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List of best-selling singles of the 1980s in the United Kingdom
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Singles are a type of music release that typically have fewer tracks than an extended play or an album. For the first three years of the 1980s the UK Singles Chart was compiled by the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) who had been compiling the charts throughout the 1970s. On 8 January 1983 Gallup took over the compilation of the UK music charts and continued to provide the chart data for the next eleven years. The charts were produced from the sales data of a representative panel of around 500 record shops across the country. The "panel sales" data from each shop were sent to the chart compilers were week and a multiplication factor was then applied to obtain an estimate of total sales across the country. Under the BMRB this sales data was posted to the chart compilers, but when Gallup took over they automated the system by installing computer terminals in the shops that registered each sale and sent the information to Gallup immediately.
The best-selling singles of the 1980s were compiled for Gallup by chart statisticians Alan Jones and Bob Macdonald.[1] They were first revealed on BBC Radio 1 on 1 January 1990, with the "Top 80 of the 80s" counted down and played between 12:35 p.m. and 6:30 p.m. by DJs Alan Freeman and Mark Goodier.[2] The top eighty best-selling singles of the decade were also printed in the music magazine Record Mirror in the issue dated 6 January 1990.[1] However, in the following week's issue a correction was published stating that two singles had been omitted from the chart in error, caused by "computer storage problems at Gallup". The two singles were "Blue Monday" by New Order which should have been at number 13, and "Like a Virgin" by Madonna which should have been at number 53.[3] The chart was then expanded to a top 100, including the two corrections, and published in Guinness Hits of the 80s later in 1990.[4]
The 19 September 2009 issue of the UK music trade magazine Music Week included a special supplement to celebrate its 50th anniversary. It contained updated charts of the top twenty best-selling singles of each decade of the magazine's existence, based on the most recent information available from the Official Charts Company (OCC). The top twenty chart for the 1980s comprised the same twenty singles as the chart published in 1990, but "Blue Monday" was placed at number 12 and "Eye of the Tiger" at number 13.[5]
The 1984 charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" by Band Aid was the best-selling single of the decade, and also became the biggest selling single of all time in the UK. It kept this title until 1997, when Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" overtook it.
At number six is Wham! with "Last Christmas"/"Everything She Wants", which is the highest selling number two hit and the highest selling single not to top the chart.[6] In total, there were 20 non-number one singles in the Top 100 (eight of these in the bottom ten), including the biggest selling number three single "Blue Monday" by New Order.
Jennifer Rush at number nine with "The Power of Love" became the first female artist ever to have a million-selling single in the UK. Wham!, David Bowie, John Lennon and Adam and the Ants have three singles in the Top 100, while Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Stevie Wonder, Culture Club, Dexys Midnight Runners, Kylie Minogue, Lionel Richie, Madonna, Cliff Richard, Shakin' Stevens, Bucks Fizz, Michael Jackson, Ottawan and Paul McCartney all have two.
Chart[edit]
[1][4]
No.
Title
Artist
Year
Peak
position
1
"Do They Know It's Christmas?" Band Aid 1984 1
2
"Relax" Frankie Goes to Hollywood 1983 1
3
"I Just Called to Say I Love You" Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder 1984 1
4
"Two Tribes" Frankie Goes to Hollywood 1984 1
5
"Don't You Want Me" Human League, TheThe Human League 1981 1
6
"Last Christmas"/"Everything She Wants" Wham! 1984 2
7
"Karma Chameleon" Culture Club 1983 1
8
"Careless Whisper" Michael, GeorgeGeorge Michael 1984 1
9
"The Power of Love" Rush, JenniferJennifer Rush 1985 1
10
"Come On Eileen" Dexys Midnight Runners & the Emerald Express 1982 1
11
"Tainted Love" Soft Cell 1981 1
12
"Eye of the Tiger" Survivor 1982 1
13
"Blue Monday" New Order 1983 3[a]
14
"Stand and Deliver" Adam and the Ants 1981 1
15
"Especially for You" Minogue, KylieKylie Minogue and Jason Donovan 1988 1
16
"The Lion Sleeps Tonight" Tight Fit 1982 1
17
"Fame" Cara, IreneIrene Cara 1982 1
18
"Ghostbusters" Parker, Jr., RayRay Parker, Jr. 1984 2
19
"Uptown Girl" Joel, BillyBilly Joel 1983 1
20
"Ride On Time" Black Box 1989 1
21
"Swing the Mood" Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers 1989 1
22
"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" Culture Club 1982 1
23
"Hello" Richie, LionelLionel Richie 1984 1
24
"I Know Him So Well" Paige, ElaineElaine Paige and Barbara Dickson 1985 1
25
"Imagine" Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon 1981[b] 1
26
"Don't Stand So Close to Me" Police, TheThe Police 1980 1
27
"Agadoo" Black Lace 1984 2
28
"Woman in Love" Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand 1980 1
29
"Red Red Wine" UB40 1983 1
30
"Antmusic" Adam and the Ants 1980 2
31
"Into the Groove" Madonna 1985 1
32
"Save Your Love" Renée and Renato 1982 1
33
"Feels Like I'm in Love" Marie, KellyKelly Marie 1980 1
34
"Pass the Dutchie" Musical Youth 1982 1
35
"Never Gonna Give You Up" Astley, RickRick Astley 1987 1
36
"Prince Charming" Adam and the Ants 1981 1
37
"Mistletoe and Wine" Richard, CliffCliff Richard 1988 1
38
"Don't Leave Me This Way" Communards, TheThe Communards 1986 1
39
"I Don't Wanna Dance" Grant, EddyEddy Grant 1982 1
40
"This Ole House" Stevens, Shakin'Shakin' Stevens 1981 1
41
"The Land of Make Believe" Bucks Fizz 1982 1
42
"Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now" Starship 1987 1
43
"Vienna" Ultravox 1981 2
44
"Seven Tears" Goombay Dance Band 1982 1
45
"Freedom" Wham! 1984 1
46
"One Day in Your Life" Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson 1981 1
47
"Making Your Mind Up" Bucks Fizz 1981 1
48
"Super Trouper" ABBA 1980 1
49
"The Birdie Song" Tweets, TheThe Tweets 1981 2
50
"19" Hardcastle, PaulPaul Hardcastle 1985 1
51
"Every Loser Wins" Berry, NickNick Berry 1986 1
52
"Shaddup You Face" Joe Dolce Music Theatre 1981 1
53
"Like a Virgin" Madonna 1985 3
54
"I Wanna Wake Up with You" Gardiner, BorisBoris Gardiner 1986 1
55
"Reet Petite" Wilson, JackieJackie Wilson 1986 1
56
"D.I.S.C.O." Ottawan 1980 2
57
"Frankie" Sister Sledge 1985 1
58
"I Want to Know What Love Is" Foreigner 1984 1
59
"The Tide Is High" Blondie 1980 1
60
"Let's Dance" Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie 1983 1
61
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" Tyler, BonnieBonnie Tyler 1983 1
62
"True" Spandau Ballet 1983 1
63
"Chain Reaction" Ross, DianaDiana Ross 1986 1
64
"We All Stand Together" McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney and the Frog Chorus 1984 3
65
"The Only Way Is Up" Yazz and the Plastic Population 1988 1
66
"Living Doll" Richard, CliffCliff Richard and The Young Ones featuring Hank Marvin 1986 1
67
"Ebony and Ivory" McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney and Stevie Wonder 1982 1
68
"Only You" Flying Pickets, TheThe Flying Pickets 1983 1
69
"You Drive Me Crazy" Stevens, Shakin'Shakin' Stevens 1981 2
70
"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" Wham! 1984 1
71
"The Lady in Red" de Burgh, ChrisChris de Burgh 1986 1
72
"Geno" Dexys Midnight Runners 1980 1
73
"Down Under" Men at Work 1983 1
74
"Dancing in the Street" Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie and Mick Jagger 1985 1
75
"Town Called Malice"/"Precious" Jam, TheThe Jam 1982 1
76
"I Should Be So Lucky" Minogue, KylieKylie Minogue 1988 1
77
"Together We Are Beautiful" Kinney, FernFern Kinney 1980 1
78
"Coward of the County" Rogers, KennyKenny Rogers 1980 1
79
"I Feel for You" Khan, ChakaChaka Khan 1984 1
80
"Ghost Town" Specials, TheThe Specials 1981 1
81
"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" Houston, WhitneyWhitney Houston 1987 1
82
"Move Closer" Nelson, PhyllisPhyllis Nelson 1985 1
83
"(Just Like) Starting Over" Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon 1980 1
84
"It's My Party" Stewart, DaveDave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin 1981 1
85
"Being with You" Robinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson 1981 1
86
"Working My Way Back to You" Detroit Spinners, TheThe Detroit Spinners 1980 1
87
"When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going" Ocean, BillyBilly Ocean 1986 1
88
"Billie Jean" Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson 1983 1
89
"9 to 5" Easton, SheenaSheena Easton 1980 3
90
"A Good Heart" Sharkey, FeargalFeargal Sharkey 1985 1
91
"Baggy Trousers" Madness 1980 3
92
"Take On Me" A-ha 1985 2
93
"Happy Birthday" Altered Images 1981 2
94
"Hands Up (Give Me Your Heart)" Ottawan 1981 3
95
"Ashes to Ashes" Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie 1980 1
96
"Woman" Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon 1981 1
97
"Love & Pride" King 1985 2
98
"Golden Brown" Stranglers, TheThe Stranglers 1982 2
99
"All Night Long (All Night)" Richie, LionelLionel Richie 1983 2
100
"Love of the Common People" Young, PaulPaul Young 1983 2
Notes:
Jump up ^ This is the highest position achieved by the "Blue Monday '88" remix in 1988. The original version of "Blue Monday" peaked at number 9 in 1983. Sales of the two versions were later combined.
Jump up ^ Originally released in 1975 and reached number 6; it was re-released in 1981 following Lennon's death.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, Alan (6 January 1990). "Charts". Record Mirror. London, England: United Newspapers. p. 46. (top 80 only)
Jump up ^ "The Top 80 of the 80s". Radio Times. London, England: BBC Magazines. 23 December 1989 – 5 January 1990. p. 134.
Jump up ^ Jones, Alan (13 January 1990). "Charts". Record Mirror. p. 46.
^ Jump up to: a b Gambaccini, Paul; Rice, Tim; Rice, Jonathan, eds. (1990). Guinness Hits of the 80s. London, England: Guinness Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-85112-398-1.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Singles of the Eighties". Music Week. London, England: United Business Media. 19 September 2009. ("1959–2009: Anniversary Special" supplement, p. 28.)
Jump up ^ "The Official UK Charts Company (Chart positions)". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
[hide]
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text:
Fresh water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Freshwater" redirects here. For other uses, see Freshwater (disambiguation).
Rivers, lakes, and marshlands, such as (from top) South America's Amazon River, Russia's Lake Baikal, and the Everglades in Florida of the United States, are types of freshwater systems.
Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs.
Fresh water is not the same as potable water (or drinking water). Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is unsuitable for drinking without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion.
Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Some organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most mammals need fresh water to live.
The term "sweet water" is used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water.
Contents
1 Definitions
1.1 Numerical definition
1.2 Systems
2 Sources
3 Water distribution
4 Aquatic organisms
5 Problems
5.1 Limited resource
5.2 Minimum streamflow
5.3 Water pollution
6 Human uses
6.1 Agriculture
6.2 Examples
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Definitions[edit]
Numerical definition[edit]
Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[1]
Part of a series on
Water salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)
Bodies of water
Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity
v
t
e
Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[2] or 3000 ppm.[3]
Systems[edit]
Earth seen from Apollo 17. The Antarctic ice sheet at the bottom of the photograph contains 61% of the fresh water, or 1.7% of the total water, on Earth.
Visualisation of the distribution (by volume) of water on Earth. Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1000 cubic km of water, with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes (200000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba, arguably the heaviest man-made object). The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes.[4]
Water fountain found in a small Swiss village. They are used as a drinking water source for people and cattle. Almost every Alpine village has such a water source.
Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic, or running-water systems; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.
The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.
Sources[edit]
The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.
In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.
In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.
Water distribution[edit]
Main article: Water distribution on Earth
Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[5][6] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[7] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.
Aquatic organisms[edit]
Further information: Aquatic animal
Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.
Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]
Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.
Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish.
Problems[edit]
Limited resource[edit]
Main article: Water scarcity
Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.
Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[11]
The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[12] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.[13]
Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability (or water scarcity). Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[14]
Minimum streamflow[edit]
An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[15] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems.
Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.
Water pollution[edit]
Main article: Water pollution
Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[16] Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.
Human uses[edit]
Agriculture[edit]
Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[17] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems.
In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[17] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[18]
Examples[edit]
One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water[19] Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water use.
Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day
Drinking Water 5 2–5
Sanitation Services 20 20–75
Bathing 15 5–70
Cooking and Kitchen 10 10–50
Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]
Animal
Average / day
Range / day
Dairy cow 76 L (20 US gal) 57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)
Cow-calf pair 57 L (15 US gal) 8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)
Yearling cattle 38 L (10 US gal) 23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)
Horse 38 L (10 US gal) 30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)
Sheep 8 L (2 US gal) 8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)
Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period
Sugar Cane 1500–2500
Banana 1200–2200
Citrus 900–1200
Potato 500–700
Tomato 400–800
Barley/Oats/Wheat 450–650
Cabbage 350–500
Onions 350–550
Pea 350–500
See also[edit]
African Great Lakes
Aral Sea
Desalination
Drought
Freshwater ecology
Limnology
List of countries by freshwater withdrawal
List of countries by total renewable water resources
Properties of water
Water cycle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Groundwater Glossary". 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Freshwater". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Freshwater". Fishkeeping glossary. Practical Fishkeeping. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ USGS – Earth's water distribution Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Ga.water.usgs.gov (11 December 2012). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Where is Earth's water? Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Physicalgeography.net Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Physicalgeography.net. Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter; et al. (1996). Stephen H. Schneider, ed. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "Vertebrate Kidneys". 3 November 2002. Archived from the original on 29 April 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Kalujnaia, S.; et. al. (2007). "Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) using microarray technology". Gen Comp Endocrinol. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 152 (2007): 274–80. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.12.025. PMID 17324422.
Jump up ^ Bisal, G.A.; Specker, J.L. (24 January 2006). "Cortisol stimulates hypo-osmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L". Journal of Fish Biology. Wiley. 39 (3): 421–432. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04373.x.
Jump up ^ Nitti, Gianfranco (May 2011). "Water is not an infinite resource and the world is thirsty". The Italian Insider. Rome. p. 8.
Jump up ^ The World Bank, 2009 "Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions". pp. 19–22. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nutrients in fresh water"[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Fresh Water in the Future" Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Un.org (17 December 2010). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Peter Gleick; Heather Cooley; David Katz (2006). The world's water, 2006–2007: the biennial report on freshwater resources. Island Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 1-59726-106-8. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Petroleomagdalena.com Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Petroleomagdalena.com (15 January 1999). Retrieved on 29 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon L., D. M. (2003). "Land cover change and water vapour flows: learning from Australia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 358 (1440): 1973–1984. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1381. JSTOR 3558315. PMC 1693281  . PMID 14728792.
Jump up ^ Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management: Challenges and Options, The World Bank, pp. 4–5, archived from the original on 5 January 2012, retrieved 30 October 2011
Jump up ^ Water Aid. "Water". Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Gleick, Peter. "Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Filley, S. "How much does a cow need ?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept. "Crops Need Water". Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
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text:
Hymn Before Sunrise
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Hymn Before Sunrise is a poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1802. Originally published in The Morning Post, it describes feelings that Coleridge claimed to have experienced on his own. However, it was later revealed that parts of the poem were heavily influenced by a poem by Friederike Brun, which led to criticism against Coleridge for not acknowledging his sources. Aspects of the poem did have direct origin in Coleridge's own life and experiences, and the work represents one of the last times a poem captured his feelings of joy during that period of his life.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Poem
3 Frederike Brun's Chamouny at Sunrise
4 Themes
5 Sources
6 Critical response
7 Notes
8 References
Background[edit]
During 1802, Coleridge wrote the poem Hymn Before Sunrise, which he based on his translation of a poem by Brun. However, Coleridge told William Southeby another story about what inspired him to write the poem[1] in a 10 September 1802 letter: "I involuntarily poured forth a Hymn in the manner of the Psalms, tho' afterwards I thought the Ideas &c disproportionate to our humble mountains—& accidentally lighting on a short Note in some swiss Poems, concerning the Vale of Chamouny, & it's Mountain, I transferred myself thither, in the Spirit, & adapted my former feelings to these grander external objects".[2]
The poem was published in the 11 September 1802 Morning Post as part of a series of poems by Coleridge during September through October 1802.[3] The poem was printed six other times, with a few changes to the poem including two passages that were changed and one added by an edition printed in 1812 in Coleridge's The Friend. Later editions follow the 1812 edition with little variation.[4]
This use of an unacknowledged source was described by Thomas de Quincey, a contemporary of Coleridge, as plagiarism. This claim has since been brought up many times by scholars trying to determine Coleridge's actual sources for the poem. The original poem, "Chamonix beym Sonnenaufgange", dated May 1791, was published in Brun's collection Gedichte. Although Brun is a source, she is one among others, and the poem is similar to many of Coleridge's poems before he read Brun's poetry.[5]
Poem[edit]
The poem begins with a joyful discovery:[6][7]
O dread and silent Mount! I gaz'd upon thee,
Till thou, still present to the bodily sense,
Did'st vanish from my thought: entranc'd in prayer
I worshipped the Invisible alone.
Yet, like some sweet beguiling melody,
So sweet, we know not we are listening to it,
Thou, the meanwhile, wast blending with my Thought,
Yea, with my Life and Life's own secret Joy:
Till the dilating Soul, enrapt, transfus'd.
Into the mighty Vision passing—there
As in her natural form, swell'd vast to Heaven! (lines 13–23)
In part of the poem, Coleridge merges his own experience with the language borrowed from Brun:[8]
And you, ye five wild torrents fiercely glad!
Who called you forth from night and utter death,
From dark and icy caverns called you forth,
Down those precipitous, black, jagged rocks,
For ever shattered and the same for ever? (lines 39–43)
Frederike Brun's Chamouny at Sunrise[edit]
From the deep shadow of the silent fir-grove
I lift my eyes, and trembling look on thee,
Brow of eternity, thou dazzling peak,
From whose calm height my dreaming spirit mounts
And soars away into the infinite!
Who sank the pillar in the lap of earth,
Down deep, the pillar of eternal rock,
On which thy mass stands firm, and firm had stood,
While centuries on centuries rolled along?
Who reared, up-towering through he vaulted blue,
Mighty and bold, thy radiant countenance?
Who poured you from on high with thunder-sound,
Down from old winter’s everlasting realm,
O jagged streams, over rock and through ravine?
And whose almighty voice commanded loud,
“Here shall the stiffening billows rest awhile!”
Whose finger points yon morning star his course?
Who fringed with blossom-wreaths the eternal frost?
Whose name, O wild Arveiron, does thy din
Of waves sound out in dreadful harmonies?
“Jehovah!” crashes in the bursting ice;
Down through the gorge the rolling avalanche
Carries the word in thunder to the vales.
“Jehovah!” murmurs in the morning breeze,
Along the trembling tree-tops; down below
It whispers in the purling, silvery brooks.[9]
Themes[edit]
In a manner similar Coleridge's Kubla Khan, Hymn Before Sunrise describes a type of miraculous event in which singing rings out while mountain ice is melted by the sun. This draws a relationship between art and nature.[10] In describing the sublime, Coleridge offers a contrast to the view held by Edmund Burke and William Wordsworth, which Coleridge described as a masculine presentation of the material in a matter-of-fact manner. Instead, Coleridge suggests a sublime through identifying with the matter.[11] The joy that Coleridge experienced within the poem was not to last as the poems that followed over the next few years contained contrary feelings.[12]
Sources[edit]
Coleridge was introduced to Brun's poem by August 1800, when his friend Wordsworth relied on the work for the story The Seven Sisters. Besides the Brun source, there are other poems which are used within the work, including William Bowles's Coombe Ellen. In describing works about the mountains in general, Coleridge may have used other poems by Brun or a poem by Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg. There are also lines that are similar to those in John Milton's Comus and the Book of Exodus.[13]
Critical response[edit]
Richard Holmes points out that the lines from Brun cause problems for Coleridge. In particular, "Even in the best passages, closest to his own observations, this foreign rhetoric weakens the borrowed verse by comparison with his own prose."[8] However, he continues, "The rhythms are powerful, but one looks in vain for the manic white bears, the prayer-wheels, or the falling angels. All have been suppressed."[8] On the relationship of the hymn to Brun's poem, Adam Sisman claims, "it was ominous that both the poem itself and the introductory note he added to the published version should falsely suggest first-hand experience. He was not being truthful to the public, and he was not being true to himself. Chamonix was a place that Wordsworth had seen, but Coleridge had not. He had lost his independent vision".[14]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ashton 1997 pp. 207–208
Jump up ^ Mays 2001 qtd pp. 717–718
Jump up ^ Holmes 1989 p. 333
Jump up ^ Mays 2001 pp. 719–720, 722
Jump up ^ Mays 2001 pp. 717–719
Jump up ^ Yarlott 1967 p. 275
Jump up ^ Here is the complete poem from Bartely.com Hymn Before Sunrise, in the Vale of Chamouni
^ Jump up to: a b c Holmes 1989 p. 334
Jump up ^ German Classics, 1900 p. 154-155 Archive.org
Jump up ^ Yarlott 1967 p. 146
Jump up ^ Mays 2001 p. 721
Jump up ^ Yarlott 1967 p. 276
Jump up ^ Mays 2001 pp. 718–722
Jump up ^ Sisman 2006 p. 353
References[edit]
Ashton, Rosemary. The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.
Holmes, Richard. Coleridge: Early Visions, 1772–1804. New York: Pantheon, 1989.
Mays, J. C. C. (editor). The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works I Vol I.II. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Sisman, Adam. The Friendship. New York: Viking, 2006.
Yarlott, Geoffrey. Coleridge and the Abyssinian Maid. London: Methuen, 1967.
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Batman: The Enemy Within
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Batman: The Enemy Within
Developer(s)
Telltale Games
Publisher(s)
Telltale Games
Writer(s)
Meghan Thornton
Composer(s)
Jared Emerson-Johnson
Engine
Telltale Tool
Platform(s)
iOS
Android
macOS
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
Episode 1[show]
WW: August 8, 2017
Episode 2[show]
WW: October 3, 2017[1]
Episode 3[show]
WW: November 21, 2017
Episode 4[show]
WW: January 23, 2018
Episode 5[show]
WW: March 27, 2018[2]
Genre(s)
Graphic adventure
Mode(s)
Single-player
Batman: The Enemy Within is an episodic point-and-click graphic adventure video game developed and published by Telltale Games and distributed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment under its DC Entertainment label. The game is a sequel to 2016's Batman: The Telltale Series, which was based on Bob Kane and Bill Finger's Batman character.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Synopsis
2.1 Characters
2.2 Setting
2.3 Plot
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reception
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Like most Telltale games, the game features a similar episodic format found in other titles (such as Game of Thrones, The Walking Dead, The Wolf Among Us and Tales from the Borderlands). The player controls Bruce Wayne and his alter-ego Batman, with the game evenly split for both characters. The game features a branching narrative, similar to past Telltale games, giving the player options in approaching a situation and having that choice affect later events in the game. If the player had played the previous game, choices made, such as saving certain characters or stopping a criminal, may also be imported, though the game can be played as a standalone title. The game includes action sequences that are resolved similar to Telltale's other games, using quick time events. The series also includes investigation sequences, allowing the player to use Batman's detective skills to investigate areas. Sections of the game also present situations to the player where they may choose to approach as Bruce Wayne or as Batman. Crowd Play, a feature implemented in the predecessor, also returns for The Enemy Within, allowing streamers to let their audience interact with their session with the game.
Synopsis[edit]
Characters[edit]
The player once again assumes control of Bruce Wayne/Batman (Troy Baker), a billionaire who secretly fights crime in Gotham. His butler and former legal guardian Alfred Pennyworth (Enn Reitel), Police Commissioner James Gordon (Murphy Guyer), and Wayne Enterprises Chief of Technology Lucius Fox (Dave Fennoy) return to assist Batman in the field. The game introduces "The Agency", a mysterious government organization with its own agenda led by the ruthless Amanda Waller (Debra Wilson). New supporting characters are also introduced, including Special Agent Iman Avesta (Emily O'Brien), one of the Agency's operatives, and Tiffany Fox (Valarie Rae Miller), the daughter of Lucius and an employee at Wayne Enterprises.
"John Doe" (Anthony Ingruber) and Selina Kyle/Catwoman (Laura Bailey) also return, now members of a group of criminals called "the Pact". Other members of the group include Riddler (Robin Atkin Downes), Bane (J. B. Blanc), Dr. Victor Fries/Mr. Freeze (Matthew Mercer) and Harleen Quinzel/Harley Quinn (Laura Post).
Detective Renee Montoya (Sumalee Montano), Reporter Jack Ryder (Robert Clotworthy) and Wayne Enterprises Chairwoman Regina Zellerbach (Lorri Holt) return with smaller roles within the series. New minor characters introduced include Police Detective Harvey Bullock (Keith Szarabajka), Agency operative Vernon Blake (Christian Lanz), international arms dealer Rumi Mori (Keone Young), Riddler's second-in-command Eli Knable (Alex Hernandez), and Stacked Deck patrons Frank Dumfree and Willy Deever (Kirk Thornton and Dave B. Mitchell respectively).
Setting[edit]
The Enemy Within is set in the same Batman continuity introduced in Batman: The Telltale Series, which took place a number of years into Batman's career. Like the previous installment, the game is set during the mid-to-late 2010s in Gotham City, primarily the Batcave, Wayne Enterprises and Gotham City Police Headquarters. The game also follows the events of the previous game, taking place between a couple of months to a year after these events.
Plot[edit]
Approximately a year after the defeat of the Children of Arkham, Batman continues to patrol Gotham while slowly regaining his reputation as Bruce Wayne. While targeting an arms dealer, he witnesses the return of the Riddler, one of Gotham's first super-criminals. Confronting the criminal with help from Gordon and the GCPD, he fails to capture him and is assisted by the Agency and their operatives. During their clean up, Batman meets Amanda Waller, the director of the Agency, who takes over the investigation and offers to assist him in tracking Riddler. After returning to the Batcave with a puzzle left by Riddler, Bruce solves it, though is fazed when discovering a signal emitter. When Lucius Fox, the chief of technology at Wayne Enterprises investigates, he is mysteriously killed in an explosion. At Lucius' funeral, Bruce reunites with former Arkham patient "John Doe", who has been discharged for good behavior. John, having made a number of "friends" after his release, asks Bruce to meet and joined his group, which he refers to as "the Pact". When finding out that Bruce is searching for Riddler, John gives him a lead to investigate in Gotham's East End.
With Gordon, Batman follows the lead to discover Riddler's lair, where he discovers clues to his plans and a death trap to solve. Finding a radio wave guided homing missile, he deduces that the signal was actually a guide. Using further evidence he finds, Batman deduces that Riddler plans to target the Agency, having hacked the agent's phones and making them send the targeting signal to call missiles to their locations. Determined to find Riddler, he follows another lead and tracks him to a freight ship. After escaping another deadly game set up by Riddler, Batman manages to redirect the missiles and defeats the criminal. As he is interrogated by the vigilante, Riddler is shot with a poisoned dart and dies, revealing that he is also a member of the Pact. As the Agency and GCPD arrive, Waller takes over law enforcement in Gotham and reveals to Batman her knowledge of his true identity. Waller suggests that he infiltrates the Pact as Bruce Wayne and gives him an ultimatum: work with the Agency to help arrest the Pact or risk having his identity exposed.
Several moments later, a series of explosions go off throughout the city. Responding to an attack at the police arsenal, Batman battles another member of the Pact, Bane, who easily overpowers him with help from a steroid called Venom. Surviving thanks to help from either Gordon or Waller, Batman decides to follow the latter's advice and meets with John to accept his offer. The two meet at a bar, where he is introduced to John's former psychiatrist Harleen Quinzel, now the criminal Harley Quinn. Suspicious of Bruce, Harley gives him a chance to prove himself by stealing a prototype electrical skeleton key from Wayne Enterprises, with them joining him during the heist. Despite problems, including an unexpected encounter with Lucius' grieving daughter Tiffany, he is able to get the device to them and an EMP generator. After this show of compliance, Bruce is called to meet the other members of the Pact, Bane and Mr. Freeze, and convince them to vote him into the group. Successful, he joins them on their latest heist: a mysterious package guarded by an Agency convoy. With Waller refusing to help, Bruce is forced to assist the Pact and escapes with them. Upon returning to the group's hideout, the target is revealed to have been the Riddler's body and that his former ally Catwoman is also a member of the Pact.
After copying Riddler's eyes, Harley reveals one of Riddler's laptops, which he had left in their possession, and Bruce, John and Catwoman head to his hideout to find the location of their mark. After solving another death trap hidden in the lair, they discover the target to be an organization called SANCTUS, which Riddler was formerly associated with. The Pact also begin to suspect a mole, due to the time it took for the job to escalate, and suspicions fall on Bruce. After retrieving Harley's laptop through help from either Selina or John, Bruce finds that SANCTUS was one of the Agency's former divisions in charge of experimentation. The laptop contains evidence of a biological weapon called LOTUS and the location of the lab, where it is being kept. After the Pact learn of the lab's location, Bruce is forced to either give himself or Selina up as the mole, leading to the Pact attempting to execute them. Depending on the decision, Bruce either accompanies them during the heist and sabotages it or escapes from his fate and confronts the group as Batman, possibly with Catwoman's help. During the heist, Harley betrays the Pact and escapes with the virus, whilst Freeze and Bane are captured by the Agency.
While searching for Quinn, Bruce learns that Project LOTUS was a failed restorative agent, with Riddler being the only known survivor of the experiment. The members of the Pact have planned to use his blood to convert the virus into a healing serum to cure their own ailments. However, Waller has been aware of this plan and plotting to blackmail them into joining the Agency, with the promise of a cure. Unknown to all parties, using even the working version can cause mental problems for the user. After following another lead given by John, Bruce finds him surrounded by agents' bodies. Claiming it to be self defense, John realizes the truth about their "friendship" and reveals his knowledge of Bruce's activities as Batman. Regardless of whether he believes him, Bruce leaves to help the Agency capture a volatile Harley Quinn. During the confrontation, John arrives and attacks the Agency, escaping with LOTUS and potentially Quinn, the latter depending on the player's choices.
Several weeks later, John, now known as "Joker", reemerges, now either a vigilante with a twisted sense of right and wrong or a criminal collaborating with Quinn to get revenge on Bruce. The former has Batman briefly working with Joker to fights off the Agency, until he kidnaps and attempts to kill Waller. However, the latter has Joker and Harley terrorizing the city with LOTUS and forcing Bruce into a demented game, pitting him against his allies. Regardless of the path, Bruce learns that Tiffany murdered Riddler to avenge her father and he eventually defeats Joker. Following Joker's capture, Waller orders the Agency to leave Gotham and promises not to reveal Bruce's identity. As Batman, Bruce confronts Tiffany, leading to her either leaving to work for the Agency, joining him in his crusade against crime, escaping to become a fugitive, or being handed over to the authorities for murder. Returning to the manor, Bruce learns that Alfred has decided to leave Gotham to return home, having been struggling to continue since he was kidnapped by Lady Arkham. After a heated discussion, Bruce either decides to leave the life of vigilantism behind to convince Alfred to stay or allows him to leave whilst he continues to operate as Batman.
In a post credits scene, Joker is shown to have been returned to Arkham Asylum. If he was a vigilante, he is either visited by Bruce or decides to become the hero's archenemy. However, if he was a criminal, he is shown playing with a doll version of Bruce, which he promises to see again.
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
1 "The Enigma" Kent Mudle James Windeler, Patrick Kevin Day & Shanon Ingles August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
2
2 "The Pact" Matthew Leach Luke McMullen, Chris Hockabout, Shanon Ingles & Patrick Kevin Day October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
3
3 "Fractured Mask" Sean Manning Ross Beeley, Shanon Ingles, Lauren R. Mee & Josh R. Trujillo November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
4
4 "What Ails You" Chris Rieser Patrick Kevin Day & Lauren R. Mee January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
5
5 "Same Stitch" Kent Mudle Meghan Thornton, Ross Beeley & Lauren R. Mee March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)
Reception[edit]
Aggregate review scores
Game
Metacritic
Episode 1: The Enigma
(PC) 76[3]
(PS4) 70[4]
(XONE) 77[5]
Episode 2: The Pact
(PC) 71[6]
(PS4) 67[7]
(XONE) 64[8]
Episode 3: Fractured Mask
(PC) 71[9]
(PS4)70[10]
Episode 4: What Ails You
(PC) 77[11]
(PS4) 77[12]
(XONE) 81[13]
Episode 5: Same Stitch
(PC) 85[14]
(PS4) 88[15]
Critical reception[edit]
This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (April 2018)
Some critics considered Batman: The Enemy Within to be an improvement over its predecessor, earning praise for its story, choices, action sequences, and portrayal of the Batman mythos.[16][17][18] The game won the award for "Performance in a Drama, Supporting" with Debra Wilson at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, whereas its other nomination was for "Game, Franchise Adventure".[19][20]
Many reviewers praised the game's unique depiction of the Joker, with the player being given the opportunity to try to prevent him from becoming a villain. For example, Scott Maslow from GQ was happily surprised by this version of the Joker and said it managed to make "Batman's most overexposed villain" interesting again: "The Joker has always said his past is multiple-choice, but this is the first time I’ve felt like I was the one checking the boxes."[21] Bradley Shankar from MobileSyrup was especially positive with a review titled "Batman: The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told". He explained: "... while there have been numerous great interpretations of the Batman-Joker relationship over the years, there has never been one quite as complex and morally grey as what Telltale has created with The Enemy Within".[22] Tamoor Hussain from GameSpot gave the final episode a 9/10, concluding: "While Telltale's first Batman season stuck a bit too close to established mythos and delivered an underwhelming ending, the second is a memorable Joker origin story that Bat-fans should make a point of playing."[23] Stephanie Chan from VentureBeat was slightly less enthusiastic but still gave the game a score of 80/100 and said: "By the end of the series, I’ll say that Batman: The Enemy Within has tentatively won me over. That’s purely on the strength of the relationship between Batman and The Joker."[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Don't forget - the next episode of Batman: The Enemy Within premieres October 3! What are your predictions for 'The Pact?'". Facebook. September 3, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/telltalegames/status/971762476110016513
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within– Episode 1: The Enigma". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within – Episode 1: The Enigma". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Telltale Series – Episode 1: The Enigma". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within– Episode 2: The Pact". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within - Episode 2: The Pact". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within - Episode 2: The Pact". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within– Episode 3: The Fractured Mask". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within - Episode 3: The Fractured Mask". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within– Episode 4: What Ails You". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within– Episode 4: What Ails You". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within– Episode 4: What Ails You". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within– Episode 5: Same Stitch". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within - Episode 5: Same Stitch". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sheehan, Gavin (August 11, 2017). "Our Actions Have Consequences: We Review 'Batman: The Enemy Within'". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moyse, Chris (August 7, 2017). "Review: Batman - The Enemy Within: The Enigma". Destructoid. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Batman: The Enemy Within - The Telltale Series". GameSpot.
Jump up ^ "Nominee List for 2017". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Horizon wins 7; Mario GOTY". National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Batman: The Enemy Within Finally Makes the Joker Interesting Again, GQ
Jump up ^ Batman: The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told [This Week in Gaming], MobileSyrup
Jump up ^ Batman: The Enemy Within Episode 5 Review - No More Joking Around, GameSpot
Jump up ^ Batman: The Enemy Within Episode Five review — The Joker gets the last laugh, VentureBeat
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