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Focus group
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A focus group is a small, but demographically diverse group of people and whose reactions are studied especially in market research or political analysis in guided or open discussions about a new product or something else to determine the reactions that can be expected from a larger population.[1][2][3] It is a form of qualitative research consisting of interviews in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. Questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group members. During this process, the researcher either takes notes or records the vital points he or she is getting from the group. Researchers should select members of the focus group carefully for effective and authoritative responses.
Contents
1 History
2 Use in disciplines
2.1 Library and information science
2.2 Social sciences
2.3 Marketing
2.4 Usability engineering
3 Types
4 Discussions
5 Problems and criticism
6 Data analysis
7 United States government
8 Art
9 Exercises
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Focus groups have a long history and were used[by whom?] during the Second World War (1939-1945) to examine the effectiveness of propaganda.[4] Associate director sociologist Robert K. Merton set up focus groups at the Bureau of Applied Social Research in the USA prior to 1976.[5] Psychologist and marketing expert Ernest Dichter coined the term "focus group" itself before his death in 1991.[6]
Use in disciplines[edit]
Library and information science[edit]
In library and information science, when the library intends to work on its collection, the library consults the users who are the reason the library was established. This is an important process in meeting the needs of the users.
Social sciences[edit]
In the social sciences and urban planning, focus groups allow interviewers to study people in a more natural conversation pattern than typically occurs in a one-to-one interview. In combination with participant observation, they can be used for learning about groups and their patterns of interaction. An advantage is their fairly low cost compared to surveys, as one can get results relatively quickly and increase the sample size of a report by talking with several people at once.[7] Another advantage is that they can be used as an occasion for participants to learn from one another as they exchange and build on one another's views, so that the participants can experience the research as an enriching encounter. This counteracts the extractive nature of research which seeks to "mine" participants for data (with no benefit for them) as criticized by various authors, and in particular Indigenous-oriented authors (and others sharing similar sentiments), as explained, for example, by Romm (2015): http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/2087
Marketing[edit]
In the world of marketing, focus groups are seen as an important tool for acquiring feedback regarding new products, as well as various other topics. In marketing, focus groups are usually used in the early stages of product or concept development, when organizations are trying to create an overall direction for marketing initiative. In particular, focus groups allow companies wishing to develop, package, name, or test market a new product, to discuss, view, and/or test the new product before it is made available to the public. This can provide valuable information about the potential market acceptance of the product.[citation needed]
A focus group is an interview, conducted by a trained moderator among a small group of respondents. The interview is conducted in an informal and natural way where respondents are free to give views from any aspect. Focus groups are similar to, but should not be confused with in-depth interviews. The moderator uses a discussion guide that has been prepared in advance of the focus group to guide the discussion. Generally the discussion goes from overall impressions of a brand or product category and becomes more specific as the discussion progresses.
Participants are recruited on the basis of similar demographics, psychographics, buying attitudes, or behaviors.[8]
Representatives of the stake holder (often a design team in the case of testing acceptance on a new product) are not involved in the focus group, not to bias the exercise. However they may attend the focus group, either through video cameras, or by watching through a one way mirror.
Traditional focus groups can provide accurate information, and are less expensive than other forms of traditional marketing research. There can be significant costs however: if a product is to be marketed on a nationwide basis, it would be critical to gather respondents from various locales throughout the country since attitudes about a new product may vary due to geographical considerations. This would require a considerable expenditure in travel and lodging expenses. Additionally, the site of a traditional focus group may or may not be in a locale convenient to a specific client, so client representatives may have to incur travel and lodging expenses as well.
Today, using audience response keypads to collect questionnaire answers is the new industry trend.[citation needed]
Usability engineering[edit]
In usability engineering, a focus group is a survey method to collect the feedback of users on software or a website. This marketing method can be applied to computer products to better understand the motivations of users and their perception of the product. Unlike other methods of ergonomics, focus group implies several participants: users or future users of the application. The focus group can only collect subjective data, not objective data on the use of the application as the usability test for example.
Types[edit]
Variants of focus groups include:
Two-way focus group - one focus group watches another focus group and discusses the observed interactions and conclusion
Dual moderator focus group - one moderator ensures the session progresses smoothly, while another ensures that all the topics are covered
Dueling moderator focus group (fencing-moderator) - two moderators deliberately take opposite sides on the issue under discussion
Respondent moderator focus group - one and only one of the respondents is asked to act as the moderator temporarily
Client participant focus groups - one or more client representatives participate in the discussion, either covertly or overtly
Mini focus groups - groups are composed of four or five members rather than 6 to 12
Teleconference focus groups - telephone network is used
Creativity groups
Band obsessive group
Online focus groups - computers connected via the internet are used
Discussions[edit]
Group discussion produces data and insights that would be less accessible without interaction found in a group setting—listening to others’ verbalized experiences stimulates memories, ideas, and experiences in participants. This is also known as the group effect where group members engage in "a kind of ‘chaining’ or ‘cascading’ effect; talk links to, or tumbles out of, the topics and expressions preceding it" (Lindlof & Taylor, 2002, p. 182)[9]
Group members discover a common language to describe similar experiences. This enables the capture of a form of "native language" or "vernacular speech" to understand the situation
Focus groups also provide an opportunity for disclosure among similar others in a setting where participants are validated. For example, in the context of workplace bullying, targeted employees often find themselves in situations where they experience lack of voice and feelings of isolation. Use of focus groups to study workplace bullying therefore serve as both an efficacious and ethical venue for collecting data (see, e.g., Tracy, Lutgen-Sandvik, & Alberts, 2006)[10]
Problems and criticism[edit]
A fundamental difficulty with focus groups (and other forms of qualitative research) is the issue of observer dependency: the results obtained are influenced by the researcher or his or her own reading of the group's discussion, raising questions of validity (see experimenter's bias). Focus groups are "One shot case studies" especially if they are measuring a property-disposition relationship within the social sciences, unless they are repeated.[11] Focus groups can create severe issues of external validity, especially the reactive effects of the testing arrangement.[12] Other common (and related) criticism involve groupthink and social desirability bias.
Another issue is with the setting itself. If the focus groups are held in a laboratory setting with a moderator who is a professor and the recording instrument is obtrusive, the participants may either hold back on their responses and/or try to answer the moderator's questions with answers the participants feel that the moderator wants to hear. Another issue with the focus group setting is the lack of anonymity. With all of the other participants, there can not be any guarantee of confidentiality.
Douglas Rushkoff[13] argues that focus groups are often useless, and frequently cause more trouble than they are intended to solve, with focus groups often aiming to please rather than offering their own opinions or evaluations, and with data often cherry picked to support a foregone conclusion. Rushkoff cites the disastrous introduction of New Coke in the 1980s as a vivid example of focus group analysis gone bad.
Jonathan Ive, Apple’s senior vice president of industrial design, also said that Apple had found a good reason not to do focus groups: "They just ensure that you don’t offend anyone, and produce bland inoffensive products."[citation needed]
Data analysis[edit]
The analysis of focus group data presents both challenges and opportunities when compared to other types of qualitative data. Some authors[14] have suggested that data should be analysed in the same manner as interview data, while others have suggested that the unique features of focus group data – particularly the opportunity that it provides to observe interactions between group members - means that distinctive forms of analysis should be used. Data analysis can take place at the level of the individual or the group.
Focus group data provides the opportunity to analyse the strength with which an individual holds an opinion. If they are presented with opposing opinions or directly challenged, the individual may either modify their position or defend it. Bringing together all the comments that an individual makes in order can enable the researcher to determine whether their view changes in the course of discussion and, if so, further examination of the transcript may reveal which contributions by other focus group members brought about the change.
At the collective level, focus group data can sometimes reveal shared understandings or common views. However, there is a danger that a consensus can be assumed when not every person has spoken: the researcher will need to consider carefully whether the people who have not expressed a view can be assumed to agree with the majority, or whether they may simply be unwilling to voice their disagreement.[15]
United States government[edit]
The United States federal government makes extensive use of focus groups to assess public education materials and messages for their many programs. While many of these are appropriate for the purpose, many others are reluctant compromises which federal officials have had to make as a result of studies independent of whether a focus group is the best or even appropriate methodology.[16]
Art[edit]
Swedish artist Måns Wrange has used the concept of the focus group in his work The Good Rumor Project.[17] In this instance the focus group situation is used not only as a means to investigate the opinions of the group members, but also to spread an idea (the rumor) across society with the help of the group members.
Exercises[edit]
Various creative activity-oriented questions can serve as supplements to verbal questions including but not limited to the following:[18]
Free listings- participants produce a list of all elements of a domain
Rating- participants have a list of items which must be rated on a scale, typically using a numbers or adjectives
Ranking- participants can either receive a list of items to rank according to a specified dimension or participants can combine items in pairs to compare elements in the pairs
Pile sorting- participants sort cards representing elements of a domain into piles according to their similarities and differences
Picture sort- Participants are distributed selected pictures from magazines or photographs to sort through, finding matches of a definite characteristic or that best represent a certain category
Magic tools and fantasy- the moderator can literally or symbolically pass around a "magical" tool to each participant as he or she shares a fantasy, dream, or idea
Storytelling- participants create a narrative around the topic of interest to make others think about a solution to a problem, gauge reactions to a situation, and observe attitudes towards the topic under study
Role-playing- participants demonstrate through action how they would behave or act in a situation, how they would solve a problem, or deal with a difficulty
Sentence completion- participants are given printed out partial sentences on a topic to complete and share within a group
Collage- a moderator assigns a theme and then distributes print materials to participants (who are divided into small groups), so they can use these materials, drawings, and their own words to create a relevant collage.
See also[edit]
QRCA.org
Coolhunting
Comparison of usability evaluation methods
Crowd manipulation
Enterprise Feedback Management (EFM)
Idea networking (How to collate ideas)
Innovation game
Customer advisory council
Spin (public relations)
Urtak
Usability engineering
Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition of FOCUS GROUP". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "focus group - Definition of focus group in US English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: focus group". www.ahdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Collis, Jill; Hussey, Roger (2013). Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students (Revised ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. xix. ISBN 9781137037480. Retrieved 2016-05-02. Focus groups have a long history and were used during the Second World War to examine the effectiveness of propaganda (Merton and Kendall, 1946).
Jump up ^ Michael T. Kaufman (February 24, 2003). "Robert K. Merton, Versatile Sociologist and Father of the Focus Group, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lynne Ames (August 2, 1998). "The View From/Peekskill; Tending the Flame of a Motivator". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Catherine and Gretchen B. Rossman. 1999. Designing Qualitative Research. 3rd Ed. London: Sage Publications, p. 115
Jump up ^ Greenbaum, Thomas (2000). Moderating Focus Groups. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-7619-2044-7.
Jump up ^ Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative Communication Research Methods, 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Jump up ^ Tracy, S. J., Lutgen-Sandvik, P., & Alberts, J. K. (2006). Nightmares, demons and slaves: Exploring the painful metaphors of workplace bullying. Management Communication Quarterly, 20, 148-185.
Jump up ^ Nachmais, Chava Frankfort; Nachmais, David. 2008. Research methods in the Social Sciences: Seventh Edition New York, NY: Worth Publishers
Jump up ^ Campbell, Donald T., Stanley, Juilian C. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally
Jump up ^ Rushkoff, Douglas, Get back in the box : innovation from the inside out, New York : Collins, 2005
Jump up ^ Harding, Jamie. Qualitative Data Analysis from Start to Finish. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-85702-138-0.
Jump up ^ Harding, Jamie. 2013. Qualitative Data Analysis from Start to Finish London, SAGE Publishers
Jump up ^ Srivastava, T N. Business Research Methodology. p. 6.11. ISBN 0-07-015910-6.
Jump up ^ "Måns Wrange". www.manswrange.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Colucci, Erminia (December 2007). "Focus groups can be fun": The use of activity-oriented questions in focus group discussions". Qualitative Health Research. 17 (10): 1422–1433. Archived from the original on 2018-05-09.
External links[edit]
Focus Groups at Usability.gov
Focus Group Principles (archived) American Marketing Association
Dos and don'ts for using marketing focus groups (archived) Microsoft
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Focus_group&oldid=849576397"
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text:
La Delgadina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"La Delgadina" is a Mexican folk song, or corrido, centering on a young lady that disobeys her father's wish to be his wife, ending with her tragic death. La Delgadina has its origins in Spain[1] as a longer ballad with a more-descriptive background; it was simplified in Mexico in the 18th-century just alluding to the fact of Delgadina's refusal and later punishment.
Contents
1 Storyline
2 Later interpretations
3 Lyrics
4 References
Storyline[edit]
The storyline goes as Delgadina, a young lady that wears a silk dress wanders around her living room. Her father instructs her to wear her silk skirt (nagua de seda in spanish) to travel to Morelia to church mass.
After mass, her father (described as a king) tells her of his longing to marry her. Delgadina responds saying, "God of Heaven and the sovereign queen forbid this offense to God and treason to my mother".
Delgadina's father then locks her up with the help of his eleven servants. Delgadina apparently spends days locked in a tower and pleads to her father for water. Upon hearing this, the father quickly sends the eleven servants to give Delgadina water in a gold cup. Unfortunately, they find her dead with her arms crossed and her mouth open.
The ending describes Delgadina's heavenly ascension, and her father's infernal demise.
Later interpretations[edit]
The song has been made famous by Mexican artists such as Irma Serrano, Dueto América, and Las Hermanas Mendoza.
In 2008, a direct-to-video film based on the ballad was released with the name of El Corrido de Delgadina. It stars Jorge Gómez as the father and Carmelita López as Delgadina.[2]
Morelia, Michoacán is mentioned in the corrido.
Lyrics[edit]
Delgadina se paseaba de la sala a la cocina
con su vestido de seda, que a su cuerpo le ilumina
Delgadina walks from the parlor to the kitchen
with her silk dress, that illuminates her body
Levántate Delgadina, ponte tus nahuas de seda
porque nos vamos a misa a la ciudad de Morelia
Wake up Delgadina, put your silk clothes on
because we're going to attend mass at the city of Morelia
Luego que salio de misa su papá le platicaba
Delgadina hijita mía yo te quiero para dama
Right after mass, her father told her
Delgadina, my daughter, I want you as my wife
No permita Dios del cielo ni la reina soberana
Esta ofensa para Dios y traicion para mi mama
God of Heaven and the sovereign queen forbid
this offense to God, and treason to my mother
Júntense los once criados y enciérren a Delgadina
remachen bien los candados, que no se oiga voz ladina
Eleven servants, gather around and lock up Delgadina
Tighten up the locks, so that no soft voice may be heard
Papacito de mi vida, tu castigo esto sufriendo,
regálame un vaso de agua, que de sed me estoy muriendo
Dear father of my life, your punishment I am suffering
Give me a cup of water, for I am dying of thirst
Júntense los once criados, llévenle agua a Delgadina,
en vaso sobredorado, vaso de cristal de China
Eleven servants, gather around give water to Delgadina
in a gold cup, a cup of Chinese crystal.
Cuando le llevaron l'agua, Delgadina estaba muerta,
tenía sus brazos cruzados, tenía su boquita abierta
When they went to give her water, Delgadina was dead
she had her arms crossed, she had her mouth open
La cama de Delgadina de ángeles esta rodeada,
la cama del rey su padre de demonios apretada
The bed of Delgadina is surrounded by angels
The bed of her father the king, of demons tightened
Ya con esta me despido, tengo una cita en la esquina,
aqui se acaban cantando versos de la Delgadina
And with this I say goodbye, I have an appointment in the corner
Here ends the singing of the verses of 'La Delgadina'
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mendoza, Vicente T. El romance español y el corrido mexicano: estudio comparativo. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Yahoo! Movies - El Corrido de Delgadina". Retrieved 29 May 2011.
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Chordae tendineae
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Heart strings" redirects here. For other uses, see Heart Strings (disambiguation).
Chordae tendineae
The chordae tendineae are the tendons connecting the valves to the heart muscle
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Details
Identifiers
Latin
chordae tendineae cordis
MeSH
D002815
TA
A12.1.00.023
FMA
76527
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The chordae tendineae (tendinous chords), colloquially known as the heart strings, are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve in the heart.
Chordae tendineae are approximately 80% collagen, while the remaining 20% is made up of elastin and endothelial cells.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Tendon of Todaro
2 Function
3 Additional images
4 See also
5 References
Structure[edit]
Tendon of Todaro[edit]
The tendon of Todaro is a continuation of the Eustachian valve of the inferior vena cava and the Thebesian ring of the coronary sinus. Along with the opening of the coronary sinus and the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve, it makes up the triangle of Koch. The apex of the triangle of Koch is the location of the atrioventricular node.
Function[edit]
A medical illustration showing a cross section of the heart and lungs, chordae tendineae visible.
During atrial systole, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles down the pressure gradient. Chordae tendineae are relaxed because the atrioventricular valves are forced open.[1]
When the ventricles of the heart contract in ventricular systole, the increased blood pressures in both chambers push the AV valves to close simultaneously, preventing backflow of blood into the atria. Since the blood pressure in atria is much lower than that in the ventricles, the flaps attempt to evert to the low pressure regions. The chordae tendineae prevent the eversion, prolapse, by becoming tense thus pulling the flaps, holding them in closed position.[1]
Additional images[edit]
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Play media
Ultrasound showing redundant chordae tendineae[2]
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Cardiac cycle
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Karas, S.; Elkins, R. C. (1970). "Mechanism of Function of the Mitral Valve Leaflets, Chordae Tendineae and Left Ventricular Papillary Muscles in Dogs". Circulation Research. 26 (6): 689–96. doi:10.1161/01.RES.26.6.689. PMID 5422929.
Jump up ^ "UOTW #75 - Ultrasound of the Week". Ultrasound of the Week. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
[hide]
Anatomy of the heart
General
Surface
base
apex
sulci
coronary
interatrial
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular
borders
right
left
Internal
atria
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
terminal sulcus
ventricles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
valves
cusps
atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton
intervenous tubercle
Chambers
Right heart
(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers
Endocardium
heart valves
Myocardium
Conduction system
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
Bachmann's bundle
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity
pericardial sinus
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
sternopericardial ligaments
serous pericardium
epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chordae_tendineae&oldid=825173421"
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Cardiac anatomy
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List of Fairy Tail episodes (season 3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fairy Tail (season 3)
Cover of the twenty-second DVD volume released by Pony Canyon in Japan on November 2, 2011, featuring Lucy Ashley and Lucy Heartfilia.
Country of origin
Japan
No. of episodes
28
Release
Original network
TV Tokyo
Original release
April 4 – October 8, 2011
Season chronology
← Previous
Fairy Tail (season 2)
Next →
Fairy Tail (season 4)
The third season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Satelight.[1] Like the rest of the series, it follows the adventures of Natsu Dragneel and Lucy Heartfilia of the fictional guild, Fairy Tail. The season contains two story arcs. The first 24 episodes adapt the rest of the manga's 20th volume through the beginning of the 24th volume to form the "Edolas" (エドラス編, Edorasu-hen) arc, wherein the guild becomes trapped in the parallel universe Edolas to be used by the world's ruler Faust to restore magic to his kingdom, and set out to return to their world with the aid of Faust's son Mystogan and Happy's race of winged cats called the Exceed. The remaining 4 episodes adapt the rest of the 24th volume through the beginning of the 25th volume as part of the "Sirius Island" (天狼島編, "Tenrōjima-hen") arc, which focuses on Natsu and the guild's other strongest members as they take their S-Class examination on Sirius Island.
The season initially ran in 2011 from April 4 to October 8 on TV Tokyo in Japan. Seven DVD compilations were released, each containing four episodes, by Pony Canyon between August 3, 2011 and February 1, 2012.[2][3] The season was licensed for a dubbed broadcast in English by Animax Asia, which released it as part of "Season 2".[citation needed] Funimation Entertainment released the episodes with their own English-dubbed version across three Blu-ray/DVD box sets, released on December 10, 2013, and February 4 and March 25 in 2014 along with the first four episodes of season 4.[citation needed] The first two sets were released as together as "Collection 4" on June 2, 2015.[citation needed]
The season makes use of 6 pieces of theme music: three opening themes and three ending themes. "Evidence" performed by Daisy x Daisy is used until episode 84,[4] "The Rock City Boy" performed by Jamil until 98,[5] and "Towa no Kizuna" (永久のキズナ, "Everlasting Bond") performed by Daisy x Daisy for the rest of the season. The ending themes, used with the opening themes, are "Hitori Samishiku" (ひとりさみしく, "Lonely Person") by ShaNa,[4] "Don't Think. Feel!!!" performed by Idoling!!!,[5] and "Kono Te Nobashite" (この手伸ばして, "Reach Out This Hand") performed by Hi-Fi Camp.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episode list
2 Notes
3 References
Episode list[edit]
No.
Official English title[a]
Original Japanese title
Original air date[b]
English air date[c]
73
"Rainbow Cherry Blossoms"
"Niji no Sakura" (虹の桜) April 4, 2011 May 13, 2014[6]
When Lucy catches a cold after a mission in the mountains with Natsu and their friends, she is unable to go to Fairy Tail's annual flower watching. Because Natsu can't have fun knowing Lucy has been left out, he and Happy uproot a cherry tree so that Lucy can see it.
74
"Wendy's First Big Job!?"
"Wendi, Hajimete no Ōshigoto!?" (ウェンディ、初めての大仕事!?) April 11, 2011 May 20, 2014[7]
For Wendy's first job, she finds work at the theatre troupe that once hired Natsu, Lucy, Happy, Gray, and Erza. However, a fight with Carla means that she is going to Onibus alone. When her friends learn the train to Onibus isn't working, everyone rushes to help Wendy. When they all arrive in Onibus, they learn that their services were not needed and collapse in exhaustion; Wendy's first big job becomes moving her friends out of the way.
75
"24-Hour Endurance Road Race"
"Nijūyo Jikan Taikyū Rōdo Rēsu" (24時間耐久ロードレース) April 16, 2011 May 27, 2014[8]
A 24 hour race begins as all the Fairy Tail members race to get Wyvern Scales from the top of Mt. Ivor and return to the starting line. No one is allowed to drop out and flying magic is not permitted, though that doesn't dampen Happy's determination to win.
76
"Gildarts"
"Girudātsu" (ギルダーツ) April 23, 2011 June 3, 2014[9]
Gildarts has finally come back to Fairy Tail after three years on a hundred-year quest and has news for Natsu concerning Igneel.
77
"Earth Land"
"Āsu Rando" (アースランド) April 30, 2011 June 10, 2014[10]
Wendy finally meets Mystogan, whom she had known as Jellal in her childhood. In spite of his best efforts, he reveals he is unable to stop Anima, a powerful magic that will destroy all of Magnolia. As Wendy warn Fairy Tail of its impending demise, light shines down from the sky and the city disappears, leaving only Wendy, Natsu, Happy, and Carla behind.
78
"Edolas"
"Edorasu" (エドラス) May 7, 2011 June 17, 2014[11]
After the disappearance of Magnolia and Fairy Tail, Carla reveals that everything has been taken to an alternate world - Edolas, where she and Happy originally came from. Because Natsu and Wendy are Dragonslayers, they were immune to the Anima were regarded as a threat to Edolas; thus, Carla and Happy were sent to destroy them. Determined to rescue their friends, Natsu, Wendy, and Happy follow Carla's lead to reach Edolas, where they discover the Edolas version of Fairy Tail.
79
"Fairy Hunter"
"Yōsei Gari" (妖精狩り) May 14, 2011 June 24, 2014[12]
Natsu, Wendy, Carla and Happy are stunned to discover a very different version of Fairy Tail in Edolas, but it is clear that they are not the same Fairy Tail they know and love. However, before any questions can be answered, the Edolas Fairy Tail is attacked by Fairy Hunter, Erza Knightwalker.
80
"Key of Hope"
"Kibō no Kagi" (希望の鍵) May 21, 2011 July 1, 2014[13]
After a narrow escape from Erza Knightwalker, Natsu's group decides to head to the capital of Edolas on their own to save their friends, despite warnings from the Edolas Fairy Tail. However, they soon find themselves guided by Lucy Ashley, Lucy's Edolas counterpart, and Natsu and Wendy are shocked to discover that their magic does not work in Edolas.
81
"Fireball"
"Faiabōru" (ファイアボール) May 28, 2011 July 8, 2014[14]
In the capital, Natsu and Wendy are surprised to find their Lucy alive and fully capable of using her magic. After Edolas Lucy and Earthland Lucy become acquainted with one another, Natsu's group escapes from the Royal Army and takes refuge in a hotel. When their plan to sneak aboard a Royal Army airship fails, they are saved by the timely arrival of the driver of a 4-wheeled vehicle - the Edolas version of Natsu.
82
"Welcome Home"
"Okaerinasaimase" (おかえりなさいませ) June 4, 2011 July 15, 2014[15]
Natsu and his friends reach the Royal City, where an enormous Lacrima made of the magical energy of Magnolia is on display. To save their friends, Carla reveals that she has had information about Edolas flowing into her head since they arrived, and the group devises a plan based on getting close to the King of Edolas and having Lucy use Gemini to learn how to transform the Lacrima back. Their plan is foiled when they are ambushed by Erza Knightwalker, whose forces exalt Happy and Carla as beings known as "Exceeds."
83
"Extalia"
"Ekusutaria" (エクスタリア) June 11, 2011 July 22, 2014[16]
Because Natsu and Wendy are Dragonslayers, they are detained and wind up discovering a secret about the Exceed. Happy and Carla are brought to Extalia, the home of the Exceed, and learn the reason why they were actually sent to Earthland. Meanwhile, Edolas Gajeel plans a distraction so Earthland Gajeel can attempt to destroy the lacrima that holds his friends.
84
"Fly, to Our Friends!"
"Tobe! Tomo no Moto ni!" (飛べ! 友のもとに!) June 18, 2011 July 29, 2014[17]
After hearing about their mission, Happy and Carla flee from Extalia and end up with two mysterious cats, Lucky and Marl, whose egg has previously been taken by the queen to be used in the Dragonslayer Extermination Project. Though they are shaken by what they think they have done, they resolve to save their friends.
85
"Code ETD"
"Kōdo Ītīdī" (コードETD) June 25, 2011 August 5, 2014[18]
When Lucy tries to appeal to Knightwalker to save her friends, she attempts to kill her by dropping Lucy out of a tower, though Lucy is saved by Happy and Carla's timely arrival. When Faust - the magic-crazed king of Edolas - activates Code ETD (Exceed Total Destruction) on the Exceeds that were pursuing Carla and Happy, they are turned into Lacrima. Erza ambushes Lucy, Happy, and Carla, but the Earthland Erza and Gray suddenly appear to save their comrades.
86
"Erza vs. Erza"
"Eruza vs. Eruza" (エルザ vs. エルザ) July 2, 2011 August 12, 2014[19]
While Erza Scarlet holds off Erza Knightwalker, Lucy and the others go to rescue Natsu and Wendy, while Happy is sent to find Gajeel, as Dragonslayers are inherently able to reverse the magic that transformed everyone else into lacrima. However, Gajeel's attempt to free everyone is hindered by the Exceed Pantherlily, a captain of the Edolas Army. Faust begins his plan to use the Dragon Chain Cannon to fuse the Magnolia lacrima into Extalia and destroy them together so that magic can rain upon Edolas forever.
87
"We're Talking About Lives Here!!!!"
"Inochi Darō ga!!!!" (命だろーが!!!!) July 9, 2011 August 19, 2014[20]
Natsu, Gray, and Lucy's attempt to reach the King of Edolas is held up by the Royal Army Captains Hughes and Sugarboy. When the servant Coco steals the key to the Dragon Chain Cannon to save Pantherlily and Extalia, she is pursued by the Royal Army's Chief of Staff Byro and runs into Lucy, fleeing from monsters. As Coco considers giving the key to Lucy, Lucy and Byro engage in battle.
88
"For Pride's Sake, the River of Stars"
"Hoshi no Taiga wa Hokori no Tame ni" (星の大河は誇りの為に) July 16, 2011 August 26, 2014[21]
After Lucy calls multiple spirits in a row to fight Byro her magic is quickly drained, though Virgo gives Lucy a Spirit World whip that can extend and contract to help in the fight. When Byro is defeated by the timely arrival of Natsu, Coco gives the key to Lucy, but it is stolen by Sugarboy, forcing Gray to pursue him. Gray defeats Sugarboy and destroys the key after learning its purpose, as he can create another key from ice.
89
"The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon"
"Shūen no Ryūsahō" (終焉の竜鎖砲) July 23, 2011 September 2, 2014[22]
Erza Knightwalker captures both Gray and Natsu and brings them before Faust, whom she quickly takes hostage, revealing herself as Erza Scarlet. Erza's plan to force the guards to redirect the cannon goes awry when the real Erza Knightwalker appears.
90
"The Boy Back Then"
"Ano Toki no Shōnen" (あの時の少年) July 30, 2011 September 9, 2014[23]
Chagot - the queen of the Exceeds - reveals that her divine image was a lie perpetuated by the Elders to protect the Exceeds from humans, but her inner strength convinces the Exceeds to try to save Extalia with their own strength. When the lacrima suddenly disappears, Mystogan arrives to explain that he has restored Magnolia and thanks Panther Lily for saving his life while Lily reveals Mystogan is Prince Jellal of Edolas.
91
"Dragon Sense" August 6, 2011 September 16, 2014[24]
The Earthland wizards succeed in preventing Extalia's demise, but the battle is not over. Erza Knightwalker leads an ambushed by the Edolas Royal Army, while Faust unleashes a super-powerful mechanical dragon, Droma Anim. The Dragon Slayers confront the king, Erza Scarlet faces off against Knightwalker, the others battle the army while Mystogan and Panther Lily attend to other matters.
92
"O Living Ones"
"Ikiru Monotachi yo" (生きる者たちよ) August 13, 2011 September 23, 2014[25]
The battles against the Edolas Royal Kingdom rages on. The army, Knightwalker and the king himself are fighting against the Earthland wizards who wish to recover their friends. Meanwhile, Edolas Fairy Tail tries to come to a decision on which side they will choose.
93
"I'm Standing Right Here"
"Ore wa Koko ni Tatteiru" (オレはここに立っている) August 20, 2011 September 30, 2014[26]
In the midst of the exhausting battle between the Edolas army and the members of Fairy Tail in both worlds, the Edolas combatants panic upon realizing their magic is disappearing thanks to Mystogan reversing Anima. However, to ensure the stability of Edolas, Mystogan declares himself a villain to Edolas and orders Panther Lily to kill him and emerge as a hero amongst the people.
94
"Bye-Bye Edolas"
"Baibai Edorasu" (バイバイ エドラス) August 27, 2011 October 7, 2014[27]
Out of devotion, Panther Lily refuses to accept Mystogan's plan, but they soon find that Natsu, Wendy, and Gajeel have captured Faust and begun a riot. When Mystogan confronts Natsu and defeats him, Mystogan is revealed to be the Prince of Edolas to the people. As the reversed Anima teleports the Earthland wizards and the Exceed to Earthland, everyone says their goodbyes and disappears, while Mystogan remains behind, heralded as the new leader of Edolas.
95
"Lisanna"
"Risāna" (リサーナ) September 3, 2011 October 14, 2014[28]
The wizards and the Exceeds are teleported back to Earthland. In a flashback, Chagot sends 100 Exceed eggs to Earth to save them after foreseeing that Extalia would fall; Carla, possessing the same powers, mistakes these visions as a mission. Back in the present, when the Exceed leave to find the remaining eggs, Panther Lily remains behind to be Gajeel's partner and to honour Mystogan's dedication to Fairy Tail. However, Panther Lily has brought them an unusual captive: Lisanna, who explains she is actually Earthland's Lisanna Strauss.
96
"He Who Extinguishes Life"
"Inochi o Kesumono" (生命 (いのち)を消す者) September 10, 2011 October 21, 2014[29]
The aftermath of Natsu and his friends' adventures in Edolas is revealed: Edolas Fairy Tail moves closer to the kingdom to help rebuild the destroyed city, while Mystogan exiles the repentant Faust and sentences the remaining members of the Royal Army to assist with repairing the city. In Earthland, Lisanna returns to Earthland's Fairy Tail while Natsu and his friends tell the other guild members about their adventures in Edolas. Meanwhile, a mysterious black-haired man living in a forest where he causes all living things around him to die against his will, says he wants to see Natsu.
97
"Best Partners"
"Besuto Pātonā" (ベストパートナー) September 17, 2011 October 28, 2014[30]
Natsu, Gray, Juvia, Elfman, Cana, Fried, Levy, and Mystogan's disciple Mest are selected to participate in Fairy Tail's annual S-Class promotion exam, and are instructed to choose a partner to accompany them during the exam. Natsu partners with Happy, Gray with Loke, Juvia with Lisanna, Elfman with Evergreen, Freed with Bickslow, Levy with Gajeel, and Mest with Wendy. During this time, Cana tells Lucy that she intends to leave the guild if she fails the upcoming exam. After learning of Cana's reasons for doing so, Lucy offers to become Cana's partner. Meanwhile, Carla has brief glimpses of disastrous events in the future, one of which includes the black-haired youth from the forest.
98
"Who's the Lucky One?"
"Ungaii no wa Dare?" (運がいいのは誰?) September 24, 2011 November 4, 2014[31]
The exam participants arrive at Sirius Island, Fairy Tail's sacred ground, where they each take one of eight routes that will lead to the next stage of the exam. Most of these routes either pit the participants against each other or one of Fairy Tail's S-Class wizards, who they must defeat in order to advance. Lucy and Cana are pitted against Freed and Bickslow, who they fear they stand no chance against. However, Freed throws the battle by pretending to be distracted by their swimsuits, allowing Cana to defeat him using illusions of scantily dressed women. Meanwhile, Natsu takes the route he believes will pit him against Erza, but is ecstatic to find Gildarts waiting for him instead.
99
"Natsu vs. Gildarts"
"Natsu vs. Girudātsu" (ナツ vs. ギルダーツ) October 1, 2011 November 11, 2014[32]
Juvia and Lisanna are pitted against Erza, while Elfman and Evergreen are pitted against Mirajane. Meanwhile, Natsu enthusiastically fights Gildarts, with a series of flashbacks detailing how Natsu had never once been able to defeat him since childhood. Just when Natsu believes he has gained the upper hand, Gildarts unleashes an immense aura of magical power, prompting Natsu to surrender in fear. Gildarts teaches Natsu the benefits that fear has in order for him to grow stronger, and allows him to pass.
100
"Mest"
"Mesuto" (メスト) October 8, 2011 November 18, 2014[33]
After being defeated by Gray and Loke, Mest convinces Wendy to help him look for a secret he claims to be hidden on the island. Worried about Wendy, Carla arrives on Sirius Island together with Panther Lily, who doubts Mest's claims of being Mystogan's disciple and suspects that Mest is not a member of Fairy Tail. Meanwhile, Levy and Gajeel pass through the only route devoid of opponents, Elfman and Evergreen defeat Mirajane, and Juvia and Lisanna lose against Erza. For the second part of the exam, the remaining participants are instructed by Makarov to search the island for the grave of Fairy Tail's founding master Mavis. During their search, Elfman and Evergreen encounter the black-haired youth, who unleashes a wave of lethal magic against them, though Natsu arrives in time to save his friends.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Funimation.
Jump up ^ Date the episode originally aired on TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ Date the episode first aired on the Funimation Channel in an English dub.
References[edit]
General
"Episodes 73-85" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
"Episodes 86-98" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
"Episodes 99-111" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
Specific
Jump up ^ "あにてれ: FAIRY TAIL" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ポニーキャニョン - FAIRY TAIL (25): DVD". Pony Canyon. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ポニーキャニオン - FAIRY TAIL (37): DVD". Pony Canyon. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "虹の桜". Fairy Tail. Episode 73 (in Japanese). April 4, 2011. TV Tokyo.
^ Jump up to: a b "コードETD". Fairy Tail. Episode 85 (in Japanese). June 25, 2011. TV Tokyo.
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 20 of 2014 (Mon 12 May 2014-Sun 18 May 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 18, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [73] (P) -Episode 73 - Rainbow Cherry Blossoms
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 21 of 2014 (Mon 19 May 2014-Sun 25 May 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [74] (P) -Episode 74 - Wendy's First Big Job!?
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 22 of 2014 (Mon 26 May 2014-Sun 1 Jun 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [75] (P) -Episode 75 - 24-Hour Endurance Road Race
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 23 of 2014 (Mon 2 Jun 2014-Sun 8 Jun 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [76] (P) -Episode 76 - Gildarts
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 24 of 2014 (Mon 9 Jun 2014-Sun 15 Jun 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [77] (P) -Episode 77 - Earth Land
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 25 of 2014 (Mon 16 Jun 2014-Sun 22 Jun 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [78] (P) -Episode 78 - Edolas
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 26 of 2014 (Mon 23 Jun 2014-Sun 29 Jun 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [79] (P) -Episode 79 - Fairy Hunter
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 27 of 2014 (Mon 30 Jun 2014-Sun 6 Jul 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [80] (P) -Episode 80 - Key of Hope
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 28 of 2014 (Mon 7 Jul 2014-Sun 13 Jul 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [81] (P) -Episode 81 - Fireball
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 29 of 2014 (Mon 14 Jul 2014-Sun 20 Jul 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [82] (P) -Episode 82 - Welcome Home
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 30 of 2014 (Mon 21 Jul 2014-Sun 27 Jul 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [83] (P) -Episode 83 - Extalia
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 31 of 2014 (Mon 28 Jul 2014-Sun 3 Aug 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [84] (P) -Episode 84 - Fly, to Our Friends!
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 32 of 2014 (Mon 4 Aug 2014-Sun 10 Aug 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [85] (P) -Episode 85 - Code ETD!
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 33 of 2014 (Mon 11 Aug 2014-Sun 17 Aug 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [86] (P) -Episode 86 - Erza vs. Erza
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 34 of 2014 (Mon 18 Aug 2014-Sun 24 Aug 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [87] (P) -Episode 87 - We're Talking About Lives Here!!!!
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 35 of 2014 (Mon 25 Aug 2014-Sun 31 Aug 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [88] (P) -Episode 88 - For Pride's Sake, the River of Stars
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 36 of 2014 (Mon 1 Sep 2014-Sun 7 Sep 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [89] (P) -Episode 89 - The Apocalyptic Dragon Chain Cannon
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 37 of 2014 (Mon 8 Sep 2014-Sun 14 Sep 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [90] (P) -Episode 90 - The Boy Back Then
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 38 of 2014 (Mon 15 Sep 2014-Sun 21 Sep 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [91] (P) -Episode 91 - Dragon Sense
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 39 of 2014 (Mon 22 Sep 2014-Sun 28 Sep 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [92] (P) -Episode 92 - O Living Ones
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 40 of 2014 (Mon 29 Sep 2014-Sun 5 Oct 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [93] (P) -Episode 93 - I'm Standing Right Here
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 41 of 2014 (Mon 6 Oct 2014-Sun 12 Oct 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [94] (P) -Episode 94 - Bye-Bye Edolas
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 42 of 2014 (Mon 13 Oct 2014-Sun 19 Oct 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [95] (P) -Episode 95 - Lisanna
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 43 of 2014 (Mon 20 Oct 2014-Sun 26 Oct 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [96] (P) -Episode 96 - He Who Extinguishes Life
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 44 of 2014 (Mon 27 Oct 2014-Sun 2 Nov 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [97] (P) -Episode 97 - Best Partners
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 45 of 2014 (Mon 3 Nov 2014-Sun 9 Nov 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [98] (P) -Episode 98 - Who's The One With The Good Luck?
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 46 of 2014 (Mon 10 Nov 2014-Sun 16 Nov 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 19, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [99] (P) -Episode 99 - Natsu vs. Gildarts
Jump up ^ "Funimation Week 47 of 2014 (Mon 17 Nov 2014-Sun 23 Nov 2014)". Funimation Channel. Retrieved May 18, 2015. 09:00p Fairy Tail [100] (P) -Episode 100 - Mest
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Acceptable use policy
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An acceptable use policy (AUP), acceptable usage policy or fair use policy, is a set of rules applied by the owner, creator or administrator of a network, website, or service, that restrict the ways in which the network, website or system may be used and sets guidelines as to how it should be used. AUP documents are written for corporations,[1] businesses, universities,[2] schools,[3] internet service providers (ISPs),[4] and website owners,[5] often to reduce the potential for legal action that may be taken by a user, and often with little prospect of enforcement.
Acceptable use policies are an integral part of the framework of information security policies; it is often common practice to ask new members of an organization to sign an AUP before they are given access to its information systems. For this reason, an AUP must be concise and clear, while at the same time covering the most important points about what users are, and are not, allowed to do with the IT systems of an organization. It should refer users to the more comprehensive security policy where relevant. It should also, and very notably, define what sanctions will be applied if a user breaks the AUP. Compliance with this policy should, as usual, be measured by regular audits.
In some cases a fair usage policy applied to a service allowing nominally unlimited use for a fixed fee simply sets a cap on what may be used, intended to allow normal usage but prevent what is considered excessive. For example, users of an "unlimited" broadband Internet service may be subject to suspension, termination, or bandwidth limiting for usage which is "continually excessive, unfair, affects other users' enjoyment of the broadband service, or is not consistent with the usage typically expected on a particular access package".[6] The policy is enforced directly, without legal proceedings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Common elements of AUP statements
3 Enforceability
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Terminology[edit]
AUP documents are similar to and often serve the same function as the Terms of Service document (e.g., as used by Google Gmail and Yahoo!), although not always. In the case of IBM.com for instance, the Terms of Use are about the way in which IBM presents the site, how they interact with visitors of the site and little to no instruction as to how to use the site.
In some cases, AUP documents are named Internet and E-mail Policy, Internet AUP, Network AUP, or Acceptable IT Use Policy. These documents, even though named differently, largely provide policy statements as to what behavior is acceptable from users of the local network/Internet connected via the local network.
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Common elements of AUP statements[edit]
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In general, AUP statements/documents often begin with a statement of the philosophy of the sponsoring organization and intended reason as to why Internet use is offered to the users of that organization's network. For example, the sponsoring organization adopts a philosophy of self-regulation and offers the user connection to the local network and also connection to the Internet providing that the user accepts the fact she/he is going to be personally responsible for actions taken when connected to the network or Internet. This may mean that the organization is not going to provide any warning system should the user contravene policy, maintaining that it is up to the user to know when his/her actions are in violation of policy. Often Acceptable Use Policy documents provide a statement about the use of the network and/or Internet and its uses and advantages to the business, school or other organisation sponsoring connection to the Internet. Such a statement may outline the benefit of email systems, ability to gain information from websites, connection with other people through the use of instant messaging, and other similar benefits of various protocols including the relatively new VoIP services.
The most important part of an AUP document is the code of conduct governing the behaviour of a user whilst connected to the network/Internet. The code of conduct may include some description of what may be called netiquette which includes such items of conduct as using appropriate/polite language while online, avoiding illegal activities, ensuring that activities the user may embark on should not disturb or disrupt any other user on the system, and caution not to reveal personal information that could be the cause of identity theft.
Most AUP statements outline consequences of violating the policy. Such violations are met with consequences depending on the relationship of the user with the organisation. Common actions that schools and universities take is to withdraw the service to the violator and sometimes if the activities are illegal the organization may involve appropriate authorities, such as the local police. Employers will at times withdraw the service from employees, although a more common action is to terminate employment when violations may be hurting the employer in some way, or may compromise security. Earthlink, an American Internet service provider has a very clear policy relating to violations of its policy. The company identifies six levels of response to violations:
issue warnings: written or verbal
suspend the Member's newsgroup posting privileges
suspend the Member's account
terminate the Member's account
bill the Member for administrative costs and/or reactivation charges
bring legal action to enjoin violations and/or to collect damages, if any, caused by violations.
Central to most AUP documents is the section detailing unacceptable uses of the network, as displayed in the University of Chicago AUP. Unacceptable behaviours may include creation and transmission of offensive, obscene, or indecent document or images, creation and transmission of material which is designed to cause annoyance, inconvenience or anxiety, creation of defamatory material, creation and transmission that infringes copyright of another person, transmission of unsolicited commercial or advertising material and deliberate unauthorised access to other services accessible using the connection to the network/Internet. Then there is the type of activity that uses the network to waste time of technical staff to troubleshoot a problem for which the user is the cause, corrupting or destroying other user's data, violating the privacy of others online, using the network in such a way that it denies the service to others, continuing to use software or other system for which the user has already been warned about using, and any other misuse of the network such as introduction of viruses.
Disclaimers are often added in order to absolve an organisation from responsibility under specific circumstances. For example, in the case of Anglia Ruskin University a disclaimer is added absolving the University for errors or omissions or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained on the University website. While disclaimers may be added to any AUP, disclaimers are most often found on AUP documents relating to the use of a website while those offering a service fail to add such clauses.
Particularly when an AUP is written for a college or school setting, AUPs remind students (or when in the case of a company, employees) that connection to the Internet, or use of a website, is a privilege, as demonstrated in the Loughborough University's Janet Service AUP and not a right. Through emphasising this "privilege" aspect, Northern Illinois University then make the connection that any abuse of that privilege can result in legal action from the University.
In a handbook for writing AUP documents, the Virginia Department of Education indicate that there are three other areas needing to be addressed in an AUP:
a statement that the AUP is in compliance with state and national telecommunication rules and regulations
a statement regarding the need to maintain personal safety and privacy while accessing the Internet
a statement regarding the need to comply with Fair Use Laws and other copyright regulations while accessing the Internet
Through a cursory reading of AUP statements found by a Google Search the variation of the inclusion of these items in AUP documents is highly variable. However, those statements in a school or university setting are more likely to include a statement to address at least the "personal safety" issue.
Enforceability[edit]
Example:
6.3 This Policy shall be governed by the laws of England and the parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of England and Wales.
Due to the many jurisdictions covered by the Internet, the AUP document needs to specify the jurisdiction, which determines the laws that are applicable and govern the use of an AUP. Even if a company is only located in one jurisdiction and the AUP applies only to its employees, naming the jurisdiction saves difficulties of interpretation should legal action be required to enforce its statements.
AUP can be effectively enforced with Content and URL filters.
See also[edit]
Terms of service
Lee v. PMSI, Inc., a U.S. District Court Case that found violating an acceptable use policy did not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "IS.SEC.005". Hospital Corporation of America. 2007-12-01. Archived from the original on October 30, 2006. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Policy on Acceptable Use of Electronic Resources". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ "2008-2009 Code of Student Conduct" (pdf). Charlotte County Public Schools. Retrieved 2008-12-13. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "EMBARQ ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY & VISITOR AGREEMENT". 2006-10-20. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ "MySpace.com Terms of Use Agreement". Myspace. 2008-02-28. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ TalkTalk Fair Usage Policy Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine., typical fair usage conditions for "unlimited broadband Internet" usage.
External links[edit]
Critiquing Acceptable Use Policies by Dave Kinnaman
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acceptable_use_policy&oldid=792565047"
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values: Edit section: Common elements of AUP statements

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http://www.solis.co.uk/aup/index

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/wiki/Code_of_Conduct
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Code of Conduct

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http://nsit.uchicago.edu/policies/eaup/
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/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)
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Anxiety (mood)

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http://www.niu.edu/aup/
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