text:
Phencyclidine
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Phencyclidine
Clinical data
Trade names
Sernyl, Sernylan (both discontinued)
Synonyms
Phenylcyclohexyl piperidine, Angel dust, animal tranquilizer, embalming fluid, wack[5]
AHFS/Drugs.com
phencyclidine
Addiction
liability
Variable reported from low to high[1][2][3]
Routes of
administration
Smoking, injection, snorted, by mouth[4]
ATC code
None
Legal status
Legal status
AU: S9 (Prohibited)
CA: Schedule I
DE: Anlage I (Authorized scientific use only)
UK: Class A
US: Schedule II
Pharmacokinetic data
Onset of action
2–60 min[6]
Elimination half-life
7–46 hours
Duration of action
6–48 hours[6]
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine
CAS Number
77-10-1 Y
PubChem CID
6468
IUPHAR/BPS
4282
DrugBank
DB03575 Y
ChemSpider
6224 Y
UNII
J1DOI7UV76
KEGG
C07575 Y
ChEBI
CHEBI:8058 N
ChEMBL
CHEMBL275528 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.150.427
Chemical and physical data
Formula
C17H25N
Molar mass
243.39 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
SMILES[show]
C1(C2(N3CCCCC3)CCCCC2)=CC=CC=C1
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C17H25N/c1-4-10-16(11-5-1)17(12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18/h1,4-5,10-11H,2-3,6-9,12-15H2 Y
Key:JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
See also: data page
N Y (what is this?) (verify)
Phencyclidine (PCP), also known as angel dust among other names, is a drug used for its mind-altering effects.[5] PCP may cause hallucinations, distorted perceptions of sounds, and violent behavior.[7][8] As a recreational drug, it is typically smoked, but may be taken by mouth, snorted, or injected.[7][4] It may also be mixed with cannabis or tobacco.[5]
Adverse effects may include seizures, coma, addiction, and an increased risk of suicide.[7] Flashbacks may occur despite stopping usage.[8] Chemically, PCP is a member of the arylcyclohexylamine class, and pharmacologically, it is a dissociative anesthetic.[9][10] PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist.[9]
PCP is most commonly used in the United States.[11] While usage peaked there in the 1970s,[12] between 2005 and 2011 an increase in visits to emergency departments as a result of the drug occurred.[7] As of 2017 in the United States about 1% of people in grade twelve reported using PCP in the prior year while 2.9% of those over the age of 25 reported using it at some point in their life.[13]
PCP was initially made in 1926 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication in the 1950s.[10][14] Its use in humans was disallowed in the United States in 1965 due to the high rates of side effects while its use in other animals was disallowed in 1978.[5][15][10] Moreover, ketamine was discovered and was better tolerated as an anesthetic.[15] PCP is currently illegal in the United States where it is classified as a schedule II drug.[5] A number of derivatives of PCP have been sold for recreational and non-medical use.[16]
Contents
1 Recreational uses
1.1 Effects
1.2 Addiction
1.3 Methods of administration
2 Management of intoxication
3 Pharmacology
3.1 Pharmacodynamics
3.1.1 Neurotoxicity
3.2 Pharmacokinetics
4 Chemistry
4.1 Analogues
5 Usage
6 History
7 Regulation
8 References
9 External links
Recreational uses[edit]
Illicit PCP in several forms seized by the DEA.
Effects[edit]
See also: Excited delirium
Behavioral effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10 mg intranasal, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce analgesia and anesthesia. High doses may lead to convulsions.[17] The drug is often illegally produced under poorly-controlled conditions; this means that users may be unaware of the actual dose they are taking.[18]
Psychological effects include severe changes in body image, loss of ego boundaries, paranoia, and depersonalization. Hallucinations, euphoria, and suicidal impulses are also reported, as well as occasional aggressive behavior.[19]:48–49[17] Like many other drugs, PCP has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion, causing some individuals to become detached, and others to become animated. PCP may induce feelings of strength, power, and invulnerability as well as a numbing effect on the mind.[4]
Studies by the Drug Abuse Warning Network in the 1970s show that media reports of PCP-induced violence are greatly exaggerated and that incidents of violence are unusual and often limited to individuals with reputations for aggression regardless of drug use.[19]:48 Although uncommon, events of PCP-intoxicated individuals acting in an unpredictable fashion, possibly driven by their delusions or hallucinations, have been publicized.[citation needed] One example is the case of Big Lurch, a former rapper with a history of violent crime, who was convicted of murdering and cannibalizing his roommate while under the influence of PCP.[20] Other commonly cited types of incidents include inflicting property damage and self-mutilation of various types, such as pulling one's own teeth.[19]:48[20] These effects were not noted in its medicinal use in the 1950s and 1960s however, and reports of physical violence on PCP have often been shown to be unfounded.[21][22]
Recreational doses of the drug also occasionally appear to induce a psychotic state that resembles a schizophrenic episode, sometimes lasting for months at a time.[23] Users generally report feeling detached from reality.[24]
Symptoms are summarized by the mnemonic device RED DANES: rage, erythema (redness of skin), dilated pupils, delusions, amnesia, nystagmus (oscillation of the eyeball when moving laterally), excitation, and skin dryness.[25]
Addiction[edit]
PCP is self-administered and induces ΔFosB expression in the D1-type medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens,[1][26] and accordingly, excessive PCP use is known to cause addiction.[1] PCP's rewarding and reinforcing effects are at least partly mediated by blocking the NMDA receptors in the glutamatergic inputs to D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens.[1] PCP has been shown to produce conditioned place aversion and conditioned place preference in animal studies.[27]
Methods of administration[edit]
PCP comes in both powder and liquid forms (PCP base is dissolved most often in ether), but typically it is sprayed onto leafy material such as cannabis, mint, oregano, tobacco, parsley, or ginger leaves, then smoked.[citation needed]
PCP can be ingested through smoking. "Fry" is a street term for marijuana or tobacco cigarettes that are dipped in PCP and then dried.[28]
PCP hydrochloride can be insufflated (snorted), depending upon the purity.
The free base is quite hydrophobic and may be absorbed through skin and mucus membranes (often inadvertently).
Management of intoxication[edit]
Management of PCP intoxication mostly consists of supportive care – controlling breathing, circulation, and body temperature – and, in the early stages, treating psychiatric symptoms.[29][30][31] Benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, are the drugs of choice to control agitation and seizures (when present). Typical antipsychotics such as phenothiazines and haloperidol have been used to control psychotic symptoms, but may produce many undesirable side effects – such as dystonia – and their use is therefore no longer preferred; phenothiazines are particularly risky, as they may lower the seizure threshold, worsen hyperthermia, and boost the anticholinergic effects of PCP.[29][30] If an antipsychotic is given, intramuscular haloperidol has been recommended.[31][32][33]
Forced acid diuresis (with ammonium chloride or, more safely, ascorbic acid) may increase clearance of PCP from the body, and was somewhat controversially recommended in the past as a decontamination measure.[29][30][31] However, it is now known that only around 10% of a dose of PCP is removed by the kidneys, which would make increased urinary clearance of little consequence; furthermore, urinary acidification is dangerous, as it may induce acidosis and worsen rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown), which is not an unusual manifestation of PCP toxicity.[29][30]
Pharmacology[edit]
Pharmacodynamics[edit]
Phencyclidine[34][35]
Site
Ki (nM)
Action
Species
Ref
NMDA 44–59 Antagonist Human [36][37]
MOR >10,000 ND Human [36]
DOR >10,000 ND Human [36]
KOR >10,000 ND Human [36]
NOP >10,000 ND Human [36]
σ1 >10,000 Agonist Guinea pig [36][38]
σ2 136 Agonist Rat [36]
D2 >10,000 ND Human [36]
D2High 2.7–4.3
144 (EC50) Agonist Rat/human
Human [39][40]
[41]
5-HT2A >10,000 ND Human [36]
5-HT2AHigh ≥5,000 Agonist? Rat [40][42]
SERT 2,234 Inhibitor Human [36]
NET >10,000 Inhibitor Human [36]
DAT >10,000 Inhibitor Human [36]
PCP2 154 ND Human [37]
[3H]5-HT uptake 1,424 (IC50) Inhibitor Rat [43]
[3H]NIS binding 16,628 (IC50) Inhibitor Rat [43]
[3H]DA uptake 347 (IC50) Inhibitor Rat [43]
[3H]CFT binding 1,547 (IC50) Inhibitor Rat [43]
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.
PCP is well known for its primary action on the NMDA receptor, an ionotropic glutamate receptor, in rats and in rat brain homogenate.[44][41] As such, PCP is an NMDA receptor antagonist. The role of NMDAR antagonism in the effect of PCP, ketamine, and related dissociative agents was first published in the early 1980s by David Lodge[45] and colleagues.[16] Other NMDA receptor antagonists include ketamine,[46] tiletamine,[47] dextromethorphan,[48] nitrous oxide, and dizocilpine (MK-801).
Research also indicates that PCP inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) among other mechanisms. Analogues of PCP exhibit varying potency at nACh receptors[49] and NMDA receptors.[50] Findings demonstrate that presynaptic nAChRs and NMDA receptor interactions influence postsynaptic maturation of glutamatergic synapses and consequently impact synaptic development and plasticity in the brain.[51] These effects can lead to inhibition of excitatory glutamate activity in certain brain regions such as the hippocampus[52] and cerebellum[53] thus potentially leading to memory loss as one of the effects of prolonged use. Acute effects on the cerebellum manifest as changes in blood pressure, breathing rate, pulse rate, and loss of muscular coordination during intoxication.[8]
PCP, like ketamine, also acts as a potent dopamine D2High receptor partial agonist in rat brain homogenate[41] and has affinity for the human cloned D2High receptor.[54] This activity may be associated with some of the other more psychotic features of PCP intoxication, which is evidenced by the successful use of D2 receptor antagonists (such as haloperidol) in the treatment of PCP psychosis.[55]
In addition to its well explored interactions with NMDA receptors, PCP has also been shown to inhibit dopamine reuptake, and thereby leads to increased extracellular levels of dopamine and hence increased dopaminergic neurotransmission.[56] However, PCP has little affinity for the human monoamine transporters, including the dopamine transporter (DAT).[36] Instead, its inhibition of monoamine reuptake may be mediated by interactions with allosteric sites on the monoamine transporters.[36] PCP is notably a high-affinity ligand of the PCP site 2 (Ki = 154 nM), a not-well-characterized site associated with monoamine reuptake inhibition.[37]
Studies on rats indicate that PCP interacts indirectly with opioid receptors (endorphin and enkephalin) to produce analgesia.[57]
A binding study assessed PCP at 56 sites including neurotransmitter receptors and transporters and found that PCP had Ki values of >10,000 nM at all sites except the dizocilpine (MK-801) site of the NMDA receptor (Ki = 59 nM), the σ2 receptor (PC12) (Ki = 136 nM), and the serotonin transporter (Ki = 2,234 nM).[36] The study notably found Ki values of >10,000 nM for the D2 receptor, the opioid receptors, the σ1 receptor, and the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters.[36] These results suggest that PCP is a highly selective ligand of the NMDAR and σ2 receptor.[36] However, PCP may also interact with allosteric sites on the monoamine transporters to produce inhibition of monoamine reuptake.[36]
Neurotoxicity[edit]
Some studies found that, like other NMDA receptor antagonists, PCP can cause a kind of brain damage called Olney's lesions in rats.[58][59] Studies conducted on rats showed that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine caused reversible vacuoles to form in certain regions of the rats' brains. All studies of Olney's lesions have only been performed on non-human animals and may not apply to humans. One unpublished study by Frank Sharp reportedly showed no damage by the NDMA antagonist, ketamine, a similar drug, far beyond recreational doses,[60] but due to the study never having been published, its validity is controversial.
PCP has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate levels in the rat brain, which are detectable both in living rats and upon necropsy examination of brain tissue.[61] It also induces symptoms in humans that mimic schizophrenia.[62] PCP not only produced symptoms similar to schizophrenia, it also yielded electroencephalogram changes in the thalamocortical pathway (increased delta decreased alpha) and in the hippocampus (increase theta bursts) that were similar to those in schizophrenia.[63] PCP induced augmentation of dopamine release may link the NMDA and DA hypothesis of schizophrenia.[64]
Pharmacokinetics[edit]
PCP is metabolized into PCHP, PPC and PCAA.
When smoked, some of the compound is broken down by heat into 1-phenylcyclohexene (PC) and piperidine.
Conversion of PCP into PC and piperidine by heat.
Chemistry[edit]
PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine.
Analogues[edit]
Possible analogues of PCP
Fewer than 30 different analogues of PCP were reported as being used on the street during the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the United States.[16] The best known of these are rolicyclidine (PCPy or 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine); eticyclidine (PCE or N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine); and tenocyclidine (TCP or 1-(1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine).[65] Only of a few of these compounds were widely used.[16]
The generalized structural motif required for PCP-like activity is derived from structure-activity relationship studies of PCP derivatives, and summarized in the illustration (right). All of these derivatives are likely to share some of their psychoactive effects with PCP itself, although a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative and stimulant effects are known, depending on the particular drug and its substituents. In some countries such as the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, all of these compounds would be considered controlled substance analogues of PCP, and are hence illegal drugs if sold for human consumption, even though many of them have never been made or tested.[66][67][clarification needed]
Other analogues of PCP include 3-HO-PCP, 3-MeO-PCMo, and 3-MeO-PCP.
Usage[edit]
PCP began to emerge as a recreational drug in major cities in the United States in 1960s.[7] In 1978, People magazine and Mike Wallace of 60 Minutes called PCP the country's "number one" drug problem. Although recreational use of the drug had always been relatively low, it began declining significantly in the 1980s. In surveys, the number of high school students admitting to trying PCP at least once fell from 13% in 1979 to less than 3% in 1990.[19]:46–49
History[edit]
It is commonly mistakenly reported that PCP was first synthesized in 1926.[68] This early synthesis, in fact, refers to the PCP intermediate PCC.[16] PCP was actually discovered by Victor Maddox, a chemist at Parke-Davis in Michigan, while investigating synthetic analgesic agents. Although unexpected, PCP was identified as potentially interesting, and as such, was submitted for pharmacological testing. The promising results of these pharmacological investigations led to the rapid development of PCP. It was approved for use as an investigational drug under the brand names Sernyl and Sernylan in the 1950s as an anesthetic, but because of its long terminal half-life and adverse side effects, such as hallucinations, mania, delirium, and disorientation, it was removed from the market in 1965 and limited to veterinary use.[16][69][70]
Regulation[edit]
PCP is a Schedule II substance in the United States and its ACSCN is 7471.[71] Its manufacturing quota for 2014 was 19 grams.[72]
It is a Schedule I drug by the Controlled Drugs and Substances act in Canada, a List I drug of the Opium Law in the Netherlands, and a Class A substance in the United Kingdom.[73]
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Jump up ^ Prestori F, Bonardi C, Mapelli L, Lombardo P, Goselink R, De Stefano ME, Gandolfi D, Mapelli J, Bertrand D, Schonewille M, De Zeeuw C, D'Angelo E (2013). "Gating of long-term potentiation by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the cerebellum input stage". PLOS One. 8 (5): e64828. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864828P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064828. PMC 3669396  . PMID 23741401.
Jump up ^ Seeman P, Ko F, Tallerico T (Sep 2005). "Dopamine receptor contribution to the action of PCP, LSD and ketamine psychotomimetics". Molecular Psychiatry. 10 (9): 877–83. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001682. PMID 15852061.
Jump up ^ Giannini AJ, Nageotte C, Loiselle RH, Malone DA, Price WA (1984). "Comparison of chlorpromazine, haloperidol and pimozide in the treatment of phencyclidine psychosis: DA-2 receptor specificity". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 22 (6): 573–9. doi:10.3109/15563658408992586. PMID 6535849.
Jump up ^ Rothman RB, Reid AA, Monn JA, Jacobson AE, Rice KC (Dec 1989). "The psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine labels two high affinity binding sites in guinea pig brain: evidence for N-methyl-D-aspartate-coupled and dopamine reuptake carrier-associated phencyclidine binding sites". Molecular Pharmacology. 36 (6): 887–96. PMID 2557536.
Jump up ^ Castellani S, Giannini AJ, Adams PM (1982). "Effects of naloxone, metenkephalin, and morphine on phencyclidine-induced behavior in the rat". Psychopharmacology. 78 (1): 76–80. doi:10.1007/BF00470593. PMID 6815700.
Jump up ^ Olney JW, Labruyere J, Price MT (Jun 1989). "Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs". Science. 244 (4910): 1360–2. Bibcode:1989Sci...244.1360O. doi:10.1126/science.2660263. PMID 2660263.
Jump up ^ Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, Iversen LL (1994). "Neuroprotective NMDA antagonists: the controversy over their potential for adverse effects on cortical neuronal morphology". Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplementum. 60: 15–9. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9334-1_4. ISBN 978-3-7091-9336-5. PMID 7976530.
Jump up ^ Jansen, Karl. Ketamine: Dreams and Realities. MAPS, 2004. ISBN 0-9660019-7-4
Jump up ^ Reynolds LM, Cochran SM, Morris BJ, Pratt JA, Reynolds GP (Mar 2005). "Chronic phencyclidine administration induces schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in rat brain". Schizophrenia Research. 73 (2–3): 147–52. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.003. PMID 15653257.
Jump up ^ Murray JB (May 2002). "Phencyclidine (PCP): a dangerous drug, but useful in schizophrenia research". The Journal of Psychology. 136 (3): 319–27. doi:10.1080/00223980209604159. PMID 12206280.
Jump up ^ Lodge, D; Mercier, M S (19 January 2017). "Ketamine and phencyclidine: the good, the bad and the unexpected". British Journal of Pharmacology. 172 (17): 4254–4276. doi:10.1111/bph.13222. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 4556466  . PMID 26075331.
Jump up ^ Javitt, Daniel C.; Zukin, Stephen R.; Heresco-Levy, Uriel; Umbricht, Daniel (19 January 2017). "Has an Angel Shown the Way? Etiological and Therapeutic Implications of the PCP/NMDA Model of Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 38 (5): 958–966. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs069. ISSN 0586-7614. PMC 3446214  . PMID 22987851.
Jump up ^ "PCP synthesis and effects: table of contents". www.erowid.org.
Jump up ^ Itzhak Y, Kalir A, Weissman BA, Cohen S (May 1981). "New analgesic drugs derived from phencyclidine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 24 (5): 496–9. doi:10.1021/jm00137a004. PMID 7241506.
Jump up ^ Chaudieu I, Vignon J, Chicheportiche M, Kamenka JM, Trouiller G, Chicheportiche R (Mar 1989). "Role of the aromatic group in the inhibition of phencyclidine binding and dopamine uptake by PCP analogs". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 32 (3): 699–705. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90020-8. PMID 2544905.
Jump up ^ Development of PCP, 2006, CESAR (Center for Substance Abuse Research)
Jump up ^ Zukin, Stephen R; Sloboda, Zili; Javitt, Daniel C (2005). "Phencyclidine (PCP)". In Lowinson, Joyce H; Ruiz, Pedro; Millman, Robert B; et al. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3474-6. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phencyclidine.
Erowid.org – PCP Information
National Institute of Drug Abuse InfoFacts: PCP (Phencyclidine)
Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets on Phencyclidine
Phencyclidine and Ketamine: A View From the Street-1981 article on the use and effects of PCP
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Hallucinogens
Psychedelics
(5-HT2A
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Benzofurans
2C-B-FLY
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5-MeO-BFE
5-MeO-DiBF
Bromo-DragonFLY
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Ergometrine
ETH-LAD
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LAE-32
LPD-824
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LSD
LSD-Pip
LSH
LSM-775
LSZ
Methylergometrine
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Methysergide
MLD-41
PARGY-LAD
PRO-LAD
Phenethyl‐
amines
2C-x
2C-B
2C-B-AN
2C-Bn
2C-Bu
2C-C
2C-CN
2C-CP
2C-D
2C-E
2C-EF
2C-F
2C-G
2C-G-1
2C-G-2
2C-G-3
2C-G-4
2C-G-5
2C-G-6
2C-G-N
2C-H
2C-I
2C-iP
2C-N
2C-NH2
2C-O
2C-O-4
2C-P
2C-Ph
2C-SE
2C-T
2C-T-2
2C-T-3
2C-T-4
2C-T-5
2C-T-6
2C-T-7
2C-T-8
2C-T-9
2C-T-10
2C-T-11
2C-T-12
2C-T-13
2C-T-14
2C-T-15
2C-T-16
2C-T-17
2C-T-18
2C-T-19
2C-T-20
2C-T-21
2C-T-22
2C-T-22.5
2C-T-23
2C-T-24
2C-T-25
2C-T-27
2C-T-28
2C-T-30
2C-T-31
2C-T-32
2C-T-33
2C-TFE
2C-TFM
2C-YN
2C-V
25x-NBx
25x-NB3OMe
25B-NB3OMe
25C-NB3OMe
25D-NB3OMe
25E-NB3OMe
25H-NB3OMe
25I-NB3OMe
25N-NB3OMe
25P-NB3OMe
25T2-NB3OMe
25T4-NB3OMe
25T7-NB3OMe
25TFM-NB3OMe
25x-NB4OMe
25B-NB4OMe
25C-NB4OMe
25D-NB4OMe
25E-NB4OMe
25H-NB4OMe
25I-NB4OMe
25N-NB4OMe
25P-NB4OMe
25T2-NB4OMe
25T4-NB4OMe
25T7-NB4OMe
25TFM-NB4OMe
25x-NBF
25B-NBF
25C-NBF
25D-NBF
25E-NBF
25H-NBF
25I-NBF
25P-NBF
25T2-NBF
25T7-NBF
25TFM-NBF
25x-NBMD
25B-NBMD
25C-NBMD
25D-NBMD
25E-NBMD
25F-NBMD
25H-NBMD
25I-NBMD
25P-NBMD
25T2-NBMD
25T7-NBMD
25TFM-NBMD
25x-NBOH
25B-NBOH
25C-NBOH
25CN-NBOH
25D-NBOH
25E-NBOH
25F-NBOH
25H-NBOH
25I-NBOH
25P-NBOH
25T2-NBOH
25T7-NBOH
25TFM-NBOH
25x-NBOMe
25B-NBOMe
25C-NBOMe
25CN-NBOMe
25D-NBOMe
25E-NBOMe
25F-NBOMe
25G-NBOMe
25H-NBOMe
25I-NBOMe
25iP-NBOMe
25N-NBOMe
25P-NBOMe
25T2-NBOMe
25T4-NBOMe
25T7-NBOMe
25TFM-NBOMe
Atypical structures
25I-NB34MD
2CBCB-NBOMe
2CBFly-NBOMe
NBOMe-mescaline
3C-x
3C-AL
3C-BZ
3C-DFE
3C-E
3C-P
4C-x
4C-B
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Proscaline
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Trifluoroescaline
Trifluoromescaline
TMAs
TMA
TMA-2
TMA-3
TMA-4
TMA-5
TMA-6
Others
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2-TOM
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(Ethocin) 4-HO-DET
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(T-9) DET
(Ethocybin) 4-PO-DET
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(Iprocin) 4-HO-DiPT
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Ibogaine-related
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Others
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AL-38022A
ALPHA
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Lorcaserin
M-ALPHA
RH-34
Also empathogens in general (e. g.: 5-APB, 5-MAPB, 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans, MDAI, MDMA).
Dissociatives
(NMDAR
antagonists)
Arylcyclo‐
hexylamines
Ketamine-related
2-Fluorodeschloroketamine
Arketamine ((R)-ketamine)
Deschloroketamine
Ethketamine (N-Ethylnorketamine)
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Tiletamine
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3'-MeO-PCMo
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BDPC
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Midafotel
NEFA
Neramexane
Nitrous oxide
Noribogaine
Perzinfotel
RB-64
Remacemide
Salvinorin A
Selfotel
Xenon
Deliriants
(mAChR
antagonists)
Atropine
Benactyzine
Benzatropine
Benzydamine
Biperiden
BRN-1484501
Brompheniramine
BZ
CAR-226,086
CAR-301,060
CAR-302,196
CAR-302,282
CAR-302,368
CAR-302,537
CAR-302,668
Chloropyramine
Chlorphenamine
Clemastine
CS-27349
Cyclizine
Cyproheptadine
Dicycloverine
Dimenhydrinate
Diphenhydramine
Ditran
Doxylamine
EA-3167
EA-3443
EA-3580
EA-3834
Elemicin
Flavoxate
Hyoscyamine
JB-318
JB-336
Meclozine
Mepyramine
Myristicin
Orphenadrine
Oxybutynin
Pheniramine
Phenyltoloxamine
Procyclidine
Promethazine
Scopolamine
Tolterodine
Trihexyphenidyl
Tripelennamine
Triprolidine
WIN-2299
Others
Cannabinoids
(CB1 agonists)
Natural
THC (Dronabinol)
THCV
Synthetic
AM-x
AM-087
AM-251
AM-279
AM-281
AM-356
AM-374
AM-381
AM-404
AM-411
AM-630
AM-661
AM-678
AM-679
AM-694
AM-735
AM-855
AM-881
AM-883
AM-905
AM-906
AM-919
AM-926
AM-938
AM-1116
AM-1172
AM-1220
AM-1221
AM-1235
AM-1241
AM-1248
AM-1710
AM-1714
AM-1902
AM-2201
AM-2212
AM-2213
AM-2232
AM-2233
AM-2389
AM-3102
AM-4030
AM-4054
AM-4056
AM-4113
AM-6545
CP x
CP 47,497
CP 55,244
CP 55,940
(±)-CP 55,940
(+)-CP 55,940
(-)-CP 55,940
HU-x
HU-210
HU-211
HU-239
HU-243
HU-308
HU-320
HU-331
HU-336
HU-345
JWH-x
JWH-007
JWH-015
JWH-018
JWH-019
JWH-030
JWH-047
JWH-048
JWH-051
JWH-057
JWH-073
JWH-081
JWH-098
JWH-116
JWH-120
JWH-122
JWH-133
JWH-139
JWH-147
JWH-148
JWH-149
JWH-149
JWH-161
JWH-164
JWH-166
JWH-167
JWH-171
JWH-175
JWH-176
JWH-181
JWH-182
JWH-184
JWH-185
JWH-192
JWH-193
JWH-193
JWH-194
JWH-195
JWH-196
JWH-197
JWH-198
JWH-199
JWH-200
JWH-203
JWH-205
JWH-210
JWH-210
JWH-213
JWH-220
JWH-229
JWH-234
JWH-249
JWH-250
JWH-251
JWH-253
JWH-258
JWH-300
JWH-302
JWH-307
JWH-336
JWH-350
JWH-359
JWH-387
JWH-398
JWH-424
Misc. designer cannabinoids
4-HTMPIPO
5F-AB-FUPPYCA
5F-AB-PINACA
5F-ADB
5F-ADB-PINACA
5F-ADBICA
5F-AMB
5F-APINACA
5F-CUMYL-PINACA
5F-NNE1
5F-PB-22
5F-SDB-006
A-796,260
A-836,339
AB-001
AB-005
AB-CHFUPYCA
AB-CHMINACA
AB-FUBINACA
AB-PINACA
ADAMANTYL-THPINACA
ADB-CHMINACA
ADB-FUBINACA
ADB-PINACA
ADBICA
ADSB-FUB-187
AMB-FUBINACA
APICA
APINACA
APP-FUBINACA
CB-13
CUMYL-PICA
CUMYL-PINACA
CUMYL-THPINACA
DMHP
EAM-2201
FAB-144
FDU-PB-22
FUB-144
FUB-APINACA
FUB-JWH-018
FUB-PB-22
FUBIMINA
JTE 7-31
JTE-907
Levonantradol
MDMB-CHMICA
MDMB-CHMINACA
MDMB-FUBINACA
MEPIRAPIM
MAM-2201
MDA-19
MN-18
MN-25
NESS-0327
NESS-040C5
Nabilone
Nabitan
NM-2201
NNE1
Org 28611
Parahexyl
PTI-1
PTI-2
PX-1
PX-2
PX-3
QUCHIC
QUPIC
RCS-4
RCS-8
SDB-005
SDB-006
STS-135
THC-O-acetate
THC-O-phosphate
THJ-018
THJ-2201
UR-144
WIN 55,212-2
XLR-11
D2 agonists
Apomorphine
Aporphine
Bromocriptine
Cabergoline
Lisuride
Memantine
Nuciferine
Pergolide
Phenethylamine
Piribedil
Pramipexole
Ropinirole
Rotigotine
Salvinorin A
Also indirect D2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, methamphetamine), and precursors (levodopa).
GABAA
enhancers
CI-966
Eszopiclone
Ibotenic acid
Muscimol (Amanita muscaria)
Zaleplon
Zolpidem
Zopiclone
Inhalants
(Mixed MOA)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Butane
Gasoline
Kerosene
Propane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Toluene
Ethers
Diethyl ether
Enflurane
Haloalkanes
Chlorofluorocarbons
Chloroform
κOR agonists
2-EMSB
Alazocine
Bremazocine
Butorphan
Butorphanol
Cyclazocine
Cyclorphan
Cyprenorphine
Diprenorphine
Enadoline
Herkinorin
Heroin
HZ-2
Ibogaine
Ketazocine
Levallorphan
Levomethorphan
Levorphanol
LPK-26
Metazocine
Morphine
Nalbuphine
Nalmefene
Nalorphine
Noribogaine
Oxilorphan
Pentazocine
Phenazocine
Proxorphan
Racemethorphan
Racemorphan
Salvinorin A
Spiradoline
Tifluadom
U-50488
U-69,593
Xorphanol
Others
Glaucine
Isoaminile
Noscapine
Pukateine
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Euphoriants
μ-Opioid receptor agonists (opioids) (e.g., morphine, heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone, opium, kratom)
α2δ subunit-containing voltage-dependent calcium channels blockers (gabapentinoids) (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin, phenibut)
AMPA receptor antagonists (e.g., perampanel)
CB1 receptor agonists (cannabinoids) (e.g., THC, cannabis)
Dopamine receptor agonists (e.g., levodopa)
Dopamine releasing agents (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, mephedrone)
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., cocaine, methylphenidate)
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators (e.g., barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carbamates, ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink), inhalants, nonbenzodiazepines, quinazolinones)
GHB (sodium oxybate) and analogues
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) (e.g., dexamethasone, prednisone)
nACh receptor agonists (e.g., nicotine, tobacco, arecoline, areca nut)
Nitric oxide prodrugs (e.g., alkyl nitrites (poppers))
NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., DXM, ketamine, methoxetamine, nitrous oxide, phencyclidine, inhalants)
Orexin receptor antagonists (e.g., suvorexant)
See also: Recreational drug use
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Stimulants
Adamantanes
Adapromine
Amantadine
Bromantane
Memantine
Rimantadine
Adenosine antagonists
8-Chlorotheophylline
8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
8-Phenyltheophylline
Aminophylline
Caffeine
CGS-15943
Dimethazan
Paraxanthine
SCH-58261
Theobromine
Theophylline
Alkylamines
Cyclopentamine
Cypenamine
Cyprodenate
Heptaminol
Isometheptene
Levopropylhexedrine
Methylhexaneamine
Octodrine
Propylhexedrine
Tuaminoheptane
Ampakines
CX-516
CX-546
CX-614
CX-691
CX-717
IDRA-21
LY-404,187
LY-503,430
Nooglutyl
Org 26576
PEPA
S-18986
Sunifiram
Unifiram
Arylcyclohexylamines
Benocyclidine
Dieticyclidine
Esketamine
Eticyclidine
Gacyclidine
Ketamine
Phencyclamine
Phencyclidine
Rolicyclidine
Tenocyclidine
Tiletamine
Benzazepines
6-Br-APB
SKF-77434
SKF-81297
SKF-82958
Cholinergics
A-84,543
A-366,833
ABT-202
ABT-418
AR-R17779
Altinicline
Anabasine
Arecoline
Bradanicline
Cotinine
Cytisine
Dianicline
Epibatidine
Epiboxidine
GTS-21
Ispronicline
Nicotine
PHA-543,613
PNU-120,596
PNU-282,987
Pozanicline
Rivanicline
Sazetidine A
SIB-1553A
SSR-180,711
TC-1698
TC-1827
TC-2216
Tebanicline
UB-165
Varenicline
WAY-317,538
Convulsants
Anatoxin-a
Bicuculline
DMCM
Flurothyl
Gabazine
Pentetrazol
Picrotoxin
Strychnine
Thujone
Eugeroics
Adrafinil
Armodafinil
CRL-40,940
CRL-40,941
Fluorenol
JZ-IV-10
Modafinil
Oxazolines
4-Methylaminorex
Aminorex
Clominorex
Cyclazodone
Fenozolone
Fluminorex
Pemoline
Thozalinone
Phenethylamines
1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane
1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane
2-Fuoroamphetamine
2-Fuoromethamphetamine
2-OH-PEA
2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane
2,3-MDA
3-Fuoroamphetamine
3-Fluoroethamphetamine
3-Fluoromethcathinone
3-Methoxyamphetamine
3-Methylamphetamine
3,4-DMMC
4-BMC
4-CMC
4-Ethylamphetamine
4-Fluoroamphetamine
4-Fluoromethamphetamine
4-MA
4-Methylbuphedrone
4-Methylcathinone
4-MMA
4-Methylpentedrone
4-MTA
6-FNE
AL-1095
Alfetamine
a-Ethylphenethylamine
Amfecloral
Amfepentorex
Amfepramone
Amidephrine
2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
2-Aminoindane
5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole
2-Aminotetralin
Acridorex
Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine)
Amphetaminil
Arbutamine
β-Methylphenethylamine
β-Phenylmethamphetamine
Benfluorex
Benzedrone
Benzphetamine
BDB
BOH
3-Benzhydrylmorpholine
BPAP
Buphedrone
Bupropion
Butylone
Camfetamine
Cathine
Cathinone
Chlorphentermine
Cilobamine
Cinnamedrine
Clenbuterol
Clobenzorex
Cloforex
Clortermine
Cypenamine
D-Deprenyl
Denopamine
Dimethoxyamphetamine
Dimethylamphetamine
Dimethylcathinone
Dobutamine
DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa)
Dopamine
Dopexamine
Droxidopa
EBDB
Ephedrine
Epinephrine
Epinine
Etafedrine
Ethcathinone
Ethylnorepinephrine
Ethylone
Etilamfetamine
Etilefrine
Famprofazone
Fencamfamin
Fencamine
Fenethylline
Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine)
Fenproporex
Feprosidnine
Flephedrone
Fludorex
Formetorex
Furfenorex
Gepefrine
Hexapradol
Hexedrone
HMMA
Hordenine
4-Hydroxyamphetamine
5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
Ibopamine
IMP
Indanylamphetamine
Iofetamine
Isoetarine
Isoethcathinone
Isoprenaline
L-Deprenyl (Selegiline)
Lefetamine
Lisdexamfetamine
Lophophine
MBDB
MDA (tenamfetamine)
MDBU
MDEA
MDMA (midomafetamine)
MDMPEA
MDOH
MDPR
MDPEA
Mefenorex
Mephedrone
Mephentermine
Metanephrine
Metaraminol
Mesocarb
Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine)
Methoxamine
Methoxyphenamine
MMA
Methcathinone
Methedrone
Methoxyphenamine
Methylenedioxycathinone
Methylone
Mexedrone
MMDA
MMDMA
MMMA
Morforex
N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine
N-Ethylbuphedrone
N-Ethylhexedrone
N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine
Naphthylamphetamine
Nisoxetine
Norepinephrine
Norfenefrine
Norfenfluramine
Normetanephrine
L-Norpseudoephedrine
Octopamine (drug)
Orciprenaline
Ortetamine
Oxifentorex
Oxilofrine
PBA
PCA
PCMA
PHA
Pentorex
Pentedrone
Pentylone
Phenatine
Phenpromethamine
Phentermine
Phenylalanine
Phenylephrine
Phenylpropanolamine
Pholedrine
PIA
PMA
PMEA
PMMA
PPAP
Phthalimidopropiophenone
Prenylamine
Propylamphetamine
Pseudoephedrine
Ropinirole
Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol)
Sibutramine
Solriamfetol
Synephrine
Theodrenaline
Tiflorex
Tranylcypromine
Tyramine
Tyrosine
Xylopropamine
Zylofuramine
Phenylmorpholines
3-Fluorophenmetrazine
Fenbutrazate
Fenmetramide
G-130
Manifaxine
Morazone
Morforex
Oxaflozane
PD-128,907
Phendimetrazine
Phenmetrazine
2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine
Pseudophenmetrazine
Radafaxine
Piperazines
2C-B-BZP
3C-PEP
BZP
CM156
DBL-583
GBR-12783
GBR-12935
GBR-13069
GBR-13098
GBR-13119
MeOPP
MBZP
oMPP
Vanoxerine
Piperidines
1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine
2-Benzylpiperidine
2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine
3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate
4-Benzylpiperidine
4-Fluoromethylphenidate
4-Methylmethylphenidate
Desoxypipradrol
Difemetorex
Diphenylpyraline
Ethylnaphthidate
Ethylphenidate
Methylnaphthidate
Isopropylphenidate
Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate)
Nocaine
Phacetoperane
Pipradrol
Propylphenidate
SCH-5472
Pyrrolidines
2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine
5-DBFPV
α-PPP
α-PBP
α-PHP
α-PVP
α-PVT
Diphenylprolinol
DMPVP
FPOP
FPVP
MDPPP
MDPBP
MPBP
MPHP
MPPP
MOPVP
MOPPP
Indapyrophenidone
MDPV
Naphyrone
PEP
Picilorex
Prolintane
Pyrovalerone
Racetams
Oxiracetam
Phenylpiracetam
Phenylpiracetam hydrazide
Tropanes
4-fluorotropacocaine
4'-Fluorococaine
Altropane (IACFT)
Brasofensine
CFT (WIN 35,428)
β-CIT (RTI-55)
Cocaethylene
Cocaine
Dichloropane (RTI-111)
Difluoropine
FE-β-CPPIT
FP-β-CPPIT
Ioflupane (123I)
Norcocaine
PIT
PTT
RTI-31
RTI-32
RTI-51
RTI-112
RTI-113
RTI-120
RTI-121 (IPCIT)
RTI-126
RTI-150
RTI-177
RTI-229
RTI-336
RTI-354
RTI-371
RTI-386
Salicylmethylecgonine
Tesofensine
Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)
Tropoxane
WF-23
WF-33
Tryptamines
4-HO-αMT
4-Methyl-αET
4-Methyl-αMT
5-Chloro-αMT
5-Fluoro-αMT
5-MeO-αET
5-MeO-αMT
5-MeO-DIPT
6-Fluoro-αMT
7-Methyl-αET
αET
αMT
Others
2-MDP
3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Amfonelic acid
Amineptine
Amiphenazole
Atipamezole
Atomoxetine
Bemegride
Benzydamine
BTQ
BTS 74,398
Centanafadine
Ciclazindol
Clofenciclan
Cropropamide
Crotetamide
D-161
Desipramine
Diclofensine
Dimethocaine
Efaroxan
Etamivan
Fenisorex
Fenpentadiol
Gamfexine
Gilutensin
GSK1360707F
GYKI-52895
Hexacyclonate
Idazoxan
Indanorex
Indatraline
JNJ-7925476
Lazabemide
Leptacline
Lomevactone
LR-5182
Mazindol
Meclofenoxate
Medifoxamine
Mefexamide
Methamnetamine
Methastyridone
Methiopropamine
Naphthylaminopropane
Nefopam
Nikethamide
Nomifensine
O-2172
Oxaprotiline
PNU-99,194
PRC200-SS
Rasagiline
Rauwolscine
Rubidium chloride
Setazindol
Tametraline
Tandamine
Thiopropamine
Thiothinone
Trazium
UH-232
Yohimbine
ATC code: N06B
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Pharmacodynamics
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Dopamine receptor modulators
D1-like
Agonists
Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB
Fenoldopam
SKF-38,393
SKF-77,434
SKF-81,297
SKF-82,958
SKF-83,959
Trepipam
Zelandopam
Ergolines: Cabergoline
CY-208,243
Dihydroergocryptine
LEK-8829
Lisuride
Pergolide
Terguride
Dihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636
A-86929
Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431)
Dihydrexidine
Dinapsoline
Dinoxyline
Doxanthrine
Phenethylamines: BCO-001
Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)
Dopexamine
Etilevodopa
Ibopamine
L-DOPA (levodopa)
Melevodopa
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
XP21279
Others: A-68930
Apomorphine
Isocorypalmine
Nuciferine
PF-6649751
PF 6669571
Propylnorapomorphine
Rotigotine
SKF-89,145
SKF-89,626
Stepholidine
Tetrahydropalmatine
Antagonists
Typical antipsychotics: Butaclamol
Chlorpromazine
Chlorprothixene
Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen)
Fluphenazine
Loxapine
Perphenazine (+amitriptyline)
Pifluthixol
Thioridazine
Thiothixene
Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine)
Zuclopenthixol
Atypical antipsychotics: Asenapine
Clorotepine
Clotiapine
Clozapine
DHA-clozapine
Fluperlapine
Iloperidone
Norclozapine
Norquetiapine
Olanzapine (++fluoxetine)
Paliperidone
Quetiapine
Risperidone
Tefludazine
Zicronapine
Ziprasidone
Zotepine
Others: Berupipam
Ecopipam
EEDQ
Metitepine (methiothepin)
Odapipam
Perlapine
SCH-23390
D2-like
Agonists
Adamantanes: Amantadine
Memantine
Rimantadine
Aminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT
7-OH-DPAT
8-OH-PBZI
Rotigotine
UH-232
Ergolines: Bromocriptine
Cabergoline
Dihydroergocryptine
Epicriptine
Ergocornine
Lisuride
LSD
Pergolide
Terguride
Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA
Ciladopa
Dihydrexidine
Dinoxyline
N,N-Propyldihydrexidine
Phenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)
Dopexamine
Etilevodopa
Ibopamine
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Melevodopa
XP21279
Atypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B)
Aripiprazole (+sertraline)
Aripiprazole lauroxil
Bifeprunox
Brexpiprazole
Cariprazine
F-15063
Lumateperone
Norclozapine
RP-5063
Others: 3-PPP
A-412997
ABT-670
ABT-724
Adrafinil
Aplindore
Apomorphine
Arketamine
Armodafinil
BP-897
Captodiame
CP-226,269
Dizocilpine
Esketamine
Flibanserin
GSK-789,472
Ketamine
Mesulergine
Modafinil
OSU-6162
Pardoprunox
PD-128,907
PD-168,077
PF-219,061
PF-592,379
Phencyclidine
Piribedil
Pramipexole
Preclamol
Propylnorapomorphine
Pukateine
Quinagolide
Quinelorane
Quinpirole
RDS-127
Ro10-5824
Ropinirole
Roxindole
Salvinorin A
SKF-83,959
Sumanirole
Talipexole
Umespirone
WAY-100,635
Antagonists
Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine
Acetophenazine
Azaperone
Benperidol
Bromperidol
Butaclamol
Butaperazine
Chloracizine
Chlorproethazine
Chlorpromazine
Chlorprothixene
Ciclindole
Clopenthixol
Clothixamide
Clopimozide
Droperidol
Fluacizine
Fluanisone
Flucindole
Fluotracen
Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen)
Fluphenazine
Fluprothixene
Fluspirilene
Haloperidol
Homopipramol
Lenperone
Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)
Levosulpiride
Loxapine
Mesoridazine
Moperone
Naranol
Nemonapride
Penfluridol
Perathiepin
Perazine
Pericyazine (periciazine)
Perphenazine (+amitriptyline)
Piflutixol (pifluthixol)
Pimozide
Pipamperone
Preclamol
Prochlorperazine
Promazine
Prothipendyl
Spiperone (spiroperidol)
Sulforidazine
Sulpiride
Sultopride
Teflutixol
Thiopropazate
Thioproperazine
Thioridazine
Thiothixene
Timiperone
Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine)
Triflupromazine
Trifluperidol
Zetidoline
Zuclopenthixol
Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride
Asenapine
BL-1020
Blonanserin
Carpipramine
Cinuperone
Clocapramine
Clorotepine
Clotiapine (clothiapine)
Clozapine
Cyamemazine
DHA-clozapine
Dixyrazine
Elopiprazole
Flumezapine
Fluperlapine
Gevotroline
Iloperidone
Lurasidone
Mazapertine
Melperone
Molindone
Mosapramine
Ocaperidone
Olanzapine (+fluoxetine)
Paliperidone
Perospirone
Piperacetazine
Pipotiazine
Piquindone
Quetiapine
Remoxipride
Risperidone
Sertindole
Tefludazine
Tenilapine
Tiospirone
Veralipride
Zicronapine
Ziprasidone
Zotepine
Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine
AS-8112
Alimemazine
Alizapride
Benzquinamide
Bromopride
Clebopride
Domperidone
Eticlopride
Hydroxyzine
Itopride
Metoclopramide
Metopimazine
Promethazine
Thiethylperazine
Trimethobenzamide
Antidepressants: Amoxapine
Nefazodone
Opipramol
Propiomazine
Trimipramine
Others: 3-PPP
Alpiropride
Azapride
Buspirone
Desmethoxyfallypride
EEDQ
F-15063
Fallypride
Fananserin
Fenfluramine
GSK-789,472
Iodobenzamide
Isocorypalmine
L-741,626
L-745,870
Levofenfluramine
LEK-8829
Metergoline
Metitepine (methiothepin)
N-Methylspiperone
Nafadotride
Nuciferine
PNU-99,194
Pridopidine
Raclopride
Sarizotan
SB-277,011-A
Seridopidine
Sonepiprazole
Spiroxatrine
Stepholidine
SV-293
Tetrahydropalmatine
Tiapride
UH-232
Yohimbine
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Adrenergics
Serotonergics
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
Monoamine releasing agents
Monoamine metabolism modulators
Monoamine neurotoxins
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Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
AMPAR
Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine
Acromelic acid (acromelate)
AMPA
BOAA
Domoic acid
Glutamate
Ibotenic acid
Proline
Quisqualic acid
Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam
BIIB-104 (PF-04958242)
Cyclothiazide
CX-516
CX-546
CX-614
Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)
CX-717
CX-1739
CX-1942
Diazoxide
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
IDRA-21
LY-392098
LY-395153
LY-404187
LY-451646
LY-503430
Mibampator (LY-451395)
Nooglutyl
ORG-26576
Oxiracetam
PEPA
Piracetam
Pramiracetam
S-18986
Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)
Antagonists: ACEA-1011
ATPO
Becampanel
Caroverine
CNQX
Dasolampanel
DNQX
Fanapanel (MPQX)
GAMS
Kaitocephalin
Kynurenic acid
Kynurenine
Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
NBQX
PNQX
Selurampanel
Tezampanel
Theanine
Topiramate
YM90K
Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
Cyclopropane
Enflurane
Ethanol (alcohol)
Evans blue
GYKI-52466
GYKI-53655
Halothane
Irampanel
Isoflurane
Perampanel
Pregnenolone sulfate
Sevoflurane
Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline
KAR
Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine
5-Iodowillardiine
Acromelic acid (acromelate)
AMPA
ATPA
Domoic acid
Glutamate
Ibotenic acid
Kainic acid
LY-339434
Proline
Quisqualic acid
SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide
Diazoxide
Enflurane
Halothane
Isoflurane
Antagonists: ACEA-1011
CNQX
Dasolampanel
DNQX
GAMS
Kaitocephalin
Kynurenic acid
Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
LY-382884
NBQX
NS102
Selurampanel
Tezampanel
Theanine
Topiramate
UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
Enflurane
Ethanol (alcohol)
Evans blue
NS-3763
Pregnenolone sulfate
NMDAR
Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA
Aspartate
Glutamate
Homocysteic acid (L-HCA)
Homoquinolinic acid
Ibotenic acid
NMDA
Proline
Quinolinic acid
Tetrazolylglycine
Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine
ACBD
ACC (ACPC)
ACPD
AK-51
Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
B6B21
CCG
D-Alanine
D-Cycloserine
D-Serine
DHPG
Dimethylglycine
Glycine
HA-966
L-687414
L-Alanine
L-Serine
Milacemide
Neboglamine (nebostinel)
Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin
Spermidine
Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol
DHEA (prasterone)
DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate)
Epipregnanolone sulfate
Pregnenolone sulfate
SAGE-201
SAGE-301
SAGE-718
Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV)
AP7
CGP-37849
CGP-39551
CGP-39653
CGP-40116
CGS-19755
CPP
Kaitocephalin
LY-233053
LY-235959
LY-274614
MDL-100453
Midafotel (d-CPPene)
NPC-12626
NPC-17742
PBPD
PEAQX
Perzinfotel
PPDA
SDZ-220581
Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
5,7-DCKA
7-CKA
ACC
ACEA-1011
ACEA-1328
Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
AV-101
Carisoprodol
CGP-39653
CNQX
D-Cycloserine
DNQX
Felbamate
Gavestinel
GV-196771
Harkoseride
Kynurenic acid
Kynurenine
L-689560
L-701324
Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
LU-73068
MDL-105519
Meprobamate
MRZ 2/576
PNQX
Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine
Co 101676
Diaminopropane
Diethylenetriamine
Huperzine A
Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP
3-HO-PCP
3-MeO-PCE
3-MeO-PCMo
3-MeO-PCP
4-MeO-PCP
8A-PDHQ
18-MC
α-Endopsychosin
Alaproclate
Alazocine (SKF-10047)
Amantadine
Aptiganel
Argiotoxin-636
Arketamine
ARL-12495
ARL-15896-AR
ARL-16247
Budipine
Coronaridine
Delucemine (NPS-1506)
Dexoxadrol
Dextrallorphan
Dextromethadone
Dextromethorphan
Dextrorphan
Dieticyclidine
Diphenidine
Dizocilpine
Ephenidine
Esketamine
Etoxadrol
Eticyclidine
Fluorolintane
Gacyclidine
Ibogaine
Ibogamine
Indantadol
Ketamine
Ketobemidone
Lanicemine
Levomethadone
Levomethorphan
Levomilnacipran
Levorphanol
Loperamide
Memantine
Methadone
Methorphan
Methoxetamine
Methoxphenidine
Milnacipran
Morphanol
NEFA
Neramexane
Nitromemantine
Noribogaine
Norketamine
Orphenadrine
PCPr
PD-137889
Pethidine (meperidine)
Phencyclamine
Phencyclidine
Propoxyphene
Remacemide
Rhynchophylline
Rimantadine
Rolicyclidine
Sabeluzole
Tabernanthine
Tenocyclidine
Tiletamine
Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:
Besonprodil
Buphenine (nylidrin)
CO-101244 (PD-174494)
Eliprodil
Haloperidol
Isoxsuprine
Radiprodil (RGH-896)
Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)
Ro 8-4304
Ro 25-6981
Safaprodil
Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004
MPX-007
TCN-201
TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen
Magnesium
Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene
Butane
Chloroform
Cyclopropane
Desflurane
Diethyl ether
Enflurane
Ethanol (alcohol)
Halothane
Hexanol
Isoflurane
Methoxyflurane
Nitrous oxide
Octanol
Sevoflurane
Toluene
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethanol
Trichloroethylene
Urethane
Xenon
Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896
Bumetanide
Caroverine
Conantokin
D-αAA
Dexanabinol
Flufenamic acid
Flupirtine
FPL-12495
FR-115427
Furosemide
Hodgkinsine
Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)
MDL-27266
Metaphit
Minocycline
MPEP
Niflumic acid
Pentamidine
Pentamidine isethionate
Piretanide
Psychotridine
Transcrocetin (saffron)
Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: AGN-241751
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
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Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
DAT
(DRIs)
Piperazines: DBL-583
GBR-12783
GBR-12935
GBR-13069
GBR-13098
Nefazodone
Vanoxerine
Piperidines: 4-Fluoropethidine
Benocyclidine (BTCP)
Desoxypipradrol
Dexmethylphenidate
Difemetorex
Ethylphenidate
HDMP-28
Methylphenidate
Pethidine (meperidine)
Phencyclidine
Pipradrol
Tenocyclidine
Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol
MDPV
Naphyrone
Prolintane
Pyrovalerone
Tropanes: Altropane
Benzatropine (benztropine)
Brasofensine
CFT
Cocaine
Dichloropane
Difluoropine
Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
FE-β-CPPIT
FP-β-CPPIT
Ioflupane (123I)
RTI-55
RTI-112
RTI-113
RTI-121
RTI-126
RTI-150
RTI-177
RTI-229
RTI-336
Tesofensine
Troparil
Tropoxane
WF-11
WF-23
WF-31
WF-33
Others: Adrafinil
Amifitadine
Armodafinil
Amfonelic acid
Amineptine
Ansofaxine
BTQ
BTS 74,398
Bupropion
Chaenomeles speciosa
Ciclazindol
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine
Dimethocaine
Diphenylpyraline
Dizocilpine (MK-801)
DOV-102,677
DOV-216,303
Efavirenz
Ephenidine
Esketamine
EXP-561
Fencamfamin
Fezolamine
Fluorenol
GYKI-52895
Indatraline
Ketamine
Lefetamine
Levophacetoperane
Liafensine
LR-5182
Manifaxine
Mazindol
Medifoxamine
Mesocarb
Metaphit
MIN-117 (WF-516)
Modafinil
Nefopam
Nomifensine
NS-2359
O-2172
Oroxylin A
Perafensine
Pridefine
Radafaxine
Rimcazole
Sertraline
Sibutramine
Solriamfetol
Tametraline
Tedatioxetine
Tripelennamine
Venlafaxine
NET
(NRIs)
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin
Alseroxylon
Ciclazindol
Daledalin
Edivoxetine
Esreboxetine
Lortalamine
Mazindol
Nisoxetine
Reboxetine
Talopram
Talsupram
Tandamine
Teniloxazine
Viloxazine
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine
Bupropion
Fencamine
Fencamfamin
Hydroxybupropion
Lefetamine
Levophacetoperane
LR-5182
Manifaxine
Methylphenidate
Nomifensine
O-2172
Radafaxine
Solriamfetol
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
BTS-54505
CP-39,332
Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Eclanamine
Levomilnacipran
McN-5652
Milnacipran
N-Methyl-PPPA
Nafenodone
PPPA
Tofenacin
Venlafaxine
WY-45233
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Amifitadine
Ansofaxine
Bicifadine
Brasofensine
Centanafadine
Cocaine
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine
DOV-102677
DOV-216303
EXP-561
Fezolamine
HDMP-28
Indatraline
JNJ-7925476
JZ-IV-10
Liafensine
Mazindol
Naphyrone
Nefazodone
Nefopam
NS-2359
Perafensine
PRC200
Pridefine
SEP-228431
SEP-228432
Sibutramine
Tedatioxetine
Tesofensine
Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline
Butriptyline
Cianopramine
Clomipramine
Desipramine
Dosulepin (dothiepin)
Doxepin
Imipramine
Lofepramine
Melitracen
Nortriptyline
Protriptyline
Trimipramine
Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine
Maprotiline
Mianserin
Oxaprotiline
Setiptiline
Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine)
Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone)
Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine)
Dopexamine
Ephenidine
Ginkgo biloba
Indeloxazine
Nefazodone
Opioids (e.g., desmetramadol, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol, levorphanol)
SERT
(SRIs)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Alaproclate
Centpropazine
Cericlamine
Citalopram
Dapoxetine
Desmethylcitalopram
Didesmethylcitalopram
Escitalopram
Femoxetine
Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Indalpine
Ifoxetine
Norfluoxetine
Omiloxetine
Panuramine
Paroxetine
PIM-35
Pirandamine
RTI-353
Seproxetine
Sertraline
Zimelidine
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: Etoperidone
Litoxetine
Lubazodone
LY-393558
SB-649915
TGBA01AD
Trazodone
Vilazodone
Vortioxetine
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
Bicifadine
BTS-54505
CP-39332
Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Eclanamine
Levomilnacipran
McN-5652
Milnacipran
N-Methyl-PPPA
PPPA
Tofenacin
Venlafaxine
WY-45233
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Amifitadine
Ansofaxine
Bicifadine
Brasofensine
Centanafadine
Cocaine
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine
DOV-102677
DOV-216303
EXP-561
Fezolamine
HDMP-28
Indatraline
JNJ-7925476
JZ-IV-10
Liafensine
Mazindol
Naphyrone
Nefazodone
Nefopam
NS-2359
Perafensine
PRC200
Pridefine
SEP-228431
SEP-228432
Sibutramine
Tedatioxetine
Tesofensine
Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline
Cianopramine
Clomipramine
Cyanodothiepin
Desipramine
Dosulepin (dothiepin)
Doxepin
Imipramine
Lofepramine
Nortriptyline
Pipofezine
Protriptyline
Others: A-80426
Amoxapine
Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine)
Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone)
Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, esketamine, ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine)
Cyclobenzaprine
Delucemine
Dextromethorphan
Dextrorphan
Efavirenz
Medifoxamine
Mesembrine
Mifepristone
MIN-117 (WF-516)
N-Me-5-HT
Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol)
Roxindole
VMATs
Amiodarone
Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA)
APP
AZIK
Bietaserpine
Deserpidine
Deutetrabenazine
Dihydrotetrabenazine
Efavirenz
GBR-12935
GZ-793A
Ibogaine
Ketanserin
Lobeline
Methoxytetrabenazine
Reserpine
Rose bengal
Tetrabenazine
Valbenazine
Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)
Others
DAT enhancers: Luteolin
DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804
SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine releasing agents • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
nAChRs
Agonists
(and PAMs)
5-HIAA
A-84,543
A-366,833
A-582,941
A-867,744
ABT-202
ABT-418
ABT-560
ABT-894
Acetylcholine
Altinicline
Anabasine
Anatoxin-a
AR-R17779
Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
Butinoline
Butyrylcholine
Carbachol
Choline
Cotinine
Cytisine
Decamethonium
Desformylflustrabromine
Dianicline
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
Epibatidine
Epiboxidine
Ethanol (alcohol)
Ethoxysebacylcholine
EVP-4473
EVP-6124
Galantamine
GTS-21
Ispronicline
Ivermectin
JNJ-39393406
Levamisole
Lobeline
MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
Morantel
Nicotine (tobacco)
NS-1738
PHA-543,613
PHA-709,829
PNU-120,596
PNU-282,987
Pozanicline
Pyrantel
Rivanicline
RJR-2429
Sazetidine A
SB-206553
Sebacylcholine
SIB-1508Y
SIB-1553A
SSR-180,711
Suberyldicholine
Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
TC-1698
TC-1734
TC-1827
TC-2216
TC-5214
TC-5619
TC-6683
Tebanicline
Tribendimidine
Tropisetron
UB-165
Varenicline
WAY-317,538
XY-4083
Antagonists
(and NAMs)
18-MAC
18-MC
α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others)
ABT-126
Alcuronium
Allopregnanolone
Amantadine
Anatruxonium
AQW051
Atracurium
Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
BNC-210
Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin)
Bupropion
BW-A444
Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
Chlorisondamine
Cisatracurium
Coclaurine
Coronaridine
Curare
Cyclopropane
Dacuronium bromide
Decamethonium
Dehydronorketamine
Desflurane
Dextromethorphan
Dextropropoxyphene
Dextrorphan
Diadonium
DHβE
Dihydrochandonium
Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
Dioscorine
Dipyrandium
Dizocilpine (MK-801)
Doxacurium
Encenicline
Enflurane
Erythravine
Esketamine
Fazadinium
Gallamine
Gantacurium chloride
Halothane
Hexafluronium
Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
Hydroxybupropion
Hydroxynorketamine
Ibogaine
Isoflurane
Ketamine
Kynurenic acid
Laudanosine
Laudexium (laudolissin)
Levacetylmethadol
Levomethadone
Malouetine
ME-18-MC
Mecamylamine
Memantine
Methadone
Methorphan (racemethorphan)
Methyllycaconitine
Metocurine
Mivacurium
Morphanol (racemorphan)
Neramexane
Nitrous oxide
Norketamine
Pancuronium bromide
Pempidine
Pentamine
Pentolinium
Phencyclidine
Pipecuronium bromide
Progesterone
Promegestone
Radafaxine
Rapacuronium bromide
Reboxetine
Rocuronium bromide
Sevoflurane
Stercuronium iodide
Surugatoxin
Thiocolchicoside
Toxiferine
Tramadol
Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
Tropeinium
Tubocurarine
Vanoxerine
Vecuronium bromide
Xenon
Precursors
(and prodrugs)
Acetyl-coA
Adafenoxate
Choline (lecithin)
Citicoline
Cyprodenate
Dimethylethanolamine
Glycerophosphocholine
Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphorylcholine
Pirisudanol
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
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Opioid receptor modulators
MOR
Agonists (abridged; see here for a full list): 3-HO-PCP
7-Acetoxymitragynine
7-Hydroxymitragynine
ψ-Akuammigine
α-Chlornaltrexamine
α-Narcotine
Acetyldihydrocodeine
Acetylfentanyl
Acrylfentanyl
Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
AH-7921
Akuammicine
Akuammidine
Alfentanil
Anileridine
Apparicine
β-Endorphin
BAM-12P
BAM-18P
BAM-22P
Benzhydrocodone
Benzylmorphine
Bezitramide
Biphalin
BU08070
Buprenorphine
Butorphan
Butorphanol
Butyrfentanyl
BW-373U86
Carfentanil
Casokefamide
Cebranopadol
Chloroxymorphamine
Codeine
DADLE
DAMGO (DAGO)
Dermorphin
Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
Desomorphine
Dextromoramide
Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
Dezocine
Dimenoxadol
Dimethylaminopivalophenone
Eluxadoline
Diamorphine (heroin)
Dihydrocodeine
Dihydroetorphine
Dihydromorphine
Dinalbuphine sebacate
Diphenoxylate
Dipipanone
Dynorphin A
Embutramide
Endomorphin-1
Endomorphin-2
Eseroline
Ethylmorphine
Etorphine
Fentanyl
Fluorophen
Frakefamide
Furanylfentanyl
Hemorphin-4
Herkinorin
Hodgkinsine
Hydrocodone
Hydromorphinol
Hydromorphone
IBNtxA
Ketamine
Ketobemidone
Kratom
Laudanosine
Lefetamine
Leu-enkephalin
Levacetylmethadol
Levomethorphan
Levorphanol
Lexanopadol
Loperamide
Loxicodegol
Matrine
Meptazinol
Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
Methadone
Metkefamide
Metopon
Mitragynine
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
Morphiceptin
Morphine
Nalbuphine
NalBzOH
Nalmexone
Naltalimide
Neopine
NFEPP
Nicocodeine
Nicodicodeine
Nicomorphine
NKTR-181
Norketamine
Octreotide
Oliceridine
OM-3-MNZ
Oripavine
Oxycodone
Oxymorphazone
Oxymorphonazine
Oxymorphone
Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
OxyPNPH
Papaver somniferum (opium)
Pentazocine
Pericine
Pethidine (meperidine)
Phenazocine
Phencyclidine
Piminodine
Piritramide
PL-017
Prodine
Propiram
PZM21
Racemethorphan
Racemorphan
Remifentanil
Salsolinol
SC-17599
Sinomenine
Sufentanil
Tapentadol
Tetrahydropapaveroline
TH-030418
Thebaine
Thienorphine
Tianeptine
Tilidine
Tramadol
Trimebutine
TRIMU 5
TRV734
Tubotaiwine
U-47700
Valorphin
Viminol
Xorphanol
PAMs: BMS-986121
BMS-986122
Antagonists: (3S,4S)-Picenadol
2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
3CS-nalmefene
4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
4′-Hydroxyflavanone
4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
6β-Naltrexol
6β-Naltrexol-d4
18-MC
α-Gliadin
β-Chlornaltrexamine
β-Funaltrexamine
Akuammine
Alvimopan
AM-251
Apigenin
AT-076
Axelopran
Bevenopran
Catechin
Catechin gallate
Clocinnamox
CTAP
CTOP
Cyclofoxy
Cyprodime
Diacetylnalorphine
Diprenorphine
ECG
EGC
Epicatechin
Eptazocine
Gemazocine
Ginsenoside R
Hyperoside
Ibogaine
Levallorphan
Lobeline
LY-255582
LY-2196044
Methocinnamox
Methylnaltrexone
Methylsamidorphan chloride
Naldemedine
Nalmefene
Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
Nalorphine
Nalorphine dinicotinate
Naloxazone
Naloxegol
Naloxol
Naloxonazine
Naloxone
Naltrexazone
Naltrexonazine
Naltrexone
Naltrindole
Naringenin
Noribogaine
Oxilorphan
Pawhuskin A
Rimonabant
Quadazocine
Samidorphan
Taxifolin
Unknown/unsorted: Cannabidiol
Coronaridine
Cyproterone acetate
Dihydroakuuamine
Tabernanthine
Tetrahydrocannabinol
DOR
Agonists: 3CS-nalmefene
6'-GNTI
7-SIOM
ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
ADL-5859
Alazocine (SKF-10047)
Amoxapine
AR-M100390 (ARM390)
AZD2327
β-Endorphin
BAM-18P
Biphalin
BU-48
Butorphan
Butorphanol
BW-373U86
Casokefamide
Cebranopadol
Codeine
Cyclazocine
DADLE
Deltorphin A
Deltorphin I
Deltorphin II
Desmethylclozapine
Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
Dezocine
Diamorphine (heroin)
Dihydroetorphine
Dihydromorphine
DPDPE
DPI-221
DPI-3290
DSLET
Ethylketazocine
Etorphine
Fentanyl
FIT
Fluorophen
Hemorphin-4
Hydrocodone
Hydromorphone
Ibogaine
Isomethadone
JNJ-20788560
KNT-127
Kratom
Laudanosine
Leu-enkephalin
Levomethorphan
Levorphanol
Lexanopadol
Lofentanil
Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
Metazocine
Metkefamide
Mitragynine
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
Morphine
N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
Norbuprenorphine
NalBzOH
Oripavine
Oxycodone
Oxymorphone
Pethidine (meperidine)
Proglumide
Racemethorphan
Racemorphan
RWJ-394674
Samidorphan
SB-235863
SNC-80
SNC-162
TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
TH-030418
Thebaine
Thiobromadol (C-8813)
Tonazocine
Tramadol
TRV250
Xorphanol
Zenazocine
Antagonists: 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
5'-NTII
6β-Naltrexol
6β-Naltrexol-d4
α-Santolol
β-Chlornaltrexamine
Apigenin
AT-076
Axelopran
Bevenopran
BNTX
Catechin
Catechin gallate
Clocinnamox
Diacetylnalorphine
Diprenorphine
ECG
EGC
Eluxadoline
Epicatechin
ICI-154129
ICI-174864
LY-255582
LY-2196044
Methylnaltrexone
Methylnaltrindole
N-Benzylnaltrindole
Nalmefene
Nalorphine
Naltrexone
Naltriben
Naltrindole
Naloxone
Naringenin
Noribogaine
Pawhuskin A
Quadazocine
SDM25N
SoRI-9409
Taxifolin
Thienorphine
Unknown/unsorted: 18-MC
Cannabidiol
Coronaridine
Cyproterone acetate
Tabernanthine
Tetrahydrocannabinol
KOR
Agonists: 3CS-nalmefene
6'-GNTI
8-CAC
18-MC
14-Methoxymetopon
β-Chlornaltrexamine
β-Funaltrexamine
Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
Akuuamicine
Alazocine (SKF-10047)
Allomatrine
Apadoline
Asimadoline
BAM-12P
BAM-18P
BAM-22P
Big dynorphin
Bremazocine
BRL-52537
Butorphan
Butorphanol
BW-373U86
Cebranopadol
Ciprefadol
CR665
Cyclazocine
Cyclorphan
Cyprenorphine
Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
Diamorphine (heroin)
Diacetylnalorphine
Difelikefalin
Dihydroetorphine
Dihydromorphine
Dinalbuphine sebacate
Diprenorphine
Dynorphin A
Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
Eluxadoline
Enadoline
Eptazocine
Erinacine E
Ethylketazocine
Etorphine
Fedotozine
Fentanyl
Gemazocine
GR-89696
GR-103545
Hemorphin-4
Herkinorin
HS665
Hydromorphone
HZ-2
Ibogaine
ICI-199,441
ICI-204,448
Ketamine
Ketazocine
Laudanosine
Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
Levallorphan
Levomethorphan
Levorphanol
Lexanopadol
Lofentanil
LPK-26
Lufuradom
Matrine
MB-1C-OH
Menthol
Metazocine
Metkefamide
Mianserin
Mirtazapine
Morphine
Moxazocine
MR-2034
N-MPPP
Nalbuphine
NalBzOH
Nalfurafine
Nalmefene
Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
Nalorphine
Naltriben
Niravoline
Norbuprenorphine
Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
Noribogaine
Norketamine
Oripavine
Oxilorphan
Oxycodone
Pentazocine
Pethidine (meperidine)
Phenazocine
Proxorphan
Racemethorphan
Racemorphan
RB-64
Salvinorin A (salvia)
Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
Samidorphan
Spiradoline (U-62,066)
TH-030418
Thienorphine
Tifluadom
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline)
U-50,488
U-54,494A
U-69,593
Xorphanol
Antagonists: 4′-Hydroxyflavanone
4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
5'-GNTI
6'-GNTI
6β-Naltrexol
6β-Naltrexol-d4
β-Chlornaltrexamine
Buprenorphine/samidorphan
Amentoflavone
ANTI
Apigenin
Arodyne
AT-076
Axelopran
AZ-MTAB
Binaltorphimine
BU09059
Buprenorphine
Catechin
Catechin gallate
CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
Clocinnamox
Cyclofoxy
Dezocine
DIPPA
EGC
ECG
Epicatechin
Hyperoside
JDTic
LY-255582
LY-2196044
LY-2444296
LY-2459989
LY-2795050
MeJDTic
Methylnaltrexone
ML190
ML350
MR-2266
N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
Naloxone
Naltrexone
Naltrindole
Naringenin
Norbinaltorphimine
Noribogaine
Pawhuskin A
PF-4455242
RB-64
Quadazocine
Taxifolin
UPHIT
Zyklophin
Unknown/unsorted: Akuammicine
Akuammine
Coronaridine
Cyproterone acetate
Dihydroakuuamine
Ibogamine
Tabernanthine
NOP
Agonists: (Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2
(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2
Ac-RYYRWK-NH2
Ac-RYYRIK-NH2
BU08070
Buprenorphine
Cebranopadol
Dihydroetorphine
Etorphine
JNJ-19385899
Levomethorphan
Levorphanol
Levorphanol
Lexanopadol
MCOPPB
MT-7716
NNC 63-0532
Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
Nociceptin (1-11)
Nociceptin (1-13)NH2
Norbuprenorphine
Racemethorphan
Racemorphan
Ro64-6198
Ro65-6570
SCH-221510
SCH-486757
SR-8993
SR-16435
TH-030418
Antagonists: (Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2
AT-076
BAN-ORL-24
BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
J-113397
JTC-801
NalBzOH
Nociceptin (1-7)
Nocistatin
SB-612111
SR-16430
Thienorphine
Trap-101
UFP-101
Unsorted
β-Casomorphins
Amidorphin
BAM-20P
Cytochrophin-4
Deprolorphin
Gliadorphin (gluteomorphin)
Gluten exorphins
Hemorphins
Kava constituents
MEAGL
MEAP
NEM
Neoendorphins
Nepetalactone (catnip)
Peptide B
Peptide E
Peptide F
Peptide I
Rubiscolins
Soymorphins
Others
Enkephalinase inhibitors: Amastatin
BL-2401
Candoxatril
D -Phenylalanine
Dexecadotril (retorphan)
Ecadotril (sinorphan)
Kelatorphan
Racecadotril (acetorphan)
RB-101
RB-120
RB-3007
Opiorphan
Selank
Semax
Spinorphin
Thiorphan
Tynorphin
Ubenimex (bestatin)
Propeptides: β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
Prodynorphin
Proenkephalin
Pronociceptin
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
Others: Kyotorphin (met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators
show
v
t
e
Sigma receptor modulators
σ1
Agonists: 3-PPP
4-PPBP
5-MeO-DMT
Alazocine (SKF-10047)
Amantadine
ANAVEX2-73
Arketamine
BD-737
BD-1052
Captodiame
Citalopram
CGRP
Cloperastine
Cocaine
Cutamesine (SA-4503)
Cyclazocine
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (prasterone)
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (prasterone sulfate)
Dextrallorphan
Dextromethorphan (DXM)
Dextrorphan (DXO)
Dimemorfan
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
Donepezil
Eliprodil
Escitalopram
Fabomotizole (afobazole)
Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Ifenprodil
Igmesine (JO-1784)
IPAB
Ketamine
L-687384
MDMA (midomafetamine)
Memantine
Methamphetamine
Methoxetamine
Methylphenidate
Nepinalone
Neuropeptide Y
Noscapine
OPC-14523
Opipramol
Pentazocine
Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane)
PRE-084
Pregnenolone
Pregnenolone sulfate
Pridopidine
Racemethorphan (methorphan)
Racemorphan (morphanol)
UMB-23
UMB-82
Antagonists: 3-PPP
AC-927
BD-1008
BD-1031
BD-1047
BD-1060
BD-1063
BD-1067
BMY-14802 (BMS-181100)
CM-156
Dup-734
E-5842
E-52862 (S1RA)
Haloperidol
LR-132
LR-172
MS-377
NE-100
NPC-16377
Panamesine (EMD-57455)
PD-144418
Pentazocine
Progesterone
Rimcazole (BW-234U)
Sertraline
SR-31742A
Allosteric modulators: Phenytoin; Positive: Methylphenylpiracetam
SOMCL-668
Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan
3-MeO-PCP
4C-T-2
4-IBP
4-IPBS
4-MeO-PCP
5-MeO-DALT
5-MeO-DiPT
Amitriptyline
Azidopamil
Chlorpromazine
Clemastine
Clomipramine
Clorgiline
D-Deprenyl
DiPT
DPT
Ibogaine
Imipramine
KCR-12-83.1
Nemonapride
Noribogaine
RHL-033
RS-67,333
RTI-55
Saffron
Safinamide
Selegiline
Spipethiane
Trifluoperazine
W-18
YKP10A
σ2
Agonists: 3-PPP
Arketamine
BD-1047
BD1063
Ditolylguanidine (DTG)
DKR-1005
DKR-1051
Haloperidol
Ifenprodil
Ketamine
MDMA (midomafetamine)
Methamphetamine
OPC-14523
Opipramol
PB-28
Phencyclidine
Siramesine (Lu 28-179)
UKH-1114
Antagonists: AC-927
BD-1008
BD-1067
CM-156
CT-1812
LR-172
MIN-101
Panamesine (EMD-57455)
SAS-0132
Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan
3-MeO-PCE
4-MeO-PCP
5-MeO-DALT
5-MeO-DiPT
Clemastine
DiPT
DPT
Ibogaine
Nemonapride
Nepinalone
Noribogaine
Pentazocine
RS-67,333
Safinamide
TMA
UMB-23
UMB-82
W-18
Unsorted
Agonists: Berberine
Ethylketazocine
Fourphit
Metaphit
Naluzotan
Tapentadol
Tenocyclidine
Antagonists: AHD1
AZ66
Lamotrigine
Naloxone
SM-21
UMB-100
UMB-101
UMB-103
UMB-116
YZ-011
YZ-069
YZ-185
Allosteric modulators: SKF-83959
Unknown/unsorted: 18-Methoxycoronaridine
BMY-13980
Butaclamol
Caramiphen
Carvotroline
Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)
Chlorpromazine
Cinnarizine
Cinuperone
Clocapramine
Dezocine
EMD-59983
Hypericin (St. John's wort)
Fluphenazine
Gevotroline (WY-47384)
Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
Molindone
Perphenazine
Pimozide
Proadifen
Promethazine
Propranolol
Quinidine
Remoxipride
SL 82.0715
SR-31747A
Tiospirone (BMY-13859)
Venlafaxine
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phencyclidine&oldid=853944327"
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