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J
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This article is about the letter J of the alphabet. For other uses, see J (disambiguation).
For technical reasons, "J#" redirects here. For the programming language, see J Sharp.
J
J j ȷ
(See below)
Usage
Writing system
Latin script
Type
Alphabet ic
Language of origin
Latin language
Phonetic usage
[j]
[dʒ]~[tʃ]
[x~h]
[ʒ]
[ɟ]
[ʝ]
[dz]
[tɕ]
[gʱ]
[t]~[dʑ]
[ʐ]
[ʃ]
[c̬]
[i]
/dʒeɪ/
/dʒaɪ/
Unicode value
U+004A, U+006A, U+0237
Alphabetical position
10
History
Development
Ιι
𐌉
I i İ ı
J j ȷ
Time period
1524 to present
Descendants
• Ɉ
• Tittle
• J
Sisters
І
Ј
י
ي
ܝ
ی
ࠉ
𐎊
ዪ
Ⴢ
ⴢ
ჲ
☞
☚
Variations
(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with
j(x), ij
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd
Ee Ff Gg Hh
Ii Jj Kk Ll
Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt
Uu Vv Ww Xx
Yy Zz
v
t
e
J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its normal name in English is jay /dʒeɪ/ or, now uncommonly, jy /dʒaɪ/.[1][2] When used for the palatal approximant, it may be called yod (/jɒd/ or /joʊd/) or yot (/jɒt/ or /joʊt/).
Contents
1 History
2 Use in writing systems
2.1 English
2.2 Other languages
2.2.1 Germanic and Eastern-European languages
2.2.2 Romance languages
2.2.3 Basque
2.2.4 Non-European languages
3 Related characters
4 Computing codes
4.1 Wingdings smiley issue
5 Other uses
6 Other representations
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The letter J originated as a swash letter I[citation needed], used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral representing 23. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[3] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[4] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; but, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English word "yet").
Use in writing systems[edit]
English[edit]
In English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩.[5] Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Old English (for example, iest and, later jest), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (for example, hedge).[5] Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). The first English language book to make a clear distinction between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was published in 1633.[6] In loan words such as raj, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of a hyperforeignism.[7] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative [x] (such as jalapeño), English speakers usually approximate with the voiceless glottal fricative /h/.
In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.
Other languages[edit]
Germanic and Eastern-European languages[edit]
Pronunciation of written <j> in European languages
The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound.
Romance languages[edit]
In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x ~ h/,[8] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect/s.
In modern standard Italian spelling, only Latin words, proper nouns (such as Jesi, Letojanni, Juventus etc.) or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialect, e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio (–/ʎ/–) (garlic). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).[9]
Basque[edit]
In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [gʰ, kʰ, j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa).
Non-European languages[edit]
Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.
In Chinese Pinyin, ⟨j⟩ stands for /tɕ/, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩.
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).
In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].
Related characters[edit]
𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives
ȷ : Dotless j
ᶡ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke[10]
ᶨ : Modifier letter small j with crossed-tail[10]
IPA-specific symbols related to J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J: U+1D0A ᴊ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL J[11], U+1D36 ᴶ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL J[11], and U+2C7C ⱼ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J[12]
J with diacritics: Ĵ ĵ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃
Computing codes[edit]
Character
J
j
ȷ
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J
Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
Unicode 74 U+004A 106 U+006A 567 U+0237
UTF-8 74 4A 106 6A 200 183 C8 B7
Numeric character reference J J j j ȷ ȷ
EBCDIC family 209 D1 145 91
ASCII 1 74 4A 106 6A
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[13]
In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[14][15] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[16][17]
Wingdings smiley issue[edit]
In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face (note this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley.[18] [19]
Other uses[edit]
In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan.
In mathematics, j is one of the three imaginary units of quaternions.
In the Metric system, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.
In physics, electrical engineering and related fields, j is the symbol for the imaginary unit (the square root of -1) (in other fields the letter i is used, but this would be ambiguous as it is also the symbol for current).
A J can be a slang term for a spliff (marijuana cigarette)
Other representations[edit]
NATO phonetic Morse code
Juliet ·–––
Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) Braille
dots-245
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "J", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989)
Jump up ^ "J" and "jay", Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993)
Jump up ^ "Wörterbuchnetz". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource.
^ Jump up to: a b Hogg, Richard M.; Norman Francis Blake; Roger Lass; Suzanne Romaine; R. W. Burchfield; John Algeo (1992). The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-521-26476-6.
Jump up ^ English Grammar, Charles Butler, 1633
Jump up ^ Wells, John (1982). Accents of English 1: An Introduction. Cambridge, UN: Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 0-521-29719-2.
Jump up ^ Penny, Ralph John (2002). A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01184-1.
Jump up ^ Cipolla, Gaetano (2007). The Sounds of Sicilian: A Pronunciation Guide. Mineola, NY: Legas. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
Jump up ^ The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, p. 293 (at the very bottom)
Jump up ^ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ "Unicode Character 'GREEK LETTER YOT' (U+03F3)". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Unicode: Greek and Coptic" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Unicode 7.0.0". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
Jump up ^ Pirillo, Chris (26 June 2010). "J Smiley Outlook Email: Problem and Fix!". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Chen, Raymond (23 May 2006). "That mysterious J". The Old New Thing. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to J.
The dictionary definition of J at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of j at Wiktionary
"J". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). 1911.
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Letter J with diacritics
Ĵĵ Ɉɉ J̌ǰ ȷ Ʝʝ J̃ j̇̃ ɟ ʄ
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text:
List of military installations in Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of military installations in Texas, United States.
Joint Base San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas
Randolph Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas
Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas
Brooks City-Base, San Antonio, Texas
Camp Bullis, San Antonio, Texas
Martindale Army Air Field, San Antonio, Texas
Dyess Air Force Base, Abilene, Texas
Goodfellow Air Force Base, San Angelo, Texas
Laughlin Air Force Base, Del Rio, Texas
Sheppard Air Force Base, Wichita Falls, Texas
Fort Hood, Killeen, Texas
Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas
Corpus Christi Naval Air Station, Corpus Christi, Texas
Naval Air Station Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas
Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth (Carswell AFB), Fort Worth, Texas
Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex, Grand Prairie, Texas
Hensley Field, Grand Prairie, Texas
Camp Mabry, Austin, Texas
Camp Howze, Cooke County, Texas
Camp Swift, Bastrop, Texas
Coast Guard Air Station Houston, Houston, Texas
Coast Guard Station Aransas, Port Aransas, Texas
Coast Guard Station Freeport, Surfside Beach, Texas
USCGC Galveston Island (WPB-1349), Galveston, Texas
Coast Guard Station Port O'Connor, Port O'Connor, Texas
Coast Guard Station Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Texas
Coast Guard Station Saluria, Matagorda Island, Texas
Coast Guard Station San Luis Pass, Galveston, Texas
Coast Guard Station South Padre Island, South Padre Island, Texas
Coast Guard Station Velasco, Velasco, Texas
[show]
v
t
e
State of Texas
Austin (capital)
Topics
Architecture
Climate
Cuisine
Geography
Government
Healthcare
History
Languages
Law
Literature
Media
Newspapers
Radio
TV
National Historic Landmarks
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
National Register of Historic Places Sites
Sports
Symbols
Texans
Tourist attractions
Transportation
Seal of Texas
Society
Culture
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Gambling
Politics
Regions
Ark‑La‑Tex
Big Bend
Blackland Prairies
Brazos Valley
Central Texas
Coastal Bend
Concho Valley
Cross Timbers
Deep East Texas
East Texas
Edwards Plateau
Golden Triangle
Hill Country
Llano Estacado
Northeast Texas
North Texas
Osage Plains
Panhandle
Permian Basin
Piney Woods
Rio Grande Valley
Southeast Texas
South Plains
South Texas
Texoma
Trans-Pecos
West Texas
Metropolitan
areas
Abilene
Amarillo
Austin–Round Rock
Beaumont–Port Arthur
Brownsville–Harlingen
College Station–Bryan
Corpus Christi
Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington
El Paso
Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land
Killeen–Temple
Laredo
Longview
Lubbock
McAllen–Edinburg–Mission
Midland
Odessa
San Angelo
San Antonio–New Braunfels
Sherman–Denison
Texarkana
Tyler
Victoria
Waco
Wichita Falls
Counties
See: List of counties in Texas
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_military_installations_in_Texas&oldid=805444117"
Categories:
Military facilities in Texas
Texas-related lists
United States military-related lists
Lists of United States military installations
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This page was last edited on 15 October 2017, at 12:55.
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values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

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uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

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