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Myelin
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Structure of a typical neuron
Myelin sheath
Dendrite
Soma
Axon
Nucleus
Node of
Ranvier
Axon terminal
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath
Myelin is a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is an outgrowth of a type of glial cell.
The production of the myelin sheath is called myelination or myelinogenesis. In humans, myelination begins early in the 3rd trimester,[1] although little myelin exists in the brain at the time of birth. During infancy, myelination occurs quickly, leading to a child's fast development, including crawling and walking in the first year. Myelination continues through the adolescent stage of life.
Schwann cells supply the myelin for the peripheral nervous system, whereas oligodendrocytes, specifically of the interfascicular type, myelinate the axons of the central nervous system. Myelin is considered a defining characteristic of the (gnathostome) vertebrates, but myelin-like sheaths have also been seen in some invertebrates, although they are quite different from vertebrate myelin at molecular level. Myelin was discovered in 1854 by Rudolf Virchow.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Function
3 Disorders
3.1 Demyelination
3.1.1 Symptoms
3.1.2 Myelin repair
3.2 Dysmyelination
4 Invertebrate myelin
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Composition[edit]
Transmission electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated axon, generated at the Electron Microscopy Facility at Trinity College, Hartford CT
Myelin comprises different cell types and varies in chemical composition and configuration but performs the same insulating function. Myelinated axons are white; hence, the "white matter" of the brain. Myelin insulates axons from electrically charged atoms and molecules. These charged particles (ions) are found in the fluid surrounding the entire nervous system. Under a microscope, myelin looks like strings of sausages.
Cholesterol is an essential component of myelin,[3] which comprises about 40% water; the dry mass comprises between 60% and 75% lipids and between 15% and 25% proteins. Myelin basic protein (MBP) constitutes ~23% of myelin protein,[4] myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and proteolipid protein (PLP, which makes up ~50% of myelin protein[5]). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside. The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin strengthen the myelin sheath. In brain, the myelin sheath covers the fibers of the corpus callosum, which constitute the inner part of the cerebral hemisphere.
Function[edit]
Action potential propagation in myelinated neurons is faster than in unmyelinated neurons because of Saltatory conduction.
Cross section of a myelinated axon
1. Axon
2. Nucleus of Schwann Cell
3. Schwann Cell
4. Myelin Sheath
5. Neurilemma
The main purpose of a myelin sheath is to increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber. Along unmyelinated fibers, impulses continuously move as waves, but, in myelinated fibers, they "hop" or propagate by saltatory conduction. Myelin decreases capacitance and increases electrical resistance across the cell membrane (the axolemma). Thus, myelination prevents the electric current from leaving the axon. It has been suggested that myelin permits larger body size by maintaining agile communication between distant body parts.[6]
Myelinated fibers lack voltage-gated ion channels (approximately 25 μm−2) along the myelinated internodes, exposing them only at the nodes of Ranvier. Here, they are found far more abundantly (between 2,000 and 12,000 μm−2).[7] Myelinated fibers succeed in reducing sodium leakage into the extracellular fluid (ECF), maintaining a strong separation of charge between the intracellular fluid (ICF) and the ECF. This increases sodium's ability to travel along the axon more freely. However, the sodium diffuses along the axolemma rapidly, but is decremental by nature. The sodium cannot trigger the opening of the voltage-gated sodium channels as it becomes weaker. The nodes of Ranvier, being exposed to the ECF every 1 mm or so, contain large amounts of voltage-gated sodium channels, and allow enough sodium into the axon to regenerate the action potential.[8] Each time the action potential reaches a node of Ranvier, it is restored to its original action potential (+35 mV).[7]
When a peripheral fiber is severed, the myelin sheath provides a track along which regrowth can occur. However, the myelin layer does not ensure a perfect regeneration of the nerve fiber. Some regenerated nerve fibers do not find the correct muscle fibers, and some damaged motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system die without regrowth. Damage to the myelin sheath and nerve fiber is often associated with increased functional insufficiency.
Unmyelinated fibers and myelinated axons of the mammalian central nervous system do not regenerate.
Some studies have revealed that optic nerve fibers can be regenerated in postnatal rats. This regeneration depends upon two conditions: axonal die-back has to be prevented with appropriate neurotrophic factors, and neurite growth inhibitory components have to be inactivated. These studies may lead to further understanding of nerve fiber regeneration in the central nervous system.[citation needed]
Disorders[edit]
Demyelination[edit]
Further information: Demyelinating disease
Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves, and is the hallmark of some neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, transverse myelitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain–Barré syndrome, central pontine myelinosis, inherited demyelinating diseases such as leukodystrophy, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Sufferers of pernicious anaemia can also suffer nerve damage if the condition is not diagnosed quickly. Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord secondary to pernicious anaemia can lead to slight peripheral nerve damage to severe damage to the central nervous system, affecting speech, balance, and cognitive awareness. When myelin degrades, conduction of signals along the nerve can be impaired or lost, and the nerve eventually withers.[clarification needed] A more serious case of myelin deterioration is called Canavan disease.
The immune system may play a role in demyelination associated with such diseases, including inflammation causing demyelination by overproduction of cytokines via upregulation of tumor necrosis factor[9] or interferon.
Symptoms[edit]
Demyelination results in diverse symptoms determined by the functions of the affected neurons. It disrupts signals between the brain and other parts of the body; symptoms differ from patient to patient, and have different presentations upon clinical observation and in laboratory studies.
Typical symptoms include:
blurriness in the central visual field that affects only one eye, may be accompanied by pain upon eye movement
double vision
loss of vision/hearing
odd sensation in legs, arms, chest, or face, such as tingling or numbness (neuropathy)
weakness of arms or legs
cognitive disruption, including speech impairment and memory loss
heat sensitivity (symptoms worsen or reappear upon exposure to heat, such as a hot shower)
loss of dexterity
difficulty coordinating movement or balance disorder
difficulty controlling bowel movements or urination
fatigue
tinnitus[10]
Myelin repair[edit]
Research to repair damaged myelin sheaths is ongoing. Techniques include surgically implanting oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the central nervous system and inducing myelin repair with certain antibodies. While results in mice have been encouraging (via stem cell transplantation), whether this technique can be effective in replacing myelin loss in humans is still unknown.[11] Cholinergic treatments, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), may have beneficial effects on myelination, myelin repair, and myelin integrity. Increasing cholinergic stimulation also may act through subtle trophic effects on brain developmental processes and particularly on oligodendrocytes and the lifelong myelination process they support. By increasing oligodendrocyte cholinergic stimulation, AChEIs, and other cholinergic treatments, such as nicotine, possibly could promote myelination during development and myelin repair in older age.[12] Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors such as lithium chloride have been found to promote myelination in mice with damaged facial nerves.[13] Cholesterol is a necessary nutrient for the myelin sheath.
Dysmyelination[edit]
Dysmyelination is characterized by a defective structure and function of myelin sheaths; unlike demyelination, it does not produce lesions. Such defective sheaths often arise from genetic mutations affecting the biosynthesis and formation of myelin. The shiverer mouse represents one animal model of dysmyelination. Human diseases where dysmyelination has been implicated include leukodystrophies (Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, Canavan disease, phenylketonuria) and schizophrenia.[14][15][16]
Invertebrate myelin[edit]
Functionally equivalent myelin-like sheaths are found in several invertebrate taxa including Oligochaete, Penaeid, Palaemonid, and Calanoids. These myelin-like sheaths share several structural features with the sheaths found in vertebrates including multiplicity of membranes, condensation of membrane, and nodes.[6] However, the nodes in vertebrates are annular; i.e. they encircle the axon. In contrast, nodes found in the sheaths of invertebrates are either annular or fenestrated; i.e. they are restricted to "spots." It is notable that the fastest recorded conduction speed (across both vertebrates and invertebrates) is found in the ensheathed axons of the Kuruma shrimp, an invertebrate,[6] ranging between 90 and 200 m/s[17] (cf 100-120 m/s for the fastest myelinated vertebrate axon.)
See also[edit]
The Myelin Project, project to regenerate myelin
Myelin Repair Foundation, a nonprofit medical research foundation for multiple sclerosis drug discovery.
Myelin protein zero
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pediatric Neurologic Examination Videos & Descriptions: Developmental Anatomy". library.med.utah.edu. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ Virchow R (1854). "Über das ausgebreitete Vorkommen einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den tierischen Geweben". Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin (in German). 6 (4): 562–72. doi:10.1007/BF02116709.
Jump up ^ Gesine Saher; Britta Brügger; Corinna Lappe-Siefke; Wiebke Möbius; Ryu-ichi Tozawa; Michael C Wehr; Felix Wieland; Shun Ishibashi; Klaus-Armin Nave (March 2005). "High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth". Nature Neuroscience. 8: 468–475. doi:10.1038/nn1426.
Jump up ^ Steinman, Lawrence (May 3, 1996). "Multiple Sclerosis: A Coordinated Immunological Attack against Myelin in the Central Nervous System". Cell. 85: 299–302. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81107-1. PMID 8616884. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ Mallucci, Giulia; Peruzzotti-Jametti, Luca; Bernstock, Joshua D.; Pluchino, Stefano (2015-04-01). "The role of immune cells, glia and neurons in white and gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis". Progress in Neurobiology. 127–128: 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.02.003. PMC 4578232  . PMID 25802011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hartline Daniel K (2008). "What is myelin?". Neuron Glia Biology. 4: 153–163. doi:10.1017/S1740925X09990263.
^ Jump up to: a b Saladin, Kenneth S.. Anatomy & physiology: the unity of form and function. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Print.
Jump up ^ Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, et al., editors. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1999. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20385/
Jump up ^ Ledeen RW, Chakraborty G (March 1998). "Cytokines, signal transduction, and inflammatory demyelination: review and hypothesis". Neurochem. Res. 23 (3): 277–89. doi:10.1023/A:1022493013904. PMID 9482240.
Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic 2007 and University of Leicester Clinical Studies, 2014
Jump up ^ Windrem MS, Nunes MC, Rashbaum WK, Schwartz TH, Goodman RA, McKhann G, Roy NS, Goldman SA (January 2004). "Fetal and adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell isolates myelinate the congenitally dysmyelinated brain". Nat. Med. 10 (1): 93–7. doi:10.1038/nm974. PMID 14702638. Lay summary – www.futurepundit.com.
Jump up ^ Bartzokis G (August 2007). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may improve myelin integrity". Biol. Psychiatry. 62 (4): 294–301. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.020. PMID 17070782.
Jump up ^ Makoukji J, Belle M, Meffre D, Stassart R, Grenier J, Shackleford G, Fledrich R, Fonte C, Branchu J, Goulard M, de Waele C, Charbonnier F, Sereda MW, Baulieu EE, Schumacher M, Bernard S, Massaad C (March 2012). "Lithium enhances remyelination of peripheral nerves". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (10): 3973–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121367109. PMC 3309729  . PMID 22355115.
Jump up ^ Krämer-Albers EM, Gehrig-Burger K, Thiele C, Trotter J, Nave KA (November 2006). "Perturbed interactions of mutant proteolipid protein/DM20 with cholesterol and lipid rafts in oligodendroglia: implications for dysmyelination in spastic paraplegia". J. Neurosci. 26 (45): 11743–52. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3581-06.2006. PMID 17093095.
Jump up ^ Matalon R, Michals-Matalon K, Surendran S, Tyring SK (2006). "Canavan disease: studies on the knockout mouse". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 576: 77–93; discussion 361–3. doi:10.1007/0-387-30172-0_6. ISBN 978-0-387-30171-6. PMID 16802706.
Jump up ^ Tkachev D, Mimmack ML, Huffaker SJ, Ryan M, Bahn S (August 2007). "Further evidence for altered myelin biosynthesis and glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia". Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 10 (4): 557–63. doi:10.1017/S1461145706007334. PMID 17291371.
Jump up ^ J. L. Salzer; B. Zalc (24 October 2016). "Myelination". Current Biology. 26 (20): R971–R975. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.074.
External links[edit]
The Myelin Project
Athabasca University Biological Psychology Website
The MS Information Sourcebook, Myelin
The Myelin Repair Foundation
H & E Histology
Luxol Fast Blue: Modified Kluver's Method to stain for Myelin Sheath
Radiology and Pathology of Myelin the MedPix Medical Image Database
[1] Archives of Neurology
American Society for Neurochemistry
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see also other cell membrane protein disorders
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Bill Gaither (gospel singer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bill Gaither
Gaither in September, 2016
Background information
Birth name
William James Gaither
Born
(1936-03-28) March 28, 1936 (age 82)
Alexandria, Indiana, U.S.
Genres
Christian Southern gospel, contemporary Christian
Occupation(s)
Singer, songwriter, record producer
Years active
1950s–present
Labels
Spring House Productions, Gaither Music Group
Associated acts
Bill Gaither Trio, Gaither Vocal Band
Website
www.gaither.com
William James Gaither (born March 28, 1936) is an American singer and songwriter of Southern gospel and Contemporary Christian music. He has written numerous popular Christian songs with his wife Gloria; he is also known for performing as part of the Bill Gaither Trio and the Gaither Vocal Band (GVB). In the 1990s, his career gained a resurgence (as well as the careers of other southern gospel artists), as popularity grew for the Gaither Homecoming series.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Songwriter
3 Performer
4 Entrepreneurship and influence
4.1 Record labels
4.2 Industry Influence
5 Personal life
6 Discography
6.1 Gaither Trio
6.2 Solo
6.3 Gaither Vocal Band
6.4 Homecoming Series
7 Bibliography
8 Awards and honors
8.1 Grammy Awards
8.2 GMA Dove Awards
8.3 Other honors
9 References
10 External links
Early life[edit]
Bill Gaither was born in Alexandria, Indiana in 1936 to George and Lela Gaither. He formed his first group the Bill Gaither Trio (consisting of Bill, his sister Mary Ann, and brother Danny Gaither) in 1956 while a college student at Anderson College, to which he had transferred after one year at Taylor University. He graduated from Anderson in 1959 with a major in English and a minor in music,[1] after which he worked as an English teacher. He married the former Gloria Sickal in 1962. He tried for a few years to manage both a music career and his full-time teaching job, but he quit his teaching job in 1967 and worked full-time in the Christian music industry. He recorded his breakthrough song "He Touched Me" in 1964.[2]
Gaither was influenced by southern gospel singers such as Jake Hess and Hovie Lister and by groups such as the Speers, the Statesmen, and the Happy Goodmans.
Songwriter[edit]
Gaither and his wife, Gloria, have written many songs including: "The Longer I Serve Him," "Because He Lives," "The King Is Coming," "Sinner Saved By Grace", "Something Beautiful," "He Touched Me", "It Is Finished," "Jesus, There's Something About That Name" "I'm Gonna Sing", and "Let's Just Praise The Lord." His songs have been performed by Christian artists (David Crowder Band, Carman, Sandi Patty, The Cathedral Quartet, The Speers and the Heritage Singers), country singers (The Statler Brothers) and pop artists (Elvis Presley).
Gloria Gaither often writes the lyrics while Bill writes the music, although composing is usually a collaborative project between the two. As of 2005, they had composed 600 songs and by 2012 that number had increased to over 700.[3][4]
Performer[edit]
Bill Gaither performing, 2011
Since Gaither first began singing with the Bill Gaither Trio in the 1950s, he has constantly been performing. The trio originally consisted of Bill, his brother Danny Gaither and his sister Mary Ann Gaither. In about 1964 Bill's wife, Gloria, took the place of Mary Ann. The trio sang traditional gospel songs along with original compositions by the Gaithers that gave them a more contemporary feel.
Gaither has a high bass voice (or low baritone), and often sang while playing piano with the Bill Gaither Trio.
Entrepreneurship and influence[edit]
Gaither founded the Gaither Music Company, which includes the functions of record company, concert booking (Gaither Management Group), television production, copyright management (Gaither Copyright Management), retail store, recording studio (Gaither Studios, formerly Pinebrook Studios) and telemarketing for the Gaither organization reside. He also runs a retail center called Gaither Family Resources.
Included as part of the company is Live Bait Productions, an animation company run by Benjy Gaither, one of Bill's three children.[5]
Record labels[edit]
In the 1980s, Gaither was involved with Paragon Associates, which formed a partnership with Zondervan to buy Benson Records, which is now part of Sony BMG Music Entertainment.
In 1994, Gaither and entrepreneur Leland Boren founded the Brentwood, Tennessee-based Chapel Hill Music Group, which later changed its name to Spring Hill Music Group.[6] It was created as part of the Gaither Music Company to handle in-house productions, including the Gaither Homecoming series.
Industry Influence[edit]
David Phelps, Gordon Mote, Bill Gaither (left to right) in April 2009
Gaither has been a father figure and career booster to many younger performers in the Contemporary Christian music industry, while helping to prolong the careers of those who came before him for example by producing Homecoming recordings and tours. The following are all CCM artists who either got their start or became popular while touring with the Gaithers: Mark Lowry, Michael W. Smith, Carman, Sandi Patty, Steve Green, Don Francisco, Amy Grant, Michael English, Jonathan Pierce, Karla Worley, and Cynthia Clawson.
He has maintained the Gaither Vocal Band with a variety of singers through the years, including Gary McSpadden, Steve Green, Lee Young, Jon Mohr, Larnelle Harris, Michael English, Lemuel Miller, Jim Murray, Mark Lowry, Terry Franklin, Buddy Mullins, Jonathan Pierce, Guy Penrod, David Phelps, Russ Taff, Marshall Hall, Wes Hampton, Adam Crabb, Todd Suttles and Reggie Smith. Guy Penrod and Mark Lowry were the members of the Gaither Vocal Band with the longest tenure besides Bill Gaither himself. Guy Penrod was with the group from 1995–2008 and Mark Lowry from 1988-2001. It was announced in January 2009 that Mark Lowry, Michael English and David Phelps were rejoining the group; at the same time the announcement was made that Guy Penrod and Marshall Hall were leaving in order to pursue a solo career.
Gaither's Homecoming tours, which started in 1991, brought together major stars of the southern gospel and CCM industry, sparking a revival of the genres. The tours have sold more than 1.1 million tickets across the world, and have included such notable venues as the Kennedy Center and Carnegie Hall. Pollstar listed the tour as selling more tickets in 2004 than Elton John, Fleetwood Mac or Rod Stewart.[7] Lynda Randle, The Isaacs, Russ Taff, the Hoppers, Jessy Dixon and many more have performed on the tours.
Personal life[edit]
Bill and Gloria still live in Alexandria, Indiana, and have three grown children: Suzanne, Amy and Benjamin.
Discography[edit]
Gaither Trio[edit]
Main article: Bill Gaither Trio
Solo[edit]
2005: Bill Gaither
Gaither Vocal Band[edit]
Main article: Gaither Vocal Band discography
Homecoming Series[edit]
Main article: Gaither Homecoming
Bibliography[edit]
(This list excludes books of music and books that are companions to his "Homecoming" series.)
2003: Gaither, Bill and Ken Abraham. It's More than Music: Life Lessons on Friends, Faith, and What Matters Most. Anderson, Indiana: Warner Books. (ISBN 0-446-53041-7)
1992: Gaither, Bill and Jerry Jerkins. I Almost Missed the Sunset. Thomas Nelson (pub). (ISBN 0-8407-7573-3).
1997: Gaither, Bill and Jerry Jerkins. Homecoming. Zondervan. (ISBN 0-310-21325-8)
2000: Gaither, Bill and Gloria Gaither. God Gave Song. Zondervan. (ISBN 0-310-23123-X)
Awards and honors[edit]
Grammy Awards[edit]
1973: Best Inspirational Performance for "Let's Just Praise The Lord"; Bill Gaither Trio
1975: Best Inspirational Performance for "Jesus, We Just Want To Thank You"; Bill Gaither Trio
1991: Best Southern Gospel Album for Homecoming; Gaither Vocal Band
1999: Best Southern, Country, Or Bluegrass Gospel Album for Kennedy Center Homecoming
2001: Best Southern, Country, or Bluegrass Gospel Album for A Billy Graham Music Homecoming
2008: Best Southern, Country, Or Bluegrass Gospel Album for Lovin' Life; Gaither Vocal Band
GMA Dove Awards[edit]
1969, 1970, 1972–'77: Songwriter of the Year
1974: Song of the Year for "Because He Lives"
1976: Inspirational Album of the Year for Jesus, We Just Want to Thank You; Bill Gaither Trio
1978: Inspirational Album of the Year for Pilgrim’s Progress; Bill Gaither Trio
1980: Mixed Group of the Year – Bill Gaither Trio
1986: Praise and Worship Album of the Year for I’ve Just Seen Jesus (choral)
1987: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for The Master Builder; The Cathedrals (producer)
1991: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Climbing Higher & Higher; The Cathedrals (producer)
1992: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Homecoming Gaither Vocal Band
1993: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Reunion: A Gospel Homecoming Celebration
1994: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Southern Classics; Gaither Vocal Band
1994: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Satisfied"; Gaither Vocal Band
1995: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "I Bowed On My Knees"
1999: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Still the Greatest Story Ever Told; Gaither Vocal Band
1995: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "I Believe in a Hill Called Mount Calvary"; Gaither Vocal Band
2000: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for God is Good; Gaither Vocal Band
2001: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for I Do Believe; Gaither Vocal Band
2001: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "God Is Good All The Time"; Gaither Vocal Band
2001: Long Form Video of the Year for A Farewell Celebration; The Cathedrals (producer)
2002: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Encore; Old Friends Quartet (producer)
2002: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "He's Watching Me"; Gaither Vocal Band
2007: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Give It Away; Gaither Vocal Band
2007: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Give It Away"; Gaither Vocal Band
2009: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Lovin' Life; Gaither Vocal Band
2010: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Reunited; Gaither Vocal Band
2010: Long Form Video of the Year for A Gospel Journey; Oak Ridge Boys (producer)
2011: Southern Gospel Song of the Year for "Better Day"; Gaither Vocal Band
2011: Southern Gospel Album of the Year for Greatly Blessed; Gaither Vocal Band
Other honors[edit]
1974, 1980: ASCAP Best Gospel Song of the Year
1983: Inducted into the Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame
1997: Named among the top 75 American entrepreneurs: Entrepreneur Magazine
2000: Christian "Songwriter of the Century" (with Gloria Gaither): American Society of Composers and Publishers (ASCAP)[8]
2006: SPEBSQSA Honorary Life Member[9]
2010: Indiana Wesleyan University Society of World Changers inductee and honorary doctorate recipient[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cusic, Dan, Ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. pp. 201–207. ISBN 978-0-313-34425-1. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "He Touched Me Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Courage and Strength for His Child: "Because He Lives"".
Jump up ^ "Gloria Gaither".
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Livebait Entertainment". Livebaitproductions.com. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
Jump up ^ All About Jazz. "The Spring Hill Music Group Announces the Creation of the Hillsboro Jazz Label". Allaboutjazz.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Top40-charts.com". Top40-charts.com. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Top Acts, Execs Gather in Nashville For Gospel Music Week". Billboard. May 27, 2000. p. 22. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Honorary Members". Barbershop.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-24. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
Jump up ^ Indiana Wesleyan University (2010-08-17). "IWU Honors Bill and Gloria Gaither as World Changers | 2010 | News | Indiana Wesleyan University". Indwes.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
External links[edit]
Official website
Short biography at jjonline.com
Bill Gaither on Allmusic.com
Interview with Bill Gaither on about.com
Profile on CanadianChristianity.com
Gaither Family Resources
show
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Bill Gaither
Associated acts
Gloria Gaither
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Gaither Homecoming
Danny Gaither
Companies
Benson Records
Spring Hill Music Group
Discography
Gaither Vocal Band discography
Books
Bibliography
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Gaither Vocal Band
Reggie Smith
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Bill Gaither
Steve Green
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Lee Young
Jon Mohr
Larnelle Harris
Michael English
Lemuel Miller
Jim Murray
Mark Lowry
Terry Franklin
Buddy Mullins
Jonathan Pierce
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Russ Taff
Marshall Hall
David Phelps
Studio albums
The New Gaither Vocal Band
Passin' The Faith Along
New Point of View
One X 1
Wings
A Few Good Men
Homecoming
Peace of the Rock
Southern Classics
Testify
Southern Classics Volume II
Lovin' God & Lovin' Each Other
Still the Greatest Story Ever Told
God is Good
I Do Believe
Everything Good
A Cappella
Give It Away
Together (with Ernie Haase & Signature Sound)
Lovin’ Life
Christmas Gaither Vocal Band Style
Gaither Vocal Band Reunion (Vol. 1 & 2)
Reunited
Greatly Blessed
I Am A Promise
Pure And Simple
Hymns
The New Edition
Sometimes It Takes A Mountain
Christmas Collection
Better Together
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0003 6362 899X
LCCN: n92024119
MusicBrainz: aa3d9d58-46aa-4f52-9985-30a98176d1e3
SNAC: w6c40855
VIAF: 226447116
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Gaither_(gospel_singer)&oldid=849092600"
Categories:
1936 births
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Anderson University (Indiana) alumni
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Members of the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
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American Girl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the brand of dolls. For other uses, see American Girl (disambiguation).
American Girl
The current logo for American Girl
Created by
Pleasant Rowland
Original work
Dolls and books released by Pleasant Company (1986)
Print publications
Book(s)
See American Girl (book series)
Films and television
Film(s)
See American Girl (film series)
Short film(s)
Maryellen and the Brightest Star (2015)
And the Tiara Goes To... (2015)
Games
Video game(s)
See American Girl (video game series)
Audio
Soundtrack(s)
The American Girls Revue (2000)
Kit Kittredge: An American Girl (2008)
Miscellaneous
Toys
Various (dolls and playsets)
American Girl is an American line of 18-inch (46 cm) dolls released in 1986 by Pleasant Company. The dolls portray eight- to eleven-year-old girls of a variety of ethnicities. They are sold with accompanying books told from the viewpoint of the girls. Originally the stories focused on various periods of American history, but were expanded in 1995 to include characters and stories from contemporary life. Aside from the original American Girl dolls, the buyer also has the option to purchase dolls that look like them. The options for the line of Truly Me dolls range from eye color, eye shape, skin color, hair texture, and hair length. A variety of related clothing and accessories is also available.
Pleasant Company was founded in 1986 by Pleasant Rowland, and its products were originally purchasable by mail order only. In 1998, Pleasant Company became a subsidiary of Mattel. The company has been awarded the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award eight times.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Dolls and accessories
1.1 Characters
2 Films
3 American Girl Place
3.1 Temporary boutiques
4 Magazine
5 Online marketing and philanthropy
6 Reception
6.1 Permanent underwear controversy
6.2 Fandom
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Dolls and accessories[edit]
American Girl
Molly McIntire, one of the American Girl dolls
Type
Doll
Inventor
Pleasant Rowland
Company
Pleasant Company/Götz, Mattel
Country
United States
Availability
1986–present
Slogan
Follow your inner star!
Official website
The Historical Characters line of 18-inch dolls were initially the main focus of Pleasant Company, which were initially derived from the 18-inch dolls made by Götz in Germany during the late 1980s to the 1990s.[2] This product line aims to teach aspects of American history through a six-book series from the perspective of a girl living in that time period. Although the books are written for girls who are at least eight years old, they endeavor to cover significant topics such as child labor, child abuse, poverty, racism, slavery, animal abuse and war in manners appropriate for the understanding and sensibilities of their young audience.[3]
In 1995 Pleasant Company released a line of contemporary dolls called American Girl of Today. In 2006 the product line was renamed Just Like You; it was changed again in 2010, to My American Girl, and in 2015 to Truly Me.[4] This line has included sixty-eight different dolls over the years. Each doll has a different combination of face mold, skin tone, eye color, and hair color, length, texture, and/or style. American Girl states that this variety allows customers to choose dolls that "represent the individuality and diversity of today's American girls."[3] A wide variety of contemporary clothing, accessories, and furniture is also available, and there are regular releases and retirements to update this line. Each year, a Girl of the Year doll is released who has her own special talent. For example, Mia St. Clair, the Girl of the Year for 2008, did ice skating; and Marisol Luna, the Girl of the Year for 2005, was a dancer.
Bitty Baby is a line of baby dolls targeted to children aged three and older. They are half the price of full-size American Girl dolls.
The Bitty Twins line debuted in 2003 to represent slightly older toddlers and/or preschoolers. The Bitty Twins were the same size as the Bitty Baby dolls.[3] They were discontinued in June 2016.
Hopscotch Hill School was released by American Girl in 2003. The dolls were 16-inch (41 cm) tall, came with jointed limbs and painted eyes, and had a slimmer overall body shape. They, along with the stories which came with the dolls written by Valerie Tripp, were aimed at elementary-age girls from four to six years old, and were sold until 2006.[5]
A reboot of the Historical Characters line dubbed as BeForever was launched in August 2014, complete with redesigned outfits, a two-volume compilation of previously-released books, and a "Journey Book" for each character, with players taking the role of a present-day girl who found her way to the past and met up with one of the Historical girls. The line also coincided with the relaunch of Samantha Parkington, whose collection was previously discontinued in 2008.[6][7]
In June 2016 American Girl unveiled Wellie Wishers, a separate doll line similar to Hopscotch Hill School aimed for younger children and with a focus on the outdoors, positioning it between Bitty Baby and the BeForever/Girl of the Year/Truly Me dolls. As the name implies, dolls from the line wear Wellington boots, and have a body design distinct from the classic, Götz-derived American Girl dolls. The line was released on June 23, 2016. The names of the Wellie Wishers are: Willa, Camille, Kendall, Emerson, and Ashlyn.[8]
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of American Girl characters
Films[edit]
Main article: American Girl films
In 2004, American Girl teamed with Julia Roberts's Red Om production company and to create the first American Girl direct-to-video movie, Samantha: An American Girl Holiday. The film spawned a franchise that was followed by Felicity: An American Girl Adventure (2005), Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front (2006), along with the 2008 theatrically released film Kit Kittredge: An American Girl. In 2009, HBO premiered An American Girl: Chrissa Stands Strong. In July 2012 American Girl released a direct-to-video movie, McKenna Shoots for the Stars. A seventh movie based on Saige Copeland's stories entitled Saige Paints the Sky was released in July 2013, and a television film entitled Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight, based on Girl of the Year 2014 Isabelle Palmer, was released in 2014. A ninth film based on 2015 Girl of the Year Grace Thomas was released under the title An American Girl: Grace Stirs Up Success, with Olivia Rodrigo playing the title role.[9][10]
A live-action web special based on Melody Ellison's stories entitled An American Girl Story - Melody 1963: Love Has to Win was released by Amazon, starring Marsai Martin as the title character.[11][12] Love Has to Win was then followed by An American Girl Story - Maryellen 1955: Extraordinary Christmas, starring Alyvia Alyn Lind as Maryellen Larkin and released by Amazon on November 25, 2016.[13]
American Girl Place[edit]
American Girl Place in The Grove at Farmers Market in Los Angeles, California
American Girl Place is a store that sells American Girl dolls, clothes, and accessories. The flagship and first store debuted in Chicago followed by stores in New York City and Los Angeles. A number of boutiques followed which are smaller than the main stores; they feature rotating stock and some have casual restaurants. There are smaller stores in North Point Mall in Atlanta; Galleria Dallas Mall in Dallas; Natick Mall in Natick, Massachusetts; the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota; Park Meadows mall near Denver, Colorado; Oak Park Mall near Kansas City, Kansas);[14] Tysons Corner Center in Tysons Corner, Virginia;[15] Alderwood Mall, located near Seattle, Washington; Chesterfield Mall near St. Louis, Missouri; Memorial City Mall in Houston, Texas; The Falls mall near Miami, Florida;[16] Easton Town Center in Columbus, Ohio; Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, California; SouthPark Mall in Charlotte, North Carolina; The Florida Mall in Orlando, Florida; Franklin, Tennessee, part of the Nashville metropolitan area; and in Scottsdale, Arizona outside of Phoenix.
In May 2014, Mattel American Girl opened new stores in Toronto, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[17] in partnership with Indigo Books and Music.[18][19][20] The company has also expressed interest in other overseas ventures, as they are seeing orders from Europe and Latin America.[21] The company has also announced that they're expanding their operations in Mexico, with two stores at El Palacio de Hierro’s Perisur and Interlomas in Mexico City, and a third in Polanco in 2015.[22][23]
Temporary boutiques[edit]
The first temporary boutique opened in Honolulu, Hawaii at the Ala Moana Center, running from October 4, 2014, to April 2015.
During the 2015 holiday season and early 2016, temporary locations opened in San Diego, California, Mission Viejo, California, Glendale, California, Portland, Oregon, Las Vegas, Nevada, Murray, Utah, and Indianapolis, Indiana from approximately October 2015 to early 2016.
In August of 2016 a temporary location was set up in Novi, Michigan a suburb of Detroit in Twelve Oaks Mall which closed on January 28th 2017.
Magazine[edit]
The American Girl magazine is run by the American Girl company. It was started by the Pleasant Company in Middleton, Wisconsin in 1992,[24] with the first issue dated January 1993. Aimed towards girls ages 8-14, the bimonthly magazine includes articles, recipes, advice columns, fiction, arts and crafts, and activity ideas.[25] Girls can choose to either get a year of magazines (6 issues), or two years of magazines (12 issues).
Online marketing and philanthropy[edit]
American Girl launched Innerstar University, an online virtual world featuring the My American Girl contemporary doll line, on July 13, 2010. Access to the online world is via a Campus Guide, bundled with purchase of a My American Girl doll, which contains an access code for the creation of a doll avatar that then navigates the various games, shops, and challenges of the virtual campus of Innerstar U. In 2015, when My American Girl dolls were changed to Truly Me dolls, this website was closed down.[26] The launch was simultaneous with Shine on Now, a fund-raising effort Kids In Distressed Situations, National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions, National Wildlife Federation, and Save the Children charities.[27] The company has also donated "almost $500,000" over several years to national non-profit homeless housing group HomeAid.[28] These contributions are mainly through its Project Playhouse program.[29]
Reception[edit]
The company has drawn criticism for the expense of the dolls, which cost $115 without accessories as of December 2014.[30] Buyers can easily spend more than $600 for a doll, outfits, accessories and lunch in the company's store in New York.[31] Some aspects of the doll's characters and history have also provoked controversy. Some observers questioned why Addy, American Girl's first African-American historical character, was portrayed first as a slave (in later stories Addy and her family gain their freedom after the Civil War), while Cecile Rey, American Girl's second black historical character, was portrayed as a well-to-do black girl.[32] In 2005, residents of Pilsen (a neighborhood in Chicago, Illinois) criticized a passage in the book associated with the Latina-American doll Marisol, claiming it inaccurately depicted their neighborhood as dangerous. A senior public relations associate for American Girl responded to critics saying: “We feel that this brief passage has been taken out of context in the book."[33] The 2009 limited-edition release of Gwen, a homeless American Girl character, was also controversial.[34][35]
In 2005, some pro-life and Catholic groups criticized the company for donating funds to the organization Girls, Inc., which supports underprivileged girls and promotes abortion rights and acceptance of homosexuality.[36][37]
The American Girl Place store in New York City was the center of a labor dispute with Actors' Equity Association (AEA). On August 3, 2006, 14 of the 18 adult actors at the store's now defunct theater went on strike.[38] AEA reached a two-year contract effective April 1, 2008. All American Girl Place theatres were subsequently closed in September of that year.[39]
In May 2014, the company was met with criticism on social media over its decision to discontinue four characters from the historical collection, two of them, namely African-American Cécile Rey and Chinese-American Ivy Ling, representing ethnic minorities. They however defended their move as a business decision, as they decided to "move away from the character-friend strategy within the line".[40] A petition has since been filed through the activist group 18MillionRising.org for the company to provide a replacement for Ivy.[41] The company has also drawn criticism for its recent focus on the contemporary line, specifically the Girl of the Year characters and their backstory, to which was viewed as lacking depth and more important issues in comparison to the Historical/BeForever characters' backstories.[42] My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic series creator Lauren Faust also expressed her concern and criticism of the line in a Twitter post, stating it "was once radically positive for girls before it was homogenized for money".[43]
Permanent underwear controversy[edit]
American Girl attracted considerable criticism in February 2017 when they announced that they will be changing the dolls' bodies to incorporate permanently stitched panties on contemporary dolls and certain BeForever character dolls, namely Maryellen, Melody and Julie.[44] Public reaction to the permanent underwear—the first major change since the transition to flesh-colored bodies in 1991 following the release of the Felicity doll—was overwhelmingly negative,[44][45] as fans of the franchise complained that it stifles customization and devalued a well-established and successful brand "from heirloom quality to be passed down for generations to low-quality retail."[46]
The company then reversed its decision in a Facebook post on May 2017,[47] stating that any existing or upcoming dolls from the line will revert to the old body design,[48] and customers who bought a doll with permanent underwear are eligible for a "one-time" exchange to have the dolls retrofitted with conventional torsos.[49] In addition, the company has also switched back to the old, "iconic boutique box" packaging following complaints by collectors who deemed the new boxes to be inferior and more susceptible to damage.[49]
Fandom[edit]
YouTube videos made with American Girl Dolls are becoming increasingly popular. In 2015 the American Girl fan community, more specifically the practice of creating and uploading doll-based stop motion videos, was featured in a news report for BBC News' Trending site, along with interviews and videos from several prominent doll community members. Besides stop-motion animations and music videos set to popular music, the report covers recurring subject matters in the said clips such as cyberbullying and other social issues among children and teenagers, along with doll customization, photoshoots and unboxing videos showing new and discontinued clothes, accessories and dolls from the company.[50][51][52]
Besides YouTube, social media services such as Instagram and Facebook serve as platforms for fans of the toy line, spawning a community called AGIG, or American Girl Instagram, who photograph their dolls and post their photos on the service. Although mostly made up of girls usually around the age of 12-18, a number of boys and adults also participate and congregate on AGIG.[53][54]
American Girl's teenage fans, particularly ones on AGTube and AGIG, will meet up with other fans at American Girl stores. At the release of Lea Clark and Gabriela McBride, certain prominent community members were included in the "Clue" videos released by American Girl. At the release of Z Yang, American Girl hosted meetups at their New York City flagship store and at their Dallas location. These meetups were hosted by basilmentos (in NYC), and mixiepixie7 (in Dallas).
See also[edit]
Toys portal
Children's Literature portal
United States portal
1980s portal
1990s portal
2000s portal
2010s portal
A Girl for All Time
Journey Girls
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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"Bolo Bolo Bolo Sobe" is a patriotic song written by Atulprasad Sen. The original rendition was done by Calcutta Youth Choir in 1953 as a part of the album "Swadeshi Juger Gaan"[1] released by HMV on 1 December of the same year.[2] The duration of the song is 4:29 minutes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.saregama.com/album/swadeshi-juger-gaan_49566
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00JKLMUJE?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0

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