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The Jungle Book (2016 film)
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This article is about Disney's 2016 film. For other films and related topics, see The Jungle Book (franchise).
The Jungle Book
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jon Favreau
Produced by
Jon Favreau
Brigham Taylor
Screenplay by
Justin Marks
Based on
Disney's The Jungle Book[1]
The Jungle Book
by Rudyard Kipling
Starring
Bill Murray
Ben Kingsley
Idris Elba
Lupita Nyong'o
Scarlett Johansson
Giancarlo Esposito
Christopher Walken
Neel Sethi
Music by
John Debney
(The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns)
Cinematography
Bill Pope
Edited by
Mark Livolsi
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
Fairview Entertainment
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
April 4, 2016 (2016-04-04) (El Capitan Theatre)
April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15) (United States)
Running time
106 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$177 million (gross)[3]
$154 million (net)[3]
Box office
$966.6 million[4]
The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Jon Favreau, produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and written by Justin Marks. Based on Rudyard Kipling's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney's 1967 animated film of the same name,[5][6] The Jungle Book is a live-action/CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli, an orphaned human boy who, guided by his animal guardians, sets out on a journey of self-discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan. The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray, Ben Kingsley, Idris Elba, Lupita Nyong'o, Scarlett Johansson, Giancarlo Esposito, and Christopher Walken.
Favreau, Marks, and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film's story as a balance between Disney's animated adaptation and Kipling's original works, borrowing elements from both into the film. Principal photography commenced in 2014, with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles. The film required extensive use of computer-generated imagery to portray the animals and settings.[7]
The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX 3D, D-Box, and premium large formats, on April 15, 2016. It became a critical and commercial success, grossing over $966 million, making it the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2016 and the 38th-highest-grossing film of all time, praised for its visual effects, musical score, direction, faithfulness to the original animated film, and vocal performances, particularly those of Murray, Kingsley, and Elba. The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Voice cast
3 Production
3.1 Development and casting
3.2 Filming and visual effects
3.3 Sound
4 Music
4.1 Soundtrack
4.1.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.1.1 United States and Canada
6.1.2 Other countries
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Mowgli is a "man cub" raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack, led by Akela, in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera. Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves, but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings, while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack.
One day, during the dry season, the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators. The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives, detecting Mowgli's scent in the large crowd. Resentful against man for scarring him, he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought. After the drought ends, the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not. Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack. Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village.
En route, Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera, but Mowgli manages to escape. Later, Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him. While under her influence, Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan. The vision also warns of the destructive power of the "red flower" (fire). Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli, but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo, rescuing an unconscious Mowgli. Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult-to-access honey for Baloo, and the boy agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives. Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle, Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out.
Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed, but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it. During the night, Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch. Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed, Baloo realizes that he cannot guarantee Mowgli's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan. Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village.
Mowgli is kidnapped by the "Bandar-log" (monkeys) who present him to their leader, a giant ape named King Louie. Assuming that all humans can make fire, King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it. Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out, but their plan is discovered. As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple, he informs Mowgli of Akela's death. King Louie's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him. Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela's death, Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone.
Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle, accidentally starting a wildfire in the process. He confronts Shere Khan, who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire. Mowgli throws the torch into the water, giving Shere Khan the advantage. Baloo, Bagheera, and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off, giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap. He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch, which breaks under the tiger's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death. Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire.
In the aftermath, Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack. Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use, having found his true home and calling with his wolf family, Baloo, and Bagheera.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Jungle Book characters
Neel Sethi, the actor who portrayed Mowgli
Neel Sethi as Mowgli, a young boy who was raised by wolves.
Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli
Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli's father
Voice cast[edit]
Bill Murray as Baloo, a sloth bear who befriends Mowgli.
Ben Kingsley as Bagheera, a black panther who is Mowgli's mentor and protector.
Idris Elba as Shere Khan, a fearsome, scar-faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli.
Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha, a female wolf who is Mowgli's adoptive mother.
Scarlett Johansson as Kaa, an enormous python.
Giancarlo Esposito as Akela, a male wolf who leads the pack.
Christopher Walken as King Louie, a giant ape who rules the Bandar-log.
Garry Shandling as Ikki, a porcupine that observes the Water Truce.[1]
Brighton Rose as Grey Brother, a wolf cub that is Mowgli's adoptive brother.[1]
Jon Favreau as Fred, a Pygmy Hog.[1]
Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel.[1]
Russell Peters as Rocky, a rhinoceros.[1]
Madeleine Favreau as Raquel, a rhinoceros.[1]
Sara Arrington as an antelope [1]
Emjay Anthony, Max Favreau, Chloe Hechter, Asher Blinkoff, Knox Gagnon, Sasha Schrieber, and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves.[1]
Dee Bradley Baker, Artie Esposito, Sean Johnson, and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices.[1]
Production[edit]
Development and casting[edit]
"The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this, it just felt like it wouldn't have the magic that the 1967 film had had. There was a dreamlike quality to it. There was a surreal quality to it. It was a high-water mark for character animation and to me, that's what I remember about it. And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that...But what [Alan] Horn said was: Look at the technology. Look at Life of Pi, Avatar. Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you? Let's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit."
— Jon Favreau on approaching the film's technical intent.[9]
Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live-action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling's short story collection The Jungle Book was in development on July 9, 2013, with Justin Marks set to write the script.[10] The film would be Disney's second live-action adaptation of Kipling's works, following the 1994 film, the 1998 direct-to-video film Mowgli's Story and the studio's fourth overall after the 1967 animated musical.[11] Jon Favreau was confirmed as director on November 5, 2013.[12] Favreau as a child used to watch Disney's 1967 animated musical.[13] He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film, including some of its memorable songs, while crafting a movie with more realism and peril. He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling's time and now, "In Kipling's time, nature was something to be overcome. Now nature is something to be protected."[13] He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering, computer-generated imagery, and motion capture technologies.[14] The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling's works, but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films, including the child-mentor relationship in Shane (1953), the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas (1990) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now (1979).[13]
The cast was announced between March and August 2014, with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014. Between then, Scarlett Johansson, Ben Kingsley, and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa, Bagheera, and King Louie.[15][16][17][18] Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa, originally a male character, as he felt the original film was "a little too male-oriented."[19] Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha's character more prominently, as in Kipling's tales.[13] Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role, "Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance. There's an emotional underpinning she brings, and a strength, and we wanted that for this surrogate mother. Much of that comes from her voice."[20] Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India, where the story takes place.[6] His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now,[13] as well as incorporating Walken's own physical mannerisms.[21] In regards to Louie's changes, Favreau stated, "We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli. And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire, he could have power over Shere Khan, whether it was good or bad. So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power, but corrupt them as well as create destruction."[22] The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling, who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film's release.
The search for casting Mowgli was extensive, with thousands of children auditioning from the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Canada. Eventually, newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role, with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying "the heart, humor, and daring of the character. He's warm and accessible, yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation."[23] Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role.[7] Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story, as well as providing suggestions for the film's end credits sequence.[24]
Filming and visual effects[edit]
Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios[22] in downtown Los Angeles.[20][25] The animal characters were created entirely in computer animation, with the assistance of footage of real animal movement, the actors recording their lines, and performance capture for reference.[6] The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals' speaking, while still making them perceptually believable to the audience. Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals—including Walt Disney's animated features, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi, as well as modern films such as Babe—and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book.[22] Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film, with several species being portrayed as "150% larger" than their actual counterparts.[22]
Jim Henson's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against, although none appear in the finished film.[26] The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito, Sean Johnson, Allan Trautman, and April Warren.[1] Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors, expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect.[6][19]
Moving Picture Company (MPC) and Weta Digital created the film's visual effects.[14] MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals.[22] Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production.[27] Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence, with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that, "It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature. So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features—iconic lines, wrinkles and folds—and integrated them into the animated character."[28] Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney's earlier animated films.[24] At Favreau's behest, the idea was extended into the film's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo, which was recreated as "a hand-painted, cel-animated multi-plane logo" in homage to the animated films of that era, also incorporating the word "Presents" in the same style as the 1967 film's opening credits.[24] The film's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film.[24]
Sound[edit]
Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney, himself, had in mind. When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos, as Favreau said, "we isolated instruments when we could. And in the sound mix, we created a Fantasound mix. If you see the film in Atmos, you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater."[29] A mention for Fantasound appears in the film's closing credits.
Music[edit]
The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney,[30] mostly drawing from George Bruns' original music. Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical, nevertheless, he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film.[31] "The Bare Necessities," written by Terry Gilkyson, is performed by Murray and Sethi,[13] and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits. "I Wan'na Be Like You" and "Trust in Me"—written by the Sherman Brothers—are performed by Walken and Johansson, respectively; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken's version of "I Wan'na Be Like You."[13] Johansson's rendition of "Trust in Me" was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only.[13]
Soundtrack[edit]
The Jungle Book (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Film score by John Debney
Released
April 15, 2016
Recorded
2015–16
Studio
Sony Pictures Studios (score)
Esplanade Studios, New Orleans
Chalice Recording Studios
Music Shed Studios, New Orleans
Genre
Orchestral, swing jazz
Length
74:17
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
John Debney
John Debney chronology
The Young Messiah
(2016) The Young Messiah2016 The Jungle Book
(2016) The Jungle Book2016 Mother's Day
(2016) Mother's Day2016
Walt Disney Records released the film's soundtrack on April 15, 2016.[32]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "The Bare Necessities" Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3:36
2. "Trust in Me" Richard M. Sherman, Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2:55
3. "Main Titles[Note 1] / Jungle Run" John Debney & George Bruns 2:27
4. "Wolves / Law of the Jungle" John Debney 2:16
5. "Water Truce" John Debney 3:40
6. "Rains Return" John Debney 1:46
7. "Mowgli's Leaving / Elephant Theme" John Debney 3:28
8. "Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede" John Debney 2:06
9. "Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue" 5:21
10. "Honeycomb Climb" 3:31
11. "Man Village" 2:59
12. "Mowgli and the Pit" 3:26
13. "Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli" 1:52
14. "Arriving at King Louie's Temple" 4:35
15. "Cold Lair Chase" 4:03
16. "Red Flower" 3:15
17. "To the River" 3:05
18. "Shere Khan's War Theme" 2:37
19. "Shere Khan and the Fire" 4:52
20. "Elephant Waterfall" 3:27
21. "Mowgli Wins the Race" 0:41
22. "Jungle Book Closes" 2:16
23. "I Wan'na Be Like You" Richard M. Sherman, Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3:02
24. "The Bare Necessities" Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray, Kermit Ruffins 3:01
Total length: 74:17
Note 1. ^ Original "When You Wish Upon a Star" melody composed by Leigh Harline; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina.
Release[edit]
Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney, Australia
The film was originally scheduled for October 9, 2015, but the film's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15, 2016.[33][34] The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States,[35] and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D (in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago).[36] The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4, 2016.[37] It was released in 15 countries, a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15, in countries like Argentina, Australia, Russia, Malaysia, and most notably in India on April 8.[38] The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country.[39] The film had a special Hindi version with famous actors giving their voices to the main characters, including Irrfan Khan as Baloo, Om Puri as Bagheera, Priyanka Chopra as Ka, Nana Patekar as Sher Khan and Shefali Shah as Raksha, for its Indian audiences as the book and the Disney series based on it had been immensely popular in India in 1990s. Disney India also commissioned a contemporary recording of "Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai" (originally used for the popular Indian version of Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli), overseen by the original Hindi song's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar, and released it as part of the film's promotional campaign in India.[40][41]
Home media[edit]
The film was released digitally on August 23, 2016, and on DVD and Blu-ray on August 30 (August 22 in the UK[42]). A 3D Blu-ray was said to be coming by the end of the year.[43] The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks.[44][45]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film became a huge financial success and a sleeper hit.[46] It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year.[47] It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million, against a budget of $175 million.[4] Worldwide, the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens[36] and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens, a new record for a PG film.[48] It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide.[49] On May 13, it became the second film of 2016 (after the studio's own Zootopia) to pass the $800 million mark.[50][51] On June 10, it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America: Civil War to pass the $900 million mark.[52] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016.[53]
United States and Canada[edit]
Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards, starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million, with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw.[54][36][55][56] The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters (75%) were in 3D, including 376 IMAX screens, 463 premium large format screens, and 145 D-Box locations.[54][57][58] It opened Friday, April 15, 2016, on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters, and earned $32.4 million, the fourth-biggest April Friday.[36][59] This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews, the biggest preview number for a Disney live-adaptation film (tied with Maleficent),[60] an almost unheard-of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night.[61] In total, it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend, exceeding expectations by 40% and recorded the biggest PG-rated April opening (breaking Hop's record), the second-biggest Disney live-action adaptation opening (behind Alice in Wonderland), and the second-biggest April opening (behind Furious 7).[36][62][63] It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats, where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film's opening-weekend gross, respectively, the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening.[36][48] Notably, it also became the only second PG-rated release to ever open above $100 million (following Alice in Wonderland) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million (following Deadpool and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice).[36][64] It earned $130.7 million in its first full week, the second-biggest for a Disney live-action adaptation, behind only Alice in Wonderland's $146.6 million seven-day gross.[65]
Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break, it fell only by 40% in its second weekend earning $61.5 million, still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman: Winter's War.[66] That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million, it scored the fourth-smallest drop behind Shrek 2 (−33%), Spider-Man (−39%), and Star Wars: The Force Awakens (−39%).[67][68] Of those numbers, $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10% of its entire North American box office gross.[66] It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release[69] and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters (an addition of 13 more theaters), a fall of only 29%, outgrossing the next six pictures combined (including the openings of three newcomers)[70] and recorded the sixth-biggest third weekend of all time.[71] Moreover, the 29% drop is the smallest third-weekend drop (from its second weekend) for a $100 million opener ever.[71] Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters,[72] but nevertheless, it was overtaken by Disney's own Captain America: Civil War after experiencing a 50% decline.[73][74] It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release, on May 14, as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend.[75] It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers, which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million. It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest-grossing films of the year, alongside Finding Dory, The Secret Life of Pets, and Zootopia, centered around talking animals to dominate the year-end chart.[46]
Other countries[edit]
The film was released in approximately 70 countries.[76] Outside the US and Canada, it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut, and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman: Winter's War and holdover Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, the latter of which was entering its third weekend. The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America: Civil War releases in early May, as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors.[77] It eventually grossed $31.7 million, debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office, behind Dawn of Justice, which was playing across 67 markets.[77] In its second weekend, it expanded to an additional 49 countries (88% of its total marketplace) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries, easily topping the international box office, a bulk of it came from China.[78] Approximately 63% or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings, with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China (98%), Germany (83%), Brazil (73%), Russia (60%), Mexico (47%), and the UK (39%).[78] $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens, a record for a PG and April release.[48] It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories, falling only by a marginal 32%. IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three-weekend total of $20.6 million.[49] After three straight No. 1 runs, it was finally dethroned by the studio's Captain America: Civil War in its fourth weekend.[79]
In India, it scored the second-biggest opening day for a Hollywood film, earning $1.51 million (behind Avengers: Age of Ultron) from around 1,500 screens[80] and went on to score the second-biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time, with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens, behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency,[81][82] performing better than expected and its initial $5–6 million opening projection.[80] Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney's other live-fantasy adaptations—Cinderella, Maleficent, Oz the Great and Powerful, and Alice in Wonderland—in the country.[77] It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million.[76][83] In its second weekend, it dropped just by a mere 40% to $4.97 million.[84] In just ten days, it became the fourth-highest-grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million.[62] On Wednesday, April 19—its twelfth day of release—it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest-grossing Hollywood/foreign release of all time there.[85][86] By the end of its theatrical run, the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue—58%—coming from local dubbed versions, compared to Avengers: Age of Ultron, which saw 45% of its revenue from dubbed versions.[87]
In China, where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest, expectations were high, with projections going as high $154–200 million or more.[88][89][90][91] Ultimately, it was unable to hit these marks.[75] Before the release of the film in the state, Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month, in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure.[92] Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals, heartwarming story, and talking animal cast.[89] It earned around $12 million on its opening day, including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings.[89] Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception (albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics),[93] it rose 72% on its second day to $20 million.[91] Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million, including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens, a new record for April release.[62][94] Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever,[95] the second-biggest for a family film (behind Kung Fu Panda 3), the second-biggest April debut (behind Furious 7), and the fourth-biggest Disney opening (behind Avengers: Age of Ultron, Iron Man 3, and Star Wars: The Force Awakens).[96] It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend, after dropping by a mere 20% to $29.8 million, despite facing some competitions.[97] It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters, adding $1.2 million on its last day. Albeit falling just below expectations, it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth-biggest Disney release there.[75][98]
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it had an opening weekend total of £9.9 million ($14.1 million) from 594 theaters[99] and in France with $8.1 million.[78] Elsewhere, the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ($7.4 million), Germany ($5.1 million), Spain ($3.9 million), Australia ($2.8 million), Argentina ($2.3 million), and in Malaysia, where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live-action Disney film with $2.3 million.[77][78] In the UK, it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World, Spectre, and Star Wars: The Force Awakens (all 2015 films) to achieve such an accomplishment,[100] and the first film of 2016 to earn above £40 million ($58 million).[101] In South Korea, it faced competition with Warcraft, but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million.[102] It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there.[103]
It opened in Japan on August 11, alongside the superhero film X-Men: Apocalypse[95][104] and delivered a four-day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ($3 million in two days), debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets. Although the opening figure was considered mediocre, Deadline.com noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples.[105][106] It fell just 30% in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven-day total of $13.7 million.[107][108]
In total earnings, its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ($150.1 million), the United Kingdom ($66.2 million) and India ($38.8 million).[98] It was the highest-grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million,[109] the United Kingdom and Ireland,[110] and in India (although it was later surpassed by Sultan, in terms of Hollywood/imported films, it is still the biggest).[111]
Critical response[edit]
The vocal performances of Bill Murray (left), Idris Elba (middle), and Ben Kingsley (right) were particularly praised.[112][113][114][115]
The film received praise for its visual effects, vocal performances, direction, musical score, and its faithfulness to the animated film.[116][117][118] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95%, based on 296 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch, The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors—all while setting a new standard for CGI."[119] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[120] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Ninety-seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B. It got As from both the under- and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age, and also for the over-50 audience.[36]
Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast, this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling's tales of young Mowgli's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging, even if it's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft."[121] Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version "can't rival the woolly looseness of Disney's 1967 animated classic, of course, but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary."[122] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five, and deemed it "a sincere and full-hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration."[123] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says "This 'Book' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor, but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar."[124] Peter Bradshaw, writing for The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it, finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King. He wrote that the film was "spectacular, exciting, funny and fun" and that it "handsomely revives the spirit of Disney's original film."[125] Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that the film had laughs, excitement, an exceptional voice cast and, most importantly, a lot of heart, calling it a cinematic achievement like no other. He particularly praised Murray's performance and the visual effects, deeming it "simply astonishing."[126] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an "A–," calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016. He, however, felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting, and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children.[127]
Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three-and-a-half stars, pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film. He labelled it "a beautifully rendered, visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling's oft-filmed tales" but found the musical numbers to be trivial, saying that without the musical numbers, the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure.[128] Los Angeles Times' Kenneth Turan remarked that "The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along."[129] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, labeling it scary and thrilling, yet unique and unforgettable, and adding that it "fills us with something rare in movies today—a sense of wonder."[130] The Village Voice's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it "manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle, but never indulgent or gratuitous."[131] The New York Times' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic.[132] Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King, calling him "baddie of the year."[133] Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba's portrayal of Shere Khan stating: "His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he'd be scary no matter what, but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy. We understand and appreciate his point-of-view, even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli."[114]
The film's visual effects and 3D photography were compared to those of Avatar, Gravity, Hugo, and Life of Pi.[116][124][134] Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film "is likely to evoke the same jaw-dropping reaction as James Cameron's box office topper."[135] Entertainment Weekly called it "one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D."[127] The film also had a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications,[136] such as The Times of India,[137] The Hindu,[138] India Today,[139] The Indian Express,[140] and The Economic Times.[141]
The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director's indecision to stick to one vision. Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote, "Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film's animated predecessor for plot, characterizations, songs, and set pieces, but doesn't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision".[142] Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings, saying that the film "stumbles because the people involved aren't willing to fully commit to either making a near-shot-for-shot remake or going in a completely different direction".[143] Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless, writing that "The better these talking beasts look, the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver. You admire The Jungle Book, but you can't lose yourself in it".[144]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by The Jungle Book (2016 film)
Sequel[edit]
Following the film's early financial and critical success, the studio has begun working on a sequel. Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role as Mowgli, while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return.[145] It was announced on April 25, 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write, and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back-to-back with a remake of The Lion King.[146][147][148] However, it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King.[149]
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^ Jump up to: a b Han, Angie (April 4, 2016). "'The Jungle Book' Early Buzz: Critics Go Wild for Disney's 3D Remake". /Film. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
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Jump up ^ WSJ Staff (April 15, 2016). "What Critics Are Saying About 'The Jungle Book,' 'Barbershop: The Next Cut' and 'Criminal'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Jungle Book (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Jungle Book Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (April 3, 2016). "'The Jungle Book': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barker, Andrew (April 3, 2016). "Film Review: 'The Jungle Book'". Variety. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Collin, Robbie (April 3, 2016). "Forget about your worries, this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense — review". The Telegraph. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Duralde, Alonso (April 3, 2016). "'The Jungle Book' Review: 'Babe' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake". The Wrap. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (April 12, 2016). "The Jungle Book review – spectacular revival of Disney's family favourite". The Guardian. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (April 11, 2016). "'The Jungle Book' Review: Disney's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Chris Nashawaty (April 12, 2016). "The Jungle Book: EW review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richard Roeper (April 12, 2016). "'The Jungle Book': It all looks real as boy meets talking animals". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan (April 14, 2016). "'Jungle Book' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking". Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Peter Travis (April 13, 2016). "MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri (April 12, 2016). "In 'The Jungle Book,' Disney Builds a Better Reboot". The Village Voice. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis (April 14, 2016). "Review: Recycled 'Jungle Book' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Cath (April 6, 2016). "The Jungle Book". Time Out. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (April 4, 2016). "Review: Disney's 'The Jungle Book' Is A Towering Visual Achievement". Forbes. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ward, Sarah (April 3, 2016). "'The Jungle Book': Review". Screen International. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mehta, Ankita (April 7, 2016). "'The Jungle Book' movie review round-up: What critics have to say about Neel Sethi-starrer". International Business Times. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rasquinha, Reagan Gavin (April 7, 2016). "The Jungle Book Movie Review". The Times of India. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ghosh, Sankhayan (April 7, 2016). "The Jungle Book: The law of the jungle prevails". The Hindu. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, Ananya (April 8, 2016). "The Jungle Book movie review: Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli". India Today. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Langer, Shalini (April 8, 2016). "The Jungle Book movie review, four stars". The Indian Express. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Balapurwala, Tasneem (April 8, 2016). "'The Jungle Book' review: A visual and aural treat!". The Economic Times. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book
Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/
Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (April 11, 2016). "'Jungle Book 2' in the Works With Jon Favreau, Justin Marks (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (April 25, 2016). "Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for 'Jungle Book 2,' 'Maleficent 2' and More". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (April 25, 2016). "Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies; Confirms 'Jungle Book 2,' 'Mary Poppins' Sequel". Variety. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Foutch, Haleigh (December 1, 2016). "Jon Favreau Offers Updates on 'The Lion King' and 'The Jungle Book 2'". Collider.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (March 21, 2017). "Sean Bailey On How Disney's Live-Action Division Found Its 'Beauty And The Beast' Mojo". Deadline.com. Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live-action musical version of The Lion King, one that will take the Jungle Book‘s photo-realistic technology further, and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original
External links[edit]
Disney portal
Film in the United States portal
Film portal
2010s portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Jungle Book (2016 film)
Official website
The Jungle Book on IMDb
The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo
The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes
The Jungle Book at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book
Books
The Jungle Book (1894)
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
All the Mowgli Stories (1933)
Mowgli stories
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
Other stories
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
Characters
Mowgli
Baloo
Bagheera
Akela
Raksha
Kaa
Hathi
Shere Khan
Bandar-log
King Louie
Disney franchise
Film
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Jungle Book (1994)
The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Television
TaleSpin (1990–91)
Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)
Soundtrack
"Colonel Hathi's March"
"The Bare Necessities"
"I Wan'na Be like You"
"Trust in Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"My Own Home"
"Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai"
Video games
The Jungle Book (1993)
The Jungle Book Groove Party (2000)
Other
The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic
Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost
Other adaptations
Film
Elephant Boy (1937)
Jungle Book (1942)
Adventures of Mowgli (1973)
The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo (1997)
Mowgli's First Adventure: In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond (1998)
Mowgli (2018)
Television
Elephant Boy (1973)
Mowgli's Brothers (1976)
Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli (1989–90)
episodes
Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998)
The Jungle Book (2010–)
Other
The Third Jungle Book (1992)
A dzsungel könyve
Djungelboken
Related
Law of the jungle
Mowgli syndrome
The Graveyard Book (2008)
[show]
v
t
e
The Sherman Brothers
Richard M. Sherman
Robert B. Sherman
Motion pictures
The Parent Trap (1961)
The Absent-Minded Professor (1961)
Greyfriars Bobby (1961)
Bon Voyage! (1962)
A Symposium on Popular Songs (1962)
In Search of the Castaways (1962)
Big Red (1962)
Moon Pilot (1962)
Summer Magic (1963)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964)
The Moon-Spinners (1964)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Those Calloways (1965)
The Monkey's Uncle (1965)
That Darn Cat! (1965)
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966)
Follow Me Boys (1966)
The Happiest Millionaire (1967)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin (1967)
The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band (1968)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968)
The Aristocats (1970)
Goldilocks (1971)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Snoopy, Come Home (1972)
Charlotte's Web (1973)
Tom Sawyer (1973)
Huckleberry Finn (1974)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974)
The Slipper and the Rose (1976)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Magic of Lassie (1978)
Magic Journeys (1982)
Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore (1983)
Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1992)
The Mighty Kong (1998)
Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Stage musicals
and musical revues
Victory Canteen (1971)
Over Here! (1974)
Dawgs (1983)
The Slipper and the Rose (1984)
Busker Alley (1994)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (2002)
On the Record (2004)
Mary Poppins (2004)
Merry-Go-Round workshop (2007)
A Spoonful of Sherman (2014)
Theme park
attractions
Golden Horseshoe Revue (1955)
King Arthur Carrousel (1955)
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room (1963)
It's a Small World (1966)
Adventure Thru Inner Space (1967)
Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress (1967)
Main Street Electrical Parade (1972)
America Sings (1974)
America on Parade (1975)
CommuniCore (1982)
Imagination! (1982)
Magic Journeys (1982)
The World Showcase March (1982)
Japan (Epcot) (1982)
Journey into Imagination (1983)
Meet the World (1983)
Innoventions (1998)
Rocket Rods (1998)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1999)
Disneyland Forever (2015)
Books
Walt's Time: from before to beyond (1998)
Moose: Chapters From My Life (2013)
Related
The Boys: The Sherman Brothers' Story (2009)
Saving Mr. Banks (2013)
The Jungle Book (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Jon Favreau
Made (2001)
Elf (2003)
Zathura: A Space Adventure (2005)
Iron Man (2008)
Iron Man 2 (2010)
Cowboys & Aliens (2011)
Chef (2014)
The Jungle Book (2016)
The Lion King (2019)
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film
The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973)
Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze (1974/75)
The Holes (1976)
Oh, God! (1977)
Heaven Can Wait (1978)
The Muppet Movie (1979)
Somewhere in Time (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
The Dark Crystal (1982)
Something Wicked This Way Comes (1983)
Ghostbusters (1984)
Ladyhawke (1985)
The Boy Who Could Fly (1986)
The Princess Bride (1987)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Ghost (1989/90)
Edward Scissorhands (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Babe (1995)
Dragonheart (1996)
Austin Powers (1997)
The Truman Show (1998)
Being John Malkovich (1999)
Frequency (2000)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Spider-Man 2 (2004)
Batman Begins (2005)
Superman Returns (2006)
Enchanted (2007)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
Watchmen (2009)
Alice in Wonderland (2010)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
Life of Pi (2012)
Her (2013)
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
Cinderella (2015)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)&oldid=843162074"
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A cement reservoir containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural Hainan Province, China. Note the bucket on a stick that the farmer uses to apply the mixture.
Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from animal matter, animal excreta (manure), human excreta, and vegetable matter (e.g. compost and crop residues).[1] Naturally occurring organic fertilizers include animal wastes from meat processing, peat, manure, slurry, and guano.
In contrast, the majority of fertilizers used in commercial farming are extracted from minerals (e.g., phosphate rock) or produced industrially (e.g., ammonia). Organic agriculture, a system of farming, allows for certain fertilizers and amendments and disallows others; that is also distinct from this topic.
Contents
[hide]
1 Examples and sources
1.1 Mineral
1.2 Animal sources
1.3 Plant
1.4 Treated sewage sludge
1.5 Urine
1.6 Others
2 See also
3 References
Examples and sources[edit]
Compost bin for small-scale production of organic fertilizer
A large commercial compost operation
The main organic fertilizers are, peat, animal wastes (often from slaughter houses), plant wastes from agriculture, and treated sewage sludge.[1]
Mineral[edit]
By some definitions, minerals are distinctly separate from organic materials. However, certain organic fertilizers and amendments are mined, specifically guano and peat, and other mined minerals are fossil products of animal activity, such as greensand (anaerobic marine deposits), some limestones (fossil shell deposits) and some rock phosphates, (fossil guano). Peat, a precursor to coal, offers no nutritional value to the plants, but improves the soil by aeration and absorbing water; it is sometimes credited as being the most widely used organic fertilizer and by volume is the top organic amendment.
Peat is the most widely used organic amendment.
Animal sources[edit]
These materials include the products of the slaughter of animals. Bloodmeal, bone meal, hides, hoofs, and horns are typical precursors.[1] fish meal, and feather meal are other sources.
Chicken litter, which consists of chicken manure mixed with sawdust, is an organic fertilizer that has been shown to better condition soil for harvest than synthesized fertilizer. Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) studied the effects of using chicken litter, an organic fertilizer, versus synthetic fertilizers on cotton fields, and found that fields fertilized with chicken litter had a 12% increase in cotton yields over fields fertilized with synthetic fertilizer. In addition to higher yields, researchers valued commercially sold chicken litter at a $17/ton premium (to a total valuation of $78/ton) over the traditional valuations of $61/ton due to value added as a soil conditioner.[2]
Plant[edit]
Processed organic fertilizers include compost, humic acid, amino acids, and seaweed extracts. Other examples are natural enzyme-digested proteins. Decomposing crop residue (green manure) from prior years is another source of fertility.
Other ARS studies have found that algae used to capture nitrogen and phosphorus runoff from agricultural fields can not only prevent water contamination of these nutrients, but also can be used as an organic fertilizer. ARS scientists originally developed the "algal turf scrubber" to reduce nutrient runoff and increase quality of water flowing into streams, rivers, and lakes. They found that this nutrient-rich algae, once dried, can be applied to cucumber and corn seedlings and result in growth comparable to that seen using synthetic fertilizers.[3]
Treated sewage sludge[edit]
Main article: Biosolids
Although night soil (from human excreta) was a traditional organic fertilizer, the main source of this type is nowadays treated sewage sludge, also known as biosolids.
Decomposing animal manure, an organic fertilizer source
Biosolids as soil amendment is only available to less than 1% of US agricultural land. Industrial pollutants in sewage sludge prevents recycling it as fertilizer. The USDA prohibits use of sewage sludge in organic agricultural operations in the U.S. due to industrial pollution, pharmaceuticals, hormones, heavy metals, and other factors.[4][5][6] The USDA now requires 3rd-party certification of high-nitrogen liquid organic fertilizers sold in the U.S.[7]
Sewage sludge use in organic agricultural operations in the U.S. has been extremely limited and rare due to USDA prohibition of the practice (due to toxic metal accumulation, among other factors).[8][9][10]
Urine[edit]
Further information: Reuse of excreta
Animal sourced urea and urea-formaldehyde from urine are suitable for organic agriculture; however, synthetically produced urea is not.[11] The common thread that can be seen through these examples is that organic agriculture attempts to define itself through minimal processing (e.g., via chemical energy such as petroleum — see Haber process), as well as being naturally occurring or via natural biological processes such as composting.
Others[edit]
Alfalfa
Ash[12]
Blood meal
Bone meal[13]
Compost
Cover crops
Fish emulsion[14]
Fish meal
Manure
Rock phosphate
Raw Langbeinite
Rockdust
Unprocessed natural potassium sulfate
Wood chips/sawdust[15]
PROM
See also[edit]
Biofertilizer
Organic hydroponic solutions
Reuse of excreta
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Heinrich Dittmar, Manfred Drach, Ralf Vosskamp, Martin E. Trenkel, Reinhold Gutser, Günter Steffens "Fertilizers, 2. Types" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2009, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01
Jump up ^ "Researchers Study Value of Chicken Litter in Cotton Production". 23 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Algae: A Mean, Green Cleaning Machine". USDA Agricultural Research Service. 7 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Organic Farming | Agriculture | US EPA". Epa.gov. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "CalOrganic Farms News". Calorganicfarms.com. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Biosolids: Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report". EPA.gov. January 2009.
Jump up ^ Schrack, Don (23 February 2009). "USDA Toughens Oversight of Organic Fertilizer: Organic fertilizers must undergo testing". The Packer. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Organic Farming | Agriculture | US EPA". Epa.gov. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ http://www.ewg.org/reports/sludgememo
Jump up ^ "CalOrganic Farms News". Calorganicfarms.com. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ "In a natural organic system, nitrate in the soil is derived from the gradual breakdown of humus". Ecochem.com. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Managing Potassium for Organic Crop Production" (PDF). CO State Extension.
Jump up ^ "Phosphorus Fertilizers for Organic Farming Systems". CO State Extension.
Jump up ^ "Maintaining Soil Fertility in an Organic Fruit and Vegetable Crops System". University of MN Extension.
Jump up ^ "Organic Materials as *Nitrogen Fertilizers". CO State Extension.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fertilizer.
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Plant nutrition / Fertilizer
Imbalances
Boron deficiency
Calcium deficiency
Iron deficiency
Magnesium deficiency
Manganese deficiency
Molybdenum deficiency
Nitrogen deficiency
Phosphorus deficiency
Potassium deficiency
Zinc deficiency
Micronutrient deficiency
Chlorosis
Fertilizer burn
Assimilation
Nitrogen assimilation
Phosphorus assimilation
Sulfur assimilation
Microbial assistance
Photorespiration
Methods
Fertigation
Fertilizer tree
Green manure
Hoagland solution
Hydroponic dosers
Living mulch
Nutrient budgeting
Nutrient management
Organic fertilizer
Plant tissue test
Miscellaneous
Soil fertility
Nutrient pollution
Soil pH
Agrobiology
Related concepts
Algal nutrient solutions
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