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RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3)
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RuPaul's Drag Race
Season 3
Broadcast from
January 24 (2011-01-24) – May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)
Judges
RuPaul
Michelle Visage
Santino Rice
Billy B[1]
Host(s)
RuPaul
Broadcaster
Logo
Competitors
13
Winner
Raja
Origin
Los Angeles, CA
Runner-up
Manila Luzon
Chronology
◀
Season 3
▶
The third season of RuPaul's Drag Race began airing on January 24, 2011.[2] Thirteen drag queens competed for the title of "America's Next Drag Superstar", a headlining spot on the Absolut Tour, a lifetime supply of Kryolan makeup, and a cash prize of $75,000.
This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge's table and Billy Brasfield[3] (better known as Billy B), Mike Ruiz, and Jeffrey Moran filling in for Santino Rice's absence during several episodes. Billy B, celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation, appeared as a judge in five episodes. Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes, and Jeffrey Moran for one, Moran only appearing for promotional reasons. Due to Billy B's continued appearances, he and Rice are now considered to have been alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table, both appearing side-by-side in the reunion special to announce Yara Sofia as the season's Miss Congeniality.[1]
Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season, Shangela Laquifa Wadley; an episode with no elimination; and a contestant, Carmen Carrera, being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to "Champion" while the song playing during the credits is "Main Event", both from RuPaul's album Champion. As with the previous season, each week's episode was followed by a behind-the-scenes show, RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked. On December 6, 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program.[4]
The winner of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Raja, with Manila Luzon being the runner-up.
Alexis Mateo, Manila Luzon, Mimi Imfurst and Yara Sofia competed on the first season of All Stars. Mimi placed 11/12th overall with season 2 contestant Pandora Boxx, Manila placed 7th/8th with season 4 contestant Latrice Royale, and Alexis & Yara placed 5/6th overall together.
Shangela competed on the third season of All Stars. Shangela placed 3rd/4th overall with season 1 winner BeBe Zahara Benet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Contestants
2 Contestant progress
3 Lip-syncs
4 Guest judges
5 Episodes
6 U.S. television ratings
7 References
8 External links
Contestants[edit]
(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)
Contestant
Name
Age
Hometown
Outcome
Raja Sutan Amrull[5] 36 Los Angeles, California Winner
Manila Luzon Karl Westerberg[6] 28 New York, New York Runner-up
Alexis Mateo Alexis Mateo Pacheco[7] 30 St. Petersburg, Florida 3rd Place
Yara Sofia Gabriel Burgos Ortiz[8] 26 Manati, Puerto Rico 4th Place
Carmen Carrera Carmen Roman[9] 25 Elmwood Park, New Jersey 5th Place[a]
Shangela[b] D.J. Pierce 29 Los Angeles, California 6th Place
Delta Work Gabriel Villarreal[10] 34 Norwalk, California 7th Place
Stacy Layne Matthews 25 Back Swamp, North Carolina 8th Place
Mariah[c] Elijah Kelly[11] 29 Atlanta, Georgia 9th Place
India Ferrah Shane Richardson[12] 23 Dayton, Ohio 10th Place
Mimi Imfurst Braden Chapman 27 New York, New York 11th Place
Phoenix Brian Trapp[13] 29 Atlanta, Georgia 12th Place
Venus D-Lite Adam Guerra[14] 26 Los Angeles, California 13th Place
Jump up ^ Carmen Carrera originally placed 6th before being asked back to the competition.
Jump up ^ Shangela Laquifa Wadley is simply referred to as Shangela during this season.
Jump up ^ Mariah Paris Balenciaga is simply referred to as Mariah during the season.
Contestant progress[edit]
Contestant[a]
2[16]
3[17]
4[18]
5[19]
6[20]
7[21]
8[22]
9[23]
10[24]
11[25]
12[26]
13[27]
15[28]
16[29]
Raja WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE HIGH WIN HIGH LOW WIN HIGH BTM2 HIGH Winner Guest
Manila Luzon HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE HIGH BTM2 LOW HIGH HIGH WIN WIN Runner-Up Guest
Alexis Mateo SAFE WIN WIN SAFE HIGH BTM2 SAFE WIN LOW BTM2 HIGH BTM2 Eliminated Guest
Yara Sofia SAFE HIGH HIGH SAFE LOW SAFE HIGH BTM2 SAFE WIN SAFE ELIM Miss C
Carmen Carrera LOW LOW SAFE SAFE SAFE LOW HIGH BTM2 ELIM ELIM Guest
Shangela BTM2 WIN SAFE HIGH SAFE LOW WIN SAFE BTM2 ELIM Guest
Delta Work SAFE BTM2 SAFE SAFE BTM2 HIGH ELIM Guest
Stacy Layne Matthews SAFE HIGH HIGH BTM2 WIN ELIM Guest
Mariah SAFE HIGH LOW LOW ELIM Guest
India Ferrah SAFE SAFE BTM2 ELIM Guest
Mimi Imfurst HIGH HIGH ELIM Guest
Phoenix SAFE ELIM Guest
Venus D-Lite ELIM Guest
The contestant won RuPaul's Drag Race.
The contestant was the runner-up of RuPaul's Drag Race.
The contestant was eliminated without qualifying to lip-sync in the finale.
The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality by viewers.
The contestant won a challenge.
The contestant received positive judges' critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant received judges' critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant received negative judges' critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant was in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated.
The contestant returned as a guest for the finale episode.
Lip-syncs[edit]
Episode
Contestants
Song
Eliminated
2 Shangela vs. Venus D-Lite "The Right Stuff"
(Vanessa Williams) Venus D-Lite
3 Delta Work vs. Phoenix "Bad Romance"
(Lady Gaga) Phoenix
4 India Ferrah vs. Mimi Imfurst "Don't Leave Me This Way"
(Thelma Houston) Mimi Imfurst
5 India Ferrah vs. Stacy Layne Matthews "Meeting in the Ladies Room"
(Klymaxx) India Ferrah
6 Delta Work vs. Mariah "Looking for a New Love"
(Jody Watley) Mariah
7 Alexis Mateo vs. Stacy Layne Matthews "Knock on Wood"
(Amii Stewart) Stacy Layne Matthews
8 Delta Work vs. Manila Luzon "MacArthur Park"
(Donna Summer) Delta Work
9 Carmen Carrera vs. Yara Sofia "Mickey" (Spanish version)
(Toni Basil) None
10 Carmen Carrera vs. Shangela "Believe"
(Cher) Carmen Carrera
11 Alexis Mateo vs. Shangela "Even Angels"
(Fantasia) Shangela
12 Carmen Carrera vs. Raja "Straight Up"
(Paula Abdul) Carmen Carrera
13 Alexis Mateo vs. Yara Sofia "I Think About You"
(Patti LaBelle) Yara Sofia
15 Manila Luzon vs. Raja "Champion (DJ BunJoe's Olympic Mix)"
(RuPaul) Manila Luzon
The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync of the season.
Guest judges[edit]
(In alphabetic order by stage name and/or last name)
Wayne Brady, actor, comedian, and singer
Margaret Cho, actress and comedian
Eliza Dushku, actress
Carmen Electra, actress
Fantasia Barrino, singer, actress, and author
Gigi Levangie Grazer, novelist and host of Logo's The Arrangement
La Toya Jackson, singer
Debbie Matenopoulos, television host
Mike Ruiz, photographer, director, and reality television personality. Substituted for Santino Rice for two episodes.
Jeffrey Moran, Absolut Vodka marketing/branding executive. Substituted for Santino Rice for one episode.
Arden Myrin, comedian; former cast member of MADtv
Sharon Osbourne, television host and reality television personality
Susan Powter, motivational speaker and fitness guru
Amber Rose, model
Rita Rudner, comedian
Sara Rue, actress
Chloë Sevigny, actress and model
Cheryl Tiegs, model
Lily Tomlin, actress and comedian
Alessandra Torresani, actress
Aisha Tyler, comedian and actress
Bruce Vilanch, comedy writer, songwriter, and actor
Jody Watley, R&B/pop singer
Johnny Weir, professional figure skater
Vanessa Williams, actress, singer, and former Miss America
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of RuPaul's Drag Race episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
22
1 "Casting Extravaganza" January 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)
The first episode shows behind the scenes of the casting process for the 2011 edition of "RuPaul's Drag Race." Featured are entrants that were not cast in the series. All the contestants are profiled. Manila's audition tape includes an endorsement from her boyfriend, season 2's Sahara Davenport. Raja reveals she has done make up for some pretty big names in Hollywood and her audition tape includes an endorsement from Adam Lambert. India Ferrah shows us through video and old photos his early drag career which started at 14. Mimi and Stacy were premiered as the Big Girls of the Season. Phoenix talks about her start in drag. Venus D-lite and Delta Work are profiled, and it is revealed that they were chosen as a result of auditioning in front of RuPaul and Santino Rice at an open casting call in Hollywood, California. This special also features several queens who appear on future seasons: Madame LaQueer and Chad Michaels, who would go on to appear on Season 4, Alaska, Detox, and Penny Tration who would go on to appear on Season 5, Joslyn Fox who would appear on Season 6, Katya Zamolodchikova, Sasha Belle, Mrs. Kasha Davis and Jasmine Masters who appeared on Season 7, and Season 8 newcomers Thorgy Thor and Dax Exclamationpoint.
23
2 "The Queen Who Mopped Xmas" January 24, 2011 (2011-01-24)
Twelve new queens vying to be "America's Next Drag Superstar" with a surprise twist that the first eliminated second-season competitor Shangela has returned to be the thirteenth competitor.
Guest Judges: Bruce Vilanch, Mike Ruiz and Vanessa Williams
Mini-Challenge: Christmas Card Photo Shoot
Mini-Challenge Winner: Raja
Main Challenge: Holiday Thrift Store Drag
Challenge Winner: Raja
Bottom Two: Shangela & Venus D-Lite
Lip Sync Song: "The Right Stuff" by Vanessa Williams
Eliminated: Venus D-Lite
Farewell Message: "Don't be shady!!, Be a Lady!, Love ya, Venus D-Lite"
24
3 "Queens in Space" January 31, 2011 (2011-01-31)
Guest Judges: Lily Tomlin and Alessandra Torresani
Mini-Challenge: Psychic Challenge
Mini-Challenge Winner(s): Mariah & Phoenix
Main Challenge: Sci-Fi movie spoofs
Runway Theme: Sci-Fi
Challenge Winner(s): Alexis Mateo & Shangela
Bottom Two: Delta Work & Phoenix
Lip Sync Song: "Bad Romance" by Lady Gaga
Eliminated: Phoenix
Farewell Message: "Be You Bitches (Boots) Loves, Phoenix"
25
4 "Totally Leotarded" February 7, 2011 (2011-02-07)
Guest Judges: Billy B., La Toya Jackson and Susan Powter
Mini-Challenge: Making Leotards from Duct Tapes
Mini-Challenge Winner(s): Carmen Carrera & Manila Luzon
Main Challenge: Produce a fitness video with workout expert Susan Powter
Runway Theme: Favorite Body Part
Challenge Winner: Alexis Mateo
Bottom Two: India Ferrah & Mimi Imfurst
Lip Sync Song: "Don't Leave Me This Way" by Thelma Houston
Eliminated: Mimi Imfurst
Farewell Message: "mimiimfurst.com 'life is too short to live someone else's'"
26
5 "QNN News" February 14, 2011 (2011-02-14)
For the mini-challenges, the girls were given the task of creating a scandalous red carpet photo. Being a news-related episode, the winning photos were shown on WOW Report (Carmen's revealing crotch shot) and NewNowNext (Stacy's wardrobe malfunction). The winners became the team leaders as news anchors for "The Morning After News" on fictionalized QNN. To mentor the girls, anchor Debbie Matenopoulos provided tips on personality and delivery. Kristin Cavallari was on hand to be interviewed by the queens.
Guest Judges: Billy B, Chloë Sevigny and Debbie Matenopoulos
Mini-Challenge: Scandalous Red Carpet Photo
Mini-Challenge Winner(s): Carmen Carrera & Stacy Layne Matthews
Main Challenge: Produce a morning news show
Runway Theme: Fabulous Drag
Challenge Winner: Manila Luzon
Bottom Two: India Ferrah & Stacy Layne Matthews
Lip Sync Song: "Meeting in the Ladies Room" by Klymaxx
Eliminated: India Ferrah
Farewell Message: "Never Give Up, You're all stars...India Ferrah"
27
6 "The Snatch Game" February 21, 2011 (2011-02-21)
For this week's mini challenge, the girls were asked to play "S**t RuPaul Says" to win the opportunity to call a family member. Delta won the challenge but gave the prize to Shangela who wanted to speak to her grandmother. The group was then asked to impersonate celebrities on "Snatch Game".
Guest Judges: Aisha Tyler and Amber Rose
Mini-Challenge: S**t RuPaul Says
Mini-Challenge Winner: Delta Work
Main Challenge: Celebrity impersonations in a Match Game-style setting
Runway Theme: Best Drag
Challenge Winner: Stacy Layne Matthews
Bottom Two: Delta Work & Mariah
Lip Sync Song: "Looking for a New Love" by Jody Watley
Eliminated: Mariah
Farewell Message: "Condragulations Raja. Mug4Dayz! Mariah"
28
7 "Face, Face, Face of Cakes" February 28, 2011 (2011-02-28)
At the beginning of the episode, the contestants are asked to do a tasteful nude photo shoot with photographer Deborah Anderson. Carmen won the challenge and was given the task to assign each contestant a cake. The main challenge called for a couture fashion ensemble modeled after the assigned cake. Furthermore, each cake had to be decorated to reflect the contestant's personality.
Guest Judges: Billy B., Eliza Dushku and Sara Rue
Mini-Challenge: Nude photo shoot with Deborah Anderson
Mini-Challenge Winner: Carmen Carrera
Main Challenge: Create a fashion style inspired by wedding cakes
Challenge Winner: Raja
Bottom Two: Alexis Mateo & Stacy Layne Matthews
Lip Sync Song: "Knock on Wood" by Amii Stewart
Eliminated: Stacy Layne Matthews
Farewell Message: "Be a lady! You're All Amazing. Stacy Layne 'Bryant' Matthews Jig..."
29
8 "Ru Ha Ha" March 7, 2011 (2011-03-07)
In this week's mini-challenge, the cast were asked to "read" each other (popularized by the film Paris is Burning). Shangela wins the challenge, with her prize being to choose the order of the contestants for the main challenge. RuPaul announces that for the main challenge, the queens have to develop a stand-up comedy routine to perform in front of a live audience. In order to help them put an act together, they each get a one-on-one workshop with legendary comedian Rita Rudner.
Guest Judges: Billy B., Rita Rudner and Arden Myrin
Mini-Challenge: Reading is Fundamental
Mini-Challenge Winner: Shangela
Main Challenge: Perform a stand-up routine in front of a live audience
Challenge Winner: Shangela
Bottom Two: Delta Work & Manila Luzon
Lip Sync Song: "MacArthur Park" by Donna Summer
Eliminated: Delta Work
Farewell Message: "WORK HEATHERS xoxo Delta"
30
9 "Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Style" March 14, 2011 (2011-03-14)
In the mini-challenge the contestants are asked to bedazzle black bras into something spectacular, and Manila wins. The contestants are then told they will be making 30-second promos themed around their love of America that will be shown to U.S. military members serving overseas. Each contestant will get ten minutes to film, with Manila getting an extra five minutes for winning the mini-challenge.
Guest Judges: Cheryl Tiegs and Johnny Weir
Mini-Challenge: Decorate regular bras using rhinestones
Mini-Challenge Winner: Manila Luzon
Main Challenge: Film a patriotic message addressed to US military personnel overseas
Runway Theme: Patriotic Drag
Challenge Winner: Alexis Mateo
Bottom Two: Carmen Carrera & Yara Sofia
Lip Sync Song: "Mickey (Spanish version)" by Toni Basil
Stay Message: "I kiss Johnny Weir! Carmen Carrera"; "I'm still here! Echa Pa Lante xoxo Y.S."
31
10 "RuPaul-a-Palooza" March 21, 2011 (2011-03-21)
This week's mini-challenge is a game of "Ru-sical chairs" with Manila being the last queen standing.
Ru announces that the main challenge this week has the queens performing a song for “RuPaul-a-Palooza”, and brings out Absolut Vodka spokesman Jeffrey Moran. Each queen is going to record their own version of Ru’s new song, "Superstar", in one of six distinct musical styles, and since Manila won the mini-challenge, she gets to pick first and determine the order the rest of the queens choose their style in.
Guest Judges: Jeffrey Moran, Jody Watley, and Carmen Electra
Mini-Challenge: "Ru"sical Chairs
Mini-Challenge Winner: Manila Luzon
Main Challenge: Record a single and perform it before a live audience
Challenge Winner: Raja
Bottom Two: Carmen Carrera & Shangela
Lip Sync Song: "Believe" by Cher
Eliminated: Carmen Carrera
Farewell Message: "Heathers better win."
32
11 "RuPaul's Hair Extravaganza" March 28, 2011 (2011-03-28)
For this week's mini challenge, the remaining contestants were asked to create a fashion-forward, beach themed headpiece, with Raja being declared the winner. After this, RuPaul reveals the main challenge: Participate in a hair-themed fashion show with three distinct looks: a classic look from another era, a modern red carpet look, and a fantasy hair outfit, which must be made entirely out of wigs.
Guest Judges: Wayne Brady and Fantasia Barrino
Mini-Challenge: Create beach-themed hairpieces
Mini-Challenge Winner: Raja
Main Challenge: Design three outfits for a hair show, featuring one outfit made entirely from wigs
Challenge Winner: Yara Sofia
Bottom Two: Alexis Mateo & Shangela
Lip Sync Song: "Even Angels" by Fantasia Barrino
Eliminated: Shangela
Farewell Message: "Always live your dreams and believe in second chances. Halleloo! Love Shangela"
33
12 "Jocks in Frocks" April 4, 2011 (2011-04-04)
RuPaul reveals that Carmen Carrera is returning to the competition after being unanimously voted back by the other judges. The queens move on to the mini-challenge in which they play RuPaul's version of the dunk tank, the Badonkadonk Dunking Machine. Alexis Mateo wins the challenge after managing to dunk Yara Sofia fourteen times.
RuPaul next announces the main challenge: The queens must make over five masculine, heterosexual jocks as their drag sisters. Alexis Mateo gets to choose which queen gets which jock for winning the mini-challenge. As a twist, RuPaul reveals the queens must also dress their jocks as cheerleaders and perform cheers about safe sex.
Guest Judges: Mike Ruiz, Margaret Cho and Sharon Osbourne
Returned: Carmen Carrera
Mini-Challenge: Dunk-A-Queen
Mini-Challenge Winner: Alexis Mateo
Main Challenge: Dress heterosexual athletes in drag
Challenge Winner: Manila Luzon
Bottom Two: Carmen Carrera & Raja
Lip Sync Song: "Straight Up" by Paula Abdul
Eliminated: Carmen Carrera
Farewell Message: "Good bye AGAIN!! Best of luck to everyone. Turn it out & don't be a sprepper! xoxo Carmen"
34
13 "Make Dat Money" April 11, 2011 (2011-04-11)
The final four begin this episode with a mini-challenge of creating a marketable drag product from their own wardrobe and then deliver a sales pitch on RuVC. Yara wins the mini-challenge, as Ru announces the main challenge — to create three looks for three distinct categories: Swimsuit Body Beautiful, Cocktail Attire After 5 and Evening Gown Eleganza, which must be made out of 1 million Ru Dollars. The girls must also perform a choreographed lip-sync to "Just Wanna Dance" by guest judge La Toya Jackson.
Guest Judges: Mike Ruiz, La Toya Jackson and Gigi Levangie Grazer
Mini-Challenge: Create a marketable drag product and deliver a sales pitch for it on fictitious home shopping network "RuVC"
Mini-Challenge Winner: Yara Sofia
Main Challenge: Perform wearing dresses made out of money
Group Lip Synch Song: "Just Wanna Dance" by La Toya Jackson
Challenge Winner: Manila Luzon
Bottom Two: Alexis Mateo & Yara Sofia
Lip Sync Song: "I Think About You" by Patti LaBelle
Eliminated: Yara Sofia
Farewell Message:"Echa pa' lante, no mires pa' atras pa' coger impulso, and you know what f&%k you haha" (English: Move forward, don't look back (not even to) gain impulse)
35
14 "RuPaul Rewind" April 18, 2011 (2011-04-18)
A look back at the highlights, low-lights and previously unseen footage from the first 13 episodes. Chaz Bono made a cameo appearance during the episode's opening scene as a cameraman. Season two winner Tyra Sanchez as well as runner-up Raven and Jujubee returned to the provide their opinions on the season's highlights.
36
15 "Grand Finale" April 25, 2011 (2011-04-25)
Finale The final three return to the workroom where Michelle Visage greets them and delivers the final challenge — costarring in the music video for Ru's song "Champion." During rehearsals, each of the girls also has a 'lunch' of tic-tacs with RuPaul and reflects on what got them to the finale.
Main Challenge: Participate in the filming of the music video for RuPaul's song "Champion"
Eliminated: Alexis Mateo
Farewell Message: "Always know your place. The jig is up!!! Siempre, Alexis"
Top Two: Manila Luzon & Raja
Lip Sync Song: "Champion (DJ BunJoe's Olympic Mix)" by RuPaul
Runner-up: Manila Luzon
Farewell Message: "Positive Always! I Love You Mommy & Daddy! Manila Luzon :)"
Winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Season Three: Raja
37
16 "Reunited!" May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)
The queens of RuPaul's Drag Race reunite for the since the shooting of the series. In this reunion special, all thirteen contestants return to give their take on what happened during the show. Plus, the girls confront the judges and each other. RuPaul introduces Santino Rice and Billy B to reveal that Yara Sofia is the winner of the title of Miss Congeniality.[1]
Miss Congeniality: Yara Sofia
U.S. television ratings[edit]
Episode
Title
Viewers (in millions)
Households1
Ages 18–491
Network
2 The Queen who Mopped Xmas 0.449 - 0.4/1[30] LOGO
3 Queens in Space 0.560 0.3/1 0.3/1[31] VH1
4 Totally Leotarded 0.478 0.3/1 0.2/1[32]
5 QNN News 0.537 0.4/1 0.3/1[33]
6 The Snatch Game 0.503 0.3/1 0.2/1[34]
7 Face, Face, Face of Cakes 0.486 0.4/1 0.2/1[35]
8 Ru Ha Ha 0.483 0.3/1 0.2/1[36]
1Based upon point/share system for Nielsen ratings. The first number represents the percentage of households within the population viewing the program (known as points). The second number (known as shares) is how many households were expected to view the program, within the population. For example, Episode 8 has a point/share of "0.3/1". This means .3% of households viewed the program from the expected 1%, showing .7% of the show's audience were watching a different program.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Contestant progress is referenced throughout the episodes from LogoTV, alongside the episodes published on iTunes Store.[15]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ep. 16, Episode 16, Season 3: Reunited!". Logo TV.
Jump up ^ LOGO On-line. "RuPaul's Drag Race 3: Cast Bios". LOGO On-line. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Brasfield, Billy. "Billy Brasfield Official Biography".
Jump up ^ Kline, Dill. "RuPauls Drag Race Season 3".
Jump up ^ “Drag Race” Season 3 Winner Raja Marries Husband In Surprise Wedding
Jump up ^ Congrats! RuPaul’s Drag Race star Manila Luzon got married in Vegas on Christmas Eve
Jump up ^ E. Hernández; E. Rodriguez y Gibson; Eliza Rodriguez y Gibson (20 August 2014). The Un/Making of Latina/o Citizenship: Culture, Politics, and Aesthetics. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-1-137-43108-0.
Jump up ^ Yara Sofia to Headline Pride Center’s New Year’s Eve Kiki
Jump up ^ Transgender Model Carmen Carrera: Beauty Products Helped Me Tap My Power as a Woman
Jump up ^ "Adele Brought Her Drag Queen Impersonator on Stage With Her". Harper's BAZAAR. 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Mariah Paris Balenciaga "It Gets Better!"". Abby Normal. 2014-08-07. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
Jump up ^ St. James, James (January 7, 2016). "RuPaul's DragCon 2016: Meet India Ferrah". WorldOfWonder.net. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bland, David Travis. "How RuPaul’s Drag Race Became a Recurring Fixture on the Columbia Scene". Free Times. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
Jump up ^ Beale, Margherita. "'Drag Race' ex-contestant hung up on playing Madonna now has a business plan". latimes.com. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
Jump up ^ "RuPaul's Drag Race, Season 1". iTunes Store (United States). January 17, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Queen Who Mopped Xmas". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 2. January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Queens in Space". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 3. January 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Totally Leotarded". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 4. February 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "QNN News". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 5. February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Snatch Game". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 6. February 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Face, Face, Face of Cakes". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 7. February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ru Ha Ha". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 8. March 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Style". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 9. March 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "RuPaul-a-Palooza". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 10. March 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "RuPaul's Hair Extravaganza". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 11. March 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Jocks in Frocks". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 12. April 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Make Dat Money". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 13. April 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Grand Finale". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 15. April 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Reunited!". RuPaul's Drag Race. Season 3. Episode 16. April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Logo's Third Season Premieres of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and "Untucked: RuPaul's Drag Race" Rev Up Ratings on Monday Night" (Press release). Tv By the Numbers. January 26, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (February 2, 2011). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Game' Leads Night + 'Teen Mom 2,' 'Tosh.0,' 'Southland,' 'White Collar,' 'Lights Out' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (February 9, 2011). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Game' Down, But Still Leads Night + 'Teen Mom 2,' 'Tosh.0,' 'Southland,' 'White Collar,' 'Lights Out' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (February 16, 2011). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' Leads; 'The Game' Slips + 'Tosh.0,' 'Southland,' 'Lights Out' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robery (February 24, 2011). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' & 'Tosh.0' Lead Night; 'White Collar' Up; Miami 'Housewives' Not So Hot + 'Lights Out' & Much More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 2, 2011). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' Leads; 'Tosh.0,' 'Southland,' 'White Collar' Fall; 'Lights Out' Rises & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (March 9, 2011). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'White Collar' and 'Southland' Finales Rise + 'Lights Out,' 'Teen Mom' & More". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
External links[edit]
Official website (U.S.)
Official website (Canada)
Official Facebook page
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RuPaul's Drag Race
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BeBe Zahara Benet
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Alaska
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Raven
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Willam
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Roxxxy Andrews
Detox
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Milk
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Related articles
RuPaul's Drag U
episodes
Drag Race Thailand
The Switch Drag Race
Book
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Redistricting
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This article is about redistricting in the United States. For redistricting in general, see Redistribution (election).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Part of the Politics series
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Redistricting is the process of drawing electoral district boundaries in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Legislative representatives
2 Gerrymandering
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Legislative representatives[edit]
In 28 states, the state legislature has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state governor. To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, twelve states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Washington) determine congressional redistricting by an independent or bipartisan redistricting commission.[1] Five states: Maine, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them. Arkansas has a commission composed of its governor, attorney general, and secretary of state. Seven states have only a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations; these are Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming.
State constitutions and laws also mandate which body has responsibility over drawing the state legislature boundaries.[2] In addition, those municipal governments that are elected on a district basis (as opposed to at-large) also redistrict.
Each state has its own standards for creating Congressional and legislative districts.[3] In addition to equalizing the population of districts and complying with Federal requirements, criteria may include attempting to create compact, contiguous districts, trying to keep political units and communities within a single district, and avoiding the drawing of boundaries for purposes of partisan advantage or incumbent protection.[4] In the states where the legislature (or another body where a partisan majority is possible) is in charge of redistricting, the possibility of gerrymandering (the deliberate manipulation of political boundaries for electoral advantage, usually of incumbents or a specific political party) often makes the process very politically contentious, especially when the majorities of the two houses of the legislature, or the legislature and the governor, are from different parties. The state and federal court systems are often involved in resolving disputes over Congressional and legislative redistricting when gridlock prevents redistricting in a timely manner. In addition, the losers to an adopted redistricting plan often challenge it in state and federal courts. Justice Department approval (which is known as pre-clearance) was formerly required under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in certain states that have had a history of racial barriers to voting.
Partisan domination of state legislatures and improved technology to design contiguous districts that pack opponents into as few districts as possible have led to district maps which are skewed towards one party. Consequently, many states including Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Texas have succeeded in reducing or effectively eliminating competition for most House seats in those states. In 2003 Republicans in Texas increased their representation in the U.S. House through a controversial mid-decade redistricting.
Other states including California, New Jersey and New York have opted to protect incumbents of both parties, again reducing the number of competitive districts. The Supreme Court's ruling on the Pennsylvania gerrymander[5] effectively cemented the right of elected officials to select their constituents by eliminating most of the grounds for disenfranchised constituents to challenge gerrymandered lines.
Redistricting has to follow certain criteria to be accepted.
compactness
contiguity
equal population
preservation of existing political communities
partisan fairness
racial fairness [6]
Gerrymandering[edit]
Main article: Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering is the practice of drawing district lines to achieve political gain for legislators. The practice of gerrymandering involves the manipulation of district drawing in aims to leave out, or include, specific populations in a legislator's district to ensure his/her reelection.
See also[edit]
United States congressional apportionment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2009 Redistricting Commission Table". National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). June 28, 2008. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
Jump up ^ Blake, Aaron. "Government Redistricting Web Sites". Purdue University Libraries. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
Jump up ^ "TheHill.com - Redistricting looms over 2010 landscape". thehill.com. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
Jump up ^ Miller, Jason C.,Community as a Redistricting Principle: Consulting Media Markets in Drawing District Lines (July 6, 2010). Indiana Law Journal Supplement, Vol. 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vieth v. Jubelirer". supct.law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Gary (2013). The Politics of Congressional Elections. New Jersey: PEARSON Education. p. 9.
External links[edit]
All About Redistricting Includes state criteria.
Creating Fair Congressional Districts A site with an algorithm using just population and state shape for creating congressional districts.
redistrictinginamerica.org A comprehensive source for information about redistricting in all fifty states from the Rose Institute of State and Local Government
MappingSoftware.com Maptitude for Redistricting News
Congressional Apportionment from the Office of the Clerk at the United States House of Representatives, including historical representation by state
District sizes and other data from 1900-2000 from the United States Census
Government Redistricting Web Sites from GovDocs at Purdue University Libraries, includes list of state websites
Public Mapping Project
A Citizen's Guide to Redistricting, 2010 Edition, downloadable
Reapportionment and Redistricting in the U.S. from the ACE Project
Rodriguez, Lori. "Getting point of redistricting." Houston Chronicle. Saturday August 24, 1991. A25.
www.FloridaRedistricting.org
Jeffrey B. Lewis; et al. (2013). "Digital Boundary Definitions of United States Congressional Districts, 1789-2012". University of California, Los Angeles.
"Redistricting: How Powerful Interests Are Drawing You Out of a Vote". ProPublica.
The Redistricting Game - Where Do You Draw the Lines A simulation of how redistricting works. It uses the real US laws and practices and incorporates quotes from US political leaders.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redistricting&oldid=814062732"
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Medical Corps (United States Army)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
United States Army
Medical Corps
The U.S. Army Medical Corps
Branch Plaque.
Active
1908 – present day
Country
United States
Branch
United States Army
The Medical Corps (MC) of the U.S. Army is a staff corps (non-combat specialty branch) of the U.S. Army Medical Department (AMEDD) consisting of commissioned medical officers – physicians with either an M.D. or a D.O. degree, at least one year of post-graduate clinical training, and a state medical license.
The MC traces its earliest origins to the first physicians recruited by the Medical Department of the Army, created by the Continental Congress in 1775. The US Congress made official the designation "Medical Corps" in 1908, although the term had long been in use informally among the Medical Department's regular physicians.
Currently, the MC consists of over 4,400 active duty physicians representing all the specialties and subspecialties of civilian medicine. They may be assigned to fixed military medical facilities, to deployable combat units or to military medical research and development duties. They are considered fully deployable soldiers. The Chief of the Medical Corps Branch (under the Army's Human Resources Command) is a colonel and the senior-most Medical Corps officer in the Army is the U.S. Army Surgeon General, a lieutenant general.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 19th century
1.3 20th century
1.4 21st century
2 Career management
2.1 Entry
2.2 US Army MC specialties
2.3 Licensures, boards, credentials, and special pays
2.4 Career assignment fields
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Citations and notes
4.2 Other sources
5 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
Both the Army Medical Department and the Medical Corps trace their origins to 27 July 1775, when the Continental Congress established the first Army Hospital to be headed by a "Director General and Chief Physician". The language of the Congressional resolution spoke of “an Hospital” which in those days meant a hospital system or medical department. Among the accomplishments of Army surgeons during the years of the Revolution was completion (in 1778, at Lititz, Pennsylvania) of the first pharmacopoeia printed in America. In 1789, the Department of the Hospital was disbanded and a system of "Regimental Surgeons" was established in its place.
19th century[edit]
The horseman in the foreground is an infantry surgeon in the uniform adopted in January 1812.
During the period that followed (1789–1818) Congress provided for a medical organization for the Army only in time of war or emergency. For example, in 1812 Congress established the Medical Department of the Northern Army as a response to the need for medical support during operations in the War of 1812. In 1816, medical officers were given uniforms (but not military rank) for the first time. A permanent and continuous Medical Department was not established until 1818. That year a “Surgeon General” was appointed (Dr. Joseph Lovell, the first to hold that specific title) and since then a succession of Surgeons General and a permanent Corps organization in the Army Medical Department have followed. Physicians assigned to the U.S. Army were finally accorded military rank in 1847, although the old Regimental Surgeon system of additional designations ("Assistant Surgeon", "Surgeon") was also retained until 1908.
In 1862, Surgeon General William Alexander Hammond proposed establishment of an "Army Medical School" in which medical cadets and others seeking admission to the MC could receive such post-graduate instruction as would better fit them for military commissions. It was over 30 years, however, before Surgeon General George M. Sternberg would found (1893) the Army Medical School (AMS), the precursor institution to today’s Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
20th century[edit]
Congress made official the designation "Medical Corps" in 1908, although the term had long been in use informally among the Medical Department's regular physicians.
The Army Medical School was housed in the Army Medical Museum and Library building in Washington, DC, between 1893 and 1910.
World War I brought a realization of the need to provide more than the “finishing school” approach of the AMS to military medical education and indoctrination and in 1920, the Medical Department first established hospital internships as a method of acquiring new officers for the MC. Meanwhile, part of the role of the AMS (which would become part of the Army Medical Center in 1923) was taken over by the new Medical Field Service School which opened at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania in 1921. Its purpose was to train both new medical officers and newly enlisted medics in the practice of field medicine. (This school was transferred to Texas in 1946, became the Academy of Health Sciences in 1973, and became the AMEDD Center & School in 1991).
The first woman to receive a Regular Army commission in the MC was Major Margaret D. Craighill in 1943. She was assigned as Chief Surgeon to the Women’s Army Corps. In 1946, Army residency programs for MC officers were introduced into the Medical Department, providing for the first time the full spectrum of graduate medical education (GME) to prospective MC officers. In 1954, a prominent thoracic surgeon and Harvard graduate, Frank Berry, was appointed as the second Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs). Upon assuming office one of his first acts was to propose a plan for young military physicians to follow one of three pathways after completing their internship:
Enter the armed services immediately and return to their residencies after fulfilling their obligated service;
Enter the armed services two years after medical school and complete their residencies after service;
Enter the service after the completion of residency training.
The “Berry Plan”[1] deferred doctors who were taking their residency, so that the Army would get the benefit of their advanced education. Eventually, GME became both a recruiting and a retention tool for the AMEDD, and board-certified specialists were attracted in steady numbers. Those MC officers who did not elect Option 1, or who were not needed immediately, were “deferred.” Some were allowed Option 3, to complete their residency training and then entered active duty as a fully trained specialist. Those who were deferred for only one year of residency were termed “partially trained specialists” and were usually given military assignments that allowed them to work within their specialty. Many residency programs would give a year’s credit toward completion of residency for their time in military service to physicians who served under Option 2. (This triple option program continued for 19 years until the US military draft ended in 1973.)
During the Vietnam era, serious physician shortfalls were experienced by the Defense Department and it was at this time (1966) that osteopathic physicians, who had previously been excluded from active military service, were first admitted to the MC. To avoid reinstating another “doctor draft”, the US Congress took steps to encourage medical students to enter the military as physicians. Completing this trend, medical school training has been provided for military students since the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) was established in 1972, graduating its first class in 1980. USUHS is the United States' center for military medical education. Its primary mission is to prepare its graduates for service in the medical corps of all the uniformed services of the country. Eventually, USUHS graduates made up about 25% of all doctors in the military. (Now it graduates about 164 physicians each year; around 90% of all USUHS graduates remain on active duty until reaching retirement eligibility.) By the mid-1990s, the strength of the Army's MC had risen to about 5,400 active duty officers, but cutbacks soon ensued.
21st century[edit]
As of mid-2008, the number of active duty doctors serving in the MC nearly met the requirement of 4,448 authorized positions. Primary care specialties represented the greatest shortfall in endstrength numbers.[2]
Career management[edit]
As with all Army officers, the military occupational specialty (MOS) classification system provides the MC officer with his/her officer branch, area of concentration (AOC), branch skill code (degree of proficiency), special qualifications identifiers (SQIs), additional skill identifiers (ASIs), language identification, and reporting classifications.[3] The MC is one of the Special Branches of the Army, and thus is not classified as a Basic Branch. Special Branches are a grouping of branches and officers primarily concerned with providing combat service support and/or administration to the Army as a whole, but managed separately from USAHRC combat service support branches. (Other Special Branches are the Army Chaplains and the Judge Advocate General.)
Entry[edit]
The most common source of new physicians for the Army are medical students attending civilian medical schools and participating in the Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP). By so participating they have their expenses paid for them and incur a 4-year service obligation. A smaller number graduate from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) in Bethesda, Maryland and serve on active duty (as second lieutenants) while students, incurring a seven-year obligation. Some MC officers are accessed via direct commission after completion of specialty or sub-specialty training before entry on active duty.
US Army MC specialties[edit]
The MC consists of 41 areas of concentration (AOC) within officer branches 60, 61 and 62. A young MC officer typically starts out as a general medical officer (GMO) — AOC 62B, essentially qualified as a general practitioner — following completion of the first year of graduate medical education (GME).[4] They may later specialize following completion of residency training in a military (or less often, civilian) program. Later, these physicians may continue with subspecialty training or continue in operational positions providing clinical care, conducting research, or in other positions.[5]
The 41 AOC identifiers for the US Army MC are:
60A Operational Medicine
60B Nuclear Medicine Officer
60C Preventive Medicine Officer
60D Occupational Medicine Officer
60F Pulmonary Disease/Critical Care Officer
60G Gastroenterologist
60H Cardiologist
60J Obstetrician and Gynecologist
60K Urologist
60L Dermatologist
60M Allergist, Clinical Immunologist
60N Anesthesiologist
60P Pediatrician
60Q Pediatric Sub-Specialist
60R Child Neurologist
60S Ophthalmologist
60T Otolaryngologist
60U Child Psychiatrist
60V Neurologist
60W Psychiatrist
61A Nephrologist
61B Medical Oncologist/Hematologist
61C Endocrinologist
61D Rheumatologist
61E Clinical Pharmacologist
61F Internist
61G Infectious disease Officer
61H Family Medicine
61J General Surgeon
61K Thoracic Surgeon
61L Plastic Surgeon
61M Orthopedic Surgeon
61N Flight Surgeon/Aerospace Medicine specialist
61P Physiatrist
61Q Radiation Oncologist
61R Diagnostic Radiologist
61U Pathologist
61W Peripheral Vascular Surgeon
61Z Neurosurgeon
62A Emergency Physician
62B Field Surgeon/Battalion Surgeon/General Medical Officer
The traditional U.S. Army version of the caduceus. The 1902 adoption of this ancient symbol of the Greek god Hermes for U.S. Army medical officer uniforms popularized it throughout the world.
The branch skill codes ("degree of proficiency" designators) for the US Army MC are:[6]
Medical proficiency 9A—Determination is on a basis of individual merit by TSG’s Classification Board.
Medical proficiency 9B -- Certification by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) in a particular specialty or subspecialty.
Medical proficiency 9C -- Completion of formal subspecialty training to meet the ABMS requirement of an approved residency or fellowship in a recognized teaching center.
Medical proficiency 9D -- Successful completion of the first year (internship) of an approved GME training program.
Medical proficiency 9E -- Intern in an approved first year GME training program which, upon successful completion, will result in the Medical Proficiency of 9D. While an intern, the officer will be awarded the AOC specialty in which he/she is training with the medical proficiency skill identifier of 9E.
The branch skill code is appended to the MC officer’s AOC. For example, “60H9C” designates a board-eligible, but not yet board-certified, Army cardiologist.
Licensures, boards, credentials, and special pays[edit]
All Army MC officers are required to hold a state medical license in at least one U.S. state and to fulfill all requirements necessary for maintaining it. (No federal physician holds a “federal medical license” to practice.) Younger MC officers are typically not boarded as they have not yet taken specialty training, but as they advance in their careers, board-certification becomes a virtual necessity for promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel and higher. The Army's Surgeon General maintains a Central Credentials Quality Assurance System (CCQAS) in which practitioner credentials files are monitored and validated at the local medical treatment facility (MTF) level. In addition to the basic pay and allowances available to all officers, a continuation pay program and a variety of bonuses and entitlements under the Officer Special Pay Program keep Army physician pay competitive with civilian practitioners and allow for voluntary physician retention in the active force. The continuation pay program is tied directly to the maintenance of a state license and a board-certification bonus encourages MC officers to maintain active board certification by taking a re-certification exam every 10 years. Specialty pays incentivize the various specialties and sub-specialties with sliding rates and a variety of contracts (generally 2, 3, or 4 years) are available after any basic educational obligation has been fulfilled.
Career assignment fields[edit]
U.S. Army physicians serve in one of three general career fields that are not formal parts of the MOS classification system:
Operational Medicine is the field of Army medicine that provides medical support to the Soldier and his/her Chain of Command. Many Operational Physicians serve as Division, Brigade and Battalion level Surgeons (the word "surgeon" is used to identify a physician that is assigned to a unit as a primary care provider and not necessarily as a General Surgeon). These Physicians are either assigned through the PROFIS (Professional Filler System) or through permanent assignment (PCS). Deployments with units to combat theaters are for the duration of a deployment and the jobs are mostly filled by primary care physicians. A PROFIS provider can expect to be deployed away from their family for a total of 16 months (1 month before deployment, 12 months in theater, and 3 months for "stabilization" after return to the assigned units home station). This means that primary care physicians are deployed for longer periods than most specialist Physicians. A specialist (ie..General Surgeon, Trauma Surgeon, Rheumatologist) will usually be deployed for 6 months. Operational Physicians should expect that greater than 60% of their time will be spent in administrative roles and non-patient care. 40% of the Operational providers time is spent caring for Soldiers or supervising unit Physician Assistants(PAs). With the recent BCT (Brigade Combat Team) restructuring, the demand for Operational Surgeons have increased. Likely the poor retention of Captains and junior Major Physicians in the primary care fields are due to the relative inequality of deployment length and deployment frequency.
Clinical Medicine is the field of Army medicine where a Physician in uniform basically functions like a Physician in the Civilian arena. These Physicians are assigned to the various Army MEDCENs (Medical Centers) and MEDDACs (Medical Department Activities, i.e., hospitals and clinics). Each of these Physicians are assigned to a PROFIS unit. Usually primary care physicians deploy to fill Battalion level Surgeon positions. Medical Specialists deploy to support CSH (combat support hospitals).
Research Medicine is filled by the minority of military physicians. Most of these research Physicians are based in larger Army Medical Centers.[7]
See also[edit]
U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM)
United States Army Medical Department Museum
United States Navy Medical Corps
United States Air Force Medical Corps
References[edit]
Citations and notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Officially, the Armed Forces Physicians' Appointment And Residency Consideration Program
Jump up ^ Medical Operational Data System (MODS), "AMEDD Deployment Data"; Available from http://www.mods.army.mil/
Jump up ^ Headquarters, Department of the Army, Department of the Army Pamphlet 611–2, “Military Occupational Classification and Structure” Archived 2012-09-15 at the Wayback Machine.; Washington, DC (31 March 1999).
Jump up ^ Malish, Richard Glade (2009), The United States Army Battalion Surgeon: Frontline Requirement or Relic of a Bygone Era? A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Military Art and Science, General Studies, U.S. Army: Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army Pamphlet 600–4, “Army Medical Department Officer Development and Career Management” Washington, DC (27 June 2007), pg 45.
Jump up ^ DA PAM 600–4, 27 June 2007, pg 47.
Jump up ^ History, Training, and Education (AMEDD website), "AMEDD FAQ and General Info"; Available from www.amedd.army.mil/
Other sources[edit]
Engleman, Rose C. and Robert T. J. Joy (1975), 200 Years of Military Medicine, The Historical Unit of the US Army Medical Department, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
Gillett, Mary C. (1981), The Army Medical Department, 1775–1818, Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
Gillett, Mary C. (1987), The Army Medical Department, 1818–1865, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
Gillett, Mary C. (1995), The Army Medical Department, 1865–1917, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
Gillett, Mary C. (2009), The Army Medical Department, 1917–1941, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
External links[edit]
“Home of the Army Medical Corps” website
Medical Corps Professional Development Guide (2002) at the AMEDD website
Virtual Naval Hospital – a digital library of military medicine and humanitarian medicine
Essay and Video on Military Medicine in the War of 1812
The short film Big Picture: Army Medicine is available for free download at the Internet Archive
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text:
Lobes of the brain
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Cerebral lobes
Lateral surface of cerebrum. 4 lobes are shown.
Medial surface of cerebrum. 5 lobes are shown.
Identifiers
NeuroNames
1210
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_922
TA
A14.1.09.005
FMA
61823 77800, 61823
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The lobes of the brain were originally a purely anatomical classification, but have been shown also to be related to different brain functions. The cerebrum, the largest portion of the human brain, is divided into lobes, but so is the cerebellum. If not specified, the expression "lobes of the brain" refers to the cerebrum.
Terminologia Anatomica (1998) divides cerebrum into 6 lobes.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Frontal lobe
2 Parietal lobe
3 Occipital lobe
4 Temporal lobe
5 Limbic lobe
6 Insular cortex
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Frontal lobe[edit]
Main article: Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobe. It is separated from parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral sulcus also called the Sylvian fissure. The precentral gyrus, forming the posterior border of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.
The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-delicate neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the forebrain. A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia.[2]
Parietal lobe[edit]
Main article: Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is positioned above the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.
The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation (proprioception), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch (mechanoreception) in the somatosensory cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus,[3] and the dorsal stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin (touch, temperature, and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe.
Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in language processing. The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure — the homunculus (Latin: "little man"), in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them.[4] The superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule are the primary areas of body or spatial awareness. A lesion commonly in the right superior or inferior parietal lobule leads to hemineglect.
Occipital lobe[edit]
Main article: Occipital lobe
The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex.[5] The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 (visual one). Human V1 is located on the medial side of the occipital lobe within the calcarine sulcus; the full extent of V1 often continues onto the posterior pole of the occipital lobe. V1 is often also called striate cortex because it can be identified by a large stripe of myelin, the Stria of Gennari. Visually driven regions outside V1 are called extrastriate cortex. There are many extrastriate regions, and these are specialized for different visual tasks, such as visuospatial processing, color differentiation, and motion perception.
Temporal lobe[edit]
Main article: Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.[6]
The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memories, language comprehension, and emotion association.[7]:21
Limbic lobe[edit]
Main article: Limbic lobe
The limbic lobe is an arc-shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The term is ambiguous, with some authors[who?] including the paraterminal gyrus, the subcallosal area, the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus and the subiculum;[8] while the Terminologia Anatomica includes the cingulate sulcus, the cingulate gyrus, the isthmus of cingulate gyrus, the fasciolar gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the parahippocampal sulcus, the dentate gyrus, the fimbrodentate sulcus, the fimbria of hippocampus, the collateral sulcus, and the rhinal sulcus, and omits the hippocampus.
Insular cortex[edit]
Main article: Insular cortex
The insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes).
The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology.
The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the larger anterior insula and the smaller posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning lid). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.
Additional images[edit]
Interior view of brain.
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Brain lobes. Colorings are same as the left and
Insular lobe
Insular lobe.
Lateral View of the Brain.
Brain Lobes.
See also[edit]
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
List of regions in the human brain
Neuroanatomy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas (2010). “The Cerebral Sulci and Gyri”. Neurosurg Focus 56 (2): E2. PMID 20121437.
Jump up ^ "Gene Slows Frontal Lobes, Boosts Schizophrenia Risk". National Institute of Mental Health. May 29, 2001. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lngbrain/cglidden/parietal.html
Jump up ^ Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. L. & Wegner, D. M. (2009). Psychology. (2nd ed.). New Work (NY): Worth Publishers.
Jump up ^ "SparkNotes: Brain Anatomy: Parietal and Occipital Lobes". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Temporal Lobe". Langbrain. Rice University. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith; Kosslyn (2007). Cognitive Psychology: Mind and Brain. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 21, 194–199, 349.
Jump up ^ Fix, JD (2008). "Gross anatomy of the brain". Neuroanatomy (fourth ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 6. ISBN 0-7817-7245-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lobe of the brain.
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Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
Superolateral
Central (frontal+parietal)
Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
Parieto-occipital
Preoccipital notch
Medial/inferior
Longitudinal fissure
Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
Collateral (temporal+occipital)
Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Supracallosal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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