text:
North Vietnam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the region of Northern Vietnam, see Northern Vietnam.
"NVN" redirects here. For other uses, see NVN (disambiguation).
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa
1945–1976[a]
Flag
Emblem
Motto
"Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc"
(English: "Independence – Freedom – Happiness")
Anthem
"Tiến Quân Ca"
(English: "Army March")
Location of North Vietnam in Southeast Asia.
Capital Hanoi
Languages Vietnamese (official)
Government Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic
Party Chairman
First Secretary
• 1945–1956 Trường Chinh
• 1956–1960 Hồ Chí Minh
• 1960–1976 Lê Duẩn
President
• 1945–1969 Hồ Chí Minh
• 1969–1976 Tôn Đức Thắng
Prime Minister
• 1945–1955 Hồ Chí Minh
• 1955–1976 Phạm Văn Đồng
Historical era Cold War · Vietnam War
• Republic declared September 2, 1945
• Viet Minh reenters Hanoi October 10, 1954
• PAVN enters Saigon April 30, 1975
• North and South Vietnam merged July 2, 1976[a]
Area
• 1960 157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi)
Population
• 1960 est. 15,916,955
Density 101/km2 (261/sq mi)
• 1974 est. 23,767,300
Density 151/km2 (390/sq mi)
Currency đồng
cash (until 1948)[9]
Preceded by Succeeded by
French Indochina
Empire of Vietnam
Vietnam
Today part of Vietnam
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Vietnamese alphabet
Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa
Chữ Nôm
越南民主共和
History of Vietnam
2879–258 BC Hồng Bàng dynasty
2879–1913 BC • Early Hồng Bàng
1912–1055 BC • Mid Hồng Bàng
1054–258 BC • Late Hồng Bàng
257–179 BC Thục dynasty
207–111 BC Triệu dynasty
111 BC–40 AD 1st Chinese domination
40–43 Trưng Sisters
43–544 2nd Chinese domination
544–602 Early Lý dynasty
602–938 3rd Chinese domination
939–965 Ngô dynasty
968–980 Đinh dynasty
980–1009 Early Lê dynasty
1009–1225 Later Lý dynasty
1225–1400 Trần dynasty
1400–1407 Hồ dynasty
1407–1427 4th Chinese domination
1407–1413 • Later Trần dynasty
1428–1788 Later Lê dynasty
1527–1592 • Mạc dynasty
1545–1787 • Trịnh lords
1558–1777 • Nguyễn lords
1778–1802 Tây Sơn dynasty
1802–1945 Nguyễn dynasty
1858–1954 French Indochina
1945 Empire of Vietnam
From 1945 Republic
1945–1976 • North Vietnam
(Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
1955–1975 • South Vietnam
(Republic of Vietnam)
1975–1976 • Government Transition
From 1976 Unification of Vietnam
Further subjects[hide]
Champa dynasties (192–1832)
Funan (68–550)
Chenla (550–802)
Historical capitals
Prehistoric and ancient cultures
List of monarchs
Country's names
Economic history
Military history
v
t
e
North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, although it did not achieve widespread recognition until 1954.[a]
Vietnamese revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh declared independence from France on 2 September 1945 and announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. France reasserted its colonial dominance and a war ensued between France and the Viet Minh, led by President Ho Chi Minh. The Viet Minh ("League for the Independence of Vietnam") was a coalition of nationalist groups, mostly led by communists. In February 1951, the communists announced the creation of the Lao Động Party (Labor Party), gradually marginalizing non-communists in the Việt Minh.[10]
Between 1946 and 1954, the Việt Minh captured and controlled most of the rural areas of Vietnam. In 1954, after the French were defeated, the negotiation of the Geneva Accords ended the war between France and the Việt Minh and granted Vietnam independence. The Geneva Accords divided the country provisionally into northern and southern zones, and stipulated general elections in July 1956 to "bring about the unification of Viet-Nam".[11] The northern zone was commonly called North Vietnam, and the southern zone was commonly called South Vietnam.
Supervision of the implementation of the Geneva Accords was the responsibility of an international commission consisting of India, Canada, and Poland. The United States did not sign the Geneva Accords, which stated that the United States "shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they are conducted fairly".[12] In July 1955, the prime minister of the Republic of Vietnam, Ngô Đình Diệm, announced that the Republic of Vietnam would not participate in elections to unify the country. He said that South Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords and was not bound by it.[13]
After the failure to reunify Vietnam by elections, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam attempted to unify the country by force in the Vietnam War (1955–75). North Vietnam and the Việt Cộng insurgents supported by their communist allies, including the Soviet Union and China, fought against the military of South Vietnam, the United States and other anti-communist military forces, including South Korea, Australia, Thailand, and smaller players. North Vietnam also supported indigenous communist rebels in Cambodia and Laos against their respective U.S.-backed governments. The war ended when North Vietnamese forces and the Việt Cộng defeated the Republic of Vietnam and in 1976 united the two parts of the country into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The expanded Democratic Republic retained North Vietnam's political culture under Soviet influence and continued its existing memberships in international organisations such as Comecon.
Contents
[hide]
1 Leadership under Hồ Chí Minh (1945–69)
1.1 Proclamation of the republic
1.2 Early republic
1.3 During the First Indochina War
1.4 Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam
2 Land reform
2.1 Results
2.2 Executions
2.3 Collective farming
3 Presidency of Tôn Đức Thắng (1969–76)
3.1 During the Vietnam War
3.2 Reunification
4 Foreign relations
4.1 South Vietnam
4.2 Communist and Western states
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Leadership under Hồ Chí Minh (1945–69)[edit]
Further information: Hồ Chí Minh
Proclamation of the republic[edit]
The North Vietnamese government in 1945
After about 300 years of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II. Soon after Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945, the Việt Minh in the August Revolution entered Hanoi, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on September 2, 1945: a government for the entire country, replacing the Nguyễn dynasty.[14] Hồ Chí Minh became leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt had spoken against French rule in Indochina, and U.S.A. was supportive of the Viet Minh at this time.
Early republic[edit]
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh claimed dominion over all of Vietnam, but during this time South Vietnam was in profound political disorder. The successive collapse of French, then Japanese power, followed by the dissension among the political factions in Saigon had been accompanied by widespread violence in the countryside.[15][16] On August 16, 1945, Hồ Chí Minh organized the National Congress in Tân Trào. The Congress adopted 10 major policies of the Việt Minh, passed the General Uprising Order, decided the National Flag, in the middle with 5-pointed gold star, selected the national anthem and selected the National Committee for the Liberation of Vietnam, later becoming the Provisional Revolutionary Government, led by Hồ Chí Minh.[17] On September 12, 1945, the first British troops arrived in Saigon. On September 23, 28 days after the people of Saigon seized political power, French troops occupied the police stations, the post office, and other public buildings. The salient political fact of life in Northern Vietnam was Chinese Nationalist army of occupation, and the Chinese presence had forced Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh to accommodate Chinese-backed Viet Nationalists. In June 1946, Chinese Nationalist troops evacuated Hanoi, and on the 15th of June, the last detachments embarked at Haiphong. After the departure of the British in 1946, the French controlled a part of Cochinchina, South Central Coast, Central Highlands since the end Southern Resistance War. In January 1946, the Viet Minh held an election to establish a National Assembly. Public enthusiasm for this event suggests that the Viet Minh enjoyed a great deal of popularity at this time, although there were few competitive races and the party makeup of the Assembly was determined in advance of the vote.[b]
On September 18 and 19, 1945, the Việt Minh held secret meetings with Việt Cách (September 18, 1945) and Việt Quốc (September 19, 1945). In these two meetings, Nguyễn Hải Thần represented Việt Cách and Nguyễn Tường Tam represent Việt Quốc. Hồ Chí Minh agree to unite the Việt Minh with Việt Cách and Việt Quốc. Thus, the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by the Việt Minh will receive the financial and political support of the Republic of China. For this proposal, within the Việt Minh there are many different opinions. Võ Nguyên Giáp disagrees with the suggestion that the proposals are not valid and not honest, as if replacing French colonialism with Chinese domination, but Hoàng Minh Giám thought that the unification of Vietnam With the Nationalist parties will reduce the opposition and strengthen the power of the Việt Minh, as the Chinese are relieved and the French have to worry. Eventually the Việt Minh under Hồ Chí Minh refused to merge with the Pro-Chinese Việt Cách and the Việt Quốc League.[21]
On January 6, 1946, President Hồ Chí Minh held the nationwide General Election which voted for the first time and passed the Constitution. Many parties did not have the right to participate in General Elections seeking to undermine . These parties claimed to be the only Việt Minh communist, the government in the hands of the Việt Minh want anyone to win it. The two opposition parties in the government are the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party (Việt Quốc) and the Vietnam Cách mệnh Đồng minh (Việt Cách) did not participate in the election although Hồ Chí Minh previously sent a letter to Nguyễn Hải Thần leader of Việt Cách and Vũ Hồng Khanh leader of Việt Quốc. Hồ Chí Minh invites Việt Quốc and Việt Cách to attend the General Election and urges the two sides not to attack each other with words or actions until the Congress opens. Former Prime Minister Trần Trọng Kim said there were places where people were forced to vote for the Việt Minh.[22] According to the Việt Minh, the election was fair.[23] Despite being campaigned by many parties to campaign for the people to boycott the election and block the election in some places, where there are self-nominated candidates, publicly run, free elections are taking place everywhere. After the election results are announced, the truth is not the same as the propaganda parties. Many prestigious delegates of classes, classes, religions and ethnic groups were elected in the First National Assembly, most of them not party members.[24]
The presence of Chiang Kai-shek's army up to that time ensured the survival of Vietnam’s Nationalist Party and Việt Cách. These two parties did not have a cohesive program to enlist the people like the Việt Minh[25] The leaders of the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party and the Việt Cách Revolutionary Party are far from having comparable qualities with Hồ Chí Minh, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and other responsible Việt Minh members. When the Chinese nationalist army withdrawal from Vietnam on June 15, 1946, in one way or another, Võ Nguyễn Giáp, decided that the Việt Minh had to completely control the government. Võ Nguyễn Giáp is in immediate action with the goal of spreading Việt Minh leadership: the Allied Powers are supported by the Vietnam’s Nationalist Party (according to Cecil B. Currey, this organization borrows the revolutionary name of Vietnam’s Nationalist Party of 1930 was founded by Nguyễn Thái Học and, according to David G. Marr, the Vietnamese Communist Party under Hồ Chí Minh tried to banned the Pro-Chinese Nationalist Party in Vietnam[26] betraying the revolutionary cause of Nguyễn Thái Học in 1930. By the end of 1945, many people still did not believe in it.) The pro-Japan nationalist group, the Trotskyists, the anti-French nationalists, the Catholic group called "Catholic soldiers." Võ Nguyễn Giáp has gradually sought to phase out these parties. On June 19, 1946, the Việt Minh Journal reportedly vehemently criticized "reactionaries sabotage the Franco-Vietnamese preliminary agreement on 6 March". Shortly thereafter, Võ Nguyễn Giáp began a campaign to pursue opposition parties by police and military forces controlled by the Việt Minh with the help of the French authorities. He also used soldiers, Japanese officers volunteered to stay in Vietnam and some of the supplies provided by France (in Hòn Gai French troops provided the Việt Minh with cannons to kill some of the positions commanded by the Great Occupation) in this campaign.
When France declared Cochinchina, the southern third of Vietnam, a separate state as the "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" in June 1946, Vietnamese nationalists reacted with fury. In November, the National Assembly adopted the first Constitution of the Republic.[27]
During the First Indochina War[edit]
Further information: First Indochina War
The French reoccupied Hanoi and the First Indochina War (1946–54) followed. Following the Chinese Communist Revolution (1946−50), Chinese communist forces arrived on the border in 1949. Chinese aid revived the fortunes of the Viet Minh and transformed it from a guerrilla militia into a standing army. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 transformed what had been an anti-colonial struggle into a Cold War battleground, with the U.S. providing financial support to the French.
Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam[edit]
Further information: Operation Passage to Freedom and Geneva Conference (1954)
Following the partition of Vietnam in 1954 at the end of the First Indochina War, more than one million North Vietnamese migrated to South Vietnam,[28] under the U.S.-led evacuation campaign named Operation Passage to Freedom,[29] with an estimated 60% of the north's one million Catholics fleeing south.[30][31] The Catholic migration is attributed to an expectation of persecution of Catholics by the North Vietnamese government, as well as publicity employed by the Saigon government of the President Ngo Dinh Diem.[32] The CIA ran a propaganda campaign to get Catholics to come to the south. However Colonel Edward Lansdale, the man credited with the campaign, rejected the notion that his campaign had much effect on popular sentiment.[33] The Viet Minh sought to detain or otherwise prevent would-be refugees from leaving, such as through intimidation through military presence, shutting down ferry services and water traffic, or prohibiting mass gatherings.[34] Concurrently, between 14,000 and 45,000 civilians and approximately 100,000 Viet Minh fighters moved in the opposite direction.[30][35][36]
Land reform[edit]
Main articles: Land reform in Vietnam and Land reform in North Vietnam
Land reform was an integral part of the Viet Minh and communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam. A Viet Minh Land Reform Law of 4 December 1953 called for (1) confiscation of land belonging to landlords who were enemies of the regime; (2) requisition of land from landlords not judged to be enemies; and (3) purchase with payment in bonds. The land reform was carried out from 1953 to 1956. Some farming areas did not undergo land reform but only rent reduction and the highland areas occupied by minority peoples were not substantially impacted. Some land was retained by the government but most was distributed without payment with priority given to Viet Minh fighters and their families.[37] The total number of rural people impacted by the land reform program was more than 4 million. The rent reduction program impacted nearly 8 million people.[38]
Results[edit]
The land reform program was a success in terms of distributing much land to poor and landless peasants and reducing or eliminating the land holdings of landlords and rich peasants. However it was carried out with violence and repression primarily directed against large landowners identified, sometimes incorrectly, as landlords.[39] On 18 August 1956, North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform program. Too many farmers, he said, had been incorrectly classified as "landlords" and executed or imprisoned and too many mistakes had been made in redistributing land. Severe rioting protesting the excesses of the land reform program broke out in November 1956 in one largely Catholic rural district. About 1,000 people were killed or injured and several thousand imprisoned. Democratic Republic of Vietnam initiated a "correction campaign" which by 1958 had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by the land reform.[40] As part of the correction campaign as many as 23,748 political prisoners were released by North Vietnam by September 1957.[41]
Executions[edit]
Executions and imprisonment of persons classified as "landlords" or enemies of the state were contemplated from the beginning of the land reform program. A Politburo document dated 4 May 1953 said that executions were "fixed in principle at the ratio of one per one thousand people of the total population." .[42] The number of persons actually executed by communist cadre carrying out the land reform program has been variously estimated. Some estimates of those killed range up to 200,000.[43] Other scholarship has concluded that the higher estimates were based on political propaganda emanating from South Vietnam and that the actual total of those executed was probably much lower. Scholar Edwin E. Moise estimated the total number of executions at between 3,000 and 15,000 and later came up with a more precise figure of 13,500.[44] Moise's conclusions were supported by documents of Hungarian diplomats living in Democratic Republic of Vietnam at the time of the land reform.[45] Author Michael Lind in a 2013 book gives a similar estimate of "at least ten or fifteen thousand" executed.[46]
Collective farming[edit]
The ultimate objective of the land reform program of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government was not to achieve equitable distribution of farmland but rather the organization of all farmers into co-operatives in which land and other factors of agricultural production would be owned and used collectively.[47] The first steps after the 1953-1956 land reform were the encouragement by the government of labor exchanges in which farmers would unite to exchange labor; secondly in 1958 and 1959 was the formation of "low level cooperatives" in which farmers cooperated in production. By 1961, 86 percent of farmers were members of low-level cooperatives. The third step beginning in 1961 was to organize "high level cooperatives", true collective farming in which land and resources were utilized collectively without individual ownership of land.[48] By 1971, the great majority of farmers in North Vietnam were organized into high-level cooperatives. Collective farms were abandoned gradually in the 1980s and 1990s.[49]
Presidency of Tôn Đức Thắng (1969–76)[edit]
Further information: Tôn Đức Thắng
During the Vietnam War[edit]
Further information: Vietnam War
Reunification[edit]
After the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, or Vietcong, alongside the North Vietnamese Army, governed South Vietnam during the period before reunification. However it was seen as a vassal government of North Vietnam.[50][51][52] North and South Vietnam were officially reunited under one state on 2 July 1976, forming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which continues to administer the country today.
Foreign relations[edit]
South Vietnam[edit]
Further information: Vietnam War and Viet Cong
From 1960, the North Vietnamese government went to war with Republic of Vietnam via its proxy the Viet Cong, in an attempt to annex South Vietnam and reunify Vietnam under a communist party.[53] North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces and supplies were sent along the Ho Chi Minh trail. In 1964 the United States sent combat troops to South Vietnam to support the South Vietnamese government, but the U.S. had advisors there since 1950. Other nations, including Australia, the Republic of Korea, Thailand and New Zealand also contributed troops and military aid to South Vietnam's war effort. China and the Soviet Union provided aid to and troops in support of North Vietnamese military activities. This was known as the Vietnam War, or the American War in Vietnam itself (1955–75). In addition to the Viet Cong in South Vietnam, other communist insurgencies also operated within neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Khmer Republic, both formerly part of the French colonial territory of Indochina. These were the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Rouge, respectively. These insurgencies were aided by the North Vietnamese government, which sent troops to fight alongside them.
Communist and Western states[edit]
Ho Chi Minh with East German Young Pioneers near East Berlin, 1957
Democratic Republic of Vietnam was diplomatically isolated by many Western states, and many other anti-communist states worldwide throughout most of the North's history, as these states only extended recognition to the anti-communist government of South Vietnam. North Vietnam however, was recognized by almost all Communist countries, such as the Soviet Union and other Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, China, North Korea, and Cuba, and received aid from these nations. North Vietnam refused to establish diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia from 1950 to 1957, perhaps reflecting Hanoi's deference to the Soviet line on the Yugoslav government of Josip Broz Tito, and North Vietnamese officials continued to be critical of Tito after relations were established.[54][55] Several non-aligned countries also recognized North Vietnam, mostly, similar to India, according North Vietnam de facto rather than de jure (formal) recognition.[56]
In 1969, Sweden became the first Western country to extend full diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam.[57] Many other Western countries followed suit in the 1970s, such as the government of Australia under Gough Whitlam.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Unrecognized state (1946–1954)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Jump up ^ Although former emperor Bao Dai was also popular at this time and won a seat in the Assembly, the election did not allow voters to express a preference between Bao Dai and Ho Chi Minh. It was held publicly in northern and central Vietnam, but secretly in Cochinchina, the southern third of Vietnam. There was minimal campaigning and most voters had no idea who the candidates were.[18] In many districts, a single candidate ran unopposed.[19] Party representation in the Assembly was publicly announced before the election was held.[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nuechterlein, Donald E. (2001). America Recommitted: A Superpower Assesses Its Role in a Turbulent World. Lexington, KY, USA: University Press of Kentucky. p. 73. ISBN 0813127491.
Jump up ^ Woolley, Peter J. (2005). Geography and Japan's Strategic Choices: From Seclusion to Internationalization. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 125. ISBN 1574886673.
Jump up ^ Dunstan, Simon (2004). Vietnam Tracks: Armor in Battle 1945-75. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 1841768332.
Jump up ^ Bauer, P. T. (1986). Reality and Rhetoric: Studies in the Economics of Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0674749472.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Joyce (2008). On Their Own: Women Journalists and the American Experience in Vietnam. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. p. 307. ISBN 0786721669.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 155, 594, 1160. ISBN 1851099611.
Jump up ^ Eidelberg, Paul (1976). On the Silence of the Declaration of Independence. Amherst, MA: Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 44. ISBN 0870232169.
Jump up ^ Ladley, Eric (2007). Balancing Act. iUniverse. pp. 52, 241, 298, 197. ISBN 0595887570.
Jump up ^ "Sapeque and Sapeque-Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina (交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣)". Howard A. Daniel III (The Journal of East Asian Numismatics – Second issue). 20 April 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ ' Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Movement in Indochina, A Study in the Exploitation of Nationalism (1953), Folder 11, Box 02, Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 13 - The Early History of Vietnam, The Vietnam Center and Archive, Texas Tech University.'
Jump up ^ "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam, July 20, 1954, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/genevacc.htm, accessed 15 Oct 2015
Jump up ^ "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam, July 20, 1954, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/genevacc.htm, accessed 15 Oct 2015; "Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference of the Problem of Restoring Peace in Indo-China, July 21, 1954, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Geneva_Conference, accessed 15 Oct 2015
Jump up ^ Ang Cheng Guan (1997). Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 0-7864-0404-3.
Jump up ^ "Báo Nhân Dân - Phiên bản tiếng Việt - Trang chủ".
Jump up ^ Pentagon Papers [ Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense 1969] Retrieved 28/09/12
Jump up ^ Pentagon Papers Pentagon Papers 1969 Retrieved 28/09/12
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference chinhphu123 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Fall, Bernard, The Viet-Minh Regime (1956), p. 9.
Jump up ^ Fall, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Springhal, John, Decolonization since 1945 (1955), p. 44.
Jump up ^ Why Vietnam, Archimedes L.A Patti, Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng, 2008, trang 544 - 545
Jump up ^ Sexton, Michael "War for the Asking" 1981
Jump up ^ Sexton, Michael "War for the Asking" 1981
Jump up ^ Stanley Karnow. Vietnam: A History. New York, NY. Penguin, 1991, p. 163.
Jump up ^ s:Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/30
Jump up ^ David G. Marr, Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946), page 415, California: University of California Press, 2013
Jump up ^ "Political Overview"
Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "The State of The World's Refugees 2000 – Chapter 4: Flight from Indochina" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2007. .
Jump up ^ Lindholm, Richard (1959). Viet-nam, the first five years: an international symposium. Michigan State University Press. p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b Tran, Thi Lien (November 2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam". Cold War History (London: Routledge) 5 (4): 427–49. doi:10.1080/14682740500284747.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4447-8. p. 45
Jump up ^ Truong Nhu Tang. 1986. A Viet Cong Memoir. Vintage.
Jump up ^ Hansen, pp. 182–183.
Jump up ^ Frankum, Ronald (2007). Operation Passage to Freedom: The United States Navy in Vietnam, 1954–55. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-608-6. p. 159/160/190
Jump up ^ Frankum, Ronald (2007). Operation Passage to Freedom: The United States Navy in Vietnam, 1954–55. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-608-6.
Jump up ^ Ruane, Kevin (1998). War and Revolution in Vietnam. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-323-5.
Jump up ^ Moise, Edward E. (1983), Land Reform in China and North Vietnam, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 178-181
Jump up ^ Szalontai, Balazs (2005), "Political and Economic Crisis in Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1955-1956", Cold War History, Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 401. Downloaded from JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Vo, Alex Thai D. (Winter 2015). "Nguyễn Thị Năm and the Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 10 (1): 9–10, 14, 36.
Jump up ^ Moise, pp. 237-268
Jump up ^ Szalontai, p. 401
Jump up ^ "Politburo's Directive Issued on May 4, 1953, on some Special Issues regarding Mass Mobilization," Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Summer 2010), p. 243. Downloaded from JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Lam Thanh Liem (2005), "Ho Chi Minh's Land Reform: Mistake or Crime," http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/vietnam/landreform.html, accessed 4 October 2015
Jump up ^ Moise, pp. 205-222; "Newly released documents on the land reform", Vietnam Studies Group, https://web.archive.org/web/20110420044800/http://www.lib.washington.edu/southeastasia/vsg/elist_2007/Newly%20released%20documents%20on%20the%20land%20reform%20.html, accessed 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Balazs, p. 401
Jump up ^ Lind, Michael (2003), Vietnam: The Necessary War, New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 155
Jump up ^ Moise, pp. 155-159
Jump up ^ Kerkvliet, Bendedict J. Tria (1998), "Wobbly Foundations" building co-operatives in rural Vietnam, 1955-61," South East Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 193-197. Downloaded from JSTOR
Jump up ^ Pingali, and Vo-TungPrabhu and Vo-Tong Xuan (1992), "Vietnam: Decollectivization and Rice Productive Growth", Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol 40, No 4. p. 702, 706-707. Downloaded from JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Senauth, Frank [1], The Making of Vietnam, 2012, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Nguyễn, Sài Đình [2], The National Flag of Viet Nam: Its Origin and Legitimacy,p. 4.
Jump up ^ Emering, Edward J. [3], Weapons and Field Gear of the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong, 1998.
Jump up ^ "The History Place — Vietnam War 1945–1960". Retrieved 2008-06-11.
Jump up ^ Turner, Robert F. (1990). "Myths and Realities in the Vietnam Debate". The Vietnam Debate: A Fresh Look at the Arguments. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819174161.
Jump up ^ Morris, Stephen J. (1999). Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War. Stanford University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780804730495.
Jump up ^ SarDesai, D. R. (1968), Indian Foreign Policy in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, 1947-1964, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 194
Jump up ^ Gardner, Lloyd C. and Gittinger, Ted, Eds. (2004), "The Search for Peace in Vietnam, 1964-1968," Bryan, TX: Texas A&M University Press, p. 194
Further reading[edit]
Vu, Tuong (2010). Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139489010.
External links[edit]
Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
recorded sound of that declaration on YouTube
video of this ceremony on YouTube
Preceded by
French Indochina
Nguyễn dynasty Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1945–76 Succeeded by
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
hide
v
t
e
Socialism by country
By country
American Left
Australia
British Left
Canada
Estonia
France
Hong Kong
Iran
India
Netherlands
New Zealand
Pakistan
History
Brazil
United Kingdom
United States
Regional variants
African
Arab
British
Burmese
Chinese
Israeli
Melanesian
Nicaraguan
Tanzanian
Venezuelan
Vietnamese
Communist
states
Africa
Angola
Benin
Congo-Brazzaville
Ethiopia (1974–1987)
Ethiopia (1987–1991)
Madagascar
Mozambique
Somalia
Americas
Cuba
Grenada
Asia
Afghanistan
Cambodia (1979–1992)
China
North Korea
Laos
Mongolia
Tuva
Vietnam
North Vietnam
South Yemen
Short-lived
Gilan
Iranian Azerbaijan
Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
South Vietnam
Soviet China
Europe
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary (1949–1989)
Poland
Romania
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Short-lived
Alsace-Lorraine
Bavaria
Bremen
Finland
Hungary (1919)
Galicia
Ireland
Saxony
Slovakia (1919)
History of socialism
hide
v
t
e
Vietnam articles
History
Timeline
Early dynastic epoch
Chinese millennium
Late dynastic epoch
Republican period
North Vietnam
South Vietnam
Geography
Ecoregions
Northern Vietnam
Central Vietnam
Southern Vietnam
North Central Coast (Bắc Trung Bộ)
Northeast ((Đông Bắc)
Southeast (Đông Nam Bộ)
Mekong Delta
South Central Coast (Nam Trung Bộ)
Provinces
Red River Delta
Northwest (Tây Bắc)
Central Highlands (Tây Nguyên)
Politics
Constitution
Foreign relations
Human rights
LGBT
Communist Party
History of central officeholders
National Congress
General Secretary
Central Committee
Politburo
Secretariat
Executive and
legislative
President
Government
Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Ministers
Ministers
National Assembly
Chairmen
Standing Committee
Elections
Judiciary
Supreme People's Court
Provincial Municipal Courts
Local Courts
Military Courts
Military
Central Military Commission
Ground Force
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Border Guard
Air Force
Security forces (police)
Economy
Agriculture
Doi Moi ("Renovation")
Đồng (currency)
Energy
Five-Year Plans
International rankings
Manufacturing
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transport
Air
airlines
Jetstar Pacific
VietJet Air
Vietnam Airlines
airports
Cam Ranh
Da Nang
Noi Bai
Tan Son Nhat
Rail
Society
Demographics
diaspora
Education
Ethnic groups
Public holidays
Time
Women
Culture
Art
Emblem
Dance
Cinema
Cuisine
Flag
Literature
Martial arts
Media
Music
Religion
Theater
Vietnamese studies
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
Coordinates: 21°02′N 105°51′E / 21.033°N 105.850°E / 21.033; 105.850
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb12100850c (data)
GND: 4075485-6
ISNI: 0000 0001 2106 2436
NARA: 10046593
NDL: 00560637
SUDOC: 02936647X
VIAF: 286145613238301380007
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Vietnam&oldid=845823726"
Categories:
Former countries in Southeast Asia
States and territories established in 1945
North Vietnam
Former countries in Vietnamese history
Communism in Vietnam
History of Vietnam
First Indochina War
Indochina Wars
Vietnam War
Former polities of the Cold War
Former socialist republics
States and territories disestablished in 1976
1945 establishments in Vietnam
1976 disestablishments in Vietnam
Divided regions
Totalitarian states
Hidden categories:
Pages with reference errors
Pages with broken reference names
Former country articles requiring maintenance
Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
Articles containing Vietnamese-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Boarisch
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Kiswahili
لۊری شومالی
Latviešu
Lietuvių
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
51 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 June 2018, at 11:40 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/NVN_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
NVN (disambiguation)

values: text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%; font-weight:bold;

values: text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; font-size:30%; line-height:105%;

value: sup

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right; line-height:105%; font-size:30%;

values: width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; padding:0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: mediaContainer mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/File:LocationNorthVietnam.png
image
Location of North Vietnam

values: text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;

values: General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh
mw-redirect
Hồ Chí Minh

values:
/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army
mw-redirect
Vietnam People's Army

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population
mw-redirect
List of countries by population

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;

values: width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;

values: width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0; font-size:175%;

values: font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:#C5B358; text-align:center; padding:0 0.2em;

values:
/wiki/Funan_(Southeast_Asia)
mw-redirect
Funan (Southeast Asia)

values: Template:Prehistoric and ancient cultures of Vietnam

values: font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-left: 0.5em;

values: text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;background:#C5B358; padding:0 0.2em

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;

values:
/wiki/Lao_%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_Party
mw-redirect
Lao Động Party

values:
/wiki/Geneva_Accords_(1954)
mw-redirect
Geneva Accords (1954)

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Republic of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng
mw-redirect
Việt Cộng

values:
/wiki/Second_Republic_of_South_Korea
mw-redirect
Second Republic of South Korea

values:
/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam
mw-redirect
Socialist Republic of Vietnam

values: Edit section: Leadership under Hồ Chí Minh (1945–69)

values: Edit section: Proclamation of the republic

values:
/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)
mw-redirect
Central Highlands (Vietnam)

values: Edit section: During the First Indochina War

values: Edit section: Provisional military demarcation of Vietnam

values:
/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)
mw-redirect
Geneva Conference (1954)

values: Edit section: Presidency of Tôn Đức Thắng (1969–76)

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Korea
mw-redirect
Republic of Korea

values: Edit section: Communist and Western states

values: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text

values: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.viet-myths.net/Turner.htm

values: History of the socialist movement in Brazil

values: History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom

values: History of the socialist movement in the United States

values: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

values: People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)

values:
/wiki/Saxony_Soviet
mw-redirect
Saxony Soviet

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Early_dynastic_epoch_(Vietnam)
mw-redirect
Early dynastic epoch (Vietnam)

values:
/wiki/Late_dynastic_epoch_(Vietnam)
mw-redirect
Late dynastic epoch (Vietnam)

values: Map of Vietnam - Bản đồ Việt Nam - Transparent Background.png

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

values: List of central officeholders in the Communist Party of Vietnam

values: National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam

values: Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

values: Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam

values: Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam

values: Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam

values: Standing Committee of the National Assembly

values: Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075485-6

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000121062436

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/02936647X

values: Category:Former countries in Southeast Asia

values: Category:States and territories established in 1945

values: Category:Former countries in Vietnamese history

values: Category:Former polities of the Cold War

values: Category:States and territories disestablished in 1976

values: Category:1976 disestablishments in Vietnam

values: Category:Pages with broken reference names

values: Category:Former country articles requiring maintenance

values: Category:Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters

values: Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/North_Vietnam
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: شمال فيتنام – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: Oa̍t-lâm Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok – Chinese (Min Nan)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка В’етнам – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Демократична република Виетнам – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values: República Democràtica del Vietnam – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Vietnamská demokratická republika – Czech

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ویتنام شمالی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: République démocratique du Viêt Nam – French

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 베트남 민주 공화국 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: उत्तरी वियतनाम – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: צפון וייטנאם – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಉತ್ತರ ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಂ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ჩრდილოეთი ვიეტნამი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: ڤییئتام شومالی – Northern Luri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: उत्तर व्हियेतनाम – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ベトナム民主共和国 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Демократическая Республика Вьетнам – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Vietnamská demokratická republika – Slovak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Северни Вијетнам – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: Vietnamin demokraattinen tasavalta – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: வடக்கு வியட்நாம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ประเทศเวียดนามเหนือ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Демократична Республіка В'єтнам – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: شمالی ویت نام – Urdu

values: צפון וויעטנאם – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 越南民主共和国 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-North_Vietnam rootpage-North_Vietnam skin-vector action-view