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List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
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This is a list of countries by date of their last transition from a monarchy to a democratic- republic form of government. There were two periods in recent history when many such transitions took place:
during or within five years after World War I (1914–1923) – marked in green;
during or within five years after World War II (1940–1950) – marked in pink.
Some of the countries on this list were part of larger, now extinct, states (such as the Russian Empire or Yugoslavia) when the transition to a republic took place. Countries that have always had non-republican forms of government (such as absolute monarchy, theocracy, etc.) are not included in this list. Some were also independent states that shared their head of state with other countries (such as Denmark or the United Kingdom) before abolishing the link with the shared monarchy. Countries marked in yellow have since ceased to be republics in favour of another form of government.
Contents
1 List
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 Sources
6 External links
List[edit]
Country
Republic since
Notes
San Marino
September 3, 301 (legend) San Marino was according to legend[1] declared a republic, independent of the Roman Empire, by Saint Marinus of Rab, who in reality might have lived sometime between 500 and 700. It is often considered the "world's oldest republic".
Netherlands
July 26, 1581 The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declared its independence from King Philip II of Spain on 26 July 1581 with the Act of Abjuration, and became the Batavian Republic in 1795. The Kingdom of Holland was formed on 5 June 1806.
Switzerland
October 24, 1648 Switzerland became independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia
England
May 19, 1649 The Commonwealth of England, later known as the Protectorate, was established on 19 May 1649 following the execution of King Charles I. At its height, it ruled over all the British Isles. The monarchy was restored on 29 May 1660.
United States
September 3, 1783 International de jure independence with signing of Treaty of Paris
Paraguay
May 15, 1811 Independence from Spain[dubious – discuss]
Argentina
July 9, 1816 Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Republican governments established from 1811 onwards. Republican constitutions of 1819 and 1826 led to the adoption of the 1853 text
Chile
February 12, 1818 Independence declared from the Spanish Empire. Between 1810 and 1814 there were Republican governments although nominally remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy. In 1817 there was re-established the independentist government and established a republican system in different constitutional texts.
Venezuela
August 15, 1819 Venezuelan constitution of 1819 adopted
Colombia
December 17, 1819 Republic of Colombia declared during Congress of Angostura
Panama
Ecuador
May 24, 1822 Incorporated into Republic of Colombia, end of Royal Audiencia of Quito
Costa Rica
July 1, 1823 Independence of United Provinces of Central America
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Peru
December 9, 1824 Treaty signed after Battle of Ayacucho
Bolivia
August 6, 1825 Constitutional congress declared Bolivia a republic
Uruguay
October 4, 1828 Ratification of Treaty of Montevideo
Liberia
July 26, 1847 Independent Republic of Liberia created
Haiti
January 15, 1859 Abdication of Emperor Faustin
Dominican Republic
March 25, 1865 Adoption of new constitution near end of Dominican Restoration War
Mexico
July 15, 1867 Emperor Maxmilian shot; Federal Republic officially restored
France
September 4, 1870 Emperor Napoleon III deposed and French Third Republic proclaimed as a result of the Franco-Prussian War
Brazil
November 15, 1889 Emperor Pedro II deposed and Brazilian Republic proclaimed by Marshall Deodoro da Fonseca
Madagascar
February 28, 1897 End of Merina Kingdom
Philippines
January 23, 1899 The first republic of Asia and the First Philippine Republic.[a]
Cuba
April 11, 1899 Official end of Spanish–American War
Portugal
October 5, 1910 King Manuel II deposed and Portuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the 1910 revolution
Angola
Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic
Cape Verde
East Timor
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
São Tomé and Príncipe
China
October 10, 1911 Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed as a result of the Xinhai Revolution. The ROC was initially in control of China but later relocated to Taiwan. It is now commonly known as "Taiwan".
The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949 and is now in control of mainland China. It is commonly known as "China".
Comoros
1912 End of last of indigenous sultanates
Armenia
September 14, 1917 Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Russia
Ukraine
Czech Republic
October 18, 1918 Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed
Slovakia
Lithuania
November 2, 1918 King Mindaugas II deposed and Republic of Lithuania proclaimed
Germany
November 9, 1918 Emperor William II abdicated as a result of the German Revolution
Austria
November 12, 1918 Republic of German Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of Emperor Charles
Poland
November 14, 1918 Power transferred from the Regency Council to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski
Finland
December 14, 1918 King Frederic Charles renounced the throne
Turkmenistan
April 26, 1920 Khan Abd Allah Khan deposed and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed
Lebanon
July 23, 1920 French Mandate of Syria established after the Battle of Maysalun
Syria
Tajikistan
October 8, 1920 Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed
Uzbekistan
Togo
July 20, 1922 Formal beginning of French Togoland League of Nations Mandate
Turkey
October 29, 1923 Republic of Turkey was proclaimed after the Turkish War of Independence, succeeding the Ottoman Empire
Mongolia
November 26, 1924 Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed
Spain
April 14, 1931 The Second Spanish Republic came to power on 14 April 1931 following the economic crisis caused by the 1929 Wall Street Crash. The Republic lost power after the Spanish Civil War. Francisco Franco then led Spain until his death on 20 November 1975 when democracy was restored.
Moldova
August 2, 1940 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation of Romanian Moldavia by the Soviet Union
Iceland
June 17, 1944 Republic of Iceland established after a referendum
North Korea
August 15, 1945 Korea liberated from Japan and People's Republic of Korea established, divided into North Korea and South Korea a month later
South Korea
Indonesia
August 17, 1945 Republic of Indonesia proclaimed triggering the Indonesian National Revolution
Vietnam
August 25, 1945 Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed
Bosnia and Herzegovina
November 29, 1945 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile
Croatia
Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Slovenia
Albania
January 1, 1946 People's Republic of Albania proclaimed while King Zog was in exile
Hungary
February 1, 1946 Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed
Italy
June 12, 1946 King Umberto II renounced the throne and Italian Republic was established after a referendum
Bulgaria
September 15, 1946 Tsar Simeon II deposed and People's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum
Marshall Islands
July 18, 1947 end of South Pacific Mandate and beginning of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Palau
Romania
December 30, 1947 King Michael abdicated and the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed
Myanmar
January 4, 1948 Burmese independence declared
Israel
May 14, 1948 State of Israel proclaimed
Ireland
April 18, 1949 Republic of Ireland Act came into force
India
January 26, 1950 Constitution of India came into effect
Egypt
June 18, 1953 Republic proclaimed after revolution in 1952
South Sudan
January 1, 1956 Independence of Republic of Sudan
Sudan
Bangladesh
March 23, 1956 Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor General Iskander Mirza became President
Pakistan
Tunisia
July 25, 1957 King Muhammad VIII al-Amin deposed
Iraq
July 14, 1958 Faisal II deposed/killed in 14 July Revolution
Somalia
June 26, 1960 Independence of State of Somaliland, which was united with the Trust Territory of Somalia on July 1 to form the Somali Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
June 30, 1960 Gained independence as a republic
Ghana
July 1, 1960 Constitutional change after referendum on April 27
Cyprus
August 16, 1960 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus adopted
South Africa
May 31, 1961 Republican constitution adopted
Cameroon
October 1, 1961 End of British Trusteeship in Southern Cameroons, union with rest of Cameroon
Rwanda
July 1, 1962 Independence as a republic following monarchy referendum in 1961
Yemen
September 27, 1962 King Muhammad al-Badr deposed and Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) proclaimed
Tanganyika
December 9, 1962 Republican constitution adopted
Nigeria
October 1, 1963 Constitutional amendment
Uganda
October 9, 1963 Constitutional amendment
Zanzibar
January 12, 1964 Sultanate overthrown in Zanzibar Revolution
Zambia
October 24, 1964 Gained independence as a republic
Kenya
December 12, 1964 Republican constitution adopted
Singapore
August 9, 1965 Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia
Malawi
July 6, 1966 Republican constitution adopted
Botswana
September 30, 1966 Gained independence as a republic
Burundi
November 28, 1966 Republic declared after army coup d'état
South Yemen
November 30, 1967 Independence of People's Republic of South Yemen
Nauru
January 31, 1968 Gained independence as a republic
Equatorial Guinea
October 12, 1968 Gained independence as a republic
Maldives
November 11, 1968 Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi deposed and Maldivian Second Republic established after a referendum
Libya
September 1, 1969 King Idris I deposed by Muammar Gaddafi's coup d'état
Guyana
February 23, 1970 Co-operative Republic of Guyana proclaimed
Cambodia
March 18, 1970 The Khmer Republic (later known as Democratic Kampuchea, then the People's Republic of Kampuchea, and finally the State of Cambodia) was declared in 1970 when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed. The monarchy was restored in 1993.
The Gambia
April 24, 1970 Republic proclaimed following constitutional referendum
Sierra Leone
April 19, 1971 Republican constitution adopted
Sri Lanka
May 22, 1972 Sri Lankan constitution adopted
Afghanistan
July 17, 1973 King Mohammed Zahir Shah abdicated after Mohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état
Greece
December 8, 1974 Final abolition of monarchy; referendum
Malta
December 13, 1974 Republic of Malta proclaimed
Eritrea
March 21, 1975 Monarchy of Ethiopian Empire finally abolished
Ethiopia
Suriname
November 25, 1975 Gained independence as a republic
Laos
December 2, 1975 King Savang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution
Seychelles
June 29, 1976 Gained independence as a republic
Trinidad and Tobago
August 1, 1976 Republican constitution adopted
Dominica
November 3, 1978 Gained independence as a republic
Iran
February 11, 1979 Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and Islamic Republic of Iran (a theocratic republic) proclaimed as a result of the Iranian Revolution
Kiribati
July 12, 1979 Gained independence as a republic
Central African Republic
September 21, 1979 Emperor Bokassa I deposed in a coup d'état
Zimbabwe
April 17, 1980 Full independence of Zimbabwe
Fiji
October 6, 1987 Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of the coup d'état of Sitiveni Rabuka
Mauritius
March 12, 1992 Republic of Mauritius proclaimed as a result of constitutional changes
Samoa
May 11, 2007 Upon the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoa changed to a parliamentary republic.
Nepal
May 28, 2008 Abolition of monarchy
See also[edit]
Abolished monarchy
List of countries by system of government
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The First Philippine Republic was a nascent revolutionary government established on January 23, 1899, during the period following the end of the Spanish–American War. That war had concluded with the cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain, and the Philippines was under U.S. military government at the time. Hostilities which erupted between the Philippine Revolutionary Army and U.S. forces on February 4, 1899 quickly developed into the Philippine–American War, which led to the dissolution of that nascent government.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.sanmarinosite.com/en/history/origins-of-san-marino/ (January 2018)
Sources[edit]
Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-10-2415-2
Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), "Chapter 20. First Republic in Asia", The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co., pp. 263–277, ISBN 971-642-071-4
External links[edit]
politics portal
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