explains, "One day you can make up your own game, and everyone else will have to follow your rules." Suddenly a vision of Claudia appears and asks the young Man in Black to follow her. Jacob can not see her, so his brother excuses himself and follows Claudia into the jungle. She reveals to the young Man in Black that she is his and Jacob's birth mother and that the other people came to the island with her, 13 years earlier. After his discussion with Claudia, the young Man in Black confronts the woman about Claudia's claims, and attempts to convince Jacob to join the other people on the island with him. However, Jacob refuses and stays with the woman.
Over the course of the next 30 years, Jacob (Mark Pellegrino) visits his brother (Titus Welliver) at the camp he shares with the other people. The Man in Black, while he believes the people are corrupt, stays with them as a "means to an end," and when Jacob asks, "What end?", he replies "I'm leaving, Jacob." He reveals that together with other scientifically curious men, they have discovered a way to leave the island by harnessing its strange properties. This was accomplished by digging wells in spots where "metal behaves strangely." The Man in Black invites Jacob to leave with him, but Jacob refuses to leave the island or the woman.
When the woman hears of what the Man in Black is doing, she visits him and learns that he and the others have constructed a giant wheel down a well. He tells her that his people have dug into the light from other locations on the island, and that they plan to create a system that will allow them to tap into its energy, and use it to leave the island. Upon hearing this, she smashes the Man in Black's head, rendering him unconscious. Later, the Man in Black awakens outside the well site, and discovers that the people in the camp have been massacred; the well has been completely filled in with earth.
Meanwhile, the woman shows Jacob the tunnel of light again, explaining that it leads to "Life, death, rebirth; the source, the heart of the island," and that Jacob has "no choice" but to take care of it now. She also warns Jacob never to enter the tunnel, as doing so would cause a fate worse than death. Jacob reluctantly drinks a wine that the woman pours and then she proclaims, "Now you and I are the same."
Enraged by her actions, the Man in Black stabs the woman in her camp through the back and asks why she wouldn't let him leave the island. She replies, "Because I love you." Appearing relieved and calm with her fast approaching death, the woman says "Thank You" and dies. Jacob retaliates by beating his brother, and throwing him into the stream leading down the tunnel of light. The Man in Black is sucked into the tunnel and the smoke monster emerges in his place, disappearing into the treetops above. Jacob then finds the Man in Black's physical body and places it with the woman's in the cave where she had been living with Jacob, along with a pouch containing the black and white stones they used in the box game.
In a repeat of a scene from the first season now in a new context, the corpses and the stones are found centuries later by Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) and Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly), and dubbed Adam and Eve by John Locke (Terry O'Quinn).
Reception[edit]
"Across the Sea" is one of the most polarizing episodes of Lost. Writers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse said on their podcast that even they were shocked by fans' reaction to the episode, stating they had received comments ranging from saying "This is one of the best episodes ever" to "You ruined Lost". The episode received mixed reviews from critics, and a divided reaction from fans. Review aggregator website Metacritic gave the episode a score of 58 out of 100, indicating "Mixed or Average Reviews". The score was down on the previous episode's score of 92 and is the lowest rated episode of the season.[2] Teresa Kiessling of NPD, said "Now we just need to learn the origin of their Mother," and indicated that the episode did little to satisfy viewer's curiosity surrounding the origins of Jacob and Man In Black. Noel Murray of The A.V. Club stated "I have only one real criticism of “Across The Sea,” and it’s that when Lost deals directly with the transcendental—rather than just glancing at it—the show can get awfully gooey, and painfully blunt."[3] Todd VanDerWerff of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "One part of me, the TV critic part, the part that dissects these things and picks them apart and looks for things to dislike about them, mostly really liked the episode, aside from a few niggling points."[4] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly stated "Across The Sea" was "an unconventional outing that deserves props for benching its stars to give us a story that felt absolutely necessary for establishing the Big Picture context for the final act that is at last upon us."[5] Chris Carabott of IGN gave the episode a score of 6.8, saying that he felt frustrated that at this point of the show, it isn't giving many answers.[6]
Some critics were very disappointed with the episode. James Poniewozik of Time stated "'Across the Sea' took a series that is deeply and richly psychological and character-based and moved it into the realm of the allegorical."[7] Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune stated "For a lot of reasons, this was not an episode that goes in the Win column. It was actually seriously disappointing, if not disheartening."[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fordis, Jeff (May 6, 2010). "On Next Week's Lost on ABC". ABC Medianet. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jason Dietz (May 12, 2010). "Episode Review: Lost, "Across the Sea"". Metacritic. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Noel Murray (May 12, 2010), "“Across The Sea” | Lost | TV Club | TV | The A.V. Club", The A.V. Club Retrieved on May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Todd VanDerWerff (May 12, 2010), "'Lost': Happy we'll be, across the sea | Show Tracker | Los Angeles Times", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen (May 12, 2010), "'Lost' instant reaction: What did you think of 'Across The Sea'? | EW.com", Entertainment Weekly Retrieved of May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Chris Carabott (May 12, 2010), "Lost: "Across the Sea" Review – TV Review at IGN" IGN Retrieved on May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ James Poniewozik (May 12, 2010), "Review of Lost, Across the Sea – Tuned In – TIME.com" Time Retrieved on May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan (May 12, 2010), "Let's talk 'Lost': Mother load – The Watcher" Chicago Tribune Retrieved on May 12, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Across the Sea
"Across the Sea" at ABC
"Across the Sea" on IMDb
"Across the Sea" at TV.com
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t
e
Lost episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Tabula Rasa"
"Walkabout"
"White Rabbit"
"House of the Rising Sun"
"The Moth"
"Confidence Man"
"Solitary"
"Raised by Another"
"All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues"
"Whatever the Case May Be"
"Hearts and Minds"
"Special"
"Homecoming"
"Outlaws"
"...In Translation"
"Numbers"
"Deus Ex Machina"
"Do No Harm"
"Lost: The Journey" (clip show)
"The Greater Good"
"Born to Run"
"Exodus"
Season 2
"Man of Science, Man of Faith"
"Adrift"
"Orientation"
"Everybody Hates Hugo"
"...And Found"
"Abandoned"
"The Other 48 Days"
"Collision"
"What Kate Did"
"The 23rd Psalm"
"The Hunting Party"
"Fire + Water"
"The Long Con"
"One of Them"
"Maternity Leave"
"The Whole Truth"
"Lockdown"
"Dave"
"S.O.S."
"Two for the Road"
"?"
"Three Minutes"
"Live Together, Die Alone"
Season 3
"A Tale of Two Cities"
"The Glass Ballerina"
"Further Instructions"
"Every Man for Himself"
"The Cost of Living"
"I Do"
"Not in Portland"
"Flashes Before Your Eyes"
"Stranger in a Strange Land"
"Tricia Tanaka Is Dead"
"Enter 77"
"Par Avion"
"The Man from Tallahassee"
"Exposé"
"Left Behind"
"One of Us"
"Catch-22"
"D.O.C."
"The Brig"
"The Man Behind the Curtain"
"Greatest Hits"
"Through the Looking Glass"
Webisodes
Lost: Missing Pieces
Season 4
"The Beginning of the End"
"Confirmed Dead"
"The Economist"
"Eggtown"
"The Constant"
"The Other Woman"
"Ji Yeon"
"Meet Kevin Johnson"
"The Shape of Things to Come"
"Something Nice Back Home"
"Cabin Fever"
"There's No Place Like Home"
Season 5
"Because You Left"
"The Lie"
"Jughead"
"The Little Prince"
"This Place Is Death"
"316"
"The Life and Death of Jeremy Bentham"
"LaFleur"
"Namaste"
"He's Our You"
"Whatever Happened, Happened"
"Dead Is Dead"
"Some Like It Hoth"
"The Variable"
"Follow the Leader"
"The Incident"
Season 6
"LA X"
"What Kate Does"
"The Substitute"
"Lighthouse"
"Sundown"
"Dr. Linus"
"Recon"
"Ab Aeterno"
"The Package"
"Happily Ever After"
"Everybody Loves Hugo"
"The Last Recruit"
"The Candidate"
"Across the Sea"
"What They Died For"
"The End"
Epilogue
"The New Man in Charge"
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