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Roman calendar
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A reproduction of the fragmentary Fasti Antiates Maiores (c. 60 BC), with the seventh and eighth months still named Quintilis ("QVI") and Sextilis ("SEX") and an intercalary month ("INTER") in the far righthand column
Another reproduction of the Fasti Antiates Maiores
The Roman calendar is the calendar used by the Roman kingdom and republic. It is often inclusive of the Julian calendar established by the reforms of the dictator Julius Caesar and emperor Augustus in the late 1st century BC and sometimes inclusive of any system dated by inclusive counting towards months' kalends, nones, and ides in the Roman manner. It is usually exclusive of the Alexandrian calendar of Roman Egypt, which continued the unique months of that land's former calendar; the Byzantine calendar of the later Roman Empire, which usually dated the Roman months in the simple count of the ancient Greek calendars; and the Gregorian calendar, which refined the Julian system to bring it into still closer alignment with the solar year and is the basis of the current international standard.
Roman dates were counted inclusively forward to the next of three principal days: the first of the month (the kalends), a day less than the middle of the month (the ides), and eight days—nine, counting inclusively—before this (the nones). The original calendar consisted of 10 months beginning in spring with March; winter was left as an unassigned span of days. These months ran for 38 nundinal cycles, each forming a kind of eight (i.e., "nine") day week ended by religious rituals and a public market. The winter period was then used to create January and February. The legendary early kings Romulus and Numa were traditionally credited with establishing this early fixed calendar, which bears traces of its origin as an observational lunar one. In particular, the kalends, nones, and ides seem to have derived from the first sighting of the crescent moon, the first-quarter moon, and the full moon respectively. The system ran well short of the solar year, and it needed constant intercalation to keep religious festivals and other activities in their proper seasons. For superstitious reasons, such intercalation occurred within the month of February even after it was no longer considered the last month.
After the establishment of the Roman Republic, years began to be dated by consulships and control over intercalation was granted to the pontifices, who eventually abused their power by lengthening years controlled by their political allies and shortening the years in their rivals' terms of office. Having won his war with Pompey, Caesar used his position as Rome's chief pontiff to enact a calendar reform in 46 BC, coincidentally making the year of his third consulship last for 446 days. In order to avoid interfering with Rome's religious ceremonies, the reform added all its days towards the ends of months and did not adjust any nones or ides, even in months which came to have 31 days. The Julian calendar was supposed to have a single leap day on 24 February (a doubled VI Kal. Mart.) every fourth year but following Caesar's assassination the priests figured this using inclusive counting and mistakenly added the bissextile day every three years. In order to bring the calendar back to its proper place, Augustus was obliged to suspend intercalation for a few decades. The revised calendar remaining slightly longer than the solar year, the date of Easter shifted far enough away from the vernal equinox that Pope Gregory XIII ordered its adjustment in the 16th century.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Prehistoric lunar calendar
1.2 Legendary 10-month calendar
1.3 Republican calendar
1.4 Flavian reform
1.5 Julian reform
1.6 Later reforms
2 Days
3 Weeks
4 Months
5 Intercalation
6 Years
7 Conversion to Julian or Gregorian dates
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Bibliography
11 External links
History[edit]
The remains of the Fasti Praenestini
Prehistoric lunar calendar[edit]
The original Roman calendar is believed to have been an observational lunar calendar[1] whose months began from the first signs of a new crescent moon. Because a lunar cycle is about 29 1⁄2 days long, such months would have varied between 29 and 30 days. Twelve such months would have fallen 10 or 11 days short of the solar year; without adjustment, such a year would have quickly rotated out of alignment with the seasons in the manner of the present-day Islamic calendar. Given the seasonal aspects of the later calendar and its associated religious festivals, this was presumably avoided through some form of intercalation or through the suspension of the calendar during winter.
Rome's 8-day week, the nundinal cycle, was shared with the Etruscans, who used it as the schedule of royal audiences. It was presumably a feature of the early calendar and was credited in Roman legend variously to Romulus and Servius Tullius.
Legendary 10-month calendar[edit]
The Romans themselves described their first organized year as one with ten fixed months, each of 30 or 31 days.[2][3] Such a decimal division fit general Roman practice.[4] The four 31-day months were called "full" (pleni) and the others "hollow" (cavi).[a][6] Its 304 days made up exactly 38 nundinal cycles. The system is usually said to have left the remaining 50-odd days of the year as an unorganized "winter", although Licinius Macer's lost history apparently stated the earliest Roman calendar employed intercalation instead[7][8] and Macrobius claims the 10-month calendar was allowed to shift until the summer and winter months were completely misplaced, at which time additional days belonging to no month were simply inserted into the calendar until it seemed things were restored to their proper place.[9][10]
Later Roman writers credited this calendar to Romulus,[11][12] their legendary first king and culture hero, although this was common with other practices and traditions whose origin had been lost to them. Some scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all, as it is only attested in late Republican and Imperial sources and apparently supported only by the misplaced names of the months from September to December.[13] Rüpke also finds the coincidence of the length of the supposed "Romulan" year with the length of the first ten months of the Julian calendar to be suspicious.[clarification needed][13]
"Calendar of Romulus"
English
Latin
Meaning
Length
in days
[2][3]
March Mensis Martius Month of Mars 31
April Mensis Aprilis Uncertain 30
May Mensis Maius Uncertain 31
June Mensis Iunius Month of Juno 30
Quintilis Mensis Quintilis
Mensis Quinctilis[14] Fifth Month 31
Sextilis Mensis Sextilis Sixth Month 30
September Mensis September Seventh Month 30
October Mensis October Eighth Month 31
November Mensis November Ninth Month 30
December Mensis December Tenth Month 30
—
(51)
Other traditions existed alongside this one, however. Plutarch's Parallel Lives recounts that Romulus's calendar had been solar but adhered to the general principle that the year should last for 360 days. Months were employed secondarily and haphazardly, with some counted as 20 days and others as 35 or more.[15][16]
Republican calendar[edit]
The attested calendar of the Roman Republic was quite different. It followed Greek calendars in assuming a lunar cycle of 29 1⁄2 days and a solar year of 12 1⁄2 synodic months ( 368 3⁄4 days), which align every fourth year after the addition of two intercalary months.[6] The additional two months of the year were January and February; the intercalary month was sometimes known as Mercedonius.[6]
The Romans did not follow the usual Greek practice in alternating 29- and 30-day months and a 29- or 30-day intercalary month every other year. Instead, their 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th months[b] had 31 days each; all the other months had 29 days except February, which had 28 days for three years and then 29 every fourth year. The total of these months over a 4-year span differed from the Greeks by 5 days, meaning the Roman intercalary month always had 27 days. Similarly, within each month, the weeks did not vary in the Greek fashion between 7 and 8 days; instead, the full months had two additional days in their first week and the other three weeks of every month ran for 8 days ("nine" by Roman reckoning).[17] Still more unusually, the intercalary month was not placed at the end of the year but within the month of February after the Terminalia on the 23rd (a.d. VII Kal. Mart.); the remaining days of February followed its completion. This seems to have arisen from Roman superstitions concerning the numbering and order of the months.[citation needed] The arrangement of the Roman calendar similarly seems to have arisen from Pythagorean superstitions concerning the luckiness of odd numbers.[17]
These Pythagorean-based changes to the Roman calendar were generally credited by the Romans to Numa Pompilius, Romulus's successor and the second of Rome's seven kings,[citation needed] as were the two new months of the calendar.[18][19][c] Most sources thought he had established intercalation with the rest of his calendar.[citation needed] Although Livy's Numa instituted a lunar calendar, the author claimed the king had instituted a 19-year system of intercalation equivalent to the Metonic Cycle[20] centuries before its development by Babylonian and Greek astronomers.[d] Plutarch's account claims he ended the former chaos of the calendar by employing 12 months totaling 354 days—the length of the lunar and Greek years—and biennial intercalary months of 22 days.[15][16]
Plutarch believed Numa was responsible for placing January and February first in the calendar;[15][16] Ovid states January began as the first month and February the last, with its present order owing to the Decemvirs.[22][23] W. Warde Fowler believed the Roman priests continued to treat January and February as the last months of the calendar throughout the Republican period.[24]
Pre-Julian Roman calendar
English
Latin
Meaning
Length
in days
[25][26][15][16]
January Mensis Ianuarius Month of Janus 29
February Mensis Februarius Month of the Februa 28
Mercedonius
Intercalary Month Mercedonius
Mensis Intercalaris Month of Wages 23
March Mensis Martius Month of Mars 31
April Mensis Aprilis Uncertain 29
May Mensis Maius Uncertain 31
June Mensis Iunius Month of Juno 29
Quintilis Mensis Quintilis
Mensis Quinctilis[14] Fifth Month 31
Sextilis Mensis Sextilis Sixth Month 29
September Mensis September Seventh Month 29
October Mensis October Eighth Month 31
November Mensis November Ninth Month 29
December Mensis December Tenth Month 29
The consuls' terms of office were not always a modern calendar year, but ordinary consuls were elected or appointed annually. The traditional list of Roman consuls used by the Romans to date their years began in 509 BC.[27]
Flavian reform[edit]
Gnaeus Flavius, a secretary to the pontifex maximus, introduced a series of reforms in 304 BC.[28] Their exact nature is uncertain, although he is thought to have begun the custom of publishing the calendar in advance of the month, depriving the priests of some of their power but allowing for a more consistent calendar for official business.[29]
Julian reform[edit]
Main article: Julian calendar
Julius Caesar, following his victory in his civil war and in his role as pontifex maximus, ordered a reformation of the calendar in 46 BC. This was undertaken by a group of scholars apparently including the Alexandrian Sosigenes[30] and the Roman M. Flavius.[31][26] Its main lines involved the insertion of ten additional days throughout the calendar and regular intercalation of a single leap day every fourth year in order to bring the Roman calendar into close agreement with the solar year. The year 46 BC was the last of the old system and included 3 intercalary months, the first inserted in February and two more—Intercalaris Prior and Posterior—before the kalends of December.
Later reforms[edit]
Main article: Byzantine calendar
After Caesar's assassination, Mark Antony had his birth month Quintilis renamed July (Iulius) in his honor. After Antony's defeat at Actium, Augustus assumed control of Rome and, finding the priests had (owing to their inclusive counting) been intercalating every third year instead of every fourth, suspended the addition of leap days to the calendar for a number of decades until its proper position had been restored. In 8 BC, the plebiscite Lex Pacuvia de Mense Augusto caused Sextilis to be renamed August (Augustus) in his honor.[32][33][26][e]
In large part, this calendar continued unchanged under the Roman Empire. (Egyptians used the related Alexandrian calendar, which Augustus had adapted from their wandering ancient calendar to maintain its alignment with Rome's.) A few emperors altered the names of the months after themselves or their family, but such changes were abandoned by their successors. Diocletian began the 15-year indiction cycles beginning from the AD 297 census;[27] these became the required format for official dating under Justinian. Constantine formally established the 7-day week by making Sunday an official holiday in 321. Consular dating became obsolete following the abandonment of appointing nonimperial consuls in AD 541.[27] The Roman method of numbering the days of the month never became widespread in the Hellenized eastern provinces and was eventually abandoned by the Byzantine Empire in its calendar.
Days[edit]
Main article: Kalends
Roman dates were counted inclusively forward to the next one of three principal days within each month:[34]
Kalends (Kalendae or Kal.), the 1st day of each month[34]
Nones (Nonae or Non.), the 7th day of full months[35] and 5th day of hollow ones,[34] 8 days—"nine" by Roman reckoning—before the Ides in every month
Ides (Idus, variously Eid. or Id.), the 15th day of full months[35] and the 13th day of hollow ones,[34] a day less than the middle of each month
These are thought to reflect a prehistoric lunar calendar, with the kalends proclaimed after the sighting of the first sliver of the new crescent moon a day or two after the new moon, the nones occurring on the day of the first-quarter moon, and the ides on the day of the full moon. The kalends of each month were sacred to Juno and the ides to Jupiter.[36][37] The day before each was known as its eve (pridie); the day after each (postridie) was considered particularly unlucky.
The days of the month were expressed in early Latin using the ablative of time, denoting points in time, in the contracted form "the 6th December Kalends" (VI Kalendas Decembres).[35] In classical Latin, this use continued for the three principal days of the month[38] but other days were idiomatically expressed in the accusative case, which usually expressed a duration of time, and took the form "6th day before the December Kalends" (ante diem VI Kalendas Decembres). This anomaly may have followed the treatment of days in Greek,[39] reflected the increasing use of such date phrases as an absolute phrase able to function as the object of another preposition,[35] or simply originated in a mistaken agreement of dies with the preposition ante once it moved to the beginning of the expression.[35] In late Latin, this idiom was sometimes abandoned in favor of again using the ablative of time.
The kalends were the day for payment of debts and the account books (kalendaria) kept for them gave English its word calendar. The public Roman calendars were the fasti, which designated the religious and legal character of each month's days. The Romans marked each day of such calendars with the letters:[40]
F (fastus, "permissible") on days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law (dies fasti, "allowed days")
C (comitialis) on fasti days during which the Roman people could hold assemblies (dies comitalis)
N (nefastus) on days when political and judicial activities were prohibited (dies nefasti)
NP (uncertain)[f] on public holidays (feriae)
QRCF (uncertain)[g] on days when the "king" (rex sacrorum) could convene an assembly
EN (endotercissus, an archaic form of intercissus, "halved") on days when most political and religious activities were prohibited in the morning and evening due to sacrifices being prepared or offered but were acceptable for a period in the middle of the day
Each day was also marked by a letter from A to H to indicate its place within the nundinal cycle of market days.
Weeks[edit]
A fragment of the Fasti Praenestini for the month of April (Aprilis), showing its nundinal letters on the left side
Main articles: Nundinae, Planetary hours, and Week
The nundinae were the market days which formed a kind of weekend in Rome, Italy, and some other parts of Roman territory. By Roman inclusive counting, they were reckoned as "ninth days" although they actually occurred every eighth day. Because the republican and Julian years were not evenly divisible into eight-day periods, Roman calendars included a column giving every day of the year a nundinal letter from A to H marking its place in the cycle of market days. Each year, the letter used for the markets would shift 2–5 letters along the cycle. As a day when the city swelled with rural plebeians, they were overseen by the aediles and took on an important role in Roman legislation, which was supposed to be announced for three nundinal weeks (between 17 and 24 days) in advance of its coming to a vote. The patricians and their clients sometimes exploited this fact as a kind of filibuster, since the tribunes of the plebs were required to wait another three-week period if their proposals could not receive a vote before dusk on the day they were introduced. Superstitions arose concerning the bad luck that followed a nundinae on the nones of a month or, later, on the first day of January. Intercalation was supposedly used to avoid such coincidences, even after the Julian reform of the calendar.
The 7-day week began to be observed Italy in the early imperial period,[42] as practitioners and converts to eastern religions introduced Hellenistic and Babylonian astrology, the Jewish Saturday sabbath, and the Christian Lord's Day. The system was originally used for private worship and astrology but had replaced the nundinal week by the time Constantine made Sunday (dies Solis) an official day of rest in AD 321. The hebdomadal week was also reckoned as a cycle of letters from A to G; these were adapted for Christian use as the dominical letters.
Months[edit]
The names of Roman months originally functioned as adjectives (e.g., the January kalends occur in the January month) before being treated as substantive nouns in their own right (e.g., the kalends of January occur in January). Some of their etymologies are well-established: January and March honor the gods Janus[43] and Mars;[44] July and August honor the dictator Julius Caesar[45] and his successor, the emperor Augustus;[46] and the months Quintilis,[47] Sextilis,[48] September,[49] October,[50] November,[51] and December[52] are archaic adjectives formed from the ordinal numbers from 5 to 10, their position in the calendar when it began around the spring equinox in March.[49] Others are uncertain. February may derive from the Februa festival or its eponymous februa ("purifications, expiatory offerings"), whose name may be either Sabine or preserve an archaic word for sulphuric.[53] April may relate to the Etruscan goddess Apru or the verb aperire ("to open").[citation needed] May and June may honor Maia[54] and Juno[55] or derive from archaic terms for "senior" and "junior". A few emperors attempted to add themselves to the calendar after Augustus, but without enduring success.
In classical Latin, the days of each month were usually reckoned as:[38]
Day
Original
31-Day Months[h]
New Julian
31-Day Months[i]
New Julian
30-Day Months[j]
Original
29-Day Months[k]
February
1
Kal. On the Kalends
Kalendis
Kal. Kal. Kal. Feb.
2
a.d. VI Non. The 4th Day before the Nones
ante diem quartum Nonas
a.d. IV Non. a.d. IV Non. a.d. IV Non. Feb.
3
a.d. V Non. The 3rd Day before the Nones
ante diem tertium Nonas
a.d. III Non. a.d. III Non. a.d. III Non. Feb.
4
a.d. IV Non. On the Day before the Nones
Pridie Nonas
Prid. Non. Prid. Non. Prid. Non. Feb.
5
a.d. III Non. On the Nones
Nonis
Non. Non. Non. Feb.
6
Prid. Non. The 8th Day before the Ides
ante diem octavum Idus
a.d. VIII Eid. a.d. VIII Eid. a.d. VIII Eid. Feb.
7
Non. The 7th Day before the Ides
ante diem septimum Idus
a.d. VII Eid. a.d. VII Eid. a.d. VII Eid. Feb.
8
a.d. VIII Eid. The 6th Day before the Ides
ante diem sextum Idus
a.d. VI Eid. a.d. VI Eid. a.d. VI Eid. Feb.
9
a.d. VII Eid. The 5th Day before the Ides
ante diem quintum Idus
a.d. V Eid. a.d. V Eid. a.d. V Eid. Feb.
10
a.d. VI Eid. The 4th Day before the Ides
ante diem quartum Idus
a.d. IV Eid. a.d. IV Eid. a.d. IV Eid. Feb.
11
a.d. V Eid. The 3rd Day before the Ides
ante diem tertium Idus
a.d. III Eid. a.d. III Eid. a.d. III Eid. Feb.
12
a.d. IV Eid. On the Day before the Ides
Pridie Idus
Prid. Eid. Prid. Eid. Prid. Eid. Feb.
13
a.d. III Eid. On the Ides
Idibus
Eid. Eid. Eid. Feb.
14
Prid. Eid. The 19th Day before the Kalends
ante diem undevicesimum Kalendas
a.d. XVIII Kal. a.d. XVII Kal. a.d. XVI Kal. Mart.
15
Eid. The 18th Day before the Kalends
ante diem duodevicesimum Kalendas
a.d. XVII Kal. a.d. XVI Kal. a.d. XV Kal. Mart.
16
a.d. XVII Kal. The 17th Day before the Kalends
ante diem septimum decimum Kalendas
a.d. XVI Kal. a.d. XV Kal. a.d. XIV Kal. Mart.
17
a.d. XVI Kal. The 16th Day before the Kalends
ante diem sextum decimum Kalendas
a.d. XV Kal. a.d. XIV Kal. a.d. XIII Kal. Mart.
18
a.d. XV Kal. The 15th Day before the Kalends
ante diem quintum decimum Kalendas
a.d. XIV Kal. a.d. XIII Kal. a.d. XII Kal. Mart.
19
a.d. XIV Kal. The 14th Day before the Kalends
ante diem quartum decimum Kalendas
a.d. XIII Kal. a.d. XII Kal. a.d. XI Kal. Mart.
20
a.d. XIII Kal. The 13th Day before the Kalends
ante diem tertium decimum Kalendas
a.d. XII Kal. a.d. XI Kal. a.d. X Kal. Mart.
21
a.d. XII Kal. The 12th Day before the Kalends
ante diem duodecimum Kalendas
a.d. XI Kal. a.d. X Kal. a.d. IX Kal. Mart.
22
a.d. XI Kal. The 11th Day before the Kalends
ante diem undecimum Kalendas
a.d. X Kal. a.d. IX Kal. a.d. VIII Kal. Mart.
23
a.d. X Kal. The 10th Day before the Kalends
ante diem decimum Kalendas
a.d. IX Kal. a.d. VIII Kal. a.d. VII Kal. Mart.
24
a.d. IX Kal. The 9th Day before the Kalends
ante diem nonum Kalendas
a.d. VIII Kal. a.d. VII Kal. a.d. VI Kal. Mart.[l]
25
a.d. VIII Kal. The 8th Day before the Kalends
ante diem octavum Kalendas
a.d. VII Kal. a.d. VI Kal. a.d. V Kal. Mart.
26
a.d. VII Kal. The 7th Day before the Kalends
ante diem septimum Kalendas
a.d. VI Kal. a.d. V Kal. a.d. IV Kal. Mart.
27
a.d. VI Kal. The 6th Day before the Kalends
ante diem sextum Kalendas
a.d. V Kal. a.d. IV Kal. a.d. III Kal. Mart.
28
a.d. V Kal. The 5th Day before the Kalends
ante diem quintum Kalendas
a.d. IV Kal. a.d. III Kal. Prid. Kal. Mart.
29
a.d. IV Kal. The 4th Day before the Kalends
ante diem quartum Kalendas
a.d. III Kal. Prid. Kal.
30
a.d. III Kal. The 3rd Day before the Kalends
ante diem tertium Kalendas
Prid. Kal.
31
Prid. Kal. On the Day Before the Kalends
Pridie Kalendas
Dates after the ides count forward to the kalends of the next month and are expressed as such. For example, March 19 was expressed as "the 14th day before the April Kalends" (a.d. XIV Kal. Apr.), without a mention of March itself. The day after a kalends, nones, or ides was also often expressed as the "day after" (postridie) owing to their special status as particularly unlucky "black days".
The anomalous status of the new 31-day months under the Julian calendar was an effect of Caesar's desire to avoid affecting the festivals tied to the nones and ides of various months. Because the dates at the ends of the month all counted forward to the next kalends, however, they were all shifted by one or two days by the change. This created confusion with regard to certain anniversaries. For instance, Augustus's birthday on the 23rd day of September was a.d. VIII Kal. Oct. in the old calendar but a.d. IX Kal. Oct. under the new system. The ambiguity caused honorary festivals to be held on either or both dates.
Intercalation[edit]
Main article: Mercedonius
The Republican calendar only had 355 days, which meant that it would quickly unsynchronize from the solar year, causing, for example, agricultural festivals to occur out of season. The Roman solution to this problem was to periodically lengthen the calendar by adding extra days within February. February was broken into two parts, each with an odd number of days. The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd (a.d. VII Kal. Mart.), which was considered the end of the religious year; the five remaining days beginning with the Regifugium on the 24th (a.d. VI Kal. Mart.) formed the second part; and the intercalary month Mercedonius was inserted between them. In such years, the days between the ides and the Regifugium were counted down to either the Intercalary Kalends or to the Terminalia. The intercalary month counted down to nones and ides on its 5th and 13th day in the manner of the other short months. The remaining days of the month counted down towards the March Kalends, so that the end of Mercedonius and the second part of February were indistinguishable to the Romans, one ending on a.d. VII Kal. Mart. and the other picking up at a.d. VI Kal. Mart. and bearing the normal festivals of such dates.
Apparently because of the confusion of these changes or uncertainty as to whether an intercalary month would be ordered, dates after the February ides are attested as sometimes counting down towards the Quirinalia (Feb. 17), the Feralia (Feb. 21), or Terminalia (Feb. 23)[56] rather than the intercalary or March kalends.
The third-century writer Censorinus says:
When it was thought necessary to add (every two years) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days, so that the civil year should correspond to the natural (solar) year, this intercalation was in preference made in February, between Terminalia [23rd] and Regifugium [24th].[57]
The fifth-century writer Macrobius says that the Romans intercalated 22 and 23 days in alternate years (Saturnalia, 1.13.12), the intercalation was placed after 23 February and the remaining five days of February followed (Saturnalia, 1.13.15). To avoid the nones falling on a nundine, where necessary an intercalary day was inserted "in the middle of the Terminalia, where they placed the intercalary month".[58]
This is historically correct. In 167 BC Intercalaris began on the day after 23 February [59] and in 170 BC it began on the second day after 23 February.[60] Varro, writing in the first century BC, says "the twelfth month was February, and when intercalations take place the five last days of this month are removed."[61] Since all the days after the Ides of Intercalaris were counted down to the beginning of March Intercalaris had either 27 days (making 377 for the year) or 28 (making 378 for the year).
There is another theory which says that in intercalary years February had 23 or 24 days and Intercalaris had 27. No date is offered for the Regifugium in 378-day years.[62] Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377 days. This refinement brings the calendar back in line with the seasons, and averages the length of the year to 365.25 days over 24 years.
The Pontifex Maximus determined when an intercalary month was to be inserted. On average, this happened in alternate years. The system of aligning the year through intercalary months broke down at least twice: the first time was during and after the Second Punic War. It led to the reform of the 191 BC Acilian Law on Intercalation, the details of which are unclear, but it appears to have successfully regulated intercalation for over a century. The second breakdown was in the middle of the first century BC and may have been related to the increasingly chaotic and adversarial nature of Roman politics at the time. The position of Pontifex Maximus was not a full-time job; it was held by a member of the Roman elite, who would almost invariably be involved in the machinations of Roman politics. Because the term of office of elected Roman magistrates was defined in terms of a Roman calendar year, a Pontifex Maximus would have reason to lengthen a year in which he or his allies were in power or shorten a year in which his political opponents held office.
Although there are many stories to interpret the intercalation, a period of 22 or 23 days is always ¾ synodic month. Obviously, the month beginning shifts forward (from the new moon, to the third quarter, to the full moon, to the first quarter, back the new moon) after intercalation.
Years[edit]
A fragment of an imperial consular list[63]
Main article: list of Roman consuls
As mentioned above, Rome's legendary 10-month calendar notionally lasted for 304 days but was usually thought to make up the rest of the solar year during an unorganized winter period. The unattested but almost certain lunar year and the pre-Julian civil year were 354 or 355 days long, with the difference from the solar year more or less corrected by an irregular intercalary month. The Julian year was 365 days long, with a leap day doubled in length every fourth year, almost equivalent to the present Gregorian system.
The calendar era before and under the Roman kings is uncertain but dating by regnal years was common in antiquity. Under the Roman Republic, from 509 BC, years were most commonly described in terms of their reigning ordinary consuls.[27] (Temporary and honorary consuls were sometimes elected or appointed but were not used in dating.)[27] Consular lists were displayed on the public calendars. After the institution of the Roman Empire, regnal dates based on the emperors' terms in office became more common. Some historians of the later republic and early imperial eras dated from the legendary founding of the city of Rome (ab urbe condita or AVC).[27] Varro's date for this was 753 BC but other writers used different dates, varying by several decades.[citation needed] Such dating was, however, never widespread. After the consuls waned in importance, most Roman dating was regnal[64] or followed Diocletian's 15-year Indiction tax cycle.[27] These cycles were not distinguished, however, so that "year 2 of the indiction" may refer to any of 298, 313, 328, &c.[27] The Orthodox subjects of the Byzantine Empire used various Christian eras, including those based on Diocletian's persecutions, Christ's incarnation, and the supposed age of the world.
The Romans did not have records of their early calendars but, like modern historians, assumed the year originally began in March on the basis of the names of the months following June. The consul M. Fulvius Nobilior (r. 189 BC) wrote a commentary on the calendar at the Temple of Hercules Musarum that claimed January had been named for Janus because the god faced both ways,[65][where?] suggesting it had been instituted as a first month.[citation needed] It was, however, usually said to have been instituted along with February, whose nature and festivals suggest it had originally been considered the last month of the year. The consuls' term of office—and thus the order of the years under the republic—seems to have changed several times. Their inaugurations were finally moved to 1 January (Kal. Ian.) in 153 BC to allow Q. Fulvius Nobilior to attack Segeda in Spain during the Celtiberian Wars, before which they had occurred on 15 March (Eid. Mart.).[66] There is reason to believe the inauguration date had been 1 May during the 3rd century BC until 222 BC[citation needed] and Livy mentions earlier inaugurations on 15 May (Eid. Mai.), 1 July (Kal. Qui.), 1 August (Kal. Sex.), 1 October (Kal. Oct.), and 15 December (Eid. Dec.).[67][where?] Under the Julian calendar, the year began on 1 January but years of the Indiction cycle began on 1 September.
In addition Egypt's separate calendar, some provinces maintained their records using a local era.[27] Africa dated its records sequentially from 39 BC;[64] Spain from AD 38.[citation needed] This dating system continued as the Spanish era used in medieval Spain.[citation needed]
Conversion to Julian or Gregorian dates[edit]
The continuity of names from the Roman to the Gregorian calendar can lead to the mistaken belief that Roman dates correspond to Julian or Gregorian ones. In fact, the essentially complete list of Roman consuls allows general certainty of years back to the establishment of the republic but the uncertainty as to the end of lunar dating and the irregularity of Roman intercalation means that dates which can be independently verified are invariably weeks to months outside of their "proper" place. Two astronomical events dated by Livy show the calendar 4 months out of alignment with the Julian date in 190 BC and 2 months out of alignment in 168 BC. Thus, "the year of the consulship of Publius Cornelius Sciopio Africanus and Publius Licinius Crassus" (usually given as "205 BC") actually began on 15 March 205 BC and ended on 14 March 204 BC according to the Roman calendar but may have begun as early as November or December 206 BC owing to its misalignment. Even following the establishment of the Julian calendar, the leap years were not applied correctly by the Roman priests, meaning dates are a few days out of their "proper" place until a few decades into Augustus's reign.
Given the paucity of records regarding the state of the calendar and its intercalation, historians have reconstructed the correspondence of Roman dates to their Julian and Gregorian equivalents from disparate sources. There are detailed accounts of the decades leading up to the Julian reform, particularly the speeches and letters of Cicero, which permit an established chronology back to about 58 BC. The nundinal cycle and a few known synchronisms—e.g., a Roman date in terms of the Attic calendar and Olympiad—are used to generate contested chronologies back to the start of the First Punic War in 264 BC. Beyond that, dates are roughly known based on clues such as the dates of harvests and seasonal religious festivals.
See also[edit]
Julian, Alexandrian, Byzantine, & Gregorian calendars
List of Roman consuls and ab urbe condita dating
General Roman Calendar of the Catholic Church
Roman festivals
Undecimber
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Censorinus, Macrobius, and Solinus, cited in Key.[5]
Jump up ^ That is, the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 8th months prior to the introduction and repositioning of January and February.
Jump up ^ Plutarch reports this tradition while claiming that the months had more probably predated or originated with Romulus.[15][16]
Jump up ^ This equivalence was first described by Stanyan in his history of ancient Greece.[21]
Jump up ^ There are some documents which state the month had been renamed as early as 26 or 23 BC, but the date of the Lex Pacuvia is certain.
Jump up ^ The NP days are sometimes thought to mark days when political and judicial activities were prohibited only until noon, standing for nefastus priore.
Jump up ^ The QRCF days are sometimes supposed, on the basis of the Fasti Viae Lanza which gives it as Q. Rex C. F., to stand for "Permissible when the King Has Entered the Comitium" (Quando Rex Comitiavit Fas).[41]
Jump up ^ The original 31-day months of the Roman calendar were March, May, Quintilis or July, and October.
Jump up ^ The 31-day months established by the Julian reform were January, Sextilis or August, and December. The other 31-day months of the Julian calendar continued to use the old system, with their Nones on the 7th and Ides on the 15th.
Jump up ^ The 30-day months established by the Julian reform were April, June, September, and November.
Jump up ^ The 29-day months of the calendar prior to the Julian reform were January, April, June, Sextilis, September, November, and December. After the Julian reform, February could have 29 days during a leap year but it was not reckoned according to this list until late in the imperial period. Instead, the sixth day before the March Kalends was initially treated as lasting for 48 hours.
Jump up ^ After the Julian reform, this day was reckoned to last 48 hours during a leap year.
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Mommsen & al. (1864), pp. 216.
^ Jump up to: a b Macrobius, Book I, Ch. 12, §3.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaster (2011), p. 137.
Jump up ^ Mommsen & al. (1864), pp. 217.
Jump up ^ Key (1875).
^ Jump up to: a b c Mommsen & al. (1864), p. 218.
Jump up ^ Macrobius, Book I, Ch. 13, §20.
Jump up ^ Kaster (2011), p. 165.
Jump up ^ Macrobius, Book I, Ch. 12, §39.
Jump up ^ Kaster (2011), p. 155.
Jump up ^ Macrobius, Book I, Ch. 12, §§5 & 38.
Jump up ^ Kaster (2011), pp. 137 & 155.
^ Jump up to: a b Rüpke (2011), p. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Blackburn & al. (1999), p. 669.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Plutarch, Ch. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Perrin (1914), pp. 368 ff.
^ Jump up to: a b Mommsen & al. (1864), p. 219.
Jump up ^ Macrobius, Book I, Ch. 12, §34.
Jump up ^ Kaster (2011), p. 153.
Jump up ^ Roberts (1905), Book I, Ch. 19, §6.
Jump up ^ Stanyan (1707), p. 330.
Jump up ^ Ovid, Book II.
Jump up ^ Kline (2004), Book II, Introduction.
Jump up ^ Fowler (1899), p. 5.
Jump up ^ Macrobius.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kaster (2011).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Mathieson (2003), p. 14.
Jump up ^ Michaels (1949), p. 340.
Jump up ^ Lanfranchi (2013).
Jump up ^ Pliny, Book XVIII, Ch. 57.
Jump up ^ Macrobius, Book I, Ch. 14, §2.
Jump up ^ Rotondi (1912), p. 441.
Jump up ^ Macrobius, Book I, Ch. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Beck (1838), p. 175.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Beck (1838), p. 176.
Jump up ^ Ovid, Book I, ll. 55–56.
Jump up ^ Kline (2004), Book I, Introduction.
^ Jump up to: a b Beck (1838), p. 177.
Jump up ^ Smyth (1920), §§1582–1587.
Jump up ^ Scullard (1981), pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ Rüpke (2011), pp. 26–27.
Jump up ^ Brind'Amour (1983), pp. 256–275.
Jump up ^ "January, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ "March, n.2", OED .
Jump up ^ "July, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ "August, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ "†quintile, n.2", OED .
Jump up ^ "sextile, adj. and n.", OED .
^ Jump up to: a b "September, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ "October, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ "November, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ "December, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ "February, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ "May, n.2", OED .
Jump up ^ "June, n.", OED .
Jump up ^ A 94 inscription.[which?]
Jump up ^ Censorinus, The Natal Day, 20.28, tr. William Maude, New York 1900, available at [1].
Jump up ^ Macrobius, Book I, Ch. 13, §16, 19.
Jump up ^ Livy 45.44.3.
Jump up ^ Livy 43.11.13.
Jump up ^ Varro, On the Latin language, 6.13, tr. Roland Kent, London 1938, available at [2].
Jump up ^ Michels (1967).
Jump up ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum I, CIL VI.
^ Jump up to: a b Mathieson (2003), p. 15.
Jump up ^ Varro.
Jump up ^ Livy, Book XLVII.
Jump up ^ Livy.
Bibliography[edit]
Beck, Charles (1838), "Of the Roman Calendar", Latin Syntax, Chiefly from the German of C.G. Zumpt, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown .
Blackburn, Bonnie; et al. (1999), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
Brind'Amour, P. (1983), Le Calendrier Romain: Recherches Chronologiques, Ottawa . (in French)
Fowler, W. Warde (1899), The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, New York: Macmillan & Co.
Key, Thomas Hewitt (1875), "Calendarium", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray, pp. 223–233 .
Lanfranchi, Thibaud (3 October 2013), "À Propos de la Carrière de Cn. Flavius", Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome: Antiquité, Vol. 125 (No. 1), doi:10.4000/mefra.1322 . (in French)
Livy (1905), Roberts, Canon; et al., eds., The History of Rome, Vol. I, Everyman's Library, London: J.M. Dent & Sons .
Macrobius, Saturnalia . (in Latin)
Macrobius (2011), Kaster, Robert A., ed., Saturnalia, Vol. I, Loeb Classical Library, No. 510, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674996496 . (in English) & (in Latin)
Mathieson, Ralph W. (2003), People, Personal Expression, and Social Relations in Late Antiquity, Vol. II, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press .
Michels, Agnes Kirsopp Lake (1949), "The 'Calendar of Numa' and the Pre-Julian Calendar", Transactions & Proceedings of the APA, Vol. 80, Philadelphia: American Philological Association, pp. 320–346 .
Michels, Agnes Kirsopp Lake (1967), The Calendar of the Roman Republic, Princeton .
Mommsen, Theodor (1864), Dickson, William Purdie, ed., The History of Rome, Vol. I: The Period Anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy, London: Richard Bentley . [ 1 ]
Ovid, Fastorum Libri VI . (in Latin)
Ovid (2004), Kline, Anthony S., ed., On the Roman Calendar, Poetry in Translation .
Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
Pliny, Historia Naturalis . (in Latin)
Plutarch, Βίοι Παράλληλοι [Bíoi Parállēloi, Parallel Lives] . (in Ancient Greek)
Plutarch (1914), "The Life of Numa", in Perrin, Bernadotte, The Parallel Lives, Vol. I, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge: Harvard University Press .
Rotondi, Giovanni (1912), Leges Publicae Populi Romani, Milan: Società Editrice Libraria . (in Latin)
Rüpke, Jörg (2011), Richardson, D.M.B., ed., The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-65508-5 .
Scullard, Howard Hayes (1981), Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, Ithaca: Cornell University Press .
Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), A Greek Grammar for Colleges, New York: American Book Co. .
Stanyan, Temple (1707), Grecian History, London: J. & R. Tonson .
External links[edit]
Chris Bennett's reconstruction of early Roman dates in terms of the Julian calendar
Early Roman Calendar – History
James Grout: The Roman Calendar, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
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Where the Heart Is (2000 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 2000 film. For other uses, see Where the Heart Is.
Where The Heart Is
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Matt Williams
Produced by
Susan Cartsonis
David McFadzean
Patricia Whitcher
Matt Williams
Screenplay by
Lowell Ganz
Babaloo Mandel
Based on
Where the Heart Is
by Billie Letts
Starring
Natalie Portman
Ashley Judd
Stockard Channing
Joan Cusack
Music by
Mason Daring
Cinematography
Richard Greatrex
Edited by
Brooke Wilson
Production
company
Kiah rainwater studios
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
April 28, 2000
Running time
120 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15 million
Box office
$40 million
Where the Heart Is is a 2000 American romantic drama film directed by Matt Williams in his film directing debut. The filmstars Natalie Portman, Stockard Channing, Ashley Judd, and Joan Cusack with supporting roles done by James Frain, Dylan Bruno, Keith David, and Sally Field. The screenplay, written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, is based on the best-selling novel by Billie Letts. The film follows five years in the life of Novalee Nation, a pregnant 17-year-old, who is abandoned by her boyfriend at a Wal-mart in a small Oklahoma town. She secretly moves into the store, where she eventually gives birth to her baby, which attracts media attention. With the help of friends, she makes a new life for herself in the town.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Differences between novel and film
4 Music
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
At seventeen years old and seven months pregnant, Novalee Nation (Natalie Portman) sets off on a road trip from Tennessee to California with her boyfriend, Willy Jack Pickens (Dylan Bruno) in an old, broken down 1963 Plymouth.
While driving through Sequoyah, Oklahoma, Novalee notices her shoes have fallen through the hole in the floor of the car while she was napping. She asks Willy Jack to stop at the local Walmart so that she can go to the bathroom and buy new shoes. When Novalee reaches out for her change at the checkout, the amount of $5.55 sends her into a panic as we learned early on that she believes that the number 5 is a bad omen. She runs barefoot outside to discover that Willy Jack has abandoned her and left only her new Polaroid camera behind.
Having no where else to go, she walks back inside and meets Thelma "Sister" Husband (Stockard Channing), a woman who runs the Welcome Wagon in town and gives her a buckeye tree. Novalee also meets a photographer named Moses Whitecotton (Keith David) who advises her to give her baby a strong name. Later that evening, Novalee feeling sick, runs into the bathroom again to vomit. When she comes out of the bathroom, she discovers the store has closed. She soon figures out how to live undetected in the Walmart, spending the days walking around the town and sneaking back into the store to stay the night.
Meanwhile, Willy Jack is arrested and accused of fraternizing with an attractive stranger he has no idea is actually 14 years old and stealing money and cigarettes from a convenience store. He is sentenced to serve time where he composes a country song entitled "Beat of the Heart."
Novalee manages to live at the store for several weeks. She visits the library and meets Forney Hull (James Frain) who looks after his librarian alcoholic sister Mary Elizabeth (Margaret Hoard). After finding the info on how to tend to a buckeye tree, Novalee visits Sister Husband where she urges Novalee to plant the buckeye tree in her yard.
Birth contractions wake Novalee during a thunderstorm. Her water breaks and she goes into labor. As she collapses, she notices that she is in aisle 5 and because of her superstition, she struggles to pull herself to the next aisle. Forney (who has been following her and saw her go into the store at closing time) smashes through a plate-glass window and helps deliver her baby.
The next morning, Novalee wakes up in the local hospital to find she is a media celebrity for giving birth in a Walmart. She is befriended by her nurse, Lexie Coop (Ashley Judd). After Lexie tells her the baby still doesn't have a name, Novalee declares she will name her daughter Americus.
Lexie reveals to Novalee that she is a single woman with four children by three different men and tells an astonished Novalee that Lexie's children are all named after snack foods: Brownie, Praline, Cherry and Baby Ruth.
While Novalee and Lexi are reading letters that have been sent supporting her, Novalee's mother, Mama Lil (Sally Field), who abandoned her as a child, sees her on television and appears at the hospital. Her mother, claiming the women can pool their money and get an apartment together, takes the $500 that Novalee received as a gift from the President of Walmart. Novalee also tells Mama Lil that Walmart has offered her a job in any of the Walmart stores across the country.
Mama Lil, tucking Novalee's $500 into her bra, promises to pick up Novalee and Americus the next morning. Much to her dismay and disgust, realizing Mama Lil has abandoned her again, Novalee sits rejected at the hospital with no where to go. Sister Husband arrives and offers to let Novalee and the baby live with her.
Novalee, feeling she has a family for the first time in her life, enjoys living at Sister Husband's. While thanking him for delivering her baby, Novalee becomes friends with Forney who lives at the library with his sister.
One night, while Novalee and Forney are shopping for Christmas trees, Forney remarks that Americus is 5 months old that day. Novalee is alarmed at the realization and hurries home to check Americus.
Upon arriving, she finds the police at her home and learns Americus has been kidnapped. Novalee remembers that in the hospital she received a card from Midnight, Mississippi saying her baby was an "abomination under God," because she was born out of wedlock. The police quickly apprehend a vehicle with Mississippi plates and Americus is found safe in a nativity scene outside a church.
Upon being released from prison and making it to Nashville, Tennessee, Willy Jack becomes a one-hit-wonder with the song he wrote in jail. He teams with the grizzled and cranky music agent, Ruth Meyers (Joan Cusack), who cleans him up and gives him the stage name "Billy Shadow."
Three years later, Novalee begins a career as a photographer with the help of Moses. When a tornado blows through Sequoyah, Sister Husband is killed, and their home is destroyed. In memory of Sister, Novalee shoots a picture of Americus and the still-standing buckeye tree amidst the damage from the storm. After the funeral, one of Sister Husband's friends from Alcoholics Anonymous informs Novalee that she is the beneficiary of Sister's estate, totaling around $40,000. Novalee builds a new home for herself and Americus on Sister's land.
In Las Vegas, Willy Jack attempts to branch out his career and, behind Ruth Meyers's back, starts shopping around for another agent. He meets with a well-known agent named Johnny DeSoto (Richard Nance) to discuss dumping Ruth. DeSoto warns a cocky Willy Jack that Ruth is a great ally but can also be a powerful enemy. At the same time, Novalee is also in Las Vegas to accept an award in a photo contest she has won. Novalee and Willy Jack just miss meeting each other.
Ruth Meyers, who has gotten in his hotel room, informs Willy Jack that his old cellmate, Tommy Reynolds, is suing him claiming he is the true writer of Beat of a Heart, now a major radio hit. Willy Jack tells her that he wrote the song and asks Ruth what to do. Ruth tells Willy Jack that he should ask Johnny DeSoto to help him (having somehow found out about his talk with him), and terminates her connections with Willy Jack. Novalee returns to Sequoyah after the awards event without realizing how close she came to seeing Willy Jack.
One day, Novalee receives a garbled and panicked call from Brownie, Lexie's oldest child. She rushes over to find Lexie bruised and battered with her kids crouched beside her. We learn that Lexie's new love interest started to molest her two eldest children and nearly beat her to death as she attempted to protect them. Lexie's injuries hinder her nursing job and she and her children have to move in with Novalee and Americus. Lexie breaks down feeling guilty and angry. She tearfully tells Novalee that she ignored her kid's dislike for her boyfriend, now realizing her kids saw he was evil, but all Lexie saw was his new Buick (referring to his material wealth). Lexie asks Novalee what is she supposed to say when her kids ask why this happened to them. Novalee comforts her providing Lexie with an answer from Novalee's own life experiences.
Mary Elizabeth later passes away and when Forney does not appear at the funeral, Novalee finds him in a hotel and comforts him. They act on their feelings they have denied for so long and spend the night together. Forney confesses his feelings for her. Novalee confides in Lexie but tells her she is confused about her own feelings for Forney.
Novalee learns that Lexie is seeing someone new. Lexie is embarrassed to admit "Ernie" is an exterminator and does not have quite the physical attributes she's gone for in the past. Lexie eventually falls in love with Ernie (Bob Coonrod) after learning he gave his ex-wife his restored 1967 Chevy Camaro in exchange for custody of his step-daughter whom he adopted as his own. They get married, and Lexie tells Novalee that she's pregnant.
After Forney returns from his sister's burial on the east coast, Novalee feels deeply that she is not good enough for him, knowing he has a chance of going back to school. Knowing his life would be a dead end staying with her in Sequoyah, she struggles through lying to him saying she does not love him. Novalee feels she would be preventing Forney from living the life he is intended to live and becoming successful. Heartbroken and rejected by Novalee, Forney returns to school in Maine.
Severely depressed at his ruined career following the lawsuit, Willy Jack becomes an alcoholic and starts popping pills while driving with a woman across country. He wanders off drunk and collapses on a railroad track where he is unable to move as a train approaches.
On Americus's 5th birthday, Novalee picks up a newspaper and sees an article about Willy Jack having lost his legs some months before and recently being robbed of his wheelchair. Novalee visits Willy Jack in the hospital and he reveals to her that he lied to her on their last day together when he said he couldn't feel the baby's heart. He confesses his whole life would've been different if he'd been able to undo this one lie. Novalee, realizing he is now a pathetically changed man, is able to finally forgive and let go of Willy Jack.
Novalee realizes that her lies are similar mistakes with Forney. She drives Willy Jack home to Tennessee and then continues to Maine to find Forney at a college. Novalee tells him she really does love him and they return to Oklahoma and marry. The final scene is of their wedding, which takes place in a Walmart.
Cast[edit]
Natalie Portman as Novalee Nation
Ashley Judd as Lexie Coop
Stockard Channing as Thelma "Sister" Husband
Joan Cusack as Ruth Meyers
James Frain as Forney Hull
Dylan Bruno as Willy Jack Pickens
Keith David as Moses Whitecotton
Richard Andrew Jones as Mr. Sprock
Sally Field as Mama Lil
Angee Hughes as Religious woman
Margaret Hoard as Mary Elizabeth Hull
Mackenzie Fitzgerald as Americus Nation
David Alvarado as Tommy Reynolds
Richard Nance as Johnny DeSotto
Bob Coonrod as Ernie
Cody Linley as Brownie Coop
Adrian Garza as Young Brownie (uncredited)
Differences between novel and film[edit]
Novalee finds the number 5 unlucky in the movie, and the number 7 unlucky in the novel.
Sister Husband has brown hair in the movie, and blue hair in the novel.
In the novel, Lexie marries Leon Yoder.
In the film, Forney returns to school. In the novel, Forney instead travels for some time before settling in Chicago.
Novalee's marriage to Forney only occurs in the film.
In the novel, Lexie is obese. She is constantly trying new fad diets and weight loss schemes. This aspect of her character is removed from the film version.
In the novel, Benny Goodluck gives Novalee a buckeye tree for good luck. In the film, the buckeye tree was given to Novalee by Sister Husband.
In the novel, Moses has a wife named Certain whom Novalee also becomes close with. She is entirely omitted from the film, as is Benny Goodluck.
Music[edit]
Original music for the film was produced by Mason Daring. A soundtrack of the original music was released by RCA Records, as well as a music compilation soundtrack featuring songs used in the film by artists such as Emmylou Harris, Lyle Lovett, Martina McBride, and John Hiatt.
The song "That's the Beat of a Heart" was performed by The Warren Brothers and Sara Evans. A music video was made for the song, which is included as a bonus extra on the DVD release, and features a number of scenes from the film.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received mostly negative reviews. Metacritic gives it a score of 30% based on reviews from 28 critics.[1] Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 35% approval rating, based on reviews from 97 critics, with the sites consensus stating that the film's "poor script and messy plot undermines the decent cast."[2]
Box office[edit]
The film opened in theaters in the United States on April 28, 2000. Where the Heart Is accumulated (USD)$8,292,939 in its opening weekend, opening at number 4.
The film went on to make $33,772,838 at the North American box office, and an additional $7,090,880 internationally for a worldwide total of $40,863,718.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Metacritic (Where The Heart Is)
Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes (Where The Heart Is)
Jump up ^ "Where the Heart Is". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 15 April 2006.
External links[edit]
Where the Heart Is on IMDb
Where the Heart Is at Box Office Mojo
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Heart_Is_(2000_film)&oldid=798087970"
Categories:
English-language films
2000s drama films
2000 films
20th Century Fox films
American comedy-drama films
American teen drama films
American films
Country music films
Directorial debut films
Films based on American novels
Films set in department stores
Films set in Oklahoma
Screenplays by Babaloo Mandel
Screenplays by Lowell Ganz
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