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George R. R. Martin
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George R. R. Martin
George R. R. Martin at Worldcon in Helsinki 2017
Born
George Raymond Martin
(1948-09-20) September 20, 1948 (age 69)
Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S.
Occupation
Novelist
short story writer
screenwriter
Nationality
American
Alma mater
Northwestern University
Genre
Science fiction
horror
fantasy
Notable works
A Song of Ice and Fire
Spouse
Gale Burnick (m. 1975; div. 1979)
Parris McBride (m. 2011)
Signature
Website
www.georgerrmartin.com
George Raymond Richard Martin[3] (born George Raymond Martin; September 20, 1948), often referred to as George R. R. Martin,[4] is an American novelist and short-story writer in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres, screenwriter, and television producer. He is best known for his series of epic fantasy novels, A Song of Ice and Fire, which was later adapted into the HBO series Game of Thrones (2011–present). Martin serves as the series's co-executive producer, and also scripted four episodes of the series.
In 2005, Lev Grossman of Time called Martin "the American Tolkien",[5] and in 2011, he was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Teaching
3 Writing career
3.1 A Song of Ice and Fire
3.2 HBO adaptation
3.3 Themes
4 Relationship with fans
4.1 Blog
4.2 Conventions
4.3 Fan club
4.4 Fan criticism and response
4.5 Fan fiction
5 Personal life
6 Philanthropy
7 Politics
8 Awards
8.1 Nominations
9 Bibliography
9.1 Television
9.2 Editor
9.2.1 Wild Cards series editor (also contributor to many volumes)
9.2.2 Cross-genre anthologies edited (with Gardner Dozois)
10 References
11 External links
Early life[edit]
George Raymond Martin (he later adopted the confirmation name Richard at 13 years old)[8] was born on September 20, 1948,[9] in Bayonne, New Jersey,[10] the son of longshoreman Raymond Collins Martin and his wife Margaret Brady Martin. He has two younger sisters, Darleen and Janet. His father was of half Italian descent, while his mother was of half Irish ancestry.[11] He also has French, English, Welsh and German roots.[12]
The family first lived in a house on Broadway, belonging to Martin's great-grandmother. In 1953, they moved to a federal housing project near the Bayonne docks.[11] During Martin's childhood, his world consisted predominantly of "First Street to Fifth Street", between his grade school and his home; this limited world made him want to travel and experience other places, but the only way of doing so was through his imagination, so he became a voracious reader.[13] The young Martin began writing and selling monster stories for pennies to other neighborhood children, dramatic readings included. He also wrote stories about a mythical kingdom populated by his pet turtles; the turtles died frequently in their toy castle, so he finally decided they were killing each other off in "sinister plots".[14]
Martin attended Mary Jane Donohoe School and then later Marist High School. While there he became an avid comic-book fan, developing a strong interest in the superheroes being published by Marvel Comics.[15] A letter Martin wrote to the editor of Fantastic Four was printed in issue No. 20 (Nov 1963); it was the first of many sent, e.g., FF #32, #34, and others. Fans who read his letters then wrote him letters in turn, and through such contacts, Martin joined the fledgling comics fandom of the era, writing fiction for various fanzines;[16] he was the first to register for an early comic book convention held in New York in 1964.[17] In 1965, Martin won comic fandom's Alley Award for Best fan fiction for his prose superhero story "Powerman vs. The Blue Barrier".[18]
In 1970, Martin earned a B.S. in Journalism from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, graduating summa cum laude; he went on to complete his M.S. in Journalism in 1971, also from Northwestern.[19] Eligible for the draft during the Vietnam War, to which he objected, Martin applied for and obtained conscientious objector status;[20] he instead did alternative service work for two years (1972–1974) as a VISTA volunteer, attached to the Cook County Legal Assistance Foundation.[19] An expert chess player, he also directed chess tournaments for the Continental Chess Association from 1973 to 1976.[21]
Teaching[edit]
In the mid-1970s, Martin met English professor George Guthridge from Dubuque, Iowa, at a science fiction convention in Milwaukee. Martin persuaded Guthridge (who confesses that at that time he despised science fiction and fantasy) not only to give speculative fiction a second look, but to write in the field himself. (Guthridge has since been a finalist for the Hugo Award and twice for the Nebula Award for science fiction and fantasy. In 1998, Guthridge & Janet Berliner won the Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement in the Novel for their Children of the Dust.[22])
In turn, Guthridge helped Martin find a job at Clarke University (then Clarke College). Martin "wasn't making enough money to stay alive", from writing and the chess tournaments, says Guthridge.[23] From 1976 to 1978, Martin was an English and journalism instructor at Clarke, and he became Writer In Residence at the college from 1978 to 1979.[24]
While he enjoyed teaching, the sudden death of friend and fellow author Tom Reamy in late 1977 made Martin reevaluate his own life, and he eventually decided to try to become a full-time writer. He resigned from his job, and being tired of the hard winters in Dubuque, he moved to Santa Fe in 1979.[25]
Writing career[edit]
Martin began selling science fiction short stories professionally in 1970, at age 21. His first sale was "The Hero", sold to Galaxy magazine and published in its February 1971 issue; other sales soon followed. His first story to be nominated for the Hugo Award[26] and Nebula Awards was "With Morning Comes Mistfall", published in 1973 in Analog magazine. In 1975 his story "...for a single yesterday" about a post-apocalyptic timetripper was selected for inclusion in Epoch, a science fiction anthology edited by Roger Elwood and Robert Silverberg. His first novel, Dying of the Light, was published in 1977.
Martin is a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), Martin became the organization's Southwest Regional Director from 1977 to 1979; he served as its vice-president from 1996 to 1998.[citation needed] In 1976, for Kansas City's MidAmeriCon, the 34th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), Martin and his friend and fellow writer-editor Gardner Dozois conceived of and organized the first Hugo Losers' Party for the benefit of all past and present Hugo-losing writers, their friends and families, the evening following the convention's Hugo Awards ceremony. Martin was nominated for two Hugos that year but lost both awards, for the novelette "...and Seven Times Never Kill Man" and the novella The Storms of Windhaven, co-written with Lisa Tuttle.[27] The Hugo Losers' Party became an annual Worldcon event thereafter, and its formal title later changed.[citation needed]
Although Martin often writes fantasy or horror, a number of his earlier works are science fiction tales occurring in a loosely defined future history, known informally as "The Thousand Worlds" or "The Manrealm". He has also written at least one piece of political-military fiction, "Night of the Vampyres", collected in Harry Turtledove's anthology The Best Military Science Fiction of the 20th Century (2001).[28]
In 1983, Martin published a vampire novel titled Fevre Dream set in the 19th century on the Mississippi River. Unlike traditional vampire novels, in Fevre Dream vampires are not supernatural creatures, but are rather a different species related to humans created by evolution with superhuman powers. Critic Don D'Amassa has praised Fevre Dream for its strong 19th century atmosphere and wrote: "This is without question one of the greatest vampire novels of all time".[29] Martin followed up Fevre Dream with another horror novel, The Armageddon Rag. The unexpected commercial failure of The Armageddon Rag (1984), "essentially destroyed my career as a novelist at the time", he recalled. However, that failure led him to seek a career in television[14] after a Hollywood option on that novel led to him being hired, first as a staff writer and then as an Executive Story Consultant, for the revival of the Twilight Zone. After the CBS series was cancelled, Martin migrated over to the already-underway satirical science fiction series Max Headroom. He worked on scripts and created the show's "Ped Xing" character. However, before his scripts could go into production, the ABC show was cancelled in the middle of its second season. Martin was then hired as a writer-producer on the new dramatic fantasy series Beauty and the Beast; in 1989, he became the show's co-supervising producer and wrote 14 of its episodes.[30]
In 1987, Martin published a collection of short horror stories in Portraits of His Children. During this same period, Martin continued working in print media as a book-series editor, this time overseeing the development of the multi-author Wild Cards book series, which takes place in a shared universe in which a small slice of post–World War II humanity gains superpowers after the release of an alien-engineered virus; new titles are still being published in the ongoing series from Tor Books. In Second Person, Martin "gives a personal account of the close-knit role-playing game (RPG) culture that gave rise to his Wild Cards shared-world anthologies".[31] An important element in the creation of the multiple author series was a campaign of Chaosium's role-playing game Superworld (1983) that Martin ran in Albuquerque.[32] Admitting he became completely obsessed with the game, he stopped writing literature for about a year, but his shrinking bank accounts made him realize he had to come up with something, and got the idea that perhaps the stories and characters created in Superworld could somehow become profitable.[33] Martin's own contributions to Wild Cards have included Thomas Tudbury, "The Great and Powerful Turtle", a powerful psychokinetic whose flying "shell" consisted of an armored VW Beetle. As of June 2011, 21 Wild Cards volumes had been published in the series; earlier that same year, Martin signed the contract for the 22nd volume, Low Ball (2014), published by Tor Books. In early 2012, Martin signed another Tor contract for the 23rd Wild Cards volume, High Stakes, which was released in August 2016.[34]
In August 2016 Martin announced that Universal Cable Productions had acquired the rights to adapt the Wild Cards novels into a television series.[35]
Martin's novella Nightflyers (1980) was adapted into a 1987 feature film of the same name. He was unhappy about having to cut plot elements for the screenplay's scenario in order to accommodate the film's small budget.[36]
In 2017, Martin confirmed he will serve as an executive producer of the HBO television series adaptation of the 2010 novel Who Fears Death by Nnedi Okorafor.[37]
A Song of Ice and Fire[edit]
Main article: A Song of Ice and Fire
Teaching at Clarion West, 1998
In 1991, Martin briefly returned to writing novels. He had grown frustrated that his TV pilots and screenplays were not getting made[38] and that TV-related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes.[39] This pushed Martin back towards writing books, where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination.[38] Admiring the works of J. R. R. Tolkien in his childhood, he wanted to write an epic fantasy, though he did not have any specific ideas.[40]
This would eventually turn into his epic fantasy series: A Song of Ice and Fire, which was inspired by the Wars of the Roses, The Accursed Kings[41] and Ivanhoe. Martin originally conceptualised it as being three volumes.[42] It is currently intended to comprise seven volumes. The first, A Game of Thrones, was published in 1996. In November 2005, A Feast for Crows, the fourth novel in this series, became The New York Times No. 1 Bestseller[43] and also achieved No. 1 ranking on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list.[citation needed] In addition, in September 2006, A Feast for Crows was nominated for both a Quill Award and the British Fantasy Award.[44][not in citation given] The fifth book, A Dance with Dragons, was published July 12, 2011, and quickly became an international bestseller, including achieving a No. 1 spot on the New York Times Bestseller List[45] and many others; it remained on the New York Times list for 88 weeks. The series has received praise from authors, readers, and critics alike. In 2012, A Dance With Dragons made the final ballot for science fiction and fantasy's Hugo Award,[46] World Fantasy Award,[47] Locus Poll Award, and the British Fantasy Award;[48] the novel went on to win the Locus Poll Award for Best Fantasy Novel.[49] Two more novels are planned and still being written in the series: The Winds of Winter and the final volume A Dream of Spring.
HBO adaptation[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Game of Thrones.
HBO Productions purchased the television rights for the entire A Song of Ice and Fire series in 2007 and began airing the fantasy series on their US premium cable channel on April 17, 2011. Titled Game of Thrones, it ran weekly for ten episodes, each approximately an hour long.[50] Although busy completing A Dance With Dragons and other projects, George R. R. Martin was heavily involved in the production of the television series adaptation of his books. Martin's involvement included the selection of a production team and participation in scriptwriting; the opening credits list him as a co-executive producer of the series. The series was renewed shortly after the first episode aired.
The first season was nominated for 13 Emmy Awards, ultimately winning two: one for its opening title credits, and one for Peter Dinklage as Best Supporting Actor.
The first season was also nominated for a 2012 Hugo Award, fantasy and science fiction's oldest award, presented by the World Science Fiction Society each year at the annual Worldcon; the show went on to win the 2012 Hugo for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form, at Chicon 7, the 70th World Science Fiction Convention, in Chicago, Illinois. Martin took home one of the three Hugo Award trophies awarded in that collaborative category, the other two going to Game of Thrones showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.
The second season, based on the second A Song of Ice and Fire novel A Clash of Kings, began airing on HBO in the US on April 1, 2012. The second season was nominated for 12 Emmy Awards, including another Supporting Actor nomination for Dinklage. It went on to win six of those Emmys in the Technical Arts categories, which were awarded the week before the regular televised 2012 awards show. The second-season episode "Blackwater", written by George R.R. Martin, was nominated the following year for the 2013 Hugo Award in the Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form category; that episode went on to win the Hugo Award at LoneStarCon 3, the 71st World Science Fiction Convention, in San Antonio, Texas. In addition to Martin, showrunners Benioff and Weiss (who contributed several scenes to the final screenplay) and episode director Neil Marshal (who expanded the scope of the episode on set) received Hugo statuettes.
Seasons 5 and 6 each won a dozen Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series.[51]
By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-Ray[52] for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe.[53] Season 7 was expected to air in mid 2017. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video that featured clips from its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.[54][55] Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content currently not found in Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, but also adapts material from the upcoming sixth and seventh novels: The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[56]
HBO confirmed that season 8 has been ordered and that it would be the last of the series; it will be aired in 2018.[57] In November 2016, President of Programming Casey Bloys indicated that he had had preliminary discussions about a prequel spinoff to the Game of Thrones series with Martin.[58] In May 2017, HBO commissioned five screenwriters – Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and Bryan Cogman – to develop individual spin-offs. All of the writers are to be working individually with George R. R. Martin.[59][60] According to Casey Bloys, Martin is co-writing two of the four announced scripts.[61]
Themes[edit]
Martin's work has been described as having "complex story lines, fascinating characters, great dialogue, perfect pacing" by literary critic Jeff VanderMeer.[62] Dana Jennings of the New York Times described Martin's work as "fantasy for grown ups"[63] and Lev Grossman wrote that it was dark and cynical.[64] Martin's first novel, Dying of the Light, set the tone for some of his future work; it unfolds on a mostly abandoned planet that is slowly becoming uninhabitable as it moves away from its sun. This story has a strong sense of melancholy. His characters are often unhappy or, at least, unsatisfied, in many cases holding on to idealisms in spite of an otherwise chaotic and ruthless world, and often troubled by their own self-seeking or violent actions, even as they undertake them. Many have elements of tragic heroes or antiheroes in them; reviewer T. M. Wagner writes: "Let it never be said Martin doesn't share Shakespeare's fondness for the senselessly tragic."[65]
George R. R. Martin in November 2016
The overall gloominess of A Song of Ice and Fire can be an obstacle for some readers; the Inchoatus Group writes that, "If this absence of joy is going to trouble you, or you're looking for something more affirming, then you should probably seek elsewhere."[66] However, for many fans, it is precisely this level of "realness" and "completeness"–including many characters' imperfections, moral and ethical ambiguity, and (often sudden) consequential plot twists–that is endearing about Martin's work. Many find that this is what makes the series' story arcs compelling enough to keep following despite its sheer brutality and intricately messy and interwoven plotlines; as TM Wagner points out:
There's great tragedy here, but there's also excitement, humor, heroism even in weaklings, nobility even in villains, and, now and then, a taste of justice after all. It's a rare gift when a writer can invest his story with that much humanity.[65]
Martin's characters are multifaceted, each with intricate pasts, aspirations, and ambitions. Publishers Weekly writes of his ongoing epic fantasy A Song of Ice and Fire: "The complexity of characters such as Daenerys, Arya and the Kingslayer will keep readers turning even the vast number of pages contained in this volume, for the author, like Tolkien or Jordan, makes us care about their fates."[67] Misfortune, injury, and death (including false death and reanimation) often befall major or minor characters, no matter how attached the reader has become. Martin has described his penchant for killing off important characters as being necessary for the story's depth: "when my characters are in danger, I want you to be afraid to turn the page, (so) you need to show right from the beginning that you're playing for keeps".[68]
In distinguishing his work from others, Martin makes a point of emphasizing realism and plausible social dynamics above an over-reliance on magic and a simplistic "good versus evil" dichotomy, which contemporary fantasy writing is often criticized for. Notably, Martin's work makes a sharp departure from the prevalent "heroic knights and chivalry" schema that has become a mainstay in fantasy as derived from The Lord of the Rings series of J.R.R. Tolkien. He specifically critiques the oversimplification of Tolkien's themes and devices by imitators in ways that he has humorously described as "Disneyland Middle Ages",[69] which gloss over or even ignore major differences between medieval and modern societies, particularly social structures, ways of living, and political arrangements. Martin has been described as "the American Tolkien" by literary critics.[70] While Martin finds inspiration in Tolkien's legacy,[71] he aims to go beyond what he sees as Tolkien's "medieval philosophy" of "if the king was a good man, the land would prosper" to delve into the complexities, ambiguities, and vagaries of real-life power: "We look at real history and it's not that simple ... Just having good intentions doesn't make you a wise king."[72]
The author makes a point of grounding his work on a foundation of historical fiction, which he channels to evoke important social and political elements of primarily the European medieval era that differ markedly from elements of modern times, including the multigenerational, rigid, and often brutally consequential nature of the hierarchical class system of feudal societies[73] that is in many cases overlooked in fantasy writing. Even as A Song of Ice and Fire is a fantasy series that employs magic and the surreal as central to the genre, Martin is keen to ensure that magic is merely one element of many that moves his work forward,[74] not a generic deus ex machina that is itself the focus of his stories, which is something he has been very conscious about since reading Tolkien; "If you look at The Lord of the Rings, what strikes you, it certainly struck me, is that although the world is infused with this great sense of magic, there is very little onstage magic. So you have a sense of magic, but it's kept under very tight control, and I really took that to heart when I was starting my own series."[75] Martin's ultimate aim is an exploration of the internal conflicts that define the human condition, which, in deriving inspiration from William Faulkner,[76] he ultimately describes as the only reason to read any literature, regardless of genre.[77]
Relationship with fans[edit]
Blog[edit]
Martin signing books in a bookstore in Ljubljana, Slovenia (June 2011)
Martin actively contributes to his blog, Not a Blog. He still does all his "writing on an old DOS machine running Wordstar 4.0".[78]
Conventions[edit]
Martin is known for his regular attendance through the decades at science fiction conventions and comics conventions, and his accessibility to fans. In the early 1980s, critic and writer Thomas Disch identified Martin as a member of the "Labor Day Group", writers who regularly congregated at the annual Worldcon,[79] usually held on or around the Labor Day weekend. Since the early 1970s, he has also attended regional science fiction conventions, and since 1986 Martin has participated annually in Albuquerque's smaller regional convention Bubonicon, near his New Mexico home.[80] He was the Guest of Honor at the 61st World Science Fiction Convention in Toronto, held in 2003.[81][82]
In December 2016, Martin was a key speaker at the Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016 in Mexico where the author provided hints about the next two books in the series A Song of Ice and Fire. [83]
Fan club[edit]
Martin's official fan club is the "Brotherhood Without Banners", which has a regular posting board at the Forum of the website westeros.org, which is focused on his A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy series. At the annual World Science Fiction Convention every year, the BWB hosts a large, on-going hospitality suite that is open to all members of the Worldcon;[84] their suite frequently wins by popular vote the convention's best party award.[citation needed]
Fan criticism and response[edit]
Martin has been criticized by some of his readers for the long periods between books in the Ice and Fire series, notably the six-year gap between the fourth volume, A Feast for Crows (2005), and the fifth volume, A Dance with Dragons (2011).[85][86] The previous year, in 2010, Martin had responded to fan criticisms by saying he was unwilling to write only his Ice and Fire series, noting that working on other prose and compiling and editing different book projects have always been part of his working process.[87] Writer Neil Gaiman famously wrote on his blog in 2009 to a critic of Martin's pace, "George R. R. Martin is not your bitch." Gaiman later went on to state that writers are not machines and that they have every right to work on other projects if they want to.[88]
Fan fiction[edit]
Martin is opposed to fan fiction, which he views as copyright infringement and a bad exercise for aspiring writers in terms of developing skills in world-building and character development.[89][90]
Personal life[edit]
Martin at LoneStarCon 3 (the 71st World Science Fiction Convention) in San Antonio, Texas, 2013
In the early 1970s, Martin was in a relationship with fellow science-fiction/fantasy author Lisa Tuttle,[91] with whom he co-wrote Windhaven.
While attending an East Coast science fiction convention he met his first wife, Gale Burnick; they were married in 1975, but the marriage ended in divorce, without issue, in 1979.[92] On February 15, 2011, Martin married his longtime partner Parris McBride during a small ceremony at their Santa Fe home. On August 19, 2011, they held a larger wedding ceremony and reception at Renovation, the 69th World Science Fiction Convention, in Reno, Nevada.[93]
He and his wife Parris are supporters of the Wild Spirit Wolf Sanctuary in New Mexico.[94] In early 2013, he purchased Santa Fe's Jean Cocteau Cinema and Coffee House, which had been closed since 2006. He had the property completely restored, including both its original 35 mm capability to which was added digital projection and sound; the Cocteau officially reopened for business on August 9, 2013.[95] Martin has also supported Meow Wolf, an arts collective in Santa Fe, having pledged $2.7 million towards a new art-space in January 2015.[96][97]
In response to a question on his religious views, Martin replied: "I suppose I'm a lapsed Catholic. You would consider me an atheist or agnostic. I find religion and spirituality fascinating. I would like to believe this isn't the end and there's something more, but I can't convince the rational part of me that makes any sense whatsoever."[98]
Martin is a fan of the New York Jets[99] and the New York Mets.[100] He is also a fan of the Grateful Dead, and says that the Dead's music may have influenced his work.[101]
Martin made a guest appearance as himself in an episode, "El Skeletorito", of the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken.[102] He also appeared in SyFy's Z Nation as a zombie version of himself in season two's "The Collector",[citation needed] where he is still signing copies of his new novel.[103] He also appeared in the documentary Atari: Game Over.
Philanthropy[edit]
In 2014, Martin launched a campaign on Prizeo to raise funds for Wild Spirit Wolf Sanctuary and the Food Depot of Santa Fe. As part of the campaign, Martin offered one donor the chance to accompany him on a trip to the wolf sanctuary, including a helicopter ride and dinner. Martin also offered those donating $20,000 or more the opportunity to have a character named after them and "killed off" in an upcoming A Song of Ice and Fire novel. The campaign garnered media attention and raised a total of $502,549.[104][105]
Politics[edit]
Growing up, Martin avoided the draft to the Vietnam War by being a conscientious objector and did two years of alternative service. He generally opposes war and thought the Vietnam War was a "terrible mistake for America." He also opposes the idea of the glory of war and tries to realistically describe war in his books.[106]
In 2014, Martin endorsed Senator Tom Udall.[107]
In the midst of pressure to pull the 2014 feature film The Interview from theatres, the Jean Cocteau Theatre in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which has been owned by Martin since 2013, decided to show the film. Theatre manager Jon Bowman told the Santa Fe New Mexican: "Martin feels strongly about the First Amendment and the idea of artists having the ability to speak their minds and not having to worry about being targets."[108]
On November 20, 2015, writing on his LiveJournal, Martin advocated for allowing Syrian refugees into the United States.[109] He supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election,[110] and criticized Donald Trump following her defeat in the election.[111][112]
Awards[edit]
1975 Hugo Award for Best Novella for "A Song for Lya"[113]
1979 Nebula Award for Best Novelette for "Sandkings"[114]
1980 Hugo Award for Best Novelette for "Sandkings"[115] (This is Martin's only story to win both a Hugo and a Nebula.)
1980 Hugo Award for Best Short Story for "The Way of Cross and Dragon"[115]
1985 Nebula Award for Best Novelette for "Portraits of His Children"[114]
1988 Bram Stoker Award for Long Fiction for "The Pear-Shaped Man"
1989 World Fantasy Award for Best Novella for "The Skin Trade"
1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella for "Blood of the Dragon"[116]
2003 Premio Ignotus for Best Foreign Novel for A Game of Thrones
2004 Premio Ignotus for Best Foreign Novel for A Clash of Kings
2003 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel for A Storm of Swords
2006 Premio Ignotus for Best Foreign Novel for A Storm of Swords
2011 Locus Award for Best Original Anthology for Warriors (co-edited with Gardner Dozois)
Declared by Time "One of the Most Influential People of 2011"[6]
2012 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel for A Dance with Dragons
2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form for Game of Thrones, Season 1 (co-executive producer)[117]
2012 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement
2013 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form for Game of Thrones, Season 2, Episode 9, "Blackwater" (screenwriter)[118]
2014 Locus Award for Best Original Anthology for Old Mars (co-edited with Gardner Dozois)[119]
2015 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series - Game of Thrones, Season 5 (co-executive producer)
2015 Northwestern University Medill Hall of Achievement Award[120]
2016 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series - Game of Thrones, Season 6 (co-executive producer)
Nominations[edit]
1988 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Beauty and the Beast (as producer)
1989 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Beauty and the Beast (as producer)
2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones, Season 1 (co-executive producer)
2012 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones, Season 2 (co-executive producer)
2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones, Season 3 (co-executive producer)
2014 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones, Season 4 (co-executive producer)
2016 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones, Season 6 (co-executive producer)
1997 Nebula Award for Best Novel for A Game of Thrones[121]
1999 Nebula Award for Best Novel for A Clash of Kings
2001 Nebula Award for Best Novel for A Storm of Swords
2001 Hugo Award for Best Novel for A Storm of Swords[122]
2006 Hugo Award for Best Novel for A Feast for Crows [123]
2006 Quill Award for A Feast for Crows
British Fantasy Award for A Feast for Crows
2012 Hugo Award for Best Novel for A Dance with Dragons[124]
Bibliography[edit]
Title
Year
Type
Note
The Second Kind of Loneliness 1972 Short story Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Override 1973
"A Song for Lya" 1974 Novella Hugo Award for Best Novella 1975
And Seven Times Never Kill Man 1975 Short story Analog Science Fiction and Fact
A Song for Lya 1976 Short story collection
Nobody Leaves New Pittsburg Short story Amazing Science Fiction Stories
This Tower of Ashes Analog Annual
Dying of the Light 1977 Novel
Songs of Stars and Shadows Short story collection
Sandkings 1979 Novelette Hugo & Nebula Awards for Best Novelette 1980
The Way of Cross and Dragon Short story Hugo Award for Best Short Story 1980
The Ice Dragon 1980 Young adult fiction
Windhaven 1981 Novel with Lisa Tuttle
Sandkings Short story collection
Fevre Dream 1982 Novel
In the Lost Lands Short story Amazons II anthology
Songs the Dead Men Sing 1983 Short story collection
The Armageddon Rag Novel
Nightflyers 1985 Short story collection
Tuf Voyaging 1986 Fix-up novel
The Glass Flower Short story
Portraits of His Children 1987 Short story collection
The Skin Trade 1989 Novella Dark Visions compilation
A Game of Thrones 1996 Novel A Song of Ice and Fire
A Clash of Kings 1998
The Hedge Knight Novella Tales of Dunk and Egg (A Song of Ice and Fire, prequel)
A Storm of Swords 2000 Novel A Song of Ice and Fire
Quartet 2001 Short story collection
GRRM: A RRetrospective 2003 Short story & essay collection
The Sworn Sword Novella Tales of Dunk and Egg (A Song of Ice and Fire, prequel)
A Feast for Crows 2005 Novel A Song of Ice and Fire
Hunter's Run 2007 with Gardner Dozois & Daniel Abraham
The Mystery Knight 2010 Novella Tales of Dunk and Egg (A Song of Ice and Fire, prequel)
A Dance with Dragons 2011 Novel A Song of Ice and Fire
The Wit and Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister 2013 Quote collection from A Song of Ice and Fire
The Princess and the Queen Novella A Song of Ice and Fire, prequels[125][126]
The Rogue Prince 2014
The World of Ice & Fire Reference book The history of Westeros, with Elio M García Jr. and Linda Antonsson
The Ice Dragon Young adult illustrated novel Reworked version of the original novel published in 1980, illustrated by Luis Royo[127]
A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms 2015 Collection compilation of the first three Tales of Dunk and Egg[128]
The Sons of the Dragon Forthcoming Novella A Song of Ice and Fire, prequel[129][130]
Fire and Blood Reference book & novella collection The history of House Targaryen
The Winds of Winter Novel A Song of Ice and Fire
A Dream of Spring
Television[edit]
The Twilight Zone
"The Last Defender of Camelot" (1986) – writer (teleplay)
"The Once and Future King" (1986) – writer (teleplay), story editor
"A Saucer of Loneliness" (1986) – story editor
"Lost and Found" (1986) – writer (teleplay), from a published short story by Phyllis Eisenstein
"The Girl I Married" (1987) – story editor
"The World Next Door" (1989) – story editor
"The Toys of Caliban" (1986) – writer (teleplay), from an unpublished short story by Terry Matz
"The Road Less Traveled" (1986) – writer (story and teleplay), story editor
Beauty and the Beast
"Terrible Saviour" (1987) – writer
"Masques" (1987) – writer
"Shades of Grey" (1988) – writer
"Promises of Someday" (1988) – writer
"Fever" (1988) – writer
"Ozymandias" (1988) – writer
"Dead of Winter" (1988) – writer
"Brothers" (1989) – writer
"When the Blue Bird Sings' (1989) – writer (teleplay)
"A Kingdom by the Sea" (1989) – writer
"What Rough Beast" (1989) – writer (story)
"Ceremony of Innocence" (1989) – writer
"Snow" (1989) – writer
"Beggar's Comet" (1990) – writer
"Invictus" (1990) – writer
The Outer Limits
"The Sandkings" (1995) – writer (story)
Doorways (1993, unreleased pilot) – writer, producer, creator; (IDW Publishing issued the pilot's storyline as a graphic novel miniseries in 2010)[131]
Game of Thrones
"Winter Is Coming" (2010) – cameo in original unaired pilot
"The Pointy End" (2011) – writer
"Blackwater" (2012) – writer
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair" (2013) – writer
"The Lion and the Rose" (2014) – writer
Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! (2015) – cameo
Z Nation (2015) – cameo (zombified version of himself)
Editor[edit]
New Voices in Science Fiction (1977: new stories by the John W. Campbell Award winners)
New Voices in Science Fiction 2 (1979: more new stories by the John W. Campbell Award winners)
New Voices in Science Fiction 3 (1980: more new stories by the John W. Campbell Award winners)
New Voices in Science Fiction 4 (1981: more new stories by the John W. Campbell Award winners)
The Science Fiction Weight Loss Book (1983) edited with Isaac Asimov and Martin H. Greenberg ("Stories by the great science fiction writers on fat, thin, and everything in between")
The John W. Campbell Awards, Volume 5 (1984, continuation of the New Voices in Science Fiction series)
Night Visions 3 (1986)
Wild Cards series editor (also contributor to many volumes)[edit]
Wild Cards (1987; contents expanded in 2010 edition with three new stories/authors)
Wild Cards II: Aces High (1987)
Wild Cards III: Jokers Wild (1987)
Wild Cards IV: Aces Abroad (1988; contents expanded in 2015 edition with two new stories/authors)
Wild Cards V: Down & Dirty (1988)
Wild Cards VI: Ace in the Hole (1990)
Wild Cards VII: Dead Man's Hand (1990)
Wild Cards VIII: One-Eyed Jacks (1991)
Wild Cards IX: Jokertown Shuffle (1991)
Wild Cards X: Double Solitaire (1992)
Wild Cards XI: Dealer's Choice (1992)
Wild Cards XII: Turn of the Cards (1993)
Wild Cards: Card Sharks (1993; Book I of a New Cycle trilogy)
Wild Cards: Marked Cards (1994; Book II of a New Cycle trilogy)
Wild Cards: Black Trump (1995; Book III of a New Cycle trilogy)
Wild Cards: Deuces Down (2002)
Wild Cards: Death Draws Five (2006; solo novel by John J. Miller)
Inside Straight: A Wild Cards Novel (2008; Book I of the Committee triad)
Busted Flush: A Wild Cards Novel (2008; Book II of the Committee triad)
Suicide Kings: A Wild Cards Novel (2009; Book III of the Committee triad)
Fort Freak: A Wild Cards Novel (2011)
Lowball: A Wild Cards Novel (2014)
High Stakes: A Wild Cards Novel (2016)[34]
Mississippi Roll: A Wild Cards Novel (2017)
Cross-genre anthologies edited (with Gardner Dozois)[edit]
Songs of the Dying Earth (2009; a tribute anthology to Jack Vance´s Dying Earth series, first published by Subterranean Press)
Warriors (2010; a cross-genre anthology featuring stories about war and warriors; winner of the 2011 Locus Poll Award for Best Original Anthology)
Songs of Love and Death (2010; a cross-genre anthology featuring stories of romance in fantasy and science fiction settings, originally entitled Star Crossed Lovers)
Down These Strange Streets (2011; a cross-genre anthology that blends classic detective stories with fantasy and science fiction)
Old Mars (2013; a science fiction anthology featuring all new, retro-themed stories about the Red Planet)[132]
Dangerous Women (2013;[133] a cross-genre anthology focusing on women warriors and strong female characters, originally titled Femmes Fatale)[134]
Rogues (2014; a cross-genre anthology featuring new stories about assorted rogues)[132]
Old Venus (2015 publication; an anthology of all new, retro-themed Venus science fiction stories)[132][135]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b The 2011 TIME 100: George R.R. Martin, John Hodgman, April 21, 2011
Jump up ^ The 2011 TIME 100: Full List Retrieved June 5, 2011
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Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones to end after season eight in 2018". BBC News. July 30, 2016. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Katz, Brandon (November 18, 2016). "'Game of Thrones' May Get a Prequel At HBO; Here Are Some Options". Forbes. Forbes. Retrieved December 20, 2016. There are areas we are exploring, but I wouldn't point to any one and say, This is what we're going to do.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 14, 2017). "'Game of Thrones': Fifth "Successor Show" in the Works at HBO, George R.R. Martin Says". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (September 20, 2017). "Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman developing a 5th prequel series". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-prequels-are-we-getting-all-four-1020065
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Jump up ^ Jennings, Dana (July 14, 2011). "In a Fantasyland of Liars, Trust No One, and Keep Your Dragon Close". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Lev Grossman, The American Tolkien, Time (November 13, 2005).
^ Jump up to: a b Wagner, T. M. (2003). "A Storm of Swords / George R. R. Martin ★★★★½". sfreviews.net. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review of A Game of Thrones". Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ Review of A Storm of Swords by Publishers Weekly
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Jump up ^ "Quote by George R.R. Martin: "I admire Tolkien greatly..."". goodreads.com. 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "John Hodgman interviews George R.R. Martin". Public Radio International. September 21, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pasick, Adam (2014). "George R.R. Martin on His Favorite Game of Thrones Actors, and the Butterfly Effect of TV Adaptations". vulture.com. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Unnatural Forces: George RR Martin discusses the necessity of magic in a fantasy". YouTube. June 13, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "William Faulkner – Banquet Speech". nobelprize.org. December 10, 1950. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "‘Game of Thrones' Author George R.R. Martin Spills the Secrets of ‘A Dance with Dragons'". The Wall Street Journal. July 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R R. "Social Media". Not A Blog. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Tour Dates/Appearances". georgerrmartin.com. 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Worldcon GoH Speech". asimovs.com. 2003. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Ansible Report". ansible.co.uk. 2003. Archived from the original on September 22, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (December 6, 2016). "George RR Martin on Winds of Winter: Things are getting worse". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved December 21, 2016. Watch Martin’s full Q&A above.
Jump up ^ "George R.R. Martin's Blog". goodreads.com. 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Miller, Laura (April 11, 2011). "Onward and Upward with the Arts: Just Write It!: A fantasy author and his impatient fans.". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kay, Guy Gavriel (April 10, 2009). "Restless readers go bonkers". Globe and Mail. Canada. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (February 16, 2010). "Excitement as George RR Martin announces he's 1,200 pages into new book". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gaiman, Neil (May 16, 2009). "Entitlement Issues...". Retrieved December 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R R. "Frequently Asked Questions – George R. R. Martin's Official Website". Retrieved May 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R R (May 7, 2010). "Not A Blog – Someone Is Angry On the Internet". LiveJournal. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "In Love With Lisa". Life & Times. George R.R. Martin Official Website. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ D'Amassa, Don "Martin, George" pages 388-390 from St. James Guide to Horror, Ghost and Gothic Writers edited by David Pringle, Detroit: St. James Press, 1997 page 388.
Jump up ^ Cornell, Paul (September 12, 2011). "Worldcon: A Love Story". paulcornell.com. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R. (June 16, 2014). "Not A Blog: Wolves". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Constable, Anne; Grimm, Julie Ann (April 18, 2013). "George R.R. Martin reportedly plans to revive Jean Cocteau". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Monroe, Rachel (February 11, 2015). "How George RR Martin is helping stem Santa Fe's youth exodus". The Guardian. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jardrnak, Jackie (January 29, 2015). "Silva Lanes to be transformed to an explorable art space for kids and adults". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ James Hibberd (July 12, 2011). "EW interview: George R.R. Martin talks 'A Dance With Dragons'". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ "Even 'Game of Thrones' creator George R.R. Martin is ready to quit on Jets". NJ.com. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ser Strike Zone: Game of Thrones author George R.R. Martin throws out the first pitch at a Minor League game". mlb.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Weiner, Natalie. "George R.R. Martin Confirms Grateful Dead Influence on 'Game of Thrones'". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "George R.R. Martin (section: actor)". imdb.com. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel. "Watch George R.R. Martin's Zombie Cameo in 'Z Nation'". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Kawakami, Robin. "George R.R. Martin’s ‘Game of Thrones’ Charity Fundraiser Draws Winner".
Jump up ^ Knoblauch, Max. "George R.R. Martin Wants to Kill You for $20,000".
Jump up ^ "George R.R. Martin On Vietnam And The Realities Of War". George Stroumboulopoulos. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tom Trowbridge. "Oct. 6 First News: Gubernatorial Candidates To Face-Off Tonight in Spanish-Language Debate (Listen)". Retrieved October 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jean Cocteau Get Green Light to Screen the Interview". Santa Fe New Mexican. 2014.
Jump up ^ "My Position On the Syrian Refugees". George R. R. Martin. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ CNN, Eli Watkins. "'Game of Thrones' author isn't writing. He's campaigning for Clinton".
Jump up ^ "The man who wrote Game of Thrones has given his take on Donald Trump's victory". November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "George R.R. Martin on Trump Win: "Winter Is Coming. I Told You So"".
Jump up ^ "1975 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nebula Award Winners 1965-2011". SFWA. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "1980 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "1997 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "2013 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2014 Locus Awards Winners". Locus. June 28, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "George R. R. Martin returns to Medill - Medill - Northwestern University". Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2004 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2001 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "2012 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on April 9, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dangerous Women: "The Princess and The Queen, or, The Blacks and The Greens" (Excerpt) by George R. R. Martin". tor.com. July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (March 12, 2014). "Not a Blog: The Rogues Are Coming...". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Ice Dragon – UK cover reveal!". HarperVoyagerbooks.co.uk. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Not a Blog post: Dunk and Egg". George R.R. Martin. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (January 31, 2017). "A Bit More (Fake) History". Not A Blog. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Simpson, George (February 1, 2017). "George RR Martin REVEALS new Game of Thrones story’s title and plot details". Express. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ IDW's November Previews, "IDW Publishing", August 18, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, George R.R. (May 12, 2012). "Odds and Ends". Not A Blog. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dangerous Women Arrives on Tor.com". Tor.com. July 24, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R. (July 2, 2011). "Stuff and Nonsense". Not A Blog. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R. (June 16, 2014). "Venus In March". Not A Blog. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to George R. R. Martin.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: George R. R. Martin
Official website
George R. R. Martin at LiveJournal
George R. R. Martin on IMDb
George R. R. Martin at the Internet Book List
George R. R. Martin at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Works by or about George R. R. Martin in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Martin's awards and nominations at The Locus Index to Science Fiction Awards.
[show]
v
t
e
Works by George R. R. Martin
Novels
A Song of Ice and Fire
A Game of Thrones
A Clash of Kings
A Storm of Swords
A Feast for Crows
A Dance with Dragons
The Winds of Winter
Dying of the Light
Windhaven
Fevre Dream
The Armageddon Rag
Hunter's Run
Novellas
A Song for Lya
The Ice Dragon
Sandkings
The Skin Trade
Westeros
The Hedge Knight
The Sworn Sword
The Mystery Knight
The Princess and the Queen
The Rogue Prince
The Sons of the Dragon
Short stories
"With Morning Comes Mistfall"
"The Way of Cross and Dragon"
Collections
A Song for Lya
Songs of Stars and Shadows
Sandkings
Songs the Dead Men Sing
Nightflyers
Tuf Voyaging
Portraits of His Children
Quartet: Four Tales from the Crossroads
Dreamsongs: A RRetrospective
Television
The Twilight Zone
"The Once and Future King"
"Lost and Found"
"The Toys of Caliban"
"The Road Less Traveled"
"The Last Defender of Camelot"
Game of Thrones
"The Pointy End"
"Blackwater"
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
"The Lion and the Rose"
Beauty and the Beast
Doorways
[hide]
v
t
e
Fiction anthologies edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois
Songs of the Dying Earth (2009)
Warriors (2010)
Songs of Love and Death (2010)
Down These Strange Streets (2011)
Old Mars (2013)
Dangerous Women (2013)
Rogues (2014)
Old Venus (2015)
[show]
v
t
e
World Fantasy Award—Life Achievement
Robert Bloch (1975)
Fritz Leiber (1976)
Ray Bradbury (1977)
Frank Belknap Long (1978)
Jorge Luis Borges (1979)
Manly Wade Wellman (1980)
C. L. Moore (1981)
Italo Calvino (1982)
Roald Dahl (1983)
L. Sprague de Camp / Richard Matheson / E. Hoffmann Price / Jack Vance / Donald Wandrei (1984)
Theodore Sturgeon (1985)
Avram Davidson (1986)
Jack Finney (1987)
Everett F. Bleiler (1988)
Evangeline Walton (1989)
R. A. Lafferty (1990)
Ray Russell (1991)
Edd Cartier (1992)
Harlan Ellison (1993)
Jack Williamson (1994)
Ursula K. Le Guin (1995)
Gene Wolfe (1996)
Madeleine L'Engle (1997)
Edward L. Ferman / Andre Norton (1998)
Hugh B. Cave (1999)
Marion Zimmer Bradley / Michael Moorcock (2000)
Frank Frazetta / Philip José Farmer (2001)
Forrest J Ackerman / George H. Scithers (2002)
Lloyd Alexander / Donald M. Grant (2003)
Stephen King / Gahan Wilson (2004)
Tom Doherty / Carol Emshwiller (2005)
John Crowley / Stephen Fabian (2006)
Betty Ballantine / Diana Wynne Jones (2007)
Leo and Diane Dillon / Patricia A. McKillip (2008)
Ellen Asher / Jane Yolen (2009)
Brian Lumley / Terry Pratchett / Peter Straub (2010)
Peter S. Beagle / Angélica Gorodischer (2011)
Alan Garner / George R. R. Martin (2012)
Susan Cooper / Tanith Lee (2013)
Ellen Datlow / Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (2014)
Ramsey Campbell / Sheri S. Tepper (2015)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 98636170
LCCN: n80160390
ISNI: 0000 0000 7778 4510
GND: 123619025
SELIBR: 351878
SUDOC: 027012751
BNF: cb11914792f (data)
BIBSYS: 5095438
MusicBrainz: b71fd9a0-6432-494c-9f01-14a716bdca2e
NLA: 35330569
NDL: 00448979
NKC: jn19990005445
BNE: XX934110
IATH: w6z97811
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_R._R._Martin&oldid=805022106"
Categories:
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Withdrawn Canadian banknotes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Banknotes that are no longer in issue in Canada, and are being removed from circulation, are said to be withdrawn from circulation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current issues
2 Defunct currency
3 Bank of Canada notes
3.1 $25
3.2 $500
3.3 $1
3.4 $2
3.5 $1,000
4 Status of withdrawn banknotes
5 References
6 External links
Current issues[edit]
The Bank of Canada, Canada's sole issuer of bank notes, currently issues five different denominations ($5, $10, $20, $50 and $100). Smaller denominations have been replaced by coins, and larger ones are felt to be no longer required in an era of electronic transmission of most large transactions. Despite competition from some more valuable foreign notes (most notably, the 500 euro banknote), there are no plans to re-issue Canadian banknotes larger than $100.
Defunct currency[edit]
$1 Dominion of Newfoundland note issued in 1920
25¢ Dominion of Canada note issued in 1923
$10 Bank of Montreal note issued in 1935
Notes issued by these former issuing authorities are considered to be withdrawn from circulation:
Colonial governments, prior to each province or dominion entering confederation.
The Dominion of Canada between 1870 and 1935, which issued notes in denominations of 25¢, $1, $2, $4, $5, $50, $100, $500, and $1,000
Canadian chartered banks, from pre-Confederation to 1944.
Further information: Canadian chartered bank notes
Bank of Canada notes[edit]
$25 Bank of Canada note issued in 1935
$1,000 Bank of Canada note issued in 1954
All Bank of Canada notes issued prior to the current Frontier Series are being withdrawn from circulation.[1] The following Bank of Canada denominations included in previous series have been permanently retired:
$25[edit]
The $25 note was issued only in 1935, to commemorate the silver jubilee of King George V. As with other 1935 issues, separate English and French versions were printed. This was a limited release that was never printed in large quantities. The note was coloured an appropriate royal purple; both the King & his consort Queen Mary were featured, with Windsor Castle appearing on the back. The $25 note was withdrawn from circulation in 1937.[2]
$500[edit]
The $500 denomination was included only in the 1935 series. No note of this denomination has been printed since. The note was coloured sepia, or burnt sienna; the face featured Sir John A. Macdonald, and the back depicted a fertility allegory. The $500 note was withdrawn from circulation in 1938.[2]
There had been two previous printings of the $500 note by the Dominion of Canada, one in 1925 featuring King George V, and one in 1911 picturing Queen Mary. Of the latter, only three are known to still exist, one of which sold for US$322,000 in a Heritage auction in October 2008.[3] It is unlikely that further 1911 notes survived the Depression.
$1[edit]
Printing of the $1 note ceased in 1989 after the release of the loonie (in 1987) had been implemented. These notes are virtually never seen in circulation today. The most recent banknote series that included the $1 note was the Scenes of Canada, with the $1 note released in 1974, coloured green and black. The face featured a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; the back featured an image of Parliament Hill from across the Ottawa River, with log driving activities taking place on the water.
$2[edit]
Printing of the $2 note ceased on February 18, 1996, with the release of the toonie, a coin that replaced it. These notes are virtually never seen in circulation today. The most recent banknote series that included the two-dollar note was the Birds of Canada series in 1986, in which the two was a terra cotta colour. The face featured a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; the back featured a meadow scene with two robins. Prior to the withdrawal of the $1 note, the $2 was not as widely circulated and was difficult to find in some regions, Alberta in particular. After the $1 note was withdrawn, the $2 was much more widely circulated.
$1,000[edit]
Printing of the $1,000 note ceased in 2000. The denomination was withdrawn on the advice of the Solicitor General and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), as it was often used for money laundering and organized crime.[4] The Bank of Canada has requested that financial institutions return $1,000 notes for destruction.[5] The most recent issue of this denomination was in 1992 as part of the Birds of Canada series. It was pink in colour, featuring Queen Elizabeth II on the face, and two pine grosbeaks on the back.
Status of withdrawn banknotes[edit]
Currency withdrawn from circulation remains legal tender, but this does not obligate any creditor to accept it as a medium of exchange.[6] Withdrawn currency is usually exchanged at commercial bank branches, though some banks require that exchangers be bank customers. The bank then returns the withdrawn currency, together with worn out currency, to the Bank of Canada for destruction.
Liabilities for outstanding provincial and Dominion of Canada notes was transferred to the Bank of Canada in 1935, and liability for chartered bank notes in 1950. As of December 31, 2016, the total value of provincial, Dominion, chartered bank, and discontinued Bank of Canada denominations still outstanding is $1.139 billion, of which more than $765 million is in $1,000 notes.[7] A liability for this amount remains on the Bank of Canada's books up to the present day.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bank of Canada Employee Handbook, page 9" (PDF). Bank of Canada. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Graham, R. J. (editor) (2012). Canadian Government Paper Money (25th ed.). Charlton Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-88968-353-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ 2008 September Long Beach, CA CAA Signature Auction #3502 Heritage Auctions
Jump up ^ "Bank of Canada kills $1000 bill". CBC News. 2000-09-26. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
Jump up ^ "Bank of Canada to Stop Issuing $1000 Note". Bank of Canada. 2000-05-08. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
Jump up ^ Past Series. "Past Series In Canada, legal tender consists of". Bank of Canada.
Jump up ^ "Bank of Canada Banking and Financial Statistics, February 2017, page 96" (PDF). Bank of Canada. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
External links[edit]
Bank of Canada: Bank Note Series, 1935 to Present
Canadian Bank Notes Values 1866 to Present
[hide]
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t
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Canadian banknotes and coins
Canadian coinage
1¢ (penny)
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Canadian banknotes
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Commemorative banknotes
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Withdrawn_Canadian_banknotes&oldid=817710059"
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