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United States Department of Labor Office of Inspector General
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The Office of Inspector General (OIG) at the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) conducts investigations, audits and evaluations to review the effectiveness, efficiency, economy, and integrity of all DOL programs and operations, including those performed by its contractors and grantees. This work is conducted in order to determine whether: the programs and operations are in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations; DOL resources are efficiently and economically being utilized; and DOL programs achieve their intended results.[1]
In addition, the OIG is unique among Inspectors General because it has an “external” program function to conduct criminal investigations to combat the influence of labor racketeering and organized crime in the nation’s labor unions. The OIG conducts labor racketeering investigations in three areas: employee benefit plans, labor-management relations, and internal union affairs.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "Office of Inspector General Website, U.S. Dept. of Labor".
External links[edit]
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Inspector General Official Website
Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency; IGnet
U.S. Department of Labor Official Website
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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Phosphatidylcholine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylcholines (PC) are a class of phospholipids that incorporate choline as a headgroup. They are a major component of biological membranes and can be easily obtained from a variety of readily available sources, such as egg yolk or soybeans, from which they are mechanically or chemically extracted using hexane. They are also a member of the lecithin group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (a.k.a. lecithin) is a major component of pulmonary surfactant and is often used in the L/S ratio to calculate fetal lung maturity. While phosphatidylcholines are found in all plant and animal cells, they are absent in the membranes of most bacteria,[1] including Escherichia coli.[2] Purified phosphatidylcholine is produced commercially.
The name "lecithin" was originally defined from the Greek lekithos (λεκιθος, egg yolk) by Theodore Nicolas Gobley, a French chemist and pharmacist of the mid-19th century, who applied it to the egg yolk phosphatidylcholine that he identified in 1847. Gobley eventually completely described his lecithin from chemical structural point of view, in 1874. Phosphatidylcholines are such a major component of lecithin that in some contexts the terms are sometimes used as synonyms. However, lecithin extracts consist of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and other compounds. It is also used along with sodium taurocholate for simulating fed- and fasted-state biorelevant media in dissolution studies of highly lipophilic drugs.
Phosphatidylcholine is a major constituent of cell membranes and pulmonary surfactant, and is more commonly found in the exoplasmic or outer leaflet of a cell membrane. It is thought to be transported between membranes within the cell by phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PCTP).[3]
Phosphatidylcholine also plays a role in membrane-mediated cell signaling and PCTP activation of other enzymes.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure and physical properties
2 Possible health benefits
2.1 Senescence
2.2 Liver repair
2.3 Lipolysis
2.4 Ulcerative colitis
3 Possible health risks
4 See also
5 Additional images
6 References
7 External links
Structure and physical properties[edit]
Palmitoyl-oleyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine, a phosphatidylcholine.
This phospholipid is composed of a choline head group and glycerophosphoric acid, with a variety of fatty acids. Usually, one is a saturated fatty acid (in the given figure, this can be palmitic or hexadecanoic acid, H3C-(CH2)14-COOH; margaric acid identified by Gobley in egg yolk, or heptadecanoic acid H3C-(CH2)15-COOH, also belong to that class); and the other is an unsaturated fatty acid (here oleic acid, or 9Z-octadecenoic acid, as in Gobley's original egg yolk lecithin). However, there are also examples of disaturated species. Animal lung phosphatidylcholine, for example, contains a high proportion of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.[5]
Phospholipase D catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid (PA), releasing the soluble choline headgroup into the cytosol.
Phosphatidylcholine is a neutral lipid, but it carries an electric dipole moment of about 10 D.[6] Vibrational dynamics of phosphatidylcholine and its hydration waters has been recently calculated from first principles.[7]
Possible health benefits[edit]
Senescence[edit]
Phosphatidylcholine is a vital substance found in every cell of the human body. Some researchers have used mutant mouse models with severe oxidative damage as a model of "accelerated aging" to investigate the possible role of phosphatidylcholine supplementation as a way of slowing down aging-related processes[8] and improving brain functioning and memory capacity in dementia.[9] However, a 2009 systematic review of clinical trials in humans found that there was not enough evidence to support the use of lecithin or phosphatidylcholine supplementation for patients with dementia. The study found that a moderate benefit could not be ruled out until further large scale studies are performed.[10]
Liver repair[edit]
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013)
Studies have examined potential benefits of phosphatidylcholine for liver repair. Results are mixed in animal models,[11] and no clinical evidence shows a health benefit in humans. One study shows the healing effect of phosphatidylcholine in mice with hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. The administration of phosphatidylcholine for chronic, active hepatitis resulted in significant reduction of disease activity in mice.[12][full citation needed][unreliable source?]
Lipolysis[edit]
Some organizations[clarification needed] promote the use of injected phosphatidylcholine, otherwise known as injection lipolysis, claiming the procedure can break down fat cells, and thus serve as an alternative to liposuction. While the procedure cites early experiments that showed lipolysis in cases of fat emboli,[13] no peer-reviewed studies have shown any amount of lipolysis even remotely comparable to liposuction.[14][15] Injection of phosphatidyl choline in small numbers of patients has been reported to reduce or completely resolve a majority of lipomas, although some actually increased in size. There were side-effects, which resolved without complication. Long-term studies are deemed necessary to judge efficacy.[16][17] Dr. Patrick Treacy has used phosphatidylcholine and deoxcholate successfully in the treatment of infraorbital fat pads.[18]
Ulcerative colitis[edit]
Phase IIa/b clinical trials performed at the Heidelberg University Hospital have shown that delayed release purified phosphatidylcholine is an anti-inflammatory agent, and a surface hydrophobicity increasing compound with promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.[19]
Possible health risks[edit]
A report in 2011 has linked the microbial catabolites of phosphatidylcholine with increased atherosclerosis in mice through the production of choline, trimethylamine oxide, and betaine.[20]
See also[edit]
CDP choline
Lysophosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylserine
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
Additional images[edit]
General structural formula of phosphatidylcholines
Membrane lipids
Choline metabolism
Phosphatidate
Choline
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jackowski, Suzanne; Cronan, jr., John E.; Rock, Charles O. (1991). "Chapter 2: Lipid metabolism in procaryotes". In Vance, Dennis E.; Vance, J. Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Elsevier. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-444-89321-0.
Jump up ^ Chen F, Zhao Q, Cai X, Lv L, Lin W, Yu X, Li C, Li Y, Xiong M, Wang XG (November 2009). "Phosphatidylcholine in membrane of Escherichia coli changes bacterial antigenicity". Can. J. Microbiol. 55 (11): 1328–34. doi:10.1139/w09-082. PMID 19940943.
Jump up ^ Wirtz KW (July 1991). "Phospholipid transfer proteins". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60 (13): 73–99. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.000445. PMID 1883207.
Jump up ^ Kanno K, Wu MK, Agate DA, Fanelli BK, Wagle N, Scapa EF, Ukomadu C, Cohen DE (October 2007). "Interacting proteins dictate function of the minimal START domain phosphatidylcholine transfer protein/StarD2". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (42): 30728–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.M703745200. PMID 17704541.
Jump up ^ http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/Lipids/pc/index.htm
Jump up ^ Mashaghi; et al. (2012). "Hydration strongly affects the molecular and electronic structure of membrane phospholipids". Journal of Chemical Physics. 136: 114709. doi:10.1063/1.3694280. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Tayebeh Jadidi et al 2013 1|Europhysics Letters 102 28008
Jump up ^ Hung, Mei-Chu; Shibasaki, Koji; Yoshida, Riki; Sato, Masao; Imaizumi, Katsumi (2001). "Learning behaviour and cerebral protein kinase C, antioxidant status, lipid composition in senescence-accelerated mouse: influence of a phosphatidylcholine–vitamin B12 diet". British Journal of Nutrition. 86 (2): 163–171. doi:10.1079/BJN2001391.
Jump up ^ Chung, Shu-Ying; Moriyama, Tomoe; Uezu, Eiko; Uezu, Kayoko; Hirata, Rieko; Yohena, Noriko; Masuda, Yasnunobu; Kokubu, Toyohiko; Yamamoto, Shigeru (1995). "Administration of Phosphatidylcholine Increases Brain Acetylcholine Concentration and Improves Memory in Mice with Dementia". The Journal of Nutrition. 125: 1484–489.
Jump up ^ Higgins, Julian; Leon Flicker (21 January 2009). Higgins, Julian PT, ed. "Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews of Systematic Reviews. 4 (3): CD001015. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001015. PMID 12917896.
Jump up ^ Niebergall, LJ; Jacobs, RL; Chaba, T; Vance, DE (2011). "Phosphatidylcholine protects against steatosis in mice but not non-alcoholic steatohepatitis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1811 (12): 1177–85. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.021. PMID 21745592.
Jump up ^ Sally Tandy; Rosanna WS Chung; Alvin Kamili; Elaine Wat; Jacquelyn M Weir; Peter J Meikle; Jeffrey S Cohn (30 November 2010). "Hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine supplementation reduces hepatic lipid levels in mice fed a high-fat diet". Atherosclerosis. Elsevier. 213 (1): 142–147. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.050. PMID 20832797.
Jump up ^ Hasegawa, Toshio; Matsukura, Tomoyuki; Ikeda, Shigaku (2010). "Mesotherapy for Benign Symmetric Lipomatosis". Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 34 (2): 153–156. doi:10.1007/s00266-009-9374-4. PMID 19488808. Intralesional injection, termed mesotherapy, using phosphatidylcholine is a potentially effective therapy for benign symmetric lipomatosis that should be reconsidered as a therapeutic option for this disease.
Jump up ^ Rotunda, Adam M.; Kolodney, Michael S. (2006). "Mesotherapy and Phosphatidylcholine Injections: Historical Clarification and Review". Dermatologic Surgery. 32 (4): 465–480. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32100.x. PMID 16681654. Recent laboratory investigations17 demonstrate that sodium deoxycholate, a bile salt also used as a laboratory detergent,102,103 was just as potent at causing adipocyte lysis and cell death as the complete phosphatidylcholine formula, which contains both phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate (Figure 3). This bile salt is used to solubilize phosphatidylcholine by forming mixed micelles composed of phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate.102,104 It is common practice to combine intravenous medications with bile salts to improve their water solubility.105,106 These findings suggest that sodium deoxycholate is the primary active ingredient in the phosphatidylchloline preparations.
Jump up ^ Park, Seung Ha; Kim, Deok Woo; Lee, Min Ah; Yoo, Sang Chul; Rhee, Seung Chul; Koo, Sang Hwan; Seol, Geun Hye; Cho, Eun Young (April 2008). "Effectiveness of Mesotherapy on Body Contouring". Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 121 (4): 179e–185e. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000304611.71480.0a. PMID 18349597. The author, when discussing phosphatidylcholine as a part of mesotherapy concludes: 'Although there is a preliminary report contradictory to this result, there was no body contouring observed in this study. There were no statistically significant changes in thigh girth, cross-sectional area, or laboratory values for the lipid profile except for a decrease in the triglyceride level in the blood, which might be an indirect effect of the method of aminophylline absorption into the systemic circulation.'
Jump up ^ Amber KT, Ovadia S, Camacho I (2014) Injection therapy for the management of superficial subcutaneous lipomas. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 7 (6):46-8. PMID: 25013540
Jump up ^ Nanda, Soni (2011). "Treatment of lipoma by injection lipolysis". Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery. 4 (2): 135. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.85040. ISSN 0974-2077.
Jump up ^ Treacy, PJ; Goldberg, DJ (2006). "Use of phosphatidylcholine for the correction of lower lid bulging due to prominent fat pads". J Cosmet Laser Ther. 8 (3): 129–32. doi:10.1080/14764170600891756. PMID 16971361.
Jump up ^ Schneider, H.; Braun, A.; Füllekrug, J.; Stremmel, W.; Ehehalt, R. (2010). "Lipid Based Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis—Modulation of Intestinal Mucus Membrane Phospholipids as a Tool to Influence Inflammation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 11 (10): 4149–4164. doi:10.3390/ijms11104149. PMC 2996791  . PMID 21152327.
Jump up ^ Wang Z; Klipfell, Elizabeth; Bennett, Brian J.; Koeth, Robert; Levison, Bruce S.; Dugar, Brandon; Feldstein, Ariel E.; Britt, Earl B.; et al. (April 2011). "Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease". Nature. 472 (7341): 57–63. doi:10.1038/nature09922. PMC 3086762  . PMID 21475195. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
External links[edit]
Phosphatidylcholines at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
[show]
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Phosphorylcholine
Pirisudanol
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
[show]
v
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PAFR
Agonists
C-PAF
Edelfosine
PAF
Antagonists
A-85783
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Apafant
BN-50739
BN-52063
Cetirizine
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Kadsurenone
L-652
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PCA-4248
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SM-12502
SR-27417
SRI 63-441
Terfenadine
WEB-2086
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Others
Precursors
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ATP
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See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphatidylcholine&oldid=813886261"
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Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 TV film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 2008 American broadcast television telefilm. For the 2008 direct-to-DVD film, see Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 direct-to-video film).
Journey to the Center of the Earth
DVD cover
Written by
Thomas Baum (teleplay)
William Gray (writer)
Directed by
T.J. Scott
Starring
Rick Schroder
Peter Fonda
Victoria Pratt
Country of origin
Canada
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Producer(s)
Robert Halmi Jr.
Robert Halmi Sr.
Running time
90 minutes
Release
Original release
February 4, 2008 (2008-02-04)
Journey to the Center of the Earth is a 2008 American-Canadian made-for-television action adventure film shot on location in and around Vancouver in the summer of 2007. It is very loosely based on the novel of the same name by Jules Verne. It was shot in HD and first aired on February 4, 2008. It has since been released on DVD. Victoria Pratt and Peter Fonda's characters were added from the original story.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 See also
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Heiress Martha Dennison (Victoria Pratt) seeks out professor Jonathan Brock (Rick Schroder) to help find her husband, Edward, who disappeared four years earlier on an expedition towards the center of the Earth. At first Jonathan is hesitant to go despite Martha's offer to handsomely pay him, giving him the opportunity to pay off the debts left to him by his recently deceased father, while his nephew and aspiring journalist Abel is excited for the opportunity to get real life journalistic experience. After reviewing Edward's notes Jonathan is persuaded to go along. The two of them, along with Abel, go to the newly acquired Alaskan territory to gather information about Edward and his expedition and find a Russian guide, Sergei, to aide their search of her husband. They struggle to cover a large amount of ground in only 10 days based upon information recovered from a crudely drawn map. They find and enter a mine shaft in a volcano, venturing deep into the center of the earth. Along the way small signs are found of the previous expedition along with the skeleton of Mikael, a friend like a brother to Sergei, and see it as an ominous sign of what's ahead. Abel constantly lags behind taking notes and pictures of the journey and discovers a passage to a strange new land.
They come out into a world that, at first, seems much like the surface except that it never gets dark despite there being no sun with a lush forest land and a large lake-like sea. Soon they encounter many prehistoric creatures and the adventure really begins. While Martha takes a bath and short swim she is attacked by some sort of creature in the sea, at the same time Jonathan and Sergei find some logs that were clearly cut down by a person using an axe to make a raft to cross the sea. They use the left over logs and their supply of rope to make a raft of their own and notice several dinosaur-like birds flying above their heads in a vulture like fashion. As some of the birds move into attack they notice another large dinosaur in the water heading for their raft. Jonathan suggests shooting the birds to distract and feed the much larger and more lethal dinosaur in the water.
They then discuss the nature of the creatures that they encountered noting that they seem to have come from different eras of development and may have escaped to this region to survive Ice Ages and other dinosaur-killing phenomenona. They then find another damaged raft, believed to be Edward's, and decide to make camp. While Abel goes exploring alone, Sergei reveals to Jonathan that he did not go along with Edward when he first came to Alaska because he did not trust him and blames himself for not stopping Mikael from joining the expedition that led to his death. Abel encounters two native women in the forest and he gathers the rest to follow a trail that may lead them to more answers.
While crossing a rather well-made bridge a group of hostile natives surround them and bring them to their village to meet their leader who is Edward himself, who acts rather coldly towards them and forces them bow and give up their weapons as a native custom. Edward elaborates the nature of his conditions, that the villagers believe him to be some kind of a god who has brought them prosperity and safety by sharing his wisdom which are actually ideas of indigenous survival he got from studying other civilizations. In a private discussion with him, Martha admits that she was expecting him to be more happy to see her; he then admits that he had never expected her to come for him and intends to stay there where he has power and influence compared to the world above where he found her power threatening. Edward makes a pass at Martha and she rebuffs him and he goes to the village priestess whom he regards as a new wife. While they are talking a group of natives join forces and free some prisoners. When Edward leaves his tent and finds these people he begins to shoot at them and kills one young man in front of all the others claiming that he is a traitor. Martha slaps him causing him to bleed planting seeds of doubt that he is a god; he then explains that their leader (who escaped with help from Jonathan) has doubted Edward from the start and started a resistance to his rule and that the presence of the renegades has undercut Edward's power and so the resistance must be destroyed. Martha explains that Edward has always been this way and that his arrogance is what attracted her to him in the first place.
Edward then loses his power and influence over the tribe as he has been revealed to be a false god and all of the villagers leave him. He then leaves all of his village gear behind and states that they must now leave and that their raft has been destroyed so they must take an ancient passage; meanwhile the resistance is hot on their trail to stop them. When the resistance advances upon them Edward holds out a single piece of dynamite to ward off their attacks and when they reach the cave he lights the dynamite with the hope that it will seal the entrance to the cave that leads to the surface. When it fails to ignite, Edward leaves the cave and shoots the dynamite sealing the rest of the group in, and him out with the violent resistance. The team then struggles through water filled passages that lead them up through to the lake on the surface, where they originally found the entrance to the cave.
On the surface they make a small memorial for Edward, who is presumed dead, and decide not to tell the secret of the world below, and to continue their adventures to the East Indies with Martha and Jonathan (most unpredictably) as an item. Abel then writes at the end of his diary that everything he has written and drawn about is only a figment of his imagination so as to discredit their discoveries.
Cast[edit]
Rick Schroder as Jonathan Brock
Victoria Pratt as Martha Dennison
Peter Fonda as Edward
Steven Grayhm as Abel
Mike Dopud as Sergei
See also[edit]
Journey to the Center of the Earth - the original novel by Jules Verne
Viaje al centro de la Tierra, Spanish adventure film based on Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne.
External links[edit]
Journey to the Center of the Earth on IMDb
Journey to the Center of the Earth on RHI Entertainment
Journey to the Center of the Earth on Hallmark Channel
hide
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Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth
Films
1959 film
1978 film
1989 film
2008 TV film
2008 Asylum film
2008 theatrical film
Other
1967 series
1999 miniseries
1974 album
2008 video game
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island
Journey Through the Impossible
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_(2008_TV_film)&oldid=843763235"
Categories:
2008 television films
American television films
American fantasy adventure films
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values: Voyage au centre de la Terre (téléfilm, 2008, T.J. Scott) – French

values: センター・オブ・ジ・アース ワールド・エンド – Japanese

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