text:
Units of paper quantity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Various measures of paper quantity have been and are in use. Although there are no S.I. units such as quires and bales, there are ISO[1] and DIN[2] standards for the ream. Expressions used here include U.S. Customary units.
Contents
[hide]
1 Units
2 Quire
2.1 Nomenclature
2.2 History
3 Ream
3.1 Nomenclature
3.2 History
4 Bundle
5 Bale
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Units[edit]
Writing paper measurements[citation needed]
25 sheets = 1 quire
500 sheets = 20 quires = 1 ream
1,000 sheets = 40 quires = 2 reams = 1 bundle
5,000 sheets = 200 quires = 10 reams = 5 bundles = 1 bale
'Short' paper measurements[3]
24 sheets = 1 'short' quire
480 sheets = 20 'short' quires = 1 'short' ream
960 sheets = 40 'short' quires = 2 'short' reams = 1 'short' bundle
4,800 sheets = 200 'short' quires = 10 'short' reams = 5 'short' bundles = 1 'short' bale
Posters and printing measurements[citation needed]
516 sheets (= 21½ 'short' quires) = 1 printer's ream
1,032 sheets = 2 printer's reams = 1 printer's bundle
5,160 sheets = 5 printer's bundles = 1 printer's bale
Cover and Index paper
250 sheets = 1 ream[citation needed]
Quire[edit]
A quire of paper is a measure of paper quantity. The usual meaning is 25 sheets of the same size and quality: 1⁄20 of a ream of 500 sheets. Quires of 25 sheets are often used for machine-made paper, while quires of 24 sheets are often used for handmade or specialised paper of 480-sheet reams. (As an old UK and US measure, in some sources, a quire was originally 24 sheets.[4]) Quires of 15, 18 or 20 sheets have also been used, depending on the type of paper.
Nomenclature[edit]
The current word "quire" derives from OE "quair" or "guaer", from OF "quayer", "cayer", (cf. modern Fr. cahier), from L. quaternum, "by fours", "fourfold". Later, when bookmaking switched to using paper and it became possible to easily stitch 5 to 7 sheets at a time, the association of "quaire" with "four" was quickly lost.
History[edit]
In the Middle Ages, a quire (also called a "gathering") was most often formed of 4 folded sheets of vellum or parchment, i.e. 8 leaves, 16 sides. The term "quaternion" (or sometimes quaternum) designates such a quire. A quire made of a single folded sheet (i.e. 2 leaves, 4 sides) is a "bifolium" (plural "bifolia"); a "binion" is a quire of two sheets (i.e. 4 leaves, 8 sides); and a "quinion" is five sheets (10 leaves, 20 sides). This last meaning is preserved in the modern Italian term for quire, quinterno di carta.
Formerly, when paper was packed at the paper mill, the top and bottom quires were made up of slightly damaged sheets ("outsides") to protect the good quires ("insides"). These outside quires were known as "cassie quires" (from Fr. cassée, "broken"), or "cording quires" and had only 20 sheets to the quire.[5] The printer William Caslon in a book published in 1770 mentions both 24- and 25-sheet quires; he also details printer's wastage, and the sorting and recycling of damaged cassie quires.[6] An 1826 French manual on typography complained that cording quires (usually containing some salvageable paper) from the Netherlands barely contained a single good sheet.[7][Note 1]
It also became the name for any booklet small enough to be made from a single quire of paper. Simon Winchester, in The Surgeon of Crowthorne, cites a specific number, defining quire as "a booklet eight pages thick." Several European words for quire keep the meaning of "book of paper": Ger. Buch von Papier, Dan. bog papir, Du. bock papier.
In blankbook binding, quire is a term indicating 80 pages.
Ream[edit]
15 reams of paper
A ream of paper is a quantity of sheets of the same size and quality. International standards organizations define the ream as 500 identical sheets.[1][2][Note 2] This ream of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) is also known as a 'long' ream, and is gradually replacing the old value of 480 sheets, now known as a 'short' ream. Reams of 472 and 516 sheets are still current,[8] but in retail outlets paper is typically sold in reams of 500. As an old UK and US unit, a perfect ream was equal to 516 sheets.[4]
Certain types of specialist papers such as tissue paper, greaseproof paper, handmade paper, and blotting paper are still sold (especially in the UK) in 'short' reams of 480 sheets (20 quires of 24 sheets). However, the commercial use of the word 'ream' for quantities of paper other than 500 is now deprecated by such standards as ISO 4046.[1] In Europe, the DIN 6730 standard for Paper and Board includes a definition of 1 ream of A4 80gsm (80 g/m2) paper equals 500 sheets.[2]
Nomenclature[edit]
The word 'ream' derives from Old French reyme, from Spanish resma, from Arabic rizmah "bundle" (of paper), from rasama, "collect into a bundle". (The Moors brought manufacture of cotton paper to Spain.) Early variant rym (late 15c.) suggests a Dutch influence.[9] (cf. Du. riem), probably during the time of Spanish Habsburg control of the Netherlands.
History[edit]
The number of sheets in a ream has varied locally over the centuries, often according to the size and type of paper being sold. Reams of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) were known in England in c1594;[10] in 1706 a ream was defined as 20 quires, either 24 or 25 sheets to the quire.[11] In 18th- and 19th-century Europe, the size of the ream varied widely. In Lombardy a ream of music paper was 450 or 480 sheets; in Britain, Holland and Germany a ream of 480 sheets was common; in the Veneto it was more frequently 500. Some paper manufacturers counted 546 sheets (21 quires of 26 sheets).[12] J.S. Bach's manuscript paper at Weimar was ordered by the ream of 480 sheets.[13] In 1840, a ream in Lisbon was 17 quires and 3 sheets = 428 sheets, and a double ream was 18 quires and 2 sheets = 434 sheets; and in Bremen, blotting or packing paper was sold in reams of 300 (20 quires of 15 sheets).[14] A mid-19th century Milanese-Italian dictionary has an example for a risma (ream) as being either 450 or 480 sheets.[15]
In the UK in 1914, paper was sold using the following reams:[16]
472 sheets – Mill ream (18 short quires of 24 sheets of 'insides', 2 cording quires of 20 sheets of 'outsides')
480 sheets – (20 short quires of 24 sheets) – now called 'short' ream (As an old UK and US measure, in some sources, a ream was previously equal to 480 sheets.[4])
500 sheets – (20 quires of 25 sheets) – now also called 'long' ream
504 sheets – Stationer's ream (21 short quires)
516 sheets – Printer's ream (21½ short quires) – also called 'perfect ream'
Reams of 500 sheets were mostly used only for newsprint.[16] Since the late 20th century, the 500-sheet ream has become the de facto international standard.
Bundle[edit]
A paper bundle is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 1,000 sheets. A bundle consists of 2 reams or 40 quires. As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 960 sheets.[4]
When referring to chipboard, there are two standards in the US.
In general, a package of approximately 50 pounds of chipboard is called a bundle. Thus, a bundle of 22 point chipboard (0.022" thick) 24" × 38", with each sheet weighing 0.556 pounds, contains 90 sheets.
However, chipboard sold in size 11" × 17" and smaller is packaged and sold as bundles of 25 pounds.
Bale[edit]
A paper bale is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 5,000 sheets. A bale consists of 5 bundles, 10 reams or 200 quires.[17] As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 4800 sheets.[4]
See also[edit]
History of paper
History of printing
Paper density
Paper size
Book size
Octavo
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A note on the flyleaf of this copy states that this edition was pirated from Didot's 1st ed. of 1825; see pp. 235–236, especially in respect of the examples of proof-reader's corrections on pp. 162–163
Jump up ^ ISO 4046 (see References) defines the ream as "a pack of 500 identical sheets of paper" and appends a note: "In many countries it is common practice to use the term "ream" for other quantities, for example 480 sheets, thus affecting the quire. For quantities other than 500 sheets, a different term, such as "pack", should be used."
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c ISO 4046-3:2002 Paper, board, pulps and related terms – Vocabulary – Part 3: Paper-making terminology (2002), quoted in ISO 22414:2004(E) Paper – Cut-size office paper – Measurement of edge quality (2004) Geneva:ISO.
^ Jump up to: a b c Papier und Pappe: DIN 6730:2011-02: Begriffe (Paper and board: vocabulary) (2011) (in German). Berlin: Beuth Verlag.
Jump up ^ 1998 Mead Composition Notebook 'Useful Information'.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cardarelli, F. (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins. London: Springer. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4471-1122-1.
Jump up ^ Zupko, Ronald Edward (1985). A dictionary of weights and measures for the British Isles: the Middle Ages to the twentieth century. Volume 168 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-87169-168-2. Archived from the original on 2017-08-17.
Jump up ^ Luckombe, Philip; Caslon, William (1770). A concise history of the origin and progress of printing: with practical instructions to the trade in general, compiled from those who have wrote on this curious art. London: W. Adlard and J. Browne. p. 492. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Brun, Marcelin Aimé (1826). Manuel pratique et abrégé de la typographie française (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: P-M. de Vroom, Rue de Louvain. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Prytherch, Raymond John (2005). Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management (10th, revised ed.). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-7546-4038-7. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hall, Hubert; Nicholas, Frieda J. (1929). Selected tracts and table books relating to English weights and measures (1100–1742). Camden Third Series Vol. 41, Royal Historical Society: Volume XV of Camden miscellany. Royal Historical Society, for the Camden Society (Great Britain).
Jump up ^ Chamberlayne, John, John (1710). Magnae Britanniae Notitia: or, the present state of Great-Britain: with divers remarks upon the antient state thereof, Volume 1. London: T. Goodwin, M. Wotton, B. Jooke. p. 168. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Rasch, Rudolf (2005). Music publishing in Europe 1600-1900: concepts and issues bibliography. BWV Verlag. p. 109. ISBN 978-3-8305-0390-3. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Wolff, Christoph (2000). Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 167.
Jump up ^ Doursther, Horace (1840). Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes: contenant des tables des monnaies de tous les pays (in French). Paris: M. Hayez, imprimeur de l'Académie royale. pp. 242, 462. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03.
Jump up ^ Cherubini, Francesco (1841). Vocabulario milanese-italiano, Volumes 3-4 (in Italian). Milan: Imp. regia stamperia. p. 56. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Dawe, Edward A (1914). Paper and its uses: a treatise for printers, stationers and others. London: Crosby Lockwood & Son. pp. 33–34, 134. Archived from the original on 2015-04-27.
Jump up ^ Cardarelli, François Cradarelli (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. London: Springer. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4471-1122-1.
External links[edit]
ream (rm) at A Dictionary of Units of Measurement
ream at The Online Quantinary (yet see also quire at the same site for historical evidence of 500-sheet reams as early as 1590.)
Ream weight (Measurement) at Encyclopædia Britannica
Ream on Paper Dictionary
'Paper thickness cross reference guide
[hide]
v
t
e
Paper
History
Manufacture/Papermaking
Types
Bible
Blotting
Bond
Cartridge
Construction
Cotton (rag)
Crêpe
Display
Dó
Asphalt
Glassine
India
Korean
Kraft
Laid
Manila
Newsprint
Oatmeal
Onionskin
Origami
Baking
Building
Rice
Rolling
Scritta
Security
Seed
Copy
Stone
Tar
Thermal
Tissue
Tracing
Transfer
Tree-free
Wallpaper
Washi
Waterproof
Wax
Wood-free
Wove
Writing
Xuan
Materials
Fiber crop
Paper chemicals
Papyrus
Wood pulp
Specifications
Grammage
Density
Size
Units of paper quantity
Surface chemistry of paper
Wet strength
Manufacture and process
Bleaching of wood pulp
Calender
Conical refiner
Deinking
Paper pollution
Environmental impact of paper
Handmade paper
Hollander beater
Kraft process
Organosolv
Paper machine
Paper recycling
Papermaking
Soda pulping
Sulfite process
Industry
Paper industry
In Europe
In Canada
In India
In Japan
In the United States
Paper mill
List of paper mills
Category:Paper
Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Units_of_paper_quantity&oldid=815136811"
Categories:
Units of amount
Paper
Hidden categories:
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016
Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
Polski
Português
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 December 2017, at 23:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: International Organization for Standardization

values: /wiki/DIN mw-redirect DIN

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)

values:
/wiki/Gathering_(bookbinding)
mw-redirect
Gathering (bookbinding)

values:
/wiki/German_Language
mw-redirect
German Language

values:
/wiki/International_standards
mw-redirect
International standards

values:
/wiki/Paper_sizes
mw-redirect
Paper sizes

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sizes.com/units/ream.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sizes.com/units/quire.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.paperonweb.com/dict.htm#r

values:
/wiki/Handmade_paper
mw-redirect
Handmade paper

values:
/wiki/Paper_industry
mw-redirect
Paper industry

values: Pulp and paper industry in the United States

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016

values: Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: وحدات كمية الورق – Arabic

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raima
Raima – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resma
Resma – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame
Rame – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risma
Risma – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryza
Ryza – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resma
Resma – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Units_of_paper_quantity rootpage-Units_of_paper_quantity skin-vector action-view


text:
History of the rupee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Silver coin of the Maurya Empire, known as Rupyarupalu, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BC.[1]
The history of the Rupee traces back to the Ancient India in circa 6th century BC. Ancient India was the earliest issuers of coins in the world,[2] along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters.
The word "sura'je" is derived from a Sanskrit word "rūpaalu", which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver",[3] in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin". It is derived from the noun rūpa "shape, likeness, image". The word rūpa itself could have Vedic or Dravidian[4] roots.
Vedic origin is more likely, as Sanskrit rūpá, n.,m. a form, beauty (Rigveda), rūpaka adjective and n.,m. a particular coin Pañcatantra, rūpya,*rūpiya-, adj. beautiful, bearing a stamp Pāṇini., n. silver Mahabharata. There is no evidence of transmission to Indo-Aryan from Dravidian and textual evidence dates to well before any references in the later Dravidian.[5]
Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rupyarupa, other types including gold coins (Suvarnarupa), copper coins (Tamararupa) and lead coins (Sisarupa) are mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example, Rupyarupa, Rupya – wrought silver, rupa – form.[1]
Sher Shah Suri, during his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed the Rupiya.[3][6] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India.[7] Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include the Bank of Hindostan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784–91).
The Indian rupee was a silver-based currency during much of the 19th century, which had severe consequences on the standard value of the currency, as stronger economies were on the gold standard. During British rule, and the first decade of independence, the rupee was subdivided into 16 annas. Each anna was subdivided into either 4 paisas or 12 pies. So one rupee was equal to 16 annas, 64 paises or 192 pies. In 1957, decimalisation occurred and the rupee was divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi/Urdu for new paisas). After a few years, the initial "naye" was dropped.
For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India; areas such as East Africa, Southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early uses
2 Coinage since the British period
3 Since 1947
3.1 Decimalisation
3.2 1966 Economic crisis
3.3 1991 Economic crisis
3.4 Revaluation
3.5 2013 Depreciation
3.6 2016 Demonetisation
4 Banknotes
4.1 Early paper issues
4.2 British India issues
4.3 Reserve Bank issues during British India
4.4 Republic of India issues
5 Valuation history
6 Other issues
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Early uses[edit]
Rupiya issued by the Sher Shah Suri, 1540–1545 CE
Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee.
The word rūpiya is derived from word rūpa, which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver",[3] in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", hence a "coin". It is derived from the noun rūpa "shape, likeness, image".
Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya(c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rūpyarūpa, other types of coins including gold coins (Suvarnarūpa), copper coins (Tamrarūpa) and lead coins (Sisarūpa) are also mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example, Rūpyarūpa, Rūpya – wrought silver, rūpa – form.[1]
In the intermediate times there is no fixed monetary system as reported by the Da Tang Xi Yu Ji.[8]
During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1546, Sher Shah Suri set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed the Rupiya.[3][6] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, the Maratha era (1674–1818)[7] and in British India, as well.
Coinage since the British period[edit]
Main articles: Indian coinage, British Indian coins, and Modern Indian coins
The British settlements in Western India, South India, and the Eastern Province of Bengal (Calcutta) independently developed different coinages in consonance with the local acceptability of the coins for the purposes of trade.
1 Paisa coupon issued by Sayla state
Indian rupee (1862).
Obverse: Crowned bust of Queen Victoria. Reverse: Face value, country and date.
Coin made of 91.7% silver.
Half anna (2 paisa) coin; an anna = 4 paisa, George VI series, 1945
There are many fake coins of East India Company, with Indian gods depicted on the obverse side as shown in side-bar. Original East India Company coins show only the coat of arms of the East India Company.
The coins of Bengal were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. By the early 1830, the English had become the dominant power in India. The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870-1910. Unlike India, her colonial master Britain was on gold standard. To meet the Home Charges (i.e., expenditure in England) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees and this necessitated increased taxation and unrest.
British Indian 1 rupee, 1917
The 1911 accession to the throne of the King-Emperor George V led to the famous "pig rupee". On the coin, the King appeared wearing the chain of the Order of the Indian Elephant. Through poor engraving, the elephant looked very much like a pig. The Muslim population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned.
Acute shortage of silver during the First World War, led to the introduction of paper currency of One Rupee and Two and a half Rupees. The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro-nickel. The compulsion of the Second World War led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins.
Immediately after independence, the British coinage was continued. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice, or 192 pies.
The "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. This was the first coinage of the Republic of India. The King's Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka's Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas. The 1955 Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, introduced a "Decimal series". The rupee was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. The "Naye Paise" coins were minted in the denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Naye Paise. Both the Anna series and the Naye Paise coins were valid for some time. From 1968 onward, the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no more naye = new.
With high inflation in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity.
Over a period, cost-benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s. Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.
Since 1947[edit]
Main article: Indian rupee
Since its Independence in 1947, India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991.[9]
Decimalisation[edit]
A summary of the decimalisation of the Rupee:[10]
Dates
Currency system
From 1835 1 rupee = 16 annas =64 pice (paisé – singular, "paisa") = 192 pies (singular, "pie")
From 1 April 1957 1 rupee = 100 nayé paisé
From 1 June 1964 1 rupee = 100 paisé
The price of 16 Annas is 05 rupee in 1947. The demand for decimalisation existed for over a century. Sri Lanka decimalised its rupee in 1869. The Indian Coinage Act was amended in September 1955 for the adoption of a decimal system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. For public recognition, the new decimal Paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' until 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of that period also mentioned their value in terms of the rupee to avoid confusion and cheating. For example, the one paisa coin carried the text "One hundredth of a Rupee" in Hindi.
1966 Economic crisis[edit]
From 1950, India ran continued trade deficits that increased in magnitude in the 1960s. Furthermore, the Government of India had a budget deficit problem and could not borrow money from abroad or from the private corporate sector, due to that sector's negative savings rate. As a result, the government issued bonds to the RBI, which increased the money supply, leading to inflation. In 1966, foreign aid, which had hitherto been a key factor in preventing devaluation of the rupee, was finally cut off and India was told it had to liberalise its restrictions on trade before foreign aid would again materialise. The response was the politically unpopular step of devaluation accompanied by liberalisation. Furthermore, The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 led the US and other countries friendly towards Pakistan to withdraw foreign aid to India, which necessitated more devaluation. Defense spending in 1965/1966 was 24.06% of total expenditure, the highest it has been in the period from 1965 to 1989 (Foundations, pp 195). Another factor leading to devaluation was the drought of 1965/1966 which resulted in a sharp rise in prices.
At the end of 1969, the Indian Rupee was trading at around 13 British pence[clarification needed]. A decade later, by 1979, it was trading at around 6 British pence. Finally, by the end of 1989, the Indian Rupee had plunged to an all-time low of 3 British pence. This triggered a wave of irreversible liberalisation reforms away from populist measures.
1991 Economic crisis[edit]
In 1991, India still had a fixed exchange system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it found itself in serious economic trouble. The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had dried up to the point that India could barely finance three weeks’ worth of imports. As in 1966, India faced high inflation and large government budget deficits. This led the government to devalue the rupee.[11]
At the end of 1999, the Indian Rupee was devalued considerably.
Revaluation[edit]
In the period between 2000 and 2007, the Rupee stopped declining and stabilised ranging between 1 $ = 44–48 ₹. In late 2007, the Indian Rupee reached a record high of 39 INR per USD, on account of sustained foreign investment flows into the country. This posed problems for major exporters, IT and BPO firms located in the country who were incurring losses in their earnings given the appreciation in rupee. The trend has reversed lately with the 2008 world financial crisis as Foreign investors transferred huge sums out to their own countries. Such appreciations were reflected in many currencies, e.g. the British Pound, which had gained value against the dollar and then has lost value again with the recession of 2008.
2013 Depreciation[edit]
Due to stagnant reforms, and declining foreign investment, rupee started depreciating in the early 2013.[12] Measures were announced by the government before this drop to prevent it from dropping further, but none managed to slow down the depreciation.[13] After continued depreciation, and high inflation, the then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, made a statement in the Parliament of India on the issue. He was of the view that, the present depreciation is partly led by global factors as well as domestic factors. He also asked the political parties to help his Government, tide over the crisis that the country was facing with rupee losing its value.[14]
2016 Demonetisation[edit]
2016 Indian bank note demonetisation
Banknotes[edit]
Early paper issues[edit]
Notes issued by the Bank of Bengal can be categorised in the following three series.
Unifaced series: The early notes of the Bank of Bengal were printed only on one side and were issued as one gold mohur and in denominations of Rs. 100, Rs. 250, Rs. 500, etc.
Commerce series: Later notes had a vignette representing an allegorical female figure personifying 'commerce'. The notes were printed on both sides. On the obverse the name of the bank and the denominations were printed in three scripts, viz., (Urdu, Bengali and Devanagari). On the reverse of such notes was printed a cartouche with ornamentation carrying the name of the Bank.
Britannia series: By the late 19th century, the motif 'commerce' was replaced by 'Britannia'. The new banknotes had more features to prevent forgery.
British India issues[edit]
The Paper Currency Act of 1861 gave the Government the monopoly of note issue throughout the vast expanse of British India, which was a considerable task. Eventually, the management of paper currency was entrusted to the Mint Masters, the Accountant Generals and the Controller of Currency.
Victoria portrait series: The first set of British India notes were the 'Victoria Portrait' series issued in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1,000. These were unifaced, carried two language panels. The security features incorporated the watermark, the printed signature and the registration of the notes.
Underprint series: The unifaced Underprint series was introduced in 1867 as the Victoria Portrait series was withdrawn in the wake of a spate of forgeries. These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 10,000.
George V series: A series carrying the portrait of George V were introduced in 1923, and was continued as an integral feature of all paper money issues of British India. These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 1, 2½, 5, 10, 50, 100, 1,000, 10,000.
Reserve Bank issues during British India[edit]
The Reserve Bank of India was formally inaugurated on Monday, 1 April 1935 with its Central Office at Calcutta. Section 22 of the RBI Act, 1934, empowered it to continue issuing Government of India notes until its own notes were ready for issue. The bank issued the first five rupee note bearing the portrait of George VI in 1938. This was followed by Rs. 10 in February, Rs 100 in March and Rs 1,000 and Rs 10,000 in June 1938. The first Reserve Bank issues were signed by the second Governor, Sir James Taylor. In August 1940, the one-rupee note was reintroduced as a wartime measure, as a Government note with the status of a rupee coin. During the war, the Japanese produced high-quality forgeries of the Indian currency. This necessitated a change in the watermark. The profile portrait of George VI was changed to his full frontal portrait. The security thread was introduced for the first time in India. The George VI series continued till 1947 and thereafter as a frozen series till 1950 when post-independence notes were issued.
Republic of India issues[edit]
Following the Independence of India the Government of India brought out the new design Re.1 note in 1949. Initially, it was felt that the King's portrait be replaced by a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Finally, however, the Lion Capital of Ashoka was chosen. The new design of notes were largely along earlier lines. In 1953, Hindi was displayed prominently on the new notes. The economic crisis in late 1960s led to a reduction in the size of notes in 1967. High denomination notes, like Rs. 10,000 notes were demonetized in 1978.
The first "Mahatma Gandhi Series" was introduced in 1996. Prominent new features included a changed watermark, windowed security thread, latent image and intaglio features for the visually handicapped.
The five hundred (₹500) and one thousand rupee notes (₹1,000) were demonetised by an unscheduled address to the nation by Prime Minister Narendra Modi starting from midnight 8 November 2016.[15] These notes are being replaced by the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of notes.
Valuation history[edit]
INR value against USD

For the record, the rupee was never equal to the dollar. At the time of independence(in 1947), India’s currency was pegged to pound sterling, and the exchange rate was a shilling and six pence for a rupee — which worked out to Rs 13.33 to the pound. The dollar-pound exchange rate then was $4.03 to the pound, which in effect gave a rupee-dollar rate in 1947 of around Rs 3.30. The pound was devalued in 1949, changing its dollar parity from 4.03 to 2.80. India was then a part of the sterling area, and the rupee was devalued on the same day by the same percentage, so that the new dollar exchange rate in 1949 became Rs 4.76 — which is where it stayed till the rupee devaluation of 1966 made it Rs 7.50 to the dollar and the pound moved to Rs 21. [16]
Other issues[edit]
Main articles: Pakistani rupee, French Indian rupee, Portuguese Indian Rupia, and Gulf rupee
Jammu and Kashmir issues: Maharaja Rambir Singh introduced paper money on watermarked paper in 1877. The notes were not very popular and were in circulation for a very short period. The notes carried the 'Sun' motif of the Dogra family.
Five-rupee note from Hyderabad
Hyderabad issues: The Government of Hyderabad had made several efforts to organize private bankers to set up a banking company which could issue paper money. The British, however resisted the attempts of Indian princely states to issue paper currency. The acute shortage of silver during the First World War and the contributions of Hyderabad State to the British war effort led them to accept, in 1918, paper currency in denominations of Rs.10/- and Rs.100/- issued under the Hyderabad Currency Act. The currency was designated the Osmania Sicca (OS). Rupee One and Rupees Five notes were issued subsequently in 1919 and Rupees One Thousand notes were issued in 1926. After the setting up of the India Currency Notes Press at Nasik, Hyderabad notes came to be printed there.
Burma issues: Burma separated from India in 1938; however, the Reserve Bank of India acted as Banker to the Government of Burma and was responsible for note issue in terms of the Burma Monetary Arrangements Order, 1937. In May 1938 the Bank issued Burma notes which were not legal tender in India.
Indo-French issues: The French Indian rupee (FIR) was introduced by France's Bank of Indochina in French colonies of India.
Indo-Portuguese issues : The Portuguese Indian Rupia was the currency of Portuguese India until 1959. It was divisible into 16 Tangas or 960 Reis. In 1959, the currency was changed to the Portuguese Indian Escudo, at the rate of 1 Rupia for 6 Escudos.
Persian Gulf issues: For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India: areas such as East Africa, Southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The rupees used in the Persian Gulf had been bought by the Gulf states from the Reserve Bank of India, who held the sterling reserves by which the rupees had originally been purchased. However, Indian rupees were being smuggled from India to the states of the Persian Gulf in exchange for gold. It was estimated in 1959 that the total amount of gold in private hands in India was about $US1.75 to 2 billion – roughly two-thirds of the value of paper money in circulation. While it was legal to own and to trade in gold within India, it was illegal to import or export gold. The Gulf Rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf Rupee (PGR), was introduced by the Indian government as a replacement for the Indian Rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act, 1 May 1959. After India devalued the rupee on June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar and what is now the United Arab Emirates (known as the Trucial States until 1971) – replaced the Gulf Rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively.
Emergency issues, Princely states: During the 1940s, when mints were occupied for use in the war, an acute scarcity of small coins was felt throughout India. Princely states in Western India like Balvan, Bikaner, Bundi, Gondal, Indergadh, Junagadh, Jasdan, Kutch Mengni, Muli, Morvi, Mangrol, Nawanagar, Nawalgarh Palitana, Rajkot, Sailana, Sayla, Vithalgadh, issued "Cash Coupons" to meet the shortage.
Hyderabad state OS Rs. 100 issue
Five rupees, 1922
Portuguese Indian 1 rupee, 1924
French Indian 1 rupee, 1938
George VI profile portrait, RBI, 1937
One rupee, British India
George VI profile portrait changed to frontal portrait, RBI, 1943
Two rupees, Republic of India
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Tables of historical exchange rates to the india rupee
Rupee
Indian rupee
Mauritian rupee
Pakistani rupee
Nepali rupee
Coinage of India
Coins of British India
History of the taka
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Redy. "AIndia.htm". Worldcoincatalog.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Subodh Kapoor (January 2002). The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6. Cosmo Publications. p. 1599. ISBN 81-7755-257-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d etymonline.com (20 September 2008). "Etymology of rupee". Retrieved 20 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Robert Caldwell. "A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages". Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ http://dsal.uchicago.edu (10 November 2013). "Etymology of rupee" (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Mughal Coinage Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. at RBI Monetary Museum. Retrieved on 4 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Coinage - Pre-Colonial India Coinage". Rbi.org.in. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Trübner’s Oriental Series DA TANG XIYU JI Great Tang Dynasty Records of the Western World, translated by Samuel Beal TWO VOLUMES Kegan, Paul, Trench, Teubner & Co. London • 1906 [First Edition ‐ London • 1884]
Jump up ^ Devika Johri & Mark Miller. "Devaluation of the Rupee: Tale of Two Years, 1966 and 1991" http://www.ccs.in/ccsindia/policy/money/studies/wp0028.pdf
Jump up ^ "Global Financial Data". Global Financial Data. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Devaluation of the Rupee: Tale of Two Years, 1966 and 1991" (PDF). Retrieved 4 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Rupee crashes to 68.75 per dollar as foreign investors flee - NDTVProfit.com. Profit.ndtv.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Bhat, Swati. (28 August 2013) Rupee nears 69/dollar; posts biggest day fall in 18 years | Reuters. In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ External factors led to rupee fall, reduce hunger for gold: PM. YouTube (30 August 2013). Retrieved on 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Spotlight (8 November 2016), [English]PM Modi's Surgical Strike on Corruption | 500,1000 Rupee Notes Not Legal Tender Anymore, retrieved 8 November 2016 – via YouTube
Jump up ^ http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/busting-the-myth-re-1-was-not-equal-to-1-in-1947-2359873.html http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-column-why-the-supposed-rupee-dollar-parity-of-1947-is-a-myth/20130819.htm
^ Jump up to: a b Journey of Indian rupee since independence, The Times of India. Retrieved on 1 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Indian Rupee Value from 1980 | Chipkidz. Chipkidz.wordpress.com (10 August 2009). Retrieved on 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "USD to INR Rates on 6/22/2012". Exchange Rates. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "USD to INR Rates on 5/15/2013". Exchange Rates. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Rupee rises to 62.92 per dollar, on track for 6th straight gain - NDTVProfit.com. Profit.ndtv.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "USD to INR Rates on 15-May-2014". Exchange Rates. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "USD to INR Rates on 12-Sep-2014". Exchange Rates. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "USD to INR Rates on 15-Apr-2015". Exchange Rates. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "news18". news18. 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
External links[edit]
British India Coins Wiki
Picture of original Rupiya introduced by Sher Shah Suri
Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum
World coin gallery
Reserve Bank of India
Gallery of current and historical Indian banknotes
hide
v
t
e
Currencies named rupee or similar
Circulating
Indian rupee (रुपया)
Indonesian rupiah
Maldivian rufiyaa (ދިވެހި ރުފިޔ)
Mauritian rupee (roupie)
Nepalese rupee (रूपैयाँ)
Pakistani rupee (روپي)
Seychellois rupee (roupi, roupie)
Sri Lankan rupee (රුපියල්,ரூபாய்)
Obsolete
Afghan rupee
Burmese rupee
Japanese occupation rupee
Danish Indian rupee
East African rupee
French Indian rupee (roupie)
German East African rupie
Gulf rupee (روپيه)
Hyderabadi rupee (रुपया, రూపాయి)
Italian Somaliland rupia
Javan rupee
Mombasan rupee
Netherlands Indian roepiah
Portuguese Indian rupia
Riau rupiah
Travancore rupee
West Irian rupiah
Zanzibari rupee (روپيه)
Conceptual
Petrorupee
Fictional
Hylian rupee (ルピー)
See also
History of the rupee
Nepalese mohar
Year
Exchange rate
(INR per USD)
1947 3.30
1949 4.76
1966 7.50[17]
1975 8.39[17]
1980 7.86[18]
1985 12.38[18]
1990 17.01[18]
1995 32.427
2000 43.50[18]
2005 (Jan) 43.47[18]
2006 (Jan) 45.19[18]
2007 (Jan) 39.42[18]
2008 (October) 48.88
2009 (October) 46.37
2010 (22 January) 46.21
2011 (April) 44.17
2011 (21 September) 48.24
2011 (17 November) 55.3950
2012 (22 June) 57.15[19]
2013 (15 May) 54.73[20]
2013 (12 Sep) 62.92[21]
2014 (15 May) 59.44[22]
2014 (12 Sep) 60.95[23]
2015 (15 Apr) 62.30[24]
2015 (15 May) 64.22
2015 (19 sep) 65.87
2015(30 nov) 66.79
2016(20 Jan) 68.01
2016(25 Jan) 67.63
2016(25 Feb) 68.82
2016 (14 April) 66.56
2016 (22 Sep) 67.02
2016 (24 Nov) 67.63
2017 (28 Mar) 65.04
2017 (28 April) 64.27
2017 (15 May) 64.05
2017 (14 August) 64.13
2017 (24 October) 64.94 [25] 2018 (09 May) 64.94
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_rupee&oldid=845009128"
Categories:
Rupee
Currencies of India
Currencies of Pakistan
Economic history of India
History of money
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from August 2017
Use British English from December 2010
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2012
Articles containing Hindi-language text
Articles containing Dhivehi-language text
Articles containing French-language text
Articles containing Nepali-language text
Articles containing Urdu-language text
Articles containing Seselwa Creole French-language text
Articles containing Sinhalese-language text
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Articles containing Marathi-language text
Articles containing Telugu-language text
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
অসমীয়া
বাংলা
हिन्दी
Italiano
தமிழ்
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 June 2018, at 18:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

value: i

value: sup

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/Ancient_India
mw-redirect
Ancient India

values:
/wiki/Chinese_wen
mw-redirect
Chinese wen

values:
/wiki/Grain_(mass)
mw-redirect
Grain (mass)

values:
/wiki/Mughal_period
mw-redirect
Mughal period

values:
/wiki/British_India
mw-redirect
British India

values:
/wiki/Pie_(Indian_coin)
mw-redirect
Pie (Indian coin)

values: Edit section: Coinage since the British period

values:
/wiki/Indian_coinage
mw-redirect
Indian coinage

values:
/wiki/British_Indian_coins
mw-redirect
British Indian coins

values:
/wiki/Modern_Indian_coins
mw-redirect
Modern Indian coins

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: width:88.5px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;

values: width:88.5px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;

values: width:181px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;

values: border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;

values:
/wiki/Farrukh_Siyar
mw-redirect
Farrukh Siyar

values: Coinage Act of 1835 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Victoria of the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Gold_silver_ratio
mw-redirect
Gold silver ratio

values:
/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
George V of the United Kingdom

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/1991_India_economic_crisis
mw-redirect
1991 India economic crisis

values:
/wiki/Government_budget_deficit
mw-redirect
Government budget deficit

values:
/wiki/Bank_of_Bengal
mw-redirect
Bank of Bengal

values: Paper Currency Act of 1861 (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Reserve Bank issues during British India

values:
/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
George VI of the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Independence_of_India
mw-redirect
Independence of India

values: Indian 500 and 1000 rupee currency demonetisation

values:
/wiki/Portuguese_Indian_Rupia
mw-redirect
Portuguese Indian Rupia

values:
/wiki/Rambir_Singh
mw-redirect
Rambir Singh

values:
/wiki/First_World_War
mw-redirect
First World War

values:
/wiki/Portuguese_Indian_Escudo
mw-redirect
Portuguese Indian Escudo

values:
/wiki/Indian_Rupee
mw-redirect
Indian Rupee

values: Balvan (princely state) (page does not exist)

values: Muli (princely state) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mangrol,_Kathiawar
mw-redirect
Mangrol, Kathiawar

values: Nawalgarh (princely state) (page does not exist)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Nepali_rupee
mw-redirect
Nepali rupee

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;

values:
nofollow
external free
http://dsal.uchicago.edu

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://bi.maunishshah.com

values: Japanese government-issued rupee in Burma

values:
/wiki/Javan_rupee
mw-redirect
Javan rupee

values:
/wiki/Netherlands_Indian_roepiah
mw-redirect
Netherlands Indian roepiah

values:
/wiki/Travancore_rupee
mw-redirect
Travancore rupee

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use British English from December 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2012

values: Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Dhivehi-language text

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Nepali-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Seselwa Creole French-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Sinhalese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Marathi-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Telugu-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_rupee
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: ভাৰতীয় টকাৰ ইতিহাস – Assamese

values: ভারতীয় মুদ্রার ইতিহাস – Bangla

values: रुपए का इतिहास – Hindi

values: ரூபாயின் வரலாறு – Tamil

values: روپیے کی تاریخ – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_the_rupee rootpage-History_of_the_rupee skin-vector action-view


text:
Replicas of the Statue of Liberty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) have been created worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 France
1.1 Paris
1.1.1 Musée d'Orsay
1.1.2 Île aux Cygnes
1.1.3 Musée des Arts et Métiers
1.1.4 Flame of Liberty
1.2 Barentin
1.3 Bordeaux
1.4 Colmar
1.5 Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer
1.6 Other French cities
2 Other European countries
2.1 Austria
2.2 Denmark
2.3 Germany
2.4 Ireland
2.5 Kosovo
2.6 Norway
2.7 Spain
2.8 Ukraine
2.9 United Kingdom
3 North America
3.1 Canada
3.2 Mexico
3.3 United States
4 South America
4.1 Argentina
4.2 Brazil
4.3 Ecuador
4.4 Peru
5 Asia
5.1 India
5.2 Malaysia
5.3 Singapore
5.4 China
5.4.1 Guangzhou
5.4.2 Beijing
5.4.3 Shenzhen
5.5 Israel
5.6 Japan
5.7 Pakistan
5.8 Philippines
5.9 Thailand
5.10 Taiwan
5.11 Vietnam
6 Australia
7 References
8 External links
France[edit]
Paris[edit]
Musée d'Orsay[edit]
The Exposition Universelle model in its previous location in the Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris
On the occasion of the Exposition Universelle of 1900, Bartholdi crafted a smaller version of the Statue of Liberty, which he subsequently gave to the Musée du Luxembourg. In 1905, the statue was placed outside the museum in the Jardin du Luxembourg, where it stood for over a century, until 2014. It currently stands at the entrance to the Musée d'Orsay; a newly constructed bronze replica stands in its place in the Jardin du Luxembourg.[1]
Île aux Cygnes[edit]
Statue of Liberty on the Île aux Cygnes, River Seine in Paris. Given to the city in 1889, it faces southwest, downriver along the Seine.
This statue was given in 1889 to France by U.S. citizens[2] living in Paris to celebrate the French Revolution three years after the main statue in New York was inaugurated. In 1937, the statue was turned from looking east to looking west straight to the direction of the New York's statue.
The statue is near the Grenelle Bridge on the Île aux Cygnes, a man-made island in the Seine (48°51′0″N 2°16′47″E / 48.85000°N 2.27972°E / 48.85000; 2.27972). It is 11.50 metres (37 feet 9 inches) high and weighs 14 tons.[3] Inaugurated on July 4, 1889, it looks southwest, downriver along the Seine. Its tablet bears two dates: "IV JUILLET 1776" (July 4, 1776: the United States Declaration of Independence) like the New York statue, and "XIV JUILLET 1789" (July 14, 1789: the storming of the Bastille) associated with an equal sign. This statue is shown in the film National Treasure: Book of Secrets as a historic location.
Musée des Arts et Métiers[edit]
The original plaster, the first maquette (286 cm) finished in 1878 by Auguste Bartholdi, that was used to make the statue in New York is in the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.[4][5] This original plaster was bequeathed by the artist's widow in 1907,[6] together with part of the artist's estate.
On the square outside the Musée des Arts et Métiers's entrance is a bronze made from this plaster (same size), number 1 from an original edition of 12, made by the museum and cast by Susse Fondeur Paris.
Flame of Liberty[edit]
A life-size copy of the torch, Flame of Liberty, can be seen above the entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel near the Champs-Élysées in Paris. It was given to the city as a return gift in honor of the centennial celebration of the statue's dedication. Since it is above the Pont de l'Alma car tunnel in which Princess Diana died, the torch became an unofficial memorial to the princess.[7]
Barentin[edit]
There is a replica in the northwest of France, in the small town of Barentin near Rouen. It was made for a French movie, Le Cerveau ("The Brain"), directed by Gérard Oury and featuring actors Jean-Paul Belmondo and Bourvil.[8]
Bordeaux[edit]
Another replica is the Bordeaux Statue of Liberty. This 2.5 m (8.2 ft) statue is in the city of Bordeaux. The first Bordeaux statue was seized and melted down by the Nazis in World War II. The statue was replaced in 2000 and a plaque was added to commemorate the victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks. On the night of March 25, 2003, unknown vandals poured red paint and gasoline on the replica and set it on fire. The vandals also cracked the pedestal of the plaque. The mayor of Bordeaux, former prime minister Alain Juppé, condemned the attack.
Colmar[edit]
Replica of the Statue of Liberty in Colmar
A 12 m (39 ft 4 in) replica of the Statue of Liberty in Colmar, the city of Bartholdi's birth, was dedicated on July 4, 2004, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his death. It stands at the north entrance of the city.[9] The Bartholdi Museum in Colmar contains numerous models of various sizes made by Bartholdi during the process of designing the statue.[10]
Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer[edit]
Frédéric Bartholdi donated a copy of the Statue of Liberty to the town square of Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer.
Other French cities[edit]
Other Liberty Enlightening the World statues are displayed in Poitiers and Lunel. The Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon owns a terracotta version.
Near Chaumont, Haute Marne, is a miniature replica in the flag plaza of the former Chaumont Air Base. This was the home of the US 48th Tactical Fighter Wing, now based at Lakenheath, England, with its own statue at the flag plaza. The 48th TFW is the only USAF wing with a name: "The Statue of Liberty Wing".
Another example is of a Liberty Enlightening the World replica in Châteauneuf-la-Forêt, near the city of Limoges in the area of Haute-Vienne, Limousin. There is another "original" Bartholdi replica at Roybon (near Grenoble)
Other European countries[edit]
Austria[edit]
In Minimundus, a miniature park located at the Wörthersee in Carinthia, Austria, is another replica of the Statue of Liberty.[11]
In Graz, standing between the Opera House and the NextLiberty Theater, stands a steel structure built out of steel beams, that depict the original size of the statue of liberty, before the plates of the final form were being put into place. Instead of torch of flame, this depiction is holding a sword in extended left arm and a sphere in the right arm representing the world.
Denmark[edit]
A small replica in lego is situated in Legoland in Billund.
Germany[edit]
A 35 m (115 ft) copy is in the German Heidepark Soltau theme park, located on a lake with cruising Mississippi steamboats. It weighs 28 metric tons (31 short tons), is made of plastic foam on a steel frame with polyester cladding, and was designed by the Dutch artist Gerla Spee.[12]
Ireland[edit]
A green painted replica of the Statue of Liberty can be found near Mulnamina More, County Donegal, Ireland.[13]
Kosovo[edit]
A replica stands atop the Hotel Victory in Pristina, Kosovo.[14]
Norway[edit]
A smaller replica is in the Norwegian village of Visnes, where the copper used in the original statue was mined.[15] A replica is also on the facade of a pub in Bleik, county of Nordland[16][17]
Spain[edit]
Replica of the Statue of Liberty in Cadaqués, Spain
In 1897 a 123 cm (4 ft 0 in) replica in iron and bronze was erected in Cenicero, Spain, to honor local fighters during the First Carlist War. In 1936 it was removed during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. It was restored in 1976.
The Rossend Arús public library in Barcelona has in its entrance a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) replica from 1894. She welcomes visitors to the library, which is devoted to the labour movement, anarchism, and freemasonry.
Cadaqués, a small village that was residence of Salvador Dalí, has an unusual version, with both hands up. It is on top of a small tourism information office.
Ukraine[edit]
There is one unique "sitting" Statue of Liberty in Ukrainian city of Lviv. It is a sculpture on a dome of the house (15, Freedom Avenue) built by architect Yuriy Zakharevych and decorated by sculptor Leandro Marconi in 1874–91.
United Kingdom[edit]
Replica of the Statue of Liberty in Leicester, England
A 17-foot, 9,200 kg (9.2 tons) replica stood atop the Liberty Shoe factory in Leicester, England, until 2002 when the building was demolished. The statue was put into storage while the building was replaced. The statue, which dates back to the 1920s, was initially going to be put back on the replacement building, but was too heavy, so in December 2008 following restoration, it was placed on a pedestal near Liberty Park Halls of Residence on a traffic island close to where it originally stood.[18][19]
A 10-foot-high (3.0 m) replica is in the stairwell of a bowling alley building in Warrington, England. It used to be above the entrance of a restaurant nearby.
There is also a small replica located at RAF Lakenheath, England, at the base flag plaza, made from leftover copper from the original.[20]
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
In Coquitlam, British Columbia a small replica stands on Delestre Avenue just east of North Road.[21]
Mexico[edit]
In Campeche, Mexico, there is a small replica in the small town of Palizada.
In Durango, Mexico, a small replica is in Parque Guadiana. This park also has other small reproductions such as the Eiffel Tower and Taj Mahal.
United States[edit]
See also: Strengthen the Arm of Liberty
See also: Replicas of the Statue of Liberty by the Boy Scouts of America
From 1902 to 2002, visitors to midtown Manhattan were occasionally disoriented by what seemed to be an impossibly nearby view of the statue. They were seeing a 30-foot-high (9.1 m) replica located at 43 West 64th Street atop the Liberty Warehouse.[22][23] In February 2002, the statue was removed by the building's owners to allow the building to be expanded.[24] It was donated to the Brooklyn Museum of Art, which installed it in its sculpture garden in October 2005 with plans to restore it on site in spring of 2006.[25][26]
A bronze sculpture of the Statue of Liberty is on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.[27]
Duluth, Minnesota, has a small copy on the south corner of the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center property, in the center of a clearing surrounded by pine trees where it may be passed unnoticed. It was presented to the city by some of Bartholdi's descendants residing in Duluth.[28][29]
The Boy Scouts of America celebrated their fortieth anniversary in 1950 with the theme of "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty".[30] Between 1949 and 1952, approximately two hundred 100-inch (2.5 m) replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper, were purchased by Boy Scout troops and donated in 39 states in the U.S. and several of its possessions and territories. The project was the brainchild of Kansas City businessman J.P. Whitaker, who was then Scout Commissioner of the Kansas City Area Council. The copper statues were manufactured by Friedley-Voshardt Co. (Chicago, Illinois) and purchased through the Kansas City Boy Scout office by those wanting one. The statues are approximately 8 1⁄2 feet (2.6 m) tall without the base, are constructed of sheet copper, weigh 290 pounds (130 kg), and originally cost $350 plus freight. The mass-produced statues are not great art nor meticulously accurate (a conservator notes that "her face isn't as mature as the real Liberty. It's rounder and more like a little girl's"), but they are cherished, particularly since 9/11. Many have been lost or destroyed, but preservationists have been able to account for about a hundred of them, and BSA Troop 101 of Cheyenne, Wyoming, has collected photographs of over 100 of them.[31][32] They are commonly installed at city halls, libraries, and schools. One of these statues was sent to the Philippines. After some years at the mouth of the Pasig River, Manila, it was kept in a store room at the Scout Reservation, Makiling, Laguna, for about two decades. It is now stored at the national office of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, Manila.
A replica of the original statue was unveiled on October 12, 2011, at 667 Madison Avenue in Manhattan. Its owner, billionaire Leonard N. Stern, purchased it after reading about it in the local news. The replica is one of only 12 cast from the original mold created by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi using digital surface scanning and lost-wax casting methods, and is the only one currently on public display. The statue itself is 9 feet tall and 15 feet including the pedestal on which it stands.[33]
New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, complete with Statue of Liberty in the foreground.
There is a half-size replica at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.[34][35][36][37] In April 2011, the U.S. Postal Service announced that three billion postage stamps mistakenly based on a photograph of this replica were produced and would be sold to the public.[38] In November 2013, the statue's sculptor, Robert Davidson, filed a copyright infringement suit against the U.S. government.[39]
The city of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, erected a replacement bronze reproduction standing 9 ft (2.7 m) tall in McKennan Park atop the original pedestal of a long-vanished wooden replica.[40]
Liberty Enlightening the World replica in Birmingham, Alabama
A 36-foot-tall (11 m) bronze replica, accurately based on Bartholdi's "Liberty Enlightening the World", stands in Vestavia Hills, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. It was cast in 1956 at the Société Antoine Durenne foundry in Somerville, Haut Marne, France, for placement in 1958 atop the Liberty National Life Insurance Company building in downtown Birmingham.[22] It was relocated and placed on a 60-foot-tall (18 m) granite pedestal adjacent to Interstate 459 in 1989.[41][42][43]
Two 30-foot (9.1 m) copper replicas by sculptor Leo Lentelli stand atop the Liberty National Bank Building[22] in Buffalo, New York, nearly 108 m (354 ft) above street level.[44][45]
A 25-foot-tall (7.6 m) replica sits on the ruins of the late Marysville Bridge (erected on a platform (pier)) in the Dauphin Narrows of Susquehanna River north of Harrisburg. The replica was built by a local activist Gene Stilp on July 2, 1986; it was made of Venetian blinds and stood 18 feet (5.5 m) tall. Six years later, after it was destroyed in a windstorm, it was rebuilt by Stilp and other local citizens, of wood, metal, glass and fiberglass, to a height of 25 feet (7.6 m).[46][47][48]
A Lego replica of the Statue of Liberty consisting of 2882 bricks and standing 0.9 m (3.0 ft) is a popular sculpture among Lego enthusiasts. The statue went out of production, but due to popular demand was returned to sale.[49]
A 1/12 replica of the Statue of Liberty made essentially out of junk stands at the intersection of US 280 and US 341 in McRae, Georgia. The head is made out of a stump from a nearby swamp, the arm holding the torch is made from styrofoam and the hand holding the book is actually an electric lineman's glove. The town's Lion's Club erected the replica in 1986 during the statue's centennial.[50]
An 11-foot (3.4 m) miniature Statue of Liberty (holding a Bible instead of a tablet) currently stands atop a 15-foot (4.6 m) pedestal outside the Liberty Recycling plant in San Marcos, California. The company was named after the statue, which has been moved throughout northern San Diego County for over 80 years, originating at the Liberty Hotel in Leucadia, in the 1920s.[51]
A 25-foot (7.6 m) replica of the statue, lofting a Christian cross, holding the Ten Commandments, and named the "Statue of Liberation through Christ", was erected by a predominantly African American church in Memphis, Tennessee, on July 4, 2006.[52]
A small replica stands on the grounds of the Cherokee Capitol Building in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, a gift from the local Boy Scouts in 1950.[53]
Fargo, North Dakota, also has a replica of the Statue of Liberty on the corner of Main Avenue and 2nd Street at the entrance of the Main Avenue bridge.[54]
There is a replica on the shoreline of Lake Chaubunagungamaug in Webster, Massachusetts.[55]
A 1/6-scale replica (~50 feet including pedestal) stands in a parking lot of a strip mall in Milwaukie, Oregon, off McLoughlin Blvd at 4255 SE Roethe Rd.[56]
A 6-foot (1.8 m) replica stands in West Seattle, Washington, at Alki Beach Park.[57]
South America[edit]
Argentina[edit]
In Buenos Aires there is a small iron replica in Barrancas de Belgrano Square, cast by Bartholdi from the same mould as those cast in Paris; although it is much smaller, it was inaugurated on October 3, 1886, 25 days before the one in New York. Another replica was bought by the government and placed in a school, Colegio Nacional Sarmiento, about the same date.[58]. There is another replica in Plaza Libertad (Liberty Square) in the city of San Juan. This one arrived at the city in 1909 due to a confusion since it had to be shipped to San Juan, Puerto Rico instead. There are also two cheaper non-metallic replicas; one is 6 m tall, located in the "New York" Casino in San Luis and the other crowns a commercial gallery, "Galería de Fabricantes", in Munro, a city in the northeast suburbs of Buenos Aires.[59]
Replica: a copy or reproduction of a work of art produced by the maker of the original or under his or her supervision. Saying that, the New York is a big replica of the argentinian one.
Brazil[edit]
A replica of the Statue of Liberty in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
New York City Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
In Bangu, Rio de Janeiro exists a nickel replica made by Bartholdi in 1899. Bartholdi was commissioned by José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco to make a replica in order to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Republic of Brazil. Until 1940, the statue was Paranhos family property. In 1940 the statue was passed to Guanabara State. In January 20, 1964 Carlos Lacerda, governor of Guanabara State, placed the statue in Miami Square, Bangu.[60] 22°51′24″S 43°29′33″W / 22.856681°S 43.492577°W / -22.856681; -43.492577
A small-scale cast metal replica can be found in Maceió, the capital of Alagoas State, in northeast Brazil. The replica is in front of a building constructed in 1869 as the seat of the Conselho Provincial (Provincial Council), and which today is the Museu da Imagem e do Som de Alagoas (Museum of Image and Sound of Alagoas). This replica is very possibly a casting produced by the Fundição Val d'Osne[61] in France, as in the Praça Lavenere Machado (formerly Praça Dois Leões) on the opposite side of the museum, there are four somewhat larger-than-life size cast metal statues of wild animals, at least one of which is embossed with the name of the foundry. These castings and the replica all appear to be made of similar material and to be of similar age. It is also very probable that they are near contemporaries of the actual Statue of Liberty. 9°40′22″S 35°43′20″W / 9.6728563°S 35.7223114°W / -9.6728563; -35.7223114
A large modern replica stands in front of the New York City Center, a shopping center constructed in 1999 in Barra da Tijuca in the State of Rio de Janeiro. 22°59′57″S 43°21′38″W / 22.9992837°S 43.360481°W / -22.9992837; -43.360481
The Havan department store chain has replicas in many of their stores. The largest one of these, 57 meters tall,[62] is allegedly in the Barra Velha branc, in the state of Santa Catarina.26°38′09″S 48°41′55″W / 26.635870°S 48.698708°W / -26.635870; -48.698708 There is another large replica the parking area of a Havan Department Store on the outskirts of Curitiba, in the State of Paraná, opened in 2000. 25°27′50″S 49°15′08″W / 25.4639912°S 49.2521676°W / -25.4639912; -49.2521676
Also, there is a small replica of the statue in Belém, in front of a Belém Importados store, near the city's port.
Ecuador[edit]
In Guayaquil, a little replica gives the name of "New York" to a neighborhood in the Valle Alto area.
Peru[edit]
In Lima the New York Casino in the Jesús María District has a small replica in the main entrance. The casino is a tribute to the state of New York and the USA.
Asia[edit]
India[edit]
A small replica can be found in Vardhaman Fantasy, an amusement park in Mira Road, Mumbai along with other six wonders of the world.
Malaysia[edit]
A large replica can be found in Genting Highlands in the state of Pahang.
Singapore[edit]
A small replica can be found in Haw Par Villa, a theme park.
China[edit]
Guangzhou[edit]
Set on top of the memorial tomb of "72 Martyrs of Huanghuagang" (see Huanghuagang Uprising). The current one was re-built in 1981.
Beijing[edit]
During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the Goddess of Democracy, which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally "dissimilar" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being "too openly pro-American." (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.)
Shenzhen[edit]
A replica can be found in Window of the World Park.
Israel[edit]
Statue of Liberty replica in the village of Arraba, Israel
A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant.
At a highway intersection in Jerusalem called "New York Square," there is an abstract skeletal replica of the statue.
Japan[edit]
Statue of Liberty Park near Shimoda, Aomori
Statue of Liberty replica at Odaiba, overlooking the Rainbow Bridge in Tokyo Bay
The French Statue of Liberty from the Île aux Cygnes came to Odaiba, Tokyo, from April 1998 to May 1999 in commemoration of "The French year in Japan".[3] Because of its popularity, in 2000 a replica of the French Statue of Liberty was erected at the same place. Also in Japan, a small Statue of Liberty is in the Amerika-mura (American Village) shopping district in Osaka, Japan. Another replica is in Oirase[63] near the town of Shimoda south of Misawa in Aomori Prefecture, where the United States has an 8,000-person U.S. Air Force base. A replica of the Statue of Liberty in Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, was damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[64]
Pakistan[edit]
There are replicas of the Statue of Liberty in Bahria Town, Lahore, and also in Bahria Town Phase 8, Islamabad.
Philippines[edit]
Camp John Hay, a former US military station in Baguio City, has a small replica of the statue near the amphitheater.
Thailand[edit]
The Mini Siam and Mini Europe model village, in Pattaya, has a miniature Statue of Liberty amongst others.
Taiwan[edit]
There are at least two Statue of Liberty replicas (greater than 30 feet in height) in Taiwan. These two statues are in the cities of Keelung and Taipei.[65]
Vietnam[edit]
From 1887 to 1945, Hanoi was home to another copy of the statue. Measuring 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) tall, it was erected by the French colonial government after being sent from France for an exhibition. It was known to locals unaware of its history as Tượng Bà đầm xòe (Statue of the madame saux). When the French lost control of French Indochina during World War II, the statue was toppled on August 1, 1945, after being deemed a vestige of the colonial government along with other statues erected by the French.[66]
Australia[edit]
A 30-foot replica can also be seen at the Westfield Marion shopping complex in Adelaide, South Australia.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Musée d'Orsay's Liberty". Musée d'Orsay. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "France's Liberty Statue; A Copy of that on Bedlow's Island. Ceremonies at the Inauguration in Paris of the Replica of Bartholdi's Great Work". The New York Times. July 5, 1889. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statue illumination kicks off ‘Year of France’ event". Japan Times. April 28, 1998. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Belot, Robert; Bermond, Daniel (2004). Bartholdi. Paris: Éditions Perrin. ISBN 978-2-26201-991-4.
Jump up ^ E. L. Kallop, Jr., Images of Liberty. Models and reductions of the Statue of Liberty 1867–1917, Special Centennial Exhibition 25 Janvier–15 Février 1986
Jump up ^ Legal instrument prepared by M. Demanche, notary, on March 1, 1907 (Inv13768ter in the Museum archives).
Jump up ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (August 28, 2002). "Paris Honors Diana with Two Memorials". People.
Jump up ^ "Les Statues dans le monde". Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2006. : image and description of the Barentin replica from the personal website of a Statue of Liberty enthusiast.
Jump up ^ Feuerstein, Gary. "Statue of Freedom, Colmar, Alsace, France, Birthplace of Auguste Bartholdi". endex.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Construction of the Statue". National Park Service Historical Handbook. September 25, 2000. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Minimundus replica". minimundus.at. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Freizeitpark und Familienpark in Soltau". Heide Park Resort. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Flickriver Photo". Flickriver.com. August 15, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith, Morgan (July 25, 2003). "Investors should take a closer look at Kosovo". Denver Business Journal. It was quite a change to arrive in Pristina, where the main street is named after Bill Clinton and my hotel, the Hotel Victory, has a replica of the Statue of Liberty built on its rooftop.
Jump up ^ "Vigsnes Mining Field". Olavsrosa.no. July 28, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nesthus". nesthus.net. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pletten, Christina (July 12, 2010). "På spontanferie mellom himmel og hav". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Landmark could return to skyline". BBC News. June 27, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Work begins on replacing statue". Leicester City Council. November 20, 2008. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Press release" (PDF). lakenheath.af.mil. p. 4. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty replica in Coquitlam, BC on Google Street View". Retrieved December 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Exhibitions: Replica of the Statue of Liberty: Other Statue of Liberty Replicas". Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on January 24, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Little Liberty". Forgotten New York. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Feuerstein, Gary. "Statue of Liberty — Liberty Warehouse". endex.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Brooklyn Museum to Install Monumental Statue of Liberty Replica" (PDF). Brooklyn Museum. August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2005.
Jump up ^ "What's Happening November–December 2005". Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on February 18, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Statue de la Liberté: Elément 1 sur 11". Insecula.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Other Public Art". City of Duluth. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Photograph of Duluth replica". geocaching.com.
Jump up ^ Attoun, Marti (October 2007). "Little Sisters of Liberty". Scouting. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Attoun, Marti (September 29, 2007). "Restoring the Little Sisters of Lady Liberty". American Profile. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Photos and locations of more than ninety of the replicas". BSA Troop 101. Cheyenne, Wyoming. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kusisto, Laura (October 12, 2011). "A New Lady Liberty Lands". Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "New York, New York Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas". nynyhotelcasino.com.
Jump up ^ Levine, Arthur (February 24, 2016). "Don't Make Mine Manhattan: The Big Apple Roller Coaster at New York New York Casino Hotel". themeparks.com.
Jump up ^ "New York, Las Vegas – Things to Do". VirtualTourist. Archived from the original on November 23, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "New York New York". Vegas Views. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ Allen, Jonathan (April 11, 2011). "Statue of Liberty postage stamp shows Las Vegas". Reuters. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sculptor sues Postal Service over "fake Liberty" stamp". The New York Post. December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty unveiling". Sioux Falls Parks and Recreation. July 2002. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Birmingham's Statue of Liberty". Birmingham Online.com.
Jump up ^ "Liberty Statue". GA Architecture Studio. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham, Alabama – Statue of Liberty Replica". Roadside America.
Jump up ^ "Liberty Building". Emporis.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo – Liberty Building". PlanetWare.
Jump up ^ Scolforo, Mark (2004). "Master of props lends visual effects to memorable publicity campaigns". Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "Susquehanna River Trail: Dauphin Narrows/Statue of Liberty". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Jump up ^ Kochel, R. Craig. "Photograph of the Stilp statue". Facstaff.bucknell.edu. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty Sculpture (#3450-1)". RoadSide America. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Home-Built Statue of Liberty Replica". RoadSide America. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lady Liberty lowered in San Marcos". North County Times.
Jump up ^ "Home". thestatueofliberationthroughchrist.org.
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty Replica". Leisure and Sport Review. 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty replica, Fargo, N.D.". Digital Horizons. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Belluck, Pam (November 20, 2004). "What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Milwaukee, OR Statue of Liberty Replica". Roadside America.
Jump up ^ McNichols, Joshua. "Seattle's Tiny Statue of Liberty". kuow.org. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Un paseo por la Estatua de la Libertad (y sus hermanas gemelas)". Perfil. May 31, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "La Estatua de la Libertad, Argentina". taringa.net. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vieira, Alessandra (November 2011). "Historia de que estatua da liberdade". Blogspot.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Quando o ferro virou arte". Revista de História. December 4, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Guilherme (October 2012). "Conheça as 5 Maiores Estátuas do Brasil". blogspot.com.br. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Osumi, Magdalena (September 26, 2013). "Floats make Oirase fest a treat". Japan Times. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ MacLeod, Calum (March 16, 2011). "Public order still rules amid devastation in Japan". USA Today. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sandy H. 何聖欣 (August 30, 2007). "Sandy's Neipu Notebook: Statues of Liberty". Blogspot.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hà Nội từng có tượng Thần Tự Do trên nóc Tháp Rùa?" [Has Hanoi ever had the Statue of Liberty on the roof of the Turtle Tower?]. Vietnam Net (in Vietnamese). August 1, 2005. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Replicas of the Statue of Liberty.
Statues of Liberty in the world
Replica Statue of Liberty Search
Quick view of Statue of Liberty
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=801347251"
Categories:
Outdoor sculptures
Replicas
Lists of replicas
Scale modeling
Statue of Liberty
Liberty symbols
Hidden categories:
CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2016
Articles with dead external links from September 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2016
CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)
Articles that may contain original research from February 2016
All articles that may contain original research
Articles needing additional references from February 2016
All articles needing additional references
Use mdy dates from November 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Français
Italiano
עברית
日本語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 03:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: td

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bartholdi
mw-redirect
Frédéric Bartholdi

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values:
/wiki/Princess_Diana
mw-redirect
Princess Diana

values:
/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks
mw-redirect
September 11, 2001 attacks

values:
/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Lyon
mw-redirect
Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon

values: Chaumont, Haute Marne (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Chaumont_Air_Base
mw-redirect
Chaumont Air Base

values:
/wiki/Limousin_(region)
mw-redirect
Limousin (region)

values:
/wiki/Carinthia_(state)
mw-redirect
Carinthia (state)

values:
/wiki/Spain_under_Franco
mw-redirect
Spain under Franco

values:
/wiki/Leicester,_England
mw-redirect
Leicester, England

values:
/wiki/Kansas_City_Area_Council
mw-redirect
Kansas City Area Council

values:
/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada
mw-redirect
Las Vegas, Nevada

values:
/wiki/Lion%27s_Club
mw-redirect
Lion's Club

values:
/wiki/San_Diego_North_County
mw-redirect
San Diego North County

values:
/wiki/West_Seattle
mw-redirect
West Seattle

values:
/wiki/Guanabara_State
mw-redirect
Guanabara State

values:
/wiki/Wonders_of_the_world
mw-redirect
Wonders of the world

values:
/wiki/Huanghuagang_Uprising
mw-redirect
Huanghuagang Uprising

values:
/wiki/Arraba,_Galilee
mw-redirect
Arraba, Galilee

values:
/wiki/U.S._Air_Force
mw-redirect
U.S. Air Force

values:
/wiki/Ishinomaki,_Miyagi
mw-redirect
Ishinomaki, Miyagi

values: Bahria Town Phase 8 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Camp_John_Hay
mw-redirect
Camp John Hay

values:
/wiki/Baguio_City
mw-redirect
Baguio City

values:
/wiki/Japan_Times
mw-redirect
Japan Times

values:
/wiki/Denver_Business_Journal
mw-redirect
Denver Business Journal

values:
/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal
mw-redirect
Wall Street Journal

values:
/wiki/The_New_York_Post
mw-redirect
The New York Post

values:
nofollow
http://www.bhamonline.com/liberty/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Replicas of the Statue of Liberty

values: Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2016

values: Category:CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from February 2016

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Rèpliques de l'Estàtua de la Llibertat – Catalan

values: Répliques de la statue de la Liberté – French

values: Repliche della statua della Libertà – Italian

values: העתקים של פסל החירות – Hebrew

values: 世界各地的自由女神像 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty rootpage-Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view