text:
Kite
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Kite (disambiguation).
Yokaichi Giant Kite Festival is held every May in Higashiomi, Shiga, Japan.[1]
Some kites flying in the park.
Star-shaped kite above a meadow south of Hockenheim. This sparless, ram-air inflated kite, has a complex bridle formed of many strings attached to the face of the wing.
A kite is a tethered heavier-than-air craft with wing surfaces that react against the air to create lift and drag. A kite consists of wings, tethers and anchors. Kites often have a bridle and tail to guide the face of the kite so the wind can lift it.[2] Some kite designs don’t need a bridle; box kites can have a single attachment point. A kite may have fixed or moving anchors. One technical definition is that a kite is “a collection of tether-coupled wing sets“.[3]
The lift that sustains the kite in flight is generated when air moves around the kite's surface, producing low pressure above and high pressure below the wings.[4] The interaction with the wind also generates horizontal drag along the direction of the wind. The resultant force vector from the lift and drag force components is opposed by the tension of one or more of the lines or tethers to which the kite is attached.[5] The anchor point of the kite line may be static or moving (e.g., the towing of a kite by a running person, boat, free-falling anchors as in paragliders and fugitive parakites[6][7] or vehicle).[8][9]
The same principles of fluid flow apply in liquids, so kites can be used in underwater currents, but there are no everyday uses as yet.[10][11]
Man-lifting kites were made for reconnaissance, entertainment and during development of the first practical aircraft, the biplane.
Kites have a long and varied history and many different types are flown individually and at festivals worldwide. Kites may be flown for recreation, art or other practical uses. Sport kites can be flown in aerial ballet, sometimes as part of a competition. Power kites are multi-line steerable kites designed to generate large forces which can be used to power activities such as kite surfing, kite landboarding, kite fishing, kite buggying and snow kiting.
Contents
1 History
2 Materials
3 Practical uses
3.1 Military applications
3.2 Science and meteorology
3.3 Radio aerials and light beacons
3.4 Kite traction
3.5 Underwater kites
4 Cultural uses
4.1 Asia
4.2 Europe
4.3 Polynesia
4.4 South America
5 World records
6 In popular culture
7 General safety issues
8 Designs
9 Types
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Woodcut print of a kite from John Bate's 1635 book, The Mysteries of Nature and Art in which the kite is titled How to make fire Drakes
Kites were invented in China,[12] where materials ideal for kite building were readily available: silk fabric for sail material; fine, high-tensile-strength silk for flying line; and resilient bamboo for a strong, lightweight framework.
The kite has been claimed as the invention of the 5th-century BC Chinese philosophers Mozi (also Mo Di) and Lu Ban (also Gongshu Ban). By 549 AD paper kites were certainly being flown, as it was recorded that in that year a paper kite was used as a message for a rescue mission.[13] Ancient and medieval Chinese sources describe kites being used for measuring distances, testing the wind, lifting men, signaling, and communication for military operations.[13] The earliest known Chinese kites were flat (not bowed) and often rectangular. Later, tailless kites incorporated a stabilizing bowline. Kites were decorated with mythological motifs and legendary figures; some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying.[14][15][16] From China, kites were introduced to Cambodia, Thailand, India, Japan, Korea and the western world.[13][14][16]
Kite Flying by Suzuki Harunobu, 1766 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Kite maker from India, image from Travels in India, including Sinde and the Punjab by H. E. Lloyd, 1845
After its introduction into India, the kite further evolved into the fighter kite, known as the patang in India, where thousands are flown every year on festivals such as Makar Sankranti.[17]
Kites were known throughout Polynesia, as far as New Zealand, with the assumption being that the knowledge diffused from China along with the people. Anthropomorphic kites made from cloth and wood were used in religious ceremonies to send prayers to the gods.[18] Polynesian kite traditions are used by anthropologists get an idea of early "primitive" Asian traditions that are believed to have at one time existed in Asia.[19]
Boys flying a kite. Engraving published in Germany in 1828 by Johann Michael Voltz
Chinese dragon kite more than one hundred feet long which flew in the annual Berkeley, California, kite festival in 2000
Morro Bay, California Kite Festival 2014
Kites were late to arrive in Europe, although windsock-like banners were known and used by the Romans. Stories of kites were first brought to Europe by Marco Polo towards the end of the 13th century, and kites were brought back by sailors from Japan and Malaysia in the 16th and 17th centuries.[20] Konrad Kyeser described dragon kites in Bellifortis about 1400 AD.[21] Although kites were initially regarded as mere curiosities, by the 18th and 19th centuries they were being used as vehicles for scientific research.[20]
In 1752 Benjamin Franklin published an account of a kite experiment to prove that lightning was caused by electricity.
Kites were also instrumental in the research of the Wright brothers, and others, as they developed the first airplane in the late 1800s. Several different designs of man-lifting kites were developed. The period from 1860 to about 1910 became the "golden age of kiting".[22]
In the 20th century many new kite designs were developed. These included Eddy's tailless diamond, the tetrahedral kite, the Rogallo wing, the sled kite, the parafoil, and power kites.[23] Kites were used for scientific purposes, especially in meteorology, aeronautics, wireless communications and photography. The Rogallo wing was adapted for stunt kites and hang gliding and the parafoil was adapted for parachuting and paragliding.
The rapid development of mechanically powered aircraft diminished interest in kites. World War II saw a limited use of kites for military purposes (survival radio, Focke Achgelis Fa 330, military radio antenna kites).
Kites are now mostly used for recreation. Lightweight synthetic materials (ripstop nylon, plastic film, carbon fiber tube and rod) are used for kite making. Synthetic rope and cord (nylon, polyethylene, kevlar and dyneema) are used as bridle and kite line.
Materials[edit]
Sparless Styrofoam kites
Designs often emulate flying insects, birds, and other beasts, both real and mythical. The finest Chinese kites are made from split bamboo (usually golden bamboo), covered with silk, and hand painted. On larger kites, clever hinges and latches allow the kite to be disassembled and compactly folded for storage or transport. Cheaper mass-produced kites are often made from printed polyester rather than silk.
Tails are used for some single-line kite designs to keep the kite's nose pointing into the wind. Spinners and spinsocks can be attached to the flying line for visual effect. There are rotating wind socks which spin like a turbine. On large display kites these tails, spinners and spinsocks can be 50 feet (15 m) long or more.
Modern aerobatic kites use two or four lines to allow fine control of the kite's angle to the wind. Traction kites may have an additional line to de-power the kite and quick-release mechanisms to disengage flyer and kite in an emergency.
Practical uses[edit]
Main article: Kite applications
Kites have been used for human flight, military applications, science and meteorology, photography, lifting radio antennas, generating power, aerodynamics experiments, and much more.
Military applications[edit]
Kites have been used for military purposes in the past, such as signaling, delivery of munitions, and for observation, both by lifting an observer above the field of battle and by using kite aerial photography.
Kites were first used in warfare by the Chinese.[24] During the Song dynasty the Fire Crow, a kite carrying incendiary powder, a fuse, and a burning stick of incense was developed as a weapon.[25]
According to Samguk Sagi, in 647 Kim Yu-sin, a Korean general of Silla rallied his troops to defeat rebels by using flaming kites which also scared the enemy.[26]
Russian chronicles mention Prince Oleg of Novgorod use of kites during the siege of Constantinople in 906: "and he crafted horses and men of paper, armed and gilded, and lifted them into the air over the city; the Greeks saw them and feared them".[citation needed]
Walter de Milemete's 1326 De nobilitatibus, sapientiis, et prudentiis regum treatise depicts a group of knights flying kite laden with a black-powder filled firebomb over the wall of city.[27]
Kites were also used by Admiral Yi of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) of Korea. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), Admiral Yi commanded his navy using kites. His kites had specific markings directing his fleet to perform various orders.[28]
One of Cody's "manlifter" kites in 1908
In the modern era the British Army used kites to haul human lookouts into the air for observation purposes, using the kites developed by Samuel Franklin Cody. Barrage kites were used to protect shipping during the Second World War.[29][30] Kites were also used for anti-aircraft target practice.[31] Kites and kytoons were used for lofting communications antenna.[32] Submarines lofted observers in rotary kites.[33]
Palestinians from the Gaza Strip have flown firebomb kites over the Israel–Gaza barrier, setting fires on the Israeli side of the border,[34][35][36][37] hundreds of dunams of Israeli crop fields were burned by firebomb kites launched from Gaza, with an estimated economic loss of several millions of shekels.[38]
Science and meteorology[edit]
Kites have been used for scientific purposes, such as Benjamin Franklin's famous experiment proving that lightning is electricity. Kites were the precursors to the traditional aircraft, and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft. Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites, as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave. Kites had a historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for weather forecasting. Francis Ronalds and William Radcliffe Birt described a very stable kite at Kew Observatory as early as 1847 that was trialled for the purpose of supporting self-registering meteorological instruments at height.[39]
Radio aerials and light beacons[edit]
Kites can be used for radio purposes, by kites carrying antennas for MF, LF or VLF-transmitters. This method was used for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by Marconi. Captive balloons may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite-carried antennas require a lot of wind, which may be not always possible with heavy equipment and a ground conductor. It must be taken into account during experiments, that a conductor carried by a kite can lead to high voltage toward ground, which can endanger people and equipment, if suitable precautions (grounding through resistors or a parallel resonant-circuit tuned to transmission frequency) are not taken.
Kites can be used to carry light effects such as lightsticks or battery powered lights.
Kite traction[edit]
A quad-line traction kite, commonly used as a power source for kite surfing
Kites can be used to pull people and vehicles downwind. Efficient foil-type kites such as power kites can also be used to sail upwind under the same principles as used by other sailing craft, provided that lateral forces on the ground or in the water are redirected as with the keels, center boards, wheels and ice blades of traditional sailing craft. In the last two decades several kite sailing sports have become popular, such as kite buggying, kite landboarding, kite boating and kite surfing. Snow kiting has also become popular in recent years.
Kite sailing opens several possibilities not available in traditional sailing:
Wind speeds are greater at higher altitudes
Kites may be manoeuvered dynamically which increases the force available dramatically
There is no need for mechanical structures to withstand bending forces; vehicles or hulls can be very light or dispensed with all together
Underwater kites[edit]
Underwater kites are being developed to harvest renewable power from the flow of water.[40][41]
Cultural uses[edit]
Kite festivals are a popular form of entertainment throughout the world. They include large local events, traditional festivals which have been held for hundreds[clarification needed] of years and major international festivals which bring in kite flyers from other countries to display their unique art kites and demonstrate the latest technical kites.
Many countries have kite museums.[42] These museums may have a focus on historical kites, preserving the country’s kite traditions.
Asia[edit]
Kite flying is popular in many Asian countries, where it often takes the form of "kite fighting", in which participants try to snag each other's kites or cut other kites down.[43] Fighter kites are usually small, flat, flattened diamond-shaped kites made of paper and bamboo. Tails are not used on fighter kites so that agility and maneuverability are not compromised.
In Afghanistan, kite flying is a popular game, and is known in Dari as Gudiparan Bazi. Some kite fighters pass their strings through a mixture of ground glass powder and glue, which is legal. The resulting strings are very abrasive and can sever the competitor's strings more easily. The abrasive strings can also injure people. During the Taliban rule in Afghanistan, kite flying was banned, among various other recreations.
In Pakistan, kite flying is often known as Gudi-Bazi or Patang-bazi. Although kite flying is a popular ritual for the celebration of spring festival known as Jashn-e-Baharaan (lit. Spring Festival) or Basant, kites are flown throughout the year. Kite fighting is a very popular pastime all around Pakistan, but mostly in urban centers across the country (especially Lahore). The kite fights are at their highest during the spring celebrations and the fighters enjoy competing with rivals to cut-loose the string of the others kite, this is popularly known as "Paecha". During the spring festival, kite flying competitions are held across the country and the skies are colored with kites. As people cut-loose an opponents kite, shouts of 'wo kata' ring through the air. They reclaim the kites, after they have been cut-loose, by running after them. This is a popular ritual especially among the youth (similar to scenes depicted in the Kite Runner which is based in neighboring Afghanistan). Kites and strings are a big business in the country and many types of strings are used: glass-coated strings, metal strings and tandi. However, kite flying was recently banned in Punjab due to recent motorcyclist deaths caused by glass-coated or metal kite-strings. Kup, Patang, Guda, and Nakhlaoo are some of the kites used. They vary in balance, weight and speed.
In Indonesia kites is flown as both sport and recreation. One of the most popular kites variants is from Bali. Balinese kites are unique and they has different design and forms; birds, butterflies, dragons, ships, etc. In Vietnam, kites are flown without tails. Instead small flutes are attached allowing the wind to "hum" a musical tune. There are other forms of sound-making kites. In Bali, large bows are attached to the front of the kites to make a deep throbbing vibration, and in Malaysia row of gourds with sound-slots are used to create a whistle as the kite flies. Malaysia has also the Kite Museum in Malacca.[44]
Kites are very popular in India, with the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Gujarat, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Punjab notable for their kite fighting festivals. Highly maneuverable single-string paper and bamboo kites are flown from the rooftops while using line friction in an attempt to cut each other's kite lines, either by letting the cutting line loose at high speed or by pulling the line in a fast and repeated manner. During the Indian spring festival of Makar Sankranti, near the middle of January, millions of people fly kites all over northern India. Kite flying in Hyderabad starts a month before this, but kite flying/fighting is an important part of other celebrations, including Republic Day, Independence Day, Raksha Bandhan, Viswakarma Puja day in late September and Janmashtami. An international kite festival is held every year before Uttarayan for three days in Vadodara, Surat and Ahmedabad.
Kites have been flown in China since ancient times. Weifang is home to the largest kite museum in the world.[45][citation needed] It also hosts an annual international kite festival on the large salt flats south of the city. There are several kite museums in Japan, UK, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand and the USA.
In the olden days, Malays in Singapore, kites were used for fishing.[46]
In Japan, kite flying is traditionally a children's play in New Year holidays and in the Boys' Festival in May. In some areas, there is a tradition to celebrate a new boy baby with a new kite (祝い凧). There are many kite festivals throughout Japan. The most famous one is "Yōkaichi Giant Kite Festival" in Higashiōmi, Shiga, which started in 1841.[47] The largest kite ever built in the festival is 62 feet (19 m) wide by 67 feet (20 m) high and weighs 3,307 pounds (1,500 kg).[48] In the Hamamatsu Kite Festival in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, more than 100 kites are flown in the sky over the Nakatajima Sand Dunes, one of the three largest sand dunes in Japan, which overlooks the Enshunada Sea.[49] The parents who had a new baby prepare a new kite with their baby's name and fly it in the festival.[50] Those kites are traditional ones made from bamboo and paper.
Making a traditional Wau jala budi kite in Malaysia. The bamboo frame is covered with plain paper and then decorated with multiple layers of shaped paper and foil.
Various Balinese kites is on display in front of a store in Ubud, Bali, Indonesia
A kite shop in Lucknow, India
Traditional Japanese kites
Europe[edit]
Bermuda kite
In Greece and Cyprus, flying kites is a tradition for Clean Monday, the first day of Lent. In the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda, traditional Bermuda kites are made and flown at Easter, to symbolise Christ's ascent. Bermuda kites hold the world records for altitude and duration. In Fuerteventura a kite festival is usually held on the weekend nearest to 8 November lasting for 3 days.
Polynesia[edit]
Polynesian traditional kites are sometimes used at ceremonies and variants of traditional kites for amusement. Older pieces are kept in museums. These are treasured by the people of Polynesia.
Māori kite
Launch of ram-air inflated Peter Lynn single-line kite, shaped like an octopus and 90 feet (27 m) long
South America[edit]
In Brazil, flying a kite is a very popular leisure activity for children, teenagers and even young adults. Mostly these are boys, and it is overwhelmingly kite fighting a game whose goal is to maneuver their own kites to cut the other persons' kites' strings during flight, and followed by kite running where participants race through the streets to steal the free-drifting kites. As in other countries with similar traditions, injuries are common and motorcyclists in particular need to take precautions.[51]
In Chile, kites are very popular, especially during Independence Day festivities (September 18).
In Colombia, kites can be seen flown in parks and recreation areas during August which is known to be windy. It is during this month that most people, especially the young ones would fly kites.
In Guyana, kites are flown at Easter, an activity in which all ethnic and religious groups participate. Kites are generally not flown at any other time of year. Kites start appearing in the sky in the weeks leading up to Easter and school children are taken to parks for the activity. It all culminates in a massive airborne celebration on Easter Monday especially in Georgetown, the capital, and other coastal areas. The history of the practice is not entirely clear but given that Easter is a Christian festival, it is said that kite flying is symbolic of the Risen Lord. Moore[52] describes the phenomenon in the 19th century as follows:
A very popular Creole pastime was the flying of kites. Easter Monday, a public holiday, was the great kite-flying day on the sea wall in Georgetown and on open lands in villages. Young and old alike, male and female, appeared to be seized by kite-flying mania. Easter 1885 serves as a good example. "The appearance of the sky all over Georgetown, but especially towards the Sea Wall, was very striking, the air being thick with kites of all shapes and sizes, covered with gaily coloured paper, all riding bravely on the strong wind.
—  (His quotation is from a letter to The Creole newspaper of December 29, 1858.)
The exact origins of the practice of kite flying (exclusively) at Easter are unclear. Brereton and Yelvington[53] speculate that kite flying was introduced by Chinese indentured immigrants to the then colony of British Guiana in the mid 19th century. The author of an article in the Guyana Chronicle newspaper of May 6, 2007 is more certain:
Kite flying originated as a Chinese tradition to mark the beginning of spring. However, because the plantation owners were suspicious of the planter class (read "plantation workers"), the Chinese claimed that it represented the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It was a clever argument, as at that time, Christians celebrated Easter to the glory of the risen Christ. The Chinese came to Guyana from 1853–1879.[54]
World records[edit]
A kite in the shape of the flag of Kuwait. The size when flat is 42 by 25 meters (138 ft × 82 ft), 1,050 square meters (11,300 sq ft). While flying it becomes a little smaller (about 900 square meters (9,700 sq ft)) due to curvature of the edges when inflated.
There are many world records involving kites.[55]
The world's largest kites are inflatable single-line kites. The world record for the largest kite flown for at least 20 minutes is "The Flag of Kuwait".[56][57]
The single-kite altitude record is held by a triangular-box delta kite. On 23 September 2014 a team led by Robert Moore, flew a 129 square feet (12 m2) kite to 16,009 feet (4,880 m) above ground level.[58] The record altitude was reached after 8 series of attempts over a ten-year period from a remote location in western NSW, Australia. The 9.2 feet (3 m) tall and 19.6 feet (6 m) wide Dunton-Taylor delta kite's flight was controlled by a winch system using 40,682 feet (12,400 m) of ultra high strength Dyneema line. The flight took about eight hours from ground and return. The height was measured with on-board GPS telemetry transmitting positional data in real time to a ground-based computer and also back-up GPS data loggers for later analysis.[59]
In popular culture[edit]
The Kite Runner, a 2005 novel by Khaled Hosseini dramatizes the role of kite fighting in pre-war Kabul.
The Peanuts cartoon character Charlie Brown was often depicted having flown his kite into a tree as a metaphor for life's adversities.
"Let's Go Fly a Kite" is a song from the Mary Poppins film and musical.
In the Disney animated film Mulan, kites are flown in the parade.
In the film Shooter, a kite is used to show the wind direction and wind velocity.
General safety issues[edit]
A man flying a kite on the beach, a good location for flying as winds travelling across the sea contain few up or down draughts which cause kites to fly erratically
There are safety issues involved in kite-flying. Kite lines can strike and tangle on electrical power lines, causing power blackouts and running the risk of electrocuting the kite flier. Wet kite lines or wire can act as a conductor for static electricity and lightning when the weather is stormy. Kites with large surface area or powerful lift can lift kite fliers off the ground or drag them into other objects. In urban areas there is usually a ceiling on how high a kite can be flown, to prevent the kite and line infringing on the airspace of helicopters and light aircraft. It is also possible for fighter kites to kill people, as happened in India when three spectators were killed in separate incidents during Independence Day, August, 2016—precipitating a ban on certain types of enhanced line.
Designs[edit]
Bermuda kite
Bowed kite, e.g. Rokkaku
Cellular or box kite
Chapi-chapi
Delta kite
Foil, parafoil or bow kite
Leading edge inflatable kite
Malay kite see also wau bulan (Moon kite)
Tetrahedral kite
Sled kite
This delta kite has a keel instead of a bridle
Train of connected kites
Types[edit]
Main article: Kite types
Fighter kite
Indoor kite
Inflatable single-line kite
Kytoon - a hybrid tethered craft comprising both a lighter-than-air balloon as well as a kite lifting surface
Man-lifting kite
Rogallo parawing kite
Stunt (sport) kite
Water kite
See also[edit]
Airborne wind turbine—concept for a wind generator flown as kite
Captive helicopter
Captive plane
High altitude wind power
Kite aerial photography
Kite buggying
Kite fishing
Kite ice skating
Kite landboarding
Kite shape (geometry)
Kiteboating
Kitelife—an American magazine devoted to kites.
Kitesurfing
Kite rig
List of books about kites
List of kite festivals
Sea Tails, video installation
Solar balloon A solar-heated hot air balloon that can be flown like a kite, but on windless days.
Uttarayan The kite flying festival of western India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Giant Kite Festival in HigashiomiNHK(video)
Jump up ^ Eden, Maxwell (2002). The Magnificent Book of Kites: Explorations in Design, Construction, Enjoyment & Flight. 387 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10016: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 18. ISBN 9781402700941.
Jump up ^ "What is a kite? A kite is ________. Definition of "kite" in the world".
Jump up ^ "Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics". NASA. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ Flying High, Down Under Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Woglom, Gilbert Totten (1896). Parakites: A treatise on the making and flying of tailless kites for scientific purposes and for recreation. Putnam. OCLC 2273288.
Jump up ^ Science in the Field: Ben Balsley, CIRES Scientist in the Field Gathering atmospheric dynamics data using kites. Kites are anchored to boats on the Amazon River employed to sample levels of certain gases in the air. Archived 2008-03-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Bachstelze Article describes the Fa-330 Rotary Wing Kite towed by its mooring to the submarine. The kite was a man-lifter modeled after the autogyro principle". Uboat.net. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ Kite Fashions: Above, Below, Sideways. Expert kite fliers sometimes tie a flying kite to a tree to have the kite fly for days on end. Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Underwater kiting". 2lo.de. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Hydro kite angling device Jason C. Hubbart". Google.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ Yinke, Deng (2005). Ancient Chinese inventions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-521-18692-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 127.
^ Jump up to: a b "Amazing Musical Kites", Cambodia Philately
Jump up ^ Kite Flying for Fun and Science, 1907, The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Khmer Kites", Sim Sarak and Cheang Yarin, Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia 2002
Jump up ^ Tripathi, Piyush Kumar (7 January 2012). "Kite fights to turn skies colourful on Makar Sankranti - Professional flyers to showcase flying skills; food lovers can relish delicacies at snack huts". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India.
Jump up ^ Tarlton, John. "Ancient Maori Kites". Ancient Maori Kites. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Chadwick, Nora K. (July 1931). "The Kite: A Study in Polynesian Tradition". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 61: 455. doi:10.2307/2843932. ISSN 0307-3114.
^ Jump up to: a b Anon. "Kite History: A Simple History of Kiting". G-Kites. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Ley, Willy (December 1961). "Dragons and Hot-Air Balloons". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 79–89.
Jump up ^ http://www.johndobson.info/John's%20Kite%20Site/George/pdfs/Chapter%203.fm.pdf
Jump up ^ "History of Kites". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of Their Impact, Justin D. Murphy, page 2
Jump up ^ China Reconstructs, Volume 33, 1984
Jump up ^ History of Science in Korea, Sang-un Chŏn, page 181
Jump up ^ Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War, Richard Hallion, pages 9-10
Jump up ^ "신호연신호 개요 (Summary of sending a signal with a kite)" (in Korean). Korea Culture & Contents Agency. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ M. Robinson. "Kites On The Winds of War". Members.bellatlantic.net. Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ Saul, Trevor (August 2004). "Henry C Sauls Barrage Kite". Soul Search. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ Grahame, Arthur (May 1945). "Target Kite Imitates Plane's Flight". Popular Science. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ "World Kite Museum". World Kite Museum. Archived from the original on 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ Focke Achgelis Fa 330
Jump up ^ Gazans Fly Firebombs Tied to Kites Into Israel, Sparking Several Blazes, Haaretz, 16 April 2018
Jump up ^ Gazans use kites to set fire to fields, forests in Israel, JNS, 17 April 2018
Jump up ^ Flaming kite from Gaza sets Israeli warehouse ablaze, Times of Israel, 21 April 2018
Jump up ^ Continuing kite threat puts Israeli farmers on edge, YNET, 24 April 2018
Jump up ^ Kite Terrorism: Compensation to Victims, Hadashot, 2 May 2018
Jump up ^ Ronalds, B.F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.
Jump up ^ Wales launches £25m underwater kite-turbine scheme The Guardian (retrieved 17 November 2015)
Jump up ^ Underwater Kites Can Harness Ocean Currents to Create Clean Energy Smithsonian.com (retrieved 17 November 2015)
Jump up ^ http://www.drachen.org/interact/kite-museums
Jump up ^ "Kite.(2007) Encyclopædia Britannica Online". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
Jump up ^ Pogadaev, Victor. Svetly Mesyatz-Zmei Kruzhitsa (My Lord Moon Kite) - "Vostochnaya Kollektsia" (Oriental Collection). M.: Russian State Library. N 4 (38), 2009, 129-134. ISSN 1681-7559
Jump up ^ "Story of a Kite". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
Jump up ^ Skeat, Walter William (1965). Malay Magic: An Introduction to the Folklore and Popular Religion of the Malay Peninsular. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-7146-2026-8.
Jump up ^ 八日市大凧まつりNHK(video)
Jump up ^ GIANT KITE FESTIVALS IN JAPAN Japanese Kite Collection
Jump up ^ A spectacular festival of some 100 large kites flying over sand dunes. Japan National Tourism Organization
Jump up ^ Hamamatsu Matsuri NHK
Jump up ^ "mirantesmt.com". Archived from the original on 2015-08-27.
Jump up ^ Moore, Brian L. (1995). Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana 1838-1900. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, ISBN 978-0-7735-1354-9
Jump up ^ Brereton, Bridget; Yelvington, Kevin A. (1999). The Colonial Caribbean in Transition. University Press of Florida, ISBN 978-0-8130-1696-2
Jump up ^ [1] Guyana Chronicle. Archived April 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search?term=kite
Jump up ^ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-kite-flown
Jump up ^ Buckland, Lucy (September 4, 2011). "World's biggest kite - larger than a football pitch - fails to soar at Bristol festival". Daily Mail. London.
Jump up ^ "Highest altitude by a single kite".
Jump up ^ Moore, R. "Untitled Page".
External links[edit]
Look up kite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kite.
The Wikibook Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book has a page on the topic of: Kites
Kites in many countries
History of kites
The earliest depiction of kite flying in European literature in a panorama of Ternate (Moluccas) 1600.
Mathematics and aeronautical principles of kites.
Kitecraft and Kite Tournaments (1914)—A free public domain e-book
Kite Museum in India
Trivedi, Parthsarathi; et al. "Aerodynamics of Kites" (PDF). Retrieved 8 February 2013.
Eyes on Brazil
show
v
t
e
Application of wind energy
Wind power
Wind turbine
Wind mill
Vehicle propulsion
Sailboat
Sailing ship
Power kite
SkySails
Ice boat
Land sailing
Rotor ship
Kite applications
Kite
Human-lifting kite
Air current
Windcatcher
show
v
t
e
Types of aircraft by methods of thrust and lift
Aerostat
Aerodyne
Lift: Lighter than air gas
Lift: Fixed wing
Lift: Unpowered rotor
Lift: Powered rotor
Unpowered free flight
(Free) balloon Glider Helicopter, etc. in autorotation (None – see note 2)
Tethered (static or towed)
Tethered balloon Kite Rotor kite (None – see note 2)
Powered
Airship Airplane, ornithopter, etc. Autogyro Helicopter, gyrodyne
Note 1: A tiltwing or tiltrotor aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
Note 2: For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g. balloon helicopter) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
Note 3: Ground effect vehicles and hovercraft are not included in the table, nor are experimental aircraft with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. coleopter, Flying Bedstead, Avrocar and flettner airplane) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. kytoon and hybrid airship).
show
v
t
e
Kites and kite flying
Types by use
Kite
Fighter kite
Human-lifting kite
Indoor kite
Power kite
Sport kite
Water kite
Types by shape
Arc kite
Bermuda kite
Bowed kite
Rokkaku dako
Box kite
Chapi-chapi
Foil kite
Inflatable single-line kite
Kytoon
Leading edge inflatable kite
Bow kite
Malay kite
Rotor kite
Rogallo wing
Scott sled
Tetrahedral kite
Wau bulan
Activities &
applications
Hang gliding
Kite aerial photography
Kite fighting
Kite fishing
Kite rigs
Kite landboarding
Snowkiting
Kite ice skating
Kite rollerskating
Kitesurfing
Kiteboating
Kite buggy
Paragliding
Powered paragliding
Parasailing
Parts
Kite control systems
Kite line
Kite mooring
People
Alexander Graham Bell
William Abner Eddy
Lawrence Hargrave
Peter Lynn
Jackie Matisse
Sea Tails
Francis Rogallo
Other
Ballooning (spider)
Kite books
Kite (geometry)
Kitelife
List of kite festivals
Category
Authority control
GND: 4012865-9
LCCN: sh85072580
NDL: 00572623
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kite&oldid=855584521"
Categories:
Kites
Aircraft configurations
Chinese inventions
Desi culture
Physical activity and dexterity toys
Traditional toys
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bahasa Banjar
Bân-lâm-gú
Bikol Central
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
မြန်မာဘာသာ
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vahcuengh
Tiếng Việt
文言
West-Vlams
Winaray
吴语
粵語
中文
75 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 August 2018, at 11:12 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Kite_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Kite (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Higashiomi,_Shiga
mw-redirect
Higashiomi, Shiga

value: sup

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Heavier_than_air_flight
mw-redirect
Heavier than air flight

values:
/wiki/Sport_kites
mw-redirect
Sport kites

values:
/wiki/Kite_surfing
mw-redirect
Kite surfing

values:
/wiki/Kite_buggying
mw-redirect
Kite buggying

values:
/wiki/Snow_kiting
mw-redirect
Snow kiting

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Nature_and_Art
mw-redirect
The Mysteries of Nature and Art

values:
/wiki/Dragon_kite
mw-redirect
Dragon kite

values:
/wiki/Focke_Achgelis_Fa_330
mw-redirect
Focke Achgelis Fa 330

values:
/wiki/Ripstop_nylon
mw-redirect
Ripstop nylon

values:
/wiki/Carbon_fiber
mw-redirect
Carbon fiber

values:
/wiki/Samguk_Sagi
mw-redirect
Samguk Sagi

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Joseon Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Second_World_War
mw-redirect
Second World War

values:
/wiki/Firebomb_kite
mw-redirect
Firebomb kite

values: Edit section: Radio aerials and light beacons

values:
/wiki/Moored_balloon
mw-redirect
Moored balloon

values: Parallel resonant-circuit (page does not exist)

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Kite_fighting
mw-redirect
Kite fighting

values:
/wiki/Dari_(Eastern_Persian)
mw-redirect
Dari (Eastern Persian)

values:
/wiki/Kite_Museum_(Malacca)
mw-redirect
Kite Museum (Malacca)

values: claim of largest needs verifying (January 2017)

values:
/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dmi,_Shiga
mw-redirect
Higashiōmi, Shiga

values:
/wiki/Hamamatsu,_Shizuoka
mw-redirect
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka

values:
/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory
mw-redirect
British Overseas Territory

values:
/wiki/High_altitude_wind_power
mw-redirect
High altitude wind power

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2273288

values:
nofollow
external text
http://2lo.de/kitedive/index.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/2843932

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-3114

values:
nofollow
external text
http://kites.com/history-of-kites.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sole.org.uk/saulkite.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: wikibooks:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book

values: wikibooks:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation/Kites

values:
nofollow
http://best-breezes.squarespace.com/
external text

values: Template talk:Application of wind energy

values:
/wiki/Wind_energy
mw-redirect
Wind energy

values:
/wiki/Vehicle_propulsion
mw-redirect
Vehicle propulsion

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)

values: Template talk:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)

values:
/wiki/Ground_effect_vehicle
mw-redirect
Ground effect vehicle

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4012865-9

values: Category:Physical activity and dexterity toys

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Kite
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Kite&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: طائرة ورقية – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorcha
Milorcha – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: ঘুড়ি – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buradol
Buradol – Central Bikol
bcl
bcl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values: Хвърчило – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: ཤོག་བྱ། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachen
Drachen – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: Χαρταετός – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajto
Kajto – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: بادبادک – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitleog
Eitleog – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0
연 – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: पतंग – Hindi

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaito
Kaito – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugdreki
Flugdreki – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilone
Aquilone – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: עפיפון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layangan
Layangan – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಗಾಳಿಪಟ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitvaras
Aitvaras – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: စွန်လွှတ်ကစားခြင်း – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values: चङ्गा – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A7
凧 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varrak
Varrak – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: ខ្លែង – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latawiec
Latawiec – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Воздушный змей – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite
Kite – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumerdia
Cumerdia – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: සරුංගල් – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite
Kite – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Змај (летелица) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leija
Leija – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: பட்டம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: గాలిపటం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Повітряний змій – Ukrainian

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiuhrumz
Yiuhrumz – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kite rootpage-Kite skin-vector action-view