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History of the Pacific Islands
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History of the Pacific Islands covers the history of the islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Contents
1 Histories
1.1 Easter Island – Rapanui
1.2 Cook Islands
1.3 Fiji
1.4 Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands
1.5 Hawaii
1.6 Indonesia
1.7 Japan
1.8 Kiribati
1.9 Malaysia
1.10 New Caledonia
1.11 New Zealand
1.12 Niue Island
1.13 Papua New Guinea
1.14 Philippines
1.15 Samoa
1.16 Solomon Islands
1.17 Tahiti
1.18 Taiwan
1.19 Tokelau
1.20 Tonga
1.21 Tuvalu
1.22 Vanuatu
1.23 Other islands
2 See also
3 References
Histories[edit]
Easter Island – Rapanui[edit]
Main article: History of Easter Island
Easter Island is one of the youngest inhabited territories on Earth, and for most of the History of Easter Island it was the most isolated inhabited territory on Earth. Its inhabitants, the Rapanui, have endured famines and big push factors, epidemics, civil war, slave raids and colonialism; have seen their population crash on more than one occasion, and created a cultural legacy that has brought their fame out of all proportion to their numbers.
Cook Islands[edit]
Main article: History of the Cook Islands
In Cook Islands Māori pre-history, Chieftains from present day French Polynesia and their tribes, along with navigators, took their ships in search of unknown or newly found lands, first arriving in the southern island groups around 800 AD or earlier. Many other tribal migrations from French Polynesia, notably Tahiti would continue for centuries forming a unique Māori society. Similarly, the northern islands were also settled from the east, with some of the northern islands possibly having had later interactions with Western Polynesia.[1] The capital Rarotonga, is known, from various oral histories to have been the launching site of seven waka ship voyagers who settled in New Zealand, becoming the major tribes of the New Zealand Māori. Up until relatively recently there was continuous contact between both lands where back and forth migration and trade took place.[2] The Cook Islands Te Reo Māori language is closely related to the Te Reo Maori indigenous language of New Zealand. Spanish ships visited the islands in the 16th century; the first written record of contact with the islands came with the sighting of Pukapuka by Spanish sailor Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira in 1595 who called it San Bernardo (Saint Bernard). A few years later, a Spanish expedition led by Pedro Fernandes de Queirós made the first recorded European landing in the islands when he set foot on Rakahanga in 1606, calling it Gente Hermosa (Beautiful People).[3] The country is named after British captain Captain James Cook who surveyed and landed on some of the islands between 1774 and 1777.
Fiji[edit]
Main article: History of Fiji
The history of Fiji dates back to ancient times. There are many theories as to how the Fijian race came into existence. Around 1500 BC Fiji was settled by (melaneasion) seafarers. Around 900–600 BC Moturiki Island was settled. By 500 BC, Polynesian seafarers had reached Fiji and intermarried with the Melanesian inhabitants, giving rise to the modern Fijian people. In 1643 AD, Abel Tasman sighted Vanua Levu Island and northern Taveuni. According to native oral legends Fijians were also descendants of a nomadic tribe from Tanganika (Tanzania).
Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands[edit]
Main article: History of Guam
The history of Guam involves phases including the early arrival of people known today as the ancient Chamorros, the development of "pre-contact" society, Spanish colonization, and the present American rule of the island. Archaeologists using carbon-dating have broken Pre-Contact Guam (i.e. Chamorro) history into three periods: "Pre-Latte" (BC 2000? to AD 1) "Transitional Pre-Latte" (AD 1 to AD 1000), and "Latte" (AD 1000 to AD 1521). Archaeological evidence also suggests that Chamorro society was on the verge of another transition phase by 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan's expedition arrived, as latte stones became bigger. The original inhabitants of Guam are believed to be descendants of Indigenous Taiwanese People originating from the high mountains of Taiwan as early as 4,000 BC, having linguistic and cultural similarities to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.[4] Guam's history of colonialism is the longest among the Pacific islands and Chamorros are considered one of the oldest mixed race in the Pacific. In 1668 the Spanish formally incorporated the islands to the Spanish East Indies and founded a colony on Guam as a resting place for the west-bound Manila galleons. The territory was ceded by Spain more than two centuries later, when in 1898 the United States took over the islands following the Spanish–American War. The chamorro culture has evolved much since European contact and has been much influenced by Spanish and American colonization. Although the original culture no longer exists, it is now being revived with contemporary alternatives and similarities in styles with all the other pacific islands. Not one unique, but all combined to form a uniqueness in style, to today's modern interpretation of what their culture might have been. It should also be mentioned that the Chamorros on Guam view their culture & language differently than the Chamorros on the Northern Mariana Islands.
Hawaii[edit]
Main article: History of Hawaii
Hawaiian history is inextricably tied into a larger Polynesian phenomenon. Hawaiʻi is the apex of the Polynesian Triangle, a region of the Pacific Ocean anchored by three island groups: Hawaiʻi, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), and Aotearoa (New Zealand). The many island cultures within the Polynesian Triangle share similar languages derived from a proto-Malayo-Polynesian language used in Southeast Asia 5,000 years ago. Polynesians also share cultural traditions, such as religion, social organization, myths, and material culture. Anthropologists believe that all Polynesians have descended from a South Pacific proto-culture created by an Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) people that had migrated from Southeast Asia. The seven main Polynesian cultures are Aotearoa, Hawaiʻi, Rapa Nui, Marquesas, Samoa, Tahiti, and Tonga
The early settlement history of Hawaiʻi is still not completely resolved. Some believe that the first Polynesians arrived in Hawaiʻi in the 3rd century from the Marquesas and were followed by Tahitian settlers in 1300 AD who conquered the original inhabitants. Others believe that there was only a single, extended period of settlement.
Indonesia[edit]
Main article: History of Indonesia
In the history of Indonesia, Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC, and confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions as they expanded.[5] Dong Son culture spread to Indonesia bringing with it techniques of wet-field rice cultivation, ritual buffalo sacrifice, bronze casting, megalithic practises, and ikat weaving methods. Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the 8th century BC,[6] allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the 1st century AD.
Japan[edit]
Main article: History of Japan
The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts. However, archaeological evidence indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the upper paleolithic period.[7] Following the last ice-age, around 12,000 BC, the rich ecosystem of the Japanese Archipelago fostered human development. The earliest-known pottery belongs to the Jōmon period.
Kiribati[edit]
Main article: History of Kiribati
In the history of Kiribati, the islands which now form the Republic of Kiribati have been inhabited for at least seven hundred years, and possibly much longer. The initial Micronesian population, which remains the overwhelming majority today, was visited by Polynesian and Melanesian invaders before the first European sailors "discovered" the islands in the 16th century. For much of the subsequent period, the main island chain, the Gilbert Islands, was ruled as part of the British Empire. The country gained its independence in 1979 and has since been known as Kiribati.
Malaysia[edit]
Main article: History of Malaysia
History of Malaysia is the written past of a country in South East Asia whose strategic sea-lane position brought trade and foreign influences that fundamentally influenced its history. Hindu India, the Islamic Middle East and Christian Europe to its west, and China and Japan to the north-east were major influences brought by shipping routes passing through the region. Malaysian history is also intertwined with that of neighbouring Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei and Thailand. This trade and foreign cultures brought the area great wealth and diversity, but has also domination and colonialism. The history of Malaysia is one of successive phases of outside influence, followed by the mid-20th century establishment of independence from foreign colonial powers.
New Caledonia[edit]
In the history of New Caledonia, the diverse group of people that settled over the Melanesian archipelagos are known as the Lapita. They arrived in the archipelago now commonly known as New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands around 1500 BC. The Lapita were highly skilled navigators and agriculturists with influence over a large area of the Pacific. From about the 11th century Polynesians also arrived and mixed with the populations of the archipelago. Europeans first sighted New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands in the late 18th century. The British explorer James Cook sighted Grande Terre in 1774 and named it New Caledonia, Caledonia being the Latin name for Scotland. During the same voyage he also named the islands to the north of New Caledonia the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), after the islands north of Scotland.
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: History of New Zealand
The History of New Zealand dates back to at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer, the Dutch Abel Tasman, came to New Zealand in 1642. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving Māori equal rights with British citizens. There was extensive European and some Asian settlement throughout the rest of the century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from Māori to European ownership, and most Māori subsequently became impoverished.
From the 1890s the New Zealand parliament enacted a number of progressive initiatives, including women's suffrage and old age pensions. From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and an extensive welfare state was developed. Meanwhile, Māori culture underwent a renaissance, and from the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers. This led to the development of a Māori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century. In the 1980s the economy was largely deregulated and a number of socially liberal policies, such as decriminalisation of homosexuality, were put in place. Foreign policy, which had previously consisted mostly of following Britain or the United States, became more independent. Subsequent governments have generally maintained these policies, although tempering the free market ethos somewhat.
Niue Island[edit]
The history of the Niue Island can be traced back to a 1,000 years when the Polynesian settles came here. Traces of Pukapulan dialect are still there in the native language which is based on the Samoan and Tongan language. The Polynesian settlers were raters isolated as there was very little inter island trade and the existence of the limestone island was in itself very difficult due to lack of rivers and cultivable soil.
The modern history of Niue can be traced back to the 1740s with the arrival of Captain James Cook. Cook described the island as "Savage Island" in his records as the natives were not very welcoming to strangers. This was in complete contrast to the Tongans he described as "The Friendly Islands". Captain Cook tried to set his foot thrice on the island but was repulsed each of the three times. The natives at that time were quite hostile to strangers. Christianity was brought to the island by Peniamina in the year 1846 when he got converted during his stay at Samoa. The islanders were completely converted to Christianity by the end of the 19th century. Colonization took place thereafter and the island was declared as a part of the British Empire.
The island country became independent in 1974 but still have a free association agreement with New Zealand and many of its citizens have become citizens of New Zealand. Now the Island country has a democracy and is governed by a legislative assembly consisting of 20 members. Niue is the smallest democracy in the world.
Papua New Guinea[edit]
Main article: History of Papua New Guinea
The History of Papua New Guinea can be traced back to about 60,000 years ago when people first migrated towards the Australian continent. The written history began when European navigators first sighted New Guinea in the early part of the 16th century. Portuguese explorers first arrived from the west and later Spanish navigators from the east, after crossing the Pacific. The island was given its name "New Guinea" by Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez who sailed its coast in 1545. Archaeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago, probably by sea from Southeast Asia during an ice age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter. For an overview of the geological history of the continent of which New Guinea is a part, see Australia – New Guinea. Although the first arrivals were hunter-gatherers, early evidence shows that people managed the forest environment to provide food. The gardens of the New Guinea highlands are ancient, intensive permacultures, adapted to high population densities, very high rainfalls (as high as 10,000mm/yr (400in/yr)), earthquakes, hilly land, and occasional frost. There are indications that gardening was being practised at the same time that agriculture was developing in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Philippines[edit]
Main article: History of the Philippines
In the beginning of the history of the Philippines, the arrival of the first humans via land bridges at least 30,000 years ago.[8] Austronesians actively settled the island from Taiwan from 2500 BCE and displaced Negritoes from the Coastal areas, forcing them into the mountains. Due to influence from the Cholas and states they had cultural influence over, Indianized Hindu kingdoms arose in the early Medieval period and the Islamic Sultanate of Brunei extended its rule over parts of Mindanao by the late 15th century. The first visit from Western explorers is the arrival of a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who arrived on Homonhon Island, southeast of Samar on 16 March 1521.[9] Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition and permanent settlement in the island of Cebu in 1565,[10] and more settlements continued northward with the Spanish settlers reaching the bay of Manila on the island of Luzon in 1571.[11] In Manila, they established a new town and thus began an era of Spanish colonization that lasted for more than three centuries.[12] The Philippines were conquered by the United States in 1898, occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945 and given independence in 1946.
Samoa[edit]
Main articles: History of Samoa and Archaeology in Samoa
In the History of Samoa, contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century but did not intensify until the arrival of the English. In 1722, Dutchman Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to sight the islands. Missionaries and traders arrived in the 1830s. Halfway through the 19th century, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States all claimed parts of the kingdom of Samoa, and established trade posts. King Malietoa Leaupepe died in 1898 and was succeeded by Malietoa Tooa Mataafa. The US and British consuls supported Malietoa Tanu, Leaupepe's son. US and British warships, including the USS Philadelphia shelled Apia on 15 March 1899. After World War I, the League of Nations carved up Samoa. Britain and New Zealand took over the western islands which became 'Western Samoa' and USA claimed the eastern half of the country which became American Samoa. In 1962, Western Samoa became the first Pacific Island nation to gain political independence. In 1997, Samoa officially dropped the 'Western' from its name as it was an appendage from its colonial era.
Solomon Islands[edit]
Main article: History of the Solomon Islands
The human history of the Solomon Islands begins with the first settlement at least 30,000 years ago from New Guinea. They represented the furthest expansion of humans into the Pacific Ocean until the expansion of Austronesian-language speakers through the area around 4000 BCE, bringing new agricultural and maritime technology. Most of the languages spoken today in the Solomon Islands derive from this era, but some thirty languages of the pre-Austronesian settlers survive (see East Papuan languages). The first European contact was that of Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira whose expedition first sighted Santa Isabel island on 7 February 1568. Finding signs of alluvial gold on Guadalcanal, Mendaña believed he had found the source of King Solomon's wealth, and consequently named the islands "The Islands of Solomon". Many of the islands were also named by these explorers, including Guadalcanal, the Santa Cruz Islands, San Cristobal, Santa Ana and Santa Isabel. In 1595 and 1605 Spain again sent several expeditions to find the islands and establish a colony, though these were unsuccessful. In 1767 Captain Philip Carteret rediscovered Santa Cruz and Malaita. Later, Dutch, French and British navigators visited the islands; their reception was often hostile.
Tahiti[edit]
In the history of Tahiti, Tahiti is estimated to have been settled by Polynesians between CE 300 and 800 coming from Tonga and Samoa, although some estimates place the date earlier. The fertile island soil combined with fishing provided ample food for the population. Although the first European sighting of the islands was by a Spanish ship in 1606, Spain made no effort to trade with or colonize the island. Samuel Wallis, an English sea captain, sighted Tahiti on 18 June 1767, and is considered the first European visitor to the island. The perceived relaxation and contented nature of the local people and the characterization of the island as a paradise much impressed early European visitors, planting the seed for a romanticization by the West that endures to this day.
Taiwan[edit]
Main article: History of Taiwan
In the history of Taiwan, Aboriginal peoples ancestors are believed to have been living on the islands for approximately 8,000 years before major Han Chinese immigration began in the 17th century.[13] The Taiwanese Aborigines are Austronesian peoples, with linguistic and genetic ties to other Austronesian ethnic groups, such as peoples of the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Oceania.[14] Taiwan's Austronesian speakers were traditionally distributed over much of the island's rugged central mountain range and concentrated in villages along the alluvial plains. Today, the bulk of the contemporary Taiwanese Aborigine population reside in the mountains and the cities. The issue of an ethnic identity unconnected to the Asian mainland has become one thread in the discourse regarding the political identity of Taiwan. The total population of Aborigines on Taiwan is around 458,000 as of January 2006,[15] which is approximately 2% of Taiwan's population.
Tokelau[edit]
Archaeological evidence indicates that history of Tokelau's atol—Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo—were settled about 1,000 years ago, probably by voyages from Samoa, the Cook Islands and Tuvalu. Oral history traces local traditions and genealogies back several hundred years.[16] Inhabitants followed Polynesian mythology with the local god Tui Tokelau; and developed forms of music (see Music of Tokelau) and art. The three atolls functioned largely independently while maintaining social and linguistic cohesion. Tokelauan society was governed by chiefly clans, and there were occasional inter-atoll skirmishes and wars as well as inter-marriage. Fakaofo, the "chiefly island,"[17] held some dominance over Atafu and Nukunonu. Life on the atolls was subsistence-based, with reliance on fish and coconut.[16] Commodore John Byron discovered Atafu on 24 June 1765 and named it "Duke of York's Island." Parties onshore reported that there were no signs of current or previous inhabitants.[18][19]
Tonga[edit]
Main article: History of Tonga
The history of Tonga stretches back to around roughly 1000 AD,[20] when the Polynesians arrived. Tonga became known as the Tongan Empire through extensive trading and its influence over parts of the Pacific (e.g. Fiji). The Europeans arrived in the 17th century which was followed after a couple hundred years by a single unified Tongan kingdom. Archaeological evidence shows that the first settlers in Tonga sailed from the Santa Cruz Islands, as part of the original Austronesian-speakers' (Lapita) migration which originated out of southeast Asia some 6,000 years before present. Archaeological dating places Tonga as the oldest known site in Polynesia for the distinctive Lapita ceramic ware, at 2800–2750 years before present.[citation needed]
Tuvalu[edit]
Main article: History of Tuvalu
See also: Timeline of the history of Tuvalu
Tuvaluan man in traditional costume drawn by Alfred Agate in 1841 during the United States Exploring Expedition.
The history of Tuvalu dates back to at least 1,000 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians. the origins of the people of Tuvalu is addressed in the theories regarding the spread of humans out of Southeast Asia, from Taiwan, via Melanesia and across the Pacific islands to create Polynesia.[21]
During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the islands as Polynesian navigation skills are recognised to have allowed deliberate journeys on double-hull sailing canoes or outrigger canoes.[22] Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan. The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from the Samoan Islands into the Tuvaluan atolls, with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia.[23][24][25]
In 1568 Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the islands and sighted Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. European explorers did not return until two centuries later. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay (1812–1876).[26] The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British protectorate by Captain Gibson R.N., of HMS Curacoa, between 9 and 16 October 1892.[27] The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and later as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974.[28]
A referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration.[29] As a consequence of the referendum, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony ceased to exist on 1 January 1976 and the separate British colonies of Kiribati and Tuvalu came into existence.[30][31] Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978. On 17 September 2000 Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations.
Vanuatu[edit]
Main article: History of Vanuatu
In the history of Vanuatu, the commonly held theory of Vanuatu's prehistory from archaeological evidence supports that peoples speaking Austronesian languages first came to the islands some 4,000 to 6,000 years ago.[32] Pottery fragments have been found dating back to 1300 BC[33] What little is known of the pre-European contact history of Vanuatu has been gleaned from oral histories and legends. One important early king was Roy Mata, who united several tribes, and was buried in a large mound with several retainers. The first European contact with Vanuatu came in 1606, when a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernández de Quirós discovered Espiritu Santo, naming it Australia del Espiritu Santo, believing he had arrived in the southern continent. Europeans did not return until 1768, when Louis Antoine de Bougainville rediscovered the islands.
Other islands[edit]
History of American Samoa begins with inhabitation as early as 1000 BC, Samoa was not reached by European explorers until the 18th century.[34]
The history of Baker Island began when the United States of America took possession of the island in 1857, and its guano deposits were mined by US and British companies during the second half of the 19th century. In 1935, a short-lived attempt at colonization was begun on this island – as well as on nearby Howland Island – but was disrupted by World War II and thereafter abandoned. Presently the island is a National Wildlife Refuge run by the US Department of the Interior; a day beacon is situated near the middle of the west coast.
In the history of Brunei, the Sultanate of Brunei was very powerful from the fourteenth to the 16th century AD. Its realm covered the northern part of Borneo and the southwestern Philippines. European influence gradually brought an end to this regional power. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei was victorious. The decline of the Bruneian Empire culminated in the 19th century when Brunei lost much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984.
Westerners arrived in Caroline Islands in 1525, by the Portuguese Diogo da Rocha and his pilot Gomes de Sequeira, naming them the Sequeira Islands. At about the same time, in 1526, they were sighted by the Spanish Toribio Alonso de Salazar, he called them "Carolinas" after the emperor Carlos I of Spain, and Charles V of Holy Roman Empire. Though early Spanish navigators in the area (from 1543) called them the Nuevas Filipinas ("New Philippines"), Admiral Francisco Lazeano named them the Carolinas after the Spanish King Charles II in 1686.[35]
In the history of French Polynesia, the French Polynesian island groups do not share a common history before the establishment of the French protectorate in 1889. The first French Polynesian islands to be settled by Polynesians were the Marquesas Islands in AD 300 and the Society Islands in AD 800. The Polynesians were organized in petty chieftainships.[36]
European discovery in the History of the Galapagos Islands occurred when Dominican Fray Tomás de Berlanga, the fourth Bishop of Panama, sailed to Peru to settle a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and his lieutenants. De Berlanga's vessel drifted off course when the winds diminished, and his party reached the islands on 10 March 1535. According to a 1956 study by Thor Heyerdahl and Arne Skjølsvold, remains of potsherds and other artifacts from several sites on the islands suggest visitation by South American peoples prior to the arrival of the Spanish.
Historical evidence suggests that Howland Island was the site of prehistoric settlement, which may have extended down to Rawaki, Kanton, Manra and Orona of the Phoenix Islands 500 to 700 km southeast. This settlement might have taken the form of a single community utilising several adjacent islands, but the hard life on these isolated islands, together with the uncertainty of fresh water supplies, led to an extinction of or dereliction by the settled peoples, in such a way that other islands in the area (such as Kiritimati and Pitcairn) were abandoned.[37] Such settlements probably began around 1000 BC, when eastern Melanesians travelled north.[38]
The history of Jarvis Island begins with the island's first known sighting by Europeans was on 21 August 1821 by the British ship Eliza Francis (or Eliza Frances) owned by Edward, Thomas and William Jarvis[39][40] and commanded by Captain Brown. In March 1857 the uninhabited island was claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act and formally annexed on 27 February 1858.
In the history of Marquesas Islands, the first recorded settlers of the Marquesas were Polynesians, who, from archеological evidence, are believed to have arrived before 100 AD. Ethnological and linguistic evidence suggests that they likely arrived from the region of Tonga and Samoa. The islands were given their name by the Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira who reached them on 21 July 1595. He named them after his patron, García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, who was Viceroy of Peru at the time. Mendaña visited first Fatu Hiva and then Tahuata before continuing on to the Solomon Islands.
In the history of Melanesia, the original inhabitants of the islands now named Melanesia were likely the ancestors of the present day Papuan-speaking people. These people are thought to have occupied New Guinea tens of millennia ago and reached the islands 35,000 years ago (according to radiocarbon dating). They appear to have occupied these islands as far east as the main islands in the Solomon Islands (i.e., including San Cristobal) and perhaps even to the smaller islands farther to the east.[41]
The ancestors of the Micronesians in the history of Micronesia settled there over 4,000 years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious empire centered on Yap. European explorers – first the Portuguese in search of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and then the Spanish – reached the Carolines in the 16th century, with the Spanish establishing sovereignty.
Researchers of the History of the Marshall Islands agree on little more than that successive waves of migratory peoples from Southeast Asia spread across the Western Pacific about 3,000 years ago, and that some of them landed on and remained on these islands. The Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar landed there in 1529. They were named for English explorer John Marshall, who visited them in 1799. The Marshall Islands were claimed by Spain in 1874. Following papal mediation and German compensation of $4.5 million, Spain recognized Germany's claim in 1885, which established a protectorate and set up trading stations on the islands of Jaluit and Ebon to carry out the flourishing copra (dried coconut meat) trade. Marshallese Iroij (high chiefs) continued to rule under indirect colonial German administration.
In the History of the Society Islands, the archipelago is generally believed to have been named by Captain James Cook in honor of the Royal Society, sponsor of the first British scientific survey of the islands; however, Cook states in his journal that he called the islands Society "as they lay contiguous to one another".[42]
In the history of Tuamotu, the Tuamotus were first discovered by a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. From the Inca Empire, Tupac Inca Yupanqui is also credited with leading a nearly 10-month voyage of exploration into the Pacific around 1480. None of these visits were of political consequence, the islands being in the sphere of influence of the Pomare dynasty of Tahiti. At the beginning 18th century the first Christian missionaries arrived. The islands' pearls penetrated the European market in the late 19th century, making them a coveted possession. Following the forced abdication of King Pomare V of Tahiti, the islands were annexed as an overseas territory of France
See also[edit]
Pacific Islands
Exploration of the Pacific
List of countries and islands by first human settlement
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Howe, Kerry (2003). The Quest for Origins. New Zealand: Penguin. pp. 68, 70. ISBN 0-14-301857-4.
Jump up ^ Bellwood, Peter (1987). The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People. Thames and Hudson. pp. 39–44.
Jump up ^ Bellwood, Peter (1987). The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People. Thames and Hudson. pp. 29 & 54.
Jump up ^ Bayard, D.T. (1976). The Cultural Relationships of the Polynesian Outiers. Otago University, Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology, Vol. 9.
Jump up ^ Kirch, P.V. (1984). The Polynesian Outiers. 95 (4) Journal of Pacific History. pp. 224–238.
Jump up ^ A Directory for the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean: With Description of Its Coasts, Islands, Etc. from the Strait of Magalhaens to the Arctic Sea (1851)
Jump up ^ Noatia P. Teo, Hugh Larcy (ed) (1983). "Chapter 17, Colonial Rule". Tuvalu: A History. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 127–139. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Macdonald, Barrie (2001) Cinderellas of the Empire: towards a history of Kiribati and Tuvalu, Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, ISBN 982-02-0335-X
Jump up ^ Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p. 831, ISBN 0-19-924959-8
Jump up ^ Tuvalu: A History, Chapter 20, Secession and Independence, pp. 153–177
Jump up ^ McIntyre, W. David (2012). "The Partition of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands" (PDF). Island Studies Journal. 7 (1): 135–146.
Jump up ^ "A Pacific engaged: Australias (sic) relations with Papua New Guinea and the island states of the southwest Pacific" Archived 27 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Australian Senate, 12 August 2003, p.288
Jump up ^ Ron Adams, "History (from Vanuatu)", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006
Jump up ^ "Bougainville biography". www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
Jump up ^ Quanchi, Max; Robson, John (October 18, 2005). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. Scarecrow Press. p. 112.
Jump up ^ Ganse, Alexander. "History of Polynesia, before 1797". Retrieved 20 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Irwin, pp. 176–179.
Jump up ^ Suárez 2004, p. 17.
Jump up ^ "North Pacific Pilot page 282". Archived from the original (png) on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "R. v. Higgins, Fuller, Anderson, Thomas, Belford and Walsh". legal proceeding. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Dunn, Michael, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson (2005). "Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History". Science. 309 (5743): 2072–2075. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.2072D. doi:10.1126/science.1114615. PMID 16179483. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Horwitz, Tony. Oct. 2003, Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before, Bloomsbury, ISBN 0-7475-6455-8
27. “Reconstructing History: Literature, History, and Anthropology in the Pacific.” Ed. Cynthia Klekar. Special Issue of The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation 49, no. 3 (Fall, 2008). Introduction, 193-96.
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text:
How Am I Supposed to Live Without You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
Single by Laura Branigan
from the album Branigan 2
Released
July 1, 1983
Format
7"
Recorded
1982
Genre
Pop
Length
4:29
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Michael Bolton
Doug James
Producer(s)
Jack White
Laura Branigan singles chronology
"Solitaire"
(1983) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(1983) "Self Control"
(1984)
"Solitaire"
(1983) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(1983) "Self Control"
(1984)
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" is a song written in 1983 by Doug James and Michael Bolton. The ballad has been recorded by many artists around the world, in several languages, becoming something of a modern pop standard. Instrumental versions of the song have been recorded featuring variously the piano, guitar, saxophone, pan flute, steel drum, and music box.
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" was supposed to be recorded by the duo Air Supply. But when Arista President Clive Davis asked for permission to change the lyrics of the chorus, Bolton refused, and Davis released the song.[1] Subsequently Laura Branigan recorded it as written, and it became the first major hit for the two songwriters. The song was also performed by actress Lisa Hartman on the soap opera Knots Landing.[citation needed] Bolton's own rendition became a worldwide hit in early 1990.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Track listings
3 Charts
4 Michael Bolton version
4.1 Music video
4.2 Track listings
4.3 Charts
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
As the second single from Branigan's second album Branigan 2, "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at number twelve on the Hot 100 in early October 1983. Branigan's single also hit the number one spot on the Adult Contemporary chart in Canada. This success came without benefit of a music video. Branigan performed the song on the syndicated music countdown show Solid Gold in late 1983 and on the popular holiday special Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. Branigan 2 went out of print in 2004, but Branigan's original version can still be heard on the compilation albums The Best of Branigan (1995), The Essentials (2002) and The Platinum Collection (2006).
The single's B-side was a newly written song over the music to the Italian song "Mama", by Giancarlo Bigazzi and Umberto Tozzi. Branigan's first major hit had been with "Gloria", another English song written to an Italian hit by the duo.
Track listings[edit]
7" single[2]
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" 4:29
2. "Mama" 3:56
7" single – Promo[3]
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" (Short version) 3:57
2. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" 4:29
7" single (Canada)[4]
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" 4:29
2. "Don't Show Your Love" 3:30
Charts[edit]
Chart (1983)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart 46[citation needed]
Canadian Adult Contemporary 1[citation needed]
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12[citation needed]
U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 1[citation needed]
Preceded by
"All Time High" by Rita Coolidge Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary number-one single
September 3–24, 1983 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Tell Her About It" by Billy Joel
Michael Bolton version[edit]
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
Artwork for U.S. commercial cassette single; the U.S. CD release was distributed for solely promotional use
Single by Michael Bolton
from the album Soul Provider
B-side
"Forever Eyes"
Released
October 14, 1989 (U.S.)[5]
Format
7"
CD
Recorded
June 1988
Genre
Soft rock[6]
Length
4:48
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Michael Bolton
Doug James
Producer(s)
Michael Omartian
Michael Bolton singles chronology
"Soul Provider"
(1989) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(1989) "How Can We Be Lovers?"
(1990)
"Soul Provider"
(1989) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(1989) "How Can We Be Lovers?"
(1990)
Soul Provider track listing
"It's Only My Heart"
(3) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
(4) "How Can We Be Lovers?"
(5)
In 1988, Michael Bolton recorded a version of the song for the album Soul Provider. The single reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts and also won him a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. The release marked a turning point in Bolton's career. After years of being primarily known as a songwriter,[7] the single got him recognition as a performer and made him a certified superstar.[8]
The single took off in October 1989,[9] slowly climbed the Hot 100 and by mid January became the first new number one single of the 1990s, following "Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins.
Music video[edit]
The beginning of the music video shows Bolton performing the selection whilst he is sitting in his living room, and small bits of story about his and his girlfriend's relationship are told through fade-outs. As he is about to leave the apartment, already having packed his suitcases, he thinks of her and the time they spent together and seemingly decides against the decision; he then cuddles with his girlfriend. It is revealed, the next night, that he plans to give her a bracelet, which he quickly hides as he reads a newspaper before she enters the room. She surprises him with breakfast and they cuddle again. Later on, the two have a fight about something and she storms out of the apartment, and Bolton visibly feels guilty.[10]
Track listings[edit]
7" single
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" (Edit) 4:14
2. "Forever Eyes" 4:23
CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" 4:48
2. "Forever Eyes" 4:23
3. "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" (7" version) 4:56
4. "That's What Love Is All About" (Live) 4:23
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (1989/1990)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart 2[citation needed]
Austrian Singles Chart 17[citation needed]
Belgian Singles Chart 1[citation needed]
Dutch Top 40 3[citation needed]
German Singles Chart 15[citation needed]
New Zealand Singles Chart 10[citation needed]
Swedish Singles Chart 9[citation needed]
UK Singles Chart 3[citation needed]
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary 1[citation needed]
Year-end charts
Chart (1990)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[12] 76
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 12
Preceded by
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary number-one single
January 6–13, 1990 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Downtown Train" by Rod Stewart
Preceded by
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
January 20 – February 3, 1990 Succeeded by
"Opposites Attract" by Paula Abdul with The Wild Pair
Preceded by
"Nothing Compares 2 U" by Sinéad O'Connor Belgian Singles Chart number-one single
April 28 – May 11, 1990 Succeeded by
"Infinity" by Guru Josh
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1983 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1990 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1990
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley. The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits, Billboard Books, 1999, p. 277, 354.
Jump up ^ "Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl, Promo) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Laura Branigan - How Am I Supposed to Live Without You (Vinyl, Canada) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine. Vol. 101; No. 41; October 14, 1989; p. 83
Jump up ^ "VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs". Stereogum. SpinMedia. May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley. The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits, Billboard Books, 1999, p. 277, 354.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bolton biography". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 the week of October 28, 1989". Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bolton". MyVideo.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bolton Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1990". RPM. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1990". Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
1980s portal
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[show]
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Laura Branigan singles
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Studio albums
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Time, Love & Tenderness (1991)
Timeless: The Classics (1992)
The One Thing (1993)
This Is the Time: The Christmas Album (1996)
All That Matters (1997)
My Secret Passion (1998)
Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2 (1999)
Only a Woman Like You (2002)
Vintage (2003)
'Til the End of Forever (2005)
Bolton Swings Sinatra (2006)
One World One Love (2009)
Gems: The Duets Collection / Duette (2011)
Ain't No Mountain High Enough: A Tribute to Hitsville U.S.A. (2013)
Songs of Cinema (2017)
Cover albums
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Compilation albums
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Songs
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
"How Can We Be Lovers?"
"When I'm Back on My Feet Again"
"Love Is a Wonderful Thing"
"Time, Love and Tenderness"
"Missing You Now"
"Said I Loved You...But I Lied"
"I Found Someone"
"Go the Distance"
"Jack Sparrow"
"I'm Not Ready"
Related articles
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Blackjack
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Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
Concept art released in August 2015
Disneyland
Coordinates
33°48′50″N 117°55′12″W / 33.814°N 117.92°W / 33.814; -117.92
Status
Under construction
Opening date
2019[1]
Replaced
Big Thunder Ranch
Disney's Hollywood Studios
Coordinates
28°21′14″N 81°33′40″W / 28.354°N 81.561°W / 28.354; -81.561
Status
Under construction
Opening date
2019[1]
Replaced
Streets of America
General Statistics
Theme
Star Wars
Area
14 acres (5.7 ha)
Attractions
Attractions
2 total
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge is an upcoming Star Wars-themed area being developed at Disneyland Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California and Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida.[2] The Star Wars-themed area, or "land," at each park will encompass 14 acres.[3]
Announced in August 2015,[4] the lands are scheduled to open at both locations in 2019, with the Disneyland version opening first.[5] Walt Disney Imagineering executive Scott Trowbridge is supervising the development of the new land at both parks.[6][7] Disney CEO Bob Iger announced on March 3, 2016, at the Disney shareholders meeting, that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design
3 Locations
3.1 Disneyland
3.2 Disney's Hollywood Studios
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge was first publicly announced by The Walt Disney Company Chairman and CEO Bob Iger at the D23 Expo on August 15, 2015, though it did not have an official name at the time. According to Iger, it will be "occupied by many inhabitants; humanoids, aliens and droids … the attractions, the entertainment, everything we create will be part of our storytelling. Nothing will be out of character or stray from the mythology."[2] Bob Chapek, chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, stated that the land "will introduce you to a Star Wars planet you’ve never seen before — a gateway planet located on the outer rim, full of places and characters familiar and not so familiar."[3]
In an interview for the winter 2015 issue of the official Disney fan club publication Disney twenty-three, Trowbridge stated: "[O]ur intent is to make it feel as if you just walked into one of the movies... Bringing Star Wars to life in the physical world gives us the opportunity to play with a whole bunch of things we've never done before... to really engage all of the senses. What does that street feel like? What does that animal smell like? What does blue milk taste like?"[7]
Iger announced in March 2016 that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016.[8] Construction began at both locations on April 14, 2016.[9] In February 2017, Iger stated that the lands are scheduled to open in 2019 at both Disneyland and Hollywood Studios.[1]
In July 2017 at the D23 Expo, Chapek revealed that the themed lands would be called Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge. Chapek also announced that Disneyland's version will open first.[5]
In November 2017, Trowbridge announced that the planet in the land is called Batuu.[10]
Design[edit]
Walt Disney Imagineering designed the project in collaboration with the Lucasfilm Story Group, with Imagineer Scott Trowbridge supervising the project, Asa Kalama and Chris Beatty serving as executive creative directors, and Lucasfilm's Pablo Hidalgo and designer Doug Chiang of Industrial Light & Magic involved as consultants.[11] Together, the team decided to set the lands on a new planet, located within the Outer Rim of the Unknown Regions.[12] Described as a "remote frontier outpost", the planet Batuu has not previously appeared in other media, although it has existed within canon "for thousands and thousands of years."[13][12][10] The team chose to create a newly designed world instead of using an existing planet from the films such as Tatooine or Hoth, because those locations evoked a pre-existing familiarity with guests, with Trowbridge explaining, "We wanted to build new Star Wars stories, new Star Wars destinations, but this time you could be in that story that required us to go to a new place."
This used to be a vibrant trading port back in the old sub-lightspeed days, but now with advent of hyperspace, its prominence has kind of fallen and faded a little bit which has made it a great spot for those who didn't want to be on that kind of mainstream path. The smugglers, the bounty hunters, the rogue adventurers looking to crew up, the people who don't want to be found — basically all the interesting people.
—  Supervising Imagineer Scott Trowbridge describing the featured planet[12]
The development team drew inspiration from real-world locations, including as Istanbul and Morocco, and traveled there to study the architecture, culture, and weather.[14] The team also cited Ralph McQuarrie's concept art for the original Star Wars trilogy as a basis for the aesthetic look of the land.[14] The timeline is set after the events of Return of the Jedi, in the years leading up to the sequel trilogy, and will depict the rising presence of both the First Order and the Resistance.[11][13] The Star Wars-themed land will have two new attractions: one will allow riders to control the Millennium Falcon, and the other will place guests into the middle of a battle between the First Order and the Resistance.[15][16] Concept art depicts a full-size Millennium Falcon situated among alien buildings built into tall cliffs.[15] The new planet is designed for guests to begin their own narrative. The Millennium Falcon attraction will feature a "customized secret mission".[17]
There will also be a version of a cantina.[18] How riders perform on the Millennium Falcon will influence how they are treated at the cantina, adding to the immersive experience. According to the Disney Parks Blog, "perform with skill and you may earn extra galactic credits, while bringing the ship back banged up could put you on the list of a bounty hunter. End up on Harkos’s list and you may face a problem if you show up at the local cantina!"
In the marketplace in the Batuu village there will be a toy stall, imagineers are creating one that will be run by a Toydarian - an alien species that was seen on Tatooine in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[19]
Locations[edit]
Disneyland[edit]
At Disneyland, Galaxy's Edge is being built to the north of Frontierland, where Big Thunder Ranch and backstage areas were located.[18] As a result of the expansion, Disney purchased nearby properties to relocate the office and warehouse space that was on the land.[20]
On January 11, 2016, several attractions in Frontierland and Critter Country were closed. Big Thunder Ranch closed permanently, including the multifunction event space, barbecue restaurant, and petting zoo. Other attractions closed temporarily, including the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America. Tom Sawyer Island reopened on June 16, 2017, and Fantasmic! reopened on July 17, 2017. The Disneyland Railroad, Mark Twain Riverboat, Sailing Ship Columbia, and Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes reopened on July 29.[21][22][23]
The construction of Galaxy's Edge resulted in a reconfigured route for the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America. A first look at how these changes would impact the park were revealed in January 2016, when concept art was released depicting the northern bank of the river after construction was completed.[24]
Construction at Disney's Hollywood Studios.
Disney's Hollywood Studios[edit]
At Disney's Hollywood Studios, Galaxy's Edge is replacing the majority of the park's Streets of America, including the Lights, Motors, Action! Extreme Stunt Show and Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: Movie Set Adventure which closed on April 2, 2016, as well as the surrounding backlot facades, restaurants, and shops. Together with the previously closed Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction, Galaxy's Edge will be part of a major expansion of the park that will include Toy Story Land.[3][25][26][27][28] The remaining operating portions of Streets of America (containing Muppet*Vision 3D) were left undisturbed and renamed as Grand Avenue, and Grand Park.[29] The land will be accompanied by the Star Wars Hotel.[5][30][31][32]
See also[edit]
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, a themed land at Universal Parks & Resorts in Osaka, Hollywood, and Orlando
Pandora – The World of Avatar, a themed land at Disney's Animal Kingdom
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pandora – The World of Avatar to Open May 27, Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company". The Walt Disney Company. February 7, 2017. Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Prudom, Laura; Zumberg, Marianne (August 15, 2015). "'Star Wars' Themed Lands Coming to Disney Parks, Says Bob Iger". Variety. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pedicini, Sandra (August 15, 2015). "Star Wars land coming to Disney's Hollywood Studios - Orlando Sentinel". OrlandoSentinel.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Glover, Erin (August 15, 2015). "Star Wars-Themed Lands Coming to Walt Disney World and Disneyland Resorts". Disney Parks Blog. The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bevil, Dewayne. "Coming to Disney World: Tron, Guardians of the Galaxy ride, 'Star Wars' hotel". OrlandoSentinel.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Martens, Todd (November 13, 2015). "Tomorrowland at Disneyland revamps with Season of the Force ahead of new 'Star Wars' movie release". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing Company. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Frye, Jim (Winter 2015). "Chewie, We're Home". Disney twenty-three. Burbank: Walt Disney Company. 7 (4): 20–23. ISSN 2162-5492. OCLC 698366817.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Hugo (March 3, 2016). "Disneyland to start building its 'Star Wars' land in April". latimes.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (April 14, 2016). "Disney Breaks Ground on 'Star Wars' Land in California and Florida". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Trowbridge, Scott (November 17, 2017). "Star Tours Gives Guests First Peek at Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge Planet at Disney Parks". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kelley, Seth (April 15, 2017). "Everything We Know About the 'Star Wars' Disney Theme Parks". Variety. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tribou, Richard (April 15, 2016). "New Disney Star Wars land details revealed at Star Wars Celebration". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Bishop, Bryan (April 15, 2017). "Watch the creation of Disney's ambitious and immersive Star Wars land". The Verge. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hartwell, Chris; Couch, Aaron (April 15, 2017). "Star Wars Land: Millennium Falcon Ride Has Surprisingly High Stakes". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald, Brady. "8 unanswered questions about Disneyland's Star Wars Land". latimes.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Chuck. "Disney World expansion to add 'Star Wars' land". KNS. Archived from the original on August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Plautz, Jessica. "Get a Sneak Peek at the 'Star Wars' Lands Coming to Disney Parks". Travel and Leisure. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pimentel, Joseph; Eades, Mark; Larsen, Peter (November 18, 2015). "VIDEO: It's official: 'Star Wars' theme land coming to Disneyland". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "All there is to know about Star Wars Land that is coming in 2019 to Disney World and Disneyland". Disney by Age. 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
Jump up ^ Martin, Hugo (August 4, 2015). "Disney buys Anaheim land, sparking expansion speculation". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Tracy (January 9, 2016). "Disneyland Closing Several Attractions on Monday Ahead of 'Star Wars' Land Construction". ktla.com. Tribune Broadcasting. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Niles, Robert (July 28, 2016). "Disneyland targets summer 2017 for Rivers of America return". Themeparkinsider.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Disneyland favorites returning after hiatus amid 'Star Wars'-themed land construction". abc7.com. June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pimentel, Joseph; Eades, Mark (January 15, 2016). "Concept art: How Disneyland's Rivers of America will look after 'Star Wars' land construction is finished". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on April 11, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Knopp, JeniLynn (August 26, 2016). "VIDEO: Star Wars area construction progressing at Disney's Hollywood Studios". insidethemagic.net. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Paige, Rachel (January 15, 2016). "What's closing at Disney World to make way for "Star Wars" Land". hellogiggles.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bevil, Dewayne (March 24, 2016). "Hollywood Studios attractions on their way out at Disney World". orlandosentinel.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pedicini, Sandra (January 15, 2016). "Earffel Tower coming down, attractions closing at Disney's Hollywood Studios". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pedicini, Sandra (April 29, 2016). "Disney's Hollywood Studios: When a theme park is part construction zone". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kumparak, Greg. "Disney is opening an immersive Star Wars Hotel where each guest gets a storyline". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. "Plans Unveiled for Star Wars-Inspired Themed Resort at Walt Disney World". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Bryan (July 16, 2017). "Disney wants to build a Westworld for Star Wars fans". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
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