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Linear variable differential transformer
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Cutaway view of an LVDT. Current is driven through the primary coil at A, causing an induction current to be generated through the secondary coils at B.
Principle of rotary variable differential transformer
The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) (also called linear variable displacement transformer,[1] linear variable displacement transducer, [2] or simply differential transformer[3]) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement (position). A counterpart to this device that is used for measuring rotary displacement is called a rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT).
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Operation
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Introduction[edit]
LVDTs are robust, absolute linear position/displacement transducers; inherently frictionless, they have a virtually infinite cycle life when properly used. As AC operated LVDTs do not contain any electronics, they can be designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures or up to 1200 °F (650 °C), in harsh environments, under high vibration and shock levels. LVDTs have been widely used in applications such as power turbines, hydraulics, automation, aircraft, satellites, nuclear reactors, and many others. These transducers have low hysteresis and excellent repeatability.
The LVDT converts a position or linear displacement from a mechanical reference (zero, or null position) into a proportional electrical signal containing phase (for direction) and amplitude (for distance) information. The LVDT operation does not require an electrical contact between the moving part (probe or core assembly) and the coil assembly, but instead relies on electromagnetic coupling.
Operation[edit]
The linear variable differential transformer has three solenoidal coils placed end-to-end around a tube. The center coil is the primary, and the two outer coils are the top and bottom secondaries. A cylindrical ferromagnetic core, attached to the object whose position is to be measured, slides along the axis of the tube. An alternating current drives the primary and causes a voltage to be induced in each secondary proportional to the length of the core linking to the secondary.[3] The frequency is usually in the range 1 to 10 kHz.
As the core moves, the primary's linkage to the two secondary coils changes and causes the induced voltages to change. The coils are connected so that the output voltage is the difference (hence "differential") between the top secondary voltage and the bottom secondary voltage. When the core is in its central position, equidistant between the two secondaries, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary coils, but the two signals cancel, so the output voltage is theoretically zero. In practice minor variations in the way in which the primary is coupled to each secondary means that a small voltage is output when the core is central.
This small residual voltage is due to phase shift and is often called quadrature error. It is a nuisance in closed loop control systems as it can result in oscillation about the null point, and may be unacceptable in simple measurement applications too. It is a consequence of using synchronous demodulation, with direct subtraction of the secondary voltages at AC. Modern systems, particularly those involving safety, require fault detection of the LVDT, and the normal method is to demodulate each secondary separately, using precision half wave or full wave rectifiers, based on op-amps, and compute the difference by subtracting the DC signals. Because, for constant excitation voltage, the sum of the two secondary voltages is almost constant throughout the operating stroke of the LVDT, its value remains within a small window and can be monitored such that any internal failures of the LVDT will cause the sum voltage to deviate from its limits and be rapidly detected, causing a fault to be indicated. There is no quadrature error with this scheme, and the position-dependent difference voltage passes smoothly through zero at the null point.
Where digital processing in the form of a microprocessor or FPGA is available in the system, it is customary for the processing device to carry out the fault detection, and possibly ratiometric [4] processing to improve accuracy, by dividing the difference in secondary voltages by the sum of the secondary voltages, to make the measurement independent of the exact amplitude of the excitation signal. If sufficient digital processing capacity is available, it is becoming commonplace to use this to generate the sinusoidal excitation via a DAC and possibly also perform the secondary demodulation via a multiplexed ADC.
When the core is displaced toward the top, the voltage in the top secondary coil increases as the voltage in the bottom decreases. The resulting output voltage increases from zero. This voltage is in phase with the primary voltage. When the core moves in the other direction, the output voltage also increases from zero, but its phase is opposite to that of the primary. The phase of the output voltage determines the direction of the displacement (up or down) and amplitude indicates the amount of displacement. A synchronous detector can determine a signed output voltage that relates to the displacement.
The LVDT is designed with long slender coils to make the output voltage essentially linear over displacement up to several inches (several hundred millimetres) long.
The LVDT can be used as an absolute position sensor. Even if the power is switched off, on restarting it, the LVDT shows the same measurement, and no positional information is lost. Its biggest advantages are repeatability and reproducibility once it is properly configured. Also, apart from the uni-axial linear motion of the core, any other movements such as the rotation of the core around the axis will not affect its measurements.
Because the sliding core does not touch the inside of the tube, it can move without friction, making the LVDT a highly reliable device. The absence of any sliding or rotating contacts allows the LVDT to be completely sealed against the environment.
LVDTs are commonly used for position feedback in servomechanisms, and for automated measurement in machine tools and many other industrial and scientific applications.
See also[edit]
Dot convention
Linear encoder
Rotary encoder
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.google.com/patents/US4149409
Jump up ^ http://www.omega.com/manuals/manualpdf/M1120.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b Baumeister & Marks 1967, pp. 16–8
Jump up ^ Arun T Vemuri; Matthew Sullivan (2016). "Ratiometric measurements in the context of LVDT-sensor signal conditioning" (PDF). Texas Instruments Industrial Analog Applications Journal. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Baumeister, Theodore; Marks, Lionel S., eds. (1967), Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers (Seventh ed.), McGraw-Hill, LCCN 16-12915
External links[edit]
How LVDTs Work (interactive)
How LVDTs Work
Phasing Explanation
LVDT models and applications
Analog Devices AD598 datasheet
http://www.meas-spec.com/downloads/LVDT_Selection,_Handling_and_Installation_Guidelines.pdf LVDT selection, handling and installation guidelines; describes parameters that are significant in the application of LVDTs
http://www.meas-spec.com/downloads/Principles_of_the_LVDT.pdf The LVDT: construction and principle of operation
http://www.meas-spec.com/downloads/LVDT_Technology.pdf March 2013; pictures of internal construction; cross-axis rejection, shielding, corrosion issues
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Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 2)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 2)
Season 2 U.S. DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
23
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 29, 2002 (2002-09-29) – May 18, 2003 (2003-05-18)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent episodes
The second season of Law & Order: Criminal Intent premiered September 29, 2002 and ended May 18, 2003 on NBC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Cast
2.1 Primary cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Notable guest stars
3 Episodes
4 References
Production[edit]
Law & Order: Criminal Intent was renewed a second season in May 2002 and production began in Summer 2002. Show runner/executive producer René Balcer became head writer this season, writing every episode of the season.
Peter Jankowski was promoted to executive producer this season; last season Jankowski was a co-executive producer. Co-executive producers this season were Fred Berner, Arthur W. Forney, and Theresa Rebeck with John L. Roman and Michael Kewley serving as producers. Supervising producers were Roz Weinman and Marlane Gomard Meyer. Original Law & Order writer and co-executive producer at the time, Michael S. Chernuchin was consulting producer and Tim DeLuca as associate producer. Mary Rae Thewlis became co-producer starting with the 6th episode, "Malignant". Warren Leight, who later became co-executive producer and then show runner/executive producer, began as a producer with the 10th episode, "Con-Text". Balcer hired Leight from a recommendation by co-executive producer, Theresa Rebeck.
Cast[edit]
Primary cast[edit]
See also: List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent characters
Vincent D'Onofrio as Detective Robert Goren
Kathryn Erbe as Detective Alexandra Eames
Jamey Sheridan as Captain James Deakins
Courtney B. Vance as ADA Ron Carver
Recurring cast[edit]
Leslie Hendrix as Chief Medical Examiner Elizabeth Rodgers
Notable guest stars[edit]
Jay O. Sanders as Harry Rowan
Jim Gaffigan as Russell Matthews
Tim Guinee as David Bishop
Liam Aiken as Robbie Bishop
Lisa Eichhorn as Dr. Leonard
Olivia d'Abo as Nicole Wallace / Elizabeth Hitchens
Linda Emond as Dr. Christine Fellowes
Peter Gerety as George Dawkins
Daniel London as Mark Bayley
Reg E. Cathey as Professor Roland Sanders
David Marshall Grant as Assistant District Attorney Peter Bonham
Susan Floyd as Attorney Linda Bonham
Peter Frechette as Stuart Gaston
Frank Wood as George Weems
Kim Chan as Mr. Hsu
Elizabeth Wilson as Lucille Mobray
Stephen Tobolowsky as Jim Halliwell
Paul Wasilewski as Luke "Miller
Deirdre Lovejoy as Penny Halliwell
Tammy Blanchard as Sarah Eldon
Merritt Wever as Hannah Price
Rider Strong as Ethan Edwards
Linda Lavin as Ursula Sussman
Ned Eisenberg as Danny Sussman
John Benjamin Hickey as Randall Fuller
Mark Blum as Dr. Philip Oliver
Karen Black as Vera Morgan
Lee Tergesen as Keith Ramsey
Amy Ryan as Julie Turner
Hal Linden as Mr. Turner
Christopher Welch as Dr. Thomas Dysart
Victor Argo as Mr. Garcia
Mark Linn-Baker as Wally Stevens
Matthew Arkin as Ben Gergis
Ken Cheeseman as Leo Gergis
Isabel Glasser as Elaine Gergis
Lance Reddick as Jack Bernard
Adam Storke as Mark Dietrich
Mike Starr as Ted Marston
Joel Grey as Milt Winters
Josef Sommer as Spencer Durning
Dennis Christopher as Roger Coffman
Paul Dooley as Stan Coffman
William Sadler as Kyle Devlin
James McCaffrey as Daniel Croydon
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent episodes
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
23
1 "Dead"[1] Darnell Martin Teleplay by: Stephanie Sengupta
Story by: René Balcer & Stephanie Sengupta September 29, 2002 (2002-09-29) E3202 15.80
The murder of a mortician, and the discovery of corpses at a crematorium, leads the detectives to a family man (Jay O. Sanders) who claims to own a consulting business but is suspected of being a contract killer with a penchant for perfection. Goren attempts to prove the man's guilt by setting up a scheme that puts his "fear of making a mistake" in jeopardy.
24
2 "Bright Boy"[2] Frank Prinzi Teleplay by: Marlane Gomard Meyer
Story by: René Balcer & Marlane Gomard Meyer October 6, 2002 (2002-10-06) E3205 14.80
The double murder of a social services worker and a deputy mayor lead the detectives to suspect a couple who may have a grudge against the social worker for taking away their children. When they learn that the social worker had taken special interest in a child prodigy being considered for admission to a prestigious, accelerated school, they examine both the boy (Liam Aiken) and his obsessive father (Tim Guinee).
25
3 "Anti-Thesis"[3] Adam Bernstein Teleplay by: Eric Overmyer
Story by: René Balcer, Eric Overmyer & Dick Wolf October 13, 2002 (2002-10-13) E3203 14.60
As Goren and Eames sift through the likely suspects in the murder of a university president and his assistant, they discover that the culprit is a wily adversary who has more than these crimes to hide.
This episode starts the first appearance of Nicole Wallace portrayed by Olivia d'Abo.
26
4 "Best Defense"[4] Gloria Muzio Teleplay by: Elizabeth M. Cosin
Story by: René Balcer & Elizabeth M. Cosin October 20, 2002 (2002-10-20) E3201 14.70
An assistant district attorney (David Marshall Grant), who had been receiving death threats, confronts and kills a hired gunman. Goren and Eames first suspect his wife, a prominent defense attorney, through a convict whose case was being prosecuted by the A.D.A. and the rumors of her romantic affairs. After he realizes there are cracks in the seemingly airtight case, Goren is forced to keep Carver in the dark about some details to prove his theory.
27
5 "Chinoiserie"[5] David Platt Teleplay by: B. Mason
Story by: René Balcer & B. Mason October 27, 2002 (2002-10-27) E3206 14.10
After a mother of two is shot to death in Chinatown, Goren and Eames first believe her death may be connected to the Tiananmen Square massacre. However, the investigation leads them to a smuggling ring that deals in antiquities.
28
6 "Malignant"[6] Frank Prinzi & Juan J. Campanella Teleplay by: Michael S. Chernuchin
Story by: René Balcer & Michael S. Chernuchin November 3, 2002 (2002-11-03) E3208 15.00
A robbery that involved two fatalities leads to the discovery of a long-running case of tampering with drugs. Goren and Eames have to figure out a way of catching a pharmacist (Stephen Tobolowsky) who has been diluting cancer medication without using the exhumated bodies of patients who had been given the medicine.
29
7 "Tomorrow"[7] Don Scardino Teleplay by: Stephanie Sengupta
Story by: René Balcer & Stephanie Sengupta November 10, 2002 (2002-11-10) E3207 15.90
The detectives investigate a triple murder, including the son and daughter of a wealthy businessman, that occurred in his apartment. After investigating the children's stepmother (his second wife), they turn to a pair of nannies (Tammy Blanchard and Merritt Wever), one of whom works for the family. However, the detectives must reach back to the nannies' history as children, and a television soap opera, to better understand the motives for the crime.
30
8 "The Pilgrim"[8] Darnell Martin Teleplay by: Marlane Gomard Meyer
Story by: René Balcer & Marlane Gomard Meyer November 17, 2002 (2002-11-17) E3210 16.20
The detectives are called to investigate the adult daughter of a retired officer which takes them to a case of terrorism involving someone she knew that includes a shipment of explosives.
31
9 "Shandeh"[9] Steve Shill René Balcer December 1, 2002 (2002-12-01) E3216 13.70
A businesswoman (Linda Lavin) becomes a suspect in the murder of her daughter-in-law, who was strangled in her garage. Disparate bruises on her body lead Goren and Eames to believe that there were two assailants.
32
10 "Con-Text"[10] Alex Zakrzewski Teleplay by: Gerry Conway
Story by: René Balcer & Gerry Conway January 5, 2003 (2003-01-05) E3213 15.00
Goren and Eames run a con of their own on a phony motivational speaker (John Benjamin Hickey) who they suspect exploited a fragile disciple by convincing him to commit murder for profit.
33
11 "Baggage"[12] Constantine Makris Teleplay by: Theresa Rebeck
Story by: Theresa Rebeck & René Balcer January 12, 2003 (2003-01-12) E3209 16.20
When an airline baggage supervisor is found murdered in the trunk of her car, the detectives investigate the employees listed in a sexual harassment complaint which leads them to a scam involving credit cards and credit reports with foreign links.
Inspired by Susan Taraskiewicz case.[11]
34
12 "Suite Sorrow"[13] Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by: Warren Leight
Story by: René Balcer & Warren Leight February 2, 2003 (2003-02-02) E3212 15.30
When the wealthy and matronly owner is found naked and murdered with injections of Botox in the bathtub, detectives Goren and Eames focus on the victim's unstable adult daughter who resented her mother's meddling in her love life.
35
13 "See Me"[14] Steve Shill Teleplay by: Jim Sterling
Story by: René Balcer & Jim Sterling February 9, 2003 (2003-02-09) E3211 15.90
Detectives Goren and Eames come to believe a doctor conducted shameful experiments on the residents of a halfway house.
36
14 "Probability"[15] Frank Prinzi Teleplay by: Gerry Conway
Story by: René Balcer & Gerry Conway February 16, 2003 (2003-02-16) E3218 14.80
While probing the seemingly random murders of several homeless men, Goren and Eames uncover a scam involving a crooked insurance agent (Lance Reddick). However, an unusual twist leads the detectives to an unlikely suspect (Mark Linn-Baker).
37
15 "Monster"[16] Joyce Chopra Teleplay by: Marlane Gomard Meyer
Story by: René Balcer & Marlane Gomard Meyer March 2, 2003 (2003-03-02) E3214 10.80
The murder of a woman in her apartment results in her son (Adam Storke), recently paroled after serving 15 years for murder, becoming the prime suspect. Having consulted with the lead detective on the old case (Mike Starr), Goren and Eames discover he was involved in a cover-up to rush other cases to closure.
38
16 "Cuba Libre"[17] Darnell Martin Teleplay by: Warren Leight
Story by: René Balcer & Warren Leight March 9, 2003 (2003-03-09) E3215 9.70
After the trophy wife of a recently released prison inmate (Joel Grey) is murdered, Goren plays on the man's paranoia to find a connection to another inmate with a hit list.
39
17 "Cold Comfort"[18] Constantine Makris Teleplay by: Stephanie Sengupta
Story by: René Balcer & Stephanie Sengupta March 30, 2003 (2003-03-30) E3217 9.60
When a woman suing her brother over the disposition of their father's remains is found murdered, Goren and Eames discover a concealed parentage and a man willing to go to any extremes to ensure his legacy.
40
18 "Legion"[19] Steve Shill & Frank Prinzi Teleplay by: Theresa Rebeck
Story by: Theresa Rebeck & René Balcer April 6, 2003 (2003-04-06) E3219 15.60
When a father and son are found with their throats slit, the detectives discover a group of adolescent boys have disappeared from the same neighborhood. When the locals don't cooperate with the investigation, the police believe the boys are being used by someone operating a bicycle theft ring.
41
19 "Cherry Red"[20] Frank Prinzi Teleplay by: Jim Sterling
Story by: René Balcer & Jim Sterling April 27, 2003 (2003-04-27) E3221 13.40
The detectives try to figure out a mystery after an elderly woman dies in a fire. The mystery deepens when the young woman who has been left some of the dead woman's estate is murdered. The case takes them to a state public administrator (Dennis Christopher) who has invented a new form of grave-robbing.
42
20 "Blink"[21] Don Scardino Teleplay by: Gerry Conway
Story by: René Balcer & Gerry Conway May 4, 2003 (2003-05-04) E3222 14.30
Goren and Eames investigate the murder of a math student who had worked in a poker club as a card-counter. They uncover a group of computer nerds, then discover a computer gambling system with tougher suspects. The detectives learn even their own workstations are hit by the ringleader of the group (Ian Kahn).
43
21 "Graansha"[22] Darnell Martin Teleplay by: Joe Gannon
Story by: René Balcer & Joe Gannon May 11, 2003 (2003-05-11) E3224 13.00
Goren and Eames enter the closed world of a thieving Irish Traveller clan when they investigate the death of a probation officer who had been run over three times by a car after meeting a friend at the bar (Tom Noonan). They soon learn the probation officer had been involved with one of her charges.
44
22 "Zoonotic"[23][24] Don Scardino Teleplay by: Warren Leight
Story by: René Balcer & Warren Leight May 18, 2003 (2003-05-18) E3225 14.50
The investigation into the murder of a crooked cop leads to a preening veterinarian and his friend, an obsessive doctor whose ex-girlfriends have all been infected with a rare disease.
45
23 "A Person of Interest"[25] Frank Prinzi Teleplay by: René Balcer
Story by: René Balcer & Warren Leight May 18, 2003 (2003-05-18) E3220 16.20
Goren and Eames investigate the murder of a former nurse and discover a possible anthrax terrorist plot. The case takes a turn for the worse when Goren is blamed for driving a suspect to commit suicide. Now disgraced, Goren learns that a cunning adversary from his past may be involved. Olivia d'Abo guest stars.

References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Dead". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Bright Boy". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Anti-Thesis". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Best Defense". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Chinoiserie". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Malignant". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Tomorrow". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: The Pilgrim". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Shandeh". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Con-Text". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Mother of Susan Taraskiewicz still seeking justice for daughter murdered in '92". The Boston Globe. 2013-09-15. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Baggage". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Suite Sorrow". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: See Me". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Probability". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Monster". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Cuba Libre". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Cold Comfort". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Legion". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Cherry Red". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Blink". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Graansha". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: Zoonotic". nbc.com. NBC. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Law & Order: Criminal Intent - Season 2, Episode 22: Zoonotic - TV.com". tv.com. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Episode Guide: A Person of Interest". NBC. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
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Under the Boardwalk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 1989 film, see Under the Boardwalk (film).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Under the Boardwalk"
Single by The Drifters
B-side
"I Don't Want to Go On Without You"
Released
June 1964
Format
7" single
Recorded
1964
Genre
Pop, soul
Length
2:45
Label
Atlantic
8099
Songwriter(s)
Kenny Young
Arthur Resnick
Producer(s)
Bert Berns
The Drifters singles chronology
"One Way Love"
(1964) "Under the Boardwalk"
(1964) "I've Got Sand in My Shoes"
(1964)
"One Way Love"
(1964) "Under the Boardwalk"
(1964) "I've Got Sand in My Shoes"
(1964)
"Under the Boardwalk" is a hit pop song written by Kenny Young and Arthur Resnick and recorded by The Drifters in 1964. It charted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 charts on August 22, 1964. The song has since been covered by many other artists, with versions by Bette Midler, the Tom Tom Club, The Rolling Stones, Billy Joe Royal, Bruce Willis, and Lynn Anderson all charting in the United States or overseas. The song ranked #489 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Contents
1 Premise
2 History
3 Covers
4 Chart history
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Alternate versions
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The lyric describes a tryst between a man and his beloved in a seaside town, who plan to privately meet "out of the sun" and out of sight from everyone else under a boardwalk. The instrumentation includes güiro, triangle and violins. The song's chorus is unusual in that it switches from a major to minor key.[1] The opening line of the song references the Drifters' prior hit "Up on the Roof", showing the occasional thermal weakness of the rooftop getaway and setting the stage for an alternate meeting location, under the boardwalk.
History[edit]
The song was set to be recorded on May 21, 1964, but the band's lead singer, Rudy Lewis, died of a suspected heroin overdose the night before. Lewis had sung lead on most of their hits since the 1960 departure of Ben E. King, including "Up on the Roof". Rather than reschedule the studio session to find a new frontman, former Drifters lead vocalist Johnny Moore was brought back to perform lead vocals for the recording. The personnel on that recording included Ernie Hayes on piano, Everett Barksdale, Bill Suyker and Bob Bushnell on guitar, Milt Hinton on bass, Gary Chester on drums and George Devens on percussion.[2] The last-minute move was a success, as the single, released on Atlantic Records, went to number four on the Billboard Hot 100 charts and number one for three non consecutive weeks on Cashbox magazine's R&B chart.[3]
There are two versions of the song. The mono 45 USA released version contains the line "We'll be falling in love". However, on the stereo album version, the line "We'll be making love" is sung. These are two entirely different recordings, not edits of one another, as the line "on a blanket with my baby is where I'll be" is sung differently in each version. The version appearing on the Drifters' Golden Hits compilation is a composite of the two, using "making love" in the first two choruses and "falling in love" in the third. Because of the line "making love" several radio stations banned the song, or altered it with the line "we'll be falling in love" instead.[citation needed]
Covers[edit]
"Under the Boardwalk"
Single by The Rolling Stones
from the album 12 X 5
B-side
"Walking the Dog"
Released
January 1965 (AUS)
Format
7" single
Recorded
1964
Genre
Rock and roll, Rhythm and blues
Length
2:48
Label
Decca
Songwriter(s)
Kenny Young
Arthur Resnick
Producer(s)
Andrew Loog Oldham
The Rolling Stones singles chronology
"Route 66"
(1965) "Under the Boardwalk"
(1965) "The Last Time"
(1965)
"Route 66"
(1965) "Under the Boardwalk"
(1965) "The Last Time"
(1965)
"Under the Boardwalk"
Single by Bruce Willis
from the album The Return of Bruno
Released
May 1987
Format
7" single
Recorded
1987
Genre
Pop, R&B
Length
3:03
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Kenny Young
Arthur Resnick
Bruce Willis singles chronology
"Respect Yourself"
(1987) "Under the Boardwalk"
(1987) "Secret Agent Man"
(1987)
"Respect Yourself"
(1987) "Under the Boardwalk"
(1987) "Secret Agent Man"
(1987)
"Under the Boardwalk" has since been covered by many artists, including Bette Midler, and the Tom Tom Club (whose version reached #22 in the UK Top 40 in 1982, becoming the first version of the song to chart in Britain). Versions by Billy Joe Royal, Bruce Willis (a #2 success in the UK), and Lynn Anderson (#24 on the Country singles) all reached the Billboard charts.
The song has been translated to Spanish and interpreted by the pioneer Argentine rock group Los Gatos Salvajes under the title of "Bajo la rambla", on their 1965 debut LP Los Gatos Salvajes. It was also covered by the Argentine band Los Perros on their 1992 album Perfume y dolor. In Mexico it was also covered by Los Apson Boys in 1966, with the name of "Fue en un café". It was also covered by Ana Gabriel in 1996 with a Spanish version called "Fue en Un cafe" using the music from Bette Midler's version of the song. She also sang the song in its original English version. Both versions are on her 1996 album Vivencias.
A cover of this song by the Rolling Stones was released the same year as the original version. Their version was released as a single only in Australia, South Africa and Rhodesia, and peaked at no. 1 in the first two (the song was the band's first no. 1 hit in Australia) and at no. 2 in Rhodesia. It appeared on their albums 12 X 5 and The Rolling Stones No. 2. In 2007, it was included on the album Rhythms del Mundo Classics.
John Mellencamp released the track as the B-side of his single "R.O.C.K. in the U.S.A.". In Australia, the single effectively became a double-A side when the B-side "Under the Boardwalk" received significant airplay and both tracks were listed together on the singles chart, reaching #18.[4] The track also reached #19 on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart.
The Beach Boys released a cover of the song (with slightly different lyrics) as an album cut on their 1992 release Summer in Paradise with lead vocals shared by Mike Love on the verses and Carl Wilson on the chorus.
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
The Drifters' original version
Chart (1964)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[5] 7
Canada RPM Top Singles[6] 5
New Zealand (Lever)[7] 6
UK 45
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[8] 4
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[9] 5
U.S. Cash Box R&B 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1964)
Rank
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[10] 20
U.S. Cash Box [11] 21
Rolling Stones cover
Chart (1965)
Peak
position
Australia 1
South Africa 1
Rhodesia 2
Billy Joe Royal cover
Chart (1978)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 82
Tom Tom Club cover
Chart (1982)
Peak
position
Austria 6
Belgium 3
Ireland (IRMA)[12] 17
Italy 42
Netherlands 9
New Zealand (RIANZ) 3
UK 22
U.S. Billboard Dance 31
John Mellencamp cover
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
Australia 18
U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock 19
Bruce Willis cover
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
UK 2
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 20
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 59
Lynn Anderson cover
Chart (1988)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Country 24
Alternate versions[edit]
A cajun-tinged swamp pop parody of the song, "(Holly Beach) Under the Boardwalk" by Kenny Tibbs (Kenny Thibodeaux) and the Jokers was released in 1991 and was a perennial Louisiana jukebox favorite until Hurricane Rita virtually wiped out the small seaside resort of Holly Beach, Louisiana in 2005.
Another parody cover version came from Germany by Lothar & die Trabanten in 1991. The song "Unter dem Wartburg" ("Under the Wartburg") describes the technical problems a family father has with his Wartburg car, a car made in the German Democratic Republic, while travelling from Dresden to Rimini.[13]
After Hurricane Sandy hit the Jersey Shore in New Jersey, causing widespread damage to the New York and New Jersey area, Jimmy Fallon, Billy Joel, Bruce Springsteen, and Steven Tyler performed the song during the November 2012 Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together telethon, referencing the many shoreline boardwalks that were damaged and destroyed in the storm.
See also[edit]
1964 in music
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allmusic entry by Richie Unterberger
Jump up ^ Gammond, Peter (1991). The Oxford Companion to Popular Music. Oxford University Press, New York. p. 165.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 173.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ 15 August 1964
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1964-08-11. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 15 October 1964
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, September 5, 1964
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 26, 1964
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Under the Boardwalk". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ MusikSammler entry about the album "Unter dem Wartburg" of "Lothar und die Trabanten"
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
The Drifters
Past members
Clyde McPhatter
Gerhart Thrasher
Andrew Thrasher
Bill Pinkney
Willie Ferbee
Walter Adams
Ben E. King
Doc Green
Beary Hobbs
Rudy Lewis
Charlie Thomas
Tommy Evans
Eugene Pearson
Johnny Terry
Johnny Moore
Bobby Hendricks
Rudy Ivan
Jimmy Lewis
Ray Lewis
Louis Price
Maurice Cannon
Prentiss McNeil
Compilation albums
The Drifters' Golden Hits
Songs
"Honey Love"
"I Don't Want to Go On Without You"
"Money Honey"
"On Broadway"
"Please Stay"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Some Kind of Wonderful"
"Sweets for My Sweet"
"Drip Drop"
"There Goes My Baby"
"This Magic Moment"
"Under the Boardwalk"
"Up on the Roof"
"Vaya con Dios"
Discography
Book:The Drifters
Category:The Drifters
show
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e
Bette Midler
Discography
Studio albums
The Divine Miss M
Bette Midler
Songs for the New Depression
Broken Blossom
Thighs and Whispers
No Frills
Some People's Lives
Bette of Roses
Bathhouse Betty
Bette
Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook
Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook
Cool Yule
It's the Girls!
Soundtracks
The Rose
Beaches
For the Boys
Gypsy
Live albums
Live at Last
Divine Madness
Mud Will Be Flung Tonight
Compilations
The Best of Bette
The Best of Bette (II)
Just Hits
Experience the Divine: Greatest Hits
(Jackpot!) The Best Bette
Memories of You
A Gift of Love
Video albums
Divine Madness
The Bette Midler Show
Diva Las Vegas
The Showgirl Must Go On
Singles
"Do You Want to Dance?"
"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy"
"Friends"
"In the Mood"
"Strangers in the Night"
"Old Cape Cod"
"Buckets of Rain"
"Hang On in There Baby"
"Big Noise from Winnetka"
"When a Man Loves a Woman"
"The Rose"
"Chapel of Love"
"All I Need to Know"
"Favorite Waste of Time"
"Beast of Burden"
"Under the Boardwalk"
"Wind Beneath My Wings"
"From a Distance"
"Night and Day"
"In My Life"
"In This Life"
"You Don't Own Me"
"I'm Beautiful"
"White Christmas"
"Fever"
"Be My Baby"
Other songs
"We Are the World"
"I Put a Spell on You"
"It's Gonna Take a Miracle"
"Somewhere Along the Way"
"Manhattan"
"The Greatest Ears in Town"
Tours
Experience the Divine
Diva Las Vegas
Kiss My Brass
The Showgirl Must Go On
Divine Intervention Tour
Books
The Saga of Baby Divine
Book
Category
show
v
t
e
Billy Joe Royal
Studio albums
Down in the Boondocks
Cherry Hill Park
Looking Ahead
The Royal Treatment
Tell It Like It Is
Out of the Shadows
Other albums
Greatest Hits
Singles
"Down in the Boondocks"
"I Knew You When"
"I've Got to Be Somebody"
"Yo-Yo"
"Hush"
"Cherry Hill Park"
"Every Night"
"Under the Boardwalk"
"Burned Like a Rocket"
"I Miss You Already"
"Old Bridges Burn Slow"
"I'll Pin a Note on Your Pillow"
"Out of Sight and on My Mind"
"It Keeps Right On Hurtin'"
"Tell It Like It Is"
"Love Has No Right"
"Till I Can't Take It Anymore"
"Searchin' for Some Kind of Clue"
"If the Jukebox Took Teardrops"
B-Sides
"Oh, What a Night"
Cover Songs
"Amanda"
"Bring It On Home to Me"
"Child of Mine"
"Crying"
"Funny How Time Slips Away"
"I'm Sorry"
"Kiss and Say Goodbye"
"Making Believe"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Solitary Man"
"Spanish Harlem"
"Stand by Me"
"To Love Somebody"
Related articles
Discography
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"Under the Boardwalk"
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Exploitation of natural resources
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Exploitable" and "Economic exploitation" redirect here. For other uses, see Exploitation (disambiguation).
Timber
The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth,[1] sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. It started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial eras. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the world’s energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and gas.[2] Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Why resources are under pressure
2 Problems arising from the exploitation of natural resources
3 Effects on local communities
3.1 The Global South
4 See also
5 References
Why resources are under pressure[edit]
Increase in the sophistication of technology enabling natural resources to be extracted quickly and efficiently. E.g., in the past, it could take long hours just to cut down one tree only using saws. Due to increased technology, rates of deforestation have greatly increased
A rapid increase in population that is now increasing gradually. The current number of 7.132 billion humans consume many natural resources.
Cultures of consumerism. Materialistic views lead to the mining of gold and diamonds to produce jewelry, unnecessary commodities for human life or advancement. Consumerism also leads to extraction of resources for the production of commodities necessary for human life but in amounts excessive of what is needed, because people consume more than is necessary or waste what they have.
Excessive demand often leads to conflicts due to intense competition. Organizations such as Global Witness and the United Nations have documented the connection.
Non-equitable distribution of resources.
Problems arising from the exploitation of natural resources[edit]
Natural resources are not limitless, and the following consequences can arise from the careless and excessive consumption of these resources:
Deforestation
Desertification
Extinction of species
Forced migration
Soil erosion
Oil depletion
Ozone depletion
Greenhouse gas increase
Extreme energy
Water pollution
Natural hazard/Natural disaster
Effects on local communities[edit]
The Global South[edit]
Human Resources Macon, Georgia, 1909
When a mining company enters a developing country in the global south to extract raw materials, advocating the advantages of the industry’s presence and minimizing the potential negative effects gain cooperation of the local people. Advantageous factors are primarily in economic development so services that the government could not provide such as health centers, police departments and schools can be established.[4] However, with economic development, money becomes a dominant subject of interest. This can bring about major conflicts that a local community in a developing country has never dealt with before.[5] These conflicts emerge by a change to more egocentric views among the locals influenced by consumerist values.[6]
The effects of the exploitation of natural resources in the local community of a developing country are exhibited in the impacts from the Ok Tedi Mine. After BHP, now BHP Billiton, entered into Papua New Guinea to exploit copper and gold, the economy of the indigenous peoples boomed. Although their quality of life has improved, initially disputes were common among the locals in terms of land rights and who should be getting the benefits from the mining project.[7] The consequences of the Ok Tedi environmental disaster illustrate the potential negative effects from the exploitation of natural resources. The resulting mining pollution includes toxic contamination of the natural water supply for communities along the Ok Tedi River, causing widespread killing of aquatic life. When a mining company ends a project after extracting the raw materials from an area of a developing country, the local people are left to manage with the environmental damage done to their community and the long run sustainability of the economic benefits stimulated by the mining company’s presence becomes a concern.[8]
See also[edit]
Sustainability
List of environmental issues
Myth of superabundance
Over-consumption
Overexploitation
Spaceship Earth
Environmental disaster
Easter Island
Human impact on the environment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cronin, Richard. (2009). "Natural Resources and the Development-Environment Dilemma." Exploiting Natural Resources. The Henry L. Stimson Centre. p. 63.
Jump up ^ Planas, Florent. "The Exploitation of Natural Resources". Un An Pour La Planete. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Jump up ^ McNicoll, Geoffrey (2007). "Population and Sustainability". Handbook of Sustainable Development (PDF). Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 125–39. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
Jump up ^ Pedro, Antonio M.A. (2004). Mainstreaming Mineral Wealth in Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategies. Economic Commission for Africa. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9789211250978. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Pegg, Simon (2006). "Mining and poverty reduction: Transforming rhetoric into reality" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier. 14 (3-4): 376–87. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.06.006. ISSN 0959-6526. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Weber-Fahr, M.; Strongman, J.; Kunanayagam, R.; McMahon, G.; Sheldon, C. (2001). "Mining and Poverty Reduction". Noord Internationaal WB PRSP Sourcebook. pp. 4–6. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Bray, John (2003). "Attracting Reputable Companies to Risky Environments: Petroleum and Mining Companies". Natural Resources and Conflict: Options and Actions. World Bank Publications. pp. 287–347. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
Jump up ^ Brereton, D; Forbes, P. (2004). "Monitoring the Impact of Mining on Local Communities: A Hunter Valley Case Study". (PDF). CSRM. pp. 12–13 http://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/docs/Hunter_Valley.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[hide]
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