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Axis: Bold as Love
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Axis: Bold as Love
Studio album by The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Released
December 1, 1967 (1967-12-01)
Recorded
May–June, October 1967
Studio
Olympic Studios, London
Genre
Psychedelic rock, blues rock, pop rock
Length
39:21
Label
Track
Producer
Chas Chandler
Jimi Hendrix American chronology
Are You Experienced
(1967)Are You Experienced1967 Axis: Bold as Love
(1968) Electric Ladyland
(1968)Electric Ladyland1968
Jimi Hendrix British chronology
Are You Experienced
(1967) Are You Experienced1967 Axis: Bold as Love
(1967) Axis: Bold as Love1967 Smash Hits
(1968) Smash Hits1968
Singles from Axis: Bold as Love
"Up from the Skies" / "One Rainy Wish"
Released: February 28, 1968
Axis: Bold as Love is the second studio album by English-American rock band the Jimi Hendrix Experience. It was recorded to fulfill the Experience's contract, which stated that they had to produce two records in 1967.
Axis: Bold as Love was first released in the United Kingdom by Track Records in December 1967, as the follow-up to the band's successful debut Are You Experienced, which had been released months earlier in May. It was not sold in the United States until 1968 because of the record company's fears that it might disturb the sales of the first album. Axis: Bold as Love charted at number five in the UK and number three in the US. The album also peaked at #6 on the Billboard R&B chart.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Music and lyrics
3 Artwork and packaging
4 Release and reception
5 Track listing
6 Personnel
7 Notes and references
8 External links
Recording[edit]
Following the completion of Are You Experienced at the end of April, 1967, the Jimi Hendrix Experience continued their schedule of regular recording sessions, returning to Olympic Studios in London on May 4, to begin composing material for a follow-up LP.[2] With Chas Chandler as producer, Eddie Kramer as engineer, and George Chkiantz as second engineer, the band started the session by working on a Noel Redding original that he had written about hippies titled, "She's So Fine". It featured back-ground vocals that were performed by Jimi Hendrix and Mitch Mitchell; Redding later recalled that Hendrix was enthusiastic to record the song because it was written in A with an open G chord that he enjoyed playing.[3] They achieved a working master on the 23rd take, over which Redding overdubbed his lead vocal.[3][nb 1] The band also made initial recordings of what would become "If 6 Was 9", using the working titles of "Section A" and "Section B" to identify its two distinct segments.[3] During a session that took place the following day, Hendrix and Mitchell improved "Section B", now titled "Symphony of Experience", by re-recording most of their guitar and drum parts. A reduction mix prepared by Kramer made room for additional overdubs, including Hendrix's lead vocal, backing vocals, and a percussion effect created by Chandler, Hendrix, and guests Graham Nash and Gary Leeds stomping their feet on a drum platform. As an additional oddity, Hendrix played a recorder on the track, achieving what they considered a satisfactory sound despite his complete lack of formal training with the instrument.[5][nb 2] Also recorded during these sessions was the experimental track "EXP".[7] In the span of two days, the group recorded basic tracks for seven compositions, though only three of them were included on the album.[7]
"I would fill the four basic tracks with stereo drums on two of the channels, the bass on the third, and Jimi's rhythm guitar on the fourth. From there, Chandler and I would mix this down to two tracks on another four-track recorder, giving us two more tracks to put on whatever we wanted, which usually included Jimi's lead guitar and vocals as well as backing vocals and some additional percussion."[8]
—Eddie Kramer
On May 9, the Experience reconvened at Olympic with Chandler, Kramer, and Chkiantz. Hendrix had been curious about a harpsichord that was stored in the facility's Studio A, so on this day he sat at the instrument and began writing "The Burning of the Midnight Lamp", a song that became the fourth UK single for the Experience. Hendrix attempted four takes before stopping for the day, producing a rough demo that was approximately a minute and a half in length.[5] On May 10, the band performed their latest single, "The Wind Cries Mary", on the BBC television program Top of the Pops.[9]
After a month-long break from the studio while they played gigs in Europe, the Experience returned to Olympic on Jun 5.[10] They devoted the session to a new Hendrix song titled "Cat Talking to Me", recording 17 takes before deciding that the second was the superior version, to which they added guitar and percussion overdubs after Kramer prepared a reduction mix. Although the song showed promise, no further work was completed on the track, which remains unreleased.[10]
On June 18, 1967, the Experience made their US debut at the Monterey Pop Festival.[11] Immediately after the festival, Bill Graham booked them for a series of five concerts at the Fillmore.[12][nb 3] While they were in California, Chandler booked session time for June 28, 29, and 30th at Houston Studios in Los Angeles. Although they worked on "Burning of the Midnight Lamp" and a new Hendrix composition, "The Stars That Play with Laughing Sam's Dice", they abandoned the inferior recordings. Chandler commented: "I booked three days there because I was told it was a state-of-the-art studio, but it was dire. The place was like a rehearsal studio compared to Olympic. Los Angeles was so far behind at that time."[14] After a week of performances in Los Angeles and New York, time was booked at Mayfair Studios for July 6 and 7.[15]
Axis: Bold As Love's scheduled release date was almost delayed when Hendrix lost the master tape of side one of the LP, leaving it in the back seat of a London taxi.[16] With the deadline looming, Hendrix, Chas Chandler, and engineer Eddie Kramer remixed most of side one in a single overnight session, but they could not match the quality of the lost mix of "If 6 Was 9". Bassist Noel Redding had a tape recording of this mix, which had to be smoothed out with an iron as it had gotten wrinkled.[17] During the verses, Hendrix doubled his singing with a guitar line which he played one octave lower than his vocals.[18] Hendrix voiced his disappointment about having re-mixed the album so quickly, and he felt that it could have been better had they been given more time.[16]
Although Kramer was always patient with Hendrix, who often demanded numerous re-takes, by October 1967, Chandler had grown weary of the guitarist's perfectionism.[19] Noel Redding was also frustrated by Hendrix's repeated demands for re-takes, and he began to resent Hendrix's explicit instructions regarding what he played in the studio.[20] Hendrix and Mitchell had begun to express their opinions regarding creative choices that had been left up to Chandler during the recording of Are You Experienced.[21] Mitchell commented: "Axis was the first time that it became apparent that Jimi was pretty good working behind the mixing board, as well as playing, and had some positive ideas of how he wanted things recorded. It could have been the start of any potential conflict between him and Chas in the studio."[22]
Music and lyrics[edit]
Many of the songs on Axis: Bold as Love were composed with studio recording techniques in mind and as a result were rarely performed live. Only "Spanish Castle Magic" and "Little Wing" were performed regularly. The lyrics of "Spanish Castle Magic" were inspired by The Spanish Castle, a dance hall in what is now Des Moines, Washington near Seattle where Hendrix jammed with local rock groups during his high school years. On "Little Wing" Hendrix plays his guitar through a Leslie speaker for the first time (a revolving speaker which creates a wavering effect, that is typically used with electric organs). According to Colin Larkin, Axis focused less on guitar playing than the previous Experience album, and more on Hendrix's "gifts as a songwriter".[23] Author Charles Shaar Murray described Axis as "lighter, looser and more melodic" than its predecessor.[24]
Axis: Bold as Love, opens with the track "EXP", which innovatively utilized microphonic and harmonic feedback.[25] It also showcased an experimental stereo panning effect in which sounds emanating from Hendrix's guitar move through the stereo image, revolving around the listener.[26] The piece reflected his growing interest in science fiction and outer space.[27] Author Keith Shadwick described the track as "some of the wildest music Hendrix ever released."[7]
"Wait Until Tomorrow" is a pop song with an R&B guitar riff with Mitchell and Redding singing backing vocals. The fifth track, "Ain't No Telling", is a rock song with a complex structure despite its short length. "Little Wing", as Hendrix himself said, was his impression of the Monterey Pop Festival put into the form of a girl.[28] "If 6 Was 9", the last song on side one, is the album's longest track and arguably the most psychedelic; Gary Leeds (from The Walker Brothers) and Graham Nash use their feet during the outro to make some stomping. The song features prominently on the soundtrack for the 1969 counterculture film, Easy Rider.
"You Got Me Floatin'", a rock song opening with a swirling backwards guitar solo (which is absent on the mysterious, differently mixed Polydor version of this LP [only available in stereo], which outside France and the UK was the only one available in Europe), opens the second side of the album. Roy Wood and Trevor Burton from The Move, who toured with Hendrix on a package tour through Britain during winter 1967, supplied backing vocals. The following track, "Castles Made of Sand", is a ballad also making use of a backwards guitar solo. "She's So Fine", Redding's contribution to the album as a composer, a very British pop/rock Who-influenced affair features Redding on lead vocals with help from Mitchell. "One Rainy Wish" begins as a ballad but develops a rock feel during the chorus that is in a different time signature than the verses.
The song "Little Miss Lover" was the first to feature a percussive muted wah-wah effect (with the fretboard hand "killing" notes) - a technique that was later adopted by many guitarists. The final song of the album, "Bold as Love", opens very abruptly. With a psychedelic chorus and an extended solo at the end it fades out the album. An early Mellotron instrument can be heard in the outro to the title track as well. In 2005, Rolling Stone ranked "Little Wing" number 366 in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[29]
Hendrix composed the album's title track and finale around two verses and two choruses, during which he pairs emotions with personas, comparing them to colors.[30] The song's coda features the first recording of stereo phasing.[31][nb 4] Numerous attempts at a basic rhythm track were undertaken before a satisfactory one was achieved on the 27th take.[33] Shadwick described the composition as "possibly the most ambitious piece on Axis, the extravagant metaphors of the lyrics suggesting a growing confidence" in Hendrix's songwriting.[34] His guitar playing throughout the song is marked by chordal arpeggios and contrapuntal motion, with tremolo-picked partial chords providing the musical foundation for the chorus, which culminates in what musicologist Andy Aledort described as "simply one of the greatest electric guitar solos ever played".[35] The track fades out on tremolo-picked thirty-second note double stops.[36] In 2011, Guitar World ranked the track number 24 in a list of Hendrix's 100 greatest performances.[33]
Artwork and packaging[edit]
Hendrix expressed dismay regarding the album cover art, which depicts him and the Experience as various forms of Vishnu, incorporating a painting of them by Roger Law, from a photo-portrait by Karl Ferris.[37] Hendrix stated that the cover would have been more appropriate had it highlighted his American Indian heritage.[38] The painted image of the Experience was then superimposed on top of a copy of a mass-produced religious poster.[39] Hendrix commented: "The three of us have nothing to do with what's on the Axis cover."[40] Unlike the previous album's cover art, both the UK and US editions featured the same image.[41] Hindus have since expressed anger on the appropriation of the deity Vishnu for the album cover and poster. The Malaysian government's Home Ministry instituted a ban on the artwork from June 2014 to protect religious sensitivities following complaints.[42]
In November, a giant black and white blow-up of the Hapshash/Osiris poster featuring Hendrix dressed as a Native American wearing a feathered War Bonnet, was used as a background to his appearance on Hoepla, a controversial Dutch TV show. The original poster featured fantastic day-glo pink, orange & blue offset lithographs printed on gold foil. This poster, although produced later in London and supposedly commissioned by Hendrix, had text along the top to make it appear as if it was an original poster advertising his 1967 Fillmore concerts. The original prints of this poster are presumed to all be in private collections, and later copies which have surfaced have fetched high prices at auction.
The original Track UK issue came in a gatefold sleeve with a large black and white portrait photo of the group by Donald Silverstein spread over the inside and an orange sheet insert with overprinted lyrics in red; the allegedly high cost of this packaging was a topic of note in the music press. The US issue had no insert and instead of the group photo inside, had the lyrics. In Europe, the Polydor issue had no lyrics but added a 1-inch-wide (25 mm) white border round the inside portrait, while the French dispensed with the original cover entirely and instead used a non-gatefold sleeve with a photo of the group taken from a recent French TV show on the front.
Release and reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Retrospective reviews
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [43]
Blender [44]
Down Beat [45]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music [46]
Music Story [47]
PopMatters 10/10[48]
Q [49]
Rolling Stone [50]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [51]
Track released Axis: Bold as Love in the UK on December 1, 1967, where it peaked at number five and spent 16 weeks on the charts.[52] In February 1968, it charted at number three in the United States.[53] The album was also well received by music critics, who praised its mixture of hard rock, rhythm and blues, and jazz.[54]
In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, Jim Miller hailed Axis: Bold as Love as "the refinement of white noise into psychedelia ... the finest voodoo album that any rock group has produced to date".[55] Q magazine wrote in a retrospective review that the album "dazzles as the Experience creates a genre probably short-lived because nobody else could play it".[49] AllMusic's Cub Koda considered it a demonstration of Hendrix's "remarkable growth and depth" as a songwriter, utilizing Curtis Mayfield-like soul guitar work, "Dylanesque lyrical imagery, and Fuzz Face hyperactivity to produce yet another side to his grand psychedelic musical vision".[43] According to author Peter Doggett, the record "heralded a new subtlety in Hendrix's work",[56] while BBC Music's Chris Jones said it is distinguished from his other Hendrix albums as his "coming-of-age-in-songwriting album ... his peak in crafting pop rock perfection".[57]
Critics also found Axis: Bold as Love to be the least memorable of the Experience's three studio releases.[58] According to Richie Unterberger, it was the least impressive from the Experience,[59] while Kris Needs called the record a "transitional, but often overlooked, masterpiece".[60] In a mixed review for Blender, music essayist Robert Christgau acknowledged the adequate production and guitar quality on the album, but cautioned listeners of Mitchell's drumming, the music's "spaced-out lightness", and the short tracks: "half the songs are forgettable as songs if fine as recordings."[44]
In 2005, Rolling Stone ranked Axis: Bold as Love number 82 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time,[61] and the top spot on their list of the 40 greatest stoner albums in 2013. Guitarist magazine named the album number 7 on their list of "the most influential guitar albums of all time".[62] In 2015, Consequence of Sound described the album as "a compelling psychedelic masterpiece."[63] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[64]
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Jimi Hendrix, except where noted.
Side one
No.
Title
Length
1. "EXP" 1:55
2. "Up from the Skies" 2:55
3. "Spanish Castle Magic" 3:00
4. "Wait Until Tomorrow" 3:00
5. "Ain't No Telling" 1:46
6. "Little Wing" 2:24
7. "If 6 Was 9" 5:32
Side two
No.
Title
Length
8. "You Got Me Floatin'" 2:45
9. "Castles Made of Sand" 2:46
10. "She's So Fine" (Noel Redding) 2:37
11. "One Rainy Wish" 3:40
12. "Little Miss Lover" 2:20
13. "Bold as Love" 4:11
The last recording by Hendrix to have a dedicated mono mix, which was only released in the UK and US. The album was released in stereo in the rest of the world. The Polydor (Europe and Japan only) release mysteriously had a different stereo mix from that originally released in the UK, France, the US and the rest of the world. It later appeared on a Backtrack budget LP release but before long replaced the original mix on all Polydor reissues and re-pressings, outside of French Barclay territory and US/Canada Reprise, including the first UK CD. This may have been a simple confusion over which tape in Polydor's library was sent to the mastering facility. Later CD reissues have reverted to the original mix. The 'Backtrack' mix can be found on Polydor CD 813 572-2, manufactured in West Germany.
Personnel[edit]
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Jimi Hendrix – vocals, electric guitar, piano, recorder, glockenspiel on "Little Wing", voice of "Mr. Paul Caruso" on "EXP"
Mitch Mitchell – drums, backing vocals, "interviewer" on "EXP"
Noel Redding – backing vocals, bass guitars (four and eight-string), foot stomping on "If 6 Was 9", lead vocals on "She's So Fine"
Additional
Gary Leeds – foot stomping on "If 6 Was 9"
Graham Nash – foot stomping on "If 6 Was 9", backing vocals on "You Got Me Floatin'"[65]
Trevor Burton – backing vocals on "You Got Me Floatin'"[65]
Roy Wood – backing vocals on "You Got Me Floatin'"[65]
Production
Chas Chandler – producer, foot stomping on "If 6 Was 9"
Eddie Kramer – chief engineer
Engineers – George Chkiantz, Andy Johns and Terry Brown
Recorded at: Olympic Studios, London, England
Cover design – David King, Roger Law, painted heads based on a Karl Ferris group portrait (front)
Photography – Donald Silverstein (UK inner portrait)
Notes and references[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Also recorded on May 4 was "Taking Care of No Business", a track that Hendrix had written in 1965 while playing with Curtis Knight. The recording featured overdubbed background noises and vocal chatter that mimicked the sounds of a busy tavern. On May 5, Kramer prepared a reduction mix and Mitchell added a tambourine part.[4]
Jump up ^ On May 5, after working on "If Six was Nine", the group shifted their focus to "Mr. Bad Luck", a medium tempo blues song that Hendrix had written during his time with Jimmy James and the Blue Flames. They quickly achieved a working master to which they added overdubs, including Hendrix's lead vocals, and although they thought the track showed promise it was not included on Axis: Bold as Love.[6]
Jump up ^ Following their successful West Coast introduction, which included a free open-air concert at Golden Gate Park and a concert at the Whisky a Go Go, the Experience were booked as the opening act for the first American tour of the Monkees.[13]
Jump up ^ As with their previous LP, the band had to schedule recording sessions in between performances.[32]
Citations
Jump up ^ Album Search for "axis bold as love" | AllMusic
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, pp. 45–48.
^ Jump up to: a b c McDermott 2009, p. 48.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, pp. 48–49.
^ Jump up to: a b McDermott 2009, p. 49.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, p. 49; Shadwick 2003, p. 112: a medium tempo blues song.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shadwick 2003, p. 112.
Jump up ^ Roby 2002, pp. 77–79.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b McDermott 2009, pp. 50–52.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Shadwick 2003, p. 116.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, pp. 54–56.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, p. 54.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, pp. 54–55.
^ Jump up to: a b Shadwick 2003, p. 130.
Jump up ^ Heatley 2009, p. 86; McDermott 2009, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Whitehill 1989, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Hendrix & McDermott 2007, p. 29.
Jump up ^ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 218.
Jump up ^ McDermott 1992, p. 60.
Jump up ^ Mitchell & Platt 1990, p. 76: (primary source); Shadwick 2003, p. 127: (secondary source).
Jump up ^ Larkin 1998, p. 112.
Jump up ^ Murray 1989, p. 218.
Jump up ^ Whitehill 1989, p. 6.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Moskowitz 2010, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Stubbs 2003, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Wenner 2010, p. 120.
Jump up ^ Moskowitz 2010, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Heatley 2009, p. 87; McDermott 2009, pp. 74–75.
Jump up ^ Mitchell & Platt 1990, p. 76.
^ Jump up to: a b Guitar World 2011, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Shadwick 2003, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Aledort 1996, pp. 68–76; 71: "one of the greatest electric guitar solos ever".
Jump up ^ Aledort 1996, pp. 68–76; Whitehill 1989, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2009, pp. 146–147.
Jump up ^ Cross 2005, p. 205.
Jump up ^ Heatley 2009, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Black 1999, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 231.
Jump up ^ "Hendrix album banned.. 50 years after release". TeamRock. 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Axis: Bold as Love at AllMusic
^ Jump up to: a b Christgau, Robert (December 2005). "Back Catalogue: Jimi Hendrix". Blender. New York. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Down Beat (August): 61. 1997. CS1 maint: Untitled periodical (link)
Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 4. Oxford University Press. p. 249. ISBN 0-19-531373-9.
Jump up ^ "Axis: Bold as Love". Acclaimed Music. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Sean (March 11, 2010). "God Is Not Dead: The Jimi Hendrix Re-Issues". PopMatters. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Q. London (December): 136. 1993. CS1 maint: Untitled periodical (link)
Jump up ^ Puterbaugh, Parke (May 20, 2003). "Axis: Bold as Love by Jimi Hendrix". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Evans, Paul; Brackett, Nathan (2004). "Jimi Hendrix". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 374. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ McDermott 2009, p. 79: UK release date for Axis: Bold As Love; Roberts 2005, p. 232: peak UK chart position for Axis: Bold As Love.
Jump up ^ Heatley 2009, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Roby 2002, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Miller, Jim (April 6, 1968). "Axis: Bold As Love album review". Retrieved March 16, 2014. : (primary source); Roby 2002, p. 77: (secondary source).
Jump up ^ Doggett 2004, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Jones, Chris (2007). "Review of Jimi Hendrix - Axis Bold As Love". BBC Music. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Mendelsohn, Jason; Klinger, Eric (July 19, 2013). "Counterbalance No. 130a: The Jimi Hendrix Experience's 'Axis: Bold as Love'". PopMatters. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2009, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Needs, Kris. "Axis all areas". Record Collector. London (405). Retrieved January 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Levy 2005, p. 90.
Jump up ^ "Rocklist.net...Guitar Lists". Rocklistmusic.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ JARROUSH, SAMI. "Masterpiece Reviews: “The Jimi Hendrix Experience – Axis: Bold As Love”". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (7 February 2006). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN 0-7893-1371-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Unterberger 2009, p. 75.
Sources
Aledort, Andy (1996). Jimi Hendrix: A Step-by-Step Breakdown of his Guitar Styles and Techniques. Hal Leonard. ISBN 0-7935-3659-6.
Black, Johnny (1999). Jimi Hendrix: The Ultimate Experience. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-240-5.
Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion. ISBN 978-0-7868-8841-2.
Doggett, Peter (2004). Jimi Hendrix: The Complete Guide to his Music. Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84449-424-8.
George-Warren, Holly, ed. (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (2005 revised and updated ed.). Fireside. ISBN 978-0-7432-9201-6.
Guitar World (December 2011). "Jimi Hendrix's 100 Greatest Performances". Guitar World. 32 (12).
Heatley, Michael (2009). Jimi Hendrix Gear: The Guitars, Amps & Effects that Revolutionized Rock 'n' Roll. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-3639-7.
Hendrix, Janie L.; McDermott, John (2007). Jimi Hendrix: An Illustrated Experience. Atria. ISBN 978-0-7432-9769-1.
Larkin, Colin (1998). Virgin All-time Top 1000 Albums. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0258-7.
Levy, Joe, ed. (2005). Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (First Paperback ed.). Wenner Books. ISBN 978-1-932958-61-4.
McDermott, John (2009). Ultimate Hendrix: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Live Concerts and Sessions. BackBeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-938-1.
McDermott, John (1992). Lewisohn, Mark, ed. Hendrix: Setting the Record Straight. Grand Central. ISBN 978-0-446-39431-4.
Mitchell, Mitch; Platt, John (1990). Jimi Hendrix: Inside the Experience. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-10098-8.
Moskowitz, David (2010). The Words and Music of Jimi Hendrix. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-37592-7.
Murray, Charles Shaar (1989). Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix and the Rock 'n' Roll Revolution (First US ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-04288-2.
Roberts, David, ed. (2005). British Hit Singles & Albums (18 ed.). Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 978-1-904994-00-8.
Roby, Steven (2002). Black Gold: The Lost Archives of Jimi Hendrix. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7854-7.
Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix: Musician. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-764-6.
Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995) [1990]. Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy (New and Improved ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-13062-6.
Stubbs, David (2003). Voodoo Child: Jimi Hendrix, the Stories Behind Every Song. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-537-6.
Unterberger, Richie (2009). The Rough Guide to Jimi Hendrix. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84836-002-0.
Wenner, Jann (2010) [2004]. 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Rolling Stone. OCLC 641731526.
Whitehill, Dave (1989). Hendrix: Axis: Bold As Love. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-2391-7.
Further reading
Barker, Steve (2012) [1967]. "Jimi Hendrix talks to Steve Barker". In Roby, Steven. Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters with Jimi Hendrix. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-322-5.
Brown, Tony (1992). Jimi Hendrix: A Visual Documentary -His Life, Loves and Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-2761-2.
Etchingham, Kathy (1999). Through Gypsy Eyes Hendrix. Firebird Distributing. ISBN 978-0-7528-2725-4.
Fairchild, Michael (April 1991). "The Experience of a Lifetime". Guitar: For the Practicing Musician. 8 (6).
GP staff (May 2012). "Hendrix at 70". Guitar Player. 46 (5).
Geldeart, Gary; Rodham, Rodham (2008). Jimi Hendrix from the Benjamin Franklin Studios. Jimpress. ISBN 978-0-9527686-7-8.
Halfin, Ross; Tolinski, Brad (2004). Classic Hendrix. Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-0-904351-90-3.
di Perna, Alan (2002) [2000]. Kitts, Jeff, ed. "Jimi Live!: Wild Thing". Guitar Legends (57).
Lawrence, Sharon (2005). Jimi Hendrix: The Intimate Story of a Betrayed Musical Legend. Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-056301-1.
Marshall, Wolf (1995). Marshall, Wolf, ed. "Wild Thing". Wolf Marshall's Guitar One. 2.
Mayer, John (2011). "Jimi Hendrix". In Brackett, Nathan. Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Rolling Stone.
Morello, Tom (December 8, 2011). Wenner, Jann, ed. "Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time - Jimi Hendrix". Rolling Stone (1145).
Owen, Frank; Reynolds, Simon (April 1991). "Hendrix Lives! Why Jimi still matters". Spin. 7 (1).
Potash, Chris, ed. (1996). The Jimi Hendrix Companion. Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-6635-2.
Roby, Steven; Schreiber, Brad (2010). Becoming Jimi Hendrix: From Southern Crossroads to Psychedelic London, the Untold Story of a Musical Genius. Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-81910-0.
Roby, Steven (2012). Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters with Jimi Hendrix. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-322-5.
Whitaker, Matthew C. (2011). Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries. 1. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-37642-9.
Whitburn, Joel (1988). Joel Whitburn's Top R&B Singles, 1942–1988. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-068-3.
Documentaries
Joe Boyd, John Head, Gary Weis (Directors) (2005) [1973]. Jimi Hendrix (DVD). Warner Home Video. ASIN B0009E3234.
Roger Pomphrey (Director) (2005). Classic Albums - The Jimi Hendrix Experience - Electric Ladyland (DVD). Eagle Rock Entertainment. ASIN B0007DBJP0.
Bob Smeaton (Director) (2013). Jimi Hendrix: Hear My Train A Comin' (DVD, Blu-ray). Sony Legacy. ASIN B00F031WB8.
Bob Smeaton (Director) (2012). West Coast Seattle Boy: Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child (DVD, Blu-ray). Sony Legacy. ASIN B007ZC92FA.
External links[edit]
Information about The Spanish Castle, a legendary Seattle area dance hall where Jimi Hendrix gave some of his earliest performances
More information about The Spanish Castle and Jimi Hendrix's early days
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North Magnetic Pole
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Magnetic North" redirects here. For other uses, see Magnetic North (disambiguation).
Location of the North Magnetic Pole and the North Geomagnetic Pole in 2017.
The North Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the surface of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis, it will point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole.
The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth's core.[1] In 2001, it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81°18′N 110°48′W / 81.3°N 110.8°W / 81.3; -110.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2001). It was situated at 83°06′N 117°48′W / 83.1°N 117.8°W / 83.1; -117.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2005 est) in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at 84°54′N 131°00′W / 84.9°N 131.0°W / 84.9; -131.0 (Magnetic North Pole 2009),[2] it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 kilometres (34 and 37 mi) per year.[3] As of 2017, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to 86°30′N 172°36′W / 86.5°N 172.6°W / 86.5; -172.6 (Magnetic North Pole 2017 est).[2]
Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since the Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, the North and South Magnetic Poles are not antipodal, meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth.
The Earth's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles, with reference to the vertical "dip" of the magnetic field lines at those points.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Polarity
2 History
3 Expeditions and measurements
3.1 Early
3.2 Project Polaris
3.3 Modern (post-1996)
4 Magnetic north and magnetic declination
5 North Geomagnetic Pole
6 Geomagnetic reversal
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 External links
Polarity[edit]
See also: Magnet § Pole naming conventions
All magnets have two poles, where the lines of magnetic flux enter and emerge. By analogy with the Earth's magnetic field, these are called the magnet's "north" and "south" poles. The convention in early compasses was to call the end of the needle pointing to the Earth's North Magnetic Pole the "north pole" (or "north-seeking pole") and the other end the "south pole" (the names are often abbreviated to "N" and "S"). Because opposite poles attract, this definition means that the Earth's North Magnetic Pole is actually a magnetic south pole and the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is a magnetic north pole.[5][6]
The direction of magnetic field lines is defined such that the lines emerge from the magnet's north pole and enter into the magnet's south pole.
History[edit]
Part of the Carta Marina of 1539 by Olaus Magnus, depicting the location of magnetic north vaguely conceived as "Insula Magnetu[m]" (Latin for "Island of Magnets") off modern day Murmansk. The man holding the rune staffs is the Norse hero Starkad.
Early European navigators believed that compass needles were attracted to a "magnetic island" somewhere in the far north (see Rupes Nigra), or to the Pole Star.[7] The idea that the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600 by the English physician and natural philosopher William Gilbert. He was also the first to define the North Magnetic Pole as the point where the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards. This is the definition used nowadays, though it would be a few hundred years before the nature of the Earth's magnetic field was understood properly.[7]
Expeditions and measurements[edit]
See also: Arctic exploration, Farthest North, and List of Arctic expeditions
Early[edit]
The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1, 1831. Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island in 1947.[8]
Project Polaris[edit]
At the start of the Cold War, the United States Department of War recognized a need for a comprehensive survey of the North American Arctic and asked the United States Army to undertake the task. An assignment was made in 1946 for the newly formed Army’s Air Corps Strategic Air Command to explore the entire Arctic Ocean area. The exploration was conducted by the 46th (later re-designated the 72nd) Photo Reconnaissance Squadron and reported on as a classified Top Secret mission named Project Nanook. This project in turn was divided into many separate, but identically classified, projects, one of which was Project Polaris, which was a radar, photographic (trimetrogon, or three-angle, cameras) and visual study of the entire Canadian Archipelago. A Canadian officer observer was assigned to accompany each flight.
Directing Project Polaris was its navigation leader, 1st Lieutenant Frank O. Klein, a World War II combat veteran. Incidental to the project and taken up at his own initiative was a study of northern terrestrial magnetism. The study was prompted by the surprise that the fluxgate compass did not behave erratically as expected. It oscillated no more than 1 to 2 degrees over much of the region.[9][10] With the cooperation of many of his squadron teammates in obtaining many hundreds of statistical readings, startling results were revealed:
The centre of the north magnetic dip pole was on Prince of Wales Island some 400 kilometres (250 mi) NNW of the positions determined by Amundsen and Ross, and the dip pole occupied a larger elliptical area,[clarification needed] with foci about 400 km (250 mi) apart on Boothia Peninsula and Bathurst Island.
Klein called the two foci local poles, for their importance to navigation in emergencies when using a "homing" procedure.[clarification needed] About 3 months after Klein's findings were officially reported, a Canadian ground expedition was sent into the Archipelago to locate the position of the magnetic pole. R. Glenn Madill, Chief of Terrestrial Magnetism, Department of Mines and Resources, Canada, wrote to Lt. Klein on 21 July 1948:
… we agree on one point and that is the presence of what we can call the main magnetic pole on northwestern Prince of Wales Island. I have accepted as a purely preliminary value the position latitude 73°N and longitude 100°W. Your value of 73°15'N and 99°45’W is in excellent agreement, and I suggest that you use your value by all means.
—  R. Glenn Madill[9]
(The positions were less than 30 km (20 mi) apart.)
Modern (post-1996)[edit]
The movement of Earth's north magnetic pole across the Canadian arctic.
Speed of the north magnetic pole according to the IGRF-12 model.
The Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that the North Magnetic Pole is moving continually northwestward. In 2001, an expedition located the pole at 81°18′N 110°48′W / 81.3°N 110.8°W / 81.3; -110.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2001 location). In 2007, the latest survey found the pole at 83°57′N 120°43′W / 83.95°N 120.72°W / 83.95; -120.72 (Magnetic North Pole 2007 location).[11] During the 20th century it moved 1100 km, and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 km/year to approximately 52 km/year (2001–2007 average; see also Polar drift). Members of the 2007 expedition to locate the magnetic north pole wrote that such expeditions have become logistically difficult, as the pole moves farther away from inhabited locations. They expect that in the future, the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys.[11]
This general movement is in addition to a daily or diurnal variation in which the North Magnetic Pole describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km from its mean position.[12] This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by charged particles from the Sun.
North Magnetic Pole[13] (2001) 81°18′N 110°48′W / 81.3°N 110.8°W / 81.3; -110.8 (2004 est) 82°18′N 113°24′W / 82.3°N 113.4°W / 82.3; -113.4 (2007) 83°57′N 120°43′W / 83.95°N 120.72°W / 83.95; -120.72[11]
South Magnetic Pole (1998) 64°36′S 138°30′E / 64.6°S 138.5°E / -64.6; 138.5 (2004 est) 63°30′S 138°00′E / 63.5°S 138.0°E / -63.5; 138.0 (2007) 64°29′49″S 137°41′02″E / 64.497°S 137.684°E / -64.497; 137.684[14]
The first team of novices to reach the Magnetic North Pole did so in 1996, led by David Hempleman-Adams. It included the first British woman Sue Stockdale and first Swedish woman to reach the Pole. The team also successfully tracked the location of the Magnetic North Pole on behalf of the University of Ottawa, and certified its location by magnetometer and theodolite at 78°35.7′N 104°11.9′W / 78.5950°N 104.1983°W / 78.5950; -104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996).[15]
The biennial Polar Race takes place between Resolute Bay in northern Canada and the 1996-certified location of the North Magnetic Pole at 78°35.7′N 104°11.9′W / 78.5950°N 104.1983°W / 78.5950; -104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996).[citation needed] On 25 July 2007, the Top Gear Polar Challenge Special was broadcast on BBC Two in the United Kingdom, in which Jeremy Clarkson and James May (and their support and camera team) became the first people in history to reach this location in a car.[16]
Magnetic north and magnetic declination[edit]
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Magnetic declination from true north in 2000.
Main article: Magnetic declination
The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the North Magnetic Pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead, the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over the Earth's surface, as well as over time. The local angular difference between magnetic north and true north is called the magnetic declination. Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass.
Magnetic declination has been measured in many countries, including the U.S. The line of zero declination (the agonic line) in North America runs from the North Magnetic Pole through Lake Superior and southward into the Gulf of Mexico. Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. West of the line of zero declination, a compass will give a reading that is east of true north. Conversely, east of the line of zero declination, a compass reading will be west of true north.
Magnetic declination is still very important for certain types of navigation that have traditionally made much use of magnetic compasses.
North Geomagnetic Pole[edit]
Main article: Geomagnetic pole
As a first-order approximation, the Earth's magnetic field can be modelled as a simple dipole (like a bar magnet), tilted about 10° with respect to the Earth's rotation axis (which defines the Geographic North and Geographic South Poles) and centred at the Earth's centre. The North and South Geomagnetic Poles are the antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects the Earth's surface. If the Earth's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical at the Geomagnetic Poles, and they would coincide with the Magnetic Poles. However, the approximation is imperfect, and so the Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles lie some distance apart.[17]
Like the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole. It is the centre of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen. As of 2015 it was located at approximately 80°22′N 72°37′W / 80.37°N 72.62°W / 80.37; -72.62 (Geomagnetic North Pole 2005 est), over Ellesmere Island, Canada[17] but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia.
Geomagnetic reversal[edit]
Main article: Geomagnetic reversal
Over the life of the Earth, the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has reversed many times, with magnetic north becoming magnetic south and vice versa – an event known as a geomagnetic reversal. Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates move apart and the seabed is filled in with magma. As the magma seeps out of the mantle the magnetic particles contained within it are oriented in the direction of the magnetic field at the time the magma cools and solidifies.[18]
See also[edit]
Book: Geomagnetism
South Magnetic Pole
North Pole
Polar alignment
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W.; McFadden, Phillip L. (1996). "Chapter 8". The magnetic field of the earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-491246-5.
^ Jump up to: a b World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto. "Magnetic North, Geomagnetic and Magnetic Poles". Retrieved 2012-07-03.
Jump up ^ North Magnetic Pole Moving East Due to Core Flux, National Geographic, December 24, 2009
Jump up ^ "The Magnetic North Pole". Ocean bottom magnetology laboratory. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
Jump up ^ Serway, Raymond A.; Chris Vuille (2006). Essentials of college physics. USA: Cengage Learning. p. 493. ISBN 0-495-10619-4. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
Jump up ^ Russell, Randy. "Earth's Magnetic Poles". Windows to the Universe. National Earth Science Teachers Association. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Early Concept of the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada, retrieved June 2007
Jump up ^ History of Expeditions to the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada
^ Jump up to: a b White, Ken (1994). World in Peril: The Origin , Mission & Scientific Findings of the 46th / 72nd Reconnaissance Squadron (2nd revised ed.). K. W. White & Associates. ISBN 978-1883218102.
Jump up ^ Wack, Fred John (1992). The Secret Explorers: Saga of the 46th/72nd Reconnaissance Squadrons. Seeger's Print.
^ Jump up to: a b c L. R. Newitt, A. Chulliat, and J.-J. Orgeval, Location of the North Magnetic Pole in April 2007, Earth Planets Space, 61, 703–710, 2009
Jump up ^ Geomagnetism — Daily Movement of the North Magnetic Pole, Natural Resources Canada
Jump up ^ "Geomagnetism, North Magnetic Pole". Geological Survey of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 2010-03-26. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Poles and Directions". Australian Antarctic Division. 2011. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
Jump up ^ 1996 Certified Position of the Magnetic North Pole, Jock Wishart, Polar Race organiser
Jump up ^ "Polar Challenge". Top Gear. 25 July 2007. 0:22 minutes in. BBC Two. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
Jump up ^ Earth's Inconstant Magnetic Field – NASA Science
External links[edit]
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
"Wandering of the geomagnetic poles". Geomagnetism. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
"Geomagnetism". Natural Resources Canada. April 1, 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
Map of pole's wandering
"North Magnetic Pole could be leaving Canada". CNN.com. 20 March 2002. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
"Magnetic pole drifting fast". BBC News. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (25 November 2002). "The Earth's magnetic field". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Magnetic_Pole&oldid=838700174"
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Geographic North Pole

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Geomagnetic North Pole

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Prince of Wales Island, Nunavut

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Arktika (1972 nuclear icebreaker)

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British Graham Land Expedition

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James William Slessor Marr

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