text:
BuzzFeed Unsolved
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BuzzFeed Unsolved
Logo
Genre
Web series, thriller, mystery, comedy, documentary
Created by
Ryan Bergara
Written by
Ryan Bergara
Starring
Ryan Bergara
Shane Madej
Brent Bennett
Zack Evans
Theme music composer
Audio Network
Warner Chappell Production Music Inc.
AudioBlocks
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
True Crime: 3
Supernatural: 3
No. of episodes
True Crime: 30
Supernatural: 27
Production
Executive producer(s)
Matthew Henick[1]
Producer(s)
Ryan Bergara
Editor(s)
Anthony Frederick
Steven Castro
Mike Reilly
Grant Henderson
Devlin McClusky[1]
Camera setup
Mark Celestino[1]
Production company(s)
BuzzFeed
BuzzFeedBlue
Release
Original network
YouTube
BuzzFeed
Original release
February 4, 2016 (2016-02-04)
BuzzFeed Unsolved is a successful weekly web series on BuzzFeed's Youtube channel, BuzzFeedBlue, having amassed over 200 million views across its various installments.[2][3] The series started in 2016, with the first few episodes originally being a part of BuzzFeed's IRL series, and is created by Ryan Bergara. The show has been divided into BuzzFeed Unsolved: True Crime, which deals with unsolved crimes, and BuzzFeed Unsolved: Supernatural, which deals with paranormal mysteries and ghost hunting, having a total of 5 seasons. In addition to this, there is another spin-off series called BuzzFeed Unsolved: Postmortem in which the hosts answer fan-asked questions about the most recent episode.[4] True Crime first aired on February 4, 2016, and Supernatural first aired on April 26, 2016.
The show is currently hosted by Ryan Bergara and co-hosted by Shane Madej, who took over from the original co-host, Brent Bennett, in late 2016.[4][5] The show covers some of history's most infamous unsolved mysteries, presenting them and the theories that surround them both a dark and comedic manner. In some episodes, they even visit the places involved with the mystery, often ghost hunting during Supernatural episodes. The contrast between Bergara's belief in conspiracies and the paranormal and Madej's (formerly Bennett's) arbitrary skepticism is a key element throughout the series.[6][5]
In December 2017, Bergara started a Facebook Watch-based spin off show, BuzzFeed Unsolved: Sports Conspiracies, with Zack Evans co-hosting in place of Madej in which various conspiracy theories in the world of sports are discussed.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
1.1 BuzzFeed Unsolved - True Crime
1.2 BuzzFeed Unsolved - Supernatural
1.3 Spin-offs and Specials
1.3.1 BuzzFeed Unsolved - Sports Conspiracies
1.3.2 Holiday Specials
2 References
Episodes[edit]
BuzzFeed Unsolved - True Crime[edit]
Season 1[8]
#
Episode
Published
[show]Description
1 The Mysterious Death of the Somerton Man February 4, 2016 Always bring identification cards in case you'll be killed.
2 The Horrifying Unsolved Slaughter at Hinterkaifeck Farm February 20, 2016 Have fun sleeping!
3 The Bizarre Death of Elisa Lam March 18, 2016 What happened in that hotel?
4 The Chilling Mystery of the Black Dahlia April 1, 2016 What happened to Elizabeth Short?
5 The Strange Deaths of the 9 Hikers of Dyatlov Pass April 15, 2016 An expedition gone horribly wrong or proof that we aren’t alone?
6 The Mysterious Death of Tupac Shakur - Part 1 May 20, 2016 Who killed Tupac?
7 The Mysterious Death of Biggie Smalls - Part 2 May 27, 2016 Who killed Biggie Smalls?
8 The Horrifying Murders of the Zodiac Killer June 24, 2016 A deep dive into one of the most infamous cold cases of all time.
9 The Mysterious Disappearance of the Sodder Children December 23, 2016 What happened on the fateful night of 1945 to the Sodder children?
10 The Odd Death of Michelle Von Emster January 27, 2017 Some things may not be what they seem.
11 The Shocking Case of O.J. Simpson March 4, 2017 Did O.J. really do it?
12 The Strange Disappearance of D.B. Cooper March 10, 2017 The F.B.I.'s greatest unsolved case!
Season 2[9]
#
Episode
Published
[show]Description
1 The Terrifying Axeman of New Orleans July 28, 2017 We explore one of the bloodiest chapters in New Orleans history.
2 The Mysterious Death of the Boy in the Box August 4, 2017 Who killed America’s Unknown Child?
3 The Bizarre Road Trip of a Missing Family August 11, 2017 What caused this seemingly normal family to abandon their home?
4 The Tragic Murder of JonBenét Ramsey August 18, 2017 A look into America’s most-discussed cold case.
5 The Odd Vanishing of Amelia Earhart August 25, 2017 What truly happened to the famed aviator?
6 The Creepy Murder in Room 1046 September 1, 2017 What really happened to this mystery man?
7 The Strange Drowning of Natalie Wood September 8, 2017 Who killed this Hollywood star?
8 The Mysterious Poisoned Pill Murders September 15, 2017 The incidents depicted happened 35 years ago.
9 The Disturbing Murders at Keddie Cabin September 22, 2017 We tackle a fresh case in the remote forests of Northern California.
10 The Suspicious Assassination of JFK September 29, 2017 The unexplained death of a president.
Season 3
#
Episode
Published
[show]Description
1 The Grisly Murders of Jack the Ripper January 26, 2018 In this season premiere, we finally take on the most infamous serial killer of all time.
2 The Thrilling Gardner Museum Heist February 2, 2018 Who stole $500 million in art... and got away with it?
3 The Ghastly Cleveland Torso Murders February 9, 2018 We tackle one of the most gruesome serial killers of all time
4 The Enigmatic Death of the Isdal Woman February 16, 2018 Who was this murdered mystery woman?
5 The Strange Killing of Ken Rex McElroy February 23, 2018 Vigilante justice, or cold-blooded murder?
6 TBA March 2, 2018 TBA
7 TBA March 9, 2018 TBA
8 TBA March 16, 2018 TBA
BuzzFeed Unsolved - Supernatural[edit]
Season 1[10]
#
Episode
Published
[show]Description
1 The Creepy Real-Life "Men In Black" September 29, 2016 Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones aren’t walking through that door.
2 The Secret Society Of The Illuminati July 29, 2016 Is the Illuminati actually a real thing?
3 3 Horrifying Cases Of Ghosts and Demons October 26, 2016 Can ghosts and demons harm the living?
4 The Chilling Exorcism Of Anneliese Michel November 12, 2016 One of the most chilling cases of demonic possession of all time.
5 The Bizarre Toxic Death Of Gloria Ramirez December 3, 2016 Unraveling one of the strangest deaths in medical history.
6 The Spirits Of The Whaley House January 13, 2017 Rated the #1 haunted house in America by Travel Channel. Were they right?
7 The Haunted Decks of the Queen Mary February 17, 2017 What happens when we stay the night on a real-life ghost ship?
Season 2[11]
#
Episode
Published
[show]Description
1 The Ghosts And Demons Of Bobby Mackey's April 7, 2017 Is this haunted bar a gateway to the underworld?
2 Bigfoot: The Convincing Evidence April 14, 2017 Is Bigfoot real? We decided to find out!
3 3 Real-Life Creepy Cases Of Ancient Aliens April 21, 2017 Were our ancestors visited by extraterrestrials?
4 The Haunted Halls Of Waverly Hills Hospital April 28, 2017 See why this Sanatorium is one of the most haunted places in the world.
5 The Strangest Disappearances In The Bermuda Triangle May 5, 2017 What’s really going on in the Bermuda Triangle?
6 The Murders That Haunt The Lizzie Borden House May 12, 2017 We investigated the house of a hundred-year-old murder mystery.
7 The Spontaneous Human Combustion Of Mary Reeser May 19, 2017 What caused this woman to burst into flames?
8 The Haunting Of The Salem Witch Trials May 26, 2017 Did one of America’s darkest chapters leave behind spiritual evidence?
9 The Haunted Quarters Of The Dauphine Orleans Hotel June 2, 2017 What spirits lurk in this infamous New Orleans hotel?
10 The Bizarre Voodoo World Of New Orleans June 9, 2017 Can we really contact the spirit world?
Season 3[12]
#
Episode
Published
[show]Description
1 The Ghost Town At Vulture Mine October 13, 2017 We search for the buried spirits of a lawless frontier town.
2 Three Bizarre Cases Of Alien Abductions October 20, 2017 Are we alone? Unsolved takes on the mysteries of the universe.
3 The Captive Spirits Of Eastern State Penitentiary October 27, 2017 Does this prison still hold the spirits of its former inmates?
4 The Demonic Goatman's Bridge November 3, 2017 Does a demonic entity actually reside near Alton Bridge?
5 The Horrors Of Pennhurst Asylum November 10, 2017 Do the dead still walk the corridors of this infamous asylum?
6 Roswell's Bizarre UFO Crash November 17, 2017 What really happened in the New Mexico desert?
7 The Mysterious Disappearance Of The Roanoke Colony November 24, 2017 We tackle the oldest mystery in US history.
8 London's Haunted Viaduct Tavern December 1, 2017 The boys cross the pond to investigate a historically haunted London pub.
9 The Chilling Chambers of Colchester Castle December 8, 2017 We investigate our first haunted castle!
10 The Subterranean Terrors of the London Tombs December 15, 2017 What lurks beneath the streets of London?
Spin-offs and Specials[edit]
BuzzFeed Unsolved - Sports Conspiracies[edit]
#
Episode
Published
[show]Description
1 The Mysterious Retirement of Michael Jordan December 14, 2017 What really lead to the GOAT's early retirement?
2 Patrick Ewing and the Frozen Envelope December 21, 2017 Was the 1985 NBA Draft rigged?
3 The Strange Case of Deflategate December 28, 2017 We cover one of the most talked about cases in sports history.
4 Muhammad Ali and the Phantom Punch January 4, 2018 Did Liston take a dive in this title fight?
5 The Notorious Game 6 of Lakers Vs. Kings January 11, 2018 Season Finale. Was Game 6 of the 2002 Lakers Kings Series Fixed?
Holiday Specials[edit]
Episode
Published
[show]Description
The Legend of Krampus December 17, 2017 (Animated) A ho-ho-horrifying holiday special!
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c BuzzfeedBlue (October 4, 2017). JFK - Q+A (Special Announcement). YouTube. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Klein, Jessica (6 Oct 2017). "Watch Season 3 Trailer of BuzzFeed Unsolved Supernatural". TubeFilter. Retrieved 18 Jan 2018.
Jump up ^ North, Caroline (9 Nov 2017). "Denton Urban Legend Put to the Test on Buzzfeed Web Series". Dallas Observer. Retrieved 18 Jan 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorsek, Stephanie (4 Sep 2017). "BuzzFeed's One Redeeming Quality Is This Series". The Odyssey. Retrieved 18 Jan 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Entwistle, Lauren (21 Sep 2017). ""Hey Demons, it's me… ya boi" – how Buzzfeed Unsolved is bringing out the pseudo-sleuths in all of us". Medium. Retrieved 18 Jan 2018.
Jump up ^ Pellock, Megan (25 Oct 2017). ""BuzzFeed Unsolved" Is A Great Show To Watch This Halloween Season". The Odyssey. Retrieved 18 Jan 2018.
Jump up ^ Weiss, Geoff (11 Dec 2017). "BuzzFeed Unveils Facebook Watch Slate, Including 'Worth It' Spin-Off, 'Quinta Vs. Everything'". Tubefilter. Retrieved 18 Jan 2018.
Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue. Buzzfeed Unsolved - True Crime : Season 1. YouTube. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue. Buzzfeed Unsolved - True Crime : Season 2. YouTube. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue. Buzzfeed Unsolved - Supernatural : Season 1. YouTube. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue. Buzzfeed Unsolved - Supernatural : Season 2. YouTube. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ BuzzfeedBlue. Buzzfeed Unsolved - Supernatural : Season 3. YouTube. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BuzzFeed_Unsolved&oldid=827470596"
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Factor of safety
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: Safety factor (plasma physics)
In engineering, a factor of safety (FoS), also known as (and used interchangeably with) safety factor (SF), expresses how much stronger a system is than it needs to be for an intended load. Safety factors are often calculated using detailed analysis because comprehensive testing is impractical on many projects, such as bridges and buildings, but the structure's ability to carry a load must be determined to a reasonable accuracy.
Many systems are intentionally built much stronger than needed for normal usage to allow for emergency situations, unexpected loads, misuse, or degradation (reliability).
Contents
1 Definition
2 Calculation
2.1 Design factor and safety factor
2.2 Margin of safety
2.3 Reserve factor
3 Yield and ultimate calculations
4 Choosing design factors
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
Definition[edit]
There are two definitions for the factor of safety:
The ratio of a structure's absolute strength (structural capability) to actual applied load; this is a measure of the reliability of a particular design. This a calculated value, and is sometimes referred to, for the sake of clarity, as a realized factor of safety.
A constant required value, imposed by law, standard, specification, contract or custom, to which a structure must conform or exceed. This can be referred to as a design factor, design factor of safety or required factor of safety.
The realized factor of safety must be greater than the required design factor of safety. However, between various industries and engineering groups usage is inconsistent and confusing; it is important to be aware of which definition(s) are being used. The cause of much confusion is that various reference books and standards agencies use the factor of safety definitions and terms differently. Design codes and structural and mechanical engineering textbooks often use "Factor of Safety" to mean the fraction of total structural capability over that needed and are realized factor of safety[1][2][3] (first use). Many undergraduate Strength of Materials books use "Factor of Safety" as a constant value intended as a minimum target for design[4][5][6] (second use).
Calculation[edit]
There are several ways to compare the factor of safety for structures. All the different calculations fundamentally measure the same thing: how much extra load beyond what is intended a structure will actually take (or be required to withstand). The difference between the methods is the way in which the values are calculated and compared. Safety factor values can be thought of as a standardized way for comparing strength and reliability between systems.
The use of a factor of safety does not imply that an item, structure, or design is "safe". Many quality assurance, engineering design, manufacturing, installation, and end-use factors may influence whether or not something is safe in any particular situation.
Design factor and safety factor[edit]
The difference between the safety factor and design factor (design safety factor) is as follows: The safety factor, or yield stress, is how much the designed part actually will be able to withstand (first "use" from above). The design factor, or working stress, is what the item is required to be able to withstand (second "use"). The design factor is defined for an application (generally provided in advance and often set by regulatory code or policy) and is not an actual calculation, the safety factor is a ratio of maximum strength to intended load for the actual item that was designed.
Factor of Safety = yield stress working stress {\displaystyle {\text{Factor of Safety}}={\frac {\text{yield stress}}{\text{working stress}}}}
Design load being the maximum load the part should ever see in service.
By this definition, a structure with a FOS of exactly 1 will support only the design load and no more. Any additional load will cause the structure to fail. A structure with a FOS of 2 will fail at twice the design load.
Margin of safety[edit]
Many government agencies and industries (such as aerospace) require the use of a margin of safety (MoS or M.S.) to describe the ratio of the strength of the structure to the requirements. There are two separate definitions for the margin of safety so care is needed to determine which is being used for a given application. One usage of M.S. is as a measure of capability like FoS. The other usage of M.S. is as a measure of satisfying design requirements (requirement verification). Margin of safety can be conceptualized (along with the reserve factor explained below) to represent how much of the structure's total capability is held "in reserve" during loading.
M.S. as a measure of structural capability: This definition of margin of safety commonly seen in textbooks[7][8] basically says that if the part is loaded to the maximum load it should ever see in service, how many more loads of the same force can it withstand before failing. In effect, this is a measure of excess capability. If the margin is 0, the part will not take any additional load before it fails, if it is negative the part will fail before reaching its design load in service. If the margin is 1, it can withstand one additional load of equal force to the maximum load it was designed to support (i.e. twice the design load).
Margin of Safety = Failure Load Design Load − 1 {\displaystyle {\text{Margin of Safety}}={\frac {\text{Failure Load}}{\text{Design Load}}}-1}
Margin of Safety = Factor of Safety − 1 {\displaystyle {\text{Margin of Safety}}={\text{Factor of Safety}}-1}
M.S. as a measure of requirement verification: Many agencies and organizations such as NASA[9] and AIAA[10] define the margin of safety including the design factor, in other words, the margin of safety is calculated after applying the design factor. In the case of a margin of 0, the part is at exactly the required strength (the safety factor would equal the design factor). If there is a part with a required design factor of 3 and a margin of 1, the part would have a safety factor of 6 (capable of supporting two loads equal to its design factor of 3, supporting six times the design load before failure). A margin of 0 would mean the part would pass with a safety factor of 3. If the margin is less than 0 in this definition, although the part will not necessarily fail, the design requirement has not been met. A convenience of this usage is that for all applications, a margin of 0 or higher is passing, one does not need to know application details or compare against requirements, just glancing at the margin calculation tells whether the design passes or not. This is helpful for oversight and reviewing on projects with various integrated components, as different components may have various design factors involved and the margin calculation helps prevent confusion.

Design Safety Factor = [Provided as requirement]
Margin of Safety = Failure Load Design Load × Design Safety Factor − 1 {\displaystyle {\text{Margin of Safety}}={\frac {\text{Failure Load}}{\text{Design Load × Design Safety Factor}}}-1}
Margin of Safety = Realized Factor of Safety Design Safety Factor − 1 {\displaystyle {\text{Margin of Safety}}={\frac {\text{Realized Factor of Safety}}{\text{Design Safety Factor}}}-1}
For a successful design, the Realized Safety Factor must always equal or exceed the Design Safety Factor so the Margin of Safety is greater than or equal to zero. The Margin of Safety is sometimes, but infrequently, used as a percentage, i.e., a 0.50 M.S is equivalent to a 50% M.S. When a design satisfies this test it is said to have a "positive margin," and, conversely, a “negative margin” when it does not.
In the field of Nuclear Safety (as implemented at U.S. government owned facilities) the Margin of Safety has been defined as a quantity that may not be reduced without review by the controlling government office. The U.S. Department of Energy publishes DOE G 424.1-1, "Implementation Guide for Use in Addressing Unreviewed Safety Question Requirements" as a guide for determining how to identify and determine whether a margin of safety will be reduced by a proposed change. The guide develops and applies the concept of a qualitative margin of safety that may not be explicit or quantifiable, yet can be evaluated conceptually to determine whether an increase or decrease will occur with a proposed change. This approach becomes important when examining designs with large or undefined (historical) margins and those that depend on 'soft' controls such as programmatic limits or requirements. The commercial U.S. nuclear industry utilized a similar concept in evaluating planned changes until 2001, when 10 CFR 50.59 was revised to capture and apply the information available in facility-specific risk analyses and other quantitative risk management tools.
Reserve factor[edit]
A measure of strength frequently used in Europe is the Reserve Factor (RF). With the strength and applied loads expressed in the same units, the Reserve Factor is defined as:
RF = Proof Strength / Proof Load
RF = Ultimate Strength / Ultimate Load
The applied loads have any factors, including factors of safety applied.
Yield and ultimate calculations[edit]
For ductile materials (e.g. most metals), it is often required that the factor of safety be checked against both yield and ultimate strengths. The yield calculation will determine the safety factor until the part starts to plastically deform. The ultimate calculation will determine the safety factor until failure. On brittle materials these values are often so close as to be indistinguishable, so is it usually acceptable to only calculate the ultimate safety factor.
Choosing design factors[edit]
Appropriate design factors are based on several considerations, such as the accuracy of predictions on the imposed loads, strength, wear estimates, and the environmental effects to which the product will be exposed in service; the consequences of engineering failure; and the cost of over-engineering the component to achieve that factor of safety. For example, components whose failure could result in substantial financial loss, serious injury, or death may use a safety factor of four or higher (often ten). Non-critical components generally might have a design factor of two. Risk analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, and other tools are commonly used. Design factors for specific applications are often mandated by law, policy, or industry standards.
Buildings commonly use a factor of safety of 2.0 for each structural member. The value for buildings is relatively low because the loads are well understood and most structures are redundant. Pressure vessels use 3.5 to 4.0, automobiles use 3.0, and aircraft and spacecraft use 1.2 to 3.0 depending on the application and materials. Ductile, metallic materials tend to use the lower value while brittle materials use the higher values. The field of aerospace engineering uses generally lower design factors because the costs associated with structural weight are high (i.e. an aircraft with an overall safety factor of 5 would probably be too heavy to get off the ground). This low design factor is why aerospace parts and materials are subject to very stringent quality control and strict preventative maintenance schedules to help ensure reliability. A usually applied Safety Factor is 1.5, but for pressurized fuselage it is 2.0, and for main landing gear structures it is often 1.25.[11]
In some cases it is impractical or impossible for a part to meet the "standard" design factor. The penalties (mass or otherwise) for meeting the requirement would prevent the system from being viable (such as in the case of aircraft or spacecraft). In these cases, it is sometimes determined to allow a component to meet a lower than normal safety factor, often referred to as "waiving" the requirement. Doing this often brings with it extra detailed analysis or quality control verifications to assure the part will perform as desired, as it will be loaded closer to its limits.
For loading that is cyclical, repetitive, or fluctuating, it is important to consider the possibility of metal fatigue when choosing factor of safety. A cyclic load well below a material's yield strength can cause failure if it is repeated through enough cycles.
See also[edit]
Limit state design
Redundancy (total quality management)
Probabilistic design
Sacrificial part
Statistical interference
Verification and validation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Young, W.: Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, 6th edition. McGraw-Hill, 1989.
Jump up ^ Shigley, J and Mischke, C: Standard Handbook of Machine Design, page 2-15. McGraw-Hill, 1986.
Jump up ^ ASME BTH-1: Design of Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices, Section 1-5, ASME, 2005.
Jump up ^ Beer, F and Johnson, R: Mechanics of Materials, second edition. McGraw-Hill,1992.
Jump up ^ Timoshenko, S: Strength of Materials, Volume 1. Krieger, 1958.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, G: Mechanics of Materials, Page 55. Holt, Reinhart, and Watson,1988.
Jump up ^ Burr, A and Cheatham, J: Mechanical Design and Analysis, 2nd edition, section 5.2. Prentice-Hall, 1995.
Jump up ^ Juvinall, R: Stress, Strain, and Strength, section 14.13, Page 295. McGraw-Hill, 1967.
Jump up ^ NASA-STD-5001: Structural Design and Test Factors for Spaceflight Hardware, section 3. NASA, 2008.
Jump up ^ AIAA S-110: Space Systems - Structures, Structural Components, and Structural Assemblies, section 4.2. AIAA, 2005.
Jump up ^ Burr, A and Cheatham, J: Mechanical Design and Analysis, 2nd edition, section 5.2. Prentice-Hall, 1995.
Further reading[edit]
Lalanne, C., Specification Development - 2nd Ed., ISTE-Wiley, 2009
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Annapolis Convention (1786)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Annapolis Convention (disambiguation).
The Annapolis Convention, formally titled as a Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government, was a national political convention held September 11–14, 1786 at Mann's Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland, in which twelve delegates from five states–New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia–gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected. At the time, under the Articles of Confederation, each state was largely independent from the others, and the national government had no authority to regulate trade between and among the states.[1] New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Carolina had appointed commissioners who failed to arrive in Annapolis in time to attend the meeting, while Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia had taken no action at all.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Convention
2 Aftermath
3 Delegates
4 References
5 External links
Convention[edit]
The final report of the convention, adopted unanimously, was sent to the Congress of the Confederation and to the states. It sought support for a broader constitutional convention to be held the following May in Philadelphia. It expressed the hope that more states would be represented and that their delegates or deputies would be authorized to examine areas broader than simply commercial trade.[3]
Aftermath[edit]
Because of the few representatives in attendance, their authority was limited. It is unclear how much weight the convention's call carried, but the urgency of the need for constitutional reform was highlighted by a number of rebellions that took place all over the country. While most of them were easily suppressed, Shays' Rebellion lasted from August 1786 until February 1787. The rebellion called attention to both popular discontent and government weakness.[4]
The direct result of the Annapolis Convention report and the ensuing events was the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, during which the United States Constitution was drafted.
Delegates[edit]
The states represented, and their delegates, were:[5]
New York: Egbert Benson and Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey: Abraham Clark, William Houston, and James Schureman
Pennsylvania: Tench Coxe
Delaware: George Read, John Dickinson, and Richard Bassett
Virginia: Edmund Randolph, James Madison, and St. George Tucker
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ferling, John (2003). A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic. Oxford University Press. p. 276. ISBN 9780195176001. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Annapolis Convention Resolution, 1786". TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Ashland, Ohio: Ashbrook Center at Ashland University. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Morris, Richard Brandon (1987). The forging of the Union, 1781–1789. Harper & Row. p. 254. ISBN 9780060157333. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Milkis, S., Nelson, M., The American Presidency. Washington: CQPess, 2003. Fourth Edition. Print
Jump up ^ Wright, Jr., Robert K.; MacGregor Jr., Morris J. "Appendix A: The Annapolis Convention". Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. Washington D.C: United States Army Center of Military History. LCCN 87001353. CMH Pub 71-25.
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Text of the report at Yale Law School web site
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