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History of the World Wide Web
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World Wide Web
The web's logo designed by Belgian Robert Cailliau
Type
Aspect of history
Inventor
Tim Berners-Lee[1][2]
Inception
1989/1990
Available
Worldwide
The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.
Contents
[hide]
1 Precursors
2 1980–1991: Invention and implementation of the Web
3 1992–1995: Growth of the Web
3.1 Early browsers
3.2 Web governance
4 1996–1998: Commercialization of the Web
5 1999–2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust
6 2002–present: The Web becomes ubiquitous
6.1 Web 2.0
6.2 The semantic web
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Precursors[edit]
The hypertext portion of the Web in particular has an intricate intellectual history; notable influences and precursors include Vannevar Bush's Memex,[3] IBM's Generalized Markup Language,[4] and Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu.[3]
Paul Otlet's Mundaneum project has also been named as an early 20th century precursor of the Web.[5]
The concept of a global information system connecting homes is prefigured in "A Logic Named Joe", a 1946 short story by Murray Leinster, in which computer terminals, called "logics," are present in every home. Although the computer system in the story is centralized, the story anticipates a ubiquitous information environment similar to the Web. The cultural impact of the web was imagined even further back in a short story by E. M. Forster, "The Machine Stops," first published in 1909.
1980–1991: Invention and implementation of the Web[edit]
The NeXTcube used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server.
In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, an English independent contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page.[3]
Berners-Lee's contract in 1980 was from June to December, but in 1984 he returned to CERN in a permanent role, and considered its problems of information management: physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet they lacked common machines and any shared presentation software.
Shortly after Berners-Lee's return to CERN, TCP/IP protocols were installed on some key non-Unix machines at the institution, turning it into the largest Internet site in Europe within a few years. As a result, CERN's infrastructure was ready for Berners-Lee to create the Web.[6]
Berners-Lee wrote a proposal in March 1989 for "a large hypertext database with typed links".[7] Although the proposal attracted little interest, Berners-Lee was encouraged by his boss, Mike Sendall, to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation.[8] He considered several names, including Information Mesh,[7] The Information Mine or Mine of Information, but settled on World Wide Web.[9]
Robert Cailliau, Jean-François Abramatic and Tim Berners-Lee at the 10th anniversary of the WWW Consortium.
Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in Robert Cailliau. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision of marrying hypertext with the Internet.[10]
By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9,[11] the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the first web server (http://info.cern.ch), and the first Web pages that described the project itself. The browser could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files as well. However, it could run only on the NeXT; Nicola Pellow therefore created a simple text browser, called the Line Mode Browser, that could run on almost any computer.[12] To encourage use within CERN, Bernd Pollermann put the CERN telephone directory on the web — previously users had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers.[12]
While inventing and working on setting up the Web, Berners-Lee spent most of his working hours in Building 31 (second floor) at CERN (46°13′57″N 6°02′42″E / 46.2325°N 6.0450°E / 46.2325; 6.0450 (CERN Building 31, Birthplace of the World Wide Web)), but also at his two homes, one in France, one in Switzerland.[13] In January 1991 the first Web servers outside CERN itself were switched on.[14]
The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina revealed in May 2013 that he has a copy of a page sent to him in 1991 by Berners-Lee which is the oldest known web page. Jones stored the plain-text page, with hyperlinks, on a floppy disk and on his NeXT computer.[15] CERN put the oldest known web page back online in 2014, complete with hyperlinks that helped users get started and helped them navigate what was then a very small web.[16][17]
On August 6, 1991,[18] Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, inviting collaborators.[19] This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier.
Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on the IBM mainframe as a way to display SLAC’s catalog of online documents;[12] this was the first web server outside of Europe and the first in North America.[20] The www-talk mailing list was started in the same month.[14]
In 1992 the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed by David Williams, did not support Berners-Lee's work. A two-page email sent by Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, with the goal of creating a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN despite many of his peers in the IT center advocating for his support (in particular M. Ben Segal from the distributed computing SHIFT project). He left for MIT, where he continued to develop the HTTP protocol.
An early CERN-related contribution to the Web was the parody band Les Horribles Cernettes, whose promotional image is believed to be among the Web's first five pictures.[21]
1992–1995: Growth of the Web[edit]
In keeping with its birth at CERN and the first page opened, early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. By January 1993 there were fifty Web servers across the world; by October 1993 there were over five hundred.[14] Two of the earliest webcomics started on the World Wide Web in 1993: Doctor Fun and NetBoy.[22][23]
Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages, such as Berners-Lee's first site at http://info.cern.ch/, or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA "What's New" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines.
By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still minute compared to present figures, but quite a number of notable websites were already active, many of which are the precursors or inspiring examples of today's most popular services.
Early browsers[edit]
Initially, a web browser was available only for the NeXT operating system. This shortcoming was discussed in January 1992,[14] and alleviated in April 1992 by the release of Erwise, an application developed at the Helsinki University of Technology, and in May by ViolaWWW, created by Pei-Yuan Wei, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation.[12] ViolaWWW was originally an application for HyperCard. Both programs ran on the X Window System for Unix.[12] In 1992, the first tests between browsers on different platforms were concluded successfully between buildings 513 and 31 in CERN, between browsers on the NexT station and the X11-ported Mosaic browser.
Students at the University of Kansas adapted an existing text-only hypertext browser, Lynx, to access the web. Lynx was available on Unix and DOS, and some web designers, unimpressed with glossy graphical websites, held that a website not accessible through Lynx wasn’t worth visiting.
The first Microsoft Windows browser was Cello, written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. Cello was released in June 1993.[12]
The Web was first popularized by Mosaic,[24] a graphical browser launched in 1993 by Marc Andreessen's team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC).[25] The origins of Mosaic date to 1992. In November 1992, the NCSA at the University of Illinois (UIUC) established a website. In December 1992, Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the NCSA, began work on Mosaic with funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program.[26] Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993.[14] The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia, and the authors’ rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features.
After graduation from UIUC, Andreessen and James H. Clark, former CEO of Silicon Graphics, met and formed Mosaic Communications Corporation in April 1994, to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to Netscape, and the browser was developed further as Netscape Navigator.
Web governance[edit]
In May 1994, the first International WWW Conference, organized by Robert Cailliau,[27][10] was held at CERN;[28] the conference has been held every year since. In April 1993, CERN had agreed that anyone could use the Web protocol and code royalty-free; this was in part a reaction to the perturbation caused by the University of Minnesota's announcement that it would begin charging license fees for its implementation of the Gopher protocol.
In September 1994, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the European Commission. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted by anyone.
1996–1998: Commercialization of the Web[edit]
Main article: Web marketing
By 1996 it became obvious to most publicly traded companies that a public Web presence was no longer optional.[citation needed] Though at first people saw mainly[citation needed] the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information, increasing familiarity with two-way communication over the "Web" led to the possibility of direct Web-based commerce (e-commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. More dotcoms, displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web.
1999–2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust[edit]
Low interest rates in 1998–99 facilitated an increase in start-up companies. Although a number of these new entrepreneurs had realistic plans and administrative ability, most of them lacked these characteristics but were able to sell their ideas to investors because of the novelty of the dot-com concept.
Historically, the dot-com boom can be seen as similar to a number of other technology-inspired booms of the past including railroads in the 1840s, automobiles in the early 20th century, radio in the 1920s, television in the 1940s, transistor electronics in the 1950s, computer time-sharing in the 1960s, and home computers and biotechnology in the 1980s.
In 2001 the bubble burst, and many dot-com startups went out of business after burning through their venture capital and failing to become profitable. Many others, however, did survive and thrive in the early 21st century. Many companies which began as online retailers blossomed and became highly profitable. More conventional retailers found online merchandising to be a profitable additional source of revenue. While some online entertainment and news outlets failed when their seed capital ran out, others persisted and eventually became economically self-sufficient. Traditional media outlets (newspaper publishers, broadcasters and cablecasters in particular) also found the Web to be a useful and profitable additional channel for content distribution, and an additional means to generate advertising revenue. The sites that survived and eventually prospered after the bubble burst had two things in common; a sound business plan, and a niche in the marketplace that was, if not unique, particularly well-defined and well-served.
2002–present: The Web becomes ubiquitous[edit]
In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble, telecommunications companies had a great deal of overcapacity as many Internet business clients went bust. That, plus ongoing investment in local cell infrastructure kept connectivity charges low, helped to make high-speed Internet connectivity more affordable. During this time, a handful of companies found success developing business models that helped make the World Wide Web a more compelling experience. These include airline booking sites, Google's search engine and its profitable approach to keyword-based advertising, as well as eBay's auction site and Amazon.com's online department store.
This new era also begot social networking websites, such as MySpace and Facebook, which gained acceptance rapidly and became a central part of youth culture.
Web 2.0[edit]
Main article: Web 2.0
Beginning in 2002, new ideas for sharing and exchanging content ad hoc, such as Weblogs and RSS, rapidly gained acceptance on the Web. This new model for information exchange, primarily featuring user-generated and user-edited websites, was dubbed Web 2.0. The Web 2.0 boom saw many new service-oriented startups catering to a newly democratized Web.
As the Web became easier to query, it attained a greater ease of use overall and gained a sense of organization which ushered in a period of rapid popularization. Many new sites such as Wikipedia and its Wikimedia Foundation sister projects were based on the concept of user-edited content. In 2005, three former PayPal employees created a video viewing website called YouTube, which quickly became popular and introduced a new concept of user-submitted content in major events.
The popularity of YouTube, Facebook, etc., combined with the increasing availability and affordability of high-speed connections has made video content far more common on all kinds of websites. Many video-content hosting and creation sites provide an easy means for their videos to be embedded on third party websites without payment or permission.
This combination of more user-created or edited content, and easy means of sharing content, such as via RSS widgets and video embedding, has led to many sites with a typical "Web 2.0" feel. They have articles with embedded video, user-submitted comments below the article, and RSS boxes to the side, listing some of the latest articles from other sites.
Continued extension of the Web has focused on connecting devices to the Internet, coined Intelligent Device Management. As Internet connectivity becomes ubiquitous, manufacturers have started to leverage the expanded computing power of their devices to enhance their usability and capability. Through Internet connectivity, manufacturers are now able to interact with the devices they have sold and shipped to their customers, and customers are able to interact with the manufacturer (and other providers) to access new content.
"Web 2.0" has found a place in the English lexicon.[29]
The semantic web[edit]
Main article: Semantic Web
Popularized by Berners-Lee's book Weaving the Web[30] and a Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila,[31] the term Semantic Web describes an evolution of the existing Web in which the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages is extended by machine-readable metadata about documents and how they are related to each other, enabling automated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform tasks on behalf of users. This has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that the idea "remains largely unrealized".[32]
See also[edit]
History of computing
Hardware
Hardware before 1960
Hardware 1960s to present
Software
Software
Unix
Free software and open-source software
Computer science
Artificial intelligence
Compiler construction
Computer science
Operating systems
Programming languages
Prominent pioneers
Software engineering
Modern concepts
General-purpose CPUs
Graphical user interface
Internet
Laptops
Personal computers
Video games
World Wide Web
By country
Bulgaria
Poland
Romania
Soviet Bloc
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Timeline of computing
before 1950
1950–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
more timelines ...
Category
v
t
e
Hypermedia
Linked Data
Computer Lib / Dream Machines
History of hypertext
History of the Internet
History of the web browser
History of web syndication technology
List of websites founded before 1995
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Quittner, Joshua (March 29, 1999). "Network designer". Time. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Tim Berners-Lee. "Frequently asked questions". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Berners-Lee, Tim. "Frequently asked questions - Start of the web: Influences". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "Frequently asked questions - Why the //, #, etc?". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Wright, Alex (2014-07-10). Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age. Oxford ; New York: OUP USA. pp. 8–15. ISBN 9780199931415.
Jump up ^ Segal, Ben (1995). "A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN". W3C.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Berners-Lee, Tim (March 1989). "Information Management: A Proposal". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Gromov, Gregory (2011). "The Next Crossroad of Web History". Net Valley.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. p. 23. ISBN 9780062515872.
^ Jump up to: a b Tim Berners-Lee. "Frequently asked questions - Robert Cailliau's role". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "The Original HTTP as defined in 1991". W3C.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Berners-Lee, Tim (c. 1993). "A Brief History of the Web". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Galbraith, David (July 8, 2010). "Tim Berners-Lee: Confirming the exact location of the invention of the web". DavidGalbraith.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Raggett, Dave; Jenny Lam; Ian Alexander (April 1996). HTML 3: Electronic Publishing on the World Wide Web. Harlow, England ; Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. p. 21. ISBN 9780201876932.
Jump up ^ Murawski, John (24 May 2013). "Hunt for world's oldest WWW page leads to UNC Chapel Hill". News & Observer.
Jump up ^ Shubber, Khadim (April 13, 2013). "First ever web page put back online by CERN". Wired.
Jump up ^ Brodkin, John (April 30, 2013). "First website ever goes back online on the open Web's 20th birthday". Ars Technica.
Jump up ^ Ward, Mark (3 August 2006). "How the web went world wide". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "Qualifiers on Hypertext links..." alt.hypertext. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. p. 46. ISBN 9780062515872.
Jump up ^ Heather McCabe (1999-02-09). "Grrl Geeks Rock Out". Wired magazine.
Jump up ^ Campbell, T. (2006-06-08). The History of Webcomics. Antarctic Press. ISBN 0976804395.
Jump up ^ Atchison, Lee (2008-01-07). "A Brief History of Webcomics — The Third Age of Webcomics". Sequential Tart.
Jump up ^ Stewart, William. "Mosaic: The First Global Web Browser". The Living Internet.
Jump up ^ "NCSA Mosaic -- September 10, 1993 Demo".
Jump up ^ Gore, Al (February 14, 1996). "The Technology Challenge: How Can America Spark Private Innovation?".
Jump up ^ Robert Cailliau (November 2, 1995). "A Short History of the Web: Text of a speech delivered at the launching of the European branch of the W3 Consortium". Net Valley. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "IW3C2 - Past and Future Conferences". International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. 2010-05-02. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Millionth English Word' declared". BBC News. June 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. pp. 177–198. ISBN 9780062515872.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; James Hendler; Ora Lassila (May 1, 2001). "The Semantic Web". Scientific American. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Shadbolt, Nigel; Wendy Hall; Tim Berners-Lee (2006). "The Semantic Web Revisited" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau
The first website
Bemer, Bob, "A History of Source Concepts for the Internet/Web"
The World Wide Web History Project
Important Events in the History of the World Wide Web
"Principal Figures in the Development of the Internet and the World Wide Web". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
"How It All Started" (slides), Tim Berners-Lee, W3C, December 2004
"A Little History of the World Wide Web: from 1945 to 1995", Dan Connolly, W3C, 2000
"The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future", Tim Berners-Lee, August 1996
Internet History, Computer History Museum
25 Years of the Internet
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&oldid=825634116"
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text:
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the stage adaptation of the book, see The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (play).
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
Front cover of first edition
(quote from Ian McEwan)
Author
Mark Haddon
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Mystery novel
Publisher
Jonathan Cape (UK)
Doubleday (US)
Anchor Canada (Canada)
Publication date
May 2003
Media type
Print (hardback and paperback)
Pages
226
ISBN
0-09-945025-9
OCLC
59267481
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is a 2003 mystery novel by British writer Mark Haddon. Its title quotes the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1892 short story "Silver Blaze". Haddon and The Curious Incident won the Whitbread Book Awards for Best Novel and Book of the Year,[1] the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book,[2] and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize.[3] Unusually, it was published simultaneously in separate editions for adults and children.[4]
The novel is narrated in the first-person perspective by Christopher John Francis Boone, a 15-year-old boy who describes himself as "a mathematician with some behavioural difficulties" living in Swindon, Wiltshire. Although Christopher's condition is not stated, the book's blurb refers to Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, or savant syndrome. In July 2009, Haddon wrote on his blog that "Curious Incident is not a book about Asperger's... if anything it's a novel about difference, about being an outsider, about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way. The book is not specifically about any specific disorder," and that he, Haddon, is not an expert on autism spectrum disorder or Asperger syndrome.[5]
The book uses prime numbers to number the chapters, rather than the conventional successive numbers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Themes
3.1 Social disability
3.2 Metaphor
4 Reception
4.1 Awards
4.2 Critical reaction
4.3 Medical professionals' reviews
4.4 Texas community reactions
5 Adaptations
5.1 Stage
5.2 Film
6 References
7 External links
Plot
Christopher, a fifteen-year-old boy with an autism spectrum condition, lives with his father, who has told him that his mother, Judy, died two years ago. The boy discovers the dead body of the neighbour's dog, Wellington, speared by a garden fork. Mrs Shears, the dog's owner, calls the police, and Christopher comes under suspicion. When a policeman touches him, he hits the policeman, and is arrested, then released with a police caution. He decides to investigate the dog's death, despite his father's orders to stay out of other people's business. He is severely limited by his fears and difficulties when interpreting the world around him. Throughout his adventures, Christopher records his experiences in a book, which he calls a "murder mystery novel". During his investigation, Christopher meets people whom he has never before encountered, even though they live on the same street, including the elderly Mrs Alexander, who informs Christopher that his mother had an affair with Mr Shears and had been with him for a long time.
Christopher's father, Ed, discovers the book and confiscates it after a brief fight with the boy. While searching for the confiscated book, Christopher uncovers a trove of letters which his mother wrote to him, dated after her supposed death, which his father has also hidden. He is so shocked by his father lying about his mother's death that he is unable to move, curls up on the bed, vomits and groans for several hours until his father returns home. Ed realizes that Christopher has read the letters and cleans him up. He then confesses that he had indeed lied about Judy's death and also that it was he who killed Wellington, stating that it was a mistake resulting from his anger after a heated argument with Mrs Shears. Christopher, having lost all trust in his father and fearing that Ed might try to kill him since he had already killed the dog, decides to live with his mother and runs away. He remembers his mother's address from the letters and embarks on an adventurous trip to London, where his mother lives with Mr Shears.
After a long and event-filled journey, evading policemen and feeling ill from the overwhelmingly large amount of information and stimuli from the trains and crowds around him, he finally finds his way to his mother and Mr Shears's home, and waits outside until they arrive. Judy is delighted that Christopher has come to her; she is upset that Ed told Christopher that she was dead. Mr Shears does not want Christopher living with them and never did. Very soon after arriving, Christopher wants to return to Swindon in order to take his mathematics A-level. His mother leaves Mr Shears, their relationship having broken down because of their conflict about Christopher and Mr Shears's rejection of Christopher. Judy then moves into a rented room in Swindon. After an argument with Ed, she agrees to let Ed meet Christopher for daily brief visits. Christopher remains terrified of his father and makes repeated attempts to prevent him from talking. He hopes Ed will be imprisoned for killing Wellington, although his mother explains that for this to happen, Mrs Shears would have to press charges.
The story ends with Ed getting Christopher a Golden Retriever puppy, whom Christopher gets to name, and promising that he will rebuild trust with Christopher slowly, "no matter how long it takes". Christopher asserts that he will take further A-level exams and attend university. He completes his mathematics A-level with top grades despite having eaten and slept very little. Earlier in the story he talks about wanting to become an astronaut, but at the end he declares that his goal is to become a scientist. The book ends with Christopher optimistic about his future, having solved the mystery of the murdered dog, gone to London on his own, found his mother, written a book about his adventures, and achieved an A in his A-level maths exam.
Characters
Christopher John Francis Boone
The 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.
Ed Boone
Christopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.
Judy Boone
Christopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.
Siobhan
Christopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.
Roger Shears
One of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.
Eileen Shears
Mr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.
Mrs Alexander
An old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.
Rhodri
Ed Boone's employee.
Toby
Christopher's pet rat.
Wellington
Mrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.
Themes
Social disability
In a June 2003 interview with NPR's Terry Gross on her program Fresh Air, Haddon said about Christopher, "If he were diagnosed, he would be diagnosed as having Asperger's syndrome, which is a form of autism. I suppose you'd call it high-function autism in that he can function on, you know, a day-to-day basis, in a kind of rudimentary way. But he has a serious difficulty with life in that he really doesn't empathize with other human beings. He can't read their faces. He can't put himself in their shoes. And he can't understand anything more than the literal meaning of whatever's said to him, although I'm very careful in the book not to actually use the word 'Asperger's' or 'autism.' ... Because I don't want him to be labelled, and because, as with most people who have a disability, I don't think it's necessarily the most important thing about him... And as a good friend of mine said after reading the book, a friend who is himself a mathematician, it's not a novel about a boy who has Asperger's syndrome; it's a novel about a young mathematician who has some strange behavioural problems. And I think that's right."[6]
Haddon added, in the conversation with Terry Gross, "I have to say honestly that I did more research about the London Underground and the inside of Swindon Railway Station, where some of the novel takes place, than I did about Asperger's syndrome. I gave him kind of nine or 10 rules that he would live his life by, and then I didn't read any more about Asperger's because I think there is no typical person who has Asperger's syndrome, and they're as large and diverse a group of people as any other group in society. And the important thing is that I did a lot of imagining, that I did a lot of putting myself into his shoes in trying to make him come alive as a human being rather than getting him right, whatever that might mean."
Haddon states on his website that, although he had read "a handful of newspaper and magazine articles about, or by, people with Asperger's and autism" in preparation for writing the book, he knows "very little" about Asperger's syndrome and that Christopher Boone is inspired by two different people. According to Haddon, none of these people can be labelled as having a disability. Haddon added that he "slightly regret[s]" that the term Asperger's syndrome appeared on the cover of his novel.[5] In 2010, in an interview with The Independent, he was described as "now thoroughly irritated that the word Asperger's appeared on subsequent editions of the novel, because now everyone imagines that he is an expert and he keeps getting phone calls asking him to appear at lectures."[7]
In a critical essay on the novel, Vivienne Muller quotes some praise by experts on disability theory: "In its presentation of Christopher's everyday experiences of the society in which he lives, the narrative offers a rich canvas of experiences for an ethnographic study of this particular cognitive condition, and one which places a positive spin on the syndrome. The reader in this instance acts as ethnographer, invited to see what Mark Osteen claims is a 'quality in autistic lives that is valuable in and of itself' (cited in [S.] Adams 2005, p.1). Along similar lines, [Alex] McClimens writes that Haddon's novel is 'an ethnographic delight' and that 'Haddon's achievement is to have written a novel that turns on the central character's difference without making that difference a stigmatising characteristic' (2005, p.24)." Muller adds that the novel "works with a strong sense of the disabled speaking subject, drawing readers into Christopher's cognitive/corporeal space through an incremental layering of his perspectives and reactions... The narrative also bristles with diagrams, maps, drawings, stories, texts that inform Christopher's lexicon for mapping meaning in a world of bewildering signs and sounds." She also admires such elements as "the digressive stream-of-connectedness-and-disconnectedness way in which Christopher writes and thinks; the obsessive focus on minutiae; his musings about why animals behave the way they do; his quasi philosophizing on death and life and the afterlife; his ambition to be an astronaut..."[8]
In a survey of children's books which "teach about emotional life," Laura Jana wrote, "On the one hand, this is a story of how an undeniably quirky teenage boy clings to order, deals with a family crisis, and tries to make sense of the world as he sees it. But it also provides profound insight into a disorder—autism—that leaves those who have it struggling to perceive even the most basic of human emotions. In so doing, The Curious Incident leaves its readers with a greater appreciation of their own ability to feel, express, and interpret emotions. This mainstream literary success made its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list for fiction at the same time it was being touted by experts in Asperger's syndrome and autism-spectrum disorder as an unrivaled fictional depiction of the inner workings of an autistic teenage boy."[9]
Metaphor
Christopher often comments on his inability to appreciate some metaphors and similes. He gives as an example a quote that he found in "a proper novel": "I am veined with iron, with silver and with streaks of common mud. I cannot contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus." Haddon told Terry Gross, "Funnily enough, it's actually a quote from Virginia Woolf. It's Virginia Woolf on an off day, in the middle, I think, of The Waves. An author whom I love actually, but who sometimes got a little too carried away."[6]
Reception
Awards
The book was joint winner of the 2004 Boeke Prize, won the 2003 Whitbread Book of the Year award and sold more than two million copies.[7] Haddon also was one of the winners of the 2004 Alex Awards, which "honor the 10 top adult books with appeal for adolescents."[10]
As well as winning the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, Haddon earned the Book Trust teenage fiction award.[4][11] The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time was also long-listed for the Man Booker Prize, and "many observers were surprised that it did not advance to the shortlist." John Carey, chairman of the Booker panel of judges, told The Guardian, "We have several clashes of opinion among the judges but I found Haddon's book about a boy with Asperger's syndrome breathtaking."[11]
Critical reaction
A survey in Great Britain, conducted by the BBC's literacy campaign for World Book Day, found Curious Incident to be among "the top five happy endings, as voted on by readers" in novels (the others were Pride and Prejudice, To Kill a Mockingbird, Jane Eyre and Rebecca, the last of which Curious outranked).[12]
School Library Journal praised it as a "rich and poignant novel."[13] The San Jose Mercury News said, "Haddon does something audacious here, and he does it superbly. He shows us the way consciousness orders the world, even when the world doesn't want to be ordered," adding that "the great achievement of this novel is that it transcends its obvious cleverness. It's more than an exercise in narrative ingenuity. Filled with humor and pain, it verges on profundity in its examination of those things—customs, habits, language, symbols, daily routines, etc.—that simultaneously unite and separate human beings."[14] A reviewer for The Christian Century described it as "an absorbing, plausible book": "The reader becomes absorbed not only in the mystery of a murdered dog and a missing mom, but also in the mysterious world of an autistic child."[15]
A reviewer for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution wrote that the story is "a touching evolution, one that Haddon scripts with tenderness and care... a unique window into the mind of a boy who thinks a little differently, but like many kids his age, doesn't quite know how to feel."[16] Professor Roger Soder called it "visceral" and a "delightful story," declaring, "All of us in our Spokane Book Club are special education professionals and so have considerable experience with kids with this disability, and we found the story believable."[17]
Medical professionals' reviews
Dr. Alex McClimens, whom Muller quoted above, also wrote, "This magnificent essay in communication is compulsory reading for anyone with the slightest interest in autistic spectrum disorders. This book is also required reading for those who simply enjoy a fascinating story... we are offered a first person narrative to match anything by contemporary writers. Mark Haddon has created a true literary character and his handling of the teenage Asperger's heroic adventure is brilliantly crafted. He uses the literal mind-set of his hero to mask the true direction of the plot."[18] Reviewer Paul Moorehead calls the book "a fairly ripping adventure story" and writes, "It's also quite a feat of writing. The actual use of language is somewhat austere—an unavoidable consequence of having a boy with autism as a narrator—but it has its own beauty, and it works. So persuasive and so effective is the construction of Christopher, not only is he a character you're rooting for, he's also the character in the story you understand the best. It's startling how believably and comfortably this story puts you into what you might have thought were likely to be some pretty alien shoes."[19]
Reviewer David Ellis, naming Curious Incident an "ambitious and innovative novel," wrote that Haddon "manages to avoid the opposing pitfalls of either offending people with autism and their families or turning Christopher into an object of pity. Instead of becoming the focus of the plot, the autism enhances it. The unemotional descriptions amplify many moments of observational comedy, and misfortunes are made extremely poignantly." He concludes that Christopher's story is "far more enjoyable and likely to stay with you for far longer than any medical textbook."[20]
Texas community reactions
The novel was selected as a recommended book for the 2006 Galveston Reads program, a literacy encouragement program in Galveston County, Texas. Kimball Brizendine, the Mayor of Friendswood, issued a proclamation declaring "Galveston County Reads Day" and encouraging "all citizens, teens to seniors" to read the novel. Five days later, he retracted the statement, declaring that it was "not [his] intention to endorse this readership [sic] for our younger readers." The journal American Libraries reported, "City Council member Chris Peden went a step further, asserting to the January 28 Galveston County Daily News that while he hadn't read Curious Incident in its entirety, he had noted that the 'F word' appeared on page four and that 'later in the book, the [lead character] says there is no God and there is no life after death. Clearly, these are not ideas we should promote to kids'."[21]
In August, 2007, some parents in Bryan, Texas, "were appalled to see what their kids were reading" and protested the inclusion of the book in high school libraries, with one parent claiming that Curious Incident and another book (Catalyst by Laurie Halse Anderson) were "unsuitable for not just some but all high school students."[22]
Adaptations
Stage
Main article: The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (play)
A stage adaptation, by Simon Stephens and directed by Marianne Elliott,[23] premiered at the National Theatre on 2 August 2012.[24] It starred Luke Treadaway as Christopher, Nicola Walker as his mother Judy, Paul Ritter as his father Ed, Una Stubbs as Mrs Alexander and Niamh Cusack as Siobhan.[25] The production, which ran until late October 2012, was broadcast live to cinemas worldwide on 6 September 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme.[26]
The show transferred to the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue, London, from March 2013. On 19 December 2013, during a performance of The Curious Incident at the Apollo, parts of the ceiling fell down injuring around 80 of the over 700 patrons inside.[27] The production re-opened at the Gielgud Theatre on 24 June 2014.[28] The new West End cast was led by Sion Daniel Young as Christopher Boone, with Rebecca Lacey as Siobhan, Nicolas Tennant as Ed, Mary Stockley as Judy, Jacqueline Clarke as Mrs Alexander, Indra Ové as Mrs Shears, Stephen Beckett as Roger Shears, Matthew Trevannion as Mr Thompson, Pearl Mackie as No. 40/Punk Girl, Sean McKenzie as Reverend Peters and Kaffe Keating plays alternate Christopher. They were joined by Mark Rawlings, Penelope McGhie, Naomi Said and Simon Victor.[29]
An adaptation and translation into Spanish by María Renée Prudencio played at the Teatro de los Insurgentes in Mexico City in June 2014. The character of Christopher was played by Luis Gerardo Méndez and by Alfonso Dosal on alternate days. An Israeli adaptation (translation into Hebrew by Daniel Efrat) has been staged at the Beit Lessin Theater in Tel Aviv since March 2014, starring Nadav Netz as Christopher. Netz won the Best Actor category at the 2015 Israeli Theater Awards for the role.[30]
Film
The film rights for the novel were optioned by Brad Grey and Brad Pitt for Warner Brothers.[31][32] In 2011 Steve Kloves was attached to write and direct the project, but as of 2017 it has not yet been produced.[33][34]
References
Jump up ^ "Ethan Frome" (PDF). Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "2004 Commonwealth Writers Prize Awarded". State Library of Victoria. 15 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ The Guardian Children's Fiction Prize 2003 (top page). guardian.co.uk. 6 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Ezard, John (13 November 2003). "Curious incident of writer's literary hat trick: Whitbread list means Haddon could be three time winner". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Asperger's & Autism". Mark Haddon. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gross, Terry (26 June 2003). "Interview: Mark Haddon Talks About His New Book, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". NPR. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Mark Haddon: The Curious Incident of the Novelist Turned Playwright". The Independent. UK. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Muller, Vivienne (December 2006). "Constituting Christopher: Disability Theory and Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time". Papers: Explorations into Children's Literature. 16 (2): 118+.
Jump up ^ Jana, Laura A. (February 2005). "Feelings 101: Teaching about Emotional Life through Literature". Contemporary Pediatrics. 22 (2): 87.
Jump up ^ "Adult Books that Appeal to Teens". Reading Today. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. 22 (1): 7. August–September 2004. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Sarvas, Mark (27 January 2004). "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". The Modern Word. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Happy Endings". Reading Today. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. 23 (5): 4. April–May 2006. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Haddon, Mark. The Curious Incident of the Dog on Night-Time". School Library Journal. 50 (4): S64. April 2004. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Matthews, Charles (22 June 2003). "Narrator is Autistic – Reasoning is Artistic". San Jose Mercury News.
Jump up ^ "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". The Christian Century. 122 (25): 23. 13 December 2005. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Freeman, John (29 June 2003). "BOOKS: Whodunit Unveils Autistic Boy's Mind". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Jump up ^ Soder, Roger (June 2005). "Books for Summer Reading". Phi Delta Kappan. Phi Delta Kappa. 86 (10): 777. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ McClimens, Alex (May 2005). "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (Adult version)". Learning Disability Practice. Royal College of Nursing. 8 (4): 24.
Jump up ^ Moorehead, Paul (25 April 2006). "Comfortable in Alien Shoes". Canadian Medical Association Journal. Canadian Medical Association. 174 (9): 1307. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060083.
Jump up ^ Ellis, David S. J. (February 2004). "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time". Student BMJ. British Medical Association. 12: 84. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Curious Incident Triggers Curious Reaction in Texas". American Libraries. American Library Association. 37 (3): 19. March 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Roggenkamp, Karen. "Challenges to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime". Commerce, TX: Texas A&M University. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time – Cast & Creative". NationalTheatre.org.uk.
Jump up ^ "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". NationalTheatre.org.uk.
Jump up ^ Geoghegan, Kev (5 August 2012). "National Theatre adapts Mark Haddon's Curious Incident". BBC News Online. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Live Homepage". National Theatre. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "London's Apollo Theatre's roof collapses". BBC News. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/97103/curious-incident-dog-night-time/ at Gielgud Theatre 2013, London Theatre 1, 23 June 2015
Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/108677/production-images-for-the-curious-incident-of-the-dog-in-the-night-time/ Production photographs June 2015, London Theatre 1, 23 June 2015
Jump up ^ Beit Lessin Theater play page (Hebrew)
Jump up ^ Thompson, Bill (26 June 2003). "Actress shows off her knack for comedy". The Post and Courier. Charleston, South Carolina. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Connelly, Brendon (24 April 2011). "Wonderful Novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Being Adapted into a Film by Harry Potter Writer". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra. "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". Movies.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Guardian and Observer Film Season 2010's Power 100: David Heyman". Guardian.co.uk. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
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I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Dennis Dugan
Produced by
Adam Sandler
Jack Giarraputo
Tom Shadyac
Michael Bostick
Written by
Barry Fanaro
Alexander Payne
Jim Taylor
Starring
Adam Sandler
Kevin James
Jessica Biel
Ving Rhames
Steve Buscemi
Dan Aykroyd
John Farley
Music by
Rupert Gregson-Williams
Cinematography
Dean Semler
Edited by
Jeff Gourson
Production
company
Relativity Media
Shady Acres Entertainment
Happy Madison Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
July 12, 2007 (2007-07-12) (Universal City)
July 20, 2007 (2007-07-20) (United States)
Running time
115 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$85 million[2]
Box office
$186.1 million[2]
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry is a 2007 American comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan. It stars Adam Sandler and Kevin James as the title characters Chuck and Larry, respectively, two New York City firefighters who pretend to be a gay couple in order to ensure one of their children can receive healthcare. The film was released in the United States on July 20, 2007 and was Sandler's first role in a Universal Pictures film since Bulletproof in 1996.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
5 Accolades
6 Response from social groups
7 Controversy
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Chuck Levine, a womanizing bachelor, and Larry Valentine, a widower struggling to raise his two children, are two veteran New York City firefighters. During a routine sweep of a burned building, a segment of floor collapses on Chuck, but Larry saves his life. Chuck vows to repay Larry in any way possible. Experiencing an epiphany from the incident, Larry tries to increase his life insurance policy, but he runs into difficulties naming his children as primary beneficiaries. He is told he should remarry so his new spouse can be the primary beneficiary; however, no one specifies whom he has to marry.
Inspired by a newspaper article about domestic partnerships, Larry asks Chuck to enter a civil union with him. Although Chuck declines at first, he is reminded of his debt to Larry and finally agrees, entering a domestic partnership and becoming Larry's primary beneficiary in the event of his death. To their dismay, however, investigators arrive to inquire about their abrupt partnership, suspecting fraud. Chuck and Larry decide to enlist the help of lawyer Alex McDonough, who suggests they get married and move in together to prove they are committed; Chuck reluctantly agrees. The pair travel to Niagara Falls in Canada for a quick same sex marriage at a wedding chapel and begin living together.
At a gay benefit costume party, the partygoers are confronted by homophobic protesters. Chuck is provoked into punching their leader, and the incident is picked up by the local news. With their apparent homosexuality and marriage revealed, Chuck and Larry are heckled, and their fellow FDNY firefighters refuse to work with them. Their only ally is Fred G. Duncan, an angry, intimidating firefighter who comes out to Chuck.
Chuck becomes romantically interested in Alex after the two spend time together, but finds himself unable to get close to her because she thinks he is gay. In another meeting at her apartment, Chuck and Alex are making charm bracelets. They soon kiss, but Alex, still believing Chuck is gay and married, is shocked and immediately distances herself from Chuck. Meanwhile, city agent Clinton Fitzer arrives to investigate the couple, and the strain on both Larry and Chuck causes them to fight. Larry learns about the kiss and confronts Chuck about it, asserting that Chuck's absence is jeopardizing their ability to maintain the ruse of their relationship. During the argument, Larry reveals that he is still in love with his deceased wife, Paula, and Chuck responds that he needs to move on for the sake of his children. Later that evening, a petition circulates to have Chuck and Larry thrown out of the firehouse. Upon discovering it, a hurtful Larry confronts the crew about personal embarrassments on the job that Chuck and Larry helped them overcome. Afterwards, Chuck and Larry apologize to each other and reconcile their differences.
Eventually, numerous women publicly testify to having slept with Chuck in the recent past, and the couple is called into court to defend their marriage against charges of fraud. They are defended by Alex, and their fellow firefighters arrive in support, having realized all that Chuck and Larry have done for them over the years. Fitzer interrogates both men, and eventually demands the pair to kiss to prove that their relationship is physical. Before they do so, Chuck and Larry are interrupted by FDNY Captain Phineas J. Tucker, who reveals their marriage to be a sham and that they are both straight. He then offers to be arrested as well, since he knew about the false relationship but failed to report it. This prompts each of the other firefighters to claim a role in the wedding in a show of solidarity. Chuck, Larry, and the other firefighters are sent to jail, but they are quickly released after negotiating a deal to provide photos for an AIDS research benefit calendar, and Chuck and Larry keep their benefits.
Two months later, Duncan and Alex's brother, Kevin, are married in Niagara Falls at the same chapel as Chuck and Larry. At the wedding party, Larry moves on from the death of his wife and talks to a new woman, while Alex agrees to a dance with Chuck.
Cast[edit]
Adam Sandler as Charles Todd "Chuck" Levine
Kevin James as Lawrence Arthur "Larry" Valentine
Jessica Biel as Alex McDonough
Dan Aykroyd as Captain Phineas J. Tucker
Ving Rhames as Fred G. Duncan
Steve Buscemi as Clinton Fitzer
Peter Dante as Tony Paroni
Nicholas Turturro as Renaldo Pinera
Rachel Dratch as Sara Powers
Allen Covert as Steve
Richard Chamberlain as Councilman Banks
Nick Swardson as Kevin McDonough
John Farley as Criminal (voice)
Lance Bass as Bandleader
Cole Morgen as Eric Valentine
Shelby Adamowsky as Tori Valentine
Mary Pat Gleason as Teresa
Dave Matthews as Salesman
Blake Clark as Crazy homeless man
Dan Patrick as New York cop
Chandra West as "Doctor Honey"
Tila Tequila and Jamie Chung as Hooters girls
Dennis Dugan as Cab driver
Rob Corddry as Jim the minister
Jonathan Loughran as David Nootzie
Becky and Jessie O'Donohue as Donna and Darla
Robert Smigel[3] as Mailman
David Spade (uncredited) as Transvestite groupie
Rob Schneider (uncredited) as Asian minister
Arne Starr (uncredited) as Court supporter
Jim Ford (uncredited) as Criminal stuck in chimney
Production[edit]
Producer Tom Shadyac had planned this film as early as 1999. I Now Pronounce You Joe and Benny, as the film was then titled, was announced as starring Nicolas Cage and Will Smith with Shadyac directing. In the official trailer, the song "Grace Kelly" by British pop star, Mika, was included.[4]
Release[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 14% of 157 reviews surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the rating is 3.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Whether by way of inept comedy or tasteless stereotypes, I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry falters on both levels."[5] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 37 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[6] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[7]
USA Today called it "a movie that gives marriage, homosexuality, friendship, firefighters, children and nearly everything else a bad name."[8] The Wall St Journal calls it "an insult to gays, straights, men, women, children, African-Americans, Asians, pastors, mailmen, insurance adjusters, firemen, doctors -- and fans of show music."[9]
The New York Post called it not an insult to homosexuality but to comedy itself.[10] The Miami Herald was slightly less critical, calling the film "funny in the juvenile, crass way we expect."[11]
Nathan Lee from the Village Voice wrote a positive review, praising the film for being "tremendously savvy in its stupid way" and "as eloquent as Brokeback Mountain, and even more radical."[12] Controversial critic Armond White championed the film as "a modern classic" for its "ultimate moral lesson—that sexuality has absolutely nothing to do with who Chuck and Larry are as people".[13]
Box office[edit]
Chuck & Larry grossed $34,233,750 and ranked #1 at the domestic box office in its opening weekend, higher than the other opening wide release that weekend, Hairspray, and the previous weekend's #1 film, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.[14] By the end of its run, the film had grossed $120,059,556 domestically and $66,012,658 internationally for a worldwide total of $186,072,214.[2]
Accolades[edit]
The film received eight Golden Raspberry Award nominations including Worst Picture, Worst Actor (Adam Sandler), Worst Supporting Actor (both Kevin James and Rob Schneider), Worst Supporting Actress (Jessica Biel), Worst Director (Dennis Dugan), Worst Screenplay and Worst Screen Couple (Adam Sandler with either Kevin James or Jessica Biel), but failed to win any.
Response from social groups[edit]
The film was screened prior to release for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD). GLAAD representative Damon Romine told Entertainment Weekly magazine: "The movie has some of the expected stereotypes, but in its own disarming way, it's a call for equality and respect".[15]
Controversy[edit]
According to Alexander Payne, the writer of an initial draft of the film, Sandler took many liberties with his screenplay, "Sandler-izing" the film, in his own words. At some point, he did not want his name attached to the project.[16][17]
Critics have also said the character played by Rob Schneider is a racist caricature and he was also criticized for donning Yellowface.[18]
In November 2007, the producers of the Australian film Strange Bedfellows initiated legal action against Universal Studios for copyright violation.[19] The suit was withdrawn in April 2008 after the producers of Strange Bedfellows received an early draft of Chuck & Larry that predated their film, and they were satisfied that they had not been plagiarized.[20]
See also[edit]
Boston marriage
mariage blanc
marriage of convenience
non-sexual same-sex marriage
sham marriage
whitewashing in film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "I NOW PRONOUNCE YOU CHUCK & LARRY (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. 2007-07-24. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Evans, Bradford (18 July 2013). "Which Movie Has the Most 'SNL' Cast Members In It?". Splitsider. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "I, Nicolas Cage, take thee, Will Smith". The Advocate. 1999-05-25. p. 22. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
Jump up ^ "I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry Reviews". Metacritic. Flixster. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (2007-07-20). "'Chuck and Larry': It's a marriage of bad taste, bad gags". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Joanne (2007-07-20). "'Hairspray' Is Campy Fun, but Travolta Is a Drag". Wall St Journal. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ Smith, Kyle (July 20, 2007). "'laughless comedy isn't a gay time'". New York Post. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Chuck & Larry'". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 2010-08-01. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "'Queer as Folk'". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ "'Bossom Budies'". New York Press. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for July 20-22, 2007". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry". Entertainment Weekly. 2007-07-20. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
Jump up ^ "A Peek at the Movie 'Chuck & Larry' Could Have Been". Vulture. July 20, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/oscars/9013788/Oscars-2012-Alexander-Payne-on-The-Descendants.html
Jump up ^ afterelton.com Archived August 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Review of "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry"
Jump up ^ Filmmakers take on Hollywood over comedy 'copy' - Film - Entertainment
Jump up ^ "Strange fluke, not plagiarism - Film - Entertainment". Sydney Morning Herald. 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry
Official website
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry on IMDb
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry at Box Office Mojo
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry at Rotten Tomatoes
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry at Metacritic
show
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e
Films directed by Dennis Dugan
Problem Child (1990)
Brain Donors (1992)
The Shaggy Dog (1994)
Happy Gilmore (1996)
Beverly Hills Ninja (1997)
Big Daddy (1999)
Saving Silverman (2001)
National Security (2003)
The Benchwarmers (2006)
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007)
You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008)
Grown Ups (2010)
Just Go with It (2011)
Jack and Jill (2011)
Grown Ups 2 (2013)
show
v
t
e
Happy Madison Productions
Films
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999)
Little Nicky (2000)
The Animal (2001)
Joe Dirt (2001)
Mr. Deeds (2002)
The Master of Disguise (2002)
Eight Crazy Nights (2002)
The Hot Chick (2002)
Anger Management (2003)
Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star (2003)
50 First Dates (2004)
The Longest Yard (2005)
Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo (2005)
Grandma's Boy (2006)
The Benchwarmers (2006)
Click (2006)
I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry (2007)
Reign Over Me (2007)
Strange Wilderness (2008)
The House Bunny (2008)
You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008)
Bedtime Stories (2008)
Paul Blart: Mall Cop (2009)
The Shortcut (2009)
Funny People (2009)
Grown Ups (2010)
Just Go with It (2011)
Zookeeper (2011)
Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star (2011)
Jack and Jill (2011)
That's My Boy (2012)
Here Comes the Boom (2012)
Grown Ups 2 (2013)
Blended (2014)
Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 (2015)
Pixels (2015)
Joe Dirt 2: Beautiful Loser (2015)
The Ridiculous 6 (2015)
The Do-Over (2016)
Sandy Wexler (2017)
The Week Of (2018)
Television series
Rules of Engagement (2007–13)
The Gong Show with Dave Attell (2008)
Nick Swardson's Pretend Time (2010–11)
Breaking In (2011–12)
The Goldbergs (2013–present)
Imaginary Mary (2017)
Key people
Adam Sandler
Allen Covert
Jack Giarraputo
Tim Herlihy
Heather Parry
Sony Pictures Entertainment
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Now_Pronounce_You_Chuck_%26_Larry&oldid=854184782"
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values: أنا الآن أعلن أنكما تشاك ولاري (فيلم) – Arabic

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values: Chuck und Larry – Wie Feuer und Flamme – German

values: I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry – Spanish

values: اکنون شما را چاک و لری اعلام می‌کنم – Persian

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values: I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry – Galician

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values: Հայտարարում եմ ձեզ Չակ և Լարի – Armenian

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values: Io vi dichiaro marito e... marito – Italian

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values: אני מכריז עליכם צ'אק ולארי – Hebrew

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values: I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry – Dutch

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values: チャックとラリー おかしな偽装結婚!? – Japanese

values: I gode og onde dager - Chuck og Larry – Norwegian

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values: I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry – Portuguese

values: Чак и Ларри: Пожарная свадьба – Russian

values: I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry – Simple English

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values: Härmed förklarar jag er Chuck och Larry – Swedish

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values: Чак і Ларрі: Запальні молодята – Ukrainian

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values: 當我們「假」在一起 – Chinese

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