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List of states with limited recognition
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"Disputed states" redirects here. For a list of territorial disputes including these, see List of territorial disputes.
UN member states which at least one UN member state does not recognise
UN non-member states and observer states recognised by at least one UN member state
UN non-member states recognised by UN non-member states only
UN non-member state not recognised by any state
A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as de jure sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have de facto control of their territory. A number of such entities have existed in the past.
There are two traditional doctrines that provide indicia of how a de jure sovereign state comes into being. The declarative theory defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria:
a defined territory
a permanent population
a government, and
a capacity to enter into relations with other states.
According to the declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. By contrast, the constitutive theory defines a state as a person of international law only if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member of the international community.[1]
Proto-states often reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to statehood. There are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria (with de facto partial or complete control over their claimed territory, a government and a permanent population), but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states. Non-recognition is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory. In other cases, two or more partially recognised states may claim the same territorial area, with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it (as have been the cases of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC), and North and South Korea). Entities that are recognised by only a minority of the world's states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their claims.
In many situations, international non-recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign military force in the territory of the contested entity, making the description of the country's de facto status problematic. The international community can judge this military presence too intrusive, reducing the entity to a puppet state where effective sovereignty is retained by the foreign power. Historical cases in this sense can be seen in Japanese-led Manchukuo or the German-created Slovak Republic and Independent State of Croatia before and during World War II. In the 1996 case Loizidou vs. Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of Northern Cyprus.
There are also entities which do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist de jure as sovereign entities by at least one other state. Historically this has happened in the case of the Holy See (1870–1929), Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (during Soviet annexation), and more recently the State of Palestine at the time of its declaration of independence in 1988. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is currently in this position. See list of governments in exile for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Criteria for inclusion
2 Background
3 Present geopolitical entities by level of recognition
3.1 UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state
3.2 UN observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state
3.3 States that are neither UN members nor UN observers
4 Excluded entities
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
Criteria for inclusion
Women in Somaliland, wearing the colors of the Somaliland flag.
The criteria for inclusion means a polity must claim sovereignty, lack recognition from at least one UN member state, and either:
satisfy the declarative theory of statehood, or
be recognised as a state by at least one UN member state.
Background
Some states are slow to establish relations with new states and thus do not recognise them, despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable relations. These are excluded from the list. Some countries fulfill the declarative criteria, are recognised by the large majority of other states and are members of the United Nations, but are included in the list here because one or more other states do not recognise their statehood, due to territorial claims or other conflicts. There are 193 United Nations (UN) member states. The Holy See and the State of Palestine have observer state status in the United Nations.[2]
Some states maintain informal (officially non-diplomatic) relations with states that do not officially recognise them. The Republic of China (Taiwan) is one such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its Economic and Cultural Offices, which allow regular consular services. This allows the ROC to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it. A total of 56 states, including Germany,[3] Italy,[4] the United States,[5] and the United Kingdom,[6] maintain some form of unofficial mission in the ROC. Kosovo,[7] the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh),[8] the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,[9] Abkhazia,[10] Transnistria,[10] the Sahrawi Republic,[11] Somaliland,[12] and Palestine[13] also host informal diplomatic missions, and/or maintain special delegations or other informal missions abroad.
Present geopolitical entities by level of recognition
UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state
Name
Declared
Status
Other claimants
Further information
References
South Korea 1948 South Korea, independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, North Korea. North Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [14][15]
Republic of Armenia 1991 Armenia, independent since 1991, is not recognised by one UN member, Pakistan, as Pakistan has a position of supporting Azerbaijan since the Nagorno-Karabakh War. None Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [16][17]
Republic of Cyprus 1960 The Republic of Cyprus, independent since 1960, is not recognised by one UN member (Turkey) and one UN non-member (Northern Cyprus), due to the ongoing civil dispute over the island. Northern Cyprus claims part of the island of Cyprus. Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [18][19][20][21]
North Korea 1948 North Korea, independent since 1948, is not recognised by three UN members: France, Japan, South Korea; and one non-UN member: Taiwan.[22][23][24][original research?][25][26] South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [24][27][28][25][26]
People's Republic of China 1949 The People's Republic of China (PRC), proclaimed in 1949, is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of "China", the other being the Republic of China (ROC, also known as Taiwan). The PRC does not accept diplomatic relations with states that recognise the ROC (19 UN members and the Holy See as of 13 June 2017). Most of these states do not officially recognise the PRC as a state, though some states have established relations with the ROC while stating they do not intend to stop recognising the PRC (Kiribati, Nauru).[29][30] Some states which currently recognise only the PRC have attempted simultaneous recognition and relations with the ROC and the PRC in the past (Liberia, Vanuatu).[31][32][33] According to United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, the PRC is the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations.[Note 1] Republic of China claims to be the sole legitimate government over all of China under the Constitution of the Republic of China. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
PRC's diplomatic relations dates of establishment [34]
State of Israel 1948 Israel, founded in 1948, is not recognised by 31 UN members. Syria claims the Golan Heights.
Lebanon claims Shebaa Farms.
Palestine claims areas controlled by Israel. Subject to the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian peace process and broader Arab-Israeli peace process. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition [35][36][37][38]
[39]
UN observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state
Name
Declared
Status
Other claimants
Further information
References
State of Palestine 1988 The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the State of Palestine in 1988. At the time the Israeli Armed Forces had control of most of the proclaimed territory.[40] It is recognised by 136 UN member states and the Holy See,[41] as well as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[42] Today the PLC (Palestinian Legislative Council) executes the government functions in all Palestinian territories outside of Israeli military-controlled zones. Prior to the Council's administration, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was established in 1994 according to the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement.[43] Palestine participates in the United Nations as an observer state,[44] and has membership in the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and UNESCO.[45] It was accorded non-member observer state status at the United Nations by United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19. Israel does not recognise the state of Palestine and controls areas claimed by Palestine.[43] Subject to the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian peace process. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Proposals for a Palestinian state [54][55][56][57][58][59]
States that are neither UN members nor UN observers
States recognised by at least one UN member state
Name
Declared
Status
Other claimants
Further information
References
Republic of Kosovo 2008 Kosovo declared its independence in 2008. It is recognised by 112 UN members and Taiwan, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the Cook Islands, and Niue. The United Nations, as stipulated in Security Council Resolution 1244, has administered the territory since 1999 through the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, with cooperation from the European Union since 2008. It is a member of the International Monetary Fund, World Bank Group, Venice Commission, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the International Olympic Committee, among others. Serbia claims Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition; Political status [60][61]
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1976 Both the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) and Morocco claim sovereignty over the territory of Western Sahara. The SADR, which declared its independence in 1976, has been recognised by 84 UN member states and South Ossetia. 39 states, however, have since retracted or suspended recognition, pending the outcome of a referendum on self-determination.[62][63] Western Sahara is not recognised as part of Morocco by any state, but some states support the Moroccan autonomy plan. Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League. The SADR is a member of the African Union. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 recognised the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and recognised also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.[64] Western Sahara is listed on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. Morocco claims Western Sahara as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition; Political status [65]
Republic of China 1912[Note 2] The Republic of China (ROC, usually called Taiwan), constitutionally formed in 1912, is recognised as the government of the state of China by 19 UN members and the Holy See as of 13 June 2017. All other UN member states do not officially recognise the ROC as a state; some of them regard its controlled territory as de jure part of the People's Republic of China (PRC) while some others have used careful diplomatic language to avoid taking a position as to whether the territory of the ROC is part of the PRC.[Note 1] Throughout the years, the ROC has adopted differing positions towards simultaneous recognition of the ROC and the PRC by other countries.[67] People's Republic of China claims to be the successor of the former Republic of China and claims all of the territory under ROC jurisdiction as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Political status [68]
Republic of South Ossetia 1991 South Ossetia declared its independence in 1991. It has been recognised by five UN member states (Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Nauru, with Tuvalu recognizing but subsequently withdrawing their recognition[69][70]), and four UN non-member states (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Abkhazia, Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and Transnistria).[71][72] Georgia claims both Abkhazia and South Ossetia as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition [73][74]
Republic of Abkhazia 1999 Abkhazia declared its independence in 1999.[75] It has been recognised by six UN member states (Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela and Nauru, with Tuvalu and Vanuatu recognizing[76][77][78][79][80] but subsequently withdrawing their recognition[81][69][70]), and three UN non-member states (South Ossetia, Transnistria and Republic of Artsakh).[71][82] Georgia claims both Abkhazia and South Ossetia as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition [83][73][74][84]
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 1983 Northern Cyprus declared its independence in 1983. It is recognised by one UN member, Turkey. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization have granted Northern Cyprus observer status under the name "Turkish Cypriot State". United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 defines the declaration of independence of Northern Cyprus as legally invalid.[85] The International Court of Justice stated in its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2010 that "the Security Council in an exceptional character attached illegality to the DOI of TRNC because it was, or would have been connected with the unlawful use of force" and "general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence".[86] Cyprus claims Northern Cyprus as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Cyprus dispute [87]
States recognised only by other non-UN member states
Name
Declared
Status
Other claimants
Further information
References
Republic of Artsakh 1991 Artsakh (formerly known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) declared its independence in 1991 (roughly at the same time as Azerbaijan itself when the Soviet Union fell). It is recognised by three UN non-members: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.[72] Azerbaijan claims Artsakh as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Political status [88][89]
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic 1990 The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (also known as Transnistria) declared its independence in 1990. It is recognised by three UN non-members: Abkhazia, Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and South Ossetia. Moldova claims Transnistria as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Political status [88][90]
States not recognised by any other state
Name
Declared
Status
Other claimants
Further information
References
Republic of Somaliland 1991 Somaliland declared its independence from Somalia in 1991. It claims to be the successor to the State of Somaliland, a short lived sovereign state that existed from 26 June 1960 (when the British Somaliland Protectorate gained full independence from the United Kingdom) to 1 July 1960 (when the State of Somaliland united with Somalia to form the Somali Republic). Somaliland is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia. Somalia claims Somaliland as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to) [88][91]
Excluded entities
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a non-state sovereign entity and is not included, as it claims neither statehood nor territory.[92][93][94][95][96] It has established full diplomatic relations with 105 sovereign states as a sovereign subject of international law[97] and participates in the United Nations as an observer entity. Although it is not recognised as a subject of international law by France,[98] the order maintains official, but not diplomatic, relations with France and also with five other states: Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Canada.[99][100]
Uncontacted peoples who either live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.
Entities considered to be micronations are not included.[Note 3] Even though micronations generally claim to be sovereign and independent, it is often debatable whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory.[Note 4] For this reason, micronations are usually not considered of geopolitical relevance. For a list of micronations, see list of micronations.
Those areas undergoing current civil wars and other situations with problems over government succession, regardless of temporary alignment with the inclusion criteria (e.g. by receiving recognition as state or legitimate government), where the conflict is still in its active phase, the situation is too rapidly changing and no relatively stable rump states have emerged yet.
Rebel groups which have declared independence and exert some control over territory, but which reliable sources do not describe as meeting the threshold of a sovereign state under international law. Examples include Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
Those of the current irredentist movements and governments in exile that do not satisfy the inclusion criteria by simultaneously not satisfying the declarative theory and not having been recognised as state or legitimate government by any other state.
See also
International relations portal
Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
Decolonization
Diplomatic recognition
Exclusive mandate
Flags of unrecognized and partially recognized states
Frozen conflict
Government in exile
Irredentism
List of civil wars
List of historical unrecognized states
List of micronations
List of rebel groups that control territory
List of sovereign states
List of territorial disputes
List of rump states
Nation state
List of modern proto-states
Self-determination
Separatism
List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
Sovereignty
Territorial dispute
Territorial integrity
Unilateral declaration of independence
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China claim sovereignty over the whole of China, stating China is de jure a single sovereign entity encompassing both the area controlled by the PRC and the area controlled by the ROC. The position of individual states on this matter varies. Several states fully accept the PRC's position that there is only one China and that the PRC is the sole legitimate representative of China. Other states merely acknowledge this position, while recognising only the PRC as a state. Some states recognise only the ROC as a state, but have expressed an interest in recognition and relations with both the ROC and the PRC.[66]
Jump up ^ Date of constitutional formation.
Jump up ^ Micronations are not included even if they are recognised by another micronation.
Jump up ^ It is far from certain that micronations, which are generally of minuscule size, have sovereign control over their claimed territories, contrasted with the mere disregard and indifference toward micronations’ assertions by the states from which they allege to have seceded. By not deeming such declarations (and other acts of the micronation) important enough to react in any way, these states generally consider micronations to be private property and their claims as unofficial private announcements of individuals, who remain subject to the laws of the states in which their properties are located.
References
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^ Jump up to: a b Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories, depending on special area classification. Israel maintains minimal interference (retaining control of borders: air,[46] sea beyond internal waters,[46][47] land[48]) in the Gaza strip (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control), maximum in "Area C" and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.[49][50][51][52][53] See also Israeli-occupied territories.
[40][49][50][51][52][53]
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^ Jump up to: a b "South Ossetia opens embassy in Abkhazia". The Tiraspol Times. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22.
^ Jump up to: a b (in Russian) Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", - сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." - сказал он." English language translation from Microsoft Translator
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Jump up ^ Vanuatu's initial recognition was invalidated after the Kilman government was annulled by the Supreme Court. Kilman was subsequently re-elected and its recognition was re-confirmed by its Foreign Minister in July 2011: Natapei withdraws recognition of Abkhazia, Vanuatu Daily Post, 19 June 2011
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Jump up ^ "Security Council resolution 541 (1983) on Cyprus". Un.int. Archived from the original on 28 August 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Paragraph 81" (PDF). International Court of Justice. 22 July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Hadar, Leon (16 November 2005). "In Praise of 'Virtual States'". AntiWar. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780199698394. ...there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognized by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.
Jump up ^ BBC Country Profiles: Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Abkhazia: Ten Years On". BBC 2. 2001. Archived from the original on 2009-12-21. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
Jump up ^ BBC Country Profiles: Regions and territories: Somaliland. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
Jump up ^ "La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica". Venezuela Analitica. 1 May 1999. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. English language translation "The Order of Malta, within the limits that are compatible with its actual position as a subject deprived of territory, is in the international community, a sovereign entity on par with the States, and the Prince Grand Master is comparable, from the point of view of international law, to the Heads of State."
Jump up ^ Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York "The admission of Order of Malta to the United Nations also further solidified its legally recognized sovereignty ..."
Jump up ^ Shaw, Malcolm Nathan International Law Fifth Edition Cambridge University Press 2003 ISBN 0-521-82473-7 p. 218 Searchable text, available via Amazon.com, "The Italian Court of Cassation in 1935 recognised the international personality of the Order, noting that ‘the modern theory of the subjects of international law recognises a number of collective units whose composition is independent of the nationality of their constituent members and whose scope transcends by virtue of their universal character the territorial confines of any single state.’ (Nanni v. Pace and the Sovereign Order of Malta 8 AD, p. 2. See also …)"
Jump up ^ "Reconócese a la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta como Entidad Internacionál Independiente". Boletín Oficiál de la República Argentina, Año LIX, Número 16.92. Buenos Aires. 19 June 1951. p. 1. "The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Argentina, in Congress assembled, enact as LAW: Article 1 – The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is hereby recognized as an international independent entity."
Jump up ^ "La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica". Venezuela Analitica. 1 May 1999. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. English language translation "[T]he clear territorial separation of sovereign areas that exists between the Italian State and the State of Vatican City does not exist between the Order of Malta and the Italian State, but neither can it be said that the treatment given to the headquarters of the Order (Aventine, Via Condotti) is, simply, that reserved for the headquarters of diplomatic missions accredited to the Italian State. In fact, the headquarters of the Order have diplomatic extraterritoriality (authoritarian acts of any kind – executive, acts of inspection, judicial – cannot take place inside), but in addition, the Italian State recognizes the exercise, in the headquarters, of the prerogatives of sovereignty. This means that Italian sovereignty and Maltese sovereignty coexist without overlapping, because the Order exercises sovereign functions in a wider area than occurs in the diplomatic missions of the States for, although [those diplomatic missions] enjoy extraterritoriality, the guarantees deriving from the privilege of immunity are constrained to a purely administrative area; the Order, instead, makes use of extraterritoriality to meet the very acts of sovereign self-determination that are the same as the States (legislative, judicial, administrative, financial acts)."
Jump up ^ The Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintains embassies around the world and receives accreditations from foreign ambassadors.
Jump up ^ "The Sovereignty of the Order of Malta". heraldica.org.
Jump up ^ Ordine di Malta. "Bilateral relations". orderofmalta.org. Archived from the original on 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Schengen States Visa Working Party - Table of travel documents". Council of the European Union. 27 June 2010. Archived from the original (Online PDF) on 20 November 2010.
Further reading
Geldenhuys, Deon (2009). Contested States in World Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23418-5.
Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199698394.
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text:
Life Is Strange: Before the Storm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Life Is Strange: Before the Storm
Developer(s)
Deck Nine
Publisher(s)
Square Enix
Director(s)
Webb Pickersgill
Chris Floyd
Producer(s)
David Lawrence Hein
Zoe Brown
Designer(s)
William Beacham
Programmer(s)
Mark Lyons
Danielle Cheah
Artist(s)
Andrew Weatherl
Writer(s)
Ross McCall
Zak Garriss
Composer(s)
Daughter
Engine
Unity
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
Episode 1
WW: 31 August 2017
Episode 2
WW: 19 October 2017
Episode 3
WW: 20 December 2017
Bonus Episode (Only in Deluxe Edition)
WW: TBA 2018
Genre(s)
Graphic adventure
Mode(s)
Single-player
Life Is Strange: Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix. The three episodes were released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One between August and December 2017. It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series, set as a prequel to the first game, focusing on sixteen-year-old Chloe Price and her relationship with schoolmate Rachel Amber. Gameplay concerns itself mostly with the use of branching dialogues.
Deck Nine started developing the game in 2016, using the Unity game engine. Voice actors from the original game did not appear in Before the Storm on account of the SAG-AFTRA strike, but reprised their roles in a bonus episode once the strike was resolved. The game's original score was written and performed by the British rock band Daughter.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
3 Development
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Awards
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Chloe engages in a conversation with Rachel Amber (pictured)
Life Is Strange: Before the Storm is a graphic adventure played from a third-person view. The player assumes control of sixteen-year-old Chloe Price, three years prior to Life Is Strange. Unlike its predecessor, the game does not include time travel. Instead, Before the Storm features the ability "Backtalk", with which the player can call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations; "Backtalk" may also make a situation worse. A dialogue tree is used when a conversation or commentary is prompted. Occasional decisions will temporarily or permanently change outcomes. The environment can be interacted with and altered, including marking walls with graffiti.[1][2]
Plot[edit]
In her Oregon hometown of Arcadia Bay, sixteen-year-old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill. Conflict arises with two men inside, whom she evades when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction. The next day, Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class, stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point. They people-watch through a viewfinder and see a man and woman kiss in the park, which upsets Rachel. They steal wine from local campers and take a walk to a scrapyard. Chloe confronts Rachel about her change in mood, but is refused an answer. After Rachel leaves, Chloe discovers the wrecked car in which her father was killed. She meets up with Rachel again, who discloses that she witnessed her father, James, cheating on her mother through the viewfinder. Rachel destroys a family photo in a burning trash bin, and in a fit of rage kicks it over, igniting a wildfire.[3]
The next day, Chloe and Rachel are reprimanded by Principal Wells for ditching school. Chloe hides out at the scrapyard where she finds an old truck in need of repairing. She then receives a call from local drug dealer Frank Bowers, who arranges a meeting to discuss settling her debt with him. Chloe agrees to repay him by helping him steal money from her classmate Drew, who owes Frank a large sum. However, Chloe finds out that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer, Damon Merrick, and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it. When later a student is unable to participate in the school's theater production of The Tempest due to road closures from the wildfire, Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel. After the play, they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the newly repaired truck and return to Rachel's house to pack. There, following a confrontation, James reveals that the woman they saw him kissing was not a mistress, but in fact Rachel's biological mother.[4]
Rachel is told that her mother, Sera, is a drug addict, and that on the day her father kissed her, he had rejected Sera's plea to see Rachel. Chloe vows to find Rachel's mother, against James' wishes. Chloe contacts Frank, who agrees to meet her at the scrapyard. She repairs the truck there before Rachel arrives. They are ambushed by Frank and Damon, who stabs Rachel after he realises she is the district attorney's daughter. Surviving the wound, Rachel recovers at the hospital. Chloe continues the search by investigating James' office for clues about Sera, instead revealing that James has been in contact with Damon; Chloe uses James' phone to convince Damon to disclose where Sera is located, and finds out that Damon has kidnapped her for ransom. She races to Damon to pay him off, but learns when she reaches him that James wanted him to kill Sera. Frank appears and fights Damon, after which Sera entreats that Chloe never tell Rachel about James' actions. Back at the hospital, Chloe is faced with a choice: tell Rachel everything or protect her from the truth.[5]
Development[edit]
Publisher Square Enix chose Deck Nine to develop the prequel to Life Is Strange after the developer's proprietary StoryForge tools had made an impression.[6] Development started in 2016 with the Unity game engine, with some development assistance from Square Enix London Studios.[7] Rhianna DeVries, who initially did the game's motion capture for Chloe Price, voices the character, while the original voice actress Ashly Burch serves as writing consultant.[1][8][9] Burch did not reprise her role due to the SAG-AFTRA strike.[10] With the strike over, Burch and Hannah Telle, who voiced Max Caulfield in Life Is Strange, will return for a bonus episode.[11] The game went under different working titles during casting,[12] according to Kylie Brown, who was cast as Rachel Amber (then codenamed Rebecca) in February 2017.[13] The music was written and performed by the British indie folk band Daughter, and released as an official soundtrack by Glassnote Records on 1 September 2017.[14] Instrumentation was employed to represent different sides of the lead character: piano for isolation, electric guitar for rebelliousness, and layered vocals for friendship.[15] Daughter took the script and concept artwork as inspiration.[16] The writers researched memoirs and psychology to understand the grieving process of the main character.[17]
Release[edit]
Prior to its official announcement, images had leaked online indicating that a prequel to Life Is Strange was in development.[18] Square Enix revealed Life Is Strange: Before the Storm on 11 June during E3 2017, stating that it would be released over three chapters starting on 31 August for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[1] The Deluxe Edition includes the bonus chapter "Farewell"—featuring Max Caulfield of the original game as a playable character—three additional outfits, and Mixtape Mode, allowing players to customise playlists with the game's soundtrack.[2] The bonus episode will launch in early 2018.[19]
Episode
Release date
"Episode 1: Awake"[20] 31 August 2017
"Episode 2: Brave New World"[21] 19 October 2017[22]
"Episode 3: Hell Is Empty"[21] 20 December 2017[23]
"Bonus Episode: Farewell" TBA 2018
Reception[edit]
Aggregate review scores
Game
Metacritic
Episode 1: Awake
(PC) 80/100[24]
(PS4) 78/100[25]
(XONE) 79/100[26]
Episode 2: Brave New World
(PC) 76/100[27]
(PS4) 79/100[28]
(XONE) 76/100[29]
Episode 3: Hell Is Empty
(PC) 76/100[30]
(PS4) 79/100[31]
Critics appraised Episode 1: Awake the most on its character development of Chloe Price and Rachel Amber.[32][33][34][35] Jeremy Peeples of Hardcore Gamer found Chloe's behaviour "endearing" and noted that her personality was portrayed with multiple layers. Sam Loveridge at GamesRadar wrote that Rachel was the more authentic character on account of her more "grounded" dialogue. Despite disparaging Chloe for being "her same tiresomely combative self" early on, Metro saw her fleshed out by enduring the loss of her father. Game Informer's Kimberley Wallace thought the younger version of Chloe brought a "naivety and vulnerability" worthy of sympathy. Conversely, the relationship between the leads was said to have formed "at unnatural speed". Peeples and Loveridge favoured the "Backtalk" gameplay feature, while Metro and Wallace cared little for it. Otherwise lauded were the story, graphics, voice acting, and soundtrack.[36][37][38][39]
Reviewers found Episode 2: Brave New World to either be better than the first installment or one of the series' greatest.[40][41] Metro praised how choices made a difference with a "profound effect" on character arc, while Ozzie Mejia of Shacknews relished in Chloe's "genuine growth" contrasting her "fiery spirit". Similarly, Game Informer's Joe Juba appreciated the continued comprehension of the character, declaring this "its biggest strength". However, Juba's biggest complaint echoed that of Wallace, in reference to the "forced" manner with which Chloe and Rachel are made friends. Brett Makedonski, writing for Destructoid, thought that the character exposition was done "to great effect". Most noted was The Tempest school play sequence, which Metro stated as their favorite; Mejia called "one of the funniest" in Before the Storm; and Juba observed as the culmination of all past choices. Metro criticised the script for being "uneven" and disapproved of the voice acting. Mejia felt the ending could have been done away with, saying it was "a bit drawn out", though he was impressed with the progression of the Backtalk feature.[40][41][42][43]
Awards[edit]
Following E3 2017, Life Is Strange: Before the Storm received one of GamesRadar's Best of E3 awards[44] and was nominated for Hardcore Gamer's Adventure Game award.[45] It was nominated in the Games for Impact category at The Game Awards 2017.[46] At the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards, it was nominated for Best Audio and Best Performer for Kylie Brown.[47] Eurogamer ranked the game 16th on their list of the "Top 50 Games of 2017".[48]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Sarkar, Samit (11 June 2017). "Life is Strange prequel Before the Storm debuts this summer (update)". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Matulef, Jeffrey (13 June 2017). "Life is Strange prequel's Max-based bonus episode is a Deluxe Edition exclusive". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Deck Nine (31 August 2017). Life Is Strange: Before the Storm. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level/area: Episode 1: Awake.
Jump up ^ Deck Nine (19 October 2017). Life Is Strange: Before the Storm. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level/area: Episode 2: Brave New World.
Jump up ^ Deck Nine (20 December 2017). Life Is Strange: Before the Storm. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level/area: Episode 3: Hell Is Empty.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Jem (July 2017). "Life Will Be Strange". Develop. No. 184. p. 17. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Robertson, John (12 July 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm is Chloe's game". Red Bull Games.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (19 June 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm dev on Ashly Burch's absence, season pass kerfuffle and more". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Hardawar, Devindra (24 August 2017). "'Life is Strange: Before the Storm' is all about being a wiseass teen". Engadget. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (13 June 2017). "Three-part Life is Strange prequel confirmed". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (30 November 2017). "Original Life is Strange actresses return for special episode". Polygon. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Riaz, Adnan (7 November 2017). "Kylie Brown: 'I Was Nervous, But Ecstatic,' to Voice Rachel Amber in Life Is Strange: Before the Storm". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Browne, Emily (11 December 2017). "Talking to the voice of Rachel from Life is Strange: Before the Storm". PC Gamer.
Jump up ^ Kress, Bryan (9 August 2017). "Watch London Trio Daughter Create Music for 'Life Is Strange: Before The Storm' Video Game". Billboard. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Biery, Thomas (24 August 2017). "How Life is Strange: Before the Storm's music brings out Chloe's emotions". Polygon. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Diver, Mike (29 August 2017). "Scoring with Chloe: Daughter's OST for Life Is Strange: Before the Storm". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Conditt, Jessica (23 November 2017). "How 'Life is Strange' landed in Deck Nine's hands". Engadget. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Schreier, Jason (2 June 2017). "Images Of Apparent Life Is Strange Prequel Pop Up". Kotaku. Univision Communications. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Lucas (28 December 2017). "The minds behind Life is Strange: Before the Storm talk Farewell reunions, Backtalk challenges, and asking players to be more aggro". GamesRadar.
Jump up ^ Jones, Gary (14 June 2017). "Life is Strange Before the Storm: Chloe and Rachel's next adventures REVEALED". Daily Express. Northern & Shell. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Deck Nine (31 August 2017). Life Is Strange: Before the Storm. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One. Square Enix. Level/area: Main menu.
Jump up ^ Nunneley, Stephany (12 October 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm – Episode 2 has a release date and a new trailer". VG247. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Gilyadov, Alex (5 December 2017). "Life Is Strange: Before The Storm Episode 3 Release Date Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - Episode 1: Awake PC". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - Episode 1: Awake PlayStation 4". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - Episode 1: Awake Xbox One". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - Episode 2: Brave New World PC". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - Episode 2: Brave New World PlayStation 4". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - Episode 2: Brave New World Xbox One". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - Episode 3: Hell is Empty PC". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - Episode 3: Hell is Empty PlayStation 4". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ Clark, Justin (1 September 2017). "Life Is Strange: Before The Storm - Episode 1 - Awake Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Hillier, Brenna (1 September 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm Ep 1 review – abandon the SS Pricefield, all aboard whatever we're calling the Chloe Rachel ship". VG247. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Bell, Alice (1 September 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm review in progress". VideoGamer.com.
Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh, Megan (1 September 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm is fan service at its finest". The Verge. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Peeples, Jeremy (31 August 2017). "Review: Life is Strange: Before the Storm – Episode 1: Awake". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Loveridge, Sam (31 August 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm Episode One review: "It's touching, poignant, and will definitely move you"". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life Is Strange: Before The Storm Episode 1 review – Awake". Metro. 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Kimberley (31 August 2017). "Life Is Strange: Before The Storm – Awake". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Life Is Strange: Before The Storm Episode 2 review – Brave New World". Metro. 20 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mejia, Ozzie (20 October 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm - 'Brave New World' Impressions". Shacknews. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Makedonski, Brett (19 October 2017). "Review: Life is Strange: Before the Storm: Brave New World". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Juba, Joe (20 October 2017). "Life Is Strange: Before the Storm – Brave New World". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff (19 June 2017). "GamesRadar+ E3 awards - our best, most exciting games of E3 2017". GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff (21 June 2017). "Best of E3 2017 – Day Three: Fighter, Adventure, RPG, Shooter, Action". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff (14 November 2017). "The Game Awards 2017: List of Nominees". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Dwan, Hannah (3 November 2017). "Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Last chance to vote for your favourite video games of the year". The Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff (29 December 2017). "Eurogamer's Top 50 Games of 2017: 20-11". Eurogamer.
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