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List of public corporations by market capitalization
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The following is a list of publicly traded companies having the greatest market capitalization. This list is primarily based on the Financial Times Global 500 rankings. The list of non-public companies by estimated market value is attached for comparison.
Market capitalization is calculated from the share price (as recorded on selected day) multiplied by the number of outstanding shares.[1] Figures are converted into USD millions (using rate from selected day) to allow for comparison. Only companies with free float at least 15% are included, value of unlisted stock classes is excluded. Investment companies are not included in the list.[2]
Contents
1 Record market capitalizations
2 Publicly traded companies
2.1 2018
2.2 2017
2.3 2016
2.4 2015
2.5 2014
2.6 2013
2.7 2012
2.8 2011
3 2000–2010
3.1 2010
3.2 2009
3.3 2008
3.4 2007
3.5 2006
3.6 2004
3.7 2003
3.8 2002
3.9 2001
3.10 2000
4 1996–1999
4.1 1999
4.2 1998
4.3 1997
4.4 1996
5 Non-public companies
6 Notes
7 References
8 See also
Record market capitalizations[edit]
Date
Company
Record value
(in billions USD)
Record value
(in billions USD,
inflation-adjusted)[3]
Notes
30 December 1999 Microsoft 618.9 909 Microsoft reached an intraday high share price of $119.94 in December 1999.[4] With 5,160,024,593 outstanding shares, it had a market capitalization of $618.9 billion.[5]
5 November 2007 PetroChina 1000 1145 On 5 November 2007, A shares of PetroChina on the first day of trading after its IPO on Shanghai Stock Exchange skyrocketed from the IPO price of 16.7 RMB to 43.96 RMB by the close (the opening price was even 48.6 RMB). That gave a market capitalization of about $1 trillion.[6] Only 4 billion A shares were floated during the IPO, another 158 billion A shares were still held by China National Petroleum Corporation. 21 billion H Shares were already floated on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.[7] However, market capitalization based on H-shares never reached $500 billion.[8]
3 October 2018 Apple Inc. 1127.42 – With 4,829,926,000 shares outstanding[9], Apple reached this new record intra-day high after its share price reached $233.47 in market trading on September 4, 2018.
Publicly traded companies[edit]
All market capitalization figures are in USD millions.
2018[edit]
This list is up to date as of September 28, 2018[update]. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First Quarter
Second Quarter
Third Quarter
Fourth Quarter
1 Apple Inc.
851,317 Apple Inc.
909,840[10] Apple Inc.
1,091,000[10]
2 Alphabet Inc.
715,404 Amazon.com
824,790[11] Amazon.com
976,650[11]
3 Microsoft
702,760[12] Alphabet Inc.
774,840[13] Microsoft
877,400[12]
4 Amazon.com
700,672[11] Microsoft
757,640[12] Alphabet Inc.
839,740[14]
5 Tencent
507,990[15] Facebook
562,480[16] Berkshire Hathaway
523,520[17]
6 Berkshire Hathaway
492,019[17] Tencent
478,580[15] Facebook
473,850[16]
7 Alibaba Group
470,930[18] Alibaba Group
476,040[18] Alibaba Group
423,600[18]
8 Facebook
464,189[16] Berkshire Hathaway
463,980[17] Tencent
388,080[15]
9 JPMorgan Chase
377,410[19] JPMorgan Chase
354,780[19] JPMorgan Chase
379,440[19]
10 Johnson & Johnson
343,780[20] ExxonMobil
350,270 [21] Johnson & Johnson
370,650[20]
2017[edit]
This list is up to date as of December 31, 2017[update]. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[22][note 1]
Second quarter[23][note 1]
Third quarter[24][note 1]
Fourth quarter
1 Apple Inc.
753,718 Apple Inc.
749,124 Apple Inc.
791,726 Apple Inc.
868,880[10]
2 Alphabet Inc.
573,570[13] Alphabet Inc.
628,610[13] Alphabet Inc.
664,550[13] Alphabet Inc.
727,040[13]
3 Microsoft
508,935 Microsoft
528,778 Microsoft
568,965 Microsoft
659,910[12]
4 Amazon.com
423,031 Amazon.com
466,471 Amazon.com
459,435 Amazon.com
563,540[11]
5 Berkshire Hathaway
410,880[17] Berkshire Hathaway
418,880[17] Berkshire Hathaway
451,840[17] Facebook
512,760[16]
6 ExxonMobil
339,897 Johnson & Johnson
357,310 Alibaba Group
436,850[18] Tencent
493,340[25]
7 Johnson & Johnson
337,947 Facebook
357,176 Tencent
405,007 Berkshire Hathaway
489,490[17]
8 Facebook
334,552 Alibaba Group
356,390[18] Facebook
399,946 Alibaba Group
440,712[25]
9 JPMorgan Chase
313,761 Tencent
344,879 ExxonMobil
348,248 Johnson & Johnson
375,360[20]
10 Wells Fargo
278,516 ExxonMobil
341,947 Johnson & Johnson
347,497 JPMorgan Chase
371,050[19]
2016[edit]
This list is up to date as of December 31, 2016[update]. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[26][note 1]
Second quarter[27][note 1]
Third quarter[28][note 1]
Fourth quarter[29][note 1]
1 Apple Inc.
607,465 Apple Inc.
517,069 Apple Inc.
604,475 Apple Inc.
617,588.49
2 Alphabet Inc.
535,660[13] Alphabet Inc.
475,320[13] Alphabet Inc.
535,660[13] Alphabet Inc.
531,970[13]
3 Microsoft
439,734 Microsoft
397,268 Microsoft
447,290 Microsoft
483,160.28
4 ExxonMobil
350,991 ExxonMobil
383,396 Amazon.com
393,030 Berkshire Hathaway
404,390[17]
5 Berkshire Hathaway
349,740[17] Berkshire Hathaway
345,860[17] ExxonMobil
358,519 ExxonMobil
374,280
6 Johnson & Johnson
300,604 Amazon.com
337,641 Berkshire Hathaway
358,300[17] Amazon.com
356,313.12
7 General Electric
295,546 Johnson & Johnson
328,234 Johnson & Johnson
320,836 Johnson & Johnson
313,432.46
8 Amazon.com
281,888 General Electric
280,927 Facebook
297,548 JPMorgan Chase
308,768.42
9 Facebook
259,192 Facebook
263,930 Tencent
265,603 General Electric
279,545.92
10 Wells Fargo
246,035 AT&T
261,035 General Electric
261,876 Wells Fargo
276,779.12
2015[edit]
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2015[update]. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[30]
Second quarter[31]
Third quarter[32][note 1]
Fourth quarter[33][note 1]
1 Apple Inc.
724,773.1 Apple Inc.
722,576.9 Apple Inc.
621,939 Apple Inc.
598,344
2 Exxon Mobil
356,548.7 Microsoft
357,154.4 Google
407,870[13] Alphabet
534,090[13]
3 Berkshire Hathaway
356,510.7 Exxon Mobil
347,868.1 Microsoft
347,432 Microsoft
449,799
4 Google
345,849.2[34] Google
336,014.5[13] Berkshire Hathaway
318,180[17] Berkshire Hathaway
323,750[17]
5 Microsoft
333,524.8 Berkshire Hathaway
336,014.5 Exxon Mobil
304,245 Exxon Mobil
325,167
6 Petro China
329,715.1 Petro China
319,391.6 Johnson & Johnson
257,637 Amazon
323,009
7 Wells Fargo
279,919.7 ICBC
298,531.5 General Electric
248,069 General Electric
313,892
8 Johnson & Johnson
279,723.9 Wells Fargo
289,591.3 China Mobile
243,186 Johnson & Johnson
287,153
9 ICBC
275,389.1 Johnson & Johnson
270,260.8 Novartis
240,373 Wells Fargo
281,770
10 Novartis
267,897.0 General Electric
267,717.4 Nestlé
233,361 JPMorgan Chase
245,126
2014[edit]
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2014[update]. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[35]
Second quarter[36]
Third quarter[37]
Fourth quarter[38]
1 Apple Inc.
478,766.1 Apple Inc.
560,337.4 Apple Inc.
603,277.4 Apple Inc.
647,361.0
2 Exxon Mobil
422,098.3 Exxon Mobil
432,357.3 Exxon Mobil
401,094.1 Exxon Mobil
391,481.9
3 Microsoft
340,216.8 Google
358,347.3 Microsoft
381,959.7 Microsoft
382,880.3
4 Google
313,003.9 Microsoft
344,458.8 Google
361,998.4 Berkshire Hathaway
370,652.6
5 Berkshire Hathaway
308,090.6 Berkshire Hathaway
312,216.7 Berkshire Hathaway
340,055.0 Google
329,768.5
6 Johnson & Johnson
277,826.2 Johnson & Johnson
276,837.0 Johnson & Johnson
300,614.2 PetroChina
305,536.1
7 Wells Fargo
261,217.5 Wells Fargo
261,217.5 Wells Fargo
270,782.4 Johnson & Johnson
292,702.8
8 General Electric
259,547.3
Royal Dutch Shell
269,563.4 General Electric
257,068.4 Wells Fargo
284,385.6
9 Hoffmann-La Roche
258,542.1 General Electric
263,529.6 Novartis
255,326.4 Wal-Mart
276,807.4
10 Walmart
246,805.7 Hoffmann-La Roche
256,322.8 Hoffmann-La Roche
254,543.8 ICBC
271,146.1
2013[edit]
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2013. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[39]
Second quarter[40]
Third quarter[41]
Fourth quarter[42]
1 Apple Inc.
415,683.3 Exxon Mobil
401,729.8 Apple Inc.
433,099.6 Apple Inc.
504,770.8
2 Exxon Mobil
403,733.1 Apple Inc.
372,202.3 Exxon Mobil
378,716.2 Exxon Mobil
442,142.8
3 Berkshire Hathaway
256,801.8 Microsoft
288,488.8 Berkshire Hathaway
280,001.5 Microsoft
312,297.3
4 PetroChina
254,618.7 Berkshire Hathaway
276,548.5 Microsoft
277,220.9 Google
310,079.1
5 Wal-Mart
246,373.3 Wal-Mart
244,079.4 Johnson & Johnson
244,298.5 Berkshire Hathaway
292,396.0
6 General Electric
239,775.6 Johnson & Johnson
241,170.9 General Electric
243,290.4 General Electric
283,589.8
7 Microsoft
239,602.3 General Electric
239,787.2 Wal-Mart
240,773.3 Johnson & Johnson
258,415.4
8 IBM
237,724.7 Google
238,688.6 Google
237,479.4 Wal-Mart
254,622.8
9 Nestlé
233,792.1 Chevron Corporation
229,402.6 Chevron Corporation
234,740.8 Hoffmann-La Roche
241,368.0
10 Chevron Corporation
230,831.2 ICBC
226,879.8 Hoffmann-La Roche
232,495.2 Chevron Corporation
240,223.4
2012[edit]
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2012. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[43]
Second quarter[44]
Third quarter[45]
Fourth quarter[46]
1 Apple Inc.
559,002.1 Apple Inc.
546,076.1 Apple Inc.
625,348.1 Apple Inc.
500,610.7
2 Exxon Mobil
408,777.4 Exxon Mobil
400,139.1 Exxon Mobil
422,127.5 Exxon Mobil
394,610.9
3 PetroChina
278,968.4 PetroChina
257,685.8 PetroChina
253,853.3 PetroChina
264,833.4
4 Microsoft
270,644.1 Microsoft
256,982.4 Microsoft
249,489.8
BHP Billiton
247,409.0
5 IBM
241,754.6 Wal-Mart
235,900.3 Wal-Mart
248,074.4 ICBC
236,457.9
6 ICBC
236,335.4 IBM
225,598.5 General Electric
239,791.2 China Mobile
234,040.2
7
Royal Dutch Shell
222,425.1 General Electric
220,806.3 IBM
237,068.4 Wal-Mart
228,245.4
8 China Mobile
220,978.9 China Mobile
219,481.3 Chevron Corporation
228,707.1 Samsung Electronics
227,581.8
9 General Electric
212,317.7
Royal Dutch Shell
217,048.2 China Mobile
222,817.8 Microsoft
224,801.0
10 Chevron Corporation
211,950.6 ICBC
211,196.0
Royal Dutch Shell
222,669.6
Royal Dutch Shell
222,669.6
2011[edit]
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2011. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[47]
Second quarter[48]
Third quarter[49]
Fourth quarter[50]
1 Exxon Mobil
417,166.7 Exxon Mobil
400,884.5 Apple Inc.
353,518.1 Exxon Mobil
406,272.1
2 PetroChina
326,199.2 Apple Inc.
310,412.3 Exxon Mobil
353,135.2 Apple Inc.
376,410.6
3 Apple Inc.
321,072.1 PetroChina
303,649.9 PetroChina
276,473.9 PetroChina
276,844.9
4 ICBC
251,078.1 ICBC
246,850.5 IBM
208,843.5
Royal Dutch Shell
236,677.0
5 Petrobras
247,417.6
BHP Billiton
233,626.5 Microsoft
208,534.9 ICBC
228,168.1
6
BHP Billiton
247,079.5
Royal Dutch Shell
225,122.8 ICBC
206,021.4 Microsoft
218,380.1
7 China Construction Bank
232,608.6 Microsoft
219,251.9 China Mobile
198,778.7 IBM
216,724.4
8
Royal Dutch Shell
226,128.7 Nestlé
215,017.5
Royal Dutch Shell
197,061.1 Chevron Corporation
211,893.9
9 Chevron Corporation
215,780.6 Petrobras
210,111.4 Nestlé
191,115.6 Wal-Mart
204,659.8
10 Microsoft
213,336.4 IBM
207,781.4 Chevron Corporation
185,456.1 China Mobile
196,148.4
2000–2010[edit]
show
Click on [show] right to reveal information for 2000–2010
2010[edit]
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2010. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[51]
Second quarter[52]
Third quarter[53]
Fourth quarter[54]
1 PetroChina
329,259.7 Exxon Mobil
291,789.1 Exxon Mobil
314,622.5 Exxon Mobil
368,711.5
2 Exxon Mobil
316,230.8 PetroChina
268,504.8 PetroChina
270,889.9 PetroChina
303,273.6
3 Microsoft
256,864.7 Apple Inc.
228,876.8 Apple Inc.
259,223.4 Apple Inc.
295,886.3
4 ICBC
246,419.8 ICBC
211,258.7 Petrobras
220,616.5
BHP Billiton
243,540.3
5 Apple Inc.
213,096.7 Microsoft
201,655.8 ICBC
213,364.1 Microsoft
238,784.5
6
BHP Billiton
209,935.1 China Mobile
201,471.2 Microsoft
210,676.4 ICBC
233,369.1
7 Wal-Mart
209,000.7 Berkshire Hathaway
197,356.8 China Mobile
205,339.6 Petrobras
229,066.6
8 Berkshire Hathaway
200,620.5 China Construction Bank
189,170.7 Berkshire Hathaway
204,792.0 China Construction Bank
222,245.1
9 General Electric
194,246.2 Wal-Mart
178,322.7 China Construction Bank
202,998.4
Royal Dutch Shell
208,593.7
10 China Mobile
192,998.6 Procter & Gamble
172,736.5
BHP Billiton
196,866.0 Nestlé
203,534.3
2009[edit]
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2009. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter [55]
Second quarter [56]
Third quarter [57]
Fourth quarter [58]
1 Exxon Mobil
336,527 PetroChina
366,662.9 Exxon Mobil
329,725 PetroChina
353,140.1
2 PetroChina
287,185 Exxon Mobil
341,140.3 PetroChina
325,097.5 Exxon Mobil
323,717.1
3 Wal-Mart
204,365 ICBC
257,004.4 ICBC
237,951.5 Microsoft
270,635.4
4 ICBC
187,885 Microsoft
211,546.2 Microsoft
229,630.7 ICBC
268,956.2
5 China Mobile
174,673 China Mobile
200,832.4 HSBC
198,561.1 Wal-Mart
203,653.6
6 Microsoft
163,320 Wal-Mart
188,752.0 China Mobile
195,680.4 China Construction Bank
201,436.1
7 AT&T
148,511 China Construction Bank
182,186.7 Wal-Mart
189,331.6
BHP Billiton
201,248
8 Johnson & Johnson
145,481 Petrobras
165,056.9 Petrobras
189,027.7 HSBC
199,254.9
9
Royal Dutch Shell
138,999 Johnson & Johnson
156,515.9 China Construction Bank
186,816.7 Petrobras
199,107.9
10 Procter & Gamble
138,013
Royal Dutch Shell
156,386.7
Royal Dutch Shell
175,986.1 Apple Inc.
189,801.7
2008[edit]
This Financial Times Global 500–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2008. Indicated changes in market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter [59]
Second quarter [60]
Third quarter [61]
Fourth quarter [62]
1 Exxon Mobil
452,505 Exxon Mobil
465,652 Exxon Mobil
403,366 Exxon Mobil
406,067
2 PetroChina
423,996 PetroChina
341,140.3 PetroChina
325,097.5 PetroChina
259,836
3 General Electric
369,569 ICBC
257,004.4 ICBC
237,951.5 Wal-Mart
219,898
4 Gazprom
299,764 Microsoft
211,546.2 Microsoft
229,630.7 China Mobile
201,291
5 China Mobile
298,093 China Mobile
200,832.4 HSBC
198,561.1 Procter & Gamble
184,576
6 ICBC
277,236 Wal-Mart
188,752.0 China Mobile
195,680.4 ICBC
173,930
7 Microsoft
264,132 China Construction Bank
182,186.7 Wal-Mart
189,331.6 Microsoft
172,929
8 AT&T
231,168 Petrobras
165,056.9 Petrobras
189,027.7 AT&T
167,950
9
Royal Dutch Shell
220,110 Johnson & Johnson
156,515.9 China Construction Bank
186,816.7 Johnson & Johnson
166,002
10 Procter & Gamble
215,640
Royal Dutch Shell
156,386.7
Royal Dutch Shell
175,986.1 General Electric
161,278
2007[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of December 31, 2007. Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
First quarter[63]
Second quarter[64]
Third quarter[65]
Fourth quarter[66]
1 Exxon Mobil
429,567 Exxon Mobil
472,519 Exxon Mobil
513,362 Petrochina
723,952
2 General Electric
363,611 General Electric
393,831 General Electric
424,191 Exxon Mobil
511,887
3 Microsoft
272,912 Microsoft
281,934 China Mobile
327,937 General Electric
374,637
4 Citigroup
252,857
Royal Dutch Shell
266,141 ICBC
279,269 China Mobile
354,120
5 AT&T
246,206 AT&T
255,871 Microsoft
276,202 ICBC
338,989
6 Gazprom
245,911 Citigroup
253,703
Royal Dutch Shell
264,397 Microsoft
333,054
7 Toyota Motor Corporation
230,832 Gazprom
245,757 Gazprom
260,249 Gazprom
329,591
8 Bank of America
228,177 BP
231,491 AT&T
258,047
Royal Dutch Shell
269,544
9 ICBC
224,788 Toyota Motor Corporation
228,009 Citigroup
232,162 AT&T
252,051
10
Royal Dutch Shell
214,018 Bank of America
216,963 Bank of America
223,066 Sinopec
249,645
2006[edit]
Fourth quarter This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of December 2006.[67] Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 446,943
2 General Electric United States Conglomerate 383,564
3 Microsoft United States Software industry 293,537
4 Citigroup United States Banking 273,691
5 Gazprom Russia Oil and gas 271,482
6 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China China Banking 254,592
7 Toyota Motor Corporation Japan Automotive 241,161
8 Bank of America United States Banking 239,758
9 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 225,781
10 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 218,643
Third quarter This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 30 September 2006.[68] Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 398,906
2 General Electric United States Conglomerate 364,414
3 Microsoft United States Software industry 272,679.0
4 Gazprom Russia Oil and gas 254,634.3
5 Citigroup United States Banking 246,727
6 Bank of America United States Banking 242,451
7 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 216,368
8 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 215,623
9 HSBC United Kingdom Banking 209,774
10 Pfizer United States Health care 206,785
Second quarter This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 30 June 2006.[69] Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 371,187
2 General Electric United States Conglomerate 342,731
3 Gazprom Russia Oil and gas 246,341
4 Citigroup United States Banking 239,862
5 Microsoft United States Software industry 237,688
6 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 233,151
7 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 224,925
8 Bank of America United States Banking 219,504
9 HSBC United Kingdom Banking 201,854
10 Wal-Mart United States Retail 200,762
First quarter This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of March 2006.[70] Indicated changes in rank and market value are relative to the previous quarter.
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Industry
Market value (USD million)
1 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 371,631
2 General Electric United States Conglomerate 362,527
3 Microsoft United States Software industry 281,171
4 Citigroup United States Banking 238,935
5 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 233,260
6 Bank of America United States Banking 211,706
7 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 211,280
8 Wal-Mart United States Retail 196,860
9 Toyota Motor Corporation Japan Automotive 196,731
10 Gazprom Russia Oil and gas 196,339
2004[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2005.[71]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 General Electric United States Conglomerate 382,233
2 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 380,567
3 Microsoft United States Software industry 262,975
4 Citigroup United States Banking 234,437
5 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 221,365
6 Wal-Mart United States Retail 212,209
7 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 210,630
8 Johnson & Johnson United States Health care 199,711
9 Pfizer United States Health care 195,945
10 Bank of America United States Banking 178,765
2003[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2004.[72]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 General Electric United States Conglomerate 299,336
2 Microsoft United States Software industry 271,911
3 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 263,940
4 Pfizer United States Health care 261,616
5 Citigroup United States Banking 259,191
6 Wal-Mart United States Retail 258,888
7 American International Group United States Insurance 183,696
8 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 179,996
9 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 174,648
10 HSBC United Kingdom Banking 163,574
2002[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2003.[73]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 Microsoft United States Software industry 264,003
2 General Electric United States Conglomerate 259,647
3 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 241,037
4 Wal-Mart United States Retail 234,399
5 Pfizer United States Health care 195,948
6 Citigroup United States Banking 183,887
7 Johnson & Johnson United States Health care 170,417
8 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 149,034
9 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 144,381
10 IBM United States Computer software, Computer hardware 139,272
2001[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2002.[74]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 General Electric United States Conglomerate 372,089
2 Microsoft United States Software industry 326,639
3 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 299,820
4 Wal-Mart United States Retail 273,220
5 Citigroup United States Banking 255,299
6 Pfizer United States Health care 249,021
7 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 203,838
8 BP United Kingdom Oil and gas 200,794
9 Johnson & Johnson United States Health care 197,912
10 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 189,913
2000[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2001.[75]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 General Electric United States Conglomerate 477,406
2 Cisco Systems United States Networking hardware 304,699
3 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 286,367
4 Pfizer United States Health care 263,996
5 Microsoft United States Software industry 258,436
6 Wal-Mart United States Retail 250,955
7 Citigroup United States Banking 250,143
8 Vodafone United Kingdom Telecommunications 227,175
9 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 227,048
10 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 206,340
1996–1999[edit]
show
Click on [show] right to reveal information for 1996–1999
1999[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 31 March 2000.[76]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 Microsoft United States Software industry 586,197
2 General Electric United States Conglomerate 474,956
3 NTT DoCoMo Japan Telecommunications 366,204
4 Cisco Systems United States Networking hardware 348,965
5 Wal-Mart United States Retail 286,153
6 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 277,096
7 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Japan Telecommunications 274,905
8 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 265,894
9 Lucent Technologies United States Telecommunications 237,668
10 Deutsche Telekom Germany Telecommunications 209,628
1998[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 30 September 1998.[77]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 Microsoft United States Software industry 271,854
2 General Electric United States Conglomerate 258,871
3 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 172,213
4 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 164,157
5 Merck United States Health care 154,753
6 Pfizer United States Health care 148,074
7 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 144,060
8 The Coca-Cola Company United States Beverage 142,164
9 Wal-Mart United States Retail 123,062
10 IBM United States Software industry, Computer hardware 121,184
1997[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 30 September 1997.[78]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 General Electric United States Conglomerate 222,748
2 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 191,002
3 Microsoft United States Software industry 159,660
4 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 157,970
5 The Coca-Cola Company United States Beverage 151,288
6 Intel Corporation United States Computer hardware 150,838
7 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Japan Telecommunications 146,139
8 Merck United States Health care 120,757
9 Toyota Motor Corporation Japan Automotive 116,585
10 Novartis Switzerland Health care 104,468
1996[edit]
This Financial Times–based list is up to date as of 30 September 1996.[79]
Rank
Name
Headquarters
Primary industry
Market value (USD million)
1 General Electric United States Conglomerate 136,515
2 Royal Dutch Shell The Netherlands Oil and gas 128,206
3 The Coca-Cola Company United States Beverage 117,258
4 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Japan Telecommunications 113,609
5 Exxon Mobil United States Oil and gas 102,161
Non-public companies[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2015)
This Financial Times Non-Public 150 based list is up to date as of December, 2006. All companies in top 10 are government-owned corporations. Figures are in USD millions.
Rank
2006 [80]
1 State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council
1,560,000[81]
2 Saudi Aramco
781,000
3 Pemex
415,000
4 Petróleos de Venezuela
388,000
5 Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
378,000
6 Petronas
232,000
7 Sonatrach
224,000
8 National Iranian Oil Company
220,000
9 Japan Post (priv. 2007)
156,000
10 Pertamina
140,000
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Note that in case some companies with multiple classes of stock only one class is considered.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Staff, Investopedia (2004-01-07). "Market Capitalization Defined". Investopedia. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
Jump up ^ "FT 500 2015 Introduction and methodology". Financial Times.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
Jump up ^ Microsoft_2000 Annual Report Quarterly Information. Microsoft.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-16.
Jump up ^ NASDAQ | SEC Filing. Secfilings.nasdaq.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-16.
Jump up ^ Graeme Wearden. "PetroChina makes its debut as world's first trillion-dollar firm". the Guardian.
Jump up ^ "PetroChina opens at 48.6 yuan per share in Shanghai debut, up 191%".
Jump up ^ "Apple market value hits $600B". Yahoo Finance. 10 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Apple Q3 2018 Results" (PDF). 1 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Apple Market Cap". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Amazon.com Cap". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Microsoft Market Cap". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Alphabet Market Cap (GOOG)". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Alphabet Inc. Market Cap Class A". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tencent Holdings Market Cap". Retrieved 2018-06-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Facebook Market Cap". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Berkshire Hathaway". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Alibaba Group Holding Market Cap (BABA)". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "JPMorgan Chase Market Cap". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Johnson & Johnson Market Cap". ycharts.com. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Exxon Mobil Market Cap". Retrieved 2018-06-30.
Jump up ^ "Financial Times FT500 2017-04-01".
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^ Jump up to: a b "Tencent and Alibaba top Asia's market cap ranking in 2017". nikkei.com. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Financial Times FT500 2016-03-31".
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Jump up ^ "Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?" (PDF). specials.ft.com.
Jump up ^ "FT.com / Search".
Jump up ^ "Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?" (PDF). specials.ft.com.
Jump up ^ "Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?" (PDF). specials.ft.com.
Jump up ^ "Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?". specials.ft.com.
Jump up ^ "Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?". specials.ft.com.
Jump up ^ "Help - FT Help - FT.com What happened to Press Cuttings?". specials.ft.com.
Jump up ^ Financial Times, January 22, 1998
Jump up ^ Financial Times, January 1997
Jump up ^ "FT Non-Public 150 - the full list". Financial Times.
Jump up ^ Aguiar, Marcos (December 1, 2007). "SASAC: China's Megashareholder". bcg.perspectives. Boston Consulting Group. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
See also[edit]
List of largest companies by revenue
List of companies by employees
List of companies by profit and loss
List of wealthiest organizations
hide
v
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e
Extreme Wealth
Concepts
Billionaires
Capital accumulation
Distribution of wealth
Dynastic wealth
Economic inequality
Geography and wealth
High-net-worth individual
UHNWI
Millionaires
National wealth
Oligarchy
Overaccumulation
Paper wealth
Plutocracy
Plutonomy
Wealth
Wealth concentration
Wealth effect
Wealth management
Wealth and religion
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Lists of people
Female billionaires
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Richest royals
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Business magnate
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Bridle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Bridle (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A hunt seat style English bridle
A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct a horse. As defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, the "bridle" includes both the headstall that holds a bit that goes in the mouth of a horse, and the reins that are attached to the bit.
Headgear without a bit that uses a noseband to control a horse is called a hackamore, or, in some areas, a bitless bridle. There are many different designs with many different name variations, but all use a noseband that is designed to exert pressure on sensitive areas of the animal's face to provide direction and control.
Contents
[hide]
1 Parts
2 Types
2.1 "English" styles
2.2 Stock horse and working styles
2.3 Specialty styles
3 Hackamores and bitless bridles
4 Harness bridles
5 Fitting a bridle
6 Dangers of tying with a bridle
7 References
8 External links
Parts[edit]
The crownpiece runs over the horse's poll, and the browband across the forehead. The cheekpieces run down the sides of the horse's face.
The bridle consists of the following elements:
Crownpiece: The crownpiece, headstall (US) or headpiece (UK) goes over the horse's head just behind the animal's ears, at the poll. It is the main strap that holds the remaining parts of the bridle in place.
Cheekpieces: On most bridles, two cheekpieces attach to either side of the crownpiece and run down the side of the horse's face, along the cheekbone and attach to the bit rings. On some designs, the crownpiece is a longer strap that includes the right cheek and crownpiece as a single unit and only a left side cheekpiece is added.
Throatlatch: the throatlatch (US) or throatlash (UK) is usually part of the same piece of leather as the crownpiece. It runs from the horse's right ear, under the horse's throatlatch, and attaches below the left ear. The main purpose of the throatlatch is to prevent the bridle from coming off over the horse's head, which can occur if the horse rubs its head on an object, or if the bit is low in the horse's mouth and tightened reins raise it up, loosening the cheeks.
Browband: The crownpiece runs through the browband. The browband runs from just under one ear of the horse, across the forehead, to just under the other ear. It prevents the bridle from sliding behind the poll onto the upper neck, and holds multiple headstalls together when a cavesson or second bit is added, and holds the throatlatch in place on designs where it is a separate strap. In certain sports, such as dressage and Saddle seat, decorative browbands are sometimes fashionable.
Noseband: the noseband encircles the nose of the horse. It is often used to keep the animal's mouth closed, or to attach other pieces or equipment, such as martingales. See also Noseband.
Cavesson also called Caveson or caves[s]on noseband, is a specific type of noseband used on English bridles wherein the noseband is attached to its own headstall, held onto the rest of the bridle by the browband. Because it has a separate headstall (also called sliphead), a cavesson can be adjusted with greater precision; a noseband that is simply attached to the same cheekpieces that hold the bit cannot be raised or lowered. In Saddle seat riding, the cavesson is often brightly colored and matches the browband. Variations on the standard English-style bridle are often named for their style of noseband. For use in polo, a gag bridle usually has a noseband plus a cavesson.
Frentera, a strap running from the browband to the noseband, primarily seen on bridles of certain South American designs.[citation needed]
Fiador, a form of throatlatch, is used with a hackamore.
Reins: The reins of a bridle attach to the bit, below the attachment for the cheekpieces. The reins are the rider's link to the horse, and are seen on every bridle. Reins are often laced, braided, have stops, or are made of rubber or some other tacky material to provide extra grip.
Bit: The bit goes into the horse's mouth, resting on the sensitive interdental space between the horse's teeth known as the "bars."
On a double bridle, where the horse carries two bits (a curb and small snaffle, often called a "bit and bradoon"), a second, smaller headstall, known as a 'bradoon hanger' or ‘slip head’ is used to attach the bradoon. A second set of reins is attached to the bradoon, and hence the rider carries four reins.
The bridle, depending on style, may also contain some of the following elements:
Bit guards: Bit guards are optional fittings used on some bits.
Curb strap or curb chain, used primarily on bridles with a curb bit, a small strap or chain, usually flat, that runs from one side of the bit to the other, and puts pressure on the chin groove when curb reins are tightened.
Lip strap: a small strap used on a few curb bit designs, attaches between the bit shanks of a curb bit at the halfway point, used to keep the curb chain properly positioned and may prevent the horse from grabbing at the shanks with its lips.
Bit hobble: basically, a curb strap used on the snaffle bit rings of a western bridle. Provides no leverage, but because open-faced bridles have no cavesson to prevent the horse from gaping its mouth open, it prevents the bit rings from being pulled through the mouth if strong pressure is applied.
Shank hobble: A strap, bar or chain that connects the shanks of a curb bit at the bottom of the bit. Serves to stabilize the bit, prevent a lasso or other object from being caught on the shanks.
Winkers or blinkers, also called "blinders", are partial eye blocks used primarily on driving horses and some race horses that prevent the animal from seeing what is behind it.
Overcheck, also called a bearing rein or "check rein," is a specialty rein that runs from a snaffle bit, past the crownpiece, along the crest of the neck, and attaches to the front of a harness on a driving horse. It prevents the horse from dropping its head too low. Overchecks are also sometimes used on riding horses, especially ponies, to keep them from grazing while being ridden by a small child who may lack the physical strength or skill to raise the animal's head up.
Ornaments such as phalerae and sallongs.
Types[edit]
A double bridle, using two bits.
Barcoo (or ringhead) bridle as used across Australia
A one-ear or "slip-ear" style western bridle with curb bit, with added silver for show.
One type of cross-under bitless bridle. Reins are separate, though held closely together in this photo. (click to enlarge and view detail) A horse should not be tied with this bridle, as it may tighten on the nose if the horse sets back on the rope.
"English" styles[edit]
Snaffle bridle: the "English-type" snaffle bridle is most commonly seen in English riding. It is a basic bridle that carries one bit and usually has one set of reins. Despite the name, a snaffle bridle may be used not only with a snaffle bit, but also with almost other types of single rein bits, including Kimblewicks (US: Kimberwick), gag bits, and single curb bits. The English bridle is almost always used with some type of cavesson noseband.
Pelham bridle: The Pelham is another English type bridle that carries a single bit, in this case a Pelham bit, but two sets of reins, one for snaffle action and one for curb action.
Double bridle: Also called a Weymouth bridle, double bridles use two bits at once, a small snaffle called a bradoon and a curb or Weymouth bit, and require the use of two sets of reins. Double bridles are usually only seen used in upper level dressage, in Saddle seat riding, and for showing in certain other events that require formal attire and equipment.
Stock horse and working styles[edit]
Western bridle: used for American-style western riding, this bridle usually does not have a noseband. Many western bridles also lack browbands, sometimes replaced by a "one ear" (variations called "split ear," "shaped ear," and "slip ear") design where a small strap encircles one or both ears to provide extra security to keep the bridle on. Some horse show styles do not have a throatlatch, most working styles do.
Barcoo bridle – an Australian stock horse bridle that usually does not have a noseband and is used at work and in competition. The crownpiece, browband and throatlatch are all sewn onto a ring near the horse’s ears on each side of the head. The cheek strap is single strap that loops through the bit and through the ring to a buckle on the outside of the cheek. Thus the cheek strap is doubled. Variations of this bridle include an "extended head" with the throatlatch further back than usual) to prevent horses rubbing the bridle off. Other variations include a noseband and these styles may be used as a headcollar. A lighter variety used for racing has cheek strap billets sewn to the ring, and the attached cheek straps are similar to those of an English bridle. Most bits can be used with these bridles with various snaffles the most commonly used.
Specialty styles[edit]
Gag bridle: a bridle with rounded cheekpieces that pass through the top and bottom holes in the bit ring of a gag bit and attach directly to the reins. Tension on the reins rotates the bit and slides it up the cheekpieces and into the corners of the lips. In some styles, the bit is sewn into the bridle and slides, but is not interchangeable, other styles have detachable cheekpieces that allow bits to be changed. Gag bridles have the potential for severe action. They are often seen in polo, rodeo speed events, and occasionally show jumping. They are not permitted in most other horse show competition. In polo, they are often used with double reins, in the same manner as a Pelham bridle.
Halter bridle, also known as a "trail bridle" or "endurance" bridle, this design is a halter with additional quick release cheekpieces that hold a bit and reins. They are an alternative to using a bitted bridle over the top of a halter. During rest stops, instead of removing the bridle, the rider only needs to remove the bit and reins. Variations of this bridle are used by the Australian Light Horse, the Household Cavalry, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and some other mounted police units.
Hackamores and bitless bridles[edit]
Main articles: Hackamore and bitless bridle
A hackamore, put simply, is headgear that controls a horse via pressure points on the face, usually with a nosepiece instead of a bit. A hackamore is not the same thing as a halter, as a halter is primarily used for leading and tying up an animal.[1] Bitless bridles are similar to hackamores, but some designs use different leverage principles for control. Hackamores and bitless bridles use a headstall with reins attached to some type of noseband or nosepiece. Various designs allow control and good communication to the horse and may, in some cases, be more comfortable to the horse, particularly a young animal or one with a mouth injury.
The jaquima or original bosal style hackamore is mostly seen on young horses being started under saddle in western riding disciplines. Bitless bridles and other types of hackamore are most often seen on horses used for endurance riding and trail riding. A design called the mechanical hackamore is sometimes seen at rodeos. Most horse show events do not allow bitless bridles of any kind. The exceptions are show jumping, where equipment rules are fairly generous, and in certain western horse show classes for "junior" horses, which permit use of bosal hackamore.
Besides the bosal hackamore, there are many other designs. A design that combines elements of the bosal hackamore is known as a sidepull, which acts mostly on the nose, and are popular with western riders and many trail riders. English riders sometimes use a jumping cavesson or "jumping hackamore" that is basically a leather sidepull noseband reinforced internally with a cable, with rein rings attached. The so-called mechanical hackamore or "hackamore bit" is basically a hybrid bridle/hackamore made up of a noseband with shanks and a curb strap or chain that can put considerable leverage on the jaw and poll.
Another design, called a bitless bridle is the "cross-under" or "figure eight" bridle. One common design connects the reins to a loop that passes from the noseband, under the jaw, and up around the poll, returning on the opposite side back under the jaw to the noseband and out to the other rein. This design directs pressure from one rein to the opposite side of the horse's head, or pressure on both reins to the whole head. Other designs only cross under the jaw and do not go over the poll.
Some riders, not realizing that a horse's head overall is a very sensitive area, use a noseband-based style of headgear without the same caution they might use with a bit, thus defeating any benefit that an apparently milder form of gear would otherwise provide. While many bitless designs are marketed as humane, and some are indeed quite mild, other designs can be remarkably harsh in the hands of a poor rider,[2] particularly if they are improperly adjusted or have metal parts, a thin design, or rough surfaces.
Harness bridles[edit]
See also: horse harness, Driving (horse), Fine harness, and Draft horse showing
Bridles used for driving horses have some differences from most riding bridles. The most visible difference is that they usually include partial eye coverings called blinders, blinkers or winkers that restrict the horse's peripheral vision. They are stitched into the cheekpieces of a driving bridle and sometimes bear a monogram or badge. Winkers may be square, dee-shaped, hatchet-shaped, or round, and are adjusted to fit clear of the center of the horse’s eye.
The noseband is fitted into the bridle so has a certain amount of action, and is not on a separate headstall (also called sliphead) as is a cavesson. Harness bridles may feature a fancy browband, rosettes, and other ornamentation. An overcheck or sidecheck are sometimes used to control a horse’s head carriage and may be used in conjunction with an overcheck bit.
The Liverpool curb bit is most commonly used for carriage driving. The reins can be attached in any of the three slots along the shanks, resulting in a snaffle or curb action as required. Wilson snaffle bits are commonly used with trade turnouts. These bits have four rings so that the inner two rings may be attached to the cheek pieces and the outer pair to the reins. This arrangement is designed to prevent rein pressure interfering with the position of the winkers. Other styles of bits are used for harness racing, fine harness, and coach driving.
Fitting a bridle[edit]
See also: Bit (horse) and Noseband
A bridle is individually fitted to a horse. Without properly fitting the bridle to the horses’ head, the horse may be uncomfortable, and poor fitting may also result in lack of control while riding or unclear communication.
The length of each piece of the bridle needs to be individually adjusted to fit the horse's head. Other parts of the bridle are adjustable in length, though there are limits to adjustment and thus many manufacturers offer two to six different basic sizes. The sizes may have different names, but in the USA and Canada they are often called "cob" and "horse" for small and large animals, sometimes with "pony", "mini", "warmblood" and "draft" sizes in some designs.
The bit and browband are of set lengths and must be selected in the correct size. A too-narrow bit is uncomfortable and cannot be widened. One that is slightly too wide can be narrowed to some extent by adding a pair of bit guards. A browband that is too short causes the browband or crownpiece to rub the ears. The cheekpieces are adjusted not only so that the bit avoids the extremes of pulling the corners of the horse's mouth or banging the horse's incisors, but also so it hangs properly in the mouth for the specific riding discipline and bit design involved . The adjustment of the noseband depends on the type used, but needs to be snug enough to be effective, yet loose enough to avoid discomfort. The throatlatch is adjusted each time the bridle is put on the horse, loose enough to not interfere as the horse flexes at the poll. A standard throatlatch measurement is that the width of three or four fingers should be able to fit between the throatlatch and the horses’ cheek.
Dangers of tying with a bridle[edit]
If a horse must be tied to an object, a halter should be placed under or over the bridle, and the cross-ties should be attached to halter rings rather than the bit
It is unsafe to tie a horse using a bridle for two main, seemingly contradictory, reasons. First, if the tied animal pulls back on the bridle, the bit or controlling noseband (such as a bosal or mechanical hackamore) may cause considerable pain or even injury to the mouth, tongue, or other facial structures of the animal even if the bridle breaks. Second, compared to halters, most bridles are made of thin leather which will easily break under pressure. The end result can be both injury to the horse and broken equipment. Should a rider need to tie a horse, best practice is to either remove the bridle and put on a halter, or to put a halter on in addition to the bridle (under or over the bridle), and tie the horse using the halter only. In addition, tying with a slipknot that can be released by pulling on the end of the lead rope is a key safety tactic.
In western riding, some horses are taught to "ground tie" with a bridle, that is, to stand still when the reins are dropped on the ground. This can only be done with split reins, as a horse can easily put a foot through a pair of reins that are attached to one another. Even with split reins, a horse can still step on a rein, jerk its head up and both break the rein and injure its mouth. Historically, it was a useful skill if a rider had to momentarily dismount and perform a task that required both hands (such as removing brush or fixing a fence) in a remote area where tying was impracticable. In actual practice, just as with the "stay" command used in obedience work for dogs, even well-trained horses may not stay "ground tied" for long, especially if left unsupervised. Thus, ground tying today is usually seen in specific classes at horse shows such as the trail horse class, or as a useful short-term command: many horses are taught to stand still for a limited period of time on a "whoa" or "stay" command, with or without dropping the reins.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ halter: "1. a. A rope, cord, or strap with a noose or head-stall, by which horses or cattle are led or fastened up." Oxford English Dictionary, online edition
Jump up ^ Miller, Robert M. and Rick Lamb. (2005) Revolution in Horsemanship Lyons Press ISBN 1-59228-387-X, p. 227
Edwards, Elwyn Hartley. The complete book of bits and bitting. David and Charles, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7153-1163-9.
McBane, Susan. The essential book of horse tack and equipment. David and Charles, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7153-1389-3.
Price, Steven D., ed. The Whole Horse Catalogue. New York: Simon and Schuster/Brigadore Press, 1977
External links[edit]
How To Fit A Double Bridle
Photo of checking throatlatch
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text:
Boroughs of New York City
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1. Manhattan
2. Brooklyn
3. Queens
4. The Bronx
5. Staten Island
New York City encompasses five different county-level administrative divisions called boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. All boroughs are part of New York City, and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county, the primary administrative subdivision within New York State. The Bronx and Queens are concurrent with the counties of the same name, while Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island correspond to New York, Kings, and Richmond Counties respectively.
Boroughs have existed since the consolidation of the city in 1898, when the city and each borough assumed their current boundaries. However, the boroughs have not always been coextensive with their respective counties. Before 1914, the borough of The Bronx had been earlier in the southern part of Westchester County which had then been annexed to New York County in two stages in 1874 and 1895—finally, in 1914 the county was created to match the borough. Before 1899, the County of Queens included an eastern part, which was split-off during the consolidation to become Nassau County.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Background
2.1 Changes after 1898
3 Description of the boroughs
4 Governance
5 Sixth borough
6 See also
7 References
Terminology[edit]
The term borough was adopted to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a "borough" is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it.[1] The limited powers of the borough governments are inferior to the authority of the Government of New York City, contrasting significantly with other borough administrations of government used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.[2]
Background[edit]
New York City's five boroughs
v
t
e
Jurisdiction
Population
Land area
Density
Borough
County
Estimate
(2016)[3]
square
miles
square
km
persons /
sq. mi
persons /
sq. km
Manhattan
New York
1,643,734 22.83 59.1 72,033 27,826
The Bronx
Bronx
1,455,720 42 110 34,653 13,231
Brooklyn
Kings
2,629,150 71 180 37,137 14,649
Queens
Queens
2,333,054 109 280 21,460 8,354
Staten Island
Richmond
476,015 58.5 152 8,112 3,132
City of New York
8,537,673 303.33 781.1 28,188 10,947
State of New York
19,745,289 47,214 122,284 416.4 159
Sources: see individual borough articles
The borough of Manhattan is the economic, cultural, and administrative center of New York City.
New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs; the term is used to refer to New York City as a whole unambiguously, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area. The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the term outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan, even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn–Queens border. All five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the city's current boundaries were established.
Changes after 1898[edit]
The Bronx originally included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County in two stages; in 1874 and then following a referendum in 1894. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York.
The borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. In 1899, the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before—the towns of Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay—formally seceded from Queens County to form the new Nassau County.[4]
The borough of Staten Island, concurrent with Richmond County, was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, while leaving the name of the county unchanged.[5]
Description of the boroughs[edit]
Chinatown in Manhattan, the most densely populated borough of New York City, with a higher density than any individual American city.
Landmark 19th-century brownstones in the Greenpoint Historic District of Brooklyn, New York City's most populous borough.
The Unisphere in Queens, the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[6][7]
Borough Hall in the St. George neighborhood of Staten Island, the most suburban borough of New York City.
The Bronx, the northernmost borough of New York City and the only borough situated on the United States mainland.
Further information: Neighborhoods in New York City and List of parks in New York City
There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own.
Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough; is the symbol of New York City, as home to most of the city's skyscrapers and prominent landmarks, including Times Square and Central Park; and may be locally known simply as The City.[8][9] Manhattan's (New York County's) population density of 72,033 people per square mile (27,812/km2) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual U.S. city.[10] Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United Nations Headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important universities. Manhattan is often described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world.[11][12][13][14][15]
Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan, including Randall's Island, Wards Island, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island to the south in New York Harbor; Liberty Island, on which the Statue of Liberty stands, is a Manhattan exclave. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a small neighborhood on the United States mainland, called Marble Hill. Marble Hill was originally part of Manhattan Island, but is now contiguous with the Bronx after having been severed from Manhattan Island by the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal south of the neighborhood, and having been connected to the mainland by the subsequent filling in of the Harlem River's original path to the neighborhood's north. New York City's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs.
Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.[16] Marine Park[17] and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,[18][19] and of postmodern art[20] and design.[19]
Queens (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,[21] as well as the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[6][7] Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence. Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs. Queens is the site of Citi Field, the baseball stadium of the New York Mets, and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, are located in Queens. (The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey.)
The Bronx (Bronx County) is New York City's northernmost borough and the only New York City borough that is part of the United States mainland. It is the location of Yankee Stadium, the baseball stadium of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.[22] It is also home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo,[23] which covers 265 acres (107 ha) and houses over 6,000 animals.[24] Directly to the zoo's north is the New York Botanical Garden, a botanical garden and National Historic Landmark. Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City, at 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[17]
Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the Staten Island Ferry, a free commuter ferry and popular tourist attraction which provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres (10 km2), including 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.[25] Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.
Governance[edit]
The percentage of New York City population residing in each borough (from bottom to top): 1. Manhattan, 2. Brooklyn, 3. Queens, 4. The Bronx, and 5. Staten Island. (Populations before 1898 are for the areas now enclosed in the present boroughs.)
Main article: Borough president
Since 1914, each of New York City's five boroughs has been coextensive with a county of New York State – unlike most U.S. cities, which lie within a single county or extend partially into another county, constitute a county in themselves, or are completely separate and independent of any county.
Each borough is represented by a borough president. Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island each have a Borough Hall with limited administrative functions. The Manhattan Borough President's office is situated in the Manhattan Municipal Building. The Bronx Borough President's office used to be in its own Bronx Borough Hall but has been in the Bronx County Courthouse for decades. Since the abolition of the Board of Estimate in 1990 (due to a 1989 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court[26]), the borough presidents have minimal executive powers, and there is no legislative function within a borough. Executive functions in New York City are the responsibility of the Mayor of New York City, while legislative functions reside with the New York City Council. The borough presidents primarily act as spokesmen, advocates, and ceremonial leaders for their boroughs, have budgets from which they can allocate relatively modest sums of money to community organizations and projects, and appoint the members of the 59 largely advisory community boards in the city's various neighborhoods. The Brooklyn and Queens borough presidents also appoint trustees to the local public library systems in those boroughs.
Being coextensive with an individual county, each borough also elects a district attorney, as does every other county of New York State. While the district attorneys of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island are popularly referred to as such by the media (e.g., "Manhattan D.A. Cyrus Vance, Jr.", or "Brooklyn D.A. Kenneth P. Thompson"), they are technically and legally the district attorneys of New York County, Kings County and Richmond County, respectively. There is no such distinction made for the district attorneys of the other two counties, Queens and the Bronx, since these boroughs share the respective counties' names. Because the five district attorneys are, technically speaking, state officials (since the counties are considered to be arms of the state government), rather than officials of the city government, they are not subject to the term limitations that govern other New York City officials such as the mayor, the New York City Public Advocate, members of the city council, or the borough presidents. Some civil court judges also are elected on a borough-wide basis, although they generally are eligible to serve throughout the city.
Sixth borough[edit]
Main article: Sixth borough
The term sixth borough is used to describe any of a number of places that have been metaphorically called a part of New York City because of their geographic location, demographics (they include large numbers of former New Yorkers), special affiliation, or cosmopolitan character. They have included adjacent cities and counties in the New York metropolitan area as well as in other states, U.S. territories, and foreign countries.[27][28][29] In 2011, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg referred to the city's waterfront and waterways as a composite sixth borough during presentations of planned rehabilitation projects along the city's shoreline,[30][31][32][33][34][35] including Governor's Island in the Upper New York Bay.[36] The Hudson Waterfront in the U.S. state of New Jersey lies opposite Manhattan on the Hudson River, and during the Dutch colonial era, was under the jurisdiction of New Amsterdam and known as Bergen. Jersey City and Hoboken in Hudson County, New Jersey, are sometimes referred to as the sixth borough, given their proximity and connections by rapid transit PATH trains.[37][38][39][40] Fort Lee, New Jersey, in Bergen County, opposite Upper Manhattan and connected by the George Washington Bridge, has also been called the sixth borough.[41][42][43] Miami and nearby areas in Florida,[44][45] Philadelphia[46] and China[47] are locales entirely outside the city's metropolitan area which have been called New York City's sixth borough.
See also[edit]
Flags of New York City
List of counties in New York
New York City portal
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Bacharach, Jacqueline; and Barrales, Ruben. Growth Within Bounds, p. 197. California Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century, DIANE Publishing, 2000. ISBN 9780756706319. Accessed September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Current Population Estimates: NYC". NYC.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Williams, Keith. "How Queens Became New York City's Largest Borough", Curbed, October 20, 2015. Accessed September 21, 2016. "Williams, Keith. "How Queens Became New York City's Largest Borough", Curbed, October 20, 2015. Accessed September 21, 2016. "On April 28, 1898, the state Legislature approved the creation of a new county, which some in the eastern half of the former Queens County had wanted for nearly 60 years."
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Michael T. "Council Weighs Making 'Staten Island' Official", The New York Times, August 28, 1974. Accessed September 21, 2016. "Yesterday a committee of the City Council sought to right matters with a resolution that, if adopted by the full Council and approved by the Mayor, would have the borough's name officially changed to Staten Island.... The resolution only affects the name of the borough. The county would remain Richmond, in the way that the borough of Manhattan is the county of New York, and Brooklyn is the county of Kings."
^ Jump up to: a b Christine Kim, Demand Media. "Queens, New York, Sightseeing". USA TODAY. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Weber (April 30, 2013). "Queens". NewYork.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jen Carlson (May 21, 2012). "Do You Refer To Manhattan As "The City"?". Gothamist. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Purdum, Todd S. "Political memo; An Embattled City Hall Moves to Brooklyn", The New York Times, February 22, 1992. Accessed August 23, 2017. ""Leaders in all of them fear that recent changes in the City Charter that shifted power from the borough presidents to the City Council have diminished government's recognition of the sense of identity that leads people to say they live in the Bronx, and to describe visiting Manhattan as 'going to the city.'"
Jump up ^ Mann, Camille; Valera, Stephanie. "10 Most Crowded Islands in the World". The Weather Channel. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barry, Dan. "A Nation challenged: in New York; New York Carries On, but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun", The New York Times, October 11, 2001. Accessed November 20, 2016. "A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world."
Jump up ^ Sorrentino, Christopher (September 16, 2007). "When He Was Seventeen". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2007. "In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world."
Jump up ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (October 8, 1995). "The Pope's visit: the cardinal; As Pope's Important Ally, Cardinal Shines High in Hierarchy". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2007. "As the Archbishop of the media and cultural center of the United States, Cardinal O'Connor has extraordinary power among Catholic prelates."
Jump up ^ Michael P. Ventura (April 6, 2010). "Manhattan May Be the Media Capital of the World, But Not For iPad Users". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dawn Ennis (May 24, 2017). "ABC will broadcast New York's pride parade live for the first time". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Immerso, Michael (2002). Coney Island: The People's Playground. Rutgers University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8135-3138-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Joe Dorish. "10 Largest Parks in New York City". ZipfWorks, Inc. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York's New Startup Hotspot". CB Insights. October 19, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Vanessa Friedman (April 30, 2016). "Brooklyn's Wearable Revolution". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexandria Symonds (April 29, 2016). "One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist's Futuristic New Practice". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Donnell, Michelle (July 4, 2006). "In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th ..." New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Frazier, Ian (June 26, 2006). "Utopia, the Bronx". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bronx Zoo Animals & Exhibits". Wildlife Conservation Society. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ward, Candace (2000). New York City Museum Guide. Dover Publications. p. 72. ISBN 0-486-41000-5.
Jump up ^ "Staten Island Greenbelt | New York-New Jersey Trail Conference". Nynjtc.org. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, 489 U.S. 688 (1989).
Jump up ^ Popik, Barry (January 24, 2006). "Sixth Borough (Yonkers, Scarsdale, Fort Lee, Jersey City, Hoboken, Nassau County, Rockland County)". Big Apple. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
Jump up ^ Walker, Ken (May 10, 2007). "That Mythical Sixth Borough". Daily Newarker. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-01. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Carlsen, Jen (December 10, 2010). "Poll: Where is New York's 6th Borough?". Gothamist. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mayor Bloomberg and Speaker Quinn Unveil Comprehensive Plan for New York city's Waterfront and Waterways" (Press release). NYCEDC. March 14, 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rovzar, Chris. "Mayor Bloomberg Attempts to Rebrand the 'Sixth Borough'". New York Magazine. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mainland, Alex (February 18, 2011). "A Blog for the 'Sixth Borough'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
Jump up ^ Yeh, Richard (March 14, 2011). "City Reclaims Waterfront as 'Sixth Borough'". WNYC. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Sixth Borough Stories from New York's Waterfront". Columbia School of Journalism. 2011. Retrieved 2013-05-01. The sixth borough. That's what Mayor Bloomberg calls the 578 miles of shore land that encircle the five boroughs of New York City.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Ryan A. (January 22, 2012). "Will NYC have a 6th Borough?". Metropolis Magazine. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Studio Report The Speculation Studio: Governors Island, The Sixth Borough?". Urban Omnibus. January 11, 2012. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
Jump up ^ Strunsky, Steve (December 9, 2001). "CITIES; Bright Lights, Big Retail". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Holusha, John. "Commercial Property / The Jersey Riverfront; On the Hudson's West Bank, Optimistic Developers", The New York Times, October 11, 1998. Accessed May 25, 2007. "'That simply is out of the question in midtown,' he said, adding that some formerly fringe areas in Midtown South that had previously been available were filled up as well. Given that the buildings on the New Jersey waterfront are new and equipped with the latest technology and just a few stops on the PATH trains from Manhattan, they become an attractive alternative. 'It's the sixth borough', he said."
Jump up ^ Belson, Ken (May 21, 2007). "In Stamford, a Plan to Rebuild an Area and Build an Advantage". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Olear, Greg (December 2002). "The Sixth Borough A good look at Hoboken". The Copperator. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lefkowitz, Melanie. "Bergen County's Fort Lee: Town With a View". The Wall Street Journal. April 30, 2011. Accessed September 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Linh Tat (June 12, 2012). "Fort Lee grapples with questions on future development". North Jersey Media Group Inc. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Vera Haller (September 7, 2012). "Living In Fort Lee, N.J. Close to the City, but With a Life of Its Own". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Do You Suffer From New York Envy? - Miami Beach 411". www.miamibeach411.com.
Jump up ^ "New York City mayor's race: South Florida's Sixth Borough".
Jump up ^ "More New Yorkers relocating to Philly". The Morning Call. March 29, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andrew J. Hawkins (April 30, 2015). "Brooklyn businesses head for the sixth borough: China". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
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