text:
Mercedes-AMG
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mercedes-AMG GmbH
Type
Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
Industry
Automobile manufacturing
Engine manufacturing
Fate
acquired by DaimlerChrysler (1999), and operating under Daimler AG
Predecessor
AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH
Founded
Burgstall a. d. Murr, Germany (1967 (1967))
Founder
Hans Werner Aufrecht
Erhard Melcher
Headquarters
Affalterbach, Germany
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Tobias Moers (CEO)
Products
AMG A
AMG C
AMG CLA
AMG CLK
AMG CLS
AMG E
AMG ML
AMG G
AMG GLA
AMG GLC
AMG GLE
AMG GLS
AMG GT
AMG R
AMG S
AMG SL
AMG SLC
Services
Research and development
Owner
Daimler AG
Number of employees
~1400
Parent
Daimler AG[1]
Website
www.mercedes-amg.com
Mercedes-AMG GmbH, commonly known as AMG, is the high performance division of Mercedes-Benz. AMG independently hires engineers, manufactures and customizes Mercedes-Benz AMG vehicles. Mercedes-AMG is headquartered in Affalterbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. AMG was originally an independent engineering firm specializing in performance improvements for Mercedes-Benz vehicles; Daimler-Benz AG took a controlling interest in 1999, then became sole owner of AMG in 2005. Mercedes-AMG GmbH is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler AG.
AMG models typically have more aggressive looks, a higher level of performance, better handling, better stability and more extensive use of carbon fibre than their regular Mercedes-Benz counterparts.[2] AMG models are typically the most expensive and highest-performing variant of each Mercedes-Benz class.[2]
AMG variants are usually badged with two numerals, as opposed to regular Mercedes-Benz vehicles, which have three (e.g., C 63 as opposed to C 350).[3] Traditionally, the two numerical digits signified the engine's displacement size, however, recent models have deviated from such correlation.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Development of the product range
1.2 Motor racing
1.3 Relationship with Pagani
1.4 Relationship with Aston Martin
2 Current AMG models
2.1 "45" M133 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo
2.2 "43" M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo
2.3 "63" M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo
2.4 "65" M275 6.0 L V12 Bi-Turbo
2.5 M178 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo
3 Previous AMG models
3.1 "55" M152 5.5 L V8
3.2 "63" M156 6.2 L V8
3.3 "30" 3.0 L I5 diesel
3.4 "32" 3.2 L V6 KOMPRESSOR
3.5 "55" 5.4 L V8 KOMPRESSOR
3.5.1 Previous 55 AMG models
3.6 "63" M137 6.3 L V12
3.7 "60", "73", "70", "55"
3.8 "63" M156 6.2 L V8
3.9 Black Series
3.10 Electric Drive
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Notes
5.2 Bibliography
6 External links
History[edit]
AMG logo on a Mercedes C63 AMG (W204)
AMG was founded as a racing engine forge in 1967 under the name AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (AMG Engine Production and Development, Ltd.), by former Mercedes-Benz engineers Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher in Burgstall an der Murr, near Stuttgart. The letters "AMG" stand for Aufrecht, Melcher and Großaspach (Aufrecht's birth town). In 1976 most of AMG moved to Affalterbach, with the racing-engine development remaining at the old location in Burgstall. At this time Erhard Melcher ceased to be a partner, but continued to be an employee at the Burgstall location.
In 1993, with AMG having become a high-profile purveyor of modified Mercedes-Benz cars, Daimler-Benz AG and AMG signed a contract of cooperation, allowing AMG to leverage Daimler-Benz's extensive dealer network and leading to commonly developed vehicles (the first one being the Mercedes-Benz C36 AMG, in 1993). On 1 January 1999 DaimlerChrysler, as it was called between 1998 and 2007, acquired 51 percent of AMG shares, and AMG was renamed to Mercedes-AMG GmbH.[4] Racing engine development was divested and continues to exist in Burgstall under the name HWA (Aufrecht's initials). On 1 January 2005 Aufrecht sold his remaining shares to DaimlerChrysler, and since then Mercedes-AMG GmbH has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler AG.[1]
Development of the product range[edit]
AMG Five Spoke Road Wheel 8JX16 Version 1
AMG started off by designing and testing racing engines. It expanded its business into building custom road cars based upon standard Mercedes cars. AMG initially produced a range of unofficial upgrade and accessories packages mainly for the Mercedes-Benz R107 and C107 (1971-1989 SL roadster),[5] Mercedes-Benz W116 (1972-1980 S-class), Mercedes-Benz W123 (1976-1985 E-class), Mercedes-Benz W124 (1984-1997 E-class), Mercedes-Benz W126 (1979-1992 S-class), Mercedes-Benz R129 (1989-2001 SL roadster), and Mercedes-Benz W201 (1982-1993 C-class) models.
During the early 1980s and up until 1990, AMG offered a variety of engine performance packages, alloy wheels and styling products as an entirely independent company from Daimler-Benz. In 1990, AMG signed a co-operation agreement with Daimler-Benz, and AMG options and cars were then offered in Mercedes-Benz showrooms; in 1999 Daimler AG, then known as DaimlerChrysler AG, bought the controlling share of AMG and made them part of the official Mercedes-Benz line-up.[6]
Typical AMG performance enhancements, which the buyer could custom order, included increased engine displacements (5.2 litre, 5.4 litre), performance top ends with port and polished heads and intake, lightened valve train, and more aggressive cams. The DOHC 32V engine had also just been developed and was the pinnacle of AMG performance. A Getrag five-speed manual transmission could be ordered from AMG, and Mercedes had not offered a manual transmission V8 since the early 1970s.
The performance wheels offered during the same period were 15-inch or 16-inch ATS AMG Five Spoke Road Wheels, commonly referred to as Pentas. Penta was actually a UK-based company that supplemented the high demand for the AMG wheel at the time with a replica and only a very slight styling difference, but they were not made or endorsed by AMG. The genuine AMG wheels were often coupled with an AMG performance suspension package that included uprated and lowered springs, and re-valved shock absorbers.
Another popular cosmetic upgrade were the AMG body kits. These ranged from subtle front spoilers, to an aggressive Wide Body kits for the W126 coupes. Other options included Recaro seats, smaller diameter steering wheels, instrument clusters, chrome delete option (all brightworks colour-coded or painted satin black), refrigerators, shift knobs, hi-fi stereo systems, custom upholstery and enhanced interior wood packages.
The release of the AMG Hammer sedan in 1986, based on the W124 E-Class, took AMG's performance modifications for a fast midsized sedan to a new level. AMG made the world's fastest passenger sedan at the time, nicknamed the Hammer,[7] by squeezing Mercedes 5.6-litre V8 tuned by AMG to 360 hp into a midsized sedan. It was very aggressive for the era, with 32-valve cylinder heads and twin camshafts, and said to be faster than the Lamborghini Countach from 60 to 120 mph.[8] Later models were even more powerful and introduced the 17-inch AMG Aero 1 Hammer wheels. 1986 was also the year Mercedes introduced the 560 M117 engine. This provided yet another opportunity for customers to order the largest AMG displacement available at the time, the 6L 100 mm bore SOHC or DOHC engines available for both the W126 coupe and sedans.
Through the early 2000s, AMG focused principally on supercharged V8 and V6 engines, but the company officially abandoned this technology in 2006 with the introduction of the naturally aspirated 6.2 L M156 V8. On 16 January 2006, Mercedes-AMG Chairman Volker Mornhinweg told AutoWeek that the company would use turbocharging for higher output rather than supercharging. For 2011, AMG released the M157 5.5L biturbo V8, which has supplanted the M156 in its full-sized cars such as the S-Class and CL-Class (and is trickling down to the CLS, E-Class and ML-class). In 2012, Mercedes-AMG Chairman Olla Kallenius said that Mercedes-AMG will not produce diesel engines to compete with BMW's tri-turbo diesels (BMW M Performance range).[9]
Mercedes AMG DTM car (2003)
Although there were some AMG models in the 1980s with manual transmissions, almost all recent models have used automatics (5G-Tronic and later 7G-Tronic with Speedshift), in contrast to BMW M, which used manuals and recently semi-automatic transmissions (the current type being a dual clutch transmission). Starting in 2009, however, AMG began adopting the seven-speed AMG SpeedShift MCT automatic transmission.
Although these are considered the most well known in-house tuning divisions, Mercedes-AMG has a considerably different philosophy than BMW M. Mercedes-AMG has created high-performance versions of many of its nameplates, including flagship sedans and SUVs, while BMW M has emphasized tuning only vehicles with "Lateral agility" (which has long been only their 3 Series, 5 Series, and roadsters).[10] Compared to BMW M, Mercedes-AMG is "less narrow in its sporting focus, yet still combining sledgehammer performance with relaxed handling, cultured comfort, and practicality".[11]
While founders Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher had emphasized proper racing cars, Mercedes-AMG had diverged considerably from this philosophy in recent years, with their offerings being well known for straight-line acceleration but poor handling dynamics. However, current Mercedes-AMG chairman Volker Mornhinweg has urged the division to return to its roots of building sports cars.[12]
Motor racing[edit]
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, AMG entered the big Mercedes-Benz 300SEL 6.3 V8 saloon, affectionately named the "Red Sow", in the 1971 Spa 24 Hours, and the European Touring Car Championship. AMG and Mercedes worked together on Mercedes-Benz W201 cars for the 1988 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM, German Touring Car Championship). AMG was made the official partner.
When DaimlerChrysler acquired a majority share of AMG in 1999, the motor racing department was divested into HWA AG. Their first car was the ill-fated Mercedes-Benz CLR. Since 2000, HWA builds and runs the cars for Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM), as well as the M271 engine tuned for use in Formula 3.
AMG engine display at the Pagani factory
Six successive lightly modified Mercedes-Benz AMG models (including, most recently, an SL 63 AMG) have acted as the safety cars for the FIA Formula One World Championship.
Since 2010, the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3s has been competing in GT competitions around the world, such as the FIA GT3 European Championship, Blancpain Endurance Series, Blancpain Sprint Series, VLN, 24 Hours of Nurburgring, British GT Championship, Super GT, Australian GT Championship, Bathurst 12 Hour, Dubai 24 Hour, Macau GT Cup and Pirelli World Challenge.
In late 2011, after the end of the Formula One season, Mercedes GP Petronas announced that it would be using the AMG branding for its F1 efforts, changing its name to Mercedes AMG Petronas for the 2012 season onwards.[13]
Three AMG E Class V8 Supercars began competing Australian V8 Supercars Championship from 2013, with the newly formed partnership of Erebus Motorsport and Stone Brothers Racing Teams operating under a Customer Sports Program of AMG.[14]
Relationship with Pagani[edit]
AMG also provides engines for the Zonda and Huayra cars. The engines used are variants of the M120 7,291 cc displacement V12 engine originally used in the 1995 SL73 AMG. The M120 is the largest displacement naturally aspirated engine provided by AMG and is now exclusively used by Pagani.
Relationship with Aston Martin[edit]
On July 25, 2013, Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd and Daimler AG announced moves towards a technical partnership with Mercedes-AMG GmbH. The deal will see Aston Martin access significant Mercedes-AMG GmbH and Mercedes-Benz Cars' resources, allowing the development of bespoke V8 powertrains and the use of certain components of electric/electronic architecture. Daimler AG now owns a stake of 5% of non-voting shares in Aston Martin, joining existing shareholders Investment DAR, Adeem Investment and Investindustrial. The technical partnership will support Aston Martin’s launch of a new generation of models and newly developed bespoke V8 powertrains.[15][16][17]
Current AMG models[edit]
AMG carbon fibre engine cover
All AMG engines - with the exception of the "43" M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo engine - are hand built using a "one man, one engine" philosophy at the current AMG plant in Affalterbach, Germany. To signify this, each AMG engine builder stamps the engines they produce with an engraved plaque depicting their signature. According to Mercedes-Benz, there are only about 50 AMG engine builders.[18]
As part of the official Mercedes product line, the AMG models are sold side-by-side with regular production models, unlike those offered by other Mercedes tuning firms such as Brabus.
E63 AMG carbon ceramic brake Geneva auto show 2011
"45" M133 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo[edit]
Mercedes-AMG A 45
Mercedes-AMG CLA 45
Mercedes-AMG GLA 45
The 2.0 L Turbo I4 was created for use in the smaller, 45 AMG models, such as the A-Class, CLA-Class, and GLA-Class, which all share the same platform. The M133 produces 360 PS and 332 ft-lb,[19] making it the most powerful turbo 4-cylinder in production, and with a 190.5-horsepower per liter, one of the most power dense engines in production.[20] Models with the M133 Turbo 4 are paired with a 7-speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT Dual-Clutch Transmission. The CLA45 AMG can accelerate from 0-60 in 4.2 seconds, according to Motor Trend's first test of the vehicle.[21]
"43" M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo[edit]
Mercedes-AMG SLC 43
Mercedes-AMG C 43
Mercedes-AMG GLC 43
Mercedes-AMG E 43
Mercedes-AMG GLE 43
"63" M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo[edit]
M157 L 5.5 V8 models (Twin-turbo)
Mercedes-AMG CLS 63
Mercedes-AMG E 63
Mercedes-AMG G 63
Mercedes-AMG GLE 63
Mercedes-AMG GLS 63
Mercedes-AMG S 63
Mercedes-AMG SL 63
Rumoured in 2009 and confirmed in 2010, AMG developed the M157, a 5.5-litre V8 with direct fuel injection and twin turbochargers. Power is rated at up to 577 bhp (430 kW; 585 PS) at 5,250-5,750rpm with a peak torque of 664 lb·ft (900 N·m) made between 2,000rpm and 4,500rpm (the amount of power and torque depends on model, but these are the maximum ratings).[22][23] Both engines are mated to Mercedes-Benz's 7-speed MCT transmission.[24][25][26]
Mercedes-Benz CLS63 AMG
E63 AMG 4MATIC T
Unlike the M156 naturally aspirated 6.2 L V8, which was developed entirely within AMG, the M157 is based upon the M278 used in the regular Mercedes-Benz S-Class and CL-Class.[27] The M157 boasts 25% better fuel economy (10.5 litres per 100 kilometres versus 14.4 L/100 km in the European driving cycle) over the M156, meaning it avoids the US Gas Guzzler Tax for the first time ever, despite having up to 47 horsepower more. The M157's increased torque from both the regular version and performance package means the engine can be shifted into a taller gear sooner, keeping engine revs and fuel consumption to a minimum. The new M157 has an engine start/stop mode and is lightweight at 204 kg.[24][25][26] The M157 is said to be ideal for powering full-size sedans such as the S-Class, but the older M156 remains in production, as its more precise throttle response is still well suited to smaller sportier models (the C-Class), until the 2015 model arrives, which is powered by a 4.0 liter V8.[28]
5.5 L V8 BiTurbo models carry the "63" model designation, shared with the 6.2L V8 models.[29] Visually, the 2011 S63 AMG is differentiated from the 2010 model (itself face-lifted over the 2009 S63) by the more angular design of the chromed dual exhaust tips, which also sport embossed AMG logos, as well as new forged wheels.[30] For the CL63 AMG, the new M157 engine coincides with the facelift of the CL-Class for the 2011 model year.
Despite common belief, 63 AMG models are typically faster than their 65 AMG counterparts. An S63 AMG accelerates faster and handles better than an S65 AMG (due to 4-wheel drive and decreased weight), and an SL63 AMG accelerates faster than an SL65 AMG due to decreased torque, lower weight, and better balance by use of the V8.[31][32]
Since 2013, AMG models with the S-Model package feature all-wheel drive, which allows for better handling and better acceleration. The Mercedes-Benz CLS63 AMG S has been tested to accelerate to 60 mph in just 3.2 seconds, with a quarter mile time of 11.6 seconds.[33] This made it the quickest production sedan at the time. MotorTrend tested the 2014 E63 AMG S with the M157 engine to produce an estimated 676 bhp (504 kW; 685 PS) and 631 lb·ft (856 N·m).[34]
"65" M275 6.0 L V12 Bi-Turbo[edit]
Mercedes-Benz SL65 AMG (2012)
The models listed below are powered by a variant of the Mercedes-Benz M275 engine.
AMG G 65
AMG S 65
AMG SL 65
The AMG power-plant has an all-new design of the bi-turbo system, which features larger turbochargers and a new, more powerful charge-air cooling system, and the increase in the engine displacement (to 5980 cc) as well as many other engine design measures.[35] This allows it to produce a claimed 621 horsepower and 738 lb-ft of torque.
"65" models used a 5-speed automatic transmission for a long time, as the newer 7G-Tronic wasn't able to handle the torque from the V12 engines. This was changed with the introduction of 2012 SL65 AMG, which uses the same AMG SpeedShift MCT transmission as the rest of the AMG line-up.[36]
Coinciding with the facelift of the CL-Class for the 2011 model year, the 2011 CL65 AMG had an enhanced engine. AMG redesigned the exhaust gas turbochargers and added new engine electronics. It produced 621 horsepower, pushing the car from 0 to 60 mph in 4.2 seconds (0.2 seconds faster than the 2011 CL63), with an electronically limited top speed of 186 mph. The update also improved fuel economy and reduced carbon emissions by 3.5% over the outgoing model.[37][38]
M178 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo[edit]
AMG C 63
AMG E 63
AMG GT
AMG S63
AMG GLC 63
AMG GLC 63 Coupe
Mercedes-AMG GT
Launched to the UK market in April 2015,[39] the 4-liter M178 V8 uses an unusual configuration where the position of the intake and exhaust are reversed, to create a more compact engine and hence vehicle design. This "hot inside v" configuration, as AMG calls it, has the exhaust gasses exiting into the central v area of the engine block where the engine's twin turbochargers are also mounted.
Previous AMG models[edit]
In addition to the models listed below, there were also predecessors to the current AMG models.
"55" M152 5.5 L V8[edit]
AMG SLK 55
The M152 is a naturally aspirated, detuned version of the M157 Biturbo V8. This V8 will be used for the 2012 SLK55 AMG, and it produces 415 hp and 398 lb-ft. This engine was discontinued in 2016 with the introduction of the SLC43 AMG[40]
"63" M156 6.2 L V8[edit]
M156 L 6.2 V8 models currently in production
2008 C63 AMG (Sedan and Wagon) (facelifted for the 2012 model year)
2010 SLS AMG (M159)
Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG
AMG developed its own V8 engine (dubbed M156 in development) for the DTM series. The M156 produces 451 horsepower and 443 ft-lbs of torque. The M156, in various states of tune, was used in models such as the SL63, E63, CLS63, and S63 until it was replaced by the M157 5.5 L Biturbo V8.
In 2009, AMG developed the M159 engine, which is based on the M156 engine, to use in SLS AMG. The M159 produces 583 horsepower and 489 lb-ft of torque in the Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT, and 622 horsepower and 468 lb-ft in the SLS AMG Black Series.[41][42] There are also other AMG nameplates no longer in production:
1988–1993 190E AMG 3.2
1988–1993 300E AMG 3.4E, AMG 3.4CE, AMG 3.4TE
1992 "The Hammer" AMG Widebody Coupe
1993–1994 E60 AMG
1994–1995 E36 AMG
1995, 1997 S70 AMG
1995, 1998–2001 SL73 AMG
1996–1998 SL60 AMG
1995–1997 C36 AMG
1997–2000 C43 AMG
1996–1998 E36 AMG
1996–1997 E50 AMG
1999–2002 E55 AMG
1998–2002 CLK-GTR AMG
2001–2004 SLK32 AMG
2002-2004 C32 AMG
2005–2006 C55 AMG
2005–2006 CLK DTM AMG
2007 R63 AMG
2009 CLK63 AMG and CLK63 AMG Black Series
"30" 3.0 L I5 diesel[edit]
OM612 3.0 L "30" I5 Diesel models
C30 CDI AMG (sedan, wagon, and Sportcoupé)
"32" 3.2 L V6 KOMPRESSOR[edit]
2003 UK version of C32 Estate (S203) in Brilliant Silver.
Powertrain consists of AMG Speedshift 5-speed automatic transmission mated to an AMG 3.2-litre V6 Kompressor engine with an output of 260 kW/349 hp and 332 lb·ft (450 N·m) @ 4,400 rpm. The engine is a special version of the 3.2 L (3199 cc) M112 E32, fitted with a helical twin-screw supercharger and water-to-air intercooler. The supercharger was developed in conjunction with IHI and features Teflon-coated rotors producing overall boost of 14.5 psi (1 bar). Compared to the standard M112 engine, the AMG version also has a new crankshaft, new connecting rods and pistons, an oil pump with a 70-percent increased capacity, lightweight camshafts, and harder valve springs for a redline of 6200 rpm, an increase of 200 rpm.[43]
While rival BMW M developed the SMG II semi-automatic for the BMW M3, the C32 and SLK32 have a 5-speed automatic transmission’s “Speedshift” system, which now has quicker response (up to 35 percent) to accelerator and shift selector movements.[44]
Interestingly, the C32 had a smaller engine than its predecessors, the C36 AMG with the M104 3.6L I6 engine, and the C43 AMG powered by the M113 4.3L V8 engine. The C32 AMG can do 0–60 mph in 5.2sec 0–100 in 12.6 with a 1/4 mile of 13.6@106 mph (C&D comparison test May 2003)[45][46]
3.2 L Supercharged M112 V6 AMG
2002–2004 C32 AMG (sedan, wagon (S203), and Sportcoupé)
2001–2004 SLK32 AMG
2005–2006 Chrysler Crossfire SRT-6
"55" 5.4 L V8 KOMPRESSOR[edit]
2004 AMG CL55 Kompressor.
This model was nicknamed the "Hammer" after the original 1986 AMG Hammer (a W124 E-Class sedan with an AMG-tuned 360 hp 5.6-litre V8). The 2003 E55 AMG could do 0–60 mph in 4.4 seconds.
The main engine is a 5.4 L V8 engine This engine comes in two configurations.
The first configuration is a naturally aspirated V8 with 354.12 PS (260.45 kW; 349.28 hp) that is used in the C55 AMG, CLK55 AMG, SLK55 AMG, and ML55 AMG. The C43 AMG (model years 1998–2000) was powered by a naturally aspirated V8 engine from the M113 family, but at a reduced displacement of 4.3L, hence the '43' designation.
The other configuration is a similar unit but with a highly efficient Lysholm type twin screw supercharger. manufactured by Eaton, is in the rest of the AMG 55 models, which are typically midsized or larger vehicles. The published output according to Mercedes varies from 476 PS (350 kW; 469 hp) to 517 PS (380 kW; 510 hp) and 700 N·m (520 lb·ft) to 720 N·m (530 lb·ft), depending on various methods of power measurements and different ECU programming for national legislations. For instance, the E55 AMG's engine was at the low end, nonetheless it was still Mercedes-Benz's fastest sedan at the time,[47] while the SL55 AMG's engine had the top output.[48][49] Mercedes has claimed that a more restrictive exhaust system was responsible for cutting output on the E55 AMG, however some enthusiasts have managed to bump up horsepower to 505 on the E55 by incorporating some parts from the SL55.[50]
The supercharged 5.4 L 32 valve V8 engine was mated to the Speedshift 5-speed automatic transmission, which has a torque capacity of 796 lb·ft (1,079 N·m), as the newer 7G-Tronic introduced in 2003 is limited to 542 lb·ft (735 N·m), not enough to handle the torque from the supercharged V8.[36][51]
The V8 S55 AMG had comparable output to the V12-powered S600 throughout their production. The S55 AMG (2001–02) was outfitted with a 5.4 L 354 hp (264 kW) V8 motor while the later versions (2003–06) sported the same motor, but supercharged to a rated 493 hp (368 kW). The S600 (2001–02) was outfitted with a 5.8L 362 hp (270 kW) V12 engine while the later versions (2003–06) sported a twin-turbocharged (or Bi-Turbo) 493 hp (368 kW) 5.5L V12. The justification for having two models with the same power is that the S55 AMG is sportier and more responsive, while the costlier S600 is more luxurious with a smoother ride.
AMG phased out both the naturally aspirated and supercharged 5.4 L engines in favor of the new M156 V8 beginning in 2006, which was paired with 7G-Tronic. However, some enthusiasts were disappointed because the M156 produces less torque than the M113K (which is supercharged).
For the Model Year 2009:
M113 5.4 L "55" V8 models (naturally aspirated)
SLK55 AMG
M113 5.4 L "55" V8 models (supercharged)
G55 AMG
Previous 55 AMG models[edit]
1999–2002 E55 AMG
2003–2006 E55 AMG
2000–2003 ML55 AMG
2003–2005 C55 AMG
2001–2002 CLK55 AMG
2003–2006 CLK55 AMG
2004–2007 CLS55 AMG
2001–2008 SL55 AMG
2001–2006 S55 AMG
2001–2006 CL55 AMG
2005–2006 C55 AMG
2001–2009 G55 AMG
"63" M137 6.3 L V12[edit]
The "63" badging was used on the short-lived 2001 S63 AMG, 2001 CL63 AMG and 2002 G63 AMG. These were produced in limited quantities for one month and only offered through AMG to select customers in Europe and Asia, purportedly state leaders. The CL63 AMG was the rarest W215 CL of all, and just 26 examples were built in November 2001 (51 plate), with some UK being registered in March 2002. These had a base price of £110,000 (~US$200,000).[52][53][54] The G63 AMG was the rarest W463 of all with just 5 examples built in September 2002 and sold in Germany at over EURO 250,000 each.
These are powered by a naturally aspirated 6.3L V12 producing 444 PS (438 hp/327 kW). This engine is based on the M137 5.8L V12 used in the S600 and CL600, but the AMG variants have a larger displacement, a new management system, a new crank case and cooling system, weight-optimized pistons, and a new camshaft with greater valve lift and modified valves. 390 lb·ft (530 N·m) of torque are available between 2500–5800rpm with a peak of 457 at 4400 rpm while horsepower grows by almost 80 over the 5.8L V12. It is mated to a 5-speed automatic transmission. The 2001 S63 AMG V12 had 100 hp more than the 2001 S55 AMG, and was a few tenths faster.[52][53]
"60", "73", "70", "55"[edit]
The Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (R129) had several AMG variants during its production run from 1989 to 2001.
The SL 60 AMG was the most numerous of these rare cars. Sold from 1993 to 1998, it used a 6.0 litre V8 engine producing 381 PS (280 kW; 376 hp) at 5500 rpm.[55] AMG claimed a 0–62 mph (100 km/h) speed of 5.6 seconds. Its top speed was limited to 250 km/h (155 mph), but with the limiter removed, it was capable of approximately 185 mph (298 km/h). AMG later unofficially conceded that 0–60 mph was more like 5.0 seconds and the engine produced between 405–410 bhp.
Extremely rare was the SL 73 AMG, sold through Mercedes-AMG in 1995, and offering the most powerful V12 engine ever put into an SL up to that time. After a brief hiatus, the SL73 was offered again from 1998 to 2001. The same 7.3 L V12 was later used by Pagani in the Zonda.
Even rarer is the SL 70 AMG (7.0 L (7055 cc) V12 engine).
The SL 55 AMG was sold in the R129 bodystyle from 1998 to 2001 in limited numbers (5.4L V8, 354 PS (260 kW; 349 hp) at 5500 rpm). It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL55 AMG sold later, albeit was normally aspirated in the R129 and not supercharged as in its R230 successor.
"63" M156 6.2 L V8[edit]
The "63" M156 is currently in production in the C63 AMG, and tuned as the M159 in the SLS AMG, although there were many models that were previously in production.
This naturally aspirated V8 will also be used to replace most of the "55" models. The published output according to Mercedes varies from 457 PS (336 kW; 451 hp) on the C63 AMG, to 525 PS (386 kW; 518 hp) on the C/CLK/R/ML/GL/S/SL/CL/E 63 AMG.
The 2008 S63/CL63/SL63s that used the M156 engine at 518 horsepower edged out that of the S600/CL600/SL600, the latter powered by the 510 horsepower 5.5-liter twin-turbo V12, while also having a higher redline. However, the S600/CL600/SL600 are more expensive and have more torque at 612 pound-feet (830 N·m).[56] The S63/CL63/SL63 however do have quicker acceleration times than their S600/CL600/SL600 counterparts and are the fastest in the lineup in 2014, due to the added weight and torque of the 65s, thus decreasing the 0-60 times and the handling limits.
Compared to the "55" supercharged 5.4 L V8 engine—which was restricted to the Speedshift 5G-Tronic five-speed automatic transmission, as it had a torque capacity of 796 lb·ft (1,079 N·m)—the reduced torque of the "63" M156 6.2L V8 means it can be mated with the more efficient 7G-Tronic, which can withstand a limit of 542 lb·ft (735 N·m). Despite the reduction in torque, the increased horsepower and more efficient transmission enables the "63" models to match or surpass the acceleration of the "55" models.[36] Most of the M156-engined models used the 7G-Tronic automatic transmission, however the more recent 2009 SL63, 2010 E63, and 2012 C63 use the 7-speed MCT transmission.
Previous M156 Models
2007-2010 S63 AMG
2007-2010 CL63 AMG
2007-2011 ML63 AMG
2007 R63 AMG
2007-2009 CLK63 AMG (introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show) (used as Safety Car for the 2006 and 2007 F1 World Championship)
2007-2011 CLS63 AMG (introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show)
2007-2009 E63 AMG (Sedan and Wagon)
2009-2012 SL63 AMG
2010-2012 E63 AMG (Sedan and Wagon)
Black Series[edit]
SLK55 AMG Black Series
CLK63 AMG Black Series
SL65 AMG Black Series
C63 AMG Black Series
SLS AMG Black Series
The AMG Performance Studio in Affalterbach is responsible for the upgrades that make an AMG into an AMG Black Series model. The Black Series treatment is only available on 2 door vehicles, which includes weight reduction, bucket seats, exterior alterations, interior alterations, higher power, greater traction, handling, and significantly greater overall performance. Black Series models are known as street legal race cars.
The SLS AMG Black Series was tested by Motor Trend to have a 0-60 time of 3.2 seconds, and a quarter mile time of 11.1 seconds at 129.8 mph. The SLS AMG Black Series "demolished" the Motor Trend figure eight in just 23.1 seconds, beating the McLaren MP4-12C, Ferrari 458 Italia, Audi R8 V10 Plus, and the SRT Viper.[57] The SLS AMG Black Series is currently the 22nd fastest car to lap the Nürburgring.[58] The SLS AMG Black Series had the same 1:19 time as the Lamborghini Murciélago LP670-4 SuperVeloce, the Ferrari Enzo, and beat the Ferrari 458 Italia, Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-4, Porsche 997 GT2, and Nissan GT-R around the Top Gear test track.[59]
Electric Drive[edit]
In 2013, Mercedes-AMG announced the SLS AMG Coupe Electric Drive, which was to be the first zero emissions vehicle from AMG. The vehicle used technology derived from Formula 1, and was the fastest electric car.[18] The SLS AMG Electric Drive has 740 horsepower and 738 lb-ft of torque, and Mercedes-AMG claims a 0-60 time of 3.9 seconds.[41]
See also[edit]
List of German cars
Audi S and RS models
BMW M
Opel Performance Center
Street and Racing Technology
Special Vehicle Team
Super Sport
Gran Turismo
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Statement of Investments pursuant to Sections 285 and 313 of the German Commercial Code (HGB) for the Company and Consolidated Financial Statements of Daimler AG as of December 31, 2011" (PDF). daimler.com. Daimler AG. 2012-02-09. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mercedes-Benz AMG". Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Jump up ^ "2002 Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG Road Test". Edmunds. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Newhardt, David. "Behind the Scenes: Mercedez-Benz AMG". MotorTrend. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
Jump up ^ Hall, Jim. "Rhapsody in Red: 500SL AMG" Motor Trend Magazine, October, 1983.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes-AMG: The AMG Story beginning". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "AMG's Hammer" Auto Week, June 23, 1986.
Jump up ^ Setright, LJK. "Firebrand: AMG Hammer Sedan" Car Magazine, December, 1986. Pp.149-155
Jump up ^ "AMG's new chief has big plans for 2006 - AutoWeek Magazine". Autoweek.com. 2006-01-20. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ "2005 BMW M5 vs. 2005 Mercedes-Benz e55 AMG - Full Metal Rockets - Luxury Road Test". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ June 2001 BY PETER ROBINSON. "2002 Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG and SLK32 AMG - First Drive Review - Page 2". Caranddriver.com. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ "2009 Mercedes-Benz SL-Class". Autoblog.com.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes adds AMG moniker to Formula 1 team name". Autosport. 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Erebus Motorsport on the V8 Supercar Grid in 2013 name". Archived from the original on 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin in technical partnership with Mercedes-AMG GmbH". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes-AMG GmbH and Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. to enter technical partnership". 25 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Aston Martin signs Letter of Intent for technical partnership with AMG". Autoblog. 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mercedes-AMG: A High Performance Driving Experience". Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "All-New 2014 CLA45 AMG 4-Door Coupe". Retrieved 2014-11-06.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes A 45 AMG: The most powerful 4-cylinder turbo engine in the world - Car Engineer". Retrieved 2014-11-06.
Jump up ^ "2014 Mercedes-Benz CLA45 AMG First Test - Motor Trend". 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2014-11-06.
Jump up ^ "CLS63 4-Door Coupe | Mercedes-Benz". mbusa.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-08. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
Jump up ^ "SL63 AMG Convertible Roadster | Mercedes-Benz". mbusa.com. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "Engines: 5.5L-V8". Mercedes-AMG. 2009-10-14. Archived from the original on 2010-04-11. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mercedes AMG New Twin-Turbo 5.5 Litre V8 Engine Revealed". Worldcarfans.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "AMG Replacing 6.3 V8 with 5.5L Twin Turbo V8". Carthrottle.com. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "2011 Mercedes-Benz S63 AMG - 2010 Geneva Auto Show Coverage, New Car Reviews, Concept Cars - Automobile Magazine". Automobilemag.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "2011 Mercedes-Benz S63 AMG". Canada.com. 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "2012 Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG First Drive". Motor Trend. 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ "First Drive: 2011 Mercedes-Benz S63 AMG". Nationalpost.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "2015 Mercedes-Benz S65 AMG Photos and Info – News – Car and Driver". Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes-Benz SL63 / SL65 AMG Reviews - Mercedes-Benz SL63 / SL65 AMG Price, Photos, and Specs - CAR and DRIVER". Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "2014 Mercedes-Benz CLS63 AMG S Track Sheet" (PDF). caranddriver.com. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Luxury Super Sports Sedan Comparison - Audi RS7, Mercedes-Benz CLS63 AMG S, Porsche Panamera Turbo - Motor Trend". motortrend.com. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
Jump up ^ PeterH (2009-12-04). "Mercedes-Benz CL 65 AMG and S 65 AMG | Mercedes". 500sec.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mercedes-Benz AMG 6.3-liter V8". Insideline.com. 2005-07-19. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes' new CL65 AMG will now pack 621 horses - Drive On: A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive - USATODAY.com". Content.usatoday.com. 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "2011 Mercedes CL63 & CL65 AMG revealed". Worldcarfans.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes AMG GT 2015". askaprice.com. 2014-09-25. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes-Benz details new variable-displacement V8 for SLK55 AMG". Autoblog. 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "2014 Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive Photos and Info – News – Car and Driver". 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "2014 Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Black Series Test – Review – Car and Driver". December 2013. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
Jump up ^ June 2001 BY PETER ROBINSON. "2002 Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG and SLK32 AMG - First Drive Review - Car Reviews". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG First Drive – Full Review of the New Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG at". Roadandtrack.com. 2001-07-01. Archived from the original on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ "2003 Audi S4 vs. BMW M3, M-B C32 AMG". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2014-10-06.
Jump up ^ "C/D Test Results" (PDF). caranddriver.com. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
Jump up ^ Kim Wolfkill (January 2003). "First Drives - Mercedes-Benz E55 AMG (1/2003)" (PDF). RoadandTrack.com. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
Jump up ^ December 2002 BY PETER ROBINSON. "Mercedes-Benz E55 AMG - First Drive Review - Car Reviews". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Test Drive: 2004 Mercedes-Benz E55 AMG - Autos.ca". Canadiandriver.com. 2003-10-26. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Jump up ^ "2004 Mercedes Benz E55 AMG". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes E55 AMG" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mercedes-Benz S63 AMG (W220) - World's Fastest Sedans". Fantasycars.com. 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "MERCEDES BENZ S 63 AMG (W220) 2001 - 2001". autoevolution. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.supercars.net/garages/marcusmv3/126v2.html[dead link]
Jump up ^ Automobil Revue, catalogue edition 1995, p. 380.
Jump up ^ "2008 Mercedes-Benz CL63 AMG and S63 AMG - First Drive Review - Auto Reviews". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ "2014 Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Black Series First Test - Motor Trend". 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Lap Records | Nürburgring Lap Times".
Jump up ^ List of Top Gear test track Power Lap Times
Bibliography[edit]
Becker, Clauspeter; Bolsinger, Markus; Clauss, Michael (2013). AMG 45: The Story - The Cars. Bielefeld, Germany: Delius Klasing. ISBN 9783768834940.
Bolsinger, Markus (2013). Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG. Bielefeld, Germany: Delius Klasing. ISBN 9783768833707.
Clarke, R.M., ed. (2007). Mercedes AMG Gold Portfolio 1983-1999. Road Test Portfolio Series. Cobham, Surrey, UK: Brooklands Books. ISBN 9781855207455.
Clarke, R.M., ed. (2007). Mercedes AMG Ultimate Portfolio 2000-2006. Road Test Portfolio Series. Cobham, Surrey, UK: Brooklands Books. ISBN 9781855207486.
Mühling, Frank; Bolsinger, Markus (2006). AMG: Reaching for the Stars. Bielefeld, Germany: Delius Klasing. ISBN 3768818098.
Rigatto, Alessandro (2011). Typenkompass Mercedes-AMG Serien- und Rennsportwagen seit 1967 [Typenkompass Mercedes-AMG Production and Racing Cars since 1967]. Typenkompass series; Basiswissen für Auto-Freunde series (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 9783613032736.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Daimler AG
Divisions and
subsidiaries
Cars
Current
Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-AMG
Mercedes-Maybach
Smart
Trucks and vans
Current
BharatBenz
Freightliner
Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles
Master Motors (80%)
Mercedes-Benz
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus (85%)
Western Star
Defunct
American LaFrance
Sterling Trucks
Buses
Current
BharatBenz
Freightliner
Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles
Master Motors
Mercedes Benz
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus
Setra/EvoBus
Thomas
Defunct
Orion
Motorsport
Mercedes AMG Petronas Motorsport
Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains
Other
Alliance Truck Parts
car2Go
Daimler Financial Services
Mercedes-Benz Bank
Detroit Diesel
Mercedes-Benz India
Mercedes-Benz Mexico
Shareholdings
and joint ventures
Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation (50.1%)
Beijing Benz (50%)
Denza (50%)
Tognum AG (50%)
Fujian Benz (50%)
Here (33%)
EADS (22.41%)
Kamaz (10%)
MV Agusta (25%)
Tesla Motors (10%)
Tata Motors (7%)
Aston Martin (5%)
Predecessors
Benz & Company (1883–1926)
Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft AG (1890–1926)
Daimler-Benz AG (1926–98)
DaimlerChrysler AG (1998–2007)
Technologies
Active Cylinder Control
BlueTec
People
Wolfgang Bernhard
Karlfried Nordmann
Andreas Renschler
Hans Scherenberg
Jürgen E. Schrempp
Karl Wilfert
Joachim Zahn
Dieter Zetsche
Other
DaimlerChrysler–Mitsubishi alliance
BeiBen Truck
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Automotive industry in Germany
Automotive industry
Economy of Germany
Transport in Germany
Companies
Active vehicle producers
BMW
BMW i
BMW Motorrad
Borgward
Daimler
Mercedes-Benz
Setra/EvoBus
Smart
Maybach
Apollo Automobil
Krauss-Maffei
Rheinmetall
RMMV
Volkswagen Group
Audi
MAN
RMMV
Porsche
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Foreign owned
Ford of Europe
Ford-Werke
Iveco Magirus
Opel
Hyundai Europe
Defunct vehicle producers
Auto Union
DKW
Horch
NSU
Wanderer
Trabant
Hansa
Goliath
North German Automobile and Engine
Artega Automobile
Fuldamobil
Goggomobil
Components
ATR
Behr
Bosch
Blaupunkt
ETAS Group
BBS
Bühler Motor
Continental
Dräxlmaier Group
Dürr AG
Getrag
Hella
Hermann Peters
KSPG
Löwe Automobil
Mahle
Mann+Hummel
Petri
Schaeffler
Voith
ZF Friedrichshafen
ZF Sachs
Motorsport and
tuners
Abt Sportsline
AC Schnitzer
Alpina
Audi Sport
AMG
Bitter
Brabus
BMW M
Carlsson
G-Power
Gemballa
Hamann Motorsport
Hartge
Je Design
Koenig Specials
Mansory
Opel Performance Center
PPI Automotive Design
Rieger Tuning
Ruf Automobile
Steinmetz Opel Tuning
Services
Daimler Financial Services
Mercedes-Benz Bank
Sixt
Related topics
ADAC
AMI Leipzig
ASAM
DTM
Frankfurt Motor Show
German Association of the Automotive Industry
Nürburgring
Defunct companies and marques above are shown in italics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-AMG&oldid=799628162"
Categories:
Daimler AG subsidiaries
Official motorsports and performance division of automakers
Mercedes-Benz
Auto parts suppliers of Germany
Wheel manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1967
1967 establishments in West Germany
German brands
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters teams
FIA GT Championship teams
24 Hours of Le Mans teams
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from July 2010
Pages using deprecated image syntax
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 September 2017, at 21:35.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan class style

values: 2 logo text-align:center

value: tr

value: th

attrs: scope style

attrs: class style

value: li

value: ul

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mercedes-amg.com

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Edit section: Development of the product range

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_R129
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz R129

values:
/wiki/Dual_clutch_transmission
mw-redirect
Dual clutch transmission

values: Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

values:
/wiki/Blancpain_Endurance_Series
mw-redirect
Blancpain Endurance Series

values:
/wiki/Blancpain_Sprint_Series
mw-redirect
Blancpain Sprint Series

values:
/wiki/24_Hours_of_Nurburgring
mw-redirect
24 Hours of Nurburgring

values:
/wiki/Mercedes_GP_Petronas
mw-redirect
Mercedes GP Petronas

values:
/wiki/V8_Supercars
mw-redirect
V8 Supercars

values: Edit section: Relationship with Aston Martin

values:
/wiki/Adeem_Investment
mw-redirect
Adeem Investment

values: Edit section: "45" M133 2.0 L Inline-4 Turbo

values: Edit section: "43" M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLE-Class
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class

values: Edit section: "63" M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_M157_engine
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz M157 engine

values:
/wiki/Gas_Guzzler_Tax
mw-redirect
Gas Guzzler Tax

values: Edit section: "65" M275 6.0 L V12 Bi-Turbo

values:
/wiki/Charge-air_cooling
mw-redirect
Charge-air cooling

values: Mercedes-AMG GLC-Class(X253) (page does not exist)

values: Mercedes-AMG GLC-Class(C253) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Twin-screw_type_supercharger
mw-redirect
Twin-screw type supercharger

values:
/wiki/Pound-force_per_square_inch
mw-redirect
Pound-force per square inch

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_ML-Class
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz ML-Class

values:
/wiki/Engine_Control_Unit
mw-redirect
Engine Control Unit

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W220
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz W220

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W210
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz W210

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W211
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz W211

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W203
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz W203

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C208
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz C208

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C209
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz C209

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_R230
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz R230

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C215
mw-redirect
Mercedes-Benz C215

values:
/wiki/Naturally_aspirated
mw-redirect
Naturally aspirated

values:
/wiki/Pagani_(automobile)
mw-redirect
Pagani (automobile)

values:
/wiki/List_of_German_cars
mw-redirect
List of German cars

values:
/wiki/Street_and_Racing_Technology
mw-redirect
Street and Racing Technology

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/amg

values: List of Top Gear test track Power Lap Times

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation

values: Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains

values:
/wiki/Tesla_Motors
mw-redirect
Tesla Motors

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Automotive industry in Germany

values: Category:Automotive companies of Germany

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values: List of automobile manufacturers of Germany

values:
/wiki/Wanderer_(car)
mw-redirect
Wanderer (car)

values:
/wiki/Hansa_(car)
mw-redirect
Hansa (car)

values: Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems

values:
/wiki/Frankfurt_Motor_Show
mw-redirect
Frankfurt Motor Show

values: Category:Official motorsports and performance division of automakers

values: Category:Auto parts suppliers of Germany

values: Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1967

values: Category:1967 establishments in West Germany

values: Category:Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters teams

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2010

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Mercedes-AMG
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: مرسيدس أيه أم جي – Arabic

values: مرسدس آام‌گ – Persian

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMG
AMG – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mercedes-AMG rootpage-Mercedes-AMG vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Little Rock Nine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Little Rock Crisis
Part of the Civil Rights Movement
The "Little Rock Nine" are escorted inside Little Rock Central High School by troops of the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army.
Location
Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas
Caused by
Racial segregation in public schools
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Resulted in
Cooper v. Aaron (1958)
Parties to the civil conflict
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Little Rock Nine
Governor of Arkansas
Lead figures
NAACP member
Daisy Bates
Little Rock Nine
Melba Pattillo Beals
Minnijean Brown
Elizabeth Eckford
Ernest Green
Gloria Ray Karlmark
Carlotta Walls LaNier
Thelma Mothershed
Terrence Roberts
Jefferson Thomas
State of Arkansas
Orval Faubus, governor
This article is part of
a series about
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Early Life
Military Career
World War II
Supreme Allied Commander in Europe
D-Day
Operation Overlord
Surrender of Germany
VE-Day
Crusade in Europe
President of the United States
Presidency
First Term
Draft movement
1952 Campaign
Election
1st Inauguration
Korean War
Atoms for Peace
Cold War
New Look
Domino theory
Interstate Highway System
Second Term
1956 campaign
Election
2nd Inauguration
Eisenhower Doctrine
Sputnik crisis
Missile gap
NDEA
NASA
DARPA
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Little Rock Nine
U-2 incident
Farewell Address
Post-Presidency
Legacy
Presidential library and museum
Tributes and memorials

v
t
e
The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
The U.S. Supreme Court issued its historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 347 U.S. 483, on May 17, 1954. Tied to the 14th Amendment, the decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional, and it called for the desegregation of all schools throughout the nation.[1] After the decision, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) attempted to register black students in previously all-white schools in cities throughout the South. In Little Rock, the capital city of Arkansas, the school board agreed to comply with the high court's ruling. Virgil Blossom, the Superintendent of Schools, submitted a plan of gradual integration to the school board on May 24, 1955, which the board unanimously approved. The plan would be implemented during the fall of the 1957 school year, which would begin in September 1957.
By 1957, the NAACP had registered nine black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High, selected on the criteria of excellent grades and attendance.[2] Called the "Little Rock Nine", they were Ernest Green (b. 1941), Elizabeth Eckford (b. 1941), Jefferson Thomas (1942–2010), Terrence Roberts (b. 1941), Carlotta Walls LaNier (b. 1942), Minnijean Brown (b. 1941), Gloria Ray Karlmark (b. 1942), Thelma Mothershed (b. 1940), and Melba Pattillo Beals (b. 1941). Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate from Central High School.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Blossom Plan
2 National Guard blockade
3 Armed escort
4 A tense year
5 "The Lost Year"
6 Motivations
7 Legacy
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 References
10.1 Historiography
10.2 Primary sources
10.3 External links
The Blossom Plan
One of the plans created during attempts to desegregate the schools of Little Rock was by school superintendent Virgil Blossom. The initial approach proposed substantial integration beginning quickly and extending to all grades within a matter of many years.[3] This original proposal was scrapped and replaced with one that more closely met a set of minimum standards worked out in attorney Richard B. McCulloch's brief.[4] This finalized plan would start in September 1957 and would integrate one high school, Little Rock Central. The second phase of the plan would take place in 1960 and would open up a few junior high schools to a few black children. The final stage would involve limited desegregation of the city's grade schools at an unspecified time, possibly as late as 1963.[4]
This plan was met with varied reactions from the NAACP branch of Little Rock. Militant members like the Bateses opposed the plan on the grounds that it was "vague, indefinite, slow-moving and indicative of an intent to stall further on public integration."[5] Despite this view, the majority accepted the plan; most felt that Blossom and the school board should have the chance to prove themselves, that the plan was reasonable, and that the white community would accept it.
This view was short lived, however. Changes were made to the plan, the most detrimental being a new transfer system that would allow students to move out of the attendance zone to which they were assigned.[5] The unaltered Blossom Plan had gerrymandered school districts to guarantee a black majority at Horace Mann High and a white majority at Hall High.[5] This meant that, even though black students lived closer to Central, they would be placed in Horace Mann thus confirming the intention of the school board to limit the impact of desegregation.[5] The altered plan gave white students the choice of not attending Horace Mann, but didn't give black students the option of attending Hall. This new Blossom Plan did not sit well with the NAACP and after failed negotiations with the school board; the NAACP filed a lawsuit on February 8, 1956.
This lawsuit, along with a number of other factors contributed to the Little Rock School Crisis of 1957.
National Guard blockade
Main article: Arkansas National Guard and the integration of Central High School
Several segregationist councils threatened to hold protests at Central High and physically block the black students from entering the school. Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to support the segregationists on September 4, 1957. The sight of a line of soldiers blocking out the students made national headlines and polarized the nation. Regarding the accompanying crowd, one of the nine students, Elizabeth Eckford, recalled:
They moved closer and closer. ... Somebody started yelling. ... I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the crowd—someone who maybe could help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on me.[6]
On September 9, the Little Rock School District issued a statement condemning the governor's deployment of soldiers to the school, and called for a citywide prayer service on September 12. Even President Dwight Eisenhower attempted to de-escalate the situation by summoning Faubus for a meeting, warning him not to defy the Supreme Court's ruling.[7]
Armed escort
Young U.S. Army paratrooper in battle gear outside Central High School, on the cover of Time magazine (October 7, 1957)
Woodrow Wilson Mann, the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students. On September 24, the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army—without its black soldiers, who rejoined the division a month later—to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of Faubus's control.[8]
A tense year
By the end of September 1957, the nine were admitted to Little Rock Central High under the protection of the 101st Airborne Division (and later the Arkansas National Guard), but they were still subjected to a year of physical and verbal abuse (being spat on and called names) by many of the white students. Melba Pattillo had acid thrown into her eyes[9] and also recalled in her book, Warriors Don't Cry, an incident in which a group of white girls trapped her in a stall in the girls' washroom and attempted to burn her by dropping pieces of flaming paper on her from above. Another one of the students, Minnijean Brown, was verbally confronted and abused. She said
I was one of the kids 'approved' by the school officials. We were told we would have to take a lot and were warned not to fight back if anything happened. One girl ran up to me and said, 'I'm so glad you're here. Won't you go to lunch with me today?' I never saw her again.[10]
Minnijean Brown was also taunted by members of a group of white male students in December 1957 in the school cafeteria during lunch. She dropped her lunch, a bowl of chili, onto the boys and was suspended for six days. Two months later, after more confrontation, Brown was suspended for the rest of the school year. She transferred to New Lincoln High School in New York City.[2] As depicted in the 1981 made-for-TV docudrama Crisis at Central High, and as mentioned by Melba Pattillo Beals in Warriors Don't Cry, white students were punished only when their offense was "both egregious and witnessed by an adult".[11] The drama was based on a book by Elizabeth Huckaby, a vice-principal during the crisis.
"The Lost Year"
In the summer of 1958, as the school year was drawing to a close, Faubus decided to petition the decision by the Federal District Court in order to postpone the desegregation of public high schools in Little Rock.[12] In the Cooper v. Aaron case, the Little Rock School District, under the leadership of Orval Faubus, fought for a two and a half year delay on de-segregation, which would have meant that black students would only be permitted into public high schools in January 1961.[13] Faubus argued that if the schools remained integrated there would be an increase in violence. However, in August 1958, the Federal Courts ruled against the delay of de-segregation, which incited Faubus to call together an Extraordinary Session of the State Legislature on August 26 in order to enact his segregation bills.[14]
Claiming that Little Rock had to assert their rights and freedom against the federal decision, in September 1958, Faubus signed acts that enabled him and the Little Rock School District to close all public schools.[15] Thus, with this bill signed, on Monday September 15, Faubus ordered the closure of all four public high schools, preventing both black and white students from attending school.[16] Despite Faubus's decree, the city's population had the chance of refuting the bill since the school-closing law necessitated a referendum. The referendum, which would either condone or condemn Faubus's law, was to take place within thirty days.[16] A week before the referendum, which was scheduled to take place on September 27, Faubus addressed the citizens of Little Rock in an attempt to secure their votes. Faubus urged the population to vote against integration since he was planning on leasing the public school buildings to private schools, and, in doing so, would educate the white and black students separately.[17] Faubus was successful in his appeal and won the referendum. This year came to be known as the "Lost Year."
Faubus's victory led to a series of consequences that affected Little Rock society. Faubus's intention to open private schools was denied[clarification needed] the same day the referendum took place, which caused some citizens of Little Rock to turn on the black community. The black community became a target for hate crimes since people blamed them for the closing of the schools.[18] Daisy Bates, head of the NAACP chapter in Little Rock, was a primary victim to these crimes, in addition to the black students enrolled at Little Rock Central High School and their families.[19]
The city's teachers were also placed in a difficult position. They were forced to swear loyalty to Faubus's bills.[16] Even though Faubus's idea of private schools never played out, the teachers were still expected to attend school every day and prepare for the possibility of their students' return.[20] The teachers were completely under Faubus's control and the many months that the school stayed empty only served as a cause for uncertainty in their professional futures.[21]
In May 1959, after the firing of forty-four teachers and administrative staff from the four high schools, three segregationist board members were replaced with three moderate ones. The new board members reinstated the forty-four staff members to their positions.[22] The new board of directors then began an attempt to reopen the schools, much to Faubus's dismay. In order to avoid any further complications, the public high schools were scheduled to open earlier than usual, on August 12, 1959.[22]
Although the Lost Year had come to a close, the black students who returned to the high schools were not welcomed by the other students. Rather, the black students had a difficult time getting past mobs to enter the school, and, once inside, they were often subject to physical and emotional abuse.[23] The students were back at school and everything would eventually resume normal function, but the Lost Year would be a pretext for new hatred toward the black students in the public high school.
Motivations
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Faubus's opposition to desegregation was likely both politically and racially motivated.[24] Although Faubus had indicated that he would consider bringing Arkansas into compliance with the high court's decision in 1956, desegregation was opposed by his own southern Democratic Party, which dominated all Southern politics at the time. Faubus risked losing political support in the upcoming 1958 Democratic gubernatorial primary if he showed support for integration.[25]
Most histories of the crisis conclude that Faubus, facing pressure as he campaigned for a third term, decided to appease racist elements in the state by calling out the National Guard to prevent the black students from entering Central High. Former associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court James D. Johnson claimed to have hoaxed Governor Faubus into calling out the National Guard, supposedly to prevent a white mob from stopping the integration of Little Rock Central High School: "There wasn't any caravan. But we made Orval believe it. We said. 'They're lining up. They're coming in droves.' ... The only weapon we had was to leave the impression that the sky was going to fall." He later claimed that Faubus asked him to raise a mob to justify his actions.[26]
Harry Ashmore, the editor of the Arkansas Gazette, won a 1958 Pulitzer Prize for his editorials on the crisis. Ashmore portrayed the fight over Central High as a crisis manufactured by Faubus; in his interpretation, Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to keep black children out of Central High School because he was frustrated by the success his political opponents were having in using segregationist rhetoric to stir white voters.[27]
Congressman Brooks Hays, who tried to mediate between the federal government and Faubus, was later defeated by a last minute write-in candidate, Dale Alford, a member of the Little Rock School Board who had the backing of Faubus's allies.[28][self-published source] A few years later, despite the incident with the "Little Rock Nine", Faubus ran as a moderate segregationist against Dale Alford, who was challenging Faubus for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1962.
Little Rock Nine Memorial
Memorial closeup of Eckford
Legacy
External video
Booknotes interview with Melba Patillo Beals on Warriors Don't Cry, November 27, 1994, C-SPAN
A commemorative silver dollar
Memorial at Arkansas State Capitol
Three members of the “Little Rock Nine” (L-R) Ernest Green, Carlotta Walls LaNier, and Terrence Roberts - stand together on the steps of the LBJ Presidential Library in 2014
Little Rock Central High School still functions as part of the Little Rock School District, and is now a National Historic Site that houses a Civil Rights Museum, administered in partnership with the National Park Service, to commemorate the events of 1957.[29] The Daisy Bates House, home to Daisy Bates, then the president of the Arkansas NAACP and a focal point for the students, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001 for its role in the episode.[30]
In 1958, Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén published "Little Rock", a bilingual composition in English and Spanish denouncing the racial segregation in the United States.[31]
Melba Pattillo Beals wrote a memoir titled Warriors Don't Cry, published in the mid-1990s.
Two made-for-television movies have depicted the events of the crisis: the 1981 CBS movie Crisis at Central High, and the 1993 Disney Channel movie The Ernest Green Story.
In 1996, seven of the Little Rock Nine appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show. They came face to face with a few of the white students who had tormented them as well as one student who had befriended them.
President Bill Clinton honored the Little Rock Nine in November 1999 when he presented them each with a Congressional Gold Medal. The medal is the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress.[32] It is given to those who have provided outstanding service to the country. To receive the Congressional Gold Medal, recipients must be co-sponsored by two-thirds of both the House and Senate.
In 2007, the United States Mint made available a commemorative silver dollar to "recognize and pay tribute to the strength, the determination and the courage displayed by African-American high school students in the fall of 1957." The obverse depicts students accompanied by a soldier, with nine stars symbolizing the Little Rock Nine. The reverse depicts an image of Little Rock Central High School, c. 1957. Proceeds from the coin sales are to be used to improve the National Historic Site.
On December 9, 2008, the Little Rock Nine were invited to attend the inauguration of President-elect Barack Obama, the first African-American to be elected President of the United States.[33]
On February 9, 2010, Marquette University honored the group by presenting them with the Père Marquette Discovery Award, the university's highest honor, one that had previously been given to Mother Teresa, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Karl Rahner, and the Apollo 11 astronauts, among other notables.
See also
Black school
Fables of Faubus, a song written by jazz bassist Charles Mingus
Little Rock (poem)
Nine from Little Rock, an Academy Award-winning documentary film about the Little Rock Nine
Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (U.S. 1954). Text.
^ Jump up to: a b Rains, Craig. "Little Rock Central High 40th Anniversary". Archived from the original on December 17, 2006. .
Jump up ^ Tony A. Freyer, "Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis, 1954–1957," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 148
^ Jump up to: a b Tony A. Freyer, "Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis, 1954–1957," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 149
^ Jump up to: a b c d John A. Kirk, "The Little Rock Crisis and Postwar Black Activism in Arkansas," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 239
Jump up ^ Boyd, Herb (September 27, 2007). "Little Rock Nine paved the way". New York Amsterdam News. 98 (40). Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Retreat from Newport". Time. September 23, 1957. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. .
Jump up ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House. p. 723. ISBN 978-0-679-64429-3.
Jump up ^ "Melba Pattillo Beals". Teachers' Domain. WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Brown, Minnijean; Moskin, J. Robert (June 24, 1958). "One Girl's Little Rock Story". Look.
Jump up ^ Collins, Janelle (Fall 2008). "Easing a Country's Conscience: Little Rock's Central High School in Film". The Southern Quarterly. The University of Southern Mississippi. Retrieved August 2, 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 151.
Jump up ^ Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 428.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 152.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 154.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 429.
Jump up ^ Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 431.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962. p. 159.
Jump up ^ Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 436.
Jump up ^ Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 441.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 442.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 165.
Jump up ^ "Little Rock Nine". Originalpeople. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Williams, Juan (March 18, 2007). "Showdown over Segregation". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Racist "Justice" is dead, but not gone". Salon. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Pulitzer Prize Winners 1958". the Pulitzer Board. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Profiles in Hue. Xlibris Corporation. January 17, 2011. p. 366. ISBN 1456851209. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ United States National Park Service, Little Rock Central High School, National Historic Site. Archived January 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "NHL nomination for Daisy Bates House". National Park Service. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Guillén, Nicolás; Márquez, Robert; McMurray, David Arthur (August 2003). Man-making words: selected poems of Nicolás Guillén. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-1-55849-410-7. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Little Rock Nine". November 9, 1999. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "We've Completed Our Mission Archived April 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.". Washington Post, December 13, 2009, p. B01.
References
Anderson, Karen. Little Rock: Race and Resistance at Central High School (2013)
Baer, Frances Lisa. Resistance to Public School Desegregation: Little Rock, Arkansas, and Beyond (2008) 328 pp. ISBN 978-1-59332-260-1
Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High. (ISBN 0-671-86638-9)
Branton, Wiley A. "Little Rock Revisited: Desegregation to Resegregation." Journal of Negro Education 1983 52(3): 250–269. ISSN 0022-2984 Fulltext in Jstor
Jacoway, Elizabeth. Turn Away Thy Son: Little Rock, the Crisis That Shocked the Nation (2007).
Kirk, John A. "Not Quite Black and White: School Desegregation in Arkansas, 1954-1966," Arkansas Historical Quarterly (2011) 70#3 pp 225–257 in JSTOR
Kirk, John A., ed. An Epitaph for Little Rock: A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective on the Central High Crisis (University of Arkansas Press, 2008).
Kirk, John A. Beyond Little Rock: The Origins and Legacies of the Central High Crisis (University of Arkansas Press, 2007).
Kirk, John A., Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970 (University of Florida Press, 2002).
Reed, Roy. Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal (1997).
Lanier, Carlotta, A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School, Random House, 2009
Historiography
Pierce, Michael. "Historians of the Central High Crisis and Little Rock's Working-Class Whites: A Review Essay," Arkansas Historical Quarterly (2011) 70#4 pp. 468–483 in JSTOR
Primary sources
Faubus, Orval Eugene. Down from the Hills. Little Rock: Democrat Printing & Lithographing, 1980. 510 pp. autobiography.
External links
"Through a Lens, Darkly," by David Margolick. Vanity Fair, September 24, 2007.
The Tiger, Student Paper of Little Rock Central High.
The Legacy of Little Rock on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine)
Guardians of Freedom—50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas, by United States Army
Letters from U.S. citizens regarding the Little Rock Crisis, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Documents regarding the Little Rock Crisis, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
National Park Service. Little Rock Central High School, National Historic Site.
Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: Little Rock Nine
"From Canterbury to Little Rock: The Struggle for Educational Equality for African Americans", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
Letter by segregationist lawyer Amis Guthridge Defending Segregation to Little Rock School Board and Superintendent Blossom, July 10, 1957.
McMillen, Neil R. (Summer 1971). "White Citizens' Council and Resistance to School Desegregation in Arkansas" (PDF). The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. Arkansas Historical Association. 30 (2): 95–122.
Sandra Hubbard; Dr. Sondra Gordy. "The Lost Year". a documentary, entitled "The Lost Year" by Sandra Hubbard and a book, entitled "Finding the Lost Year" By Dr. Gordy. An account by teachers and classmates of the closed high schools of Little Rock after the Crisis at Central High and the Little Rock Nine.
[hide]
v
t
e
Civil rights movement
Notable
events
(timeline)
Prior to 1954
Lynching in the United States
Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore
1954–1959
Brown v. Board of Education
Bolling v. Sharpe
Briggs v. Elliott
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Gebhart v. Belton
White America, Inc.
Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
Emmett Till
Montgomery bus boycott
Browder v. Gayle
Tallahassee bus boycott
Mansfield school desegregation
1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
"Give Us the Ballot"
Royal Ice Cream sit-in
Little Rock Nine
National Guard blockade
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Kissing Case
Biloxi wade-ins
1960–1963
Greensboro sit-ins
Nashville sit-ins
Sit-in movement
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Boynton v. Virginia
Rock Hill sit-ins
Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
Freedom Rides
attacks
Garner v. Louisiana
Albany Movement
University of Chicago sit-ins
"Second Emancipation Proclamation"
Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
"Segregation now, segregation forever"
Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1963 Birmingham campaign
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Children's Crusade
Birmingham riot
16th Street Baptist Church bombing
John F. Kennedy's Report to the American People on Civil Rights
March on Washington
"I Have a Dream"
St. Augustine movement
1964–1968
Twenty-fourth Amendment
Bloody Tuesday
Freedom Summer
workers' murders
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
"How Long, Not Long"
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
March Against Fear
White House Conference on Civil Rights
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
Memphis sanitation strike
King assassination
funeral
riots
Poor People's Campaign
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
Activist
groups
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
Atlanta Student Movement
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
Dallas County Voters League
Deacons for Defense and Justice
Georgia Council on Human Relations
Highlander Folk School
Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
Montgomery Improvement Association
Nashville Student Movement
NAACP
Youth Council
Northern Student Movement
National Council of Negro Women
National Urban League
Operation Breadbasket
Regional Council of Negro Leadership
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Southern Regional Council
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
The Freedom Singers
Wednesdays in Mississippi
Women's Political Council
Activists
Ralph Abernathy
Victoria Gray Adams
Zev Aelony
Mathew Ahmann
William G. Anderson
Gwendolyn Armstrong
Arnold Aronson
Ella Baker
Marion Barry
Daisy Bates
Harry Belafonte
James Bevel
Claude Black
Gloria Blackwell
Randolph Blackwell
Unita Blackwell
Ezell Blair Jr.
Joanne Bland
Julian Bond
Joseph E. Boone
William Holmes Borders
Amelia Boynton
Raylawni Branch
Ruby Bridges
Aurelia Browder
H. Rap Brown
Guy Carawan
Stokely Carmichael
Johnnie Carr
James Chaney
J. L. Chestnut
Colia Lafayette Clark
Ramsey Clark
Septima Clark
Xernona Clayton
Eldridge Cleaver
Kathleen Cleaver
Charles E. Cobb Jr.
Annie Lee Cooper
Dorothy Cotton
Claudette Colvin
Vernon Dahmer
Jonathan Daniels
Joseph DeLaine
Dave Dennis
Annie Devine
Patricia Stephens Due
Joseph Ellwanger
Charles Evers
Medgar Evers
Myrlie Evers-Williams
Chuck Fager
James Farmer
Walter E. Fauntroy
James Forman
Marie Foster
Golden Frinks
Andrew Goodman
Fred Gray
Jack Greenberg
Dick Gregory
Lawrence Guyot
Prathia Hall
Fannie Lou Hamer
William E. Harbour
Vincent Harding
Dorothy Height
Lola Hendricks
Aaron Henry
Oliver Hill
Donald L. Hollowell
James Hood
Myles Horton
Zilphia Horton
T. R. M. Howard
Ruby Hurley
Jesse Jackson
Jimmie Lee Jackson
Richie Jean Jackson
T. J. Jemison
Esau Jenkins
Barbara Rose Johns
Vernon Johns
Frank Minis Johnson
Clarence Jones
J. Charles Jones
Matthew Jones
Vernon Jordan
Tom Kahn
Clyde Kennard
A. D. King
C.B. King
Coretta Scott King
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Sr.
Bernard Lafayette
James Lawson
Bernard Lee
Sanford R. Leigh
Jim Letherer
Stanley Levison
John Lewis
Viola Liuzzo
Z. Alexander Looby
Joseph Lowery
Clara Luper
Malcolm X
Mae Mallory
Vivian Malone
Thurgood Marshall
Benjamin Mays
Franklin McCain
Charles McDew
Ralph McGill
Floyd McKissick
Joseph McNeil
James Meredith
William Ming
Jack Minnis
Amzie Moore
Douglas E. Moore
Harriette Moore
Harry T. Moore
William Lewis Moore
Irene Morgan
Bob Moses
William Moyer
Elijah Muhammad
Diane Nash
Charles Neblett
Edgar Nixon
Jack O'Dell
James Orange
Rosa Parks
James Peck
Charles Person
Homer Plessy
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
Fay Bellamy Powell
Al Raby
Lincoln Ragsdale
A. Philip Randolph
George Raymond Jr.
Bernice Johnson Reagon
Cordell Reagon
James Reeb
Frederick D. Reese
Gloria Richardson
David Richmond
Bernice Robinson
Jo Ann Robinson
Bayard Rustin
Bernie Sanders
Michael Schwerner
Cleveland Sellers
Charles Sherrod
Alexander D. Shimkin
Fred Shuttlesworth
Modjeska Monteith Simkins
Glenn E. Smiley
A. Maceo Smith
Kelly Miller Smith
Mary Louise Smith
Maxine Smith
Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
Charles Kenzie Steele
Hank Thomas
Dorothy Tillman
A. P. Tureaud
Hartman Turnbow
Albert Turner
C. T. Vivian
Wyatt Tee Walker
Hollis Watkins
Walter Francis White
Roy Wilkins
Hosea Williams
Kale Williams
Robert F. Williams
Andrew Young
Whitney Young
Sammy Younge Jr.
James Zwerg
Influences
Nonviolence
Padayatra
Sermon on the Mount
Mahatma Gandhi
Ahimsa
Satyagraha
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
Frederick Douglass
W. E. B. Du Bois
Mary McLeod Bethune
Related
Jim Crow laws
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but equal
Buchanan v. Warley
Hocutt v. Wilson
Sweatt v. Painter
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
Katzenbach v. McClung
Loving v. Virginia
Fifth Circuit Four
Brown Chapel
Holt Street Baptist Church
Edmund Pettus Bridge
March on Washington Movement
African-American churches attacked
Journey of Reconciliation
Freedom Songs
"Kumbaya"
"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
"Oh, Freedom"
"This Little Light of Mine"
"We Shall Not Be Moved"
"We Shall Overcome"
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence"
Watts riots
Voter Education Project
1960s counterculture
In popular culture
King Memorial
Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
Freedom Riders National Monument
Civil Rights Memorial
The New Jim Crow (2010)
Noted
historians
Taylor Branch
Clayborne Carson
John Dittmer
Michael Eric Dyson
Chuck Fager
Adam Fairclough
David Garrow
David Halberstam
Vincent Harding
Steven F. Lawson
Doug McAdam
Diane McWhorter
Charles M. Payne
Timothy Tyson
Akinyele Umoja
Movement photographers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Rock_Nine&oldid=838309039"
Categories:
Little Rock Nine
History of racism in the United States
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
History of Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock Central High School
Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
School segregation in the United States
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from October 2010
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Use mdy dates from October 2017
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014
Articles needing additional references from August 2011
All articles needing additional references
All articles with self-published sources
Articles with self-published sources from December 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
中文
6 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 05:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 125%; background-color: #CEE0F2; vertical-align: middle

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement
mw-redirect
Civil Rights Movement

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle

values: 101st Airborne at Little Rock Central High.jpg

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa

values: text-align:center;background-color: #CEE0F2; vertical-align: middle

values: width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa

values: width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left;

values: Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29, 1959.jpg

values: background: #002466; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;

values: background: #002466; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;

values: Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1952

values: United States presidential election, 1952

values: First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower

values:
/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%9362)
mw-redirect
Cold War (1953–62)

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 1956

values: United States presidential election, 1956

values: Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower

values: Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home

values: List of memorials to Dwight D. Eisenhower

values: List of personal coats of arms of Presidents of the United States

values: Template talk:Eisenhower series (page does not exist)

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border: 4px double #d69d36;

values:
/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas
mw-redirect
Governor of Arkansas

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Little_Rock
mw-redirect
Little Rock

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)

values: width:22em;width: 210px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Civil_Rights
mw-redirect
Civil Rights

values:
/wiki/Dollar_(United_States_coin)
mw-redirect
Dollar (United States coin)

values:
/wiki/Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu
mw-redirect
Archbishop Desmond Tutu

values: Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1958

values:
nofollow
http://www.nps.gov/chsc/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2294663

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23193404

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23188020

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.army.mil/arkansas

values: Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

values:
/wiki/United_States_National_Park
mw-redirect
United States National Park

values: Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture

values:
/wiki/Teaching_with_Historic_Places
mw-redirect
Teaching with Historic Places

values:
nofollow
http://thelostyear.com/
external text

values: Template:African-American civil rights movement

values: Template talk:African-American civil rights movement

values: Greyhound Bus Station (Montgomery, Alabama)

values: Report to the American People on Civil Rights

values: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner

values: Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections

values: Green v. County School Board of New Kent County

values: Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights

values: Council for United Civil Rights Leadership

values: Highlander Research and Education Center

values: Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

values: Southern Christian Leadership Conference

values: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

values: Mary Louise Smith (civil rights activist)

values: Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States

values: Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)

values: List of attacks against African-American churches

values: National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

values: Civil rights movement in popular culture

values: Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument

values: List of photographers of the civil rights movement

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:History of racism in the United States

values: Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients

values: Category:History of Little Rock, Arkansas

values: Category:Little Rock Central High School

values: Category:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower

values: Category:School segregation in the United States

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2010

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Use mdy dates from October 2017

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with self-published sources

values: Category:Articles with self-published sources from December 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Οι Εννέα του Λιτλ Ροκ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: משבר ליטל רוק – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: リトルロック高校事件 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Девятка из Литл-Рока – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Little_Rock_Nine rootpage-Little_Rock_Nine skin-vector action-view