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United States courts of appeals
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This article is about the current system. For the pre-1912 system, see United States circuit court.
Map of the geographic boundaries of the various United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts
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The United States courts of appeals or circuit courts are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system.[1] A court of appeals decides appeals from the district courts within its federal judicial circuit, and in some instances from other designated federal courts and administrative agencies.
The United States courts of appeals are considered among the most powerful and influential courts in the United States. Because of their ability to set legal precedent in regions that cover millions of Americans, the United States courts of appeals have strong policy influence on U.S. law. Moreover, because the U.S. Supreme Court chooses to review fewer than 2% of the more than 7,000 to 8,000 cases filed with it annually,[2] the U.S. courts of appeals serve as the final arbiter on most federal cases. The Ninth Circuit in particular is very influential, covering 20% of the American population.
There are currently 179 judgeships on the U.S. courts of appeals authorized by Congress in 28 U.S.C. § 43 pursuant to Article III of the U.S. Constitution. These judges are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate. They have lifetime tenure, earning (as of 2016) an annual salary of $215,400.[3]
There are thirteen U.S. courts of appeals, although there are other tribunals that have "Court of Appeals" in their titles, such as the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, which hears appeals in court-martial cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, which reviews final decisions by the Board of Veterans' Appeals in the Department of Veterans Affairs. The eleven numbered circuits and the D.C. Circuit are geographically defined. The thirteenth court of appeals is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has nationwide jurisdiction over certain appeals based on their subject matter. All of the courts of appeals also hear appeals from some administrative agency decisions and rulemaking, with by far the largest share of these cases heard by the D.C. Circuit. The Federal Circuit hears appeals from specialized trial courts, primarily the United States Court of International Trade and the United States Court of Federal Claims, as well as appeals from the district courts in patent cases and certain other specialized matters.
Decisions of the U.S. courts of appeals have been published by the private company West Publishing in the Federal Reporter series since the courts were established. Only decisions that the courts designate for publication are included. The "unpublished" opinions (of all but the Fifth and Eleventh Circuits) are published separately in West's Federal Appendix, and they are also available in on-line databases like LexisNexis or Westlaw. More recently, court decisions have also been made available electronically on official court websites. However, there are also a few federal court decisions that are classified for national security reasons.
The circuit with the smallest number of appellate judges is the First Circuit, and the one with the largest number of appellate judges is the geographically large and populous Ninth Circuit in the Far West. The number of judges that the U.S. Congress has authorized for each circuit is set forth by law in 28 U.S.C. § 44, while the places where those judges must regularly sit to hear appeals are prescribed in 28 U.S.C. § 48.
Although the courts of appeals are frequently called "circuit courts", they should not be confused with the former United States circuit courts, which were active from 1789 to 1911, during the time when long-distance transportation was much less available, and which were primarily first-level federal trial courts that moved periodically from place to place in "circuits" in order to serve the dispersed population in towns and the smaller cities that existed then. The current "courts of appeals" system was established in the Judiciary Act of 1891, also known as the Evarts Act.[4]
Contents
1 Procedure
2 Attorneys
3 Nomenclature
4 Judicial councils
5 Circuit composition
6 Circuit population
7 History
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Procedure[edit]
Because the courts of appeals possess only appellate jurisdiction, they do not hold trials. Only courts with original jurisdiction hold trials and thus determine punishments (in criminal cases) and remedies (in civil cases). Instead, appeals courts review decisions of trial courts for errors of law. Accordingly, an appeals court considers only the record (that is, the papers the parties filed and the transcripts and any exhibits from any trial) from the trial court, and the legal arguments of the parties. These arguments, which are presented in written form and can range in length from dozens to hundreds of pages, are known as briefs. Sometimes lawyers are permitted to add to their written briefs with oral arguments before the appeals judges. At such hearings, only the parties' lawyers speak to the court.
The rules that govern the procedure in the courts of appeals are the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. In a court of appeals, an appeal is almost always heard by a "panel" of three judges who are randomly selected from the available judges (including senior judges and judges temporarily assigned to the circuit). Some cases, however, receive an en banc hearing. Except in the Ninth Circuit Courts, the en banc court consists of all of the circuit judges who are on active status, but it does not include the senior or assigned judges (except that under some circumstances, a senior judge may participate in an en banc hearing when he or she participated at an earlier stage of the same case).
Many decades ago, certain classes of federal court cases held the right of an automatic appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. That is, one of the parties in the case could appeal a decision of a court of appeals to the Supreme Court, and it had to accept the case. The right of automatic appeal for most types of decisions of a court of appeals was ended by an Act of Congress, the Judiciary Act of 1925. This law was urged by Chief Justice William Howard Taft, and it also reorganized many other things in the federal court system.
The current procedure is that a party in a case may apply to the Supreme Court to review a ruling of the circuit court. This is called petitioning for a writ of certiorari, and the Supreme Court may choose, in its sole discretion, to review any lower court ruling. In extremely rare cases, the Supreme Court may grant the writ of certiorari before the judgment is rendered by the court of appeals, thereby reviewing the lower court's ruling directly. Certiorari before judgment was granted in the Watergate scandal-related case, United States v. Nixon,[5] and in the 2005 decision involving the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, United States v. Booker.[6]
A court of appeals may also pose questions to the Supreme Court for a ruling in the midst of reviewing a case. This procedure was formerly used somewhat commonly, but now it is quite rare[quantify]. The Second Circuit, sitting en banc, attempted to use this procedure in the case United States v. Penaranda, as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Blakely v. Washington,[7] but the Supreme Court dismissed the question after resolving the same issue in another case[which?], which had come before the Court through the standard procedure. The last instance of the Supreme Court accepting a set of questions and answering them was in a case[which?] in 1982.
A court of appeals may convene a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel to hear appeals in bankruptcy cases directly from the bankruptcy court of its circuit. As of 2008[update], only the First, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have established a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel. Those circuits that do not have a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel have their bankruptcy appeals heard by the District Court.[citation needed]
Courts of appeals decisions, unlike those of the lower federal courts, establish binding precedents. Other federal courts in that circuit must, from that point forward, follow the appeals court's guidance in similar cases, regardless of whether the trial judge thinks that the case should be decided differently.
Federal and state laws can and do change from time to time, depending on the actions of Congress and the state legislatures. Therefore, the law that exists at the time of the appeal might be different from the law that existed at the time of the events that are in controversy under civil or criminal law in the case at hand. A court of appeals applies the law as it exists at the time of the appeal; otherwise, it would be handing down decisions that would be instantly obsolete, and this would be a waste of time and resources, since such decisions could not be cited as precedent. "[A] court is to apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision, unless doing so would result in manifest injustice, or there is statutory direction or some legislative history to the contrary."[8]
However, the above rule cannot apply in criminal cases if the effect of applying the newer law would be to create an ex post facto law to the detriment of the defendant.
Attorneys[edit]
In order to serve as counsel in a case appealed to a circuit court the attorney must be admitted to the bar of that circuit. Admission to the bar of a circuit court is granted as a matter of course to any attorney who is admitted to practice law in any state of the United States. The attorney submits an application, pays a fee, and takes the oath of admission. Local practice varies as to whether the oath is given in writing or in open court before a judge of the circuit, and most courts of appeals allow the applicant attorney to choose which method he or she prefers.
Nomenclature[edit]
When the courts of appeals were created in 1891, one was created for each of the nine circuits then existing, and each court was named the "United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the _____ Circuit". When a court of appeals was created for the District of Columbia in 1893, it was named the "Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia", and it was renamed to the "United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia" in 1934. In 1948, Congress renamed all of the courts of appeals then existing to their current formal names: the court of appeals for each numbered circuit was named the "United States Court of Appeals for the _____ Circuit", and the "United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia" became the "United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit". The Tenth Circuit was created in 1929 by subdividing the existing Eighth Circuit, and the Eleventh Circuit was created in 1981 by subdividing the existing Fifth Circuit. The Federal Circuit was created in 1982 by the merger of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims.
Judicial councils[edit]
Main article: Judicial council (United States)
Judicial councils are panels in each circuit that are charged with making "necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice" within their circuits.[9][10] Among their responsibilities is judicial discipline, the formulation of circuit policy, the implementation of policy directives received from the Judicial Conference of the United States, and the annual submission of a report to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts on the number and nature of orders entered during the year that relate to judicial misconduct.[9][11] Judicial councils consist of the chief judge of the circuit and an equal number of circuit judges and district judges of the circuit.[9][12]
Circuit composition[edit]
Map of the boundaries of the United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts
District of Columbia Circuit (Washington)
District of Columbia
First Circuit (Boston)
District of Maine
District of Massachusetts
District of New Hampshire
District of Puerto Rico
District of Rhode Island
Second Circuit (New York City)
District of Connecticut
Eastern District of New York
Northern District of New York
Southern District of New York
Western District of New York
District of Vermont
Third Circuit (Philadelphia)
District of Delaware
District of New Jersey
Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Middle District of Pennsylvania
Western District of Pennsylvania
District of the Virgin Islands[A]
Fourth Circuit (Richmond)
District of Maryland
Eastern District of North Carolina
Middle District of North Carolina
Western District of North Carolina
District of South Carolina
Eastern District of Virginia
Western District of Virginia
Northern District of West Virginia
Southern District of West Virginia
Fifth Circuit (New Orleans)
Eastern District of Louisiana
Middle District of Louisiana
Western District of Louisiana
Northern District of Mississippi
Southern District of Mississippi
Eastern District of Texas
Northern District of Texas
Southern District of Texas
Western District of Texas
Sixth Circuit (Cincinnati)
Eastern District of Kentucky
Western District of Kentucky
Eastern District of Michigan
Western District of Michigan
Northern District of Ohio
Southern District of Ohio
Eastern District of Tennessee
Middle District of Tennessee
Western District of Tennessee
Seventh Circuit (Chicago)
Central District of Illinois
Northern District of Illinois
Southern District of Illinois
Northern District of Indiana
Southern District of Indiana
Eastern District of Wisconsin
Western District of Wisconsin
Eighth Circuit (St. Louis)
Eastern District of Arkansas
Western District of Arkansas
Northern District of Iowa
Southern District of Iowa
District of Minnesota
Eastern District of Missouri
Western District of Missouri
District of Nebraska
District of North Dakota
District of South Dakota
Ninth Circuit (San Francisco)
District of Alaska
District of Arizona
Central District of California
Eastern District of California
Northern District of California
Southern District of California
District of Guam[A]
District of Hawaii
District of Idaho
District of Montana
District of Nevada
District of the Northern Mariana Islands[A]
District of Oregon
Eastern District of Washington
Western District of Washington
Tenth Circuit (Denver)
District of Colorado
District of Kansas
District of New Mexico
Eastern District of Oklahoma
Northern District of Oklahoma
Western District of Oklahoma
District of Utah
District of Wyoming
Eleventh Circuit (Atlanta)
Middle District of Alabama
Northern District of Alabama
Southern District of Alabama
Middle District of Florida
Northern District of Florida
Southern District of Florida
Middle District of Georgia
Northern District of Georgia
Southern District of Georgia
Federal Circuit (Washington)
Courts[B]
Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims[C]
Court of Federal Claims[C]
Court of International Trade
Administrative agencies
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals[D]
Patent Trial and Appeal Board[D]
Bureau of Justice Assistance[D]
Civilian Board of Contract Appeals[D]
International Trade Commission[D]
Merit Systems Protection Board[D]
Office of Compliance[E]
Personnel Appeals Board[D]
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board[D]

^ Jump up to: a b c These are article IV territorial courts and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary.
Jump up ^ The Federal Circuit also has appellate jurisdiction over certain claims filed in any district court.
^ Jump up to: a b These are article I tribunals and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h These are administrative bodies within the executive branch and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary.
Jump up ^ This is an administrative body within the legislative branch are therefore not part of the federal judiciary.
Circuit population[edit]
Based on 2010 United States Census figures, the population residing in each circuit is as follows.
Circuit
Authorized judges
Population
Percentage of US population
Population per authorized judge
D.C. Circuit 7001110000000000000♠11 7005601723000000000♠601,723 6997190000000000000♠0.19% 7004547020000000000♠54,702
1st Circuit 7000600000000000000♠6 7007139708160000000♠13,970,816 6998446999999999999♠4.47% 7006232846900000000♠2,328,469
2nd Circuit 7001130000000000000♠13 7007235779400000000♠23,577,940 6998754000000000000♠7.54% 7006181368800000000♠1,813,688
3rd Circuit 7001140000000000000♠14 7007224986120000000♠22,498,612 6998719000000000000♠7.19% 7006160704400000000♠1,607,044
4th Circuit 7001150000000000000♠15 7007297884170000000♠29,788,417 6998951999999999999♠9.52% 7006198589400000000♠1,985,894
5th Circuit 7001170000000000000♠17 7007326462300000000♠32,646,230 6999104400000000000♠10.44% 7006192036600000000♠1,920,366
6th Circuit 7001160000000000000♠16 7007321056160000000♠32,105,616 6999102600000000000♠10.26% 7006200660100000000♠2,006,601
7th Circuit 7001110000000000000♠11 7007250014200000000♠25,001,420 6998799000000000000♠7.99% 7006227285600000000♠2,272,856
8th Circuit 7001110000000000000♠11 7007205682370000000♠20,568,237 6998658000000000000♠6.58% 7006186984000000000♠1,869,840
9th Circuit 7001290000000000000♠29 7007617429080000000♠61,742,908 6999197400000000000♠19.74% 7006212906600000000♠2,129,066
10th Circuit 7001120000000000000♠12 7007170203550000000♠17,020,355 6998544000000000000♠5.44% 7006141836300000000♠1,418,363
11th Circuit 7001120000000000000♠12 7007332686990000000♠33,268,699 6999106400000000000♠10.64% 7006277239200000000♠2,772,392
Federal Circuit[Note 1] 7001120000000000000♠12 N/A N/A N/A
Total
7002179000000000000♠179
7008312790973000000♠312,790,973
7000100000000000000♠100%
7006174743600000000♠1,747,436
History[edit]
The Judiciary Act of 1789 established three circuits, which were groups of judicial districts in which United States circuit courts were established. Each circuit court consisted of two Supreme Court justices and the local district judge; the three circuits existed solely for the purpose of assigning the justices to a group of circuit courts. Some districts (generally the ones most difficult for an itinerant justice to reach) did not have a circuit court; in these districts the district court exercised the original jurisdiction of a circuit court. As new states were admitted to the Union, Congress often did not create circuit courts for them for a number of years.
The Midnight Judges Act reorganized the districts into six circuits, and created circuit judgeships so that Supreme Court justices would no longer have to ride circuit. This Act, however, was repealed in March 1802, and Congress provided that the former circuit courts would be revived as of July 1 of that year. But it then passed the new Judiciary Act of 1802 in April, so that the revival of the old courts never took effect. The 1802 Act restored circuit riding, but with only one justice to a circuit; it therefore created six new circuits, but with slightly different compositions than the 1801 Act. These six circuits later were augmented by others. Until 1866, each new circuit (except the short-lived California Circuit) was accompanied by a newly created Supreme Court seat.
State
Judicial District(s) created
Circuit assignment(s)
New Hampshire 1789 Eastern, 1789–1801
1st, 1801–
Massachusetts 1789 Eastern, 1789–1801
1st, 1801–
Maine 1789[Note 2] Eastern, 1789–1801
1st, 1801–1820
1st, 1820–
Rhode Island 1790 Eastern, 1790–1801
1st, 1801–
Connecticut 1789 Eastern, 1789–1801
2nd, 1801–
New York 1789 Eastern, 1789–1801
2nd, 1801–
New Jersey 1789 Middle, 1789–1801
3rd, 1801–
Pennsylvania 1789 Middle, 1789–1801
3rd, 1801–
Delaware 1789 Middle, 1789–1801
3rd, 1801–1802
4th, 1802–1866
3rd, 1866–
Maryland 1789 Middle, 1789–1801
4th, 1801–
Virginia 1789 Middle, 1789–1801
4th, 1801–1802
5th, 1802–1842
4th, 1842–
Kentucky 1789[Note 3] 6th, 1801–1802
7th, 1807–1837
8th, 1837–1863
6th, 1863–
North Carolina 1790 Southern, 1790–1801
5th, 1801–1842
6th, 1842–1863
4th, 1863–
South Carolina 1789 Southern, 1789–1801
5th, 1801–1802
6th, 1802–1863
5th, 1863–1866
4th, 1866–
Georgia 1789 Southern, 1789–1801
5th, 1801–1802
6th, 1802–1863
5th, 1863–1981
11th, 1981–
Vermont 1791 Eastern, 1791–1801
2nd, 1801–
Tennessee 1796 6th, 1801–1802
7th, 1807–1837
8th, 1837–1863
6th, 1863–
Ohio 1801 (abolished 1802)[Note 4] 6th, 1801–1802
Ohio 1803 7th, 1807–1866
6th, 1866–
Louisiana 1812 9th, 1837–1842 (Eastern District)
5th, 1842–1863
6th, 1863–1866
5th, 1866–
Indiana 1816 7th, 1837–
Mississippi 1817 9th, 1837–1863
5th, 1863–
Illinois 1818 7th, 1837–1863
8th, 1863–1866
7th, 1866–
Alabama 1819 9th, 1837–1842
5th, 1842–1981
11th, 1981–
Missouri 1821 8th, 1837–1863
9th, 1863–1866
8th, 1866–
Arkansas 1836 9th, 1837–1851
9th, 1851–1863 (Eastern District)
6th, 1863–1866 (Eastern District)
8th, 1866–
Michigan 1837 7th, 1837–1863
8th, 1863–1866
6th, 1866–
Florida 1845 5th, 1863–1981
11th, 1981–
Texas 1845 6th, 1863–1866
5th, 1866–
Iowa 1846 9th, 1863–1866
8th, 1866–
Wisconsin 1848 8th, 1863–1866
7th, 1866–
California 1850 California Circuit, 1855–1863
10th, 1863–1866
9th, 1866–
Minnesota 1858 9th, 1863–1866
8th, 1866–
Oregon 1859 10th, 1863–1866
9th, 1866–
Kansas 1861 9th, 1863–1866
8th, 1866–1929
10th, 1929–
West Virginia 1863 4th, 1863–
Nevada 1864 9th, 1866–
Nebraska 1867 8th, 1867–
Colorado 1876 8th, 1876–1929
10th, 1929–
North Dakota 1889 8th, 1889–
South Dakota 1889 8th, 1889–
Montana 1889 9th, 1889–
Washington 1889 9th, 1889–
Idaho 1890 9th, 1890–
Wyoming 1890 8th, 1890–1929
10th, 1929–
Utah 1896 8th, 1896–1929
10th, 1929–
Oklahoma 1907 8th, 1907–1929
10th, 1929–
New Mexico 1912 8th, 1912–1929
10th, 1929–
Arizona 1912 9th, 1912–
District of Columbia 1948[Note 5] District of Columbia Circuit, 1948–
Alaska 1959 9th, 1959–
Hawaii 1959 9th, 1959–
Puerto Rico 1966[Note 6] 1st, 1966–
Guam
Virgin Islands
Philippines 1898[Note 7]
Panama Canal Zone[Note 8]
See also[edit]
List of United States courts of appeals cases
State supreme court
Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Federal Circuit's jurisdiction is not based on geography; rather, the Federal Circuit has jurisdiction over the entire United States, for certain classes of cases.
Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 divided Massachusetts into the Maine District, comprising what is now the State of Maine, and the Massachusetts District, comprising the remainder of the state.
Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 divided Virginia into the Kentucky District, comprising what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and the Virginia District, comprising the remainder of the state.
Jump up ^ The first District of Ohio encompassed the Northwest and Indiana Territories.
Jump up ^ The pre-existing courts of the District of Columbia were elevated to United States district court and court of appeals status in 1948. The courts of the District had been incorporated into the Federal Court System by the Judiciary Act of 1925.
Jump up ^ The pre-existing territorial district court of Puerto Rico was elevated to United States district court status. Appellate jurisdiction from the Puerto Rico courts was assigned to the 1st Circuit in 1915.
Jump up ^ There were U.S. Federal Courts in the Philippines following the Spanish–American War of 1898 up through the granting of independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946—with the exception of the Philippine occupation by the Japanese Army in 1942–45.
Jump up ^ There were formerly U.S. Federal Courts in the Panama Canal Zone, until that Zone was returned to Panama by treaty on December 31, 1999.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 43 provides that "There shall be in each circuit a court of appeals, which shall be a court of record, known as the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit".
Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court FAQ Retrieved 7 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Judicial Compensation U.S. Courts. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
Jump up ^ The U.S. Courts of Appeals and the Federal Judiciary, History of the Federal Judiciary, Federal Judicial Center (last visited March 5, 2014).
Jump up ^ United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974)
Jump up ^ United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005)
Jump up ^ Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004)
Jump up ^ Bradley v. Richmond Sch. Bd., 416 U.S. 696, 711-12 (1974)
^ Jump up to: a b c Barbour, Emily C. (April 7, 2011), Judicial Discipline Process: An Overview (PDF), Congressional Research Service
Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332
Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332(g)
Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332(1)(a)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States courts of appeals.
Info about U.S. courts
History of the Federal Judiciary (Federal Judicial Center)
Official site of the United States Courts
United States Appeals Courts @ OpenJurist
Federal Court Concepts, Georgia Tech
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Current judges of the United States courts of appeals
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Howard
Torruella
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2nd Circuit
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3rd Circuit
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4th Circuit
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5th Circuit
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Ho
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1 seat vacant
Senior
King
Reavley
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Jolly
Davis
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Wiener
Benavides
Clement
6th Circuit
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Cole
Batchelder
Moore
Clay
Gibbons
Sutton
Cook
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Kethledge
White
Stranch
Donald
Thapar
Bush
Larsen
Nalbandian
Senior
Keith
Merritt
Wellford
Guy
Ryan
Boggs
Norris
Suhrheinrich
Siler
Daughtrey
Gilman
Rogers
McKeague
7th Circuit
Active
Wood
Flaum
Easterbrook
Kanne
Rovner
Sykes
Hamilton
Barrett
Brennan
Scudder
St. Eve
Senior
Bauer
Ripple
Manion
8th Circuit
Active
L. Smith
Wollman
Loken
Colloton
Gruender
Benton
Shepherd
Kelly
Erickson
Grasz
Stras
Senior
Bowman
Beam
Hansen
Arnold
Riley
Melloy
9th Circuit
Active
Thomas
Graber
McKeown
Wardlaw
Fletcher
Gould
Paez
Berzon
Rawlinson
Bybee
Callahan
Bea
M. Smith
Ikuta
Murguia
Christen
Nguyen
Watford
Hurwitz
Owens
Friedland
Bennett
7 seats vacant
Senior
Goodwin
Wallace
Schroeder
Farris
Nelson
Canby
O'Scannlain
Leavy
Trott
Fernandez
Kleinfeld
Hawkins
Tashima
Fisher
Silverman
Tallman
Clifton
N. Smith
10th Circuit
Active
Tymkovich
Briscoe
Lucero
Hartz
Holmes
Matheson
Bacharach
Phillips
McHugh
Moritz
Eid
Carson
Senior
McKay
Seymour
Porfilio
Anderson
Baldock
Brorby
Ebel
Kelly
Murphy
O'Brien
11th Circuit
Active
E. Carnes
Tjoflat
Marcus
Wilson
W. Pryor
Martin
Jordan
Rosenbaum
J. Pryor
Newsom
Branch
Grant
Senior
Fay
Anderson
Edmondson
Cox
Dubina
Black
Hull
J. Carnes
D.C. Circuit
Active
Garland
Henderson
Rogers
Tatel
Griffith
Kavanaugh
Srinivasan
Millett
Pillard
Wilkins
Katsas
Senior
Edwards
Silberman
Buckley
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Lee Pace
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lee Pace
Pace at Guardians of the Galaxy premiere in 2014
Born
Lee Grinner Pace
(1979-03-25) March 25, 1979 (age 38)
Chickasha, Oklahoma, U.S.
Education
Juilliard School (BFA 2001)
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2002–present
Lee Grinner Pace (born March 25, 1979) is an American actor. Pace has been featured in film, stage and television. He starred as protagonist Joe MacMillan in AMC's Halt and Catch Fire. He also played Roy Walker/the Masked Bandit in the 2006 film The Fall. He has appeared in film series, including The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 as Garrett and The Hobbit trilogy as Thranduil. He played villain Ronan the Accuser in the film Guardians of the Galaxy, and starred as Ned in the ABC series Pushing Daisies[1] for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2008.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Theater
2.2 Film
2.3 Television
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Pace was born in Chickasha, Oklahoma, the son of Charlotte (née Kloeckler), a schoolteacher, and James Roy Pace, an engineer. He has two siblings, a sister named Sally and a younger brother named Willam Pace.[2][3][4] As a child, Pace spent several years in Saudi Arabia, where his father worked in the oil business; the family later moved to Houston, Texas. Pace attended Klein High School in Spring, Texas, a suburb of Houston, with future fellow actor Matt Bomer. Pace temporarily quit high school to act at Houston's Alley Theatre before returning to graduate. At the Alley, he appeared in productions of The Spider's Web and The Greeks. In 1997, Pace was accepted by the Juilliard School's Drama Division as a member of Group 30 (1997–2001), which also included actors Anthony Mackie and Tracie Thoms.[5] While there, he acted in several plays, including Romeo and Juliet as Romeo, Richard II in the title role, and Julius Caesar as Cassius. He graduated from Juilliard with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree.[1]
Career[edit]
Theater[edit]
After graduation, Pace starred in several off-Broadway plays, including The Credeaux Canvas and The Fourth Sister. He also starred in a production of Craig Lucas's Small Tragedy, for which he was nominated for a Lucille Lortel Award as Outstanding Actor. In 2006, Pace starred in the two-character play Guardians by Peter Morris, which earned Pace his second nomination for a Lortel Award as Outstanding Actor.
April 19, 2011 marked Pace's Broadway debut, when The Normal Heart began its previews; it opened April 27 at the Golden Theatre. The show ran for a total of 96 performances, with its closing night on July 10, 2011. Pace played the character Bruce Niles in the show.
Pace has been cast as composer Vincenzo Bellini in Golden Age, which began previews November 15, 2012. The play, written by Terrence McNally, began its official run at the Manhattan Theatre Club December 4, 2012.[6] The previews were originally scheduled for November 13, 2012 but two shows were cancelled as a result of Hurricane Sandy.[7]
Pace will play the role of Joe Pitt in the Broadway transfer of the National Theatre's production of Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes. Previews will begin at the Neil Simon Theatre on February 23, 2018, with opening night set on March 25.[8]
Film[edit]
Pace promoting Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International
Pace first gained recognition for his role in the 2003 film Soldier’s Girl, based on real events, in which he played the central role of Calpernia Addams. Of the role, Pace has said:
“ Not even my excellent training at Juilliard prepared me for my first movie role, where I played a transsexual who falls in love with a military guy in Soldier’s Girl. Here I was, this 6′3″, 190 pound, lanky kid from Chickasha, Oklahoma, not knowing how to begin being a woman. So I saw documentaries about transsexuals, I lost twenty-five pounds, and I put on prosthetic boobs and hips to become that character. There were times I’d look in the mirror and wonder, ‘What am I doing to my life here? My dad is going to kill me!’ But the reason I went into acting was to be able to play parts as complicated and important as this one. In playing a transsexual, I got the chance to help change people’s perspective about other people, and that is a powerful thing. I’m playing a swashbuckling bandit in my next film, but I’ll always be proud of Soldier’s Girl ”.[9] ”
Pace won a Gotham Award for Breakthrough Actor and was nominated for several other awards, including a Golden Globe Award, for his work in this film.
In 2008, Pace starred in the film Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day and in Tarsem Singh’s The Fall. The Fall was very well received amongst critics and viewers alike and where Pace starred in one of his most artistic roles. His next film was the movie Possession with Sarah Michelle Gellar.
Pace also played supporting roles in The White Countess, Infamous, When in Rome and The Good Shepherd. In 2010, Pace appeared as Phil Winslow in the film Marmaduke.
In 2012, Pace starred as Garrett, the nomadic vampire, in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2. Pace was admittedly aware of the reputation linked to the Twilight franchise, and revealed that he "went in to this a little like ‘You know what you’re getting into, just do what you can.’ "[10] However, he enjoyed the experience and only had praise for the director Bill Condon.[11] Stephenie Meyer, the author of the Twilight saga, was very satisfied with Pace’s performance as Garrett, since he "stood out as someone who really was just so much fun and really looked the part."[12] The movie was met with a mixed reception by critics,[13] however, some critics, such as Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times, whose only issue was that he was introduced too late in the series: "Why, oh, why didn’t they introduce him sooner?"[14] Meanwhile, Sara Stewart of the New York Post simply described him as a “standout”.[15] Pace appreciates the support of the fans, and said that he felt their support while he was appearing in Golden Age on Broadway: "a lot of them come to the play, which is nice, really nice. I just appreciate that Twilight really does bring a Community of people together."[16]
On April 30, 2011, it was announced that Pace had been cast as the king of the Mirkwood Elves, Thranduil, in Peter Jackson's film adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit. The announcement was made by Peter Jackson himself, who revealed on his Facebook page that Pace had been his favorite for the part, ever since he saw his performance in The Fall.[17] The character had previously been mentioned in Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, and had previously been portrayed in The Hobbit, voiced by Oscar-nominated director Otto Preminger, and in the 1968 BBC radio series, voiced by the British actor Leonard Fenton. Pace made three trips to New Zealand, and called it a “fantastic experience”.[11] The character appeared in the prologue of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey released in December 2012, and had a larger role in The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug released in December 2013 and in the last film of the series, The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, released on December 17, 2014.
On July 28, 2011, it was announced that Pace had been cast in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln, as the one-time New York City mayor Fernando Wood, an early Confederate supporter.[18] The events in the movie takes place in 1865, when Fernando Wood served in the House of Representatives. However, at the time, Wood was 53 years old, which is 20 years senior to Pace’s age when he portrayed him. In a Q&A, Spielberg revealed that he decided to offer Pace the part, after he saw his performance in Ceremony.[19] Of the experience of the film, Pace said that “it was a real pinnacle of what I’ve done as an actor.”[11] The movie was nominated for 12 Academy Awards,[20] including Best Picture, and was nominated for Best Ensemble at the Screen Actors Guild Award. However, Pace was not included among the Lincoln ensemble’s nomination, and several bloggers were annoyed by this, including Katey Rich of Cinemablend.com and Nathaniel Rogers of The Film Experience.[21]
Pace played the villain, Ronan the Accuser, in the 2014 Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy.[22]
Television[edit]
Pace played Aaron Tyler in the acclaimed but short-lived 2004 television series Wonderfalls, which was co-created by Bryan Fuller. Later, Fuller cast Pace in the lead role of Ned in the series Pushing Daisies which debuted on ABC in October 2007 and returned for its second and final season on October 1, 2008. For his role as Ned, Pace was nominated for several awards including: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series, Musical or Comedy, also for a Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Television Series, Musical or Comedy, and a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television.
Pace has also portrayed a child molester in the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "Guilt".[23] In 2010, Pace was cast in the unsold HBO pilot The Miraculous Year directed by Kathryn Bigelow.[24][25] From 2014 to 2017, Pace played the role of Joe MacMillan in the AMC series Halt and Catch Fire.[26]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 Soldier's Girl Calpernia Addams
2005 The White Countess Crane
2006 Infamous Richard Hickock
2006 The Fall Roy Walker / The Masked Bandit
2006 The Good Shepherd Richard Hayes
2008 Polarbearman Short film
2008 Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day Michael Pardew
2009 A Single Man Grant
2009 Possession Roman
2010 When in Rome Brady Sacks
2010 Marmaduke Phil Winslow
2011 The Resident Jack
2011 Ceremony Whit Coutell
2011 30 Beats Matt Roberts
2012 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Garrett
2012 Lincoln Fernando Wood
2012 The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey Thranduil
2013 The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Thranduil
2014 Guardians of the Galaxy Ronan the Accuser[27]
2014 The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies Thranduil
2015 The Program Bill Stapleton
2017 The Keeping Hours Mark
2017 The Book of Henry David
2018 The Party's Just Beginning Dale Post-production
TBA Driven John DeLorean Filming
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Benjamin Tucker Episode: "Guilt"
2003 Soldier's Girl Calpernia Addams Television film
2004 Wonderfalls Aaron Tyler Main cast (13 episodes)
2007–2009 Pushing Daisies Ned Main cast (22 episodes)
2014–2017 Halt and Catch Fire Joe MacMillan Main cast (40 episodes)
2015 The Mindy Project Alex Eakin Episode: "San Francisco Bae"
2015 Robot Chicken Heinrich Himmler (voice) Episode: "Zero Vegetables"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2003 Gotham Award Breakthrough Award Soldier's Girl Won
2004 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television Soldier's Girl Nominated
2004 Satellite Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television Soldier's Girl Nominated
2004 Independent Spirit Award Best Male Lead Soldier's Girl Nominated
2007 Silver Bear Outstanding Artistic Contribution Shared with cast The Good Shepherd Won
2007 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical Pushing Daisies Nominated
2008 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical Pushing Daisies Nominated
2008 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy Pushing Daisies Nominated
2008 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Pushing Daisies Nominated
2008 Saturn Award Best Actor on Television Pushing Daisies Nominated
2014 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series, Drama Halt and Catch Fire Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Lee Pace". All Movie Guide. The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lee Almighty". digital.modernluxury.com. April 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Crouse, Ken (December 14, 2005). "James R. PACE/Charlotte KLOECKLER". kencrouse.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "James Roy Pace / Charlotte Kloeckler". e-familytree.net. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Alumni News for May 2008". The Juilliard Journal. May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Golden Age Will Star Lee Pace, Bebe Neuwirth, Lorenzo Pisoni, Richard Easton, Eddie Kaye Thomas, Will Rogers and More". Manhattan Theatre Club. September 27, 2012. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "GOLDEN AGE Delays Previews Until 11/15 Due to Hurricane Sandy". BroadwayWorld.com. November 7, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News: Lee Pace Joins ANGELS IN AMERICA on Broadway". BroadwayWorld.com. 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
Jump up ^ Staff report (August 2004). Lee Pace. Archived May 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Interview
Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarett (March 7, 2011). "Lee Pace talks Breaking Dawn, Ceremony, and Pushing Daisies". New York Post. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brian Scott Lipton (December 14, 2012). "Lee Pace Is Living In His Golden Age of Acting". TheaterMania.com. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina (November 12, 2012). "Author Stephenie Meyer, Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg and Producer Wyck Godfrey Talk The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2". collider.com. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sharkey, Betsy (November 15, 2012). "Bella is on a tear in Twilight finale". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Sara (November 14, 2012). "Good to the last bite!". New York Post. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cerasaro, Pat (March 13, 2013). "Lee Pace talks Golden Age facial hair, Twilight, and more". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (April 30, 2011). "Lee Pace and Dean O'Gorman Join Peter Jackson's THE HOBBIT". collider.com. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Russ (July 28, 2011). "Lee Pace Joins Steven Spielberg's Lincoln". /Film. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Q&A with the Cast and Crew of Lincoln". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Oscars nominations 2013 in full". The Daily Telegraph. February 24, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Nathaniel (December 12, 2012). "SAG Ensemble. Our annual "Fix This" rule". The Film Experience. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (April 23, 2013). "Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in Guardians of the Galaxy". The Wrap. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit: Season 3, Episode 18". IMDb. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (July 9, 2010). "Pushing Daisies and Law & Order Alums Join The Miraculous Year". TVGuide.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "HBO Rejects Broadway-Inspired Pilot The Miraculous Year, Starring Norbert Leo Butz". Broadway.com. November 9, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2013). "Lee Pace To Topline AMC Pilot 'Halt & Catch Fire'". deadline.com. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Lucas (July 20, 2013). "SDCC '13: Marvel Reveals AVENGERS: AGE OF ULTRON, Guardians Cast, More". Newsarama. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lee Pace.
Lee Pace on IMDb
Lee Pace at AllMovie
Lee Pace at the Internet Broadway Database
Lee Pace at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Interview at Sci-fi-online.com
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Stretch reflex
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The stretch reflex (myotatic reflex) is a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length.
When a muscle lengthens, the muscle spindle is stretched and its nerve activity increases. This increases alpha motor neuron activity, causing the muscle fibers to contract and thus resist the stretching. A secondary set of neurons also causes the opposing muscle to relax. The reflex functions to maintain the muscle at a constant length.
Gamma motoneurons regulate how sensitive the stretch reflex is by tightening or relaxing the fibers within the spindle. There are several theories as to what may trigger gamma motoneurons to increase the reflex's sensitivity. For example, alpha-gamma co-activation might keep the spindles taut when a muscle is contracted, preserving stretch reflex sensitivity even as the muscle fibers become shorter. Otherwise the spindles would become slack and the reflex would cease to function.
This reflex has the shortest latency of all spinal reflexes including the Golgi tendon reflex and reflexes mediated by pain and cutaneous receptors.
Contents
1 Examples
2 Supraspinal control
3 Spinal control
4 Pathology
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Examples[edit]
A person standing upright begins to lean to one side. The postural muscles that are closely connected to the vertebral column on the opposite side will stretch. The muscle spindles in those muscles will detect this stretching, and the stretched muscles will contract to correct posture.
Other examples (followed by involved spinal nerves) are responses to stretch created by a blow upon a muscle tendon:
Jaw jerk reflex (CN V)
Biceps reflex C5/C6
Brachioradialis reflex C6
Extensor digitorum reflex C6/C7
Triceps reflex C6/C7
Patellar reflex L2-L4 (knee-jerk)
Ankle jerk reflex S1/S2
Another example is the group of fibers in the calf muscle, which synapse with motor neurons supplying muscle fibers in the same muscle. A sudden stretch, such as tapping the Achilles' tendon, causes a reflex contraction in the muscle as the spindles sense the stretch and send an action potential to the motor neurons which then cause the muscle to contract; this particular reflex causes a contraction in the soleus-gastrocnemius group of muscles. Like the patellar reflex, this reflex can be enhanced by the Jendrassik maneuver.
Supraspinal control[edit]
The central nervous system can influence the stretch reflex via the gamma motoneurons, which as described above control the sensitivity of the reflex.
Inhibitory signals arrive at gamma neurons through the lateral reticulospinal tract from Brodmann area 6, the paleocerebellum and the red nucleus. Facilitatory signals arrive through the ventral reticulospinal tract from Brodmann area 4, the neocerebellum and the vestibular nucleus.[citation needed]
Spinal control[edit]
Withdrawal reflex
Damping & Loading reflex
Jendrassik maneuver
Pathology[edit]
Grading of stretch reflexes upon tapping muscle tendon[1]
Grade
Response
Significance
0 no response always abnormal
1+ slight but definitely present response may or may not be normal
2+ brisk response normal
3+ very brisk response may or may not be normal
4+ clonus always abnormal
The clasp-knife response is a stretch reflex with a rapid decrease in resistance when attempting to flex a joint. It is one of the characteristic responses of an upper motor neuron lesion.
See also[edit]
Reflex
Proprioception
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Walker, H. K.; Walker, H. K.; Hall, W. D.; Hurst, J. W. (1990). "Deep Tendon Reflexes". PMID 21250237. [1]
External links[edit]
Reflex,+Stretch at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
"Stretch reflex" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

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Nervous system physiology: neurophysiology - reflex
Cranial nerve
midbrain: Pupillary light reflex
Accommodation reflex
pons/medulla: Jaw jerk reflex
Corneal reflex
Caloric reflex test/Vestibulo-ocular reflex/Oculocephalic reflex
Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
Stretch reflexes
upper limb: Biceps reflex C5/C6
Brachioradialis reflex C6
Triceps reflex C7/C8
lower limb: Patellar reflex L2-L4
Ankle jerk reflex S1/S2
Plantar reflex L5-S2
Primitive reflexes
Galant
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Lists
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Respiratory
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Other
Acoustic reflex
H-reflex
Golgi tendon reflex
Optokinetic
Startle response
Withdrawal reflex (Crossed extensor reflex)
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
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Reflexes
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