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High-End Crush
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High-End Crush
High-End Crush Official Poster
Also known as
Clueless High Class Unrequited Love
The Greatest One-Sided Love No One Has Ever Seen Before
Genre
Comedy, Romance, Romantic Comedy
Written by
Sin Yoo-dam
Directed by
Ji Yeong-soo
Starring
Jung Il-woo
Jin Se-yeon
Lee Si-eon
Yoon Bo-ra
Country of origin
South Korea
Original language(s)
Korean
No. of episodes
20
Production
Executive producer(s)
Kim Kyung-mi
Coco Ma
Producer(s)
Son Gi-won
Charles Zhang
Deng Ye
Location(s)
South Korea
Running time
15 mins
Production company(s)
Kim Jong-hak Productions (ko)
Sohu
Distributor
Naver
Sohu
Release
Original network
NAVER TV Cast
Sohu
Original release
November 14, 2015 – January 17, 2016
External links
Official Website
High-End Crush
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
高品格單戀
Simplified Chinese
高品格单恋
Hanyu Pinyin
Gāopǐn'gé Dānliàn
Korean name
Hangul
고품격 짝사랑
Hanja
高品格 짝사랑
Revised Romanization
Gopumgyeok Jjaksarang
High-End Crush (Korean: 고품격 짝사랑; Chinese: 高品格单恋) is a South Korean-Chinese production web drama, starring Jung Il-woo and Jin Se-yeon.[1] It was aired on Sohu TV on Saturdays & Sundays at 00:00 (CST). In just four months, the web drama has recorded over 200 million views in China.[2]
"High End Crush" is a romantic comedy depicting the heartfelt and pure love story by a man with everything in his hands, who falls in love for the first time in his life with a woman, who has been living in completely opposite circumstances from his.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Supporting cast
1.3 Guest cast
2 References
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Jung Il-woo as Choi Se-hoon
Jin Se-yeon as Yoo Yi-ryung
Supporting cast[edit]
Yoon Bo-ra as Kang Min-joo
Lee Si-eon as Section chief Heo
Jung Sang-hoon as Jong-hyun
Moon Se-yoon as Jang Sae-yoon
Park Hyun-woo as Section chief Park
Monsta X as themselves
Soobin as Soo-bin, Min-joo's friend
Guest cast[edit]
Kim So-yeon as TV Reporter
Jung Kyung-ho as TV Reporter
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A Korean-Chinese Joint Web Drama HIGH END CRUSH Is on Board with JUNG Il-woo". www.koreanfilm.or.kr. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Web Drama 'High-End Crush' Hits 200 Million Views in China". mwave.interest.me. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-End_Crush&oldid=802602443"
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Evolution of the eye
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Major stages in the evolution of the eye in vertebrates.
The evolution of the eye is attractive to study, because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times.[1]
Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion. From before the Cambrian, no evidence of eyes has survived, but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian, and from the slightly older Emu Bay Shale.[2] Eyes are adapted to the various requirements of their owners. They vary in their visual acuity, the range of wavelengths they can detect, their sensitivity in low light, their ability to detect motion or to resolve objects, and whether they can discriminate colours.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of research
2 Rate of evolution
3 One origin or many?
4 Stages of eye evolution
4.1 Early eyes
4.2 Lens formation and diversification
4.3 Other developments
4.3.1 Color vision
4.3.2 Polarization vision
4.3.3 Focusing mechanism
4.3.4 Location
5 Evolutionary baggage
6 Footnotes
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History of research[edit]
The human eye, showing the iris
In 1802, philosopher William Paley called it a miracle of "design". Charles Darwin himself wrote in his Origin of Species, that the evolution of the eye by natural selection seemed at first glance "absurd in the highest possible degree". However, he went on that despite the difficulty in imagining it, its evolution was perfectly feasible:
...if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye to one complex and perfect can be shown to exist, each grade being useful to its possessor, as is certainly the case; if further, the eye ever varies and the variations be inherited, as is likewise certainly the case and if such variations should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, should not be considered as subversive of the theory.[3]
He suggested a stepwise evolution from "an optic nerve merely coated with pigment, and without any other mechanism" to "a moderately high stage of perfection", and gave examples of existing intermediate steps.[3] Darwin's suggestions were soon shown to be correct, and current research is investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying eye development and evolution.[4]
Biologist D.E. Nilsson has independently theorized about four general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.[5] Nilsson and S. Pelger estimated in a classic paper how many generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates.[6] Another researcher, G.C. Young, has used the fossil record to infer evolutionary conclusions, based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through.[7] All this adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin's theory.
Rate of evolution[edit]
The first fossils of eyes found to date are from the lower Cambrian period (about 540 million years ago).[8] The lower Cambrian had a burst of apparently rapid evolution, called the "Cambrian explosion". One of the many hypotheses for "causes" of the Cambrian explosion is the "Light Switch" theory of Andrew Parker: It holds that the evolution of eyes started an arms race that accelerated evolution.[9] Before the Cambrian explosion, animals may have sensed light, but did not use it for fast locomotion or navigation by vision.
The rate of eye evolution is difficult to estimate, because the fossil record, particularly of the lower Cambrian, is poor. How fast a circular patch of photoreceptor cells evolve into a fully functional vertebrate eye has been estimated based on rates of mutation, relative advantage to the organism, and natural selection. However, the time needed for each state was consistently overestimated and the generation time was set to one year, which is common in small animals. Even with these pessimistic values, the vertebrate eye would still evolve from a patch of photoreceptor cells in less than 364,000 years.[10][note 1]
One origin or many?[edit]
Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye. All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development. This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it was not a dedicated optical organ. However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells. Probably, photoreceptor cells existed long before the Cambrian explosion.[11] Higher-level similarities – such as the use of the protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses[12] – reflect the co-option of a more fundamental protein to a new function within the eye.[13]
A shared trait common to all light-sensitive organs are opsins. Opsins belong to a family of photo-sensitive proteins and fall into nine groups, which already existed in the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of all bilateral symmetrical animals.[14] Additionally, the genetic toolkit for positioning eyes is shared by all animals: The PAX6 gene controls where eyes develop in animals ranging from octopuses[15] to mice and fruit flies.[16][17][18] Such high-level genes are, by implication, much older than many of the structures that they control today; they must originally have served a different purpose, before they were co-opted for eye development.[13]
Eyes and other sensory organs probably evolved before the brain: There is no need for an information-processing organ (brain) before there is information to process.[19]
Stages of eye evolution[edit]
The stigma (2) of the euglena hides a light-sensitive spot.
The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light, found even in unicellular organisms, called "eyespots". Eyespots can only sense ambient brightness: they can distinguish light from dark, sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms. They are insufficient for vision, as they cannot distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from. Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups, and are common among unicellular organisms, including euglena. The euglena's eyespot, called a stigma, is located at its anterior end. It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals. Together with the leading flagellum, the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light, often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis,[20] and to predict day and night, the primary function of circadian rhythms. Visual pigments are located in the brains of more complex organisms, and are thought to have a role in synchronising spawning with lunar cycles. By detecting the subtle changes in night-time illumination, organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation.[citation needed]
Vision itself relies on a basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes. However, how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism's environment varies widely: eyes have a wide range of structures and forms, all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules.[20]
At a cellular level, there appear to be two main "designs" of eyes, one possessed by the protostomes (molluscs, annelid worms and arthropods), the other by the deuterostomes (chordates and echinoderms).[20]
The functional unit of the eye is the photoreceptor cell, which contains the opsin proteins and responds to light by initiating a nerve impulse. The light sensitive opsins are borne on a hairy layer, to maximise the surface area. The nature of these "hairs" differs, with two basic forms underlying photoreceptor structure: microvilli and cilia.[21] In the eyes of protostomes, they are microvilli: extensions or protrusions of the cellular membrane. But in the eyes of deuterostomes, they are derived from cilia, which are separate structures.[20] However, outside the eyes an organism may use the other type of photoreceptor cells, for instance the clamworm Platynereis dumerilii uses microvilliar cells in the eyes but has additionally deep brain ciliary photoreceptor cells.[22] The actual derivation may be more complicated, as some microvilli contain traces of cilia — but other observations appear to support a fundamental difference between protostomes and deuterostomes.[20] These considerations centre on the response of the cells to light – some use sodium to cause the electric signal that will form a nerve impulse, and others use potassium; further, protostomes on the whole construct a signal by allowing more sodium to pass through their cell walls, whereas deuterostomes allow less through.[20]
This suggests that when the two lineages diverged in the Precambrian, they had only very primitive light receptors, which developed into more complex eyes independently.
Early eyes[edit]
The basic light-processing unit of eyes is the photoreceptor cell, a specialized cell containing two types of molecules in a membrane: the opsin, a light-sensitive protein, surrounding the chromophore, a pigment that distinguishes colors. Groups of such cells are termed "eyespots", and have evolved independently somewhere between 40 and 65 times. These eyespots permit animals to gain only a very basic sense of the direction and intensity of light, but not enough to discriminate an object from its surroundings.[20]
Developing an optical system that can discriminate the direction of light to within a few degrees is apparently much more difficult, and only six of the thirty-some phyla[note 2] possess such a system. However, these phyla account for 96% of living species.[20]
The planarian has "cup" eyespots that can slightly distinguish light direction.
These complex optical systems started out as the multicellular eyepatch gradually depressed into a cup, which first granted the ability to discriminate brightness in directions, then in finer and finer directions as the pit deepened. While flat eyepatches were ineffective at determining the direction of light, as a beam of light would activate exactly the same patch of photo-sensitive cells regardless of its direction, the "cup" shape of the pit eyes allowed limited directional differentiation by changing which cells the lights would hit depending upon the light's angle. Pit eyes, which had arisen by the Cambrian period, were seen in ancient snails,[clarification needed] and are found in some snails and other invertebrates living today, such as planaria. Planaria can slightly differentiate the direction and intensity of light because of their cup-shaped, heavily pigmented retina cells, which shield the light-sensitive cells from exposure in all directions except for the single opening for the light. However, this proto-eye is still much more useful for detecting the absence or presence of light than its direction; this gradually changes as the eye's pit deepens and the number of photoreceptive cells grows, allowing for increasingly precise visual information.[23]
When a photon is absorbed by the chromophore, a chemical reaction causes the photon's energy to be transduced into electrical energy and relayed, in higher animals, to the nervous system. These photoreceptor cells form part of the retina, a thin layer of cells that relays visual information,[24] including the light and day-length information needed by the circadian rhythm system, to the brain. However, some jellyfish, such as Cladonema, have elaborate eyes but no brain. Their eyes transmit a message directly to the muscles without the intermediate processing provided by a brain.[19]
During the Cambrian explosion, the development of the eye accelerated rapidly, with radical improvements in image-processing and detection of light direction.[25]
The primitive nautilus eye functions similarly to a pinhole camera.
After the photosensitive cell region invaginated, there came a point when reducing the width of the light opening became more efficient at increasing visual resolution than continued deepening of the cup.[10] By reducing the size of the opening, organisms achieved true imaging, allowing for fine directional sensing and even some shape-sensing. Eyes of this nature are currently found in the nautilus. Lacking a cornea or lens, they provide poor resolution and dim imaging, but are still, for the purpose of vision, a major improvement over the early eyepatches.[26]
Overgrowths of transparent cells prevented contamination and parasitic infestation. The chamber contents, now segregated, could slowly specialize into a transparent humour, for optimizations such as colour filtering, higher refractive index, blocking of ultraviolet radiation, or the ability to operate in and out of water. The layer may, in certain classes, be related to the moulting of the organism's shell or skin. An example of this can be observed in Onychophorans where the cuticula of the shell continues to the cornea. The cornea is composed of either one or two cuticular layers depending on how recently the animal has moulted.[27] Along with the lens and two humors, the cornea is responsible for converging light and aiding the focusing of it on the back of the retina. The cornea protects the eyeball while at the same time accounting for approximately 2/3 of the eye’s total refractive power.[28]
It is likely that a key reason eyes specialize in detecting a specific, narrow range of wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—the visible spectrum—is because the earliest species to develop photosensitivity were aquatic, and only two specific wavelength ranges of electromagnetic radiation, blue and green visible light, can travel through water. This same light-filtering property of water also influenced the photosensitivity of plants.[29][30][31]
Lens formation and diversification[edit]
Light from a distant object and a near object being focused by changing the curvature of the lens
In a lensless eye, the light emanating from a distant point hits the back of the eye with about the same size as the eye's aperture. With the addition of a lens this incoming light is concentrated on a smaller surface area, without reducing the overall intensity of the stimulus.[6] The focal length of an early lobopod with lens-containing simple eyes focused the image behind the retina, so while no part of the image could be brought into focus, the intensity of light allowed the organism to see in deeper (and therefore darker) waters.[27] A subsequent increase of the lens's refractive index probably resulted in an in-focus image being formed.[27]
The development of the lens in camera-type eyes probably followed a different trajectory. The transparent cells over a pinhole eye's aperture split into two layers, with liquid in between.[citation needed] The liquid originally served as a circulatory fluid for oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and immune functions, allowing greater total thickness and higher mechanical protection. In addition, multiple interfaces between solids and liquids increase optical power, allowing wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution. Again, the division of layers may have originated with the shedding of skin; intracellular fluid may infill naturally depending on layer depth.[citation needed]
Note that this optical layout has not been found, nor is it expected to be found. Fossilization rarely preserves soft tissues, and even if it did, the new humour would almost certainly close as the remains desiccated, or as sediment overburden forced the layers together, making the fossilized eye resemble the previous layout.
Compound eye of Antarctic krill
Vertebrate lenses are composed of adapted epithelial cells which have high concentrations of the protein crystallin. These crystallins belong to two major families, the α-crystallins and the βγ-crystallins. Both were categories of proteins originally used for other functions in organisms, but eventually were adapted for the sole purpose of vision in animal eyes.[32] In the embryo, the lens is living tissue, but the cellular machinery is not transparent so must be removed before the organism can see. Removing the machinery means the lens is composed of dead cells, packed with crystallins. These crystallins are special because they have the unique characteristics required for transparency and function in the lens such as tight packing, resistance to crystallization, and extreme longevity, as they must survive for the entirety of the organism’s life.[32] The refractive index gradient which makes the lens useful is caused by the radial shift in crystallin concentration in different parts of the lens, rather than by the specific type of protein: it is not the presence of crystallin, but the relative distribution of it, that renders the lens useful.[33]
It is biologically difficult to maintain a transparent layer of cells. Deposition of transparent, nonliving, material eased the need for nutrient supply and waste removal. Trilobites used calcite, a mineral which today is known to be used for vision only in a single species of brittle star.[34] In other compound eyes[verification needed] and camera eyes, the material is crystallin. A gap between tissue layers naturally forms a biconvex shape, which is optically and mechanically ideal for substances of normal[clarification needed] refractive index. A biconvex lens confers not only optical resolution, but aperture and low-light ability, as resolution is now decoupled from hole size – which slowly increases again, free from the circulatory constraints.
Independently, a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer may split forward from the lens: a separate cornea and iris. (These may happen before or after crystal deposition, or not at all.) Separation of the forward layer again forms a humour, the aqueous humour. This increases refractive power and again eases circulatory problems. Formation of a nontransparent ring allows more blood vessels, more circulation, and larger eye sizes. This flap around the perimeter of the lens also masks optical imperfections, which are more common at lens edges. The need to mask lens imperfections gradually increases with lens curvature and power, overall lens and eye size, and the resolution and aperture needs of the organism, driven by hunting or survival requirements. This type is now functionally identical to the eye of most vertebrates, including humans. Indeed, "the basic pattern of all vertebrate eyes is similar."[35]
Other developments[edit]
Color vision[edit]
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Five classes of visual opsins are found in vertebrates. All but one of these developed prior to the divergence of Cyclostomata and fish.[36] The five opsin classes are variously adapted depending on the light spectrum encountered. As light travels through water, longer wavelengths, such as reds and yellows, are absorbed more quickly than the shorter wavelengths of the greens and blues. This creates a gradient of light as the depth of water increases.[37] The visual opsins in fish are more sensitive to the range of light in their habitat and depth. However, land environments do not vary in wavelength composition, so that the opsin sensitivities among land vertebrates does not vary much. This directly contributes to the significant presence of communication colors.[36] Color vision gives distinct selective advantages, such as better recognition of predators, food, and mates. Indeed, it is thought[by whom?] that simple sensory-neural mechanisms may selectively control general behavior patterns, such as escape, foraging, and hiding. Many examples of wavelength-specific behaviors have been identified, in two primary groups: Below 450 nm, associated with direct light, and above 450 nm, associated with reflected light.[38] As opsin molecules were tuned to detect different wavelengths of light, at some point color vision developed when the photoreceptor cells used differently tuned opsins.[24] This may have happened at any of the early stages of the eye's evolution, and may have disappeared and reevolved as organisms became predator or prey. Similarly, night and day vision emerged when photoreceptor cells differentiated into rods and cones, respectively.[citation needed]
Further information: Evolution of color vision
Polarization vision[edit]
As discussed earlier, the properties of light under water differ from those in air. One example of this is the polarization of light. Polarization is the organization of originally disordered light, from the sun, into linear arrangements. This occurs when light passes through slit like filters, as well as when passing into a new medium. Sensitivity to polarized light is especially useful for organisms whose habitats are located more than a few meters under water. In this environment, color vision is less dependable, and therefore a weaker selective factor. While most photoreceptors have the ability to distinguish partially polarized light, terrestrial vertebrates’ membranes are orientated perpendicularly, such that they are insensitive to polarized light.[39] However, some fish can discern polarized light, demonstrating that they possess some linear photoreceptors. Additionally, cuttlefish are capable of perceiving the polarization of light with high visual fidelity, although they appear to lack any significant capacity for color differentiation.[40] Like color vision, sensitivity to polarization can aid in an organism's ability to differentiate surrounding objects and individuals. Because of the marginal reflective interference of polarized light, it is often used for orientation and navigation, as well as distinguishing concealed objects, such as disguised prey.[39]
Focusing mechanism[edit]
By utilizing the iris sphincter muscle, some species move the lens back and forth, some stretch the lens flatter. Another mechanism regulates focusing chemically and independently of these two, by controlling growth of the eye and maintaining focal length. In addition, the pupil shape can be used to predict the focal system being utilized. A slit pupil can indicate the common multifocal system, while a circular pupil usually specifies a monofocal system. When using a circular form, the pupil will constrict under bright light, increasing the focal length, and will dilate when dark in order to decrease the depth of focus.[41] Note that a focusing method is not a requirement. As photographers know, focal errors increase as aperture increases. Thus, countless organisms with small eyes are active in direct sunlight and survive with no focus mechanism at all. As a species grows larger, or transitions to dimmer environments, a means of focusing need only appear gradually.
Location[edit]
Prey generally have eyes on the sides of their head so to have a larger field of view, from which to avoid predators. Predators, however, have eyes in front of their head in order to have better depth perception.[42][43] Flatfish are predators which lie on their side on the bottom, and have eyes placed asymmetrically on the same side of the head. A transitional fossil from the common symmetric position is Amphistium.
Evolutionary baggage[edit]
Vertebrate
Octopus
Vertebrates and octopodes developed the camera eye independently. In the vertebrate version the nerve fibers pass in front of the retina, and there is a blind spot where the nerves pass through the retina. In the vertebrate example, 4 represents the blind spot, which is notably absent from the octopus eye. In both vertebrates and octopodes, 1 represents the retina, 2 represents the nerve fibers, and 3 represents the optic nerve.
Main article: Evolutionary baggage
The eyes of many animals record their evolutionary history in their contemporary anatomy. The vertebrate eye, for instance, is built "backwards and upside down", requiring "photons of light to travel through the cornea, lens, aqueous fluid, blood vessels, ganglion cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells before they reach the light-sensitive rods and cones that transduce the light signal into neural impulses, which are then sent to the visual cortex at the back of the brain for processing into meaningful patterns."[44] While such a construct has some drawbacks, it also allows the outer retina of the vertebrates to sustain higher metabolic activities as compared to the non-inverted design.[45] It also allowed for the evolution of the choroid layer, including the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which play an important role in protecting the photoreceptive cells from photo-oxidative damage.[46][47]
The camera eyes of cephalopods, in contrast, are constructed the "right way out", with the nerves attached to the rear of the retina. This means that they do not have a blind spot. This difference may be accounted for by the origins of eyes; in cephalopods they develop as an invagination of the head surface whereas in vertebrates they originate as an extension of the brain.[48]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ David Berlinski, an intelligent design proponent, questioned the basis of the calculations, and the author of the original paper refuted Berlinski's criticism.
Berlinski, David (April 2001). "Commentary magazine".
Nilsson, Dan-E. "Beware of Pseudo-science: a response to David Berlinski's attack on my calculation of how long it takes for an eye to evolve".
"Evolution of the Eye" on PBS
Jump up ^ The precise number varies from author to author.
See also[edit]
Ocelloid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""An important cue for understanding eye evolution is the distinction between different types of photoreceptor cells. Salvini-Plawen and Mayr ( 1977 ) noted a remarkable diversity of photoreceptor cell morphology across the animal kingdom, and suggested that photoreceptors evolved independently numerous times." - Land, M.F. and Nilsson, D.-E., Animal Eyes(2-nd ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012), p. 7.
Jump up ^ Lee, M. S. Y.; Jago, J. B.; Garcia-Bellido, D. C.; Edgecombe, G. E.; Gehling, J. G; Paterson, J. R. (2011). "Modern optics in exceptionally preserved eyes of Early Cambrian arthropods from Australia". Nature. 474: 631–634. doi:10.1038/nature10097. PMID 21720369.
^ Jump up to: a b Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray.
Jump up ^ Gehring WJ (2005). "New perspectives on eye development and the evolution of eyes and photoreceptors". J. Hered. 96 (3): 171–84. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi027. PMID 15653558.
Jump up ^ Nilsson, D.-E. (2013). "Eye evolution and its functional basis". Visual Neuroscience. 30: 5–20. doi:10.1017/s0952523813000035. PMC 3632888  .
^ Jump up to: a b Nilsson, D.-E.; Pelger, S. (1994). "A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 256: 53–58. doi:10.1098/rspb.1994.0048. PMID 8008757.
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^ Jump up to: a b Gehring, W. J. (13 January 2005). "New Perspectives on Eye Development and the Evolution of Eyes and Photoreceptors" (Full text). Journal of Heredity. Oxford Journals. 96 (3): 171–184. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi027. PMID 15653558. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
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Jump up ^ Autrum, H (1979). "Introduction". In H. Autrum. Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates- A: Invertebrate Photoreceptors. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. VII/6A. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 6–9. ISBN 3-540-08837-7.
Jump up ^ Arendt, D.; Tessmar-Raible, K.; Snyman, H.; Dorresteijn, A.W.; Wittbrodt, J. (29 October 2004). "Ciliary Photoreceptors with a Vertebrate-Type Opsin in an Invertebrate Brain". Science. 306 (5697): 869–871. doi:10.1126/science.1099955. PMID 15514158.
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Jump up ^ Diagrammatic representation of disc shedding and phagosome retrieval into the pigment epithelial cell.[1]
Jump up ^ Serb, Jeanne M.; Eernisse, Douglas J. (2008-09-25). "Charting Evolution's Trajectory: Using Molluscan Eye Diversity to Understand Parallel and Convergent Evolution". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 1 (4): 439–447. doi:10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1. ISSN 1936-6426.
Further reading[edit]
Lamb TD, Collin SP, Pugh EN (December 2007). "Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (12): 960–76. doi:10.1038/nrn2283. PMC 3143066  . PMID 18026166. Illustration. Review
Lamb, TD (2011). "Evolution of the Eye" (PDF). Scientific American. 305: 64–69. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0711-64.
Land, Michael F.; Nilsson, Dan-Eric (2012). "The origin of vision". Animal Eyes (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-0199581146.
Journal Evolution: Education and Outreach[dead link] Volume 1, Number 4 / October 2008. Special Issue: The Evolution of Eyes. 26 articles, free access.
Ivan R. Schwab (2012). Evolution's Witness: How Eyes Evolved. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195369748.
Hayakawa S, Takaku Y, Hwang JS, Horiguchi T, Suga H, Gehring W, et al. (2015). "Function and evolutionary origin of unicellular camera-type eye structure". PLoS ONE. 10 (3): e0118415. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018415H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118415. PMC 4348419  . PMID 25734540.
Greuet, C (1968). "Organisation ultrastructurale de l'ocelle de deux Peridiniens Warnowiidae, Erythropsis pavillardi Kofoid et Swezy et Warnowia pulchra Schiller". Protistologica. 4: 209–230.
Gregory S. Gavelis, Shiho Hayakawa, Richard A. White III, Takashi Gojobori, Curtis A. Suttle, Patrick J. Keeling, Brian S. Leander (2015). "Eye-like ocelloids are built from different endosymbiotically acquired components". Nature. 523: 204–7. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..204G. doi:10.1038/nature14593. PMID 26131935. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Oakley, Todd H.; Speiser, Daniel I. (2015). "How Complexity Originates: The Evolution of Animal Eyes". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 46: 237–260. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135907.
Ed Young; photographs by David Liittschwager (February 2016). "Inside the Eye: Nature's Most Exquisite Creation". National Geographic. 229 (2): 30–57.
External links[edit]
"Evolution of the Eye". WGBH Educational Foundation and Clear Blue Sky Productions. PBS. 2001.
Creationism Disproved? Video from the National Center for Science Education on the evolution of the eye
Evolution: Education and Outreach Special Issue: Evolution and Eyes volume 1, number 4, October 2008, pages 351-559. ISSN 1936-6426 (Print) 1936-6434 (Online)
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Bad Romance (Thai series)
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (October 2016)
Bad Romance
Genre
Comedy, Friendship, Life, Romance
Starring
Tomo Visava Thaiyanont
Maengmum Pimnitchakun Bumrungkit
Tul Pakorn Thanasrivanitchai
Max Nattapol Diloknawarit
Opening theme
"The Person Who's Sad Probably Isn't You"
(Thai: คนที่เสียใจคงไม่ใช่เธอ)
sung by Pete Pitipong
Country of origin
Thailand
Original language(s)
Thai
No. of episodes
13
Production
Camera setup
Multiple-camera setup
Running time
75 minutes
Production company(s)
TV Thunder
Release
Original network
PPTV HD 36
Line TV
Picture format
576i (16:9 SD)
720p/1080i (HD)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
July 18 (2016-07-18) – September 5, 2016 (2016-09-05)
External links
Website
Bad Romance: The Series (Thai title: ตกหลุมหัวใจยัยปีศาจ Dtok Loom Hua Jai Yai Bpee Saht) is a 2016 Thai straight and boys’ love romantic comedy series aired on PPTV HD, TV Thunder and Line TV. It is broadcast on Mondays and Tuesdays from 19:30 to 21:00 (Bangkok Standard Time) on television, and aired at 22:00 on Line TV during the same days. The series is based from the novel of the same name. It contains a total of 13 episodes with an average span of 75 minutes each. The series started its airing on 18 July 2016 and ended on 5 September 2016. The story revolves around a group of people who met and became friends, and how they deal with their feelings toward each other.[1]
There are two main couples in the series. The first one is tagged as a boy-girl (or “straight”) couple of Tomo Visava Thaiyanont and Maengmum Pimnitchakun Bumrungkit who are playing the roles of “Cho” and “Yihwa” respectively; and the other one is the “boys love” couple of Max Nattapol Diloknawarit and Tul Pakorn Thanasrivanitchai playing the roles of “Korn” and “Knock” respectively. Similar to other Thai dramas, there are also other couples and actors who bring life to the series. Most of the scenes are taken in a university and in condominiums where they live.
The series has garnered positive citations not just in Thailand, but also in specific communities in the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Japan, and Singapore.
A prequel focusing on the couple of "Korn" and "Knock" on how they met and fall in love, titled "Together With Me The Series" with 13 episodes has been announced and will be released in August 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 External links
5 References
Plot[edit]
Yihwa, a single university girl, believes that she doesn’t need boys in her life because she can survive without them, and thinks that boys are like iPhones that are only for decorative purposes. However, when she goes to the condominium unit of her best friend Korn, who is celebrating his anniversary with his partner Knock, she meets Korn’s friend, Cho, who falls in love with her at first sight. But Yihwa does not feel the same way; instead, she thinks that Cho is gay and he wants to have a relationship with Knock. After that day, Cho starts to pursue Yihwa, however he has a hard time trying to please her and experiences many ups-and-downs before he becomes close to her. (the series has a broader focus on the straight couple)
Cast[edit]
Tomo Visava Thaiyanont as "Cho"
Maengmum Pimnitchakun Bumrungkit as "Yihwa"
Tul Pakorn Thanasrivanitchai as "Knock"
Max Nattapol Diloknawarit as "Korn"
Soundtrack[edit]
The Person Who's Sad Probably Isn't You (Thai: คนที่เสียใจคงไม่ใช่เธอ) by Pete Pitipong [2]
The Person Who's Sad Probably Isn't You (acoustic cover version) by Tul Pakorn Thanasrivanitchai [3]
External links[edit]
Official Facebook page
References[edit]
Jump up ^ True Life (2016-01-28). "เรื่องย่อละคร Bad Romance รักร้อนออนไลน์ เดอะซีรีส์ ตอน ตกหลุมหัวใจยัยปีศาจ". True Digital Media Company Limited (in Thai). Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ TV Thunder (2016-07-22). "คนที่เสียใจคงไม่ใช่เธอ Ost.ตกหลุมหัวใจยัยปีศาจ (Official MV)". YouTube (in Thai). Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ TV Thunder (2016-08-15). "[Official] คนที่เสียใจคงไม่ใช่เธอ - ตุลย์ ภากร Bad Romance The Series (Cover)". YouTube (in Thai). Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Romance_(Thai_series)&oldid=834124647"
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Philadelphia Freedom (song)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Philadelphia Freedom"
Single by The Elton John Band
B-side
"I Saw Her Standing There" (live with John Lennon)
Released
24 February 1975
Genre
Rock
Length
5:38
5:20 (Edited version)
Label
MCA (US)
DJM (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Elton John, Bernie Taupin
Producer(s)
Gus Dudgeon
Elton John singles chronology
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
(1974) "Philadelphia Freedom"
(1975) "Someone Saved My Life Tonight"
(1975)
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
(1974) "Philadelphia Freedom"
(1975) "Someone Saved My Life Tonight"
(1975)
"Philadelphia Freedom" is a song released by The Elton John Band as a single in 1975. The song was the fourth of Elton John's six number 1 US hits during the early and mid-1970s, which saw his recordings dominating the charts. In Canada it was his eighth single to hit the top of the RPM national singles chart.
The song was written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin as a favour to John's friend, tennis star Billie Jean King. King was part of the Philadelphia Freedoms professional tennis team. The song features an orchestral arrangement by Gene Page, including flutes, horns, and strings.
The song made its album debut on 1977's Elton John's Greatest Hits Volume II. The unedited version (without an early fade out) appears on the box set To Be Continued... and the 40th anniversary edition of the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album.
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Billie Jean King
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly singles charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Personnel
4 Cover versions
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Recorded in the summer of 1974, during breaks between sessions for Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy, the song was at the time the only song Elton John and Bernie Taupin had ever consciously written as a single, as John told journalist Paul Gambaccini. John was looking to honour Billie Jean King, and so asked Taupin to write a song called "Philadelphia Freedom" as a homage to her tennis team, the Philadelphia Freedoms.
In His Song: The Musical History of Elton John, Elizabeth Rosenthal recounts that Taupin said, "I can't write a song about tennis," and did not. Taupin maintains that the lyrics bear no relation to tennis, Philly Soul, or even flag-waving patriotism. Nonetheless, the lyrics have been interpreted as patriotic and uplifting, and even though it was released in 1975, the song's sentiment, intentionally or not, meshed perfectly with an American music audience gearing up for the country's bicentennial celebration in July 1976. In the US, the song was certified Gold in 1975 and Platinum in 1995 by the Recording Industry Association of America.[1] Billboard ranked it as the No. 3 song for 1975.
The song was dedicated in part to the Philadelphia sound: the music of the Delfonics, producers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff; and The Spinners, producer Thom Bell, with whom John would work two years later on The Thom Bell Sessions. This song plays in Philadelphia's Franklin Institute IMAX Theater before every show as a tribute to the city's love for freedom and its impact on the country. The lyrics are also printed on the walls of the Hard Rock Cafe in Philadelphia.
The B-side, "I Saw Her Standing There", is a live recording of the Elton John Band with John Lennon at Madison Square Garden on 28 November 1974. It was the last of three songs John and Lennon performed together that night – the performance would mark Lennon's last ever concert appearance. Three songs from that collaboration were featured on the 1975 album Elton John Band featuring John Lennon and the Muscle Shoals Horns (DJM Records).[2] These recordings can also be found on the Lennon box set and the remastered edition of John's Here and There album.
Billie Jean King[edit]
Elton John met Billie Jean King in 1973 and, according to reporters for CNN, they have since built a "powerful partnership in philanthropy, raising hundreds of millions of dollars...for equal rights and for HIV/AIDS causes." [3] Upon admiring and meeting King, John asked his long-term writing partner Bernie Taupin to write the lyrics to what became "Philadelphia Freedom" and dedicate it to his friend, King, who was a member of the Philadelphia Freedoms tennis team. The label on the vinyl for this record reads "with Love to B.J.K. and the sound of Philadelphia." [4] At the time, King had just been ranked the "World Number 1 women's player" for the fifth time in the previous seven years. Additionally, one reporter argued that she had "alter[ed] the gender perception of professional tennis with her victory against Bobby Riggs in a highly-publicized 'Battle of the Sexes' exhibition match." [4]
The lyrics of "Philadelphia Freedom" are not explicitly about the match or King, but stem from a love of King and her cause. Prior to their match, Riggs claimed that even as a 55-year-old man, he could still beat a woman (King was 29 at the time) in a tennis match because it was a man's game. The match was held on 20 September 1973 at the Houston Astrodome and was telecast worldwide.[5] Though usually cheering from the sidelines at every match, John lost his voice cheering King on from a Los Angeles hotel.[3] The year before the "Battle of the Sexes" match, Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment (though it was never put into law) and 1973 saw the decision of Roe v. Wade give women the right to choose to have an abortion.[6] King made other steps in feminism in 1973 when she founded The Women's Tennis Association and "convinced the U.S. Open to award female champions the same prize money as men." [3] This set the scene for King's match and victory against Riggs.
The win ignited even more advocacy efforts for sexual equality, shattered the stereotype Riggs had presented and, as famous feminist Gloria Steinem put it, "provided...a morale change." [5] King is now known as a "champion for social change and equal rights." [7]
Despite her success in the match and its historical importance, King told Eltonjohn.com that they (she and Elton) did not want the song to be about tennis. "It's a feeling," she said.[4] King and John also co-founded the World Team Tennis Smash Hits, a charity function benefitting AIDS charities.[4]King speaks about her work with Elton, saying "We're out there every single day with our energy and we're going to make this world a better place, no matter if it's through tennis, through music, whatever, to try to help the LGBT community, just help humanity." [3]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak
position
Australia [8] 4
Canada RPM Top Singles [9] 1
Germany 50
New Zealand [10] 2
UK 12
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [11] 1
U.S. Billboard R&B 32
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Rank
Australia [12] 56
Canada [13] 5
New Zealand [14] 14
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15] 3
Personnel[edit]
Elton John – electric piano, vocals
Ray Cooper – tambourine, maracas, congas
Davey Johnstone – electric & acoustic guitars
Dee Murray – bass
Nigel Olsson – drums
Orchestral arrangement by Gene Page
Cover versions[edit]
The song was covered by MFSB on their album of the same name
The song was covered by Hall & Oates on the 1991 tribute album Two Rooms.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Philadelphia Freedom". Recording Industry Association of America.
Jump up ^ Carsten Henkelmann (28 November 1974). "Elton John Band Feat. John Lennon And The Muscle Shoals Horns: Featuring John Lennon And The Muscle Shoals Horns - LP, 1975, Erstauflage". Musik-sammler.de. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Olshansky, Ken; Krever, Mick. "Elton John and Billie Jean King: 40 years of friendship, philanthropy, activism". CNN. CNN. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Billie Jean King Talks About Philadelphia Freedom". Elton John. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Spencer, Nancy E. (2000). "Reading Between the Lines: A Discursive Analysis of the Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs "Battle of the Sexes "". Sociology of Sport Journal. 17 (4): 386.
Jump up ^ Kaminski, Theresa (2012). "Game, Set, Match: Billie Jean King and the Revolution in Women's Sports". The Historian. 74 (2): 378. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Steele, Erika (2007). "Reflections on Billie Jean King, Title IX, and making the most of gifts that have been given". Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal.
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Books". www.austchartbook.com.au.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 5 May 1975. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Hung, Steffen. "australian-charts.com - Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". australian-charts.com.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1975 | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 31 December 1975. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1975/Top 100 Songs of 1975". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at berniejtaupin.com
hide
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e
Elton John songs
1960s and 1970s
"Skyline Pigeon" (1968)
"I've Been Loving You" (1968)
"Lady Samantha" (1969)
"It's Me That You Need" (1969)
"Border Song" (1970)
"Rock and Roll Madonna" (1970)
"From Denver to L.A." (1970)
"Take Me to the Pilot" (1970)
"Your Song" (1970)
"Friends" (1971)
"Levon" (1971)
"Tiny Dancer" (1972)
"Rocket Man" (1972)
"Honky Cat" (1972)
"I Think I'm Going to Kill Myself" (1972)
"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters" (1972)
"Crocodile Rock" (1972)
"Elderberry Wine" (1972)
"Daniel" (1972)
"Teacher I Need You" (1973)
"Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding" (1973)
"Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" (1973)
"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" (1973)
"Step into Christmas" (1973)
"Candle in the Wind" (1974)
"Bennie and the Jets" (1974)
"Harmony" (1974)
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (1974)
"The Bitch Is Back" (1974)
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" (1974)
"Philadelphia Freedom" (1975)
"I Saw Her Standing There" (1975)
"Someone Saved My Life Tonight" (1975)
"Island Girl" (1975)
"Grow Some Funk of Your Own" (1976)
"I Feel Like a Bullet (In the Gun of Robert Ford)" (1976)
"Pinball Wizard" (1976)
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" (1976)
"Cage the Songbird" (1976)
"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" (1976)
"Bite Your Lip (Get Up and Dance!)" (1977)
"Crazy Water" (1977)
"The Goaldiggers Song" (1977)
"Ego" (1978)
"Part-Time Love" (1978)
"Song for Guy" (1978)
"Are You Ready for Love" (1979)
"Mama Can't Buy You Love" (1979)
"Johnny B. Goode" (1979)
1980s
"Little Jeannie" (1980)
"Sartorial Eloquence (Don't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More?)" (1980)
"Dear God" (1980)
"Whatever Gets You thru the Night" (1981)
"Nobody Wins" (1981)
"Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" (with Kiki Dee, 1981)
"Blue Eyes" (1982)
"Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)" (1982)
"Ball and Chain" (1982)
"All Quiet on the Western Front" (1982)
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" (1983)
"I'm Still Standing" (1983)
"Sad Songs (Say So Much)" (1984)
"Passengers" (1984)
"Nikita" (1985)
"That's What Friends Are For" (1985)
"Wrap Her Up" (1985)
"Take Me to the Pilot" (1988)
"I Don't Wanna Go on with You Like That" (1988)
"Town of Plenty" (1988)
"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters (Part Two)" (1988)
"Healing Hands" (1989)
"Sacrifice" (1989)
1990s
"Club at the End of the Street" (1990)
"You Gotta Love Someone" (1990)
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (1991)
"The One" (1992)
"Runaway Train" (1992)
"The Last Song" (1992)
"Simple Life" (1993)
"True Love" (1993)
"Shakey Ground" (1994)
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" (1994)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (1994)
"Circle of Life" (1994)
"Believe" (1995)
"Made in England" (1995)
"When the Money's Gone" (1995)
"You Can Make History (Young Again)" (1996)
"The Madness of King Scar" (1997)
"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" (1997)
"Candle in the Wind 1997" (1997)
"Written in the Stars" (1999)
2000s
"I Want Love" (2001)
"This Train Don't Stop There Anymore" (2002)
"Original Sin" (2002)
"Are You Ready for Love" (2003)
"Ghetto Gospel" (2005)
"Electricity" (2005)
"The Bridge" (2006)
"Joseph, Better You than Me" (2008)
"Tiny Dancer (Hold Me Closer)" (2009)
Related articles
Albums discography
Videography
Book:Elton John
Category:Elton John
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