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Madhya Pradesh
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State in central India
State in Malwa, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, Nimar, Mahakoshal and Gird (Gird region also includes Chambal division), India
Madhya Pradesh
State
From top, left to right: Khajuraho Group of Monuments, Great Stupa of Sanchi, Deer at Kanha National Park, Bhimbetka rock shelters, Ancient city of Mandu and Marble Rocks

Seal

Location of Madhya Pradesh in India
Coordinates: 23°15′00″N 77°25′01″E / 23.25°N 77.417°E / 23.25; 77.417Coordinates: 23°15′00″N 77°25′01″E / 23.25°N 77.417°E / 23.25; 77.417
Country
India
Region
Malwa, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, Nimar, Mahakoshal and Gird (Gird region also includes Chambal division)
Settlement
1 November 1956
Capital
Bhopal
Largest city
Indore
Districts
52
Government
• Body
Government of Madhya Pradesh
• Governor
Anandiben Patel
• Chief Minister
Shivraj Singh Chouhan (BJP)
• Legislature
Unicameral (230 seats)
• High Court
Madhya Pradesh High Court
Area
• State
308,252 km2 (119,017 sq mi)
Area rank
2nd
Population (2011)[1]
• State
72,626,809
• Rank
5th
• Density
240/km2 (610/sq mi)
• Urban
20,059,666
• Rural
52,537,899
GDP (2018–19)[2]
• Total
₹8.26 lakh crore (US$120 billion)
• Per capita
₹59,052 (US$820)
Time zone
UTC+05:30 (IST)
PIN
45xxxx-46xxxx-47xxxx-48xxxx
ISD code
91-07xxx
ISO 3166 code
IN-MP
HDI (2017)
0.594[3]
medium · 33th
Literacy (2011)
72.6%[1]
Sex ratio (2011)
931[4]
Official language
Hindi[5]
Website
mp.gov.in
State symbols of Madhya Pradesh
Language
Hindi
Song
Madhya Pradesh Gaan
Animal
Barasingha
Bird
Indian Paradise Flycatcher
Fish
Mahseer[6]
Flower
White Lily
Fruit
Mango
Tree
Banyan Tree
Madhya Pradesh (MP; /ˈmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ ( listen); meaning Central Province) is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Gwalior, and Ujjain being the other major cities. Nicknamed the "Heart of India" due to its geographical location in India. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest. Its total area is 308,252 km2. Before 2000, when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state, Singoli and Konta, was 1500 km. Konta is presently in Sukma district of Chattisgarh state.
The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada, whose capital Ujjain (also known as Avantika) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE. Subsequently, the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India. By the early 18th century, the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency. After India's independence, Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital: this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today's Maharashtra. In 1956, this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state, the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State. This state was the largest in India by area until 2000, when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state.
Rich in mineral resources, MP has the largest reserves of diamond and copper in India. More than 30% of its area is under forest cover. Its tourism industry has seen considerable growth, with the state topping the National Tourism Awards in 2010–11.[7] In recent years, the state's GDP growth has been above the national average.[8]
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Location in India
2.2 Climate
2.3 Ecology
2.4 Flora and fauna
2.4.1 State symbols of Madhya Pradesh
2.5 Rivers
2.6 Regions
2.7 Administratation
2.7.1 Cities
3 Demographics
3.1 Population
3.2 Languages
3.3 Religion
3.4 Culture
4 Economy
5 Infrastructure
5.1 Energy
5.2 Transport
5.2.1 Aviation
5.3 Other
5.4 Media
6 Government and politics
7 Administration
8 Education
9 Tourism
10 Sports
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of Madhya Pradesh
Isolated remains of Homo erectus found in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley indicate that Madhya Pradesh might have been inhabited in the Middle Pleistocene era.[9] Painted pottery dated to the later mesolithic period has been found in the Bhimbetka rock shelters.[10] Chalcolithic sites belonging to Kayatha culture (2100–1800 BCE) and Malwa culture (1700–1500 BCE) have been discovered in the western part of the state.[11]
Mesolithic rock painting, Bhimbetka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Kandariya Mahadev, Khajuraho
Bateshwar temple complex, Padavli, Morena
Chausath Yogini Temple, Mitavli, Morena
Sahastra-bahu Temple, Gwalior Fort
Teli Ka Mandir, Gwalior Fort
Shiva Temple in Bhojpur
Lakshmi Temple, Orchha
Ancient temples, Amarkantak
Gwalior Fort, Gwalior
The city of Ujjain arose as a major centre in the region, during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE. It served as the capital of the Avanti kingdom. Other kingdoms mentioned in ancient epics—Malava, Karusha, Dasarna and Nishada—have also been identified with parts of Madhya Pradesh.
Chandragupta Maurya united northern India around 320 BCE, establishing the Mauryan Empire, which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. Ashoka the greatest of Mauryan rulers brought the region under firmer control. After the decline of the Maurya empire, the region was contested among the Sakas, the Kushanas, the Satavahanas, and several local dynasties during the 1st to 3rd centuries CE. Heliodorus, the Greek Ambassador to the court of the Shunga king Bhagabhadra erected the Heliodorus pillar near Vidisha.
Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial centre of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. The Satavahana dynasty of the northern Deccan and the Saka dynasty of the Western Satraps fought for the control of Madhya Pradesh during the 1st to 3rd centuries CE.
The Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Saka rulers and conquered parts of Malwa and Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.[12]
Subsequently, the region came under the control of the Gupta empire in the 4th and 5th centuries, and their southern neighbours, the Vakataka's. The rock-cut temples at Bagh Caves in the Kukshi tehsil of the Dhar district attest to the presence of the Gupta dynasty in the region, supported by the testimony of a Badwani inscription dated to the year of 487 CE.[13] The attacks of the Hephthalites or White Huns brought about the collapse of the Gupta empire, which broke up into smaller states. The king Yasodharman of Malwa defeated the Huns in 528, ending their expansion. Later, Harsha (c. 590–647) ruled the northern parts of the state. Malwa was ruled by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty from the late 8th century to the 10th century.[14] When the south Indian Emperor Govinda III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty annexed Malwa, he set up the family of one of his subordinates there, who took the name of Paramara.[15]
The Medieval period saw the rise of the Rajput clans, including the Paramaras of Malwa and the Chandelas of Bundelkhand. The Chandellas built the majestic Hindu-Jain temples at Khajuraho, which represent the culmination of Hindu temple architecture in Central India. The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty also held sway in northern and western Madhya Pradesh at this time. It also left some monuments of architectural value in Gwalior. Southern parts of Madhya Pradesh like Malwa were several times invaded by the south Indian Western Chalukya Empire which imposed its rule on the Paramara kingdom of Malwa.[16] The Paramara king Bhoja (c. 1010–1060) was a renowned polymath. The small Gond kingdoms emerged in the Gondwana and Mahakoshal regions of the state. Northern Madhya Pradesh was conquered by the Turkic Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century. After the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate at the end of the 14th century, independent regional kingdoms re-emerged, including the Tomara kingdom of Gwalior and the Muslim Sultanate of Malwa, with its capital at Mandu.
The Malwa Sultanate was conquered by the Sultanate of Gujarat in 1531. In the 1540s, most parts of the state fell to Sher Shah Suri, and subsequently to the Hindu king Hemu. Hemu, who had earlier served as the General of the Suri dynasty, operated from the Gwalior Fort during 1553–56 and became the ruler of Delhi as a Vikramaditya king winning 22 battles continuously from Bengal to Gujrat and defeating Akbar's forces in the Battle of Delhi on 7 October 1556. However, he chose Delhi as his capital after his formal Coronation and left Gwalior. After Hemu's defeat by Akbar at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556, most of Madhya Pradesh came under the Mughal rule. Gondwana and Mahakoshal remained under the control of Gond kings, who acknowledged Mughal supremacy but enjoyed virtual autonomy.
The Mughal control weakened considerably after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707. Between 1720 and 1760, the Marathas took control of most of Madhya Pradesh, resulting in the establishment of semi-autonomous states under the nominal control of the Peshwa of Pune: the Holkars of Indore ruled much of Malwa, Puars ruled Dewas and Dhar, the Bhonsles of Nagpur dominated Mahakoshal-Gondwana area, while the Scindias of Gwalior controlled the northern parts of the state. The most notable Maratha rulers of the region were Mahadji Shinde, Ahilyabai Holkar and Yashwantrao Holkar. Besides these, there were several other small states, including Bhopal, Orchha, and Rewa. The Bhopal state, which paid tribute to both the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad, was founded by Dost Mohammed Khan, a former General in the Mughal army.
After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the British took control of the entire region. All the sovereign states in the region became princely states of British India, governed by the Central India Agency. The Mahakoshal region became a British province: the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories. In 1861, the British merged the Nagpur Province with the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories to form the Central Provinces.
During the 1857 uprising, rebellions happened in the northern parts of the state, led by leaders like Tatya Tope. However, these were crushed by the British and the princes loyal to them. The state witnessed a number of anti-British activities and protests during the Indian independence movement.[17] Several notable leaders such as Chandra Shekhar Azad, B. R. Ambedkar, Shankar Dayal Sharma and Atal Bihari Vajpayee were born in what is now Madhya Pradesh.
After the independence of India, Madhya Pradesh was created in 1950 from the former British Central Provinces and Berar and the princely states of Makrai and Chhattisgarh, with Nagpur as the capital of the state. The new states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were formed out of the Central India Agency. In 1956, the states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathi-speaking southern region Vidarbha, which included Nagpur, was ceded to Bombay state. Jabalpur was chosen to be the capital of the state but at the last moment, due to some political pressure, Bhopal was made the state capital.[18] In November 2000, as part of the Madhya Pradesh Reorganization Act, the southeastern portion of the state split off to form the new state of Chhattisgarh.
Geography[edit]
Location in India[edit]
Madhya Pradesh literally means "Central Province", and is located in the geographic heart of India, between latitude 21.2°N-26.87°N and longitude 74°59'-82°06' E. The state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east and west between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges; these ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundary between the north and south of India. The highest point in Madhya Pradesh is Dhupgarh, with an elevation of 1,350 m (4,429 ft).[19]
The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on the northwest by Rajasthan, on the northeast by Uttar Pradesh, on the east by Chhattisgarh, and on the south by Maharashtra.
show
Places adjacent to Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan Rajasthan - Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Maharashtra Maharashtra Chhattisgarh
Physical map of Madhya Pradesh
Climate[edit]
Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot dry summer (April–June), followed by monsoon rains (July–September) and a cool and relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 1,371 mm (54.0 in). The southeastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2,150 mm (84.6 in), while the western and northwestern districts receive 1,000 mm (39.4 in) or less.
Ecology[edit]
According to the 2011 figures, the recorded forest area of the state is 94,689 km2 (36,560 sq mi) constituting 30.72% of the geographical area of the state.[20] It constitutes 12.30% of the forest area of India. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest" (65.3%), "Protected Forest" (32.84%) and "Unclassified Forest" (0.18%). Per capita forest area is 2,400 m2 (0.59 acres) as against the national average of 700 m2 (0.17 acres). The forest cover is less dense in the northern and western parts of the state, which contain the major urban centres. Variability in climatic and edaphic conditions brings about significant difference in the forest types of the state.
The major types of soils found in the state are:
Black soil, most predominantly in the Malwa region, Mahakoshal and in southern Bundelkhand
Red and yellow soil, in the Baghelkhand region
Alluvial soil, in Northern Madhya Pradesh
Laterite soil, in highland areas
Mixed soil, in parts of the Gwalior and Chambal divisions
Flora and fauna[edit]
Main article: Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh is home to ten National Parks; Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park, Pench National Park and Dinosaur National Park, Dhar.[21] [22]
There are also a number of nature reserves, including Amarkantak, Bagh Caves, Balaghat, Bori Natural Reserve, Ken Gharial, Ghatigaon, Kuno Palpur, Narwar, Chambal, Kukdeshwar, Narsinghgarh, Nora Dehi, Pachmarhi, Panpatha, Shikarganj, Patalkot, and Tamia. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve in Satpura Range, Amarkantak biosphere reserve and Panna National Park are three of the 18 biosphere reserves in India. Most of them are located in the Eastern Madhya Pradesh near Jabalpur.
Langur monkey (Semnopithecus dussumieri), Orchha
Tigress with cubs in Kanha Tiger Reserve
Tickell's blue flycatcher, Bandhavgarh National Park
Vultures in the nest, Orchha
Male nilgais fighting, Lakeshwari, Gwalior district
Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Pench, Panna, and Satpura National Parks are managed as Project Tiger areas. The National Chambal Sanctuary is managed for conservation of gharial and mugger, river dolphin, smooth-coated otter and a number of turtle species. Ken-gharial and Son-gharial sanctuaries are managed for conservation of gharial and mugger. The barasingha is the state animal and the dudhraj is the state bird of Madhya Pradesh.
Based on composition, the teak and sal forests are the important forest formations in the state. Bamboo-bearing areas are widely distributed.
State symbols of Madhya Pradesh[edit]
Title
Symbol
Image
State animal Barasingha[23][24] (Rucervus duvaucelii)
State bird Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi)[25]
State tree banyan tree (ficus bengalensis)[26]
State fish Mahasheer (Tor tor)[25]
State Flower Madonna lily (Lilium candidum)[27]
Rivers[edit]
Narmada River
Son River, Umaria district, MP, India
Ken River Gorge
The River Narmada flows through a gorge of marble rocks in Bhedaghat, Jabalpur
The Shri Ram Ghat on the Shipra River in Ujjain
Betwa in the Ashoknagar District of Madhya Pradesh
The Narmada is the longest river in Madhya Pradesh. It flows westward through a rift valley, with the Vindhya ranges sprawling along its northern bank and the Satpura range of mountains along the southern. Its tributaries include the Banjar, the Tawa, the Machna, the Shakkar, the Denwa and the Sonbhadra rivers. The Tapti River runs parallel to Narmada, and also flows through a rift valley. The Narmada–Tapti systems carry an enormous volume of water and provide drainage for almost a quarter of the land area of Madhya Pradesh. The Narmada river is considered very sacred and is worshipped throughout the region. It is the main source of water and acts as a lifeline to the state.
The Vindhyas form the southern boundary of the Ganges basin, with the western part of the Ganges basin draining into the Yamuna and the eastern part directly into the Ganges itself. All the rivers, which drain into the Ganges, flow from south to north, with the Chambal, Shipra, Kali Sindh, Parbati, Kuno, Sind, Betwa, Dhasan and Ken rivers being the main tributaries of the Yamuna. Shipra River is one of the most sacred rivers of Hinduism. It is the site of the Simhastha Kumbh Mela, which is held every 12 years. The land drained by these rivers is agriculturally rich, with the natural vegetation largely consisting of grass and dry deciduous forest types, largely thorny. The eastern part of the Ganges basin consists of the Son, the Tons and the Rihand Rivers. Son, which arises in the Maikal hills around Amarkantak, is the largest tributary that goes into the Ganges on the south bank and that does not arise from the Himalayas. Son and its tributaries contribute the bulk of the monsoon flow into the Ganges, because the north bank tributaries are all snow fed. The forests in their basins are much richer than the thorn forests of the northwestern part of Madhya Pradesh.
After the formation of Chhattisgarh State, the major portion of Mahanadi basin now lies in Chhattisgarh. Presently, only 154 km2 basin area of Hasdeo River in Anuppur District lies in Madhya Pradesh.
The Satpuras, in the Gawilgarh and Mahadeo Hills, also contain a watershed, which is south facing. The Wainganga, the Wardha, the Pench, the Kanhan rivers, discharge an enormous volume of water into the Godavari river system. The Godavari basin consists of sub-tropical, semi-moist forests, mainly in the valley of the Indrawati. There are many important multi-state irrigation projects in development, including the Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects.
Regions[edit]
Madhya Pradesh is divided into the following agro-climatic zones:
Kaimur Plateau and Satpura Hills
Vindhyan Plateau (Hills)
Narmada valley
Wainganga valley
Gird (Gwalior) Region
Bundelkhand Region
Satpura Plateau (Hills)
Malwa Plateau
Nimar Plateau
Jhabua Hills
Leeshiv
Gidaila
Administratation[edit]
Madhya Pradesh is administratively divided into 10 divisions and further 52 districts.[28]
Bhopal Division
Chambal Division
Gwalior Division
Indore Division
Jabalpur Division
Narmadapuram Division
Rewa Division
Sagar Division
Shahdol Division
Ujjain Division
Cities[edit]
Main article: List of cities in Madhya Pradesh by population
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in Madhya Pradesh
As of the 2011 Census[29]
Rank
Name
District
Pop.

Indore

Bhopal 1 Indore Indore 2,167,447
Jabalpur

Gwalior
2 Bhopal Bhopal 1,883,381
3 Jabalpur Jabalpur 1,267,564
4 Gwalior Gwalior 1,101,981
5 Ujjain Ujjain 593,368
6 Sagar Sagar 370,296
7 Dewas Dewas 289,438
8 Satna Satna 283,004
9 Ratlam Ratlam 273,892
10 Rewa Rewa 235,422
Demographics[edit]
Population[edit]
showPopulation Growth
Census
Pop.
%±
1951 18,615,000
—
1961 23,218,000 24.7%
1971 30,017,000 29.3%
1981 38,169,000 27.2%
1991 48,566,000 27.2%
2001 60,348,000 24.3%
2011 72,597,565 20.3%
Source:Census of India[30]

The population of Madhya Pradesh consists of a number of ethnic groups and tribes, castes and communities, including the indigenous tribals and relatively more recent migrants from other states. The scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes constitute a significant portion of the population of the State. The main tribal groups in Madhya Pradesh are Gond, Bhil, Baiga, Korku, Bhadia (or Bhariya), Halba, Kaul, Mariya, Malto and Sahariya. Dhar, Jhabua and Mandla districts have more than 50 percent tribal population. In Khargone, Chhindwara, Seoni, Sidhi, Singrauli and Shahdol districts 30–50 percent population is of tribes. According to the 2011 census, the adivasi population in Madhya Pradesh was 73.34 million, constituting 21.1% of the total population. There were 46 recognised Scheduled Tribes and three of them have been identified as "Special Primitive Tribal Groups" in the State.[31]
Due to the different linguistic, cultural and geographical environment, and its peculiar complications, the diverse tribal world of Madhya Pradesh has been largely cut off from the mainstream of development. Madhya Pradesh ranks very low on the Human Development Index value of 0.375 (2011), which is below the national average.[32] According to the India State Hunger Index (2008) compiled by the International Food Policy Research Institute, the malnutrition situation in Madhya Pradesh was "extremely alarming", receiving a severity rating between Ethiopia and Chad.[33] The state ranks is also the worst performer in India, when it comes to female foeticides.[34] The state's per-capita gross state domestic product (nominal GDP) is the fourth lowest in the country (2010–11).[35] MP is also the lowest-ranked state on the India State Hunger Index.
Madhya Pradesh is one of the worst-affected states as far as malnutrition is concerned. The recent National Family Health Survey 2015–16 points out that Panna has 43.1 per cent stunted children, 24.7 per cent wasted and 40.3 per cent underweight children. Similar was the case in rural Chhatarpur where 44.4 per cent children are stunted, 17.8 per cent wasted and 41.2 per cent underweight, as per the report.
See also: Tribals in Madhya Pradesh
Children in Raisen district, Bhil tribe
Shepherds in Chambal
A young farmer in Umaria district
Young Baiga women
Languages[edit]
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The official language of the state is Hindi[36]. In addition Marathi is spoken by a substantial number of the population since the state was home to several important and prestigious Maratha states. The state in fact has the highest concentration of Marathi people outside Maharashtra. Several regional variants are spoken, which are considered by some[according to whom?] to be dialects of Hindi, and by others[according to whom?] to be distinct but related languages. Among these dialects are Malvi in Malwa, Nimadi in Nimar, Bundeli in Bundelkhand, and Bagheli in Bagelkhand and the southeast, and Rajasthani in the area near to Rajasthan. Each of these languages has dialects of its own. Other languages include Telugu, Bhilodi (Bhili), Gondi, Korku, Kalto (Nahali), and Nihali (Nahali), all spoken by tribal groups.
The following languages are taught in schools in Madhya Pradesh under the Three Language Formula:[37]
First Language: Hindi, Urdu, English, Oriya, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada
Second Language: Hindi, Urdu, English
Third Language: Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Marathi, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Bengali, Gujarati, Telugu, Tamil, Arabic, Malayalam, Persian, French, Russian, Oriya, Kannada
Religion[edit]
According to the census of 2011, 90.9% of the MP residents followed Hinduism, while others are Muslim (6.6%), Jain (0.8%), Buddhists (0.3%), Christians (0.3%), and Sikhs (0.2%).[38]
Religion in Madhya Pradesh (2011)[39]
Hinduism (90.89%)
Islam (6.57%)
Other religion (0.83%)
Jainism (0.78%)
Buddhism (0.30%)
Christianity (0.29%)
No religion (0.13%)
Sikhism (0.20%)
Culture[edit]
Bagh Print Traditional hand block print craft in Bagh
A man playing flute in Orchha, with a white tilak on his forehead, and holy saffron-coloured clothes.
Sand sculpture by Sudarshan Pattnaik at Bandrabhan near Hoshangabad
Four sites in Madhya Pradesh have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO: the Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) including Devi Jagadambi temple, Khajuraho, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989) and the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003). Other architecturally significant or scenic sites include Ajaigarh, Amarkantak, Asirgarh, Bandhavgarh, Bawangaja, Bhopal, Vidisha, Chanderi, Chitrakuta, Dhar, Gwalior, Indore, Nemavar, Jabalpur, Burhanpur, Maheshwar, Mandleshwar, Mandu, Omkareshwar, Orchha, Pachmarhi, Shivpuri, Sonagiri, Mandla and Ujjain.
Madhya Pradesh is noted for its classical and folk music. Some of the noted Hindustani classical music gharanas in Madhya Pradesh include the Maihar gharana, the Gwalior gharana and Senia gharana. Two of the medieval India's most noted singers, Tansen and Baiju Bawra, were born near Gwalior in present-day Madhya Pradesh. Noted Dhrupad exponents Aminuddin Dagar (Indore), Gundecha Brothers (Ujjain) and Uday Bhawalkar (Ujjain) were also born in present-day Madhya Pradesh.[40] The birthplaces of noted playback singers Kishore Kumar (Khandwa) and Lata Mangeshkar (Indore) and singer and composer Aadesh Shrivastava (Jabalpur) are also located in MP. The local styles of folk singing include Faga, Bhartahari, Sanja geet, Bhopa, Kalbelia, Bhat/Bhand/Charan, Vasdeva, Videsia, Kalgi Turra, Nirgunia, Alha, Pandwani Gayan and Garba Garbi Govalan.[41]
The major folk dances of MP are Rai, Karma, Saila, Matki, Gangaur, Badhai, Baredi, Naurata, Ahiri and Bhagoria.[42]
Economy[edit]
Woman harvesting wheat, Raisen district
Main article: Economy of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh's gross state domestic product (nominal GDP) for 2013-14 was ₹ 4,509 billion (approximately US$ 72,726,000,000). The per-capita figure was US$ 871.45 in 2013-14, the sixth-lowest in the country.[43] Between 1999 and 2008, the annualised growth rate of the state was very low: 3.5%.[44] Subsequently, the state's GDP growth rate has improved significantly, rising to 8% during 2010–11 and 12% during 2011–12.[45]
Madhya pradesh is also famous for honey production in district Morena.
The state has an agrarian economy.[45] The major crops of Madhya Pradesh are wheat, soybean, gram, sugarcane, rice, maize, cotton, rapeseed, mustard and arhar.[46] Minor Forest Produce (MFP), such as tendu leaves used to roll beedi, sal seed, teak seed, and lak also contribute to state's rural economy.
Madhya Pradesh has 5 Special Economic Zones (SEZs): 3 IT/ITeS (Indore, Gwalior), 1 mineral-based (Jabalpur) and 1 agro-based (Jabalpur). In October 2011, approval was given to 14 proposed SEZs, out of which 10 were IT/ITeS-based.[46] Indore is the major commercial centre of the state. Because of the state's central location, a number of consumer goods companies have established manufacturing bases in MP.[46]
The state has the largest reserves of diamond and copper in India. Other major mineral reserves include those of coal, coalbed methane, manganese and dolomite.[46]
Madhya Pradesh has six Ordnance Factories, four of which are located at Jabalpur (Vehicle Factory, Grey Iron Foundry, Gun Carriage Factory, Ordnance Factory Khamaria) and one each at Katni and Itarsi. The factories are run by the Ordnance Factories Board, and manufacture a variety of products for the Indian Armed Forces.
Madhya Pradesh won the 10th National Award for excellent work in Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005.
The state's tourism industry is growing, fuelled by wildlife tourism and a number of places of historical and religious significance. Sanchi and Khajuraho are frequented by external tourists. Besides the major cities, Bhedaghat, Bhimbetka, Bhojpur, Maheshwar, Mandu, Orchha, Pachmarhi, Kanha, Jabalpur and Ujjain, Tumen Vindhyavasini temple ancient temple. This south facing Ashok Nagar district located in Tuman (Tumvn). Yho digging in the release of the ancient statues it is known as the city of Raja Mordwaj Yho Vlram temple in ancient Dashnik destinations, Hazarmuki Mahadev Mandir, Triveni Sangam, Voddh statues, Lakhavnjara Wakr, caves etc. popular are the other popular tourist destinations.
Infrastructure[edit]
Energy[edit]
Power generation in MP (31 March 2018)[47]
Power
Capacity (MW)
Thermal
12,805.41
Renewable
4,019.80
Hydro
3,223.66
Nuclear
273.0
The state has a total installed power generation capacity of 20321.87 MW as of 31 March 2018. The Madhya Pradesh Electric Board is located at Jabalpur.
Transport[edit]
Road network of Madhya Pradesh[46]
Road type
Length (in km)
National Highways
5,027
State Highways
10,429
Major District Roads
19,241
Bus and train services cover most of Madhya Pradesh. The 99,043-kilometre-long (61,542 mi) road network of the state includes 20 national highways.[46] A 4,948-kilometre-long (3,075 mi) rail network criss-crosses the state, with Jabalpur serving as headquarters for the West Central Railway Zone of the Indian Railways. The Central Railway and the Western Railway also cover parts of the state. Most of the western Madhya Pradesh comes under Ratlam Rail Division of Western Railways, including cities like Indore, Ujjain, Mandsaur, Khandwa, Neemuch and Bairagarh in Bhopal. The state has a total of 20 major railway junctions. The major inter-state bus terminals are located in Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur. More than 2000 buses are conducted daily from these four cities. The intra-city transit systems mostly consist of buses, private autos and taxis.
The state does not have a coastline. Most of the sea trade happens through the Kandla and Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nhava Sheva) in the neighbouring states, which are well-connected to MP by road and rail networks.
Aviation[edit]
The Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport at Indore is the busiest airport in Madhya Pradesh. Raja Bhoj International Airport in Bhopal, Dumna Airport in Jabalpur, Gwalior Airport and Khajuraho Airport also have scheduled commercial passenger services. Besides these, minor airstrips are located at Sagar, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Ujjain, Khandwa, Rewa, Shivpuri and Satna.
Other[edit]
The state has 51 district hospitals, 333 community health centres, 1,155 primary health centres and 8,860 sub-centres.[48]
The urban infrastructure has improved considerably in the past decade. 22 projects costing above $500 million have been sanctioned under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission for the development of Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Ujjain.[46]
Seven Cities of Madhya Pradesh Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Satna, Ujjain, and Sagar have been selected under Smart cities mission[49] [50]
Media[edit]
Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Nava Bharat, Nai Duniya, Rajasthan Patrika, raj express, are the leading Hindi newspapers. Other local newspapers are published in the cities. In English Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hitavada, Central Chronicle and Free Press have editions from Bhopal with The Hitavada also being in Jabalpur. A Sindhi daily, is published from Bhopal is the only Sindhi newspaper in state.
Government and politics[edit]
Main articles: Government of Madhya Pradesh and Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh
See also: List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh and List of Governors of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh has a 230-seat state legislative assembly. The state also sends 40 members to the Parliament of India: 29 are elected to the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and 11 to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). The constitutional head of the state is the Governor, appointed by the President of India. The executionary powers lie with the Chief Minister, who is the elected leader of the state legislature. As of 2016[update], the current governor is Anandiben Patel, and the chief minister is Shivraj Singh Chouhan of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
The dominant political parties in the state are the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress. Unlike in many of the neighbouring states, the small or regional parties have not had much success in the state elections. In the November 2013 state elections, the BJP won an absolute majority of 165 seats, defeating Congress which won 58 seats. Bahujan Samaj Party is the third major party in the state legislature, with 4 seats while others won 3 seats.
Administration[edit]
See also: List of cities in Madhya Pradesh by population
Madhya Pradesh state is made up of 52 Districts, which are grouped into 10 divisions. As of 2013, the state has 52 jila (district) panchayats, 369 tehsil, 313 janpad panchayats/blocks, and 23043 gram (village) panchayats. The municipalities in the state include 16 Nagar Nigams, 100 Nagar Palikas and 264 Nagar Panchayats.[51]
Education[edit]
See also: List of Engineering Colleges in Madhya Pradesh
Exams at the Mahatma Gandhi Seva Ashram, Jaura
IIITDM Jabalpur
Administration Block Institute Of Engineering & Science IPS Academy
According to the 2011 census, Madhya Pradesh had a literacy rate of 70.60%. According to the 2009–10 figures, the state had 105,592 primary schools, 6,352 high schools and 5,161 higher secondary schools. The state has 208 engineering & architecture colleges, 208 management institutes and 12 medical colleges.[46]
The state is home to some of the premier educational and research institutions of India including Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, IIM Indore, IIT Indore, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology(Bhopal), IIITDM Jabalpur and IIITM Gwalior, Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, SPA Bhopal, IIFM (Bhopal), National Law Institute University (Bhopal), Institute Of Engineering & Science IPS Academy Indore, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Jabalpur Engineering College, Ujjain Engineering College, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior and Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science. The state also has a veterinary science university (Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University) with three constituent colleges at Jabalpur, Mhow and Rewa. First state private university of MP is "Jaypee University Of Engineering & Technology, Guna" build as very beautiful campus on NH-3. JUET is ranked 86 in top 100 as per NIRF.
IITTM, Gwalior - A Pioneer in Tourism Education
There are 500-degree colleges, which are affiliated with one of the universities in the state. These universities include Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University, Madhya Pradesh Veterinary Sciences University, Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University (Bhopal), Awadhesh Pratap Singh University (Rewa), Barkatullah University (Bhopal University), Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya (Indore), Rani Durgavati University (Jabalpur), Vikram University (Ujjain), Jiwaji University (Gwalior), Dr Hari Singh Gaur University (Sagar University), Indira Gandhi National Tribal University (Amarkantak, Anuppur) and Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication (Bhopal).
The Professional Examination Board was initialised as Pre Medical Test Board by Government of Madhya Pradesh in the year 1970. After some year in 1981, Pre Engineering Board was constituted. Then after, in the year 1982 both these Boards were amalgamated and named as Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board (M.P.P.E.B.) also known as Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination board(Old Name was Vyapam).
Tourism[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Madhya Pradesh
Sports[edit]
In 2013, state govt declared Malkhamb as the state sport.[52]
Cricket, Kabaddi, hockey, football, basketball, volleyball, cycling, swimming, badminton and table tennis are the popular sports in the state. Traditional games like kho kho, gilli danda, sitoliya, kanche and langdi are popular in the rural areas.
Snooker, a cue sport, generally regarded as having been invented in Jabalpur by British Army officers, is popular in many of the English-speaking and Commonwealth countries, with top professional players attaining multimillion-pound career earnings from the game.
Cricket is the most popular sport in Madhya Pradesh. There are three international cricket stadiums in the state – Nehru Stadium (Indore), Roop Singh Stadium (Gwalior) and Holkar Cricket Stadium (Indore). Madhya Pradesh cricket team's best performances in Ranji Trophy was in 1998–99, when the Chandrakant Pandit-led team ended as the runner-up. Its predecessor, the Indore-based Holkar cricket team, had won the Ranji Trophy four times.
Aishbagh Stadium in Bhopal is the home ground for World Series Hockey team Bhopal Badshahs. The state also has a football team that participates in the Santosh Trophy.
MP United FC is an Indian football that played in the 2nd Division I-League.
On 6 December 2017, the Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan announced that players from the state would be given government jobs on winning medals in international events.
See also[edit]
Madhya Pradesh portal
Outline of Madhya Pradesh
List of people from Madhya Pradesh
Directorate Sports and Youth Welfare
Districts of Madhya Pradesh
Bagh Prints
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Madhya Pradesh topples Bihar, new No 1 in economic growth". Economic Times. 30 March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
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Jump up ^ History of India by N. Jayapalan p.149–151
Jump up ^ Dwarka Prasad Misha, ed. (1956). The History of freedom movement in Madhya Pradesh. Govt. Print., Madhya Pradesh.
Jump up ^ "जबलपुर के हाथ से बस इसलिए निकल गई राजधानी की प्रबल दावेदारी". Patrika.com.
Jump up ^ Madhya Pradesh for sight-seeing and shikar. Directorate of Information and Publicity, Madhya Pradesh. 1964. OCLC 8112689.
Jump up ^ State of Forest Report (PDF). Forest Survey of India (Ministry of Environment & Forests). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Wild Life Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Forest Department, Madhya Pradesh.
Jump up ^ "MP Govt. to set up National Dinosaur Fossil Park in Dhar district". Ummid.com.
Jump up ^ "Symbols of Madya Pradesh". knowindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Symbols of Madya Pradesh". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "State Symbols of MP". Madhya Pradesh State Biodivesity Board. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Madhya Pradesh" (PDF). ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "State Animals, Birds, Trees and Flowers of India". ENVIS Centre on Forestry. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
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Further reading[edit]
Gyanendra Singh. Farm Mechanization in Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal: Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, 2000.
Madhya Pradesh (India). The Madhya Pradesh Human Development Report 2002: Using the Power of Democracy for Development. [Bhopal: Govt. of Madhya Pradesh, 2002].
Guru Radha Kishan Swatantrata Sangraam Senani from Madhya Pradesh: Archives Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi.
Rag, Pankaj. Vintage, Madhya Pradesh: A Collection of Old Photographs. Bhopal: Madhya Pradesh Madhyam jointly with the Directorate of Archaeology, Archives, and Museums, 2005. ISBN 81-902702-7-3
Parmar, Shyam. Folk Tales of Madhya Pradesh. Folk tales of India series, 12". New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1973.
Rag, Pankaj, and O. P. Misra. Masterpieces of Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology, Archives & Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh, 2005.
Sampath, M. D., H. V. Trivedi, and Mandan Trivedi. Epigraphs of Madhya Pradesh. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India, 2001.
Sati, Vishwambhar Prasad. Madhya Pradesh, a Geo-Economic Appraisal. Delhi: Abhijeet, 2004. ISBN 81-88683-43-4
Shah, Shampa, and Aashi Manohar. Tribal Arts and Crafts of Madhya Pradesh. Living traditions of India. Ahmedabad: Mapin Pub./in Association with Vanya Prakashan, Bhopal, 1996. ISBN 0-944142-71-0
External links[edit]
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Geographic data related to Madhya Pradesh at OpenStreetMap
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Training simulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about educational training simulations. For business video games for entertainment purposes, see business simulation game.
A training simulation is a virtual medium through which various types of skills can be acquired.[1] Training simulations can be used in a variety of genres; however they are most commonly[2] used in corporate situations to improve business awareness and management skills. They are also common in academic environments as an integrated part of a business or management course.
The word simulation implies an imitation of a real-life process, usually via a computer or other technological device, in order to provide a lifelike experience. This has proven to be a reliable and successful method of training in thousands of industries worldwide.[3] They can be used both to allow specialization in a certain area, and to educate individuals in the workings of the sectors as a whole, making training simulations versatile. Training simulations are not just games;[4] their aim is to educate and inform in an exciting and memorable way, rather than purely to entertain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 Development
3 Integrated
4 Benefits
5 See also
6 References
Purpose[edit]
Companies across the world regularly use simulations as a tool to teach employees.[5] With the enormous range of simulation-based activities available, it is unsurprising that the specific aims of the sessions vary widely. Some simulations are focused on making decisions in a particular area of the business, such as personnel or product design, and these are called Functional Simulations. Others give a general overview of a company and give experience of making executive management decisions, and are called Total Enterprise Simulations.[6] In recent years, however, this classification has become somewhat impractical, as increasing numbers of training simulations are involving both elements, and combining both an overall view of the industry with some decisions relating to specific sectors.
Training Simulations normally form part of a program designed to educate employees or students about the skills needed to operate a business, as well as persuade them to "think outside the box" and see the bigger picture.[7] This can make for a better organized, more fluid system in which all employees understand their part in making the company successful.

Although the most common use for training simulations is in a corporate setting,[8] simulation games are increasingly being used to educate young people about the importance of business. From secondary school age all the way up to MBA students, anyone can benefit from the first-hand experience of running a company and making decisions that directly affect performance.[9] This will allow the participants to gain an overall understanding of the business world, and give some insight into the type of skills that are necessary to succeed.[10] It is also important to note that ‘beating the game’ should not be a primary aim for anyone taking part in a simulation; the focus should be directed towards everyone gaining some useful and relevant knowledge that they can take away and use in their daily lives.[11] If the simulation does have a competitive element, it is to motivate and inspire, rather than encourage any malpractice.[12] Some training activities are non-competitive to avoid this, however many noted experts in the field state that the rivalry between teams or individuals improves the learning experience and adds a sense of fun and drama into the simulation.[13] This is particularly important when working with young people such as students, as they often require an extra boost to keep them entertained, especially when a simulation is run over an extended period.
Development[edit]
The concept of training employees to have a wider perspective on their position within the workplace has been around for hundreds of years,[14] but it is only relatively recently that the idea of creating a simulated environment for trainees to test their abilities and skills has been developed. The first commercially available training simulation was in 1956, and was called The Top Management Decision Game, and was created by the American Management Association.[15] Since then, the market has expanded hugely, with thousands of simulations available based upon hundreds of different industries. Initially simple with just a few choices to make, some simulations have become extremely complex with many different interlinking decisions. When training simulations were first used, they involved paper forms that were filled in by the participants and then compared by the organizer of the exercise. Nowadays, nearly all simulations are computer based,[16] and involve multi-stage algorithms that calculate performance based on the decisions entered.[17] Most simulations are based around a real industry, and hence they use real data to be as accurate as possible and to provide a realistic experience. However, some remain generic and do not model a particular industry, although these tend to be more useful for younger players or those with absolutely no business knowledge.
Integrated[edit]
Most corporations and academic courses that contain a training simulation integrate it into an existing or completely new training programme.[18] This allows the participants to get the maximum value from the experience, as well as review the sessions in order to improve them for future use. The structure of a training session would normally be as follows:
Introduction: the organizer of the program (plus sometimes a specialist in the training simulation) will meet the participants and give them a brief explanation of the purposes behind the training and what they should hope to achieve.
Lectures: sometimes the trainees will also receive one or more lectures around the topics that the simulation will be based on, in order to give them an idea of the type of skills they will need. This is especially important within academia, when the students will often be examined on this section after the event.
The simulation: the simulation will then be played, allowing newly acquired knowledge to be tested and skills practiced. A positive atmosphere is vital here to maintain enthusiasm.
Evaluation: once the simulation has been completed, it is important to summarize what has been learnt and the effectiveness of the training. Presenting results to others may provide a means of internal assessment, as well as showcasing the players’ achievements.
This integrated training will allow everyone taking part in the simulation to get the maximum experience possible, as well as being entertaining, exciting and giving them a new perspective on the business world. Many companies that specialize in training simulations also offer to create a special integrated plan unique to the client,[19] to make the process as streamlined and efficient as possible.
Benefits[edit]
Since training simulations are available based on such a wide range of different industries, and with thousands of different aims and objectives, it is difficult to outline a specific skill-set that will be improved by taking part in a training simulation. However, skills that good training simulations should build on include:
Business awareness – before participating in the training programme, many players will have little idea of how to run a business or what it involves. Simulations allow them to temporarily have control over a virtual company, to see whether their decisions lead them to success or failure![20]
Time management and organization – most simulations contain timed sessions, which will test the candidates’ skill in submitting decisions within the allotted time slot.[21] This is an excellent skill for any employee or graduate.
Team coordination – the majority of training simulations involve working in groups or teams of people;[22] improving the abilities to communicate effectively, delegate tasks and diplomatically resolve any situations.
Problem solving – simulations will often present tricky circumstances that must be thought through logically to be solved.[23] Successful resolution of these shows good management skills.
If every participant improves in these four key skill areas, the training programme will be a success, and any business should notice an improvement in efficiency and motivation, and students will be inspired and animated.[24]
See also[edit]
Business game
Business simulation
Business simulation game
Experiential learning
Friday Night at the ER
Microsoft Flight Simulator
Print simulation
Project management simulation
Simulations and games in economics education
Web-based simulation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gopinath, C. and Sawyer, J. (1999). Exploring the Learning from an Enterprise Simulation, Journal of Management Development
Jump up ^ Henfrey, Richard (1989). "Executive" simulation, Executive Development, Vol. 3 Iss: 2
Jump up ^ Ellet, Bill (1997). TMR Shortlist of Business Simulations, Training Media Review Publications
Jump up ^ Klabbers, Jan H. G. (1999). Three Easy Pieces: A Taxonomy of Gaming. In Saunders, Danny and Severn, Jackie (eds.) The International Simulation & Gaming Research Yearbook: Simulations and Games for Strategy and Policy Planning
Jump up ^ Shaw, Elizabeth, O’Loughlin, Andrew and McFadzean, Elspeth (2005). Corporate Entrepreneurship and Innovation Part 2: A Role- and Process-based Approach, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 8 Iss: 4
Jump up ^ Biggs, William D. (1990). Introduction to Computerized Business Management Simulations. In Gentry (ed.) Guide to Business Gaming and Experiential Learning
Jump up ^ Duncan, Graham A. Home and Away: Application of the Executive Simulation for Education and Training Purposes in Dundee and Malaysia
Jump up ^ Declan Doyle, F. William Brown, (2000). Using a business simulation to teach applied skills – the benefits and the challenges of using student teams from multiple countries, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 24 Iss: 6
Jump up ^ Prohaska, Charles R. and Frank, Ellen J. (1990). Using Simulations to Investigate Management Decision Making. Simulation & Gaming, Vol. 21 No. 1
Jump up ^ Elgood, Chris (1996). Using Management Games
Jump up ^ Butler, Michael J. R. and Reddy, Peter (2010). Developing Critical Understanding in HRM Students: Using Innovative Teaching Methods to Encourage Deep Approaches to Study, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 34 Iss: 8/9
Jump up ^ Hynes, Briga, Costin, Yvonne and Birdthistle, Naomi (2011). Practice-based Learning in Entrepreneurship Education: A Means of Connecting Knowledge Producers and Users. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning, Vol. 1 Iss: 1
Jump up ^ Neal, D. J. (1997). Group Competitiveness and Cohesion in a Business Simulation. Simulation & Gaming, Vol. 28 Iss: 4
Jump up ^ Keys, Bernard and Wolfe, Joseph (1990). The Role of Management Games and Simulations in Education and Research. Journal of Management, Vol. 16, No. 2
Jump up ^ Naylor, Thomas H. (1971). Computer Simulation Experiments with Models of Economic Systems.
Jump up ^ Stuart, John M. (2007). Business Simulations - Do They Have a Place in Training?
Jump up ^ Fripp, John (1997). A Future for Business Simulations?, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 21 Iss: 4
Jump up ^ Faria, A. J. (1987). A Survey of the Use of Business Games in Academia and Business. Simulation & Gaming, Vol. 18 No. 2
Jump up ^ Wenzler, I (2005). Development of an asset management strategy for a network utility company: Lessons from a dynamic business simulation approach. Simulation & Gaming, Vol. 36 No. 1
Jump up ^ Cruz, Natalia, Escudero, Anna, Barahona, Juan and Leitao, Fernando (2009). The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education Programmes on Satisfaction with Innovation, Behaviour and Performance, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 33 Iss: 3
Jump up ^ Whicker, Lynn, Marcia and Sigelman, Lee (1991). Computer Simulation Applications, An Introduction
Jump up ^ Wellington, W. J. and Faria, A. J. (1992). An Examination on the Effect of Team Cohesion, Player Attitude and Performance Expectations on Simulation Performance Results
Jump up ^ Faria, A. J. (2001). The Changing Nature of Business Simulation/Gaming Research: A Brief History. Simulation & Gaming, Vol. 32 No. 1
Jump up ^ Business Simulation Means Better Senior Managers at Heinz, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 23 Iss: 1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Training_simulation&oldid=783164424"
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