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Secularism in India
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This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2017)
Secularism in India means equal treatment of all religions by the state.
With the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976,[1] the Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation. However, neither India's constitution nor its laws define the relationship between religion and state. The laws implicitly require the state and its institutions to recognise and accept all religions, enforce parliamentary laws instead of religious laws, and respect pluralism.[2][3] India does not have an official state religion. In matters of law in modern India, however, the applicable code of law is unequal, and India's personal laws - on matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, alimony - varies with an individual's religion. Muslim Indians have Sharia-based Muslim Personal Law, while Hindu, Christian and Sikh Indians live under common law. Neither jobs nor proper treatment for other religious candidates is permitted. Since Hindu leaders have a huge role in changing what a religion should be according to their views and add their own ideas in Muslim religion. India will never be a secular country. The attempt to respect unequal, religious law has created a number of issues in India such as acceptability of child marriage,[4] polygamy, unequal inheritance rights, extra judicial unilateral divorce rights favorable to some males, and conflicting interpretations of religious books.[5][6]
Secularism as practiced in India, with its marked differences with Western practice of secularism, is a controversial topic in India. Supporters of the Indian concept of secularism claim it respects. Supporters of this form of secularism claim that any attempt to introduce a uniform civil code, that is equal laws for every citizen irrespective of his or her religion, would impose majoritarian Hindu sensibilities and ideals. [7][8] Opponents argue that India's acceptance of Sharia and religious laws violates the principle of Equality before the law.[9][10]
Secularism is a divisive, politically charged topic in India.[10][11]
Contents
1 History
2 Current status
3 Comparison with Western secularism
4 Issues
4.1 Shah Bano case
4.2 Islamic feminists
4.3 Women’s rights
4.4 Goa
4.5 Article 25(2)(b)
5 Views
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Ellora caves, a world heritage site, are in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The 35 caves were carved into the vertical face of the Charanandri hills between the 5th and 10th centuries. The 12 Buddhist caves, 17 Hindu caves and 5 Jain caves, built in proximity, suggest religious co-existence and secular sentiments for diversity prevalent during pre-Islamic period of Indian history.[12][13]
Indian religions are known to have co-existed and evolved together for many centuries before the arrival of Islam in the 12th century, followed by Mughal and colonial era. Ashoka about 2200 years ago, Harsha about 1400 years ago accepted and patronised different religions.[3] The people in ancient South Asia had freedom of religion, and the state granted citizenship to each individual regardless of whether someone’s religion was Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism or any other.[11] Ellora cave temples built next to each other between 5th and 10th centuries, for example, shows a coexistence of religions and a spirit of acceptance of different faiths.[14][15]
There should not be honour of one’s own (religious) sect and condemnation of others without any grounds.
—  Ashoka, Rock Edicts XII, about 250 BC, [11][16]
This approach to interfaith relations changed with the arrival of Islam and establishment of Delhi Sultanate in North India by the 12th century, followed by Deccan Sultanate in Central India.[11] The political doctrines of Islam, as well as its religious views were at odds with doctrines of Hinduism, Buddhism and other Indian religions.[3][17] New temples and monasteries were not allowed. As with Levant, Southeast Europe and Spain, Islamic rulers in India treated Hindus as dhimmis in exchange of annual payment of jizya taxes, in a sharia-based state jurisprudence. With the arrival of Mughal era, Sharia was imposed with continued zeal, with Akbar - the Mughal Emperor - as the first significant exception.[11] Akbar sought to fuse ideas, professed equality between Islam and other religions of India, forbade forced conversions to Islam, abolished religion-based discriminatory jizya taxes, and welcomed building of Hindu temples.[18][19] However, the descendants of Akbar, particularly Aurangzeb, reverted to treating Islam as the primary state religion, destruction of temples, and reimposed religion-based discriminatory jizya taxes.[3]
Akbar's tomb at Sikandra, near Agra India. Akbar's instruction for his mausoleum was that it incorporate elements from different religions including Islam and Hinduism.
After Aurangzeb, India came into control of East India Company and the British Raj. The colonial administrators did not separate religion from state, but marked the end of unequal hierarchy between Islam and Hinduism, and reintroduced the notion of equality before the law for Hindus, Christians and Muslims.[5] The British Empire sought commerce and trade, with a policy of neutrality to all of India’s diverse religions.[11] Before 1858, the Britishers followed the policy of patronizing and supporting the native religions as the earlier rulers had done.[20] By the mid-19th century, the British Raj administered India, in matters related to marriage, inheritance of property and divorces, according to personal laws based on each Indian subject’s religion, according to interpretations of respective religious documents by Islamic jurists, Hindu pundits and other religious scholars. In 1864, the Raj eliminated all religious jurists, pandits and scholars because the interpretations of the same verse or religious document varied, the scholars and jurists disagreed with each other, and the process of justice had become inconsistent and suspiciously corrupt.[5] The late 19th century marked the arrival of Anglo-Hindu and Anglo-Muslim personal laws, where the governance did not separate the state and religion, but continued to differentiate and administer people based on their personal religion.[5][21] The British Raj provided the Indian Christians, Indian Zoroastrians and others with their own personal laws, such as the Indian Succession Act of 1850, Special Marriage Act of 1872 and other laws that were similar to Common Laws in Europe.[22]
“ For several years past it has been the cherished desire of the Muslims of British India that Customary Law should in no case take the place of Muslim Personal Law. The matter has been repeatedly agitated in the press as well as on the platform. The Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind, the greatest Moslem religious body has supported the demand and invited the attention of all concerned to the urgent necessity of introducing a measure to this effect. ”
— Preamble to Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937, [23][24]
Although the British administration provided India with a common law, it's divide and rule policy contributed to promoting discord between communities. [25] The Morley-Minto reforms provided separate electorate to Muslims, justifying the demands of the Muslim league.
In the first half of 20th century, the British Raj faced increasing amounts of social activism for self-rule by a disparate groups such as those led by Hindu Gandhi and Muslim Jinnah; the colonial administration, under pressure, enacted a number of laws before India’s independence in 1947, that continue to be the laws of India in 2013. One such law enacted during the colonial era was the 1937 Indian Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, which instead of separating state and religion for Western secularism, did the reverse.[26]
It, along with additional laws such as Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act of 1939 that followed, established the principle that religious laws of Indian Muslims can be their personal laws. It also set the precedent that religious law, such as sharia, can overlap and supersede common and civil laws, that elected legislators may not revise or enact laws that supersede religious laws, that people of one nation need not live under the same laws, and that law enforcement process for different individuals shall depend on their religion.[26][5] The Indian Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937 continues to be the law of land of modern India for Indian Muslims, while parliament-based, non-religious uniform civil code passed in mid-1950s applies to Indians who are Hindus (which includes Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Parsees), as well as to Indian Christians and Jews.[5][27]
Current status[edit]
The 7th schedule of Indian constitution places religious institutions, charities and trusts into so-called Concurrent List, which means that both the central government of India, and various state governments in India can make their own laws about religious institutions, charities and trusts. If there is a conflict between central government enacted law and state government law, then the central government law prevails. This principle of overlap, rather than separation of religion and state in India was further recognised in a series of constitutional amendments starting with Article 290 in 1956, to the addition of word ‘secular’ to the Preamble of Indian Constitution in 1975.[5][3]
Buddhist monks at the Sera Monastery during a festival. The monastery was granted asylum by India and relocated to Mysore after the Chinese invasion of Tibet.
The overlap of religion and state, through Concurrent List structure, has given various religions in India, state support to religious schools and personal laws. This state intervention while resonant with the dictates of each religion, are unequal and conflicting. For example, a 1951 Religious and Charitable Endowment Indian law allows state governments to forcibly take over, own and operate Hindu temples,[28] and collect revenue from offerings and redistribute that revenue to any non-temple purposes including maintenance of religious institutions opposed to the temple;[29][30] Indian law also allows Islamic religious schools to receive partial financial support from state and central government of India, to offer religious indoctrination, if the school agrees that the student has an option to opt out from religious indoctrination if he or she so asks, and that the school will not discriminate any student based on religion, race or other grounds. Educational institutions wholly owned and operated by government may not impart religious indoctrination, but religious sects and endowments may open their own school, impart religious indoctrination and have a right to partial state financial assistance.[3]
In matters of personal law, such as acceptable age of marriage for girls, female circumcision, polygamy, divorce and inheritance, Indian law permits each religious group to implement their religious law if the religion so dictates, otherwise the state laws apply. In terms of religions of India with significant populations, only Islam has religious laws in form of sharia which India allows as Muslim Personal Law.[31]
Secularism in India, thus, does not mean separation of religion from state. Instead, secularism in India means a state that is neutral to all religious groups. Religious laws in personal domain, particularly for Muslim Indians, supersede parliamentary laws in India; and currently, in some situations such as religious indoctrination schools the state partially finances certain religious schools. These differences have led a number of scholars[8][32][33] to declare that India is not a secular state, as the word secularism is widely understood in the West and elsewhere; rather it is a strategy for political goals in a nation with a complex history, and one that achieves the opposite of its stated intentions.
Comparison with Western secularism[edit]
In the West, the word secular implies three things: freedom of religion, equal citizenship to each citizen regardless of his or her religion, and the separation of religion and state.[26] One of the core principles in the constitution of Western democracies has been this separation, with the state asserting its political authority in matters of law, while accepting every individual’s right to pursue his or her own religion and the right of religion to shape its own concepts of spirituality. Everyone is equal under law, and subject to the same laws irrespective of his or her religion, in the West.
In contrast, in India, the word secular does not imply separation of religion and state. It means equal treatment of all religions.[26][34] Religion in India continues to assert its political authority in matters of personal law. The applicable personal law differ if an individual’s religion is Christianity, or Hindu. The term secularism in India also differs from the French concept for secularity, namely laïcité.[35] While the French concept demands absence of governmental institutions in religion, as well as absence of religion in governmental institutions and schools; the Indian concept, in contrast, provides financial support to religious schools and accepts religious law over governmental institutions. The Indian structure has created incentives for various religious denominations to start and maintain schools, impart religious education, and receive partial but significant financial support from the Indian government. Similarly, Indian government financially supports, regulates and administers the historic Hindu temples, Buddhist monasteries, and certain Christian religious institutions; this direct Indian government involvement in various religions is markedly different from Western secularism.[8][36]
Issues[edit]
Indian concept of secularism, where religious laws supersede state laws and the state is expected to even-handedly involve itself in religion, is a controversial subject.[5][7][32] Any attempts and demand by the Indian populace to a uniform civil code is considered a threat to right to religious personal laws by Indian Muslims.[3][4]
Shah Bano case[edit]
Main article: Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum
In 1978, the Shah Bano case brought the secularism debate along with a demand for uniform civil code in India to the forefront.[7][9]
Shah Bano was a 62-year-old Muslim Indian who was divorced by her husband of 44 years in 1978. Indian Muslim Personal Law required her husband to pay no alimony. Shah Bano sued for regular maintenance payments under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1978.[9] Shah Bano won her case, as well appeals to the highest court. Along with alimony, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India wrote in his opinion just how unfairly Islamic personal laws treated women and thus how necessary it was for the nation to adopt a Uniform Civil Code. The Chief Justice further ruled that no authoritative text of Islam forbade the payment of regular maintenance to ex-wives.[7][31]
The Shah Bano ruling immediately triggered a controversy and mass demonstrations by Muslim men. The Islamic Clergy and the Muslim Personal Law Board of India, argued against the ruling.[31] Shortly after the Supreme Court’s ruling, the Indian government with Rajiv Gandhi as Prime Minister,[37] enacted a new law which deprived all Muslim women, and only Muslim women, of the right of maintenance guaranteed to women of Hindu, Christian, Parsees, Jews and other religions. Indian Muslims consider the new 1986 law, which selectively exempts them from maintenance payment to ex-wife because of their religion, as secular because it respects Muslim men’s religious rights and recognises that they are culturally different from Indian men and women of other religions. Muslim opponents argue that any attempt to introduce Uniform Civil Code, that is equal laws for every human being independent of his or her religion, would reflect majoritarian Hindu sensibilities and ideals.[7][38]
Islamic feminists[edit]
The controversy is not limited to Hindu versus Muslim populations in India. The Islamic feminists movement in India, for example, claim[39] that the issue with Muslim Personal Law in India is a historic and ongoing misinterpretation of the Quran. The feminists claim that the Quran grants Muslim women rights that in practice are routinely denied to them by male Muslim ulema in India. They claim that the ‘patriarchal’ interpretations of the Quran on the illiterate Muslim Indian masses is abusive, and they demand that they have a right to read the Quran for themselves and interpret it in a woman-friendly way.[citation needed]India has no legal mechanism to accept or enforce the demands of these Islamic feminists over religious law.[citation needed]
Women’s rights[edit]
Some religious rights granted by Indian concept of secularism, which are claimed as abusive against Indian women, include child marriage,[4] polygamy, unequal inheritance rights of women and men, extrajudicial unilateral divorce rights of Muslim man that are not allowed to a Muslim woman, and subjective nature of shariat courts, ‘‘jamaats’’, ‘‘dar-ul quzat’’ and religious qazis who preside over Islamic family law matters.[5][6]
Goa[edit]
Goa is the only state in India which has Uniform Civil Code.The Goa Civil Code, also called the Goa Family Law, is the set of civil laws that governs the residents of the Indian state of Goa. In India, as a whole, there are religion-specific civil codes that separately govern adherents of different religions. Goa is an exception to that rule, in that a single secular code/law governs all Goans, irrespective of religion, ethnicity or linguistic affiliation.
Article 25(2)(b)[edit]
Article 25(2)(b) of the Indian constitution clubs Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains along with Hindus, a position contested by some of these community leaders.[40]
Views[edit]
A Hindu temple in Jaipur, India merging the traditional tiered tower of Hinduism, the pyramid stupa of Buddhism and the dome of Islam. The marble sides are carved with figures of Hindu deities, as well as Christian Saints and Jesus Christ.
Writing in the Wall Street Journal, Sadanand Dhume criticises Indian "Secularism" as a fraud and a failure, since it isn't really "secularism" as it is understood in the western world (as separation of religion and state) but more along the lines of religious appeasement. He writes that the flawed understanding of secularism among India's left wing intelligentsia has led Indian politicians to pander to religious leaders and preachers including Zakir Naik, and has led India to take a soft stand against Islamic terrorism, religious militancy and communal disharmony in general.[10]
Historian Ronald Inden writes:[41]
“ Nehru's India was supposed to be committed to 'secularism'. The idea here in its weaker publicly reiterated form was that the government would not interfere in 'personal' religious matters and would create circumstances in which people of all religions could live in harmony. The idea in its stronger, unofficially stated form was that in order to modernise, India would have to set aside centuries of traditional religious ignorance and superstition and eventually eliminate Hinduism and Islam from people's lives altogether. After Independence, governments implemented secularism mostly by refusing to recognise the religious pasts of Indian nationalism, whether Hindu or Muslim, and at the same time (inconsistently) by retaining Muslim 'personal law' .[41] ”
Amartya Sen, the Indian Nobel Laureate, suggests[42] that secularism in the political – as opposed to ecclesiastical – sense requires the separation of the state from any particular religious order. This, claims Sen, can be interpreted in at least two different ways: The first view argues the state be equidistant from all religions – refusing to take sides and having a neutral attitude towards them. The second view insists that the state must not have any relation at all with any religion. In both interpretations, secularism goes against giving any religion a privileged position in the activities of the state. Sen argues that the first form is more suited to India, where there is no demand that the state stay clear of any association with any religious matter whatsoever. Rather what is needed is to make sure that in so far as the state has to deal with different religions and members of different religious communities, there must be a basic symmetry of treatment. Sen does not claim that modern India is symmetric in its treatment or offer any views of whether acceptance of sharia in matters such as child marriage is equivalent to having a neutral attitude towards a religion. Critics of Sen claim that secularism as practised in India is not the secularism of first or second variety Sen enumerates.[43]
Author Taslima Nasreen sees Indian secularists as pseudo secularist, accusing them of being biased towards Muslims saying, "Most secular people are pro-Muslims and anti-Hindu. They protest against the acts of Hindu fundamentalists and defend the heinous acts of Muslim fundamentalists". She also said that most Indian politicians appease Muslims which leads to anger among Hindus.[44]
Pakistani columnist Farman Nawaz in his article "Why Indian Muslim Ullema are not popular in Pakistan?" states "Maulana Arshad Madani stated that seventy years ago the cause of division of India was sectarianism and if today again the same temptation will raise its head then results will be the same. Maulana Arshad Madani considers secularism inevitable for the unity of India". Maulana Arshad Madani is a stanch critic of sectarianism in India. He is of the opinion that India was divided in 1947 because of sectarianism. He suggests secularism inevitable for the solidarity and integrity of India.[45]
See also[edit]
Freedom of religion in India
Indian Humanist Union
Irreligion in India
Pseudo-secularism
Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976". Government of India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
Jump up ^ ""A skewed secularism?" by Christophe Jaffrelot". Retrieved 27 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Rajagopalan (2002), "Secularism in India", in Editor: William Safran, The Secular and the Sacred - Nation, Religion and Politics, Chapter 13, ISBN 978-0714683010
^ Jump up to: a b c Muslim groups want minimum marital age scrapped M.G. Radhakrishnan, India Today (22 September 2013)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Gerald James Larson (2001), Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-33990-1
^ Jump up to: a b Zoya Hasan and Ritu Menon (2005), The Diversity of Muslim Women's Lives in India, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0-8135-3703-0, pp 26-45, 59-64, 92-119
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Craig Duncan, Shah Bano: The Dilemma of Religious Liberty and Sex Equality, Cornell University, Ithaca, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c DD Acevedo (2013), Secularism in the Indian Context, Law & Social Inquiry, Volume 38, Issue 1, pp 138-167
^ Jump up to: a b c John H. Mansfield, "The Personal Laws or a Uniform Civil Code?" in Robert D. Baird, ed., Religion and Law in Independent India (Manohar Press, 1993), pp. 139-177
^ Jump up to: a b c Dhume, Sadanand (20 June 2010). "The Trouble with Dr. Zakir Naik". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f A.V. Thomas, Christians in Secular India, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 978-0838610213, pp 26-27
Jump up ^ Pia Brancaccio, The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: The Impact of the Laity, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 30, Supplement 1, (2000), pp. 41-50
Jump up ^ Owen, L. (2012). Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora (Vol. 41). Brill, The Netherlands
Jump up ^ Ellora Caves UNESCO, World Heritage List (1983)
Jump up ^ Brockman, N. (2011), Encyclopedia of sacred places; 2nd Edition; see entries for Ajanta, Ellora and other sacred places of India, ISBN 978-1598846553
Jump up ^ A.L. Basham, The Wonder that was India, Grove Press, New York (1959); page 53-132
Jump up ^ Makarand Paranjape (2009), Altered Destinations: Self, Society, and Nation in India, London, Anthem Press South Asian Studies, ISBN 978-1-84331-797-5, pp 150-152
Jump up ^ See "Mughal Empire." Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments. Vol. 1. Detroit; Gale, 2008
Jump up ^ Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993
Jump up ^ Domenic Marbaniang, Secularism in India, 2005 as cited by Shiv Shankar Das in "Buddha Dharma, Secular Laws and Bahujan Politics in Uttar Pradesh," Madhya Pradesh Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.19. No.1, June 2014, p.121
Jump up ^ Duncan and Derrett (1968), Religion, Law and the State in India, Free Press, New York
Jump up ^ Nandini Chatterjee, The Making of Indian Secularism: Empire, Law and Christianity Macmillan, ISBN 9780230220058
Jump up ^ The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 Universal Law Publishing, New Delhi; pp 3-7
Jump up ^ THE MUSLIM PERSONAL LAW (SHARIAT) APPLICATION ACT, 1937 ACT No. 26 OF 1937, Government of India
Jump up ^ Shashi Tharoor, "The Partition: The British game of 'divide and rule'"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Donald E Smith (2011), India as a Secular State, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781178595253
Jump up ^ Chandra Mallampalli, Christians and Public Life in Colonial India: Contending with Marginality (London, 2004)
Jump up ^ KN Kumari (1998), History of the Hindu Religious Endowments in Andhra Pradesh, Northern Books, ISBN 978-8172110857
Jump up ^ Presler, F. A. (1983). The structure and consequences of temple policy in Tamil Nadu, 1967-81. Pacific Affairs, 56(2), 232-246
Jump up ^ Results of billion dollar treasure hunt in Hindu temple to be revealed Gene Koprowski, Fox News (2 October 2012)
^ Jump up to: a b c Laura Jenkins, Shah Bano: Muslim Women’s Rights, University of Cincinnati, Ohio (2000)
^ Jump up to: a b Madan, T. N. (1987), Secularism in Its Place, Journal of Asian Studies, 46 (4): 747–759
Jump up ^ Nandy A, A Billion Gandhis, Outlook India, 21 June 2004
Jump up ^ Secularism in India Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. R. A. Jahagirdar, IHEU (11 May 2003)
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hurd (2008), The Politics of Secularism in International Relations, Princeton University Press
Jump up ^ Gary Jacobsohn, The Wheel of Law: India’s Secularism in Comparative Constitutional Context, Princeton University Press, 2005
Jump up ^ Thomas R. Metcalf (2002). A concise history of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3. Rajiv Gandhi cared little about the Shah Bano case himself, and no doubt would have preferred a common civil code; nevertheless he saw in the opposition to this supreme court decision a heaven-sent opportunity to draw Minority voters to the Congress cause.
Jump up ^ Kirti Singh, "Obstacles to Women’s Rights in India," in Rebecca J. Cook, ed. Human Rights of Women: National and International Perspectives (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), pp. 375-396
Jump up ^ Sylvia Vatuk, Islamic Feminism in India: Indian Muslim Women Activists and the Reform of Muslim Personal Law, Modern Asian Studies, Volume 42, Issue 2-3, March 2008, pp 489-518
Jump up ^ "Obama Affirms Indian Constitution's Article 25 Over Objections of South Asian Americans". Sikh Siyasat News. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Imagining India, by Ronald Inden. Indiana University Press. 2000. p.xii.
Jump up ^ Amartya Sen (2006), The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity; ISBN 978-0312426026; Picador
Jump up ^ Minhaz Merchant, Amartya Sen and the ayatollahs of secularism – part 3, The Times of India, 24 July 2013
Jump up ^ "Indian writers guilty of double standards when it comes to dissent: Taslima Nasrin". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Farman Nawaz. "Why Indian Muslim Ullema are not popular in Pakistan?". The Pashtun Times.
Further reading[edit]
"Seventy Years of Secularism: Unpopular Essays on the Unofficial Political Religion of India" by Sandeep Balakrishna, Kindle Edition
"A Secular Agenda - For Strengthening Our Country,For Welding It" by Arun Shourie, Publisher: Rupa & Co, Language : English
G.J. Larson, Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0253214805
"Indian Controversies: Essays on Religion in Politics" by Arun Shourie, Publishers: Rupa & Co, South Asia Books, A S A Publications, Language: English
"India's secularism: new name for national subversion", original in Hindi by Sita Ram Goel, translated into English by Yashpal Sharma, Publisher: Voice of India
"Muslim politics in Secular India" by Hamid Umar Dalwai, Publisher: Hind Pocket Books, Language:English
Vivek Swaroop Sharma (2016). "Secularism and Religious Violence in Hinduism and Islam" in Economic and Political Weekly 51 (18), pp. 19–21. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299526439_Secularism_and_Religious_Violence_in_Hinduism_and_Islam.
Vivek Swaroop Sharma (2015). "The Myth of a Liberal India" in The National Interest 140 pp. 66–71. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283016715_The_Myth_of_a_Liberal_India.
Ratna Kapur and Brenda Cossman, Secularism's Last Sigh? Hindutva and the (Mis)Rule of Law (Oxford University Press, 2001 reprint)
M.M. Sankhdher: Secularism in India. Dilemmas and Challenges. 1992.
External links[edit]
India: Secularism and Freedom of Religion University of Vermont, United States
Legalizing Religion: Indian Supreme Court and Secularism Ronojoy Sen, University of Hawaii
India as a Secular State Donald E Smith, Read Online version, Princeton University Press - provides a pre-1963 historical Indian perspective on secularism
Republic of India - Legal systems, constitutional history and secularism Emory Law School, Atlanta
Secularism In India : History, Implications and Alternatives
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Windows Movie Maker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Windows Movie Maker
Windows Movie Maker on Windows 10
Developer(s)
Microsoft
Initial release
September 14, 2000; 17 years ago (2000-09-14)
Stable release
2012 (v16.4.3528.0331) (April 17, 2014; 3 years ago (2014-04-17)) [±]
Development status
Discontinued
Operating system
Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10[1]
Included with
Windows ME, Windows XP, Windows Vista[1]
Platform
IA-32 and x64[2]
Available in
64 languages[3]
Type
Video editing software
License
Freeware
Website
windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-live/movie-maker
Windows Movie Maker (formerly known as Windows Live Movie Maker[4] in Windows 7) is a discontinued video editing software by Microsoft. It is a part of Windows Essentials software suite and offers the ability to create and edit videos as well as to publish them on OneDrive, Facebook, Vimeo, YouTube, and Flickr.
Movie Maker was officially discontinued in January 10, 2017 and it was replaced by Windows Story Remix in late 2017.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Initial releases
1.2 Windows Vista
1.3 Windows Live
1.4 2012
2 Discontinuation
3 Layout
3.1 Importing footage
3.2 Editing and output
3.3 Effects and transitions
4 Reception and criticism
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Initial releases[edit]
The first release of Windows Movie Maker was included with Windows ME in 2000.
Version 1.1 was included in Windows XP a year later, and included support for creating DV AVI and WMV 8 files. Version 2.0 was released as a free update in November 2002, and added a number of new features. Version 2.1, a minor update, is included in Windows XP Service Pack 2. The Movie Maker in Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 had more transitions and support for DVD burning.
Windows Vista[edit]
The next version of Movie Maker was released as part of Windows Vista and – like most Windows components – reported version number 6.0.6000, same as Windows Vista itself. It included new effects and transitions, support for playback on the Xbox 360,[6] and support for the DVR-MS file format that Windows Media Centre records television in. The HD version in Premium and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista also added support for capturing from HDV camcorders. The capture wizard also created DVR-MS type files from HDV tapes. However, the Windows Vista version of Windows Movie Maker removed support for importing video from an analog video source such as an analog camcorder, VCR or from a webcam.[7]
As some older systems might not be able to run the new version of Windows Movie Maker, Microsoft also released an updated older version 2.6 for Windows Vista on Microsoft Download Centre. This version included the old effects and transitions, and is basically the same as Windows Movie Maker 2.1, but without the ability to capture video. Installation requires Windows Vista and is only intended for use on computers where the hardware accelerated version cannot be run.[8]
A Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) version of Windows Movie Maker was also included in some development builds of Vista (at the time codenamed "Longhorn"), but was removed in the development reset in August 2004.[9] After the development reset, the interface for the WPF-based Windows Movie Maker was retained in Windows Vista.
Windows Live[edit]
A new version of the software, renamed Windows Live Movie Maker 2009, was released as a beta on September 17, 2008, and officially released as a standalone product through Windows Live Essentials suite on August 19, 2009. This was effectively a completely new software, as it could not read projects created by earlier versions and did not support custom XML transitions written for the previous versions. In addition, a great many features were removed.
Also, Movie Maker's interface was redesigned in the Windows Live version to use a ribbon toolbar similar to Office 2007; it also added features such as "Auto Movie" and the ability to export videos directly to DVDs and YouTube.[10] Certain advanced features were also removed from the software, such as image stabilisation and the ability to record voice-overs.[11]
Movie Maker 2009 supported both Windows Vista and Windows 7. As the previous version of Windows Movie Maker was no longer included with the operating system, the only way to obtain Movie Maker on Windows 7 and later was through the Windows Live Essentials suite,[4][12] although some manufacturers pre-installed the application on new PCs.
An updated version, Windows Live Movie Maker 2011, was released on August 17, 2010, adding features such as webcam capture, support for high-definition video, the ability to upload videos directly to SkyDrive and Facebook, and the ability to add media files stored on network shares to projects.[11]
2012[edit]
With the discontinuation of the Windows Live brand (and the re-branding of the Windows Live suite as Windows Essentials), Windows Movie Maker 2012 was released in April 2012. Support for recording voice-overs was restored, along with an audio mixer and integration with several free stock music services. H.264/MP4 became the default export format (replacing Windows Media Video, but still can be used), support for uploading to Vimeo was introduced, and hardware accelerated video stabilisation was also added as an exclusive feature for Windows 8 users.[13]
Discontinuation[edit]
Movie Maker was officially removed for download on January 10, 2017. Like other Windows Essentials apps, Movie Maker is now replaced by Story Remix, which arrived in Windows 10 Fall Creators Update.[5]
Layout[edit]
The layout consists of a storyboard view and a timeline view, collections for organizing imported video, and a preview pane. When in Storyboard view, the video project appears as a film strip showing each scene in clips. The storyboard/timeline consists of one 'Video' (with accompanying 'Audio' bar), one 'Music/Audio' bar, and one 'Titles/Credits' bar. In each bar, clips can be added for editing (e.g., a .WAV music file will belong on the 'Music/Audio' bar). Still images can also be imported into the timeline and "stretched" to any desired number of frames. The Video and Music/Audio bars can be "cut" to any number of short segments, which will play together seamlessly, but the individual segments are isolated editing-wise, so that for example, the music volume can be lowered for just a few seconds while someone is speaking.
Importing footage[edit]
When importing footage into the program, a user can either choose to Capture Video (from camera, scanner or other device) or Import into Collections to import existing video files into the user's collections. The accepted formats for import are .WMV/.ASF, .MPG (MPEG-1), .AVI (DV-AVI), .WMA, .WAV, and .MP3. Additionally, the Windows Vista Home Premium and Ultimate editions of Movie Maker support importing MPEG-2 Program streams and DVR-MS formats.[14] Importing of other container formats such as MP4/3GP, FLV and MOV, and AAC are also supported if the necessary codecs are installed and the system is running Windows 7 or later.[15]
In the Windows XP version, import and real-time capture of video from an analog source such as a VCR, tape-based analog camcorder or webcam is possible. This feature is based on Windows Image Acquisition. Video support in Windows Image Acquisition was removed in Windows Vista, as a result importing analog footage in Windows Movie Maker is no longer possible.[16]
When importing from a DV tape, if the "Make Clips on Completion" option is selected, Windows Movie Maker automatically flags the commencement of each scene, so that the tape appears on the editing screen as a collection of short clips, rather than one long recording. That is, at each point where the "Record" button was pressed, a new "clip" is generated, although the actual recording on the hard drive is still one continuous file. This feature is also offered after importing files already on the hard drive. In the Windows Vista version, the "Make clips on completion" option has been removed — the clips are now automatically created during the capture process.
The efficiency of the importing and editing process is heavily dependent on the amount of file fragmentation of the hard disk. The most reliable results can be obtained by adding an extra hard disk dedicated for scratch space, and regularly re-formatting/defragmenting it, rather than simply deleting the files at the end of the project. Fragmented AVI files result in jerky playback on the editing screen, and make the final rendering process much longer.
Although it is possible to import digital video from cameras through the USB interface, most older cameras only support USB version 1 and the results tend to be poor — "sub VHS" — quality. Newer cameras using USB 2.0 give much better results. A FireWire interface camera will allow recording and playback of images identical in quality to the original recordings if the video is imported and subsequently saved as DV AVI files, although this consumes disk space at about 1 gigabyte every five minutes (12 GB/Hr). Alternatively, most DV cameras allow the final AVI file to be recorded back onto the camera tape for high quality playback. Some standalone DVD recorders will also directly accept DV inputs from video cameras and computers.
Editing and output[edit]
After capture, any clip can be dragged and dropped anywhere on the timeline. Once on the timeline, clips can be duplicated, split, repositioned or edited. An AutoMovie feature offers predefined editing styles (titles, effects and transitions) for quickly creating movies.
The original camera file on the hard drive is not modified; the project file is just a list of instructions for reproducing a final output video file from the original file. Thus, several different versions of the same video can be simultaneously made from the original camera footage.
Earlier versions of Windows Movie Maker could only export video in Windows Media Video or DV AVI formats.[17] It includes some predefined profiles, but users can also create custom profiles.[18] Windows XP Media Centre Edition bundled Sonic DVD Burning engine, licensed from Sonic Solutions, allowing video editors to burn their project in DVD-Video format on a DVD. In Windows Vista, Windows Movie Maker passes the video project to Windows DVD Maker.
Windows Movie Maker 2012 introduced the default ability to export in H.264 MP4 format.
Video can be exported back to the video camera if supported by the camera. Movie Maker also allows users to publish a finished video on video hosting websites.
Windows Movie Maker can also be used to edit and publish audio tracks. If no video or image is present, Movie Maker allows exporting the sound clips in Windows Media Audio format.
Effects and transitions[edit]
Windows Movie Maker supports a large variety of titles, effects and transitions.
Titles are animated text screens, normally placed at the beginning or end of the movie, but can also be placed over video clips. Titles and credits can be added as stand alone titles or overlaying them on the clip by adding them onto the selected clip. Titles range from static (non-animated) titles to fly in, fading, news banner, or spinning newspaper animations. They can also be placed on video clips to create sub-titles.
Transitions affect how one video clips flows into another. Examples include fade and dissolve, but many more spectacular transitions are available.
Effects alter how a video clip appears. Example include allowing control of brightness, contrast or hue, but other more dramatic effects are available, such as giving an 'old time' flickering black and white feel.
Versions 2.x included in Windows XP includes 60 transitions, 37 effects, 34 title and 9 credits animations. The Windows Vista version includes a different set of transitions, effects and title/credits animations while dropping a few older ones. There are in all 49 effects and 63 transitions. They are applied by using a drag and drop interface from the effects or transitions folders.
Early versions (V2 onwards) of Windows Movie Maker had a flexible interface so programming custom effects and other content were possible via XML. The Windows Vista version supports Direct3D-based effects. Microsoft also provides SDK documentation for custom effects and transitions.[19] Since the effects are XML based, users could create and add custom effects and transitions of their own with XML knowledge.
Many custom transitions were commercially available and created additional features such as picture-in-picture.
Windows Movie Maker V6 did not support customisations to effects and transitions in the same way as V2.x and so many customisations had to be re-written. Versions after V6 do not support custom transitions and effects at all.
Reception and criticism[edit]
Movie Maker 1.0, introduced with Windows Me, was widely criticised for being "bare bones"[20] and suffering "a woeful lack of features";[21] and saving movies only in Microsoft's ASF file format.[22] Critical reception of versions 2.0 and 2.6 has been slightly more positive.[21]
Many longstanding users were disappointed by the removal of so many features in the effective re-writing of the software in Live Movie Maker 2009. Some of those features (such as visualisation of the audio levels) have subsequently been re-added.
In June 2008, a memo purportedly by Bill Gates from January 2003 was circulated on the Internet in which he heavily criticized the downloading process for Movie Maker at the time.[23] The memo was originally made available online as part of the plaintiffs' evidence in Comes v. Microsoft Corp., an antitrust class-action suit, and was submitted as evidence in that case on January 16, 2007.[24]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Get Movie Maker - Microsoft Windows". Windows.microsoft.com. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Windows Essentials 2012 system requirements". Windows Essentials portal. Microsoft. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Windows Essentials: Worldwide Downloads". Windows Essentials portal. Microsoft. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Getting ready for Windows Live Wave 3". Chris Overd. LiveSide.net. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b The Verge (May 11, 2017). "Microsoft's Story Remix app is Windows Movie Maker on steroids". Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Microsoft. "Explore the features: Windows Movie Maker and Movie Maker HD". Archived from the original on August 3, 1987. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Windows Movie Maker no longer supports analog capture or webcam capture". Windowshelp.microsoft.com. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Windows Movie Maker 2.6 for Vista". Download Centre. Microsoft. April 6, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ ""Longhorn" Professional Build 4093". Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Windows Live Movie Maker: Awesome Slideshows Made Simple". PC World. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Windows Live Movie Maker 2011 review". PC Magazine. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Windows Live Wave 3: Microsoft's kinder and simpler consumer services strategy?". ZDNet. November 12, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Windows 8 Brings Video Stabilisation to Movie Maker". PC Magazine. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Movie Maker Vista File Format Support". Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Windows Movie Maker FAQ (File Types)". Retrieved July 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Problems importing files into Windows Movie Maker". Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "What kind of files can I use in Movie Maker? - Windows Help". Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Create custom movie settings for Windows Movie Maker". Windows Vista Help. Microsoft. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Windows Movie Maker and Windows DVD Maker SDK
Jump up ^ The 20 Worst Windows Features of All Time, PC World
^ Jump up to: a b Microsoft Windows Movie Maker HD review, TechRadar
Jump up ^ Windows Millennium Edition, PC World
Jump up ^ An epic Bill Gates e-mail rant, Seattle P-I
Jump up ^ "Full text: An epic Bill Gates e-mail rant". June 24, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Windows Movie Maker
Official website
Creating Custom Effects and Transitions MSDN Article (covers writing XML scripts)
Windows Movie Maker at the Wayback Machine (archived June 19, 2004)

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Red Coat (Pretty Little Liars)
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Red Coat
Pretty Little Liars character
Red Coat overlooking the grave robbing in "Dead to Me".
First appearance
"UnmAsked"
Last appearance
"The Gloves Are On"
Created by
I. Marlene King
Portrayed by
Sasha Pieterse
Vanessa Ray
Dre Davis
CC Mason (double)
Information
Nickname(s)
A (Charlotte/Sara)
The Black Widow (Sara)
Aliases
Vivian Darkbloom
Gender
Female
Occupation
A (Charlotte/Sara)
Hiding from A (Alison)
Helping the Liars (Alison)
Stalking (Charlotte/Sara)
Blackmail (Charlotte)
Seasons
2 • 3 • 4 • 6
Status
Alive (Alison)
Deceased (Charlotte, Sara)
Residence
Rosewood, Pennsylvania
Real name
Alison DiLaurentis
Charlotte Drake
Sara Harvey
Red Coat is a fictional character on the television show Pretty Little Liars, which was adapted from the book series of same name. Introduced during the second-season finale, she became the primary antagonist of the third and fourth seasons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Unmasking
2.1 Exegesis: summary of episode "Game Over, Charles"
3 Reception
4 Red Coat's appearances
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
In the second-season finale "UnmAsked", the first "A" is revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal, who wanted revenge on the Liars for not preventing Alison's bullying and slowly distancing Hanna away from her. During a fight with Spencer, Mona ends up falling off a cliff and is then found by the authorities and admitted to the Radley Sanitarium, a local psychiatric hospital. During the final scene of the episode, a nurse comes in to alert Mona that she has a visitor and someone walks inside her room in what it looks like a red trench coat, appearing to be the same one worn by Alison DiLaurentis in her Vivian Darkbloom disguise. Mona proceeds to tell the unseen visitor that she did everything they asked her to.
In the third season, we see Red Coat purchasing hoodies for the team she is building, and later the Liars begin catching glimpses of her. Hanna sees the mysterious figure watching her outside a boutique, Emily remembers her in a flashback to the night she and Mona kidnapped her, Spencer notices her on a date with Wren and Aria catches her at a morgue. All four girls see two specific details in regards to her physical features: a red trench coat with blonde curly hair hanging out. Emily suspects that Red Coat is the one in charge of the "A-Team" and they hatch a plan to catch her. Spencer having joined the "A-Team" at the time to look for clues on Toby, who was briefly on the team before inexplicably disappearing, finds out that he is alive and a double agent who intends to help the girls. Spencer gives Mona and Red Coat the idea to throw a party at the Thornhill Lodge, where Red Coat can meet the girls in person. Mona and Red Coat agree with the idea. Red Coat flies in on a plane and Toby and Spencer go outside to catch her. As the other Liars corner Mona inside, someone sets fire to the lodge. Toby goes to follow a flashlight in the woods and Spencer follows Red Coat, who gets off the plane and heads into the woods. Aria, Emily, Hanna and Mona fall unconscious due to the flames and smoke, but Hanna is pulled out by Red Coat and she looks up to see Alison DiLaurentis. As the girls all gather outside, Mona says she also saw Alison and Spencer believes she did too. However, Mona proceeds to admit that she doesn't know the accurate identity of Red Coat because the anonymous entity always wore a mask.
In the fourth season, Red Coat continues to play the game. The disguise is briefly abandoned, after the Red Coat who flew into the Lodge burned her coat and mask in the Lodge fire, but Red Coat returns mid-season and films a video of herself in an Emily mask. She then begins sneaking under the DiLaurentis home and surveilling the residence. Toby and Caleb begin looking for clues on her identity and discover that CeCe Drake is the one who set up the flight plan for Red Coat to go to the Lodge. The Liars hunt for CeCe but with no luck. In "Bring Down the Hoe," she returns and is seen in a room filled with photos of Alison and a red coat laying on a chair. Red Coat shows up to the Rosewood High Hoedown and Spencer and Emily manage to take her coat. They discover that the coat is missing the same button which they found earlier underneath the DiLaurentis house. Meanwhile, CeCe lurks outside Ezra's apparent in the same attire that Red Coat wears but now in a black hoodie.
Unmasking[edit]
The third Red Coat unmasked.
In the fourth season's mid-season finale "Now You See Me, Now You Don't", the Liars head to Ravenswood to look for Red Coat. While there, Red Coat kidnaps Emily and locks her in a coffin on a Sawmill. The Liars witness Red Coat heading to that Sawmill and chase her inside, where she actually stops the saw and another Red Coat, donning a mask of Alison's face, appears on the stairwell, revealing that two people have been sporting the disguise all along. Spencer follows the "good" one, while Aria fights and unmasks the other figure as CeCe Drake. The Liars manage to catch the "good" Red Coat near the ending of "Grave New World", who reveals herself as an alive Alison. During "EscApe from New York", Ali claims that she asked CeCe to wear the disguise to distract "Big A". It is later revealed this was all a ruse, given that CeCe actually was the Red Coat who stole the game from Mona and wore the disguise during her schemes until she was caught in it. In "Game Over, Charles", the Liars learn there was a third Red Coat who posed as a decoy to CeCe and used the infamous disguise to distract the Liars whenever she couldn't. The third Red Coat is revealed to be Sara Harvey.
Exegesis: summary of episode "Game Over, Charles"[edit]
Big "A" kidnaps Alison from the Rosewood High senior prom and takes her to Radley, where their dad and brother are also there, unconscious. With Mona's aid, the Liars figure out that "A's" phone server is located at the Carissimi Group's building and along with Sara make their way over there. They manage to break into a secret room hidden in the wall of an empty storage room. The Liars and Mona go inside but Sara suspiciously leaves them behind, just as the door closes.
A holographic monitor comes on and the Liars get a glimpse of a live feed that shows Alison in a room, talking to "A". "A" turns around and is revealed to be CeCe Drake, who reveals that she was born as Charles before transitioning into Charlotte.
While Charlotte is telling her story, the Liars are alerted to a motion sensor in another room. The camera manages to detect another Red Coat, who is setting up a bomb for Charlotte to blow up Radley with her family alongside herself.
Charlotte mentions that she kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat watching the girls and deduced the mysterious entity was Alison. So in order to find out, Charlotte organized the lodge party at Thornhill to trap the girls and lure Alison out of hiding, since she knew her sister would only show up if her friends were in grave danger. Charlotte sent Sara Harvey to distract the Liars and maintain Mona occupied, further explaining that she was a decoy whenever she "needed her to be". Nigel Wright was paid to fake a flight plan to Delaware by Charlotte but the plane actually made its way to the lodge since Sara landed it in a nearby field despite the fog in the area. Shana Fring also showed up with Jenna Marshall to find out if the Liars were going to meet Alison at the request of Melissa Hastings, since she too had her own suspicions. However, both plans went awry and while Jenna wasn't noticing, Shana set fire to the lodge since she grew a hatred towards the Liars for blinding Jenna as she later admits to in "EscApe from New York". Sara managed to rescue Aria, Emily and Mona while Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna, giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was indeed alive. Knowing that Wilden would never let Alison return and tell her story, Charlotte went to the lake and killed him, dumping his car and body in the middle of town. She then sent Sara dressed as the mysterious woman in a black veil to attend his funeral and ensure he was deceased. The Liars are shocked about this revelation, but Hanna tells Emily that Charlotte is just messing with her. However, Spencer realizes that the authorities haven't arrived to Radley because Sara must've pretended to dial them.
The Liars manage to break out of the room and head over to Radley, where they come upon Sara in the hallway. She orders them to leave as she turns on the bomb for Charlotte, but they manage to subdue her and give Spencer enough time to stop the bomb. Alison quickly arrives and tells them that Charlotte has headed to the roof and begs them to help her surrender. Sara tries to escape but Emily grabs her by the hood of her trench coat and angrily punches her in the face for betraying her trust. They chase Charlotte and persuade her not to commit suicide. She instead declares an ending to her reign as A. At the end of the episode, Emily mentions that Sara is getting released from the local town's hospital and Alison states that what happened to her that night wasn't their fault. Nonetheless, Spencer discloses to Caleb during "The Gloves Are On" that after Emily punched Sara, she got back up but accidentally put her hand on some electrical cords, which began electrocuting her body, as the Liars watched in horror. This led to Sara being unable to use her hands since she lost her palpable abilities.
Reception[edit]
The reveal of Alison possibly being alive and Red Coat in "A DAngerous GAme" was met with mixed reviews, with many expressing joy over this, while others were disappointed in not receiving a definite answer to Red Coat's identity. The reveal that there were two active Red Coats was generally met with positive reviews, with many praising the reveal that Alison was alive in the episode "Grave New World" as one of the best moments of the series.
The reveal of the third Red Coat received mostly negative reviews, with many feeling discomfort over Sara being officially introduced so late into the series. However, Entertainment Weekly's Isabella Biedenharn deemed the best moment of "Game Over, Charles" the scene where Emily punches Sara in the face for her betrayal.[1]
Red Coat's appearances[edit]
There has often been confusion amongst fans as to who was who at what time in the series, due to the fact that there were three of them. Some of the appearances have been cleared up by the writers or the series.
Charlotte visited Mona in "UnmAsked", but was wearing a red bathrobe.[2]
Charlotte was the one who bought black hoodies and gloves in "Blood Is the New Black".[3]
Alison was watching Hanna outside the boutique in "Misery Loves Company".[4][5]
Charlotte was the one who burned a bobble head of Hanna in "Out of the Frying Pan, Into the Inferno".[6]
Charlotte was the one who overlooked the grave robbing in "Dead to Me".[7]
Sara got off the plane at Thornhill and rescued Aria, Mona and Emily, while Alison rescued Hanna in "A dAngerous gAme".[8][9]
Sara's coat was the one found in the rummage at Thornhill in "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e".[10][11]
Charlotte was the one who filmed a video of herself wearing the red coat and an Emily mask in "Under the Gun".[12]
Charlotte was the one sneaking under the DiLaurentis residency in "Into the Deep" but was not living there.[13][14]
Charlotte was the one who appeared behind Hanna in Ali's mirror in "The Mirror Has Three Faces".[15]
Charlotte was the one who attended the Hoe Down at Rosewood High in "Bring Down the Hoe".[16]
Charlotte locked Emily inside the Sawmill, while Alison rescued her in "Now You See Me, Now You Don't".[17]
Alison went to the graveyard party in "Grave New World".[18]
Sara took a seat beside Charlotte in "FrAmed".[19]
Sara set the bomb inside Radley in "Game Over, Charles".[20]
See also[edit]
Alison DiLaurentis
Charlotte DiLaurentis
Sara Harvey (character)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Biedenharn, Isabella (August 12, 2015). "'Game Over, Charles'". Entertainment Weekly. p. 3. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles"
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/787877249856831488
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/787877588085583872
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/787878024414756864
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/787877249856831488
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/707767226607120385
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles". It is unknown why Sara left Hanna behind, probably to use her as bait and lure Ali out for Charlotte to confirm she was alive.
Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2015/08/11/pretty-little-liars-marlene-king-answers
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles"
Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2015/08/11/pretty-little-liars-marlene-king-answer
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/699777404772831232
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/674852637670400000
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/797513428734590980
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/797513428734590980
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/699777404772831232
Jump up ^ "Now You See Me, Now You Don't" and "Grave New World"
Jump up ^ "Grave New World"
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles"
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles"
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Sara Shepard's Pretty Little Liars
Pretty Little Liars (2006)
Characters
"A"
Alex Drake
Alison DiLaurentis
Aria Montgomery
Charlotte Drake
Emily Fields
Hanna Marin
Jenna Marshall
Mary Drake
Melissa Hastings
Mona Vanderwaal
Red Coat
Sara Harvey
Spencer Hastings
Sydney Driscoll
TV series
Episodes
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"Pilot"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
Season 2
"UnmAsked"
Season 3
"It Happened 'That Night'"
Season 4
"'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e"
"Grave New World"
"Free Fall"
"A Is for Answers"
Season 5
"Miss Me × 100"
"How the 'A' Stole Christmas"
Season 6
"Game On, Charles"
"Game Over, Charles"
"Of Late I Think of Rosewood"
"Charlotte's Web"
"Where Somebody Waits For Me"
"Hush, Hush, Sweet Liars"
Season 7
"Tick-Tock, Bitches"
"Bedlam"
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"Along Comes Mary"
"Wanted: Dead or Alive"
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"Exes and OMGs"
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"Hold Your Piece"
"Power Play"
"In the Eye Abides the Heart"
"The Glove That Rocks the Cradle"
"Driving Miss Crazy"
"Choose or Lose"
"Till Death Do Us Part"
Miscellaneous
Rosewood, Pennsylvania
Ravenswood
Pretty Dirty Secrets
Category
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Pretty Little Liars (TV series)

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Unmasked (Pretty Little Liars)

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Sara Harvey (character)

values: Edit section: Exegesis: summary of episode "Game Over, Charles"

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/wiki/Charles_DiLaurentis
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Charles DiLaurentis

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Shana Fring

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Charlotte DiLaurentis

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values: For Whom the Bell Tolls (Pretty Little Liars)

values: Wanted: Dead or Alive (Pretty Little Liars)

values: The Darkest Knight (Pretty Little Liars)

values: Till Death Do Us Part (Pretty Little Liars)

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