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Pledge of Allegiance (United States)
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This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance. For the general topic of oaths of allegiance, see Oath of allegiance. For other uses, see Pledge of Allegiance (disambiguation).
Pledge of Allegiance
(Bellamy versions)
(changes are bolded and underlined)
1892 (first version) [1]
"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
1892 to 1923
"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
1923 to 1954 [1]
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
1954 (current version)
4 U.S.C. §4 [2]
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America, originally composed by Rear Admiral George Balch in 1887,[3][4][5] later revised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942.[6] The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The last change in language came on Flag Day 1954 when the words "under God" were added.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recital
2 Origins
2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges
2.2 Bellamy's account
3 Changes
3.1 Addition of "under God"
4 Salute
5 Music
6 Controversy
6.1 Legal challenges
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Recital[edit]
Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[8] A number of states state flag pledges of allegiance to be recited after this.[9]
The United States Flag Code says:
The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[10]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[2]
Origins[edit]
Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]
The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[11][12] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:
We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag![3]
Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[3][13] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[14] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[15] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools.[16] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[17]
Bellamy's original Pledge read:
I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][18]
Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899
The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[16] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[19]
Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[20]
Bellamy's account[edit]
In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[15] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[15] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[15]
As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[15] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[15] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[15] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[15]
Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[15] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[15] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[15] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[15] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[15] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[15]
Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[15] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[15]
After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[15] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[15]
Changes[edit]
A plaque in Lansing, MI, dated 1918, listing the Balch Pledge, which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923.
In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[14]
I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.
—  Balch Pledge of Allegiance
In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[21][22] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.
In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[23]
I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
—  1942 Pledge of Allegiance
Addition of "under God"[edit]
"Under God" redirects here. For the book, see Under God (book).
Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[24][25] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[24] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[24]
In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[26] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[27]
In 1952, Holger Christian Langmack suggested in a letter to President Truman adding "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance. Langmack was a Danish philosopher and educator who came to the US in 1911. He was one of the originators of the National Prayer Breakfast and a religious leader in Washington, D.C. Truman met with Langmack and with several others to discuss the addition.[citation needed] At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[citation needed]
Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty (left) and President Eisenhower (second from left) on the morning of February 7, 1954, at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church.
Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]
President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[28] Eisenhower said:[29]
From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.
—  Dwight D. Eisenhower
The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[28]
On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[27]
Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, author Kevin Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[30]
Salute[edit]
Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.[3]
In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[31] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1)of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[32]
Music[edit]
Musical setting by Irving Caesar
A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[33]
The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[34][35]
It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[36]
Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[37]
Controversy[edit]
Main article: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance
In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:[38]
If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.
—  Robert H. Jackson, West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[39]
First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag (1942, photo by Dorothea Lange).
Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.
One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[40][39] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[41] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting this phrase violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[42]
In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[43][44]
Legal challenges[edit]
Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[45] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[46][47]
In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an Order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[48]
A 2005 Bill, H.R. 2389, to prohibit the Supreme Court's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance, died in the Senate after having passed in the House. This action is viewed[by whom?] in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the Judiciary. Even if a similar bill is enacted, its practical effect may not be clear:[opinion] proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights, since amendments postdate the original text of the Constitution and may thus implicitly limit the scope of Article III, Section 2. Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional, the US separation of powers would be disturbed, or rendered non-functional.[49]
Mark J. Pelavin, former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that:[50][51]
Today's House adoption of the so-called "Pledge Protection Act" is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans. By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts, including the Supreme Court, from cases involving the Pledge, this legislation sets a dangerous precedent: threatening religious liberty, compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded, and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes. Today, the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance, but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights, civil rights, or any other fundamental concern.
—  Mark J. Pelavin, Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism
In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[52] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[53]
In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[54]
On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[55][56] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[55] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[57]
On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[58][59] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[60][61]
In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[62] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[63]
In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[64] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God"in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens."In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[64] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples"that do not allow it.[65][66] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”
See also[edit]
Australian citizenship affirmation, a similar concept
Ceremonial deism
Flag Salute
Loyalty oaths in the United States
Youth's Companion Building, where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published
Separation of church and state, which provides more information surrounding "under god" in the pledge
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Jump up ^ Inc, Nielsen Business Media (1957-04-20). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
Jump up ^ Inc, Nielsen Business Media (1960-09-19). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
Jump up ^ "Irving Caesar Welcome". www.irvingcaesar.com. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
Jump up ^ ""Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" H. Con. Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24-B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26, 1955" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright search for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag"".
Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624, 642 (U.S. Supreme Court 1943).
^ Jump up to: a b Holloman ex rel. Holloman v. Harland , 370 F.3d 1252 (11th Cir. 2004).
Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens; 03-B-1544, United States District Court, District of Colorado
Jump up ^ Olander, Herbert T. (December 1941). "Children's Knowledge of the Flag Salute". The Journal of Educational Research. 35 (4): 300–305. JSTOR 27528245.
Jump up ^ "Court upholds 'under God' in Pledge of Allegiance". Associated Press. 2010-03-11. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg (2004-06-20). "I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere". Language Log. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg (2004-06-20). ""(Next) Under God," Phrasal Idiom". Language Log. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
Jump up ^ Jehovah's Witnesses-Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, 1993, pp. 196-197.
Jump up ^ "Flag Salute Cases". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586, 60 S. Ct. 1010, 84 L. Ed. 1375 (1940)
Jump up ^ Kravets, David (September 16, 2005), "Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional", The Chicago Defender, archived from the original on 2006-01-11, retrieved 2008-03-31
Jump up ^ "Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass "Court-Stripping" Measure that Would Deny Rights in". Brennancenter.org. 2005-12-08. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Who We Are: Mark J. Pelavin, Senior Advisor to the President". Union for Reform Judaism. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Court-stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment (12 July 2006)". Jewsonfirst.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F.Supp.2d 1350 (S.D. Fla. May 31, 2006).
Jump up ^ "Frazier v. Alexandre, No. 05-81142 (S.D. Fla. May 31, 2006)". National School Boards Association. March 15, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Jenna (February 24, 2010). "Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Chea, Terence (March 12, 2010). "Fed. appeals court upholds 'under God' in pledge". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2010-03-15. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District (9th Cir. March 12, 2010). Text
Jump up ^ "Pledge of Allegiance's God reference now upheld by court". LA Times. March 12, 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District (1st Cir. Nov 12, 2010). Text
Jump up ^ Lavoie, Denise (November 15, 2010). "Court OKs NH law allowing 'God' pledge in schools". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA: Christopher M. Mayer. Retrieved 2010-11-16. The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law...
Jump up ^ Egelko, Bob (June 15, 2011). "High court spurns atheist's 'under God' challenge". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, CA: Hearst Corporation. A Sacramento atheist's challenge to the addition of "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance...
Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States (June 13, 2011). "Freedom From Religion Foundation, Petitioner v. United States, et al". Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
Jump up ^ "'Under God' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts". CNN.com. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
Jump up ^ "Massachusetts court rules 'under God' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists". The Washington Post. 2014-05-09. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Under God' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge, judge says". NJ.com. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo. "Hearing 'Under God' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students, NJ judge rules". NorthJersey.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools". Forbes. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Martin, Leisa A. (May–June 2008). "Examining the Pledge of Allegiance". Social Studies. 99 (3): 127–131. doi:10.3200/tsss.99.3.127-131.
John W. Baer (2007). The Pledge of Allegiance: A Revised History and Analysis, 1892–2007 (Free State Press, Inc.) ISBN 978-0-9650620-2-2 Excerpt, Chapter Eight: "Under God" and Other Questions About the Pledge.
Richard J. Ellis (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press) ISBN 0-7006-1372-2
Marc Leepson (2005). Flag: An American Biography (Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press) ISBN 0-312-32308-5
Kevin M. Kruse (2015). One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America, Basic Books, ISBN 0465049494.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance (United States)at Wikipedia's sister projects
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4 U.S.C. § 4
Docherty's Sermon Manuscript, Feb. 7, 1954[dead link]
Minister Reprises "Under God" Sermon
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List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company
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This is a list of products manufactured by The Hershey Company. Some of these products began production over 100 years ago such as the Hershey Kiss and Hershey Bar. Hershey produces a variety of products that are chocolate or candy based, and The Hershey Company also produces gum. This list excludes licensed items such as Ice Cream and Chocolate Milk, which are made by Breyers, Good Humor, Klondike, and Natrel. The main markets are the Continental North America. (U.S. and Canada)
Contents
[hide]
1 Chocolate-based products
1.1 Hershey's chocolate bars
1.2 Hershey's Symphony
1.3 Hershey's Extra Extra Dark
1.4 Almond Joy
1.5 Mounds
1.6 100 Calorie Bar
1.7 Hershey's Bliss
1.8 Hershey's Drops
1.9 Hershey's Miniatures
1.10 Hershey's Pot of Gold
1.11 Kit Kat
1.12 Hershey's Nuggets
1.13 Hershey's Kisses
1.14 Reese's Peanut Butter Cups
1.15 Pieces
1.16 Whoppers
1.17 York Peppermint Pattie
1.18 Others
1.19 Hershey Canada
1.20 Hershey Philippines
1.21 Cadbury Chocolates
2 Non-chocolate candies
2.1 Other
3 Miscellaneous products
4 Discontinued products
4.1 Cacao Reserve by Hershey's
5 References
6 External links
Chocolate-based products[edit]
Hershey's produces a large variety of chocolate based products. Hershey is also licensed to produce Cadbury products [1] as well as the Kit Kat bar and Rolo candies (which are both owned by Nestlé).
Hershey's chocolate bars[edit]
Hershey's Milk Chocolate is commonly thought of as the "plain" or "normal" Hershey's chocolate bar.
Hershey's Milk Chocolate with Almonds standard Hershey's chocolate bar with almonds mixed in.
Hershey's Special Dark, a mildly bittersweet chocolate, contains less sugar than other forms. It contains 45% cacao solids.
Hershey's Special Dark with Almonds
Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme
Hershey's Cookies 'n' Chocolate
Hershey's Extra Creamy Chocolate and Caramel
Hershey's Air Delight is a variant of Hershey's Milk Chocolate that now comes gently blended into a light, airy texture, as it is aerated chocolate. It is designed to melt in your mouth.
. Hershey's Gold Pretzels and Peanuts
Hershey's Symphony[edit]
Hershey's Milk Chocolate Symphony
Hershey's Almonds and Toffee Symphony
Hershey's Extra Extra Dark[edit]
Hershey's Pure Dark Chocolate is a darker chocolate product under the "Extra Extra Dark" name. Whereas "Special Dark" is 45% cacao solids, "Extra Dark" is 60%.
Hershey's Pure Dark Chocolate Cranberries, Blueberries, & Almonds
Hershey's Pure Dark Chocolate with Pomegranate
Almond Joy[edit]
Almond Joy Bar, a milk chocolate enrobed bar containing a coconut and almond mixture
Almond Joy King Sized Bar
Almond Joy Miniatures
Almond Joy Snack Size Bars
Almond Joy 8-Pack
Almond Joy Eggs, a small bite-sized candy version of the Almond Joy bar introduced in 2010
Mounds[edit]
Mounds Bar candy bars are dark chocolate enrobed coconut base mixture
Mounds King Sized Bar
Mounds Miniatures
Mounds Snack Size Bars
Mounds 8-Pack
100 Calorie Bar[edit]
York Peppermint Wafer Barz
Reese's Peanut Butter Wafer Barz
Hershey's Pretzel Barz
Hershey's Special Dark Chocolate Barz
Hershey's Crisp Wafer Barz
Hershey's Whipped Vanilla Barz
Hershey's Bliss[edit]
Hershey's Bliss Milk Chocolate, bite sized chocolates in a square shape and wrapped in foil, advertised as creamy and indulgent.
Hershey's Bliss Milk Chocolate with a Melt Away Center
Hershey's Bliss Dark Chocolate As of Feb 29 2016 this Product is no longer being manufactured
Hershey's Bliss White Chocolate
Hershey's Bliss Cherry
Hershey's Drops[edit]
Circular-shaped chocolate candies based on two Hershey chocolate bars.
Hershey's Drops Milk Chocolate
Hershey's Drops Cookies N Creme
York Peppermint Patty Drops
Reese's Drops Peanut Butter
Hershey's Miniatures[edit]
Nut Lovers, A new collection introduced in 2004 and features both four kinds of chocolate and four kinds of nuts. Hershey's has also introduced Limited Edition varieties, including a holiday Mint Miniatures Collection.
Assorted, a bag of miniature Hershey's bars, Krackel (crisped rice in a chocolate-flavored coating.), Hershey's Special Dark and Mr. Goodbar varieties. Devised in 1939 and unchanged since.
Cookies 'n' Chocolate, a bag of miniature Hershey's bars in Hershey's Milk Chocolate and Cookies 'n' Creme varieties
Special Dark Miniatures, a bag of miniature Hershey's bars in Hershey's Special Dark varieties
Hershey's Pot of Gold[edit]
Hershey's Pot of Gold, premium boxed chocolates in a variety of assortments: Almond Caramel Clusters, Caramel Assortment, Chocolate Assortment, Créme Assortment, Mint Assortment, Nut Assortment, Pecan Caramel Clusters, Premium Assortment, Sugar Free and Truffle Assortment
Kit Kat[edit]
Sold only in the United States under license from Nestlé (Nestlé continues to sell the bar worldwide); essentially chocolate-covered wafer bars.
Kit Kat Milk Chocolate
Kit Kat Extra Crisp
Kit Kat White
Kit Kat Snack Size
Kit Kat Minis
Kit Kat Seasonal Bunny Ears
Kit Kat Seasonal Best Friend Heart
Kit Kat Big Kat
Hershey's Nuggets[edit]
Milk Chocolate
Extra Creamy Milk Chocolate with Toffee and Almonds
Milk Chocolate and Almonds
Double Chocolate
Special Dark Chocolate with Almonds
Special Dark with Toffee and Almonds
Cookies 'N Creme
Cookies 'N Chocolate
Special Dark Chocolate
Hershey's Kisses[edit]
Hershey's Kisses brand chocolates ("kisses") are pieces of chocolate shaped like very large chocolate chips.
Milk Chocolate, a kiss containing milk chocolate
Filled with Caramel, a kiss with caramel filling
Hugs, a kiss containing a twist of white chocolate and milk chocolate
Milk Chocolate with Almonds, a kiss containing almond pieces
Special Dark, a dark chocolate kiss
Cherry Cordial, a kiss with cherry flavored filling
Air Delight, a kiss with an aerated center, designed to melt in one's mouth.
Cookies and Cream, a white chocolate kiss with cookie flavor in it.
Pumpkin Spice, an orange and black kiss with a pumpkin spice flavor in it.
Kisses Deluxe, very big size milk chocolate kiss with hazelnut center
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups[edit]
Reese’s is the No. 1 selling candy brand in the United States[2] and has been Hershey's best-selling product since 1969.[3]
Peanut Butter and Milk Chocolate
Peanut Butter and White Chocolate
Crispy Crunches
Reese's Select Clusters
Peanut Butter and Milk Chocolate Big Cup, a larger Peanut Butter Cup with milk chocolate
Peanut Butter and White Chocolate Big Cup, a larger Peanut Butter Cup with white chocolate
Brownie, a brownie containing peanut butter and chocolate
Egg, Peanut Butter Cup in the shape of an egg
Heart, Peanut Butter Cup in the shape of a heart
Miniatures, A variation of the classic Reese's Peanut Butter Cup
Pumpkin, Peanut Butter Cup in the shape of a pumpkin
Ghost, Peanut Butter Cup in the shape of a ghost
Tree, Peanut Butter Cup in the shape of a tree
Dark Chocolate, A Reese's Peanut Butter using Hershey's Dark Chocolate
Reese's Nut Bar - a chocolate bar version of the Peanut Butter Cup containing peanuts and caramel in addition to peanut butter.
Pieces[edit]
Hershey's Milk Chocolate with Almonds Pieces
Reese's Pieces
Almond Joy Pieces
Hershey's Special Dark Pieces
York Pieces
Whoppers[edit]
Milk Chocolate, chocolate-flavored coating covered malted milk balls
York Peppermint Pattie[edit]
York Peppermint Pattie, a patty of peppermint flavored filling enrobed with dark chocolate.
York Miniatures
York King Size Patties
York 8-pack
York Valentines
York Snowflakes
Others[edit]
The Whatchamacallit Bar is a peanut-flavored crisp with a layer of caramel and a coating containing chocolate.
Skor is a candy bar containing toffee.
Rolo consists of chocolate-covered caramels. Also made and sold in the US by Hershey under license by Nestlé.
The Heath Bar is a slab of toffee enrobed with chocolate.
5th Avenue is a candy bar which contains a peanut-based mixture.
Milk Duds are small bits of caramel enrobed in a coating containing chocolate. Milk Duds are commonly sold in American movie theaters as a snack.
Mr. Goodbar is a candy bar made with chocolate and peanuts.
Take 5, known as Max 5 in Canada, is a candy bar with pretzels, caramel, peanuts, peanut butter, and chocolate.
Reese's Fast Break, known as Hershey Sidekick in Canada, consists of creamy peanut butter and nougat covered in milk chocolate.
Reese's NutRageous consists of creamy peanut butter, caramel and roasted peanuts covered in a chocolate-flavored coating.
Reese's Sticks made with Chocolate and Peanut Butter are peanut butter filled wafers covered in milk chocolate. They are sold in packages of two sticks each.
Dagoba Chocolate is the Hershey's-owned fair trade, high-quality organic chocolate purchased from the 2001 founder, Frederick Schilling in 2006.
Krackel is a crispy, chocolate bar containing rice.
Hershey Canada[edit]
Cherry Blossom is an individually packaged, 45g chocolate covered maraschino cherry and syrup. The chocolate mixture has coconut and roasted peanut pieces incorporated into it.
Glosette(s), a Canada exclusive product consisting of chocolate covered raisins, peanuts or almonds.
Oh Henry!, a candy bar containing peanuts, caramel, and fudge enrobed in chocolate, currently made in the United States by Nestlé.
Hershey Philippines[edit]
Hershey's Treats, sold only in the Philippines.
Hershey's N More, sold only in the Philippines.
Cadbury Chocolates[edit]
Cadbury products are sold by Hershey's in the United States and Mondelēz International in other parts of the world. Chocolate in Cadbury-branded products manufactured in the USA by Hershey uses a different recipe from that used by Cadbury itself. Hershey's has barred the importation of Mondelez Cadbury into the US.[4]
Cadbury Creme Egg, is a chocolate egg with creme in it, usually sold around Easter. A variation is the Cadbury Screme Egg, with green food coloring in the creme, sold around Halloween.
Cadbury Caramel Egg, is a variety of Cadbury Creme Egg filled with caramel.
Cadbury Mini Eggs candy, bite-sized milk chocolate eggs coated in a hard, vanilla flavored candy shell.
Cadbury Caramello candy bar milk chocolate squares with creamy caramel.
Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate Bar, plain milk chocolate.
Cadbury Fruit & Nut Chocolate Bar, milk chocolate with assorted fruits and nuts.
Cadbury Royal Dark Chocolate Bar, plain dark chocolate.
Cadbury Roast Almond Chocolate Bar, milk chocolate with almonds.
Non-chocolate candies[edit]
Breath Savers breath mints.
Bubble Yum bubble gum brand.
Hershey's Gold a caramelized creme bar, made with crushed peanuts and pretzels. It's described as sweet and salty, crunchy and creamy. It does not contain any chocolate. The bar was originally released in the U.S. in mid-November 2017 for visitors to Hershey's Chocolate World in Hershey, PA and Las Vegas, but is now available at regular retailers
Ice Breakers chewing gum and mints.
Jolly Rancher hard & soft fruit candy, lollipops, and flavored soda.
Lancaster Soft Crèmes, caramel candy
PayDay candy bar, which contains peanuts and caramel but no chocolate.
Twizzlers candy twists.
Zagnut candy bar, consisting of toasted coconut and peanut butter.
ZERO candy bar, a combination of caramel, peanut and almond nougat covered in white fudge.

Other[edit]
Chipits, chocolate chips, comes in: Milk Chocolate, Dark Chocolate, Semi-Sweet Chocolate, White Chocolate, Butterscotch, Reese's, and Skor.
Good & Plenty, white and purplish-red pill shaped licorice candies. They are chewy.
Good & Fruity, is a multicolored, multiflavor candy with a similar shape to Good & Plenty in 5 fruit flavors.
Hershey's Brownies and Reese's Brownies, brownies containing Hershey's chocolate chips or Reese's peanut butter chips with icing on top.
Hershey's Cookies, a chocolate cookie with toppings and covered in chocolate, available in the following Hershey's flavors: Hershey's with Almonds, Almond Joy, Reese's peanut butter, York Peppermint Patty, Caramel, and Cookies 'n Creme. Mini kisses cookies are shaped like Hershey's kisses and are available in the following flavors: Chocolate Chip, Double Chocolate and Confetti Sprinkles. Layered cookies are two cookies with a layer of sandwich creme in the middle and are available in the following flavors: Hershey's, Reese's and Heath.
Hershey's Eat-More
Really Nuts, snack nuts and trail mixes. Available in the following flavors: Reese's Roasted Peanuts, Reese's Honey Glazed Peanuts, Hershey's Chocolate Cocoa Peanuts, Mauna Loa Cashew Nuts, Hershey's Trail Mix, Reese's Trail Mix and Mauna Loa Trail Mix.
Snack Barz, candy bars similar to rice krispie treats. Available in the following flavors: Hershey's Chocolate Créme, Reese's Peanut Butter, Hershey's S'mores Marshmallow Créme, Caramel, and Cookies 'n Créme.
Snacksters, 100-calorie packs of cereal puffs mixed with a variety of other Hershey's and Reese's items such as chocolate chip cookies, semi-sweet and milk chocolate chips, peanut butter chips, cereal squares, and Reese's pieces. Available in five varieties, Hershey's, Hershey's Kisses, Hershey's S'Mores, Twizzlers, and Reese's.[2]
Sweet 'n Salty Granola Bars, granola bars combined with other Hershey's and Reese's ingredients. Available in three flavors: Hershey's with pretzels, Reese's with chocolate and Reese's with peanut butter.
TasteTations, Hershey's first hard candy. Made in butterscotch, caramel, chocolate, and peppermint varieties.
Twizzlers, artificially flavored licorice sticks in various flavors. This includes the Twizzlers Pull And Peel variety, in which the sticks are composed of semi-distinct smaller twisted rods of Twizzlers, which can be easily pulled apart.
Hershey-Ets, marketed from 1954 to 2005, were small pellets of milk chocolate with a hard-candy coating, similar to M&M's, that were typically released around Christmas.[5] They are still around in Hershey Chocolate World and are also available during the holiday season.
Julie's Hershey's, a Chocolate Chips Cookies, Chocolate chips Oat Cookies, Chocolate Chips Hazelnut Cookies, Chocolate Fudge Cookies, Chocolate Fudge Vanilla Flavored Cookies,& Chocolate Waffles. (sold only in the Philippines.)
Hershey's Syrup, in Chocolate, Strawberry, Caramel, & Special Dark Chocolate Flavor.
Miscellaneous products[edit]
Hershey's makes military chocolate for the U.S. Military.
Discontinued products[edit]
Hershey's Bites, bite size candies in a round shape that were made for munching and packaged in a pouch. Flavors included Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, Cookies 'n' Cream, Heath Toffee, Kit Kat, Mini Rolo, Mr. Goodbar, York Peppermint Pattie, White Chocolate Pretzel and Dark Chocolate Pretzel. Hershey's Bites were discontinued along with Mars Corporations similar brand "poppables" due to a choking hazard that lead to widespread complaints about the candy and its size and shape.
Hershey's ChipAway, introduced in 1989, Hershey's first foray into the cookie market with chocolate-covered cookie balls that came in round canisters.
Hershey's Golden III, a candy bar introduced in 1986;[6] it weighed 91g, and contained 471 calories.[further explanation needed] The Golden Almond and Golden Almond Solitaires were variations on this bar, weighing in at 85 g each, and 466, and 455 calories.[7]
Hershey's Milkshake was a bottled milk shake product in vanilla, banana and strawberry flavors produced under a brand licensing agreement with Dean Foods, a national dairy marketing company. It was offered in 5 flavors. Still sold in Canada, under the license of Natrel and only using 4 flavors.
Swoops, chocolate shaped in slices, like potato chips. Swoops came in the following varieties: Hershey's Milk Chocolate, Almond Joy, Reese's Peanut Butter, York Peppermint Pattie, White Chocolate Reeses, and Toffee and Almond.
Hershey's Sticks, individually wrapped chocolate sticks packaged and sold by the box. There were four flavors: Milk Chocolate, Caramel Filled Milk Chocolate, Rich Dark Chocolate and Mint Milk Chocolate.
Bar None, a chocolate bar that consisted of two wafers and peanuts and was produced in the mid-1980s.
Koolerz chewing gum, with Xylitol and regular.
Various Limited Edition candies
Tastetations, Hershey's first hard-candy line, introduced in 1996.[8]
Hershey's Chocolate Milk Mix, a chocolate milk powder mix that originated in 1988, was discontinued in 2008.
Hershey's Kissables, miniature Hershey's Kisses coated with a colorful candy shell.
Hershey's Cookies and Mint, limited edition bar similar to Cookies 'n' Cream, reintroduced since the original introduction in 1992 and subsequent discontinuation.
Hershey's S'mores, a candy bar that contained chocolate, graham crackers and marshmallows and was meant to be similar to a s'more.
Hershey's Sweet Escapes, a chocolate bar lower in fat compared to its competition.
Hershey's Butter Chip, the 5th miniature, manufactured from 1963-1968, a bar with bits of crunchy-sticky butter toffee enrobed in milk chocolate.
Cacao Reserve by Hershey's[edit]
Cacao Reserve by Hershey's was marketed as a premium line in comparison to Hershey's other chocolate products.[9] It was discontinued in July 2009.[10]
Signature Collection, the original series in this line. It came in four varieties: 35% Cacao Premium Milk, 35% Cacao Premium Milk with Hazelnuts, 65% Premium Dark, and 65% Premium Dark with Cacao Nibs.
Single Origin, chocolate bars which differed from the Signature Collection bars in that each bar was made from cacao beans that grew in a single region. These origins were São Tomé with 70% cacao content, Santo Domingo with 67% cacao content, Arríba with 50% cacao content, and Java with 37% cacao content.
Truffles were tins, in approximately the same size as those used by Altoids, which contained eight small chocolate truffles with either 35 or 60 percent cacao content.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Typetive review URL last accessed June 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Snickers Surging to Top of Global Candy Race". Ad Age. September 20, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Was it Hershey or Reese That Made Peanut Butter Cups Great?". Atlas Obscura. October 27, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mark, McSherry (27 January 2015). "Hershey's lawsuit sparks British revolt for 'superior' Cadbury chocolate". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "M&M's? Nope, they be Hershey Ets!". 7 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "History of Hershey Foods Corporation – FundingUniverse". www.fundinguniverse.com.
Jump up ^ "CNN Food Central - Resources: Candy Bar Nutrition Comparison". CNN.
Jump up ^ "SEC Info - Hershey Co - '8-K' for 3/4/97 - EX-99". www.secinfo.com.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived February 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Levy, Marc (23 July 2009). "Hershey sees 72 pct profit jump, raises projection" (Originally print). The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
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Hershey, PA
External links[edit]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_products_manufactured_by_The_Hershey_Company&oldid=846114549"
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