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British Columbia Liberal Party
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British Columbia Liberal Party
Leader
Rich Coleman (interim)
President
Sharon White
Founded
1903; 114 years ago (1903)
Headquarters
Vancouver, British Columbia
Ideology
Conservatism[1][2]
Neoliberalism[3][4]
Political position
Centre-right[5][6][7][8][9][10]
Colours
Red, Blue
Seats in Legislature
41 / 87
Website
www.bcliberals.com
Politics of British Columbia
Political parties
Elections
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The British Columbia Liberal Party (also referred to as the BC Liberals) is a centre-right provincial political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party forms the Official Opposition. Rich Coleman became interim leader on August 4, 2017 following the resignation of leader and former premier Christy Clark.
First elected into provincial government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party of British Columbia for the 1975 election. It was returned to the legislature through the efforts of Gordon Wilson in a break-through in the 1991 election. At this time, the Social Credit Party had collapsed, with the BC Liberals able to garner the centre vote traditionally split between left and right in British Columbia provincial politics. After Wilson lost a leadership challenge in the wake of a personal scandal in a bitter three-way race, the party was led by Gordon Campbell, who became Leader of the Opposition after Wilson's convention defeat. In the wake of the electoral collapse of the British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP) in the 2001 election, the Campbell-led BC Liberals won an overwhelming majority. In November 2010, after mounting public opposition to a new tax and the controversial ending of a political corruption trial, and with low popularity ratings, Campbell announced his resignation, and on February 26, 2011, Christy Clark was elected as the party's new leader and thereby became 35th Premier of British Columbia. On June 29, 2017, her minority government was defeated 44-42 on motion of non-confidence by the NDP-Green alliance. Subsequently, Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon turned down Clark's request for a snap election and instead asked NDP leader John Horgan to form a minority government. Horgan succeeded Clark as the 36th premier of British Columbia on July 18, 2017. On July 28, Clark announced that she was resigning as Liberal leader and leaving politics. Rich Coleman was selected as the interim leader.[11]
Once affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada, the British Columbia Liberal Party became independent of its federal and provincial counterparts in 1987.[12] After the 1991 provincial election, the BC Liberals displaced the British Columbia Social Credit Party as the province's de facto centre-right conservative party opposed to the centre-left British Columbia New Democratic Party. According to polls, BC Liberal supporters predominantly vote Liberal and Conservative in federal elections.[13] The party commonly describes itself as a "free enterprise coalition".[14][15][16]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1916–1928 First government
1.2 1928–1933 Opposition and the Great Depression
1.3 1933–1941 Duff Pattullo
1.4 1941–1951 "The Coalition"
1.5 The 1952 election
1.6 1953–1975 Third party status
1.7 1979–1991
1.8 Official Opposition under Wilson: 1991–1994
1.9 Official Opposition under Campbell: 1994–2001
1.10 The Campbell government: 2001–2011
1.11 The Clark government: 2011–2017
2 Party leaders
3 Election results
4 British Columbia Young Liberals
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
1916–1928 First government[edit]
The divided Conservatives faced the Liberals in the election of 1916 and lost. The Liberals formed a government under Harlan Carey Brewster. Brewster had become leader of the opposition, and was elected party leader in March 1912. He lost his seat a few weeks later in the 1912 election, which returned no Liberals at all. In 1916, he won election to the legislature again through a by-election, and led his party to victory in a general election later that year by campaigning on a reform platform. Brewster promised to end patronage in the civil service, end political machines, improve workman's compensation and labor laws, bring in votes for women, and other progressive reforms.
The government brought in women's suffrage, instituted prohibition, and combated political corruption before his unexpected death in 1918. He is interred in the Ross Bay Cemetery in Victoria, British Columbia.
John Oliver succeeded Brewster as Premier when Brewster died in 1918. Oliver's government developed the produce industry in the Nanook Valley, and tried to persuade the federal government to lower the freight rate for rail transport. The party managed a bare majority win in the 1920 election and only managed to govern after the 1924 election with the support of the 2 Independent Liberals.
1928–1933 Opposition and the Great Depression[edit]
The Liberals managed to increase their vote in the 1928 election but lost close to half their seats. With the onset of the Great Depression and the implosion of the government of Simon Fraser Tolmie, the Liberals won the 1933 election.
1933–1941 Duff Pattullo[edit]
The 1933 election brought into power Duff Pattullo and introduced into the Legislature the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a new social-democratic and democratic socialist opposition party.
Pattullo wanted an activist government to try to deal with the depression through social programs and support of the unemployed. Canada has been recognized as the hardest hit by the Great Depression, and western Canada the hardest hit within Canada. Pattullo's attempts were often at odds with the federal government in Ottawa.
Pattullo was also an advocate for British Columbia, and suggested the annexation of Yukon by BC, and the construction of the Alaska Highway to reduce the power of eastern Canada over BC. In the 1937 general election, his government was re-elected running on the slogan of "socialized capitalism".[17]
1941–1951 "The Coalition"[edit]
The alternating government with the Conservatives came to an end with the rise of the CCF who managed to be official opposition from 1933 to 1937 and were one seat less than the Conservatives in the 1937 election. In the 1941 election the CCF came second. The election did not give the Liberals the majority they hoped for.
John Hart became the Premier and Liberal leader in 1941 when Pattullo refused to go into coalition with the Conservatives. The Liberal members removed Patullo as leader and Hart formed a Liberal-Conservative coalition government, known in BC history as "The Coalition ". From 1941 to 1945, Hart governed at a time of wartime scarcity, when all major government projects were postponed. The coalition government was re-elected in the 1945 election. In that contest, Liberals and Conservatives ran under the same banner.
After 1945, Hart undertook an ambitious program of rural electrification, hydroelectric and highway construction. Hart's most significant projects were the construction of Highway 97 to northern British Columbia (which is now named in his honour) and the Bridge River Power Project, which was the first major hydroelectric development in British Columbia. He established the BC Power Commission, a forerunner of BC Hydro, to provide power to smaller communities that were not serviced by private utilities. In December 1947, Hart retired as Premier. The Conservative Party agitated for its leader, Herbert Anscomb, to succeed Hart as Premier but the Liberals outnumbered the Tories in the coalition caucus and Hart was followed by another Liberal, Byron Johnson, known as "Boss" Johnson, with Anscomb as Deputy Premier and Minister of Finance.
Johnson's government introduced universal hospital insurance and a 3% provincial sales tax to pay for it. It expanded the highway system, extended the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, and negotiated the Alcan Agreement, which facilitated construction of the Kenny Dam. The government also coped with the 1948 flooding of the Fraser River, declaring a state of emergency and beginning a program of diking the river's banks through the Fraser Valley. Johnson is also noted for appointing Nancy Hodges as the first female Speaker in the Commonwealth.
The Liberal-Conservative coalition government won the 1949 election – at 61% the greatest percentage of the popular vote in BC history. Tensions had grown between the coalition partners and within both parties. The Liberal Party executive voted to terminate the coalition and Johnson dropped his Conservative ministers in October 1951 resulting in a short lived minority government which soon collapsed.
The 1952 election[edit]
In order to prevent the CCF from winning in a three party competition, the government introduced instant-runoff voting, with the expectation that Conservative voters would list the Liberals as their second choice and vice versa. Voters however, were looking for alternatives. More voters chose British Columbia Social Credit League ahead of any other party as their second choice. Social Credit went on to emerge as the largest party when the ballots were counted in the 1952 general election. Social Credit's de facto leader during the election, W. A. C. Bennett, formerly a Conservative, was formally named party leader after the election.
At the 1953 general election, the Liberals were reduced to 4 seats, taking 23.36% of the vote. Arthur Laing defeated Tilly Rolston in Vancouver Point Grey. Although Social Credit won a majority of seats in the legislature, their finance minister Einar Gunderson was defeated in Oak Bay by Archie Gibbs of the Liberals. Gordon Gibson Sr, a millionaire timber baron, nicknamed the "Bull of the Woods,"[18] was elected for Lillooet as a Liberal.
1953–1975 Third party status[edit]
During the early period of this time, the Liberals' most prominent member was Gordon Gibson, Sr. He was a cigar-smoking and gregarious logging contractor who could have been Premier but for a major political error. He was elected in 1953 for the Lillooet riding. In 1955, the Sommers scandal surfaced and he was the only leader in the legislature to make an issue of it. W. A. C. Bennett and his attorney general tried many tactics to stop the information from coming out.[citation needed]
In frustration, Gordon Gibson Sr. resigned his seat and forced a by-election, hoping to make the Sommers scandal the issue. The voting system had changed, and he came a close second after Social Credit.
In the 1956 election, with the Sommers scandal still not resolved, the Liberals fared worse than in 1953. Arthur Laing lost his seat, and the party was reduced to two MLAs and 20.9% of the vote.
In the 1960 election, the party won four seats with the same 20.9% of the popular vote as in 1956.
In the 1963 election, the party's caucus increased by one more MLA to five, but their share of the popular vote fell to 19.98%.
The 1966 election, the party won another seat, bringing its caucus to six, and had an increase in the vote to 20.24%.
In the 1969 vote, the party lost one seat, and its share of the vote fell to 19.03%.
In 1972, the party was led into the election by a new leader, David Anderson, who had been elected in the 1968 federal election as an MP for the Liberal Party of Canada. He and four others managed to be elected to the legislature, but with the lowest vote in party history at 16.4%.
After the British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP) won the 1972 election, many supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties defected to the Social Credit League. This coalition was able to keep the New Democrats out of power from 1975 until the 1990s. MLAs Garde Gardom, Pat McGeer and Allan Williams left the Liberals for Social Credit along with Hugh Curtis of the suddenly rejuvenated Tories. All of them became members of Social Credit Cabinets after 1975.
In the 1975 election, the only Liberal to be elected was Gordon Gibson Jr. as the party scored a dismal 7.24%. David Anderson was badly defeated in his Victoria riding, placing behind the New Democrats and Social Credit.
1979–1991[edit]
The 1979 election was the party's lowest point. For the first time in party history, it was shut out of the legislature. Only five candidates ran, none were elected, and the party got 0.5% of the vote.
The 1983 election saw a small recovery as the party came close to a full slate of candidates, but won 2.69% of the vote.
The 1986 vote was the third and last election in which the party was shut out. Its share of the popular vote improved to 6.74%.
In 1987, Gordon Wilson became the leader of the provincial Liberal Party when no one else was interested. Wilson severed formal links between the provincial Liberal party and its federal counterpart. Since the mid-1970s, most federal Liberals in BC had chosen to support the British Columbia Social Credit Party at the provincial level. For the provincial party, the intent of this separation was to reduce the influence of Social Credit members of federal party. From the federal party's perspective, this move was equally beneficial to them, as the provincial party was heavily in debt.[citation needed]
Wilson set about to rebuild the provincial party as a credible third party in British Columbia politics. During the same period, the ruling Social Credit party was beset by controversy under the leadership of Bill Vander Zalm. As a result, multiple Social Credit scandals caused many voters to look for an alternative.
By the time of the 1991 election, Wilson lobbied to be included in the televised Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) debate between Vander Zalm's successor, Premier Rita Johnston and BC NDP Leader Michael Harcourt. The CBC agreed, and Wilson impressed many voters with his performance. The Liberal campaign gained momentum, and siphoned off much support from the Social Credit campaign. While the BC NDP won the election, the Liberals came in second with 17 seats. Wilson became Leader of the Opposition.
Official Opposition under Wilson: 1991–1994[edit]
Wilson's policies did not coincide with many other Liberals both in the legislature and in the party who wanted to fill the vacuum left by the collapse of Social Credit. The Liberals also proved themselves to be inexperienced, both in the legislature and in building a broad-based political movement. They had a difficult time to build a disciplined organization that could mount an effective opposition against the New Democratic Party provincial government.[citation needed]
In 1993, Wilson's leadership was further damaged by revelations of his affair with fellow Liberal MLA Judi Tyabji. By this time, most of the caucus was in open revolt against his leadership. Wilson agreed to call for a leadership convention, at which he would be a candidate. Delta South MLA Fred Gingell became the Leader of the Opposition while the Liberal leadership race took place.
Soon, former party leader Gordon Gibson and Vancouver Mayor Gordon Campbell entered the leadership race. Campbell won decisively on the first ballot, with former party leader Gordon Gibson placing second and Wilson third. The leadership election was decided on a one-member, one vote system through which Liberals voted for their choices by telephone.
Wilson and Tyabji then left the Liberals and formed their own party, the Progressive Democratic Alliance.
Official Opposition under Campbell: 1994–2001[edit]
Once Campbell became leader, the Liberals adopted the moniker "BC Liberals" for the first time, and soon introduced a new logo and new party colours (red and blue, instead of the usual "Liberal red" and accompanying maple leaf). The revised name and logo was an attempt to distinguish itself more clearly in the minds of voters from the federal Liberal Party of Canada.
In early 1994, Campbell was elected to the legislature in a by-election. Under his leadership, the party began moving to the right. Some supporters of the federal Reform Party of Canada and former Social Credit members became attracted to the BC Liberals. Some moderate Socreds had begun voting Liberal as far back as the Vander Zalm era. The Liberals won two former Socred seats in by-elections held in the Fraser Valley region, solidifying their claim to be the clear alternative to the existing BC NDP government. The Liberal party also filled the vacuum created on the centre-right of the BC political spectrum by Social Credit's collapse.
In the 1996 election, the BC Liberals won the popular vote. However, much of the Liberal margin was wasted on large margins in the outer regions of the province; they only won eight seats in Vancouver and the Lower Mainland. In rural British Columbia, particularly in the Interior where the railway was the lifeblood of the local economy – the BC Liberals lost several contests because of discomfort that the electorate had with some of Campbell's policies, principally his promise to sell BC Rail. The net result was to consign the Liberals to opposition again, though they managed to slash the NDP's majority from 13 to three.
After the election, the BC Liberals set about making sure that there would be no repeat of 1996. Campbell jettisoned some of the less popular policy planks in his 1996 platform, most notably a promise to sell BC Rail, as the prospect of the sale's consequences had alienated supporters in the Northern Interior ridings.
The Campbell government: 2001–2011[edit]
After a scandal-filled second term for the BC NDP government, the BC Liberals won the 2001 election with the biggest landslide in BC history: 77 of 79 seats. Gordon Campbell became the seventh premier in ten years, and the first Liberal premier in almost 50 years.
Campbell introduced a 25% cut in all provincial income taxes on the first day he was installed to office. To improve BC's investment climate, the BC Liberals also reduced the corporate income tax and abolished the corporate capital tax for most businesses (a tax on investment and employment that had been introduced by the New Democrats).
Campbell's first term was also noted for fiscal austerity, including reductions in welfare rolls and some social services, deregulation, the sale of some government assets (in particular the "Fast ferries" built by the previous government, which were sold off for a fraction of their price). Campbell also initiated the privatization of BC Rail, which the Liberals had promised not to sell in order to win northern ridings which had rejected the party in 1996 but reversed this promise after election, with criminal investigations connected with the bidding process resulting in the BC Legislature Raids of 2003 and the ensuing and still-pending court case. There were several significant labour disputes, some of which were settled through government legislation but which included confrontations with the province's doctors. Campbell also downsized the civil service, with staff cutbacks of more than fifty percent in some government departments, and despite promises of smaller government the size of cabinet was nearly doubled and parliamentary salaries raised. Governance was also re-arranged such that Deputy Ministers were now to report to the Chief of Staff in the Premier's office, rather than to their respective ministers. In the course of the cuts, hospitals, courthouses and extended care facilities around the province were shut down, particularly in smaller communities, and enforcement staff such as the BC Conservation Service were reduced to marginal levels. Various provincial parks created during the previous NDP regime were also downgraded to protected area status, meaning they could be opened for resource exploitation, and fees for use of parks were raised.
In 2003, a drug investigation known as Operation Everwhichway led to raids on government offices in the British Columbia Parliament Buildings in relation to suspect dealings concerning the sale of BC Rail to CN in a scandal which has since become known as Railgate and the trial of four former ministerial aides for influence peddling, breach of trust and accepting bribes.
The Liberals were re-elected in the 2005 election with a reduced majority of 7 seats (46–33).
The Liberals were again re-elected in the 2009 election.
Shortly after this election the introduction of the HST was announced, contrary to promises made during the election campaign.
On November 3, 2010, facing an imminent caucus revolt over his management style and the political backlash against the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) and the controversial end to the BC Rail corruption trial and with his approval rating as low as 9% in polls, Gordon Campbell announced his resignation.[19]
The Clark government: 2011–2017[edit]
The party's 2011 leadership convention was prompted by Gordon Campbell's request to the party to hold a leadership convention "at the earliest possible date."[20] The convention elected Christy Clark as its new leader of the party on February 26, 2011.[21] Clark and her new Cabinet were sworn in on March 14.[22]
Under Clark the party charted a more centrist outlook while continuing its recent tradition of being a coalition of federal Liberal and federal Conservative supporters. She immediately raised the minimum wage from $8/hour to $10.25/hour and introduced a province-wide Family Day similar to Ontario's. Clark became Premier during the aftermath of the 2008-09 recession, and continued to hold the line on government spending, introducing two deficit budgets before a balanced one for the 2013-14 fiscal year, which included a tax hike on high-income British Columbians. She also sought to take advantage of BC's liquified natural gas (LNG) reserves, positioning the budding LNG industry as a major economic development opportunity over the next decade. While the final years of Gordon Campbell's administration had seen far-reaching and progressive environmental legislation enacted, Clark was more measured in her approach to environmental policy. While continuing with BC's first-in-North-America carbon tax, she promised to freeze the rate during the 2013 election and her LNG development aspirations seem to contradict greenhouse gas emissions targets set by the Campbell government in 2007. She also announced in 2012 that any future pipeline that crosses BC would have to meet five conditions that included environmental requirements and Aboriginal consultation. Controversially, she indicated that one of her five conditions would be that BC receives its "fair share" of any revenues that accrue from increased pipeline and tanker traffic. This has put her in direct conflict with the province of Alberta, who seek increased market access for its bitumen through BC ports, yet adamantly refuse any arrangement which would see BC receive any royalties.
During the 2013 election, Clark entered the campaign low in public opinion polls and trailing her main rival, Adrian Dix of the NDP, by as much as 20 points. The BC Liberals campaign slogan was "Strong Economy, Secure Tomorrow" and highlighted a balanced budget and strong development opportunities in the LNG sector as a reason for voters to elect them for a fourth term in office. Clark brought in strategists affiliated with the Ontario Liberal Party, such as Don Guy and Laura Miller, and federal Liberal figures, such as Mike McDonald, to run her office and campaign. The BC Liberals came from behind to secure a fourth term in office, however Clark was defeated in her Vancouver riding, but won a subsequent by-election in the Okanagan riding of Westside-Kelowna. After the election, she sought a thawing of relations between BC and Alberta over future pipeline projects, signing onto former Alberta Premier Alison Redford's National Energy Strategy. In early 2014, the Liberals brought down a second straight balanced budget and introduced legislation to change BC's liquor laws to allow liquor sales in some grocery stores and allow children to sit with adults in pubs and restaurants where liquor is served.
In the 2017 election, the BC Liberals reduced their seat count to 43, one seat short of a majority.[23] On May 29, 2017, after final vote counting had completed, the BC NDP and the BC Green Party agreed to work together to ensure a stable minority government. [24] Their combined 44 seats give them an advantage over the BC Liberals' 43 which was sufficient to defeat Clark's government on a confidence vote on June 29, 2017, after which Clark resigned as premier (effective July 18, 2017) and the lieutenant-governor asked NDP leader John Horgan to form a government.[25]
Party leaders[edit]
[26]
James Alexander MacDonald October 1903 – October 1909
John Oliver October 1909 – March 1912
Harlan Carey Brewster March 1912 – March 1, 1918
John Oliver March 1, 1918 – August 17, 1927
John Duncan MacLean August 17, 1927 – October 1928
Thomas Dufferin Pattullo October 1928 – January 1929 (interim), January 1929 – December 9, 1941
John Hart December 9, 1941 – December 29, 1947
Byron Ingemar Johnson December 29, 1947 – April 1953
Arthur Laing April 1953 – May 1959
Ray Perrault May 1959 – October 1968
Patrick Lucey McGeer October 1968 – May 22, 1972
David Anderson May 22, 1972 – September 28, 1975
Gordon Gibson September 28, 1975 – February 19, 1979
Jev Tothill February 19, 1979 – May 25, 1981
Shirley McLoughlin May 25, 1981 – March 31, 1984
Art Lee March 31, 1984 – October 30, 1987
Gordon Wilson October 30, 1987 – September 11, 1993
Gordon Campbell September 11, 1993 – February 26, 2011
Christy Clark February 26, 2011 – August 4, 2017
Rich Coleman August 4, 2017 – present (interim)
Election results[edit]
Election
Party leader
Outcome
# of candidates
Seats
Popular vote
Elected Change Position First count % Change Final count %
1903 (1) J. A. MacDonald Conservative majority 39
17 / 42
17 2nd 22,715 37.78%
1907 J.A. MacDonald Conservative majority 40
13 / 42
4 2nd 234,816 37.15% -0.63%
1909(2) J.A. MacDonald Conservative majority 36
2 / 42
11 2nd (tied) 33,675 33.21% -3.94%
1912 Harlan Brewster Conservative majority 19
0 / 42
2 no status 21,443 25.37% -7.84%
1916 (3) Harlan Brewster Liberal majority 45
36 / 47
36 1st 89,892 50.00% +24.63%
1920 (4) John Oliver Liberal majority 45
25 / 47
11 1st 134,167 37.89% -12.11%
1924 John Oliver Liberal minority 46
23 / 48
2 1st 108,323 31.34% -6.55%
1928 J.D. MacLean Conservative majority 45
12 / 48
11 2nd 144,872 40.04% +8.70%
1933 T.D. "Duff" Pattullo Liberal majority 47
34 / 47
23 1st 159,131 41.74% +1.70%
1937 T.D. "Duff" Pattullo Liberal majority 48
31 / 48
3 1st 156,074 37.34% -4.40%
1941 (5) T.D. "Duff" Pattullo Liberal-Conservative coalition 48
21 / 48
10 1st 149,525 32.94% -4.40%
1945 Coalition (6) John Hart Liberal-Conservative coalition 47
37 / 48
16 1st 261,147 55.83 -8.02%
1949 Coalition (6) Byron "Boss" Johnson Liberal-Conservative coalition 48
39 / 48
1 1st 428,773 61.35% +5.52%
1952 (7) Byron "Boss" Johnson Social Credit minority 48
6 / 48
33 3rd 180,289 23.46% n.a. 170,674 25.26%
1953 (7) Arthur Laing Social Credit majority 48
4 / 48
2 3rd 171,671 23.59% +0.13% 154,090 23.36%
1956 Arthur Laing Social Credit majority 52
2 / 52
2 3rd 177,922 21.77% -1.82%
1960 Ray Perrault Social Credit majority 50
4 / 52
2 3rd 208,249 20.90% -0.87%
1963 Ray Perrault Social Credit majority 51
5 / 52
1 3rd 193,363 19.98% -0.92%
1966 Ray Perrault Social Credit majority 53
6 / 55
1 3rd 152,155 20.24% +0.26%
1969 Patrick Lucey McGeer Social Credit majority 55
5 / 55
1 3rd 186,235 19.03% -1.21%
1972 David Anderson NDP majority 53
5 / 55
3rd 185,640 16.40% -2.63%
1975 Gordon Gibson Social Credit majority 49
1 / 55
4 3rd (tied) 93,379 7.24% -9.16%
1979 Jev Tothill Social Credit majority 5
0 / 57
1 no status 6,662 0.47% -6.77%
1983 Shirley McLoughlin Social Credit majority 52
0 / 57
no status 44,442 2.69% 2.22%
1986 Art Lee Social Credit majority 55
0 / 69
no status 130,505 6.74% +4.05%
1991 Gordon Wilson NDP majority 71
17 / 75
17 2nd 486,208 33.25% +26.51%
1996 Gordon Campbell NDP majority 75
33 / 75
16 2nd 661,929 41.82% +8.58%
2001 Gordon Campbell Liberal majority 79
77 / 79
44 1st 916,888 57.62% +15.80%
2005 Gordon Campbell Liberal majority 79
46 / 79
31 1st 772,945 46.08% -11.54%
2009 Gordon Campbell Liberal majority 85
49 / 85
3 1st 751,792 45.83% -0.25%
2013 Christy Clark Liberal majority 85
49 / 85
1st 723,618 44.41% -1.42%
2017 Christy Clark Liberal minority
followed by NDP minority 87
43 / 87
6 1st 735,104 40.85% -3.56%
Sources: Elections BC

Notes:
(1) One Liberal Party candidate was elected by acclamation.
(2) One candidate is counted twice: J. Oliver (Liberal) contested but was defeated in both Delta and Victoria City.
(3) One candidate, H.C. Brewster (Liberal) who contested and was elected in both Alberni and Victoria City, is counted twice.
(4) One member elected by acclamation. One candidate, J. Oliver, who contested and was elected in both Delta and Victoria City is counted twice.
(5) After the election, a Coalition government was formed by the Conservative and Liberal members. T.D. Patullo, Liberal leader, objected, stepped down, and sat as a Liberal, giving the Coalition 32 seats.
(6) In the 1945 and 1949 elections, the Liberal Party ran in coalition with the Conservative Party. Results compared to Liberal + Conservative total from previous election.
(7) The 1952 and 1953 elections used the alternative voting system. Rather than marking the ballot with an X, numbers were to be placed opposite the names in order of choice. If, after the first count, no candidate received an absolute simple majority, the candidate with the least number of votes was dropped, and the second choices distributed among the remaining candidates. This process continued until a candidate emerged with the requisite majority vote. Some voters only indicated a first choice (plumping), and others did not utilize the full range available. Consequently, as the counts progressed, some ballots would be exhausted and total valid votes would decline, thereby reducing the absolute majority required to be elected. In multi-member ridings, there were as many ballots as members to be elected, distinguished by colour and letters.
British Columbia Young Liberals[edit]
The British Columbia Young Liberals Commission serves as the leadership element of the youth wing of the party.
See also[edit]
conservatism portal
List of political parties in British Columbia
List of premiers of British Columbia
List of British Columbia general elections
British Columbia Liberal Party leadership elections
BC Legislature Raids
BC Rail
Harmonized Sales Tax
Sales taxes in British Columbia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reshef, Yonatan; Rastin, Sandra (2003). Unions in the Time of Revolution: Government Restructuring in Alberta and Ontario. University of Toronto Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8020-8753-9. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Karen E. Rosenberg (2008). From Moderate Chastisement to Mandatory Arrest: Responses to Violence Against Women in Canada and the United States. ProQuest. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-109-00418-2. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Jill Vickers (2013). Federalism Feminism and Multilevel Governance. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-4094-9985-5. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Michael. Maniates; John M. Meyer (2010). The environmental politics of sacrifice. MIT Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-262-28878-1. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Rodney S. Haddow; Thomas Richard Klassen (2006). Partisanship, globalization, and Canadian labour market policy. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. pp. 8, 58. ISBN 978-0-8020-9090-4.
Jump up ^ Lesley H. Byrne (2008). Representing Women: The Impact of Women Cabinet Ministers in British Columbia and Ontario and the Rise of Fiscal Feminism. ProQuest. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-549-58544-2. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Nathan Young; Ralph Matthews (2011). The Aquaculture Controversy in Canada: Activism, Policy, and Contested Science. UBC Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-7748-5953-0. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Bryan M. Evans; Charles W. Smith (2015). Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada's Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era. University of Toronto Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-4426-1179-5.
Jump up ^ Keith G. Banting; John Myles (2013). Inequality and the Fading of Redistributive Politics. UBC Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-7748-2601-3.
Jump up ^ Thomas F. Pedersen; Stewart Elgie (28 August 2015). "A template for the world: British Columba's carbon tax shift". In Larry Kreiser; Mikael Skou Andersen; Birgitte Egelund Olsen. Carbon Pricing: Design, Experiences and Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-78536-023-7.
Jump up ^ Ghoussoub, Michelle (July 28, 2017). "Christy Clark resigns as leader of B.C. Liberal Party". CBC News.
Jump up ^ "The BC Liberal Party". CBC News. April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "BC NDP Currently poised to form next provincial government" (PDF). Ekos Politics. February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press (July 18, 2013). "B.C. Conservative leader John Cummins officially resigns". The Vancouver Sun. Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press (May 14, 2013). "The B.C. election has been the NDP’s to lose, the Liberals’ to survive". The Vancouver Sun. Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
Jump up ^ Mason, Gary (April 20, 2012). "By-election losses put B.C. Liberals on notice: Reunite or cede power to NDP". The Globe and Mail.
Jump up ^ Price, Christine, "A Very Conservative Radical": Reverend Robert Cornell's encounter with Marxism in the BC C CF, Simon Fraser University MA Thesis, 2006
Jump up ^ Gibson, Gordon; Renison, Carol (1980). Bull of the Woods: The Gordon Gibson Story. Douglas & McIntyre Ltd. ISBN 0-88894-292-3.
Jump up ^ "B.C. Premier Campbell stepping down". Cbc.ca. 2010-11-03. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Premier Campbell Thanks Supporters". www.bcliberals.com. BC Liberal Party. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Christy Clark voted B.C. Liberal leader". Cbc.ca. 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Jump up ^ "B.C.'s new premier to be sworn in". Cbc.ca. 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
Jump up ^ http://vancouversun.com/news/politics/b-c-election-results-2017-crucial-vote-counting-starts-monday
Jump up ^ http://globalnews.ca/news/3486794/b-c-green-party-leader-andrew-weaver-agrees-to-support-john-horgans-ndp
Jump up ^ Shaw, Rob (June 29, 2017). "NDP asked to form next B.C. government after Liberal defeat". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Legislative Library of British Columbia, Party Leaders in British Columbia 1900–[permanent dead link], 2000, updated 2005
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NBA Most Valuable Player Award
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[hide]National Basketball Association awards and honors
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Brown Trophy (defunct)
Individual awards
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Bill Russell Finals MVP
Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Executive of the Year
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v
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The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1955–56 season to the best performing player of the regular season.
The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy, which is named in honor of the first commissioner (then president)[a] of the NBA, who served from 1946 until 1963.
Until the 1979–80 season, the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players. Since the 1980–81 season, the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada.
Each member of the voting panel casts a vote for first to fifth place selections. Each first-place vote is worth 10 points; each second-place vote is worth seven; each third-place vote is worth five, fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one. Starting from 2010, one ballot was cast by fans through online voting. The player with the highest point total wins the award.[2] As of June 2017[update], the current holder of the award is Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times.[3] Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times,[4] while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons.[5] Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice.[4] Only two rookies have won the award: Wilt Chamberlain in the 1959–60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968–69 season.[6] Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria,[b] Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands,[c] Steve Nash of Canada[d] and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered "international players" by the NBA.[9]
Stephen Curry in 2015–16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously. Shaquille O'Neal in 1999–2000 and LeBron James in 2012–13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection, both receiving 120 of 121 votes.[e][5] The most recent winner, Russell Westbrook, is the first to have played for a team that failed to win at least 50 regular-season games since the 1982–83 season.[f][11][12] Every player to have won the award has made at least one appearance as a player in the NBA Finals, with the exceptions of Steve Nash and Derrick Rose.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Multi-time winners
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Winners
Bill Russell (left) won the award five times in his NBA career. Wilt Chamberlain (center) won the award four times in his career.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record-setting six times in his career.
Michael Jordan won the award five times in his career.
LeBron James is a four-time NBA MVP.
Tim Duncan, of the San Antonio Spurs, won back-to-back Most Valuable Player awards in the '01-02 and '02-03 seasons.
Derrick Rose became the youngest player to ever win the award at age 22.
Stephen Curry won back-to-back MVP awards in the '14-15 and '15-16 seasons.
Russell Westbrook is the reigning MVP.
^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Denotes player whose team won championship that year
Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player had been named MVP at that time
Team (X) Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team
1955–56
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
Power Forward United States St. Louis Hawks
1956–57
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Point Guard United States Boston Celtics
1957–58
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Center United States Boston Celtics (2)
1958–59
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (2)
Power Forward United States St. Louis Hawks (2)
1959–60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Center United States Philadelphia Warriors
1960–61
Russell, BillBill Russell* (2)
Center United States Boston Celtics (3)
1961–62
Russell, BillBill Russell* (3)
Center United States Boston Celtics (4)
1962–63
Russell, BillBill Russell* (4)
Center United States Boston Celtics (5)
1963–64
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
Point Guard United States Cincinnati Royals
1964–65
Russell, BillBill Russell* (5)
Center United States Boston Celtics (6)
1965–66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (2)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (3)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (2)
1967–68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (4)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (3)
1968–69
Unseld, WesWes Unseld*
Center/Forward United States Baltimore Bullets
1969–70
Reed, WillisWillis Reed*
Center United States New York Knicks
1970–71
AaaLew Alcindor*[g]
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks
1971–72
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (2)
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks (2)
1972–73
Cowens, DaveDave Cowens*
Center United States Boston Celtics (7)
1973–74
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (3)
Center United States Milwaukee Bucks (3)
1974–75
McAdoo, BobBob McAdoo*
Power Forward United States Buffalo Braves
1975–76
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (4)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers
1976–77
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (5)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (2)
1977–78
Walton, BillBill Walton*
Center United States Portland Trail Blazers
1978–79
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
Center United States Houston Rockets
1979–80
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (6)
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (3)
1980–81
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
Small Forward United States Philadelphia 76ers (4)
1981–82
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (2)
Center United States Houston Rockets (2)
1982–83
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (3)
Center United States Philadelphia 76ers (5)
1983–84
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
Small Forward United States Boston Celtics (8)
1984–85
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (2)
Small Forward United States Boston Celtics (9)
1985–86
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (3)
Small Forward United States Boston Celtics 910 !Boston Celtics (10)
1986–87
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
Point Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (4)
1987–88
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls
1988–89
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (2)
Point Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (5)
1989–90
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (3)
Point Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (6)
1990–91
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls (2)
1991–92
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls (3)
1992–93
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
Power Forward United States Phoenix Suns
1993–94
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
Center Nigeria[b] Houston Rockets (3)
1994–95
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
Center United States San Antonio Spurs
1995–96
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (4)
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls (4)
1996–97
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
Power Forward United States Utah Jazz
1997–98
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (5)
Shooting Guard United States Chicago Bulls (5)
1998–99
Malone, KarlKarl Malone* (2) [h]
Power Forward United States Utah Jazz (2)
1999–00
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
Center United States Los Angeles Lakers (7)
2000–01
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
Shooting Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers (6)
2001–02
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
Power Forward United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (2)
2002–03
Duncan, TimTim Duncan (2)
Power Forward United States[c] San Antonio Spurs (3)
2003–04
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
Power Forward United States Minnesota Timberwolves
2004–05
Nash, SteveSteve Nash
Point Guard Canada[d] Phoenix Suns (2)
2005–06
Nash, SteveSteve Nash (2)
Point Guard Canada[d] Phoenix Suns (3)
2006–07
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
Power Forward Germany Dallas Mavericks
2007–08
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
Shooting Guard United States Los Angeles Lakers (8)
2008–09
James, LeBronLeBron James^
Small Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers
2009–10
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (2)
Small Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
2010–11
Rose, DerrickDerrick Rose^ [i]
Point Guard United States Chicago Bulls (6)
2011–12
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (3)
Small Forward United States Miami Heat
2012–13
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (4)
Small Forward United States Miami Heat (2)
2013–14
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
Small Forward United States Oklahoma City Thunder
2014–15
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
Point Guard United States Golden State Warriors (2)
2015–16
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (2)
Point Guard United States Golden State Warriors (3)
2016–17
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
Point Guard United States Oklahoma City Thunder (2)
Multi-time winners
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Awards
Years
1 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks (3) / Los Angeles Lakers (3) 6 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980
2 Bill Russell
Boston Celtics 5 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965
Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998
4 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors (1) / Philadelphia 76ers (3) 4 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968
LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers (2) / Miami Heat (2) 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
6 Moses Malone Houston Rockets (2) / Philadelphia 76ers (1) 3 1979, 1982, 1983
Larry Bird Boston Celtics 1984, 1985, 1986
Magic Johnson Los Angeles Lakers 1987, 1989, 1990
9 Bob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 2 1956, 1959
Karl Malone Utah Jazz 1997, 1999
Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs 2002, 2003
Steve Nash Phoenix Suns 2005, 2006
Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 2015, 2016
See also
National Basketball Association portal
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award
Notes
Jump up ^ The official title of the position was President until 1967 when it was changed to Commissioner.[1]
^ Jump up to: a b Hakeem Olajuwon was born in Nigeria, but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1993. He was the first ever international player to win the award.[7]
^ Jump up to: a b c Although Duncan was born in the U.S. Virgin Islands and is a United States citizen,[8] the NBA considers him an international player.[9]
^ Jump up to: a b c Steve Nash, who was born in South Africa, was raised in Canada.[10]
Jump up ^ Allen Iverson received the only other first-place vote in 2000, while Carmelo Anthony received the only other first-place vote in 2013.[5]
Jump up ^ Except for seasons affected by lockouts, when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games. Karl Malone won in 1998–99 when Utah was 37–13 in 50 games, which projected to 60 wins in 82 games. James won in 2011–12 when the Miami Heat were 46–20 in 66 games, which projected to 57 wins.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Before the 1971–72 season, Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[13]
Jump up ^ Malone, at 35 years and 284 days old at the end of the regular season, is the oldest MVP in NBA history.[14]
Jump up ^ Rose, at 22 years and 191 days old at the end of the regular season, is the youngest MVP in NBA history.[15]
References
General
"Most Valuable Player". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
"Most Valuable Player Award Winners". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
"NBA MVP – Maurice Podoloff Trophy – Marc Mellon Sculpture Studio". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2002.
Specific
Jump up ^ Monroe, Mike. "The Commissioners". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "LeBron receives 116 first-place votes". ESPN.com. May 2, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Most Valuable Player". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wallace, Michael (May 5, 2013). "LeBron James wins 4th MVP award". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Wes Unseld". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hakeem Olajuwon Bio: 1992-93". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "NBA Players from around the world: 2005-2006 Season". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ McPeek, Jeramie. "The Canadian Kid". NBA.com (from Fastbreak Magazine of Sept./Oct. 1996). Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Who is the leading MVP candidate?". ESPN.com. March 6, 2015. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hubbard, Jan (April 22, 1990). "NBA NOTES : Charles Barkley Running a Slick Campaign for MVP". Newsday. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Karl Malone 1998-99 game log". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Derrick Rose 2010-11 game log". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
NBA Most Valuable Player Award
1956: Pettit
1957: Cousy
1958: Russell
1959: Pettit
1960: Chamberlain
1961: Russell
1962: Russell
1963: Russell
1964: Robertson
1965: Russell
1966: Chamberlain
1967: Chamberlain
1968: Chamberlain
1969: Unseld
1970: Reed
1971: Alcindor
1972: Abdul-Jabbar
1973: Cowens
1974: Abdul-Jabbar
1975: McAdoo
1976: Abdul-Jabbar
1977: Abdul-Jabbar
1978: Walton
1979: M. Malone
1980: Abdul-Jabbar
1981: Erving
1982: M. Malone
1983: M. Malone
1984: Bird
1985: Bird
1986: Bird
1987: Johnson
1988: Jordan
1989: Johnson
1990: Johnson
1991: Jordan
1992: Jordan
1993: Barkley
1994: Olajuwon
1995: Robinson
1996: Jordan
1997: K. Malone
1998: Jordan
1999: K. Malone
2000: O'Neal
2001: Iverson
2002: Duncan
2003: Duncan
2004: Garnett
2005: Nash
2006: Nash
2007: Nowitzki
2008: Bryant
2009: James
2010: James
2011: Rose
2012: James
2013: James
2014: Durant
2015: Curry
2016: Curry
2017: Westbrook
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