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Acre
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This article is about unit of area measure. For other uses, see Acre (disambiguation).
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Acre
Comparison of some Imperial and metric units of area
Unit information
Unit system
US customary units
Unit of
Area
Symbol
acre
Unit conversions
1 acre in ... ... is equal to ...
SI units
4,046.9 m2
The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is defined as the area of 1 chain by 1 furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 1⁄640 of a square mile, 43,560 square feet, approximately 4,047 m2, or about 40% of a hectare.
The acre is commonly used in Antigua and Barbuda,[1] American Samoa,[2] the Bahamas,[3] Belize,[4] the British Virgin Islands,[5] the Cayman Islands,[6] Canada,[7] Dominica,[8] the Falkland Islands,[9] Grenada,[10] Ghana,[citation needed] Guam,[11] the Northern Mariana Islands,[12] India,[citation needed] Sri Lanka,[citation needed]Bangladesh,[citation needed]Nepal,[citation needed] Ireland,[13] Jamaica,[14] Montserrat,[15] Myanmar,[citation needed] Pakistan,[citation needed] Samoa,[16] St. Lucia,[17] St. Helena,[18] St. Kitts and Nevis,[19] St. Vincent and the Grenadines,[20] Turks and Caicos,[21] the United Kingdom, the United States[citation needed] and the US Virgin Islands.[22]
The international symbol of the acre is ac. The most commonly used acre today is the international acre. In the United States both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use, but differ by only two parts per million; see below. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land. One international acre is defined as exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres.
An acre was defined in the Middle Ages as the area of land that could be ploughed in one day by a yoke of oxen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Differences between international and US survey acres
3 South Asia
4 Equivalence to other units of area
5 Historical origin
6 Legacy acres
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Description[edit]
One acre equals 0.0015625 square miles, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet[23] or about 4,047 square metres (0.4047 hectares) (see below). While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends on which yard it is based. Originally, an acre was understood as a selion of land sized at forty perches (660 ft, or 1 furlong) long and four perches (66 ft) wide;[24] this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in one day. A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches (63.63 metres) on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape; any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre.
Differences between international and US survey acres[edit]
In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the United States and five countries of the Commonwealth of Nations defined the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metres.[25] Consequently, the international acre is exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres.
Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain 1⁄640 of a square mile or 4,840 square yards, but alternative definitions of a yard are used (see survey foot and survey yard), so the exact size of an acre depends upon which yard it is based. The US survey acre is about 4,046.872609874252 square metres; its exact value (4046 13,525,426/15,499,969 m2) is based on an inch defined by 1 metre = 39.37 inches exactly, as established by the Mendenhall Order. Surveyors in the United States use both international and survey feet, and consequently, both varieties of acre.[26]
Since the difference between the US survey acre and international acre is only about a quarter of the size of an A4 sheet of paper (0.016 square metres, 160 square centimetres or 24.8 square inches), it is usually not important which one is being discussed. Areas are seldom measured with sufficient accuracy for the different definitions to be detectable.[27]
South Asia[edit]
In India, residential plots are measured in cents or decimal, which is one hundredth of an acre, or 435.60 square feet (40.469 m2). In Sri Lanka the division of an acre into 160 perches or 4 roods is common.[28]
Equivalence to other units of area[edit]
1 international acre is equal to the following metric units:
0.40468564224 hectare (A square with 100 m sides has an area of 1 hectare.)
4,046.8564224 square metres
1 United States survey acre is equal to:
0.404687261 hectare
4,046.87261 square metres (1 square kilometre is equal to 247.105 acres)
1 acre (both variants) is equal to the following customary units:
66 feet × 660 feet (43,560 square feet)
10 square chains (1 chain = 66 feet = 22 yards = 4 rods = 100 links)
1 acre is approximately 208.71 feet × 208.71 feet (a square)
4,840 square yards
43,560 square feet
160 perches. A perch is equal to a square rod (1 square rod is 0.00625 acre)
4 roods
A furlong by a chain (furlong 220 yards, chain 22 yards)
40 rods by 4 rods, 160 rods2 (historically fencing was often sold in 40 rod lengths[citation needed])
1⁄640 (0.0015625) square mile (1 square mile is equal to 640 acres)
Perhaps the easiest way for US residents to envision an acre is as a rectangle measuring 88 yards by 55 yards (1⁄10 of 880 yards by 1⁄16 of 880 yards), about 9⁄10 the size of a standard American football field.
The area of one acre (red) superposed on an American football field (green) and association football (soccer) pitch (blue).
To be more exact, one acre is 90.75% of a 100-yd-long by 53.33-yd-wide American football field (without the end zones). The full field, including the end zones, covers about 1.32 acres (0.53 ha).
For residents of other countries, the acre might be envisioned as approximately half of a 105-m-long by 68-m-wide association football (soccer) pitch.
It may also be remembered as 44,000 square feet, less 1%.
Historical origin[edit]
Farm-derived units of measurement:
The rod is a historical unit of length equal to 5½ yards. It may have originated from the typical length of a mediaeval ox-goad. There are 4 rods in one chain.
The furlong (meaning furrow length) was the distance a team of oxen could plough without resting. This was standardised to be exactly 40 rods or 10 chains.
An acre was the amount of land tillable by one man behind one ox in one day. Traditional acres were long and narrow due to the difficulty in turning the plough and the value of river front access.
An oxgang was the amount of land tillable by one ox in a ploughing season. This could vary from village to village, but was typically around 15 acres.
A virgate was the amount of land tillable by two oxen in a ploughing season.
A carucate was the amount of land tillable by a team of eight oxen in a ploughing season. This was equal to 8 oxgangs or 4 virgates.
The word "acre" is derived from Old English æcer originally meaning "open field", cognate to west coast Norwegian ækre and Swedish åker, German Acker, Dutch akker, Latin ager, Sanskrit ajr, and Greek αγρός (agros). In English, it was historically spelled aker.
The acre was roughly the amount of land tillable by a yoke of oxen in one day.[29] This explains one definition as the area of a rectangle with sides of length one chain and one furlong. A long, narrow strip of land is more efficient to plough than a square plot, since the plough does not have to be turned so often. The word "furlong" itself derives from the fact that it is one furrow long.
Before the enactment of the metric system, many countries in Europe used their own official acres. These were differently sized in different countries, for instance, the historical French acre was 4,221 square metres, whereas in Germany as many variants of "acre" existed as there were German states.
Statutory values for the acre were enacted in England, and subsequently, the United Kingdom, by acts of:
Edward I
Edward III
Henry VIII
George IV
Queen Victoria – the British Weights and Measures Act of 1878 defined it as containing 4,840 square yards.
Historically, the size of farms and landed estates in the United Kingdom was usually expressed in acres (or acres, roods, and perches), even if the number of acres was so large that it might conveniently have been expressed in square miles. For example, a certain landowner might have been said to own 32,000 acres of land, not 50 square miles of land.
The acre is related to the square mile, with 640 acres making up one square mile. One mile is 5280 feet (1760 yards). In western Canada and the western United States, divisions of land area were typically based on the square mile, and fractions thereof. If the square mile is divided into quarters, each quarter has a side length of 1⁄2 mile (880 yards) and is 1⁄4 square mile in area, or 160 acres. These subunits would typically then again be divided into quarters, with each side being 1⁄4 mile long, and being 1⁄16 of a square mile in area, or 40 acres. In the United States, farmland was typically divided as such, and the phrase "the back 40" would refer to the 40-acre parcel to the back of the farm. Most of the Canadian Prairie Provinces and the US Midwest are on square-mile grids for surveying purposes.
Legacy acres[edit]
Customary acre – The customary acre was a measure of roughly similar size to the acre described above, but it was subject to considerable local variation similar to the variation found in carucates, virgates, bovates, nooks, and farundels. However, there were more ancient measures that were also farthingales. These may have been multiples of the customary acre, rather than the statute acre.
Builder's acre – In US construction and real estate development, an area of 40,000 square feet. Used to simplify math and for marketing, it is nearly 10% smaller than a survey acre.
Scottish acre, one of a number of obsolete Scottish units of measurement
Irish acre = 7,840 square yards
Cheshire acre = 10,240 square yards[30]
stremma or Greek acre ≈ 10,000 square Greek feet, but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the zeugarion)[31]
dunam or Turkish acre ≈ 1,600 square Turkish paces, but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the çift)[31]
actus quadratus or Roman acre ≈ 14,400 square Roman feet (about 1,260 square metres)
God's Acre – a synonym for a churchyard.[32]
See also[edit]
Acre-foot
Anthropic units
Conversion of units
French arpent – also used in Louisiana as length and area unit of measure
Jugerum
a Morgen ("morning") of land is usually set at 2⁄3 of a Tagwerk ("day work") of ploughing with an ox
Public Land Survey System
Quarter acre
Section (United States land surveying)
Spanish customary units
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "2,225-acre Cobia farm proposed near Lark and Bugle Cayes | Amandala Newspaper". amandala.com.bz. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Work continues on development". bvibeacon.com. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kai drama over 50-acre development :: cayCompass.com". compasscayman.com. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canada Farms and Ranches for sale, Canada Acreage for Sale, Canada Lots for Sale at LandWatch.com". landwatch.com. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dominica not meeting quota for international banana markets | Dominica News Online". dominicanewsonline.com. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Farm Yarns with Elaine – Farm yarns with Elaine Turner – Part 13". penguin-news.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Grenada Broadcast – George Grant – THE GRENADA SPICES INDUSTRY". grenadabroadcast.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Local News | Pacific Daily News". guampdn.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Saipan Tribune. SaipanTribune.com https://web.archive.org/web/20131017024119/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=15&newsID=126803. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Irish Statute Book, Metrology Act 1996, pp22". Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tropicrop%20Mushrooms%20Ltd%20v%20Saint%20Thomas%20Parish%20Council%2C%20etal.pdf" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Beresford Allen of St. Peters Montserrat is a Wanted Man! | The Montserrat Reporter". themontserratreporter.com. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Conflicting stories about Nu'u estate". samoaobserver.ws. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Voice – The national newspaper of St. Lucia since 1885". thevoiceslu.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "FEATURE: We built an island dream on our own St Helena | St Helena Online". sthelenaonline.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "SIDF Sinks SKN Passport Money into Christophe Harbour :: The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer". thestkittsnevisobserver.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "PM vows to spend rest of life seeking reparations – I-Witness News". iwnsvg.com. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Government gets $8million from Emerald Cay sale". suntci.com. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Proposed dolphin facility will enclose about 2 acres of Water Bay – News – Virgin Islands Daily News". m.virginislandsdailynews.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (n.d.) General Tables of Units of Measurement Archived 26 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Klein, Herbert Arthur (3 December 2012). The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey. Courier Corporation. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-486-14497-9. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
Jump up ^ National Bureau of Standards. (1959). Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound.
Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey, (January 1991), "Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983.
Jump up ^ Minimum Standard Detail Requirements For ALTA/ACSM Land Title Surveys Archived 4 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Federick, MD: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. 2011. [The standard uses "precision" in a sense more typically used for "accuracy"; the stated maximum allowable "precision" (page 3) is 2 cm and 50 parts per million. An instrument consistently measuring 2 cm short would measure the area of a one international acre square, 63.614907 m on a side, as 4044.3 square metres, 2.6 square metres less than the true value, a far greater discrepancy than the difference between the international and survey acres.]
Jump up ^ "SRI LANKA". webcache.googleusercontent.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "acre, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. December 2011.
Jump up ^ Holland, Robert. (1886). A glossary of words used in the County of Chester. London: Trübner for the English Dialect Society. p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Malcolm, Noel (1999). Kosovo: A Short History. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-097775-7.
Jump up ^ "God's Acre – Definition of God's acre by Merriam-Webster".
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Acre (land measure).
The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 (United Kingdom)
Cockeyed.com presents "How much is inside an acre?"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acre&oldid=825430434"
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Tapioca balls
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Tapioca balls
Tapioca balls are a product that comes from tapioca, a starch which is in turn extracted from the cassava root.[1] They are also known as boba (a transliteration of the word “bubble”) or “pearls” in bubble tea. Some boba are five-to-ten-millimeter starch balls, consisting of sweet potato powder, potato powder, or jelly. By adding different ingredients—water, sugar and seasoning—tapioca balls can be made to vary in color and in texture. Tapioca balls are typically neutral in flavor and gel easily, making it often used as a thickening agent in foods like pudding.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Name origin
2 Popularity
3 Manufacturing
3.1 Preparation of wet flour
3.2 Gelatinization
3.3 Drying
3.4 Freezing
4 Preparation for consumption
5 Additives
5.1 Additives permitted as domestic food
5.1.1 Taiwan
5.2 Additives permitted as imported food
5.2.1 Philippines
5.2.2 Singapore
5.3 Controversy
6 Jelly Tapioca Pearls (or Frog Egg Drink)
7 References
Name origin[edit]
In Taiwan, it is more common for people to refer to bubble tea as pearl milk tea (zhēn zhū nǎi chá, 珍珠奶茶) because originally small 1/12” tapioca pearls were used. It was only when one tea shop owner—in an attempt to make his tea stand out—decided to use larger tapioca balls and chose a more provocative name, “boba,” to represent the difference. In Chinese, the word boba, 波霸, is a combination of a word for bubble and a word for big, which, when found together, is slang for “big breasts” or “buxom lady.” When used to describe the drink, the characters 波霸奶茶 directly translate to boba milk tea, and loosely to bubble milk tea. This translation is commonly used by English speakers and refers to the variant with 1/4" tapioca pearls.[3]
Popularity[edit]
Bubble tea has gained widespread popularity in recent years across Europe, and Germany in particular, after already converting young people across North America. McDonald's restaurants in Germany have begun selling the dessert beverage as part of its revamped McCafé menu.[4]
Manufacturing[edit]
Tapioca pearls are derived as baked tapioca products, which are obtained from heat treatment of the moist cassava starch in shallow pans.
Preparation of wet flour[edit]
To create pearls, tapioca starch/flour is mixed with boiling water until a kneadable consistency is achieved. The dough is cut and rolled into a spherical shape. One method of achieving the correct shape is called the gangsor method. The starch is inserted into a long, cylindrical twill cloth bag and a jerking motion is used to toss the starch lumps back and forth. The lumps will become more firm and gain a more spherical shape. The process is repeated until the pearls have roughly become the desired size. Afterwards, the pearls will be sorted according to size.
Another method is to feed the moist flour into open cylindrical pans, which rotate for a certain amount of time and at a specific speed to form the pearls.[5]
Gelatinization[edit]
Traditionally, during heat treatment, the temperature is kept moderate so that only the surface layer of the lumps of the moist starch begins to gelatinize, and this process is described as gelatinization. One process of gelatinization is performed by placing the pearls inside shallow pans, which are then placed inside a brick oven. The pans are covered with a towel soaked in oil or fat to prevent burning the starch. While the pearls are heated over a moderate fire, it is stirred continuously with large forks to prevent burning. When this hand-baking process is applied to manufacture pearls, irregularly shaped beads may be obtained, inferior in colour and in other qualities.
In order to produce first-rate products, the starch beads are poured onto plates in a thick layer, and the plates is slowly drawn through a tunnel charged with steam. In this way, uniform gelatinization is ensured.[5]
Drying[edit]
During the gelatinization process, the moisture content does not change very much so another drying stage is required to achieve the desired moisture content of 12%. Drying is done in a chamber drier and when drying, it must have an initial temperature of below 40 °C to avoid further gelatinization.[5]
Freezing[edit]
Other than drying, freezing could also be used to preserve pearls before consumption. After gelatinization, the pearls are soaked in ice water to decrease the viscosity and enhance its chewiness. Afterwards, it should be frozen using a quick freezing device, such as an air-blast freezer, or through an individual quick freezing process to avoid pearls from sticking together. [6] One important note is that retrogradation happens quickest at near 0 °C temperatures, which would lead to tougher pearls, so it is best to minimize the time that the pearls spend in that temperature range and freeze the pearls to lower temperatures quickly. [7]
Preparation for consumption[edit]
Consumers and food retail establishments can purchase raw tapioca starch and create their own pearls, or they can purchase partially cooked pearls, which have already gone through the gelatinization process. Raw tapioca pearls usually require 45 minutes of boiling whereas partially-cooked tapioca pearls require 30 minutes. To ensure chewy texture, the pearls are then cooled for approximately 20 minutes. One can verify whether the pearls are ready to serve is by taking a pearl and chewing it, making sure it is well-cooked all the way to the center.
In addition to the shorter cooking time, another benefit of partially cooked tapioca is that it lasts longer, with a shelf life of 8 months compared with the shelf life of 6 months for raw tapioca. Cooked tapioca pearls should only be kept for around 4-6 hours. When serving tapioca pearls, please note that the pearls will harden once it is submerged in water and will eventually soften and lump together. Lumping of tapioca pearls can be avoided by stirring and adding sugar.[8]
Additives[edit]
To support to the creation of tapioca pearls, some additives are used, especially during the tapioca flour making process.
Sulfuric acid is added as a bleaching agent and helps to speed up the process of making flour.
Aluminum sulfate is useful for increasing the viscosity of the flour.
Sulfur dioxide is used to separate the starch from other unwanted substances as well as acting as a bleaching agent, and regulating microbial and enzymatic reactions.
Chlorine helps to create a higher quality flour and also has disinfecting and bleaching properties.
The tables below list permitted additives in tapioca pearl products regulated under different regions.
Additives permitted as domestic food[edit]
Taiwan[edit]
Starch-specific Additives[9]
Categories
Additives
Starch Modifying Agents
Sodium Trimetaphosphate, Azodicarbonamide, Benzoyl Peroxide, Sodium γ-Polyglutamate
Bleaching, Maturing and Dough Conditioning Agents
Potassium Sulfite, Sodium Sulfite(Anhydrous), Sodium Bisulfite, Sodium Hydrosulfite, Potassium Metabisulfite, Potassium Bisulfite, Sodium Metabisulfite
Coloring Agents
Caramel Colors
General Additives[9]
Categories
Additives
Antioxidants
L-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Sodium L-Ascorbate, L-Ascorbyl Stearate, L-Ascorbyl Palmitate, Erythorbic Acid, Sodium Erythorbate, dl-α-Tocopherol( Vitamin E), Calcium L-Ascorbate, Mixed Tocopherols Concentrate, d-α-Tocopherol Concentrate
Leavening Agent
Potassium Alum, Sodium Alum, Burnt Potassium Alum, Ammonium Alum, Burnt Ammonium Alum, Ammonium Chloride, Potassium Bitartrate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Ammonium Carbonate, Ammonium Bicarbonate, Potassium Carbonate, Baking Powder, Acidic Sodium Aluminum Phosphate, Burnt Sodium Alum
pH Adjusting Agents, Acid-Reacting Materials and Water Correcting Agents
Calcium Chloride, Calcium Hydroxide, Calcium Sulfate, Calcium Gluconate, Calcium Citrate, Monobasic Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, Dibasic(Anhydrous) Calcium Phosphate, Tribasic Calcium Phosphate, Calcium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate, Calcium Glycerophosphate, Calcium Lactate, Calcium Stearoyl Lactylate, Ammonium Carbonate, Potassium Carbonate, (Anhydrous) Sodium Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Ammonium Sulfate, Sodium Sulfate, Magnesium Stearate, Magnesium Sulfate, Magnesium Chloride, Monobasic Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic Ammonium Phosphate, Monobasic Potassium Phosphate, Dibasic Potassium Phosphate, Tribasic Potassium Phosphate, Monobasic Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic(Anhydrous) Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic( Anhydrous) Sodium Phosphate, Tribasic Sodium Phosphate, Tribasic( Anhydrous) Sodium Phosphate, Potassium Metaphosphate, Sodium Metaphosphate, Potassium Polyphosphate, Sodium Polyphosphate, (Anhydrous) Sodium Acetate, Glycerol, Sodium Stearyl 2-Lactylate, Bentonite, Aluminum Silicate, Diatomaceous Earth, Talc, Sodium Silicoaluminate, Silicon Dioxide, Calcium Oxide, Potassium Bicarbonate, Stearic Acid, Adipic Acid, Aluminum Sulfate, Perlite, Sodium Stearate, Potassium Stearate, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose( Propylene Glycol Ether of Methylcellulose),Polydextrose, Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate, Potassium Pyrophosphate, Sodium Pyrophosphate, Sodium Pyrophosphate (Anhydrous), Anhydrous Calcium Chloride, D-Sorbitol Solution 70%, D-Xylitol, D-Mannitol, Maltitol, Maltitol Syrup (Hydrogenated Glucose Syrup), Isomalt (Hydrogenated Palatinose), Lactitol, Erythritol
Nutrient Additives
Triglyceryl Linoleate, L-HistidineMono-hydrochloride, L-Isoleucine, etc.
Coloring Agents
Cochineal Red A (New Coccin), Erythrosine, Erythrosine Aluminum Lake, Tartrazine, Tartrazine Aluminum Lake, Sunset Yellow FCF, Sunset Yellow FCF Aluminum Lake, Fast Green FCF, Fast Green FCF Aluminum Lake, Brilliant Blue FCF, Brilliant Blue FCF Aluminum Lake, Indigo Carmine, Indigo Carmine Aluminum Lake, β-Carotene, β-Apo-8'-Carotena, Ethyl β-Apo-8'-Carotenoat, Canthaxanthin, Laccaic Acid, Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin, Iron Oxides, Allura Red AC, Titanium Dioxide, Allura Red AC Aluminum Lake, Synthetic Lycopene, Cochineal Red A Aluminum Lake( New Coccine Aluminum Lake)
Flavor Enhancer
Ethyl Acetate, Butyl Acetate, Benzyl Acetate, Phenylethyl Acetate, Terpinyl Acetate, Cinnamyl Acetate, Geranyl Acetate, Citronellyl Acetate, Linalyl Acetate, Isoamyl Acetate, etc.
Sweetener
D-Sorbitol, 70％ D-SorbitolSolution, D-Xylitol, Glycyrrhizin, Trisodium Glycyrrhizinate, D-Mannitol, Aspartame, Licorice Extracts, etc.
Flavors
MonosodiumL-Aspartate, Fumaric Acid, MonosodiumFumarate, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Succinic Acid, MonosodiumSuccinate, Disodium Succinate, L-Glutamic Acid, MonosodiumL-Glutamate, etc.
Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing and Thickening Agents
Casein, Sodium Caseinate, Calcium Caseinate, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Calcium Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Acid-Modified Starch, Methyl Cellulose, Sodium Polyacrylate, Carrageenan, Xanthan Gum, Alginic Acid, etc.
Additives permitted as imported food[edit]
Philippines[edit]
Philippine National Standard Dried cassava chips and grates for food[10]
Categories
Additives
Flavor Enhancer, Sweetener
Acesulfame Potassium, Phosphates
Antioxidant
Ascorbyl Esters, Phosphates, BHA
Color
Caramel Colors, Phosphates, Allura Red AC, Azorubine, Brilliant Black PN, Brilliant Blue FCF, Canthaxanthin, Carmines
Acidity Regulator, Firming Agent, Raising Agent
Adipates, Phosphates
Preservative
Benzoates
Singapore[edit]
Singapore Food Regulation[10]
Categories
Additives
Flavor Enhancer, Sweetener
Acesulfame-K, Saccharin, Cyclamates(as cyclamic acid), Neotame, Sucralose
Controversy[edit]
German researchers from University Hospital Aachen tested the tapioca pearls from an unnamed Taiwanese chain. According to the Daily News, the report showed that carcinogenic chemicals were found in the samples. Chemicals found included styrene, acetophenone, and brominated substances, which were not permitted as food additives.[11] Another German study found carcinogenic PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, in the starchy balls as well.[12]
But the German reports didn’t specify the amount of substances they found in the tapioca pearls, and were not published in peer-reviewed medical or scientific journals. That is saying the accuracy of the results are not ensured[13].
Phthalates is a chemical added to plastics used for the purpose of strengthening plastic’s flexibility, durability, longevity and transparency. In 2011 there was a discovery of phthalates inside sold Canadian beverages. It was surprisingly found in processed food items such as concentrated juice beverages, tea drinks, and other food supplements. This low cost substance had replaced regular food additives, which would normally be an emulsifier for the contents inside the drinks to generate a more attractive and natural appearance. Over-consumption of these harmful compounds can lead to very serious negative health effects such as endocrine disruption, malformation of reproductive organs, infertility and abnormal neurodevelopment. It is important to know that the maximum daily intake for this chemical is 0.05 mg/kg/day for a 70 kg body weight individual. Fortunately, the study has shown that some beverages contain insufficient amount of phthalates levels that will not exceed the daily limit. In high concentrations, it could modify the product's appearance significantly as well. [14]
Jelly Tapioca Pearls (or Frog Egg Drink)[edit]
“Jelly tapioca pearls” are a kind of flavored tapioca ball. They get their Mandarin name, “frog eggs,” because they appear white in the center after cooking. Vendors who sell the drink usually add some syrup or creamer before serving, or serve it on top of shaved ice.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Editor, Julie R. Thomson Senior; Taste; Post, The Huffington (2015-07-13). "So What Exactly Is Tapioca, Anyway?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
Jump up ^ "The Scoop on Tapioca: Origin, Uses, and More". About.com Food. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Bubble Tea: 25 Things You Didn't Know | Eat This Not That". Eat This Not That. 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
Jump up ^ Bennett-Smith, Meredith (2012-09-05). "Bubble Tea Tapioca Pearls May Cause Cancer, Study Says". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cassava processing - Cassava flour and starch, Baked tapioca products, Cassava products for animal feeding, Cassava starch factories". www.fao.org.
Jump up ^ US application 20140335244, Shih-Ting Chen & Chin-Hua Chiang, "Frozen instant tapioca pearls and method for manufacturing the same", published 2014-11-13, assigned to Fong Chen Frozen Food Co., Ltd.
Jump up ^ US grant 6455091, Patrick Po-Yung Ling & Janie Huoy-Jen Lai, "Time saving method for preparing tapioca starch balls and the product thereof", published 2002-09-24
Jump up ^ "The Nature of Tapioca Pearls". www.bruceandclark.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "附表一食品添加物使用範圍及限量" (PDF). 食品藥物消費者知識服務網.
^ Jump up to: a b 林詠萱; 王素梅. "飲冰品原料外銷法規研析Study on Food Import Regulation of Drink Ingredients in Philippines, Singapore and Australia" (PDF). 臺北市食材登錄平台. 台北市政府衛生局.
Jump up ^ "Bubble Tea Tapioca Pearls May Cause Cancer, Study Says". HuffPost Canada. 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bubble tea can contain carcinogens, researchers claim". CTVNews. 6 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Be Well: Tapioca Pearl Problems". @berkeleywellness.
Jump up ^ Truong, Nicole; Karakilic, Vanessa; Soulsbury, Kevin. "Detection of DEHP in beverages sold in Canada using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Bcit Environmental Health Journal.
Jump up ^ "Taiwan Night Market Snacks". dfll.nchu.edu.tw. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
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Mozambique Drill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Mozambique Drill,[1] also known as the Failure Drill or Failure to Stop drill, is a close-quarters shooting technique that requires the shooter to fire twice into the torso of a target (known as a double tap to center of mass), and follow up with a more difficult head shot that, if properly placed, will instantly stop the target.[2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Theory and technique
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
According to anecdotal history, the technique originated with a Rhodesian mercenary, Mike Rousseau, engaged in the Mozambican War of Independence (1964-1974). Fighting at the airport at Lourenço Marques (modern-day Maputo), Rousseau rounded a corner and encountered a FRELIMO guerrilla, armed with an AK-47 assault rifle, at 10 paces. Rousseau immediately brought up his Browning HP35 pistol and performed a double tap maneuver, a controlled shooting technique in which the shooter makes two quick shots, to the target's torso. Rousseau hit the target on either side of the sternum, usually enough to incapacitate or kill outright. Seeing that the guerrilla was still advancing, Rousseau attempted a head shot that hit the guerrilla through the base of his neck, severing the spinal cord. Rousseau related the story to an acquaintance, small arms expert Jeff Cooper, founder of the Gunsite Academy shooting school, who incorporated the "Mozambique Drill" into his modern technique shooting method.[1][3][5]
The Mozambique Drill was incorporated in the Gunsite curriculum from the late 1970s. In 1980, two Los Angeles Police Department SWAT officers, Larry Mudgett and John Helms, attended pistol training at Gunsite and received permission from Cooper to teach the technique to the LAPD, and to rename it the Failure Drill (concerned that "Mozambique" might have racist overtones).[3]
Theory and technique[edit]
The Mozambique Drill is intended to ensure that the target is immediately stopped, by first placing two shots into the larger, easier-to-hit mass of the upper body, then, if the target is still active, following with a third, more precisely aimed and difficult head shot. Due to factors such as body armor, the bolstering effect of drugs, or failure to hit vital organs, the body shots may not be immediately effective, necessitating the third shot. To guarantee instant incapacitation by impacting the brain and central nervous system, the head shot must be delivered to the area between eyebrows and upper lip, otherwise, various bony areas of the skull could deflect the bullet.[3]
In popular culture[edit]
In the 1984 episode Hit List (a.k.a Calderone's Return Pt I) of the television series Miami Vice, actor and firearms expert Jim Zubiena plays a hitman and delivers a Mozambique Tap to a handyman of one of his victims.[6] Jim Zubiena later performed the technique again in a 1998 episode of Nash Bridges.[7]
In the 1988 latin telenovela Semidios (telenovela), the Mozambique Drill is used by a vietnam war veteran portrayed by famous action hero Patricio Achurra, in order to dispatch two mercenaries.
In the 1995 film Heat, the Mozambique Drill is used by a character to kill an unarmed prisoner.
In the 2004 film Collateral, the Mozambique Drill is the antagonist's preferred killing technique, and is used several times, including in a scene where said antagonist is confronted by two enemies at gunpoint.[8]
In the fourth episode of Season 2 (2007) of the television show Dexter, while investigating a crime scene, Sgt. James Doakes sees the style in which a victim was murdered and comments that "she was Mozambiqued."[9]
In the second episode of the first season of the TV series Southland, named Mozambique, the technique is mentioned and explained.
In the 2014 film John Wick, the eponymous protagonist employs this technique during a scene at a night club.
In the 2016 film The Accountant, a character kills several enemies using this technique (two in the chest, one in the head) coherently with his preference for number 3.
It is used in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, a 2009 first-person shooter, in which Alexandro Rojas' bodyguard uses it to drop two gunmen threatening him at the beginning of Takedown.
Used in the Halo novel Contact Harvest: it is employed by United Space Marine Corps to slaughter a group of Insurrectionists.
It is used in the Frederick Forsyth political/thriller novel The Cobra, in which said character is killed in this technique by a Mexican gangster.
In ninth episode of the second season of the TV series Magnum, P.I., named Mad Buck Gibson, Higgins identifies the shooting pattern Buck Gibson used as the international Mozambique pattern.[10]
See also[edit]
Practical shooting
Stopping power
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Oldale, John (2012). A World of Curiosities: Surprising, Interesting, and Downright Unbelievable Facts from Every Nation on the Planet. Penguin. See section on Mozambique.
Jump up ^ Burleson, Tony Lee (2012). The Survival Code and Situational Awareness: Teaching the Instructed. Trafford. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1466929104.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wilson, Sheriff Jim (10 November 2011). "Failure Drill". Shooting Illustrated. National Rifle Association. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lesson Plan: Immediate Target Engagement (CMC-22 Combat Marksmanship Coaches Course 08/12/2008)". United States Marine Corps. 21 February 2008. p. 7. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Boatman, Robert (2004-02-26). "Jeff Cooper's Mozambique Drill". Jeffcoopersmozambiquedrill.blogspot.ca. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Shooting Dice Blog". 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
Jump up ^ "miamiviceonline.com". Retrieved 2017-07-28.
Jump up ^ Inouye, Kevin (2014). The Theatrical Firearms Handbook. CRC Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780415733984.
Jump up ^ ""Dexter" See-Through (2007)". IMDB.
Jump up ^ "Magnum Mania! - Episode Guide - Mad Buck Gibson".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mozambique_Drill&oldid=840923953"
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