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Space Oddity
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This article is about the David Bowie song. For other uses, see Space Oddity (disambiguation).
"Space Oddity"
Single by David Bowie
from the album David Bowie (Space Oddity)
B-side
"Wild Eyed Boy from Freecloud"
Released
11 July 1969
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
20 June 1969,
Trident Studios, London
Genre
Psychedelic[1]
folk rock[1]
Length
5:15 (album version)
4:33 (UK single edit)
3:26 (U.S. single edit)
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
David Bowie
Producer(s)
Gus Dudgeon
David Bowie singles chronology
"Love You Till Tuesday"
(1967) "Space Oddity"
(1969) "Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola"
(1970)
"Love You Till Tuesday"
(1967) "Space Oddity"
(1969) "Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola"
(1970)
Audio sample
file
help
Music video
"Space Oddity" on YouTube
"Space Oddity" is a song written and recorded by David Bowie. It was first released as a 7-inch single on 11 July 1969. It was also the opening track of his second studio album, David Bowie. It became one of Bowie's signature songs and one of four of his songs to be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[2]
The song is about the launch of Major Tom, a fictional astronaut, and was released during a period of great interest in space flight. The United States' Apollo 11 mission would launch five days later and would become the first manned moon landing another five days after that.[3] The lyrics have also been seen to lampoon the British space programme,[4] which was and still is an unmanned project. Bowie would later revisit his Major Tom character in the songs "Ashes to Ashes", "Hallo Spaceboy" and possibly the music video for "Blackstar".
"Space Oddity" was David Bowie's first single to chart in the UK. It reached the top five on its initial release and received the 1970 Ivor Novello Special Award for Originality.[5] His second album, originally released as David Bowie in the UK, was renamed after the track for its 1972 re-release by RCA Records and became known by this name. In 1975, upon re-release as part of a maxi-single, the song became Bowie's first UK No. 1 single.[6]
In 2013, the song gained renewed popularity after it was recorded 44 years after Bowie by Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield, who performed the song while aboard the International Space Station, and therefore became the first music video shot in space. In January 2016, the song re-entered singles charts around the world following Bowie's death, which included becoming Bowie's first single to top the French Singles Chart. The song also ranked as third on iTunes on 12 January 2016.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording and release
2 Accolades
3 Live versions
4 Music videos
5 Track listing
6 Personnel
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Certifications
8 Cover versions and samples
9 Popular culture
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Recording and release[edit]
Three primary studio versions of "Space Oddity" exist: an early version recorded in February 1969, the album version recorded that June (edited for release as a single), and a 1979 re-recording. There were also two demos recorded in early 1969, both of which have since had an official commercial release.
The first demo was recorded in approximately late January 1969 at 39 Manchester Street, London.[8] This demo differs greatly from the album version, with only an acoustic guitar and Stylophone present as instruments. Bowie's then musical partner John Hutchinson played the guitar and provided harmony vocals, while Bowie himself played the Stylophone and sang the lead vocals.[9] The demo remained officially unreleased for more than 40 years until it appeared on the 2009 two-CD special edition of the album David Bowie.
The early studio version of "Space Oddity" was recorded on 2 February 1969 for Bowie's promotional film Love You Till Tuesday.[10] This recording became commercially available in 1984, on a belated VHS release of the film and accompanying soundtrack album. It also appeared on the compilation album The Deram Anthology 1966–1968.
In June 1969, after Bowie's split from record label Deram, his manager, Kenneth Pitt, negotiated a one-album deal (with options for a further one or two albums) with Mercury Records and its UK subsidiary, Philips.[11] Mercury executives had heard an audition tape that included a demo of "Space Oddity", recorded by Bowie and his then musical partner John Hutchinson in spring 1969. Next Bowie tried to find a producer. George Martin turned the project down,[11] while Tony Visconti liked the album demo-tracks, but considered the planned lead-off single, "Space Oddity", a 'cheap shot' at the impending Apollo 11 space mission. Visconti decided to delegate its production to Gus Dudgeon.[12]
The album version of "Space Oddity" was recorded at Trident Studios on 20 June 1969 (with overdubs a few days later) and used the in-house session player Rick Wakeman (Mellotron), who was later to achieve fame with the progressive rock band Yes, as well as Mick Wayne (guitar), Herbie Flowers (bass), and Terry Cox (drums).[13] Differing edits of the album version were released as singles in the UK and US.
The song was promoted in advertisements for the Stylophone, played by Bowie on the record and heard in the background during the opening verse. The single was not played by the BBC until after the Apollo 11 crew had safely returned;[14] after this slow start, the song reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. In the US, it stalled at 124.
Besides its title, which alludes to the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, the introduction to the song is a barely audible instrumental build-up that is analogous to the deep bass tone in Also sprach Zarathustra that is prominently used in the film.
On 2 October 1969, he performed the song for an episode of Top of the Pops. However, this was recorded separate from the main audience. The performance was shown on 9 October the following week, and repeated on 16 October. At present, the performance is 'missing' due to the BBC's late junking policy.
Mogol wrote Italian lyrics for the song, and Bowie recorded a new vocal in December 1969, releasing the single "Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola" ("Lonely Boy, Lonely Girl") in Italy.[15]
Upon its re-release as a single in 1973, "Space Oddity" reached No. 15 on the Billboard Chart and became Bowie's first hit single in the United States; in Canada, it reached No. 16.[16] This was then used to support RCA's 1975 UK reissue, which gave Bowie his first No. 1 single in the UK Singles Chart in November that year. It spent two weeks at the top of that chart.[17]
Bowie recorded a stripped-down, acoustic version of the song in late 1979,[18] which was issued in February 1980 as the B-side of "Alabama Song". The 1979 recording was released, in a remixed form, in 1992 on the Rykodisc reissue of Bowie's Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) album, and it was rereleased on Re:Call 3, part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) compilation, in 2017.[19]
The B-side of the original single, "Wild Eyed Boy from Freecloud", first appeared on CD on 1989's Sound + Vision. This compilation also included, as its opening track, the spring 1969 demo of "Space Oddity" featuring Bowie and Hutchinson.
On 20 July 2009, the single was reissued on a digital EP that featured four previously released versions of the song and stems that allow listeners to remix the song. This release coincided with the 40th anniversary of the song and the Apollo 11 moon landing.
Accolades[edit]
Publication
Country
Accolade
Year
Rank
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame United States "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll"[20] 2004 *
VH1 United States "100 Greatest Rock Songs"[21] 2000 60
NME United Kingdom "Greatest No1 Singles In History"[22] 2012 26
Channel 4 and The Guardian United Kingdom "The Top 100 British Number 1 Singles"[23] 1997 27
(*) designates unordered lists.
Live versions[edit]
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Bowie played the song for the BBC's Johnny Walker Lunchtime Show on 22 May 1972. This was broadcast in early June 1972 and eventually released on Bowie at the Beeb in 2000.
A version recorded at Santa Monica Civic Auditorium on 20 October 1972 was first released on Santa Monica '72, before becoming officially available in 2008 on Live Santa Monica '72.
A live performance recorded at the Hammersmith Odeon, London, on 3 July 1973 was released on Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture in 1983.
A July 1974 live performance was released on the 2005 reissue of David Live. A September 1974 live performance (previously available on the unofficial album A Portrait in Flesh) was released in 2017 on Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74).
A live performance filmed on 12 September 1983 is included in the concert film Serious Moonlight.
Music videos[edit]
The February 1969 version of the song appeared in the film Love You till Tuesday.
In December 1972, Mick Rock shot a video of Bowie miming to the June 1969 recording of the song, during the sessions for Aladdin Sane. The resulting music video was used to promote the 1973 US reissue of the "Space Oddity" single on RCA.[24]
A promotional video of the 1979 version debuted in the UK on Kenny Everett's New Year's Eve Show on 31 December 1979.[18] A music video made the following year for "Ashes to Ashes" used many of the same sets, solidifying the connection between the two songs. (Both videos were directed by Bowie and David Mallet.[25])
Track listing[edit]
All songs written by David Bowie.
1969 UK original
"Space Oddity" – 4:33 (mono)
"Wild Eyed Boy from Freecloud" – 3:52
1969 Germany/Netherlands
"Space Oddity" – 5:13 (stereo)
"Wild Eyed Boy from Freecloud" – 4:59 (stereo)
1969 US original
"Space Oddity" – 3:26
"Wild Eyed Boy from Freecloud" – 3:20
1973 US Reissue
"Space Oddity" – 5:05
"The Man Who Sold the World" – 3:53
1975 UK reissue
"Space Oddity" – 5:15
"Changes" – 3:33
"Velvet Goldmine" – 3:14
2009 reissue (Digital EP)
"Space Oddity" (Original UK mono single edit)
"Space Oddity" (US mono single edit)
"Space Oddity" (US stereo single edit)
"Space Oddity" (1979 re-record)
"Space Oddity" (Bass and Drums)
"Space Oddity" (Strings)
"Space Oddity" (Acoustic guitar)
"Space Oddity" (Mellotron)
"Space Oddity" (Backing vocal, flute and cellos)
"Space Oddity" (Stylophone and guitar)
"Space Oddity" (Lead vocal)
"Space Oddity" (Main backing vocal including countdown)
Personnel[edit]
Credits apply to the 1969 original release:
Musical
David Bowie – vocals, acoustic guitar, Stylophone
Mick Wayne – lead guitar
Herbie Flowers – bass guitar
Terry Cox – drums
Paul Buckmaster – string arrangement
Tony Visconti – flutes, woodwinds
Rick Wakeman – Mellotron
Technical
Gus Dudgeon – record production
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1969–2016)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[26]
31
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[27]
27
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[28]
16
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[29]
20
France (SNEP)[30]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[31]
40
Hungary (Single Top 40)[32]
23
Ireland (IRMA)[33]
3
Italy (FIMI)[34]
26
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[35]
99
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[36]
4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[37]
39
Portugal (Hung Medien)[38]
30
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[39]
13
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[40]
15
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[41]
15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[42]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[43]
15
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[44]
4
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[45]
Gold 25,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[46]
Silver 200,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Cover versions and samples[edit]
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In May 2013, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield, commander of Expedition 35 to the International Space Station, recorded a video of the song on the space station which went viral and generated a great deal of media exposure.[47] The lyrics were somewhat altered; instead of losing communication with ground control and presumably being lost in space as a result, Major Tom successfully receives his orders to land and does so safely, reflecting Hadfield's imminent return from his final mission on the Station. Hadfield announced the video on his Twitter account, writing, "With deference to the genius of David Bowie, here's Space Oddity, recorded on Station. A last glimpse of the World." Bowie was also thanked in the ending credits.[48] This was the first music video ever shot in space.[49] Bowie responded to the video, tweeting back to Hadfield, "Hallo Spaceboy..."[50] and would later call the cover "possibly the most poignant version of the song ever created".[51][52] The performance was the subject of a piece by Glenn Fleishman in The Economist on 22 May 2013 analyzing the legal implications of publicly performing a copyrighted work of music while in earth orbit.[53] The song is the only one of Bowie's for which Bowie did not own the copyright. Bowie's publisher granted Hadfield a license to the song for only one year.[54] Due to the expiry of the one year licence, the official video was taken offline on 13 May 2014,[55] despite Bowie's explicit wishes that the publisher grant Hadfield a license at no charge to record the song and produce the video.[54] Following a period of negotiations, the video was restored to YouTube on 2 November 2014 with a two-year licence agreement in place.[56]
Tangerine Dream included their version of "Space Oddity" on their 2010 Under Cover – Chapter One album.
In 2011, William Shatner published an album entitled "Seeking Major Tom", with "Space Oddity" and a few other songs with the Major Tom character.
Elton John included some fragments of the song in an extended piano improvisation played, appropriately, as an intro to his own song "Rocket Man", during a show at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles on 13 January 2016, three days after Bowie's death.[57] Before launching into the improvisation, John dedicated it to Bowie.[58]
Phish debuted an a cappella arrangement of the song at Wrigley Field during their 2016 summer tour.[59]
Lana Del Rey's song "Terrence Loves You" includes an interpolation of the lyrics of Space Oddity, sampling the phrase "ground control to Major Tom" in the third verse and referencing it throughout the song.[60]
The song was recorded by hard rock band Saigon Kick on their 1993 LP Water.
The song was recorded by alternative metal band Cold on their 1998 EP Oddity.[61]
After Bowie passed away Duran Duran paid tribute to him performing a snippet of the song during every live performance of Planet Earth as part of their ongoing Paper Gods on Tour.
Def Leppard included the song on the Wal-Mart bonus disc to their covers album, Yeah!
Powerman 5000 included the song on their album Copies, Clones & Replicants, and also referenced Bowie in their song "David Fucking Bowie", on their album New Wave.[citation needed]
Popular culture[edit]
"Space Oddity" has appeared in several episodes of TV shows, including Friends,[62] and movies, such as The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,[63][64]Wonderstruck,[65] and Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets. The song was also used by U2 as an intro during their U2 360° Tour.[66]
The BBC featured the song in its television coverage of the Apollo 11 lunar landing.[67]
German singer Peter Schilling's 1983 single "Major Tom (Coming Home)" was written as a retelling of the song.
On February 6, 2018 the maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket carried Elon Musk's personal Tesla Roadster and a mannequin affectionately named Starman into space. "Space Oddity" was to be one of the tunes playing on the car's sound system during the flight.[68]
"'Space Oddity' by David Bowie" is the name of the first chapter in the 2015 novel "Dying in June," by Amy Magness. There are several more references to the song throughout the novel.[69]
See also[edit]
"Ashes to Ashes" (David Bowie song)
"Hallo Spaceboy"
"Blackstar" (song)
"Major Tom (Coming Home)"
"Rocket Man" (song)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Space Oddity". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Bahrampour, Tara. "David Bowie dies at 69; mesmerizing performer and restless innovator". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
Jump up ^ David Buckley (1999). Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story: pp.49–50
Jump up ^ "The 15th Ivor Novello Awards". The Ivors. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Promoted as RCA Maximillion Series, 3 Tracks For The Price of 2 (RCA 2593). The tracks were "Space Oddity", "Changes" and "Velvet Goldmine" (RCA 2593).
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "David Bowie – Space Oddity". lescharts.com. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Leary, Chris (2015). Rebel rebel. Winchester, UK: Zero Books. ISBN 9781780997131. OCLC 908101085.
Jump up ^ "John 'Hutch' Hutchinson". www.johnhutchhutchinson.co.uk. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Cann, Kevin (2010). Any day now : David Bowie : the London years, 1947-1974. London: Adelita. pp. 145, 147. ISBN 9780955201776. OCLC 489633829.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter & Leni Gillman (1986). Alias David Bowie: a biography: p. 172
Jump up ^ Life on Two Legs – Biography by Norman Sheffield
Jump up ^ Cann, Kevin (2010). Any day now : David Bowie : the London years, 1947-1974. London: Adelita. pp. 153–155. ISBN 9780955201776. OCLC 489633829.
Jump up ^ "Bowie @ The Beeb". BBC World Service. BBC. 8 January 2001. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Cann, Kevin (2010). Any day now : David Bowie : the London years, 1947-1974. London: Adelita. p. 174. ISBN 9780955201776. OCLC 489633829.
Jump up ^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British hit singles & albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records. pp. 319–320. ISBN 1904994105. OCLC 64098209.
^ Jump up to: a b Chris O'Leary (2015). Rebel Rebel: pp. 99, 107
Jump up ^ "A NEW CAREER IN A NEW TOWN (1977 – 1982) - David Bowie Latest News". DavidBowie.com. 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "500 Songs That Shaped Rock". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Rock Songs". VH1. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rocklist.net NME Greatest Singles Lists". Rocklistmusic.co.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rocklist.net...Channel 4/HMV best music of this millennium". www.rocklistmusic.co.uk.
Jump up ^ ""Space Oddity" December 1972". The ZIGGY STARDUST Companion. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie And Kenny Everett's Space Oddity". Mojo. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – David Bowie – Space Oddity". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – David Bowie – Space Oddity" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – David Bowie – Space Oddity" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – David Bowie – Space Oddity" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – David Bowie Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Space Oddity". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – David Bowie – Space Oddity". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – David Bowie – Space Oddity" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – David Bowie – Space Oddity". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts – David Bowie – Space Oddity". portuguesecharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – David Bowie – Space Oddity" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – David Bowie – Space Oddity". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – David Bowie – Space Oddity". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – David Bowie – Space Oddity" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – David Bowie – Space Oddity". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 17 June 2016. Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Enter Space Oddity in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Knapp, Alex (13 May 2013). "Astronaut Chris Hadfield Sings David Bowie As He Departs The International Space Station". Forbes. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Space Oddity". YouTube. 12 May 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Davis, Lauren (12 May 2013). "Chris Hadfield sings "Space Oddity" in the first music video in space". Gawker Media. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie Official on Twitter: "CHRIS HADFIELD SINGS SPACE ODDITY IN SPACE! "Hallo Spaceboy..." Commander Chris Hadfield, currently on..."". Twitter. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie – Timeline". Facebook. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Andrew Griffin. "David Bowie: How Chris Hadfield's 'Space Oddity' cover from orbit was helped by the 'Starman'". The Independent. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleishman, Glenn (22 May 2013). "How does copyright work in space?". The Economist. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Apology to David Bowie". Ottawa Citizen. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bowie's last day – we had permission for a year, so our Space Oddity video comes down today. One last look:". Retrieved 13 May 2014. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Space Oddity". chrishadfield.ca. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael. "Elton John cranks up the hype machine at the Wiltern". latimes.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Lyndsey Parker (14 January 2016). "Elton John plays instrumental homage to David Bowie's "Space Oddity"" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Phish Makes Wrigley Field Debut In Chicago – Recap, Setlist & The Skinny". 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "LANA DEL REY LYRICS – Terrence Loves You". www.azlyrics.com. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Space Oddity – Cold – Song Info – AllMusic". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ Jess Denham (12 January 2016). "Remembering all the times David Bowie featured in Friends". The Independent. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ James Christopher Monger. "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] – Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Steve 'Frosty' Weintraub (21 April 2013). "Ben Stiller and Kristen Wiig Talk THE SECRET LIFE OF WALTER MITTY". Collider. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
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Jump up ^ Kossoff, Julian (20 July 2009). "Apollo 11 Moon landing: Moon music". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "SpaceX Successfully Launches the Falcon Heavy—And Elon Musk's Roadster". WIRED. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Magness, Amy (2015). Dying in June. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 1515040836.
External links[edit]
Was "Major Tom" the astronaut a real person? from The Straight Dope
Video from Love you Till Tuesday featuring the pre-single version of the song
Video from German music TV show MusicLaden recorded in 1969. Single version of the song
The video of Astronaut Chris Hadfield's version of the song
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics

hide
v
t
e
Major Tom
Songs
Space Oddity (1969, David Bowie)
Rocket Man (1972, Elton John)
Ashes to Ashes (1980, David Bowie)
Major Tom (1983, Peter Schilling)
Major Tom, Part II (1983, Peter Schilling)
Hallo Spaceboy (1995, David Bowie)
Mrs. Major Tom (2003, K.I.A.)
Blackstar (2015, David Bowie)
Albums
Seeking Major Tom (2011, William Shatner)
Video
Love You till Tuesday (1984, David Bowie)
Bowie's in Space (2007, Flight of the Conchords)
ISS expedition 35 Space Oddity (2013, Chris Hadfield)
show
v
t
e
David Bowie singles
1960s
"Liza Jane"
"I Pity the Fool"
"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"
"Can't Help Thinking About Me"
"Do Anything You Say"
"I Dig Everything"
"Rubber Band"
"The Laughing Gnome"
"Love You till Tuesday"
"Space Oddity"
"Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola"
1970s
"The Prettiest Star"
"Memory of a Free Festival"
"Holy Holy"
"Moonage Daydream"
"Hang On to Yourself"
"Changes"
"Starman"
"John, I'm Only Dancing"
"The Jean Genie"
"Drive-In Saturday"
"Time"
"Life on Mars"
"Let's Spend the Night Together"
"Sorrow"
"Rebel Rebel"
"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide"
"Diamond Dogs"
"1984"
"Knock on Wood"
"Rock 'n' Roll with Me"
"Young Americans"
"Fame"
"Golden Years"
"TVC 15"
"Suffragette City"
"Stay"
"Sound and Vision"
"Be My Wife"
"'Heroes'"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Breaking Glass"
"Boys Keep Swinging"
"DJ"
"Yassassin"
"Look Back in Anger"
"John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)"
1980s
"Alabama Song"
"Crystal Japan"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"Fashion"
"Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)"
"Up the Hill Backwards"
"Under Pressure"
"Wild Is the Wind"
"The Drowned Girl"
"Cat People (Putting Out Fire)"
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
"Let's Dance"
"China Girl"
"Modern Love"
"Without You"
"White Light/White Heat"
"Blue Jean"
"Tonight"
"This Is Not America"
"Loving the Alien"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Absolute Beginners"
"Underground"
"As the World Falls Down"
"Magic Dance"
"When the Wind Blows"
"Day-In Day-Out"
"Time Will Crawl"
"Never Let Me Down"
"Under the God"
"Heaven's in Here"
"Tin Machine" / "Maggie's Farm (live)"
"Prisoner of Love"
1990s
"Fame '90"
"You Belong in Rock n' Roll"
"Baby Universal"
"One Shot"
"Real Cool World"
"Jump They Say"
"Black Tie White Noise"
"Miracle Goodnight"
"The Buddha of Suburbia"
"Ziggy Stardust"
"The Hearts Filthy Lesson"
"Strangers When We Meet" / "The Man Who Sold the World (live)"
"Hallo Spaceboy"
"Telling Lies"
"Little Wonder"
"Dead Man Walking"
"Seven Years in Tibet"
"Pallas Athena"
"I'm Afraid of Americans"
"I Can't Read"
"Without You I'm Nothing"
"Thursday's Child"
"The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell"
2000s
"Survive"
"Seven"
"Slow Burn"
"Everyone Says 'Hi'"
"I've Been Waiting for You"
"Shadow Man"
"New Killer Star"
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
"Never Get Old"
"Rebel Never Gets Old"
2010s
"Where Are We Now?"
"The Stars (Are Out Tonight)"
"The Next Day"
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An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (EPM) is a book by Scottish enlightenment philosopher David Hume. In it, Hume argues (among other things) that the foundations of morals lie with sentiment, not reason.
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals is the enquiry subsequent to the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (EHU). Thus, it is often referred to as "the second Enquiry". It was originally published in 1751, three years after the first Enquiry.[1] Hume first discusses ethics in A Treatise of Human Nature (in Book 3 - "Of Morals"). He later extracted and expounded upon the ideas he proposed there in his second Enquiry. In his short autobiographical work, My Own Life (1776), Hume states that his second Enquiry is "of all my writings, historical, philosophical, or literary, incomparably the best."
Contents
1 Summary
1.1 Method
1.2 Sentimentalism and reason
1.3 Sympathy, altruism, and egoism
1.4 Virtue ethics
2 Notes
3 References and further reading
4 External links
Summary[edit]
Method[edit]
Hume's approach in the second Enquiry is largely an empirical one. Instead of beginning his moral inquiry with questions of how morality ought to operate, he purports to investigate primarily how we actually do make moral judgments. As Hume puts it:
As this is a question of fact, not of abstract science, we can only expect success, by following the experimental method, and deducing general maxims from a comparison of particular instances. (EPM, §1, ¶10)
Furthermore, Hume purports to provide a naturalistic account of morality, at least to the extent that it is something that is common among the human species. He writes:
The final sentence, it is probable, which pronounces characters and actions amiable or odious, praise-worthy or blameable... depends on some internal sense or feeling, which nature has made universal in the whole species. (EPM, §1, ¶8)
But, whether in the end Hume purports to provide a normative ethical theory, rather than a merely descriptive theory of moral psychology, is a contentious issue among Hume scholars.
Sentimentalism and reason[edit]
Hume defends his sympathy-based moral sentimentalism by claiming that, contrary to moral rationalism, we can never make moral judgments based on reason alone. Reason deals with facts and draws conclusions from them, but, all else being equal, it could not lead us to choose one option over the other; only our sentiments can do this, according to Hume. Hume writes that:
...morality is determined by sentiment. It defines virtue to be whatever mental action or quality gives to a spectator the pleasing sentiment of approbation; and vice the contrary. (EPM, Appendix 1, ¶10)
Hume puts forward sentimentalism as a foundation for ethics primarily as a meta-ethical theory about the epistemology of morality. Hume's sentimentalism is akin to the moral epistemology of intuitionism (although, of course, different in many respects). According to such a theory, one's epistemological access to moral truths is not primarily via an evidentially mediated faculty, such as reason. Rather, one's epistemological access is more direct. According to Hume, we know moral truths via our sentiments—our feelings of approval and disapproval.
Hume's arguments against founding morality on reason are often now included in the category of moral anti-realist arguments. As Humean-inspired philosopher John Mackie suggests, for there to exist moral facts about the world, recognizable by reason and intrinsically motivating, they would have to be very queer facts. However, there is considerable debate among scholars as to Hume's status as a realist versus anti-realist.
Sympathy, altruism, and egoism[edit]
According to Hume, our sympathy-based sentiments can motivate us towards the pursuit of non-selfish ends, like the utility of others. For Hume, and for fellow sympathy-theorist Adam Smith, the term "sympathy" is meant to capture much more than concern for the suffering of others. Sympathy, for Hume, is a principle for the communication and sharing of sentiments, both positive and negative. In this sense, it is akin to what contemporary psychologists and philosophers call empathy. In developing this sympathy-based moral sentimentalism, Hume surpasses the divinely-implanted moral sense theory of his predecessor, Francis Hutcheson, by elaborating a naturalistic, moral psychological basis for the moral sense, in terms of the operation of sympathy.
After providing various examples, Hume comes to the conclusion that most, though not all, of the behaviors we approve of increase public utility. Does this then mean that we make moral judgments on self-interest alone? Unlike his fellow empiricist Thomas Hobbes, Hume argues that this is not in fact the case, rejecting psychological egoism—the view that all intentional actions are ultimately self-interested.
In addition to considerations of self-interest, Hume maintains that we can be moved by our sympathy for others, which can provide a person with thoroughly non-selfish concerns and motivations, indeed, what contemporary theorists would call, altruistic concern.
Virtue ethics[edit]
The first-order moral theory that emerges from the second Enquiry is a form of virtue ethics. According to Hume, the kinds of things that our moral sentiments apply to—the things of which we approve and disapprove—are not particular actions or events. Rather, we ultimately judge the character of a person—whether they are a virtuous or vicious person.
Hume ultimately defends a theory according to which the fundamental feature of virtues is "...the possession of mental qualities, 'useful' or 'agreeable' to the 'person himself' or to 'others'" (EPM, §10, ¶1). As a result, certain character traits commonly deemed virtues by the major religions of the time are deemed vices on Hume's theory. Hume calls these so-called "virtues", such as self-denial and humility, monkish virtues. Rather vehemently, he writes:
Celibacy, fasting, penance, mortification, self-denial, humility, silence, solitude, and the whole train of monkish virtues; for what reason are they everywhere rejected by men of sense, but because they serve to no manner of purpose; neither advance a man's fortune in the world, nor render him a more valuable member of society; neither qualify him for the entertainment of company, nor increase his power of self-enjoyment? We observe, on the contrary, that they cross all these desirable ends; stupify the understanding and harden the heart, obscure the fancy and sour the temper. We justly, therefore, transfer them to the opposite column, and place them in the catalogue of vices... (EPM, §9, ¶3)
Clearly, Hume thought that there were grave misunderstandings at the time as to what counts as virtue versus vice. For example, Hume attempts to defend, contrary to many religious teachings, that a certain amount of luxury, even pride, is virtuous.
Hume makes important distinctions in his classifications of virtues. They are classified as being either "artificial" or "natural". The key distinction between these virtue classes is their origin. Artificial virtues originate from and depend on social structures such as courts and parliaments. This category of virtues include fidelity, justice, chastity and adherence to law. Natural virtues are not created but are automatically present in humans since birth. The following quote highlights this:
The epithets SOCIABLE, GOOD-NATURED, HUMANE, MERCIFUL, GRATEFUL, FRIENDLY, GENEROUS, BENEFICENT, or their equivalents, are known in all languages, and universally express the highest merit, which HUMAN NATURE is capable of attaining. (EPM, Section 2, Part 1).
Hence, the second major distinction between natural and artificial virtues is that the former type are universal whereas the latter can vary from society to society. Hume then proceeds to delineate the nature of these virtues in detail. The following quote highlights Hume's description of an "artificial" virtue—that of fidelity:
The long and helpless infancy of man requires the combination of parents for the subsistence of their young; and that combination requires the virtue of chastity or fidelity to the marriage bed. (EPM, Section 4)
The following quote highlights the origin of this virtue - the notion that this virtue was "created" is particularly evident:
Without such a UTILITY, it will readily be owned, that such a virtue would never have been thought of. (EPM, Section 4)
Clearly then, the virtue of fidelity was "created", and therefore it is distinctly artificial.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Hume, David (1751). An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1 ed.). London: A. Millar. Retrieved 28 June 2014. via Google Books
References and further reading[edit]
Cohon, Rachel (2004). "Hume's Moral Philosophy", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, E. Zalta (ed.). (link)
Fieser, James (2006). "David Hume (1711-1776) - Moral Theory", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser and B.H. Dowden (eds.) U. Tennessee/Martin. (link)
Hume, David (1776). My Own Life. (link)
Morris, William Edward (2005). "David Hume", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, E. Zalta (ed.). (link)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals at Project Gutenberg
Hume's Moral Philosophy - an article by Rachel Cohon in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Hume - Moral Philosophy - section 9 of William Edward Morris's article on Hume in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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