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Kelvin
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This article is about the unit of temperature. For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation).
Kelvin
Unit system
SI base unit
Unit of
Temperature
Symbol
K
Named after
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics. The kelvin (symbol: K) is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI). The kelvin is defined as the fraction 1⁄273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (exactly 0.01 °C or 32.018 °F).[1] In other words, it is defined such that the triple point of water is exactly 273.16 K. A new definition, in terms of invariant constants of nature, is expected to take effect in 2019.[2]
The Kelvin scale is named after the Belfast-born, Glasgow University engineer and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), who wrote of the need for an "absolute thermometric scale". Unlike the degree Fahrenheit and degree Celsius, the kelvin is not referred to or written as a degree. The kelvin is the primary unit of temperature measurement in the physical sciences, but is often used in conjunction with the degree Celsius, which has the same magnitude. The definition implies that absolute zero (0 K) is equivalent to −273.15 °C (−459.67 °F).
For expressing temperature difference or interval, using kelvins instead of degrees Celsius helps to avoid situations when people mistake such quantities for Celsius temperature.[3] The kelvin is the proper temperature unit to be used in derived units, like W/(m·K)[4] or to have a prefix, like milli in mK.
Contents
1 History
2 Usage conventions
2.1 Use in conjunction with degrees Celsius
3 Proposed redefinition
4 Practical uses
4.1 Colour temperature
4.2 Kelvin as a measure of noise
5 Unicode character
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 External links
History[edit]
See also: Thermodynamic temperature § History
Lord Kelvin, the namesake of the unit
In 1848, William Thomson, who later was made Lord Kelvin, wrote in his paper, On an Absolute Thermometric Scale, of the need for a scale whereby "infinite cold" (absolute zero) was the scale's null point, and which used the degree Celsius for its unit increment. Kelvin calculated that absolute zero was equivalent to −273 °C on the air thermometers of the time.[5] This absolute scale is known today as the Kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale. Kelvin's value of "−273" was the negative reciprocal of 0.00366—the accepted expansion coefficient of gas per degree Celsius relative to the ice point, giving a remarkable consistency to the currently accepted value.
In 1954, Resolution 3 of the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) gave the Kelvin scale its modern definition by designating the triple point of water as its second defining point and assigned its temperature to exactly 273.16 kelvins.[6]
In 1967/1968 Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM renamed the unit increment of thermodynamic temperature "kelvin", symbol K, replacing "degree Kelvin", symbol °K.[7] Furthermore, feeling it useful to more explicitly define the magnitude of the unit increment, the 13th CGPM also held in Resolution 4 that "The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is equal to the fraction 1⁄273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water."[1]
In 2005 The Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), a committee of the CGPM, affirmed that for the purposes of delineating the temperature of the triple point of water, the definition of the Kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale would refer to water having an isotopic composition specified as VSMOW.[8]
Usage conventions[edit]
When spelled out or spoken, the unit is pluralised using the same grammatical rules as for other SI units such as the volt or ohm (e.g. "the triple point of water is exactly 273.16 kelvins"[9]). When reference is made to the "Kelvin scale", the word "kelvin"—which is normally a noun—functions adjectivally to modify the noun "scale" and is capitalized. As with most other SI unit symbols (angle symbols, e.g. 45° 3′ 4″, are the exception) there is a space between the numeric value and the kelvin symbol (e.g. "99.987 K").[10][11]
Before the 13th CGPM in 1967–1968, the unit kelvin was called a "degree", the same as with the other temperature scales at the time. It was distinguished from the other scales with either the adjective suffix "Kelvin" ("degree Kelvin") or with "absolute" ("degree absolute") and its symbol was °K. The latter term (degree absolute), which was the unit's official name from 1948 until 1954, was ambiguous since it could also be interpreted as referring to the Rankine scale. Before the 13th CGPM, the plural form was "degrees absolute". The 13th CGPM changed the unit name to simply "kelvin" (symbol: K).[12] The omission of "degree" indicates that it is not relative to an arbitrary reference point like the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales (although the Rankine scale continued to use "degree Rankine"), but rather an absolute unit of measure which can be manipulated algebraically (e.g. multiplied by two to indicate twice the amount of "mean energy" available among elementary degrees of freedom of the system).
Use in conjunction with degrees Celsius[edit]
A thermometer calibrated in degrees Celsius (left) and kelvins (right).
In science and engineering, degrees Celsius and kelvins are often used simultaneously in the same article, where absolute temperatures are given in degrees Celsius, but temperature intervals are given in kelvins. E.g. "its measured value was 7002273160280000000♠0.01028 °C with an uncertainty of 60 µK."
This practice is permissible because the degree Celsius is a special name for the kelvin for use in expressing relative temperatures, and the magnitude of the degree Celsius is exactly equal to that of the kelvin.[13] Notwithstanding that the official endorsement provided by Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM states "a temperature interval may also be expressed in degrees Celsius",[7] the practice of simultaneously using both °C and K is widespread throughout the scientific world. The use of SI prefixed forms of the degree Celsius (such as µ°C or microdegree Celsius) to express a temperature interval has not been widely adopted.
Proposed redefinition[edit]
Main articles: Proposed redefinition of SI base units and CODATA 2018
In 2005 the CIPM embarked on a programme to redefine the kelvin (along with the other SI units) using a more experimentally rigorous methodology. The current definition as of 2016[update] is unsatisfactory for temperatures below 20 K and above 7003130000000000000♠1300 K.[14] In particular, the committee proposed redefining the kelvin such that Boltzmann's constant takes the exact value 6977138065049999999♠1.3806505×10−23 J/K.[15] The committee had hoped that the programme would be completed in time for its adoption by the CGPM at its 2011 meeting, but at the 2011 meeting the decision was postponed to the 2014 meeting when it would be considered as part of a larger programme.[16]
The redefinition was further postponed in 2014, pending more accurate measurements of Boltzmann's constant in terms of the current definition, but it is expected to be adopted at the 26th CGPM in late 2018.[17]
From a scientific point of view, this will link temperature to the rest of SI and result in a stable definition that is independent of any particular substance. From a practical point of view, the redefinition will pass unnoticed; water will still freeze at 273.15 K (0 °C).[18]
Practical uses[edit]
Kelvin temperature conversion formulae
from kelvins
to kelvins
Celsius
[°C] = [K] − 273.15 [K] = [°C] + 273.15
Fahrenheit
[°F] = [K] × 9⁄5 − 459.67 [K] = ([°F] + 459.67) × 5⁄9
Rankine
[°R] = [K] × 9⁄5 [K] = [°R] × 5⁄9
For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,
1 K = 1 °C = 9⁄5 °F = 9⁄5 °R
Comparisons among various temperature scales
Colour temperature[edit]
Main article: Colour temperature
See also: Stefan–Boltzmann constant
The kelvin is often used in the measure of the colour temperature of light sources. Colour temperature is based upon the principle that a black body radiator emits light whose colour depends on the temperature of the radiator. Black bodies with temperatures below about 7003400000000000000♠4000 K appear reddish, whereas those above about 7003750000000000000♠7500 K appear bluish. Colour temperature is important in the fields of image projection and photography, where a colour temperature of approximately 7003560000000000000♠5600 K is required to match "daylight" film emulsions. In astronomy, the stellar classification of stars and their place on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram are based, in part, upon their surface temperature, known as effective temperature. The photosphere of the Sun, for instance, has an effective temperature of 7003577800000000000♠5778 K.
Digital cameras and photographic software often use colour temperature in K in edit and setup menus. The simple guide is that the higher the colour temperature, the more white or blue the image will be. The reduction in colour temperature will give an image more dominated by reddish, "warmer" colours.
Kelvin as a measure of noise[edit]
Main article: Noise figure
In electronics, the kelvin is used as an indicator of how noisy a circuit is in relation to an ultimate noise floor, i.e. the noise temperature. The so-called Johnson–Nyquist noise of discrete resistors and capacitors is a type of thermal noise derived from the Boltzmann constant and can be used to determine the noise temperature of a circuit using the Friis formulas for noise.
Unicode character[edit]
The symbol is encoded in Unicode at code point U+212A K KELVIN SIGN. However, this is a compatibility character provided for compatibility with legacy encodings. The Unicode standard recommends using U+004B K LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K instead; that is, a normal capital K. "Three letterlike symbols have been given canonical equivalence to regular letters: U+2126 Ω OHM SIGN, U+212A K KELVIN SIGN, and U+212B Å ANGSTROM SIGN. In all three instances, the regular letter should be used."[19]
See also[edit]
Comparison of temperature scales
International Temperature Scale of 1990
Negative temperature
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Resolution 4: Definition of the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". Resolutions of the 13th CGPM. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Draft Resolution A "On the revision of the International System of units (SI)" to be submitted to the CGPM at its 26th meeting (2018) (PDF)
Jump up ^ Ludwig, Howard (2017-01-23). "Why do engineers sometimes change unit from degrees Celsius to Kelvin when expressing a temperature difference? – Quora". www.quora.com. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Jump up ^ "Essentials of the SI: Base & derived units". physics.nist.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Jump up ^ Lord Kelvin, William (October 1848). "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale". Philosophical Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Resolution 3: Definition of the thermodynamic temperature scale". Resolutions of the 10th CGPM. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1954. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Resolution 3: SI unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". Resolutions of the 13th CGPM. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Archived from the original on 21 April 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". SI Brochure, 8th edition. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. pp. Section 2.1.1.5. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Rules and style conventions for expressing values of quantities". SI Brochure, 8th edition. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. pp. Section 2.1.1.5. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "SI Unit rules and style conventions". National Institute of Standards and Technology. September 2004. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rules and style conventions for expressing values of quantities". SI Brochure, 8th edition. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. pp. Section 5.3.3. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Barry N. Taylor (2008). "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)" (.PDF). Special Publication 811. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Units with special names and symbols; units that incorporate special names and symbols". SI Brochure, 8th edition. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2006. pp. Section 2.2.2, Table 3. Archived from the original on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ J. Fischer1; et al. (2 May 2007). "Report to the CIPM on the implications of changing the definition of the base unit kelvin" (PDF). International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Ian Mills (29 September 2010). "Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure, following redefinitions of the base units" (PDF). CCU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "General Conference on Weights and Measures approves possible changes to the International System of Units, including redefinition of the kilogram" (PDF) (Press release). Sèvres, France: General Conference on Weights and Measures. 23 October 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Wood, B. (3–4 November 2014). "Report on the Meeting of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants" (PDF). BIPM. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2015. [BIPM director Martin] Milton responded to a question about what would happen if ... the CIPM or the CGPM voted not to move forward with the redefinition of the SI. He responded that he felt that by that time the decision to move forward should be seen as a foregone conclusion.
Jump up ^ "Updating the definition of the kelvin" (PDF). International Bureau for Weights and Measures (BIPM). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "22.2". The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA, USA: The Unicode Consortium. August 2015. ISBN 978-1-936213-10-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
External links[edit]
Look up kelvin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006). "The International System of Units (SI) Brochure" (PDF). 8th Edition. International Committee for Weights and Measures. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
OnlineConversion.com – Convert different temperature units (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Rankine, Réaumur, kelvin)
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Ceilvin – Irish
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Kelvin – Galician
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Kelvin – Indonesian
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Kelvin – Interlingua
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Kelvin – Icelandic
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Kelvin – Italian
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Kelven – Haitian Creole
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Kelvin – Kurdish
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Kelvin – Luxembourgish
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Kelvinas – Lithuanian
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Kelvin – Lingala
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kelvo – Lojban
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Kelvin – Lombard
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Kelvin – Malay
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Kelvin – Northern Frisian
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Kelvin – Norwegian
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Kelvin – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Kelvin – Occitan
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Kelvin – Piedmontese
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Kelvin – Low German
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Kelwin – Polish
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Kelvin – Portuguese
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Kelvin – Romanian
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Kelvin – Scots
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Kelvin – Slovenian
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Kelfin – Somali
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Kelvin – Serbo-Croatian
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Kelvin – Finnish
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Kelvin – Turkish
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Kelvin – Venetian
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Kelvin – Vietnamese
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Kelvin – Waray
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text:
Down Down Baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Wikipedia is not a database of lyrics Please help improve this article if you can. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Down Down Baby" is a clapping game played by children in English-speaking countries. In the game, two or more children stand in a circle, and clap hands in tune to a rhyming song. As with most hand-clapping games, there are many variations. Modified versions of the song have appeared in Little Anthony and the Imperials's "Shimmy Shimmy Ko-Ko Bop",[1][2] Nelly's "Country Grammar",[3][4] Simian Mobile Disco's "Hotdog", The Damned's "New Rose", The Drums' "Let's Go Surfing", Usher's "OMG", Carter USM's "Turn On, Tune In, And Switch Off", Bella Thorne and Zendaya's Contagious Love, the film Big and EXO's "Ko Ko Bop"[5].
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
1.1 Basic
2 References
3 External links
Lyrics[edit]
There are many variations of this clapping game from around the world.[6] The actual lyrics that any given group of children use may vary.
Basic[edit]
The lyrics cited here are the essential lyrics of the rhyme, and are the lyrics that were featured in a 1980s segment of the US version of Sesame Street.[7]
Down, down, baby
Down by the roller coaster (accompanied by the hand making a horizontal wave motion)
Sweet, sweet, baby (accompanied by both arms crossing the chest)
I’ll never let you go
Shimmy, Shimmy Ko Ko Bop
Shimmy Shimmy Pow
Shimmy, Shimmy Ko Ko Bop
Shimmy Shimmy Pow
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Little Anthony And The Imperials "Shimmy Shimmy Ko-Ko-Bop". "Shimmy Shimmy Ko-Ko Bop lyrics". Oldielyrics.com. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
Jump up ^ Shimmy Shimmy Ko-Ko Bop video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Country Grammar lyrics". Lyrics007.com. 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
Jump up ^ Country Grammar video on YouTube
Jump up ^ EXO Ko Ko Bop video on YouTube
Jump up ^ The British Library. "Down Down Baby". Playtimes. The British Library. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Sesame Street clip on YouTube
External links[edit]
The British Library - Video recording of Down Down Baby, 2010
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and round the garden"
"This Little Piggy"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Down_Down_Baby&oldid=795215685"
Categories:
Clapping games
Nursery rhymes
Children's games
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text:
List of flags of Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about flags used in Ireland. For the flag of the Republic of Ireland, see Flag of Ireland.
This is a list of flags which have been, or are still today, used in Ireland.
Contents
[hide]
1 Island of Ireland
2 Northern Ireland
3 Republic of Ireland
3.1 Defence Forces flags
3.1.1 Naval Service
3.1.2 Air Corps
3.1.3 Army
3.1.4 Defence Force Training Centre (DFTC)
3.2 Coast Guard
4 Provincial flags
5 County flags
6 City and town flags
7 Sporting flags
8 Ensigns
9 Historical military flags
10 University flags
11 Organisations
12 Political flags
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Island of Ireland[edit]
The following flags have been used to represent the island of Ireland as a whole, either officially or unofficially.[citation needed]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1386–1541 The heraldic banner of the Lordship of Ireland was based on its coat of arms. The earliest depiction of the 'triple crown' motif is found on the arms granted by Richard II to Robert de Vere as Lord of Ireland in 1386. "They were borne, apparently as the arms of Ireland, in the funeral procession of Henry IV in 1413. They appear as a device on the Irish coinage of Edward IV (1461–83), Richard III (1483–85), Henry VII (1485–1509), and the pretender, Lambert Simnel (1487). Edward IV specified them as the Irish arms in an indenture of 1483".[1] The 'triple crown' motif has been traditionally associated with St. Edmund, the Saxon king of East Anglia (855–869) who is today one of the patron saints of England. The flag of East Anglia was a St. George's Cross with a blue coat of arms featuring three gold crowns – visually similar to the arms of the province of Munster. In his work 'Vicissitudes of Families', Bernard Burke, the Ulster King of Arms, proposed that St. Edmund's Banner was borne during the Norman Invasion of Ireland. A section of Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin is dedicated to St. Edmund, although his iconography is not displayed. The banner of the Lordship of Ireland was based on the arms and feature three golden crowns ordered vertically on a blue background with a white border. It is blazoned: "Azure, three crowns in pale Or, bordure Argent."
1542–1783 Standard of the Kingdom of Ireland. From 1801 has been incorporated in the lower-left quadrant of the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom A silver stringed gold harp on a blue field.
1821–1922 Flag of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. This was granted in 1821, by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty under royal warrant, "to prevent the Inconvenience experienced for want of a flag distinguishing the presence of the Lord Lieutenant on board His Majesty's ships".[2] The flag became defunct when the office was abolished by the Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922. The flag of the United Kingdom defaced with the coat of arms of Ireland.
1783–1801 The St. Patrick's Saltire, also known as the Cross of St Patrick, after Saint Patrick, the main patron saint of Ireland. "The Saltire became an established Irish symbol in 1783 with the founding of the Order of Saint Patrick by King George III to mark the legislative independence of the Kingdom of Ireland which lasted from 1783 to 1801. The Saltire is believed to derive from the arms of the FitzGeralds who were the Earls of Kildare and later Dukes of Leinster. Incidentally, Kildare County Council uses the Saltire on its coat of arms, as do Cork City and Trinity College Dublin, that both feature two flags – St. George's Cross and St. Patrick's Saltire. The flags of Queen's University Belfast and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland use the symbol and it can also be found on the badge of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)".[3] The flag has been used for almost 30 years by local authorities in Downpatrick for St. Patrick's Day. In addition, Church of Ireland flies this flag on special religious days throughout the island. The Saltire represents 'Ireland' in the flag of the United Kingdom. The Saint Patrick's Saltire features a red saltire on a white field. In heraldry these arms are blazoned: "Argent, a saltire gules".

??-present The green harp flag of the 17th century Confederacy of Ireland and an unofficial flag of Ireland during the 18th and 19th century. Variants have been used as the basis for numerous flags of Ireland. A silver stringed gold harp on a green field.
??–present The Four Provinces Flag of Ireland. This flag, and variants of it, have been used by various all-Ireland sports teams and cultural organisations. The arms of the four provinces of Ireland are shown in quadrants. The order in which the arms appear varies.
Northern Ireland[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1922–1973 Personal flag of the Governor of Northern Ireland. A Union Jack defaced with the Coat of arms of Northern Ireland.
1953–1972 The Ulster Banner, also known as the Ulster flag or the Red Hand of Ulster flag, was the flag of the Government of Northern Ireland between 1953 and 1972. It was adopted in 1953 in honour of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and was based on the arms that were granted to the Government of Northern Ireland in 1924 by the Ulster King of Arms based in Dublin Castle. The flag lost its official status in 1972 when the Parliament of Northern Ireland was abolished by the British government and since then there has been no 'official flag' for Northern Ireland. However, internationally, the flag is still used officially for sporting fixtures and events, such as the Commonwealth Games and by FIFA to represent the Northern Ireland national football team. Internally, the flag continues to be used by a number of local authorities and remains a divisive issue as it is mainly a symbol of Ulster loyalism.[3] The flag is a heraldic banner and features the Red Hand of Ulster, a six-pointed star for the six counties of Northern Ireland and the British Crown on a St. George's Cross.
1929–1973 Ensign of the former Northern Ireland government. The blue ensign defaced with the letters GNI. Used on vessels of the Northern Ireland government.
Republic of Ireland[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1922–present Flag of Ireland A tricolour, with three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white and orange; (the green symbolises Nationalism, the white Peace and the orange Unionism, therefore the flag represents peace between Nationalists and Unionists). This is the flag and naval ensign of Ireland.
1945–present The Standard of the President of Ireland was adopted in 1945, after the establishment of the Office of the President of Ireland (Uachtarán na hÉireann) in 1937. "This flag was approved by the Government on 13 February 1945. A number of technical decisions were made at the same time, including the decision that... the strings of the harp be yellow (in settlement of the question raised by Edward MacLysaght, who had insisted that the strings should be white)".[4] The Presidential Standard was introduced prior to the inauguration of Ireland's second President Seán T. O'Kelly and therefore, it was raised at Áras an Uachtaráin in the presence of President Douglas Hyde on 24 May 1945, a month before the inauguration of his successor on 25 June 1945.[3] The standard is flown over Áras an Uachtaráin and on vehicles used by the president. The flag is never flown at half mast and never takes precedence over the flag of Ireland. The flag features a blue field and a gold harp with 14 diagonal golden strings.
Defence Forces flags[edit]
Naval Service[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1947–present The Irish Naval Jack was adopted in 1947 after the establishment of the Naval Service (Ireland) (an tSeirbhís Chabhlaigh) in 1946.[1] It is flown at the bow and used to represent Ireland along with the Naval Ensign. The Naval Jack is flown "by Irish Naval Ships at the Jack staff when at anchor, moored, alongside or when under way and dressed with Masthead Ensigns. It is hoisted and half masted at the same time and in like manner as the Naval Ensign."[5] The naval jack of the Naval Service of Ireland features a green field with a gold harp with 14 diagonal golden strings.
1996–present Naval Service Colour Flag Double-sided square banner. The primary colour is navy blue on both sides. The obverse side carries the Defence Forces badge at the centre superimposed over a pair of crossed silver foul anchors. The colour is bordered by a two-inch wide gold fringe Naval Service.
1996–present Naval Service Colour Flag Double-sided square banner. The primary colour is navy blue on both sides. A navy blue flag containing the state harp at its centre surrounded by a naval knotted rope decoration.Naval Service.
Air Corps[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Irish Air Corps Flag Composed of Red and yellow diagonal strips on a blue field with the emblem of Irish Air Corps at its centre, the emblem of Irish Defence forces on upper left and the Air Corps roundel on bottom right. This is the flag of the Irish Air Corps.
Army[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1966–present The Military Colours of the 1st Brigade of the Irish Defence Forces were part of a set of six unit Colours that were designed in 1964. It was originally known as the Southern Command until the reorganisation of the army in 2012. There are now only two Brigades responsible for military operations in Ireland. The Military Colours of the 1st Brigade are a field "divided per bend, or diagonally, yellow above and blue below, with a centrepiece of a stylised ship with a red hull and white sails encircled by a parti-coloured antique crown of yellow and blue. This device is a combination of details of the arms of the province of Munster and the city of Cork."[1] 'Óglaigh na hÉireann' is written across the top, which is the official Irish title for the Defence Forces (Ireland). 'An Cead Briogaid' is written at across the bottom and means '1st Brigade' in Irish. The badge of the Irish Defence Forces is placed in the right-hand corner (fly).
1966–present The Military Colours of the 2nd Brigade of the Irish Defence Forces were part of a set of six unit Colours that were designed in 1964 and were the first to be completed. They "were carried for the first time in the army parades and marches which formed part of the Dublin celebrations of the fiftieth anniversary of the 1916 rising at Easter 1966".[1] The Military Colours of the 2nd Brigade are "divided per pale, or vertically, in two stripes, blue and green. The centrepiece shows a rising sun in yellow, on which are superimposed a flaming tower and a yellow harp device. The sun device is from the Irish Volunteer colours of 1914, the tower is from the arms of the city of Dublin and the harp is from the arms of the province of Leinster".[1] Óglaigh na hÉireann is written across the top, which is the official Irish title for the Irish Defence Forces. 'An Dara Briogaid' is written at across the bottom and means '2nd Brigade' in Irish. The badge of the Irish Defence Forces is placed in the right-hand corner (fly).
Air Defence Regiment Flag Composed of an orange flag with a purple emblem of Air Defence Regiment at its centre.
Defence Forces Infantry Corps Flag Purple banner with two crossed rifles at its centre with the word coiste(Infantry) underneath, this is the flag of the Infantry Corps.
Defence Forces Ordnance Corps Flag A dark red colour flag containing the insignia of the Ordnance Corps at its centre.
Defence Forces Cavalry Corps Flag A black background flag containing the emblem of the Cavalry Corps at its centre.
Defence Forces Engineer Corps Flag A Yellow coloured background flag containing the emblem of the Engineer Corps at its centre.
Defence Forces CIS Corps Flag Blue background flag containing the emblem of the CIS Corps at its centre.
Defence Forces Artillery Corps Flag Orange flag with white border containing the emblem of the Artillery Corps at its centre.
Defence Forces Medical Corps Flag Teal coloured flag with white border containing the emblem of the Medical Corps at its centre.
Defence Force Training Centre (DFTC)[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
The Colours of the Defence Forces Training Centre represent the place "for all Defence Forces training, education and logistical units".[6] The Colours of Defence Forces Training Centre feature a navy field, the crest of the Defence Forces Training Centre in the middle, its name in Irish at the bottom: ‘Airmheán Traenála Óglaigh na hÉireann’ and the badge of the Irish Defence Forces in the right-hand corner (fly). The crest depicts an oak leaf and two acorns. The Training Centre is located at the Curragh Camp in County Kildare. The name Kildare is the anglicised form of the Irish 'Cill Dara', which means 'church of the oak'.
Coast Guard[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Coast Guard Flag White background flag containing the emblem of the coast guard at its centre, this is the flag of the Irish Coast Guard.
Provincial flags[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Flag of Ulster
The arms of the nine-county province of Ulster form a composite achievement, combining the heraldic symbols of two of that province's best known families, namely the cross of de Burgo and the dexter hand of O Neill (Ua Néill, later Ó Néill) Kings of Ailech and Tír Eoghan.
Flag of Munster
The province of Munster has been heraldically symbolised by three golden antique crowns on an azure blue shield. A crown of the type now known as antique Irish forms an integral element of a thirteenth-century crozier head found near Cormac's Chapel on the Rock of Cashel. In the case of the 'king-bishops' of Cashel, the placing of the antique crown on their crozier was a symbolic assertion of their right to the political sovereignty of Munster.
Flag of Connacht
The arms of Connacht use a dimidiated (divided in half from top to bottom) eagle and armed hand. Ruaidhri O'Conchobhair, King of Connacht, is surmised to have been conceded the arms of Schottenkloster or the Irish monastery founded in Regensburg[citation needed], which approximate to the Connacht Flag of 1651
Flag of Leinster
A silver stringed golden harp on a green background. Possibly the oldest and certainly the most celebrated instance of the use of the harp device on a green field was the flag of Owen Roe O'Neill. It is recorded that his ship, the St Francis, as she lay at anchor at Dunkirk, flew from her mast top 'the Irish harp in a green field, in a flag'.
No history of flag use The ancient Kingdom of Meath (Mide) was represented by the emblem of a king seated on a throne. There is no history of a flag ever being used, however an emblem was used which derived from iconography rather than classic heraldry. "The old province of Meath, which is nearly coextensive with the present day Diocese of Meath, is heraldically personified by a representation of a royal personage seated on a throne... It is, of course, fitting that Meath, wherein stood Tara, the symbolic site of the Kingship of Ireland, should be shown heraldically by a representation of a royal personage, or majesty, seated on a throne. The arms of Meath were apparently used at one time as the arms of Ireland, i.e. a majesty on a sable (black) background, the provincial arms being displayed on an azure (blue) field".[7] The flag of Mide features a light blue field with a king sitting on a throne. The sceptre and outstretched right hand symbolise sovereignty and justice respectively. Today this emblem is used by the Meath GAA team but not the Meath County Council.
County flags[edit]
The 32 "traditional" counties
County
Irish name[8]
Province
GAA County Colours
GAA Colour Origins[9]
Antrim Aontroim
(Contae Aontroma) Ulster The Antrim colours were adopted from the famous Shauns Club and have been worn since inter-county football began except for a short period.
Armagh Ard Mhacha
(Contae Ard Mhacha) Ulster Up to 1926 Armagh wore the same colours as Kilkenny. In 1926 they played Dublin in the All-Ireland Junior Semi-final and wore jerseys knit specially for them by nuns in Omeath in the colours which are used at present.
Carlow Ceatharlach
(Contae Cheatharlach) Leinster Up to 1910, Carlow used the colours of the county champions. In that year a set of green jerseys with red and yellow hoops were presented to the county teams. These colours with pattern changes have been used since.
Cavan An Cabhán
(Contae an Chabháin) Ulster Royal blue has been used by Cavan since 1910. The white trim was introduced for the 1947 All-Ireland Final against Kerry, which was played in the Polo Grounds in New York.
Clare An Clár
(Contae an Chláir) Munster Tulla was the first club to be established and the Clare jersey reflects this connection. Originally the jersey was saffron with a blue sash, but around 1920 the present hoop replaced the sash.
Cork Corcaigh
(Contae Chorcaí) Munster Cork played in a saffron and blue jersey, with a large C on the chest, up to 1919. These jerseys were confiscated by British authorities and the County Committee borrowed a set of red and white jerseys. These colours were then retained.
Derry[10] Doire
(Contae Dhoire) Ulster Red was the traditional Derry colour. In 1947 Derry played in the National League final in a set of white jerseys with a red band. These colours or the alternative of a red jersey with a white band have been worn since.
Donegal Dún na nGall
(Contae Dhún na nGall) Ulster Donegal have always worn green and gold and until 1966 wore green with a gold hoop. After a short spell wearing the gold jersey with green shorts, they returned to the hooped version in the late 70s and early 80s, before re-adopting the gold jersey for the All Ireland semi-final of 1992.
Down An Dún
(Contae an Dúin) Ulster A red jersey was worn by Down up to 1922. From 1923 a blue jersey with white trim was worn. In 1933 Down changed back to an all red jersey but with black collar and cuffs. Black shorts were first worn in 1962.
Dublin Áth Cliath
(Contae Átha Cliath) Leinster Dublin wore the colours of the Club Champions up to 1918 when the sky blue shade with the crest was adopted. The change to the present kit was made in 1974.
Fermanagh Fear Manach
(Contae Fhear Manach) Ulster Fermanagh originally used green and white hoops, the colours of the then County champions Teemore. Around 1934/35 a green jersey with yellow trim was used and this was later changed to white trim. Occasionally the county team wears a green jersey with red shorts.
Galway Gaillimh
(Contae na Gaillimhe) Connacht In Galway as in many other counties the colours of the county champions were used originally. The changeover to the present jersey took place in 1936 and the crest was added about 1956. Maroon shorts are occasionally worn.
Kerry Ciarraí
(Contae Chiarraí) Munster Up to the 1903 drawn All-Ireland Football Final, the Kerry colours were green and red. This was changed to green and gold for the replay, which saw Kerry win their first All-Ireland title. The colours have been retained since then.
Kildare Cill Dara
(Contae Chill Dara) Leinster The distinctive all-white strip of Kildare is taken from the colours of the Clane club, which won the county championship in 1903.
Kilkenny Cill Chainnigh
(Contae Chill Chainnigh) Leinster Kilkenny wore black and amber jerseys in their first All-Ireland final appearance in 1893, which had been bought from the Thomas Larkin Football Club. Kilkenny wore black and amber in the 1905 final when they beat Cork in a replay. Following a dispute between clubs on the county colours, a set of black and amber jerseys was presented to the county board by local council chairman John F. Drennan in 1911. These colours have been kept since.[11]
Laois Laois
(Contae Laoise) Leinster Laois wore a set of black and amber hoops in which they won their only All Ireland Senior Hurling Championship in 1915. The blue jersey with a white hoop was adopted in 1932 but Lais wore an all blue jersey with white trim when winning the Leinster football title in 2003.
Leitrim Liatroim
(Contae Liatroma) Connacht The Leitrim colours of green with a gold hoop date from about 1917, though white and green was sometimes worn in the 1920s. In 1927 when playing Kerry in the All Ireland Semi-final in Tuam they wore the Dublin jerseys. In the early 1990s Leitrim dropped their hoop and now play in green with a gold trim.
Limerick Luimneach
(Contae Luimnigh) Munster Limerick wore green with a white sash when winning the 1918 All Ireland Final but in the 1921 final wore green and white hoops. The present jersey was adopted in 1924.
Longford An Longfort
(Contae an Longfoirt) Leinster Green and white hooped jerseys were used by Longford up to 1918 when a royal blue jersey with a gold sash was adopted. Around 1930 the sash disappeared but the gold trim was retained.
Louth Lú
(Contae Lú) Leinster Louth have worn red and white colours since 1885. In 1957, when Louth won the All Ireland, a St Brigids Cross was presented to the team and the crest was included on the jersey in 1958.
Mayo Maigh Eo
(Contae Mhaigh Eo) Connacht Mayo's teams play in green and red, most often with a red hoop and trimming on a green jersey. The colours are taken from The Green above the Red, a poem by Young Ireland leader Thomas Davis about raising the green Irish flag above the red of England after a nationalist rebellion.[12] The colours were first popularised in Mayo by the Tower Hill club, and officially adopted by the county as a whole in the 1880s.[11]
Meath An Mhí
(Contae na Mí) Leinster A green jersey with a gold sash was used by the Meath team from 1908. The sash eventually disappeared, being replaced by the all green jersey with gold trim.
Monaghan Muineachán
(Contae Mhuineacháin) Ulster In Monaghan, up to 1913, the colours of the county champions were worn. The white jersey then had a blue band around 1920. Black and amber were used for a while in the mid-30s but in 1942 the original white with blue trim was reintroduced.
Offaly Uíbh Fhailí
(Contae Uíbh Fhailí) Leinster The national colours were very popular with clubs and counties in the early days of the GAA. Offaly earned the right to use them in Leinster as a result of a special competition. Several variations of the colours have been worn in recent years.
Roscommon Ros Comáin
(Contae Ros Comáin) Connacht The Roscommon jersey was either black and amber or black and white prior to 1938. Blue with a yellow band was also used. The present colour scheme was adopted for the 1943 final.
Sligo Sligeach
(Contae Shligigh) Connacht At one time the Sligo jersey was all black, before a white band was introduced around 1925. In 1970 the county teams adopted a white jersey with black trim and black shorts which they used for 30 years, but the team changed to the original all black in 2001. The team jerseys are commonly black with a white hoop and trimming.
Tipperary Tiobraid Árann
(Contae Thiobraid Árann) Munster Up to about 1925 the Tipperary team usually wore the colours of the county champions. In 1925 the present gold hoop on a blue jersey was introduced. These colours reflected the influence of Tubberadora and other great Tipperary champions.
Tyrone Tír Eoghain
(Contae Thír Eoghain) Ulster The present Tyrone jersey has been used since around 1927. The crest is the Red Hand of the O'Neill clan whose family seat was at Dungannon.
Waterford Port Láirge
(Contae Phort Láirge) Munster Waterford first took the royal blue of Munster with white cuffs for its county jersey. In 1938 the jersey was changed to white with royal blue trim.
Westmeath An Iarmhí
(Contae na hIarmhí) Leinster Up to 1912, Westmeath wore a green jersey with a white hoop. This was later changed to a maroon jersey with a saffron sash. The sash was dropped in 1936 and the present jersey has been used ever since.
Wexford Loch Garman
(Contae Loch Garman) Leinster In the 1891 Hurling Final Wexford (Crossbeg) wore green and amber. In 1899 Blackwater represented the county wearing black and amber. Purple and amber was introduced in 1913. The placing of the colours has alternated over the years.
Wicklow Cill Mhantáin
(Contae Chill Mhantáin) Leinster Bray Emmets were Wicklow county champions at the turn of the century and wearing a green jersey won the All- Ireland club championship of 1901–02. The Wicklow inter-county team wore green until the early 1930s. Blue with a gold hoop was then used until the changeover to the present style in 1970.
City and town flags[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1885–present The flag of Dublin City was adopted in 1885 by the Dublin Corporation. In the canton it features 'three burning castles' which are part of the coat of arms of the city that were officially granted in 1607 by the Ulster King of Arms, Daniel Molyneux. The arms was a corruption of the earlier seal of Dublin that featured one castle with three watchtowers on the obverse and a ship on the reverse, whose earliest mention was in 1230. The seal of Dublin was based on the arms of Bristol as King Henry II granted the city to his men of Bristol with the 1171 Charter. This meant that Bristol merchants took control of colonisation of the Dublin city after the Norman invasion of Ireland.[13] The flag is flown over Dublin City Hall, the Mansion House and around the city, both indoors as well as outdoors. It acts as the de facto flag of the Dublin City Council. The flag of Dublin City features a green field with a gold harp and three white two-towered burning castles on a navy canton. The gold harp represents both Ireland and Leinster, while the three burning castles are the lesser coat of arms of the city. Green and blue are the two national colours of Ireland.
1890–present Flag of Belfast is a heraldic banner that is based on the shield of the coat of arms of the city. The arms were granted in 1890, two years after Belfast was awarded city status by Queen Victoria. Although the banner was adopted in 1890, it has seldom been used. "The precise origins and meanings of the symbols contained on the Coat of Arms are unknown. But images such as the bell, the seahorse, the ship and the chained wolf were all used by 17th-century Belfast merchants on their signs and coinage. The seahorse, which is used twice, shows the maritime importance of Belfast, as does the ship at the base of the shield".[14] The flag of Belfast is a horizontal bicolour of white and light blue. It features a silver bell in a red canton, a triangle of Vair(type of heraldic pattern) and a ship on waves with a Saint Patrick's Saltire as a naval ensign and masthead.
2012–present Flag of Drogheda town was adopted by Drogheda Borough Council in 2012 and features a triband of red and black which are considered to be the 'town colours' and the coat of arms of Drogheda town. The exact origins of the arms are obscure due to the records being lost in a fire. Some believe that the 'castle and ship' element on the shield is derived from the arms of Bristol, in the same way as the 13th century Dublin seal. Others feel that the castle represents Saint Laurence Gate, while the ship stands for the river Boyne and Drogheda port. The 'star and crescent' emblem has the same origin as the coat of arms of Portsmouth and is taken from the arms of Richard I of England (Lionheart) who adopted it during the Third Crusade. The three lions 'passant guardant' are also derived from Richard I who began to use the emblem in 1198 to represent his position as King of the English, Duke of the Normans and Duke of the Aquitaines. These emblems honour the king, during whose reign Drogheda was granted its charter in 1194 by Hugh de Lacy. Since the 'Local Government Reform Act 2014' that came into effect from 1 June 2014, Drogheda Borough Council no longer exists and is now part of Louth County Council. The flag is a vertical triband of red-black-red and features the coat of arms of Drogheda in the centre. The town's motto reads: Deus praesidium, mercatura decustranslates, which means "God our strength, merchandise our glory".
2013–present The unofficial flag of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council was adopted in August 2014. It was originally designed and used for Bratacha 2013 – Ireland's first ever 'Festival of Flags and Emblems'.[15] The design concept was based on a combination of the Dún Laoghaire Rathdown County Council emblem, the coat of arms and on a loose translation of the County motto: Ó Chuan go Sliabh, meaning ‘from harbour to mountain’. Today the flag flies every weekend at the County Hall in the town of Dún Laoghaire. The unofficial flag of Dún Laoghaire Rathdown County Council has a yellow field and features a green shamrock with two strokes – green and blue. The green stroke represents the mountains, while the blue one stands for the sea. This reflects the fact that the County is bordered by the Irish Sea and the Wicklow Mountains.
Sporting flags[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1925–present Flag of the Irish Rugby Football Union The arms of the four provinces of Ireland emblazoned on a green flag with a shamrock crest at its centre
2000–present The flag of the Irish Hockey Association was adopted in 2000 when the Irish Hockey Union and Irish Ladies Hockey Union merged. The flag features a green field with a coat of arms quartered with the arms of the four provinces of Ireland. The association represents the whole island of Ireland and this is reflected in the flag.
Flag of the Ireland cricket team Three shamrocks on a blue background.
1911–present Flag of the Irish Amateur Boxing Association The four provinces crest of Ireland in the centre of a white flag
Ensigns[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Ensign of the Clontarf Yacht Club A blue field with the Irish flag in the canton and a red bull in the fly.
Erne flag Flown by boats on the Shannon-Erne Waterway, which bisects the Irish border. A horizontal tricolour of green, white and blue.
Ensign of the Howth Sailing Club A blue field with the Irish flag in the canton and a red anchor in the fly.
Ensign of the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland A light blue field with the Irish flag in the canton and a wavy set of stripes in the fly.
Ensign of the Lough Derg Sailing Club A blue field with the Irish flag in the canton and a trio of gold shamrocks in the fly.
Ensign of the Malahide Yacht Club A white field with the Irish flag in the canton and a black shield with a good cross in the fly.
Ensign of the National Yacht Club An azure blue field with a silver harp and the Flag of Ireland in the canton.
Ensign of the Royal Cork Yacht Club A dark blue field with the Irish Flag in the canton and a harp and crown in the fly.
Ensign of the Royal Irish Yacht Club A white field with the Irish Flag in the canton and a harp and crown in the fly.
Ensign of the Royal St. George Yacht Club A dark blue field with the Irish Flag in the canton and a Tudor Crown in the fly.
Ensign of the Royal Ulster Yacht Club. The blue ensign defaced with the Red Hand of Ulster and St Edward's Crown.
Ensign of the Royal Western Yacht Club of Ireland A dark blue field with the Irish flag in the canton and a crown and garland in the fly.
Ensign of the Skerries Sailing Club A blue field with the Irish flag in the canton and a yellow silhouette of a goat's head in the fly.
circa 1701 – post 1800 A Green Ensign flown by some Irish merchant vessels. A gold harp on a green background with the English Flag in the canton.
post 1800 – c.1922 A later version of the Green Ensign. A gold harp on a green field with the Union Flag in the canton.
Historical military flags[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1684–1922 Flag of the Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) of the British Army. Also known as the 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot and the 18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot
1688–1791 Flag carried in different variations by the Irish Brigade of the French Army red and green cross, with motto "In Hoc Signo Vinces"
1710–1815 Flag of the Regiment of Hibernia aka the "O'Neill's Regiment" of the Spanish Army
1770s–1780s The flag of the Dublin Volunteers; a militia unit raised in Ireland during the late 1770s as part of the wider Irish Volunteer movement. Red background featuring the St Patricks Cross (also the arms of the Duke of Leinster, who led the regiment).
1770s–1780s The flag of the Ormond Union Cavalry; a militia unit raised in Ireland during the late 1770s as part of the wider Irish Volunteer movement. Features the motto "Pro aris et focis" ("For God and country")
1770s–1780s The flag of the Parsonstown Volunteers; a militia unit raised in Ireland during the late 1770s as part of the wider Irish Volunteer movement. Features the motto "Vis unita fortior" ("United Strength is Stronger")
1793–1881 Flag of the 86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot of the British Army
1798 Flag carried by the United Irishmen at the Battle of Arklow Green background with white Christian cross and the slogan "Liberty or Death".
1846–1848 The green silk flag of the Saint Patrick's Battalion of the Mexican Army may have incorporated the old Irish Harp flag (illustrated), which may date back to the Irish Confederacy. However, no original depictions are extant, and period descriptions of it differ. Green background with Irish Harp, shamrocks and Motto Erin Go Bragh in Gold
1861–1864 Colour of the 28th Massachusetts Infantry regiment of the Irish Brigade (US) of the Union Army Green background with Irish Harp and motto Faugh a Ballagh (Clear the Way!)
1861–1864 2d Irish Color of the 69th Infantry Regiment (New York) of the Irish Brigade (US) of the Union Army Green background with Irish Harp
University flags[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1910–present Flag of Queen's University Belfast is a heraldic banner that is based on its coat of arms which were granted on 24 March 1910, two years after the establishment of the university. The arms are similar to those used by the Queen's University of Ireland which existed from 1850 to 1879.[16] The banner is a Saint Patrick's Saltire that features a book, a sea horse, the Red Hand of Ulster, a harp and a British crown. The book stands for the university, the sea horse represents Belfast, the Red Hand is for Ulster, the harp symbolises Ireland and the crown is for the British monarchy. The university's arms are blazoned as: "Per saltire azure and argent, on a saltire gules, between in chief an open book and in base a harp both proper, in dexter a hand couped of the third, and in sinister a sea-horse vert gorged with a mural crown of the fourth, an Imperial crown of the last".
Organisations[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Flag of the Irish Traveller Movement
2013–present Flag of Vexillology Ireland was adopted by the Genealogical Society of Ireland on 4 July 2013. It was first used to represent the society at the 25th International Congress of Vexillology (ICV) in Rotterdam which was held from 4–10 August 2013. The flag features a St. Patrick's blue (Azure) field, a gold (Or) harp with 12 vertical golden strings and a white (Ardent) knotted rope (Sheet bend) which stands for FIAV – the international flag federation and is also an international symbol for Vexillology. The official Pantone colours are: White, Blue 7455, Yellow 7409.
Political flags[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1800s Earlier version of the Sunburst flag. This device was adopted by the Fenians in 1843. A golden rising sun on a green field. It was supposedly based on earlier Nationalist flags. It can be seen in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin.
1893–present The Sunburst flag, based on the flag of the mythological warriors the Fianna. Blue background with a golden sunburst showing partially in the bottom left corner. Used by nationalists and republicans.
1914–present The Starry Plough Banner made its first appearance at an Irish Citizen Army meeting on 5 April 1914. It was flown on O'Connell Street above the Imperial Hotel (Clery's) during the 1916 Easter Rising. It was believed to have been destroyed but was later discovered. It had been seized by a British officer who returned the flag to the Irish government in 1955. The flag was in a decrepit condition until it was restored with funding from the Irish Labour Party in 2013 and displayed at the National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History. It is believed that the banner was designed by the art teacher William H. Megahy. His original drawing featured a blue rather than a green field and was presented to the National Museum in 1954 by the playwright Seán O'Casey who was the secretary of the Irish Citizen Army before the Easter Rising.[1] A statue of James Connolly with a bronze depiction of the Starry Plough that featured on the banner is located underneath the railway bridge on Beresford Place in Dublin. It was at this location that Connolly frequently addressed political and trade union rallies. The banner is still used today in the form of a flag by certain Irish socialist groups. The banner features a green field bordered by a gilt fringe with a gold stylised representation of an agricultural plough that is superimposed by 7 silver stars forming the constellation Ursa Major, commonly known as 'the Plough'.
1934–present "In 1934, the largest trade union, the Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU), introduced a simplified version of the Starry Plough with a sky-blue field, resembling the Alaskan flag adopted 7 years earlier. It was adopted as the emblem of the Irish Labour movement, including the Irish Labour Party, although they eventually dropped it".[17] Today the flag is used by various Irish socialist, nationalist and republican groups. The Starry Plough flag (An Camchéachta) features a light blue field with 7 five-pointed white stars forming the constellation Ursa Major, commonly known as 'the Plough'.
1916 On 24 April 1916, a flag with the inscription 'Irish Republic' was hoisted alongside the Irish tricolour over the General Post Office, Dublin during the 1916 Easter Rising as a proclamation of the Irish Republic. A photograph was taken of it flying on the south-eastern corner of the GPO by a guest staying in the Metropole Hotel. "It remained on the roof throughout the week, survived the bombardment and the fire which destroyed the G.P.O and was eventually removed by the troops after the insurgents' surrender, either on Sunday, 30 April or on the following day. A photograph taken at the time shows a group of soldiers holding it upside down at the base of Parnell monument in O'Connell Street. Thereafter, it was placed in the Imperial War Museum, London. It was presented by the British government to the Irish government on the fiftieth anniversary of the rising in 1966".[1] The flag features a green field with the inscription "Irish Republic" written in white and yellow (gold) letters in the form of Gaelic script. It measures 4 feet 3 inches by 5 feet 6 inches and is now on display at the National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History.

1858 Flags used by the Fenian Brotherhood which was founded in Dublin on St Patrick's Day 1858. Two flags used in the past by the Fenian Brotherhood. The first Flag is based on the American 'Stars and Stripes' It has four bars representing the provinces of Ireland and 32 stars representing the counties.
The second flag is a green banner defaced with 32 gold stars to represent the Irish counties. It was captured from the Fenians during the Battle of Tallaght, 1867.
1932–1933 Historical flag of the Blueshirts paramilitary group, associated with Fine Gael. It bore the St. Patrick's Saltire defacing a dark blue background. A red saltire on a blue field.
Flag of the Orange Order, a Protestant fraternal organisation based mainly in Northern Ireland, though it has lodges throughout the Commonwealth and a small number in the Republic of Ireland. An orange field with a purple star and a St George's Cross in the canton.
Flag of the Apprentice Boys of Derry, a Protestant fraternal organisation based in Derry City, Northern Ireland. A crimson field.
See also[edit]
Ireland portal
Cross-border flag for Ireland
GAA county colours
List of Northern Irish flags
Northern Ireland flags issue
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony (1979). A History of Irish flags from Earliest Times. Academy Press, Dublin. ISBN 978-0-906187-01-2.
Jump up ^ "Notice of Royal Warrant appropriating to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland the Union Flag charged in the centre with an escutcheon of the arms of Ireland". The London Gazette (17692): 702. 27 March 1821.
^ Jump up to: a b c Genealogical Society of Ireland (2015). Flagging Ireland: Irish Guide to Flag Design". Dublin. ISBN 978-1-898471-03-5.
Jump up ^ Ó Brógáin, Séamus. (1998). "The Irish Harp Emblem". Wolfhound Press, Dublin. ISBN 978-0-8632-7635-4.
Jump up ^ "NSR Crest – Naval Service Reserve – Organisation – Reserve – Defence Forces". Military.ie. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "DFTC – Organisation – Army – Defence Forces". Military.ie. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ National Library of Ireland Heraldry in Ireland
Jump up ^ Gasaitéar na hÉireann / Gazetteer of Ireland. Dublin: Brainse Logainmneacha na Suirbhéireachta Ordanáis / Placenames Branch of the Ordnance Survey. 1989. ISBN 978-0-7076-0076-5.
Jump up ^ "County Colours". Gaa.ie. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Londonderry is often called Derry – see Derry-Londonderry name dispute
^ Jump up to: a b "An Irishman's Diary". Irish Times. 16 May 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Green above the Red (Author: Thomas Osborne Davis)". Corpus of Electronic Texts UCC. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Signage at the Dublin's City Hall's "The Story of the Capital" museum
Jump up ^ "Belfast Coat of Arms". Belfastcity.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bratacha 2013 Brochure" (PDF). Familyhistory.ie. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Bordeleau, A.G. (2014)."Flags of the Night Sky: When Astronomy Meets National Pride". Springer, New York. ISBN 978-1-4614-0928-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Ireland.
Symbols in Northern Ireland – Flags Used in the Region by Dara Mulhern and Martin Melaugh; illustrated article from CAIN Project (Conflict Archive on the INternet)
National Library of Ireland
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