text:
In Custody (novel)
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Not to be confused with Custody (novel).
In Custody
First hardback edition cover.
Author
Anita Desai
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Publisher
Heinemann
Publication date
8 October 1984
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages
208 pp (first edition, hardback)
ISBN
0-434-18635-X (first edition, hardback)
OCLC
11284150
In Custody (1984) is a novel set in Delhi, India by Indian American writer Anita Desai.[1] It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1984.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Characters
3 Film
4 References
5 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Deven earns a living by teaching Hindi literature to college students. As his true interest was in Urdu poetry, he jumps at the chance to meet the great Urdu poet, Nur. Under the advice of his friend Murad, an editor of a periodical devoted to Urdu literature, Deven procures a secondhand tape recorder so that he can help transcribe Urdu's early poetry, as well as conduct an interview or even write the memoirs of Nur. However, things do not happen as he expects them to.
Devens' old friend Murad visits Deven with an offer for him to interview a great Urdu poet Nur Sahjahanabadi who lives in Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi for his magazine. Deven is fond of Urdu poetry. He accepts the offer. At FIRST, He thinks that he is getting a chance to meet a great Urdu poet but after reaching his house he notices the unbearable condition of Nur's house. When he meets Nur, he refuses to give an interview by saying that Urdu is now at its last stage and soon this beautiful language will not exist. But he shows some trust in Deven. But Deven gets annoyed by the condition of Nur's house and drops the idea of interviewing Nur. Murad again convinces him to interview Nur with the help of tape recorder so that it can be further used for audio learning by Urdu scholars. Deven, who is a poor lecturer, asks for money from the college for a tape recorder. He goes to a shop to buy, where the shopkeeper, Jain, offers him a second hand tape recorder. At first Deven refuses to purchase it but later Jain convinces him that it is a machine with good quality and his own nephew Chintu will help them to operate it while recording the interview. Unwillingly, Deven agrees to purchase it. Nur's first wife promises Deven that she can arrange a room for Deven if he gives her some money. Deven arranged the money for the payment to her by the college authority with the help of his colleague-cum-friend Siddique. He then goes to Delhi with Chintu for recording. but he fails to record the interview. Now, he not only has no recording but also has to bear the expenses like payment demanded by poet, his wife, nephews of Jain etc.
Characters[edit]
Deven Sharma- he is a Hindi professor in Mirpore, who is tired of his mundane life. He loves Urdu and is a big fan of Nur, a famous Urdu poet. He also gets the opportunity to meet Nur.
Nur- a famous Urdu poet who laments the loss of a beautiful language(Urdu), and thereby a culture. He is a man of age and experience. He lives in misery and confusion as both his wives are constantly involved in a row.
Murad- a cold and calculating friend of Deven who owns a publishing house in Delhi. He exploits Deven and deceives him throughout the novel.He is a bully and is very selfish and therefore the friend ship of deven and murad is not great
Siddiqui- Deven's fellow lecturer of Urdu, is a figure of the decline of the language and culture for which he stands.
Nur's second wife- she is a jealous and calculating woman who is trying to steal the limelight off Nur. She is hungry for fame and wealth.
Film[edit]
The 1993 Merchant Ivory Productions film In Custody (based upon her 1984 novel of the same name) was directed by Ismail Merchant, with a screenplay by Shahrukh Husain. It stars the noted actors Shashi Kapoor, Shabana Azmi and Om Puri.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Indian Writing in English: Desai, Anita : In Custody (Theme of Politics of Language )". vle.du.ac.in. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
Baena, Rosalía. “The Condition of Life and Art in Anita Desai's In Custody.” Commonwealth Essays and Studies 22.2 (2000 Spring): 59-68
Landow, George. In Custody on the Postcolonial Web
Sen, Sharmila. “Urdu in Custody.” South Asian Review 22 (2001): 57-70
External links[edit]
Book Review
[hide]
v
t
e
Novels by Anita Desai
The Artist Of Disappearance (2011)
The Zigzag Way (2004)
Diamond Dust and Other Stories (2000)
Fasting, Feasting (1999)
Journey to Ithaca (1995)
Baumgartner's Bombay (1988)
In Custody (1984)
The Village By The Sea (1982)
Clear Light of Day (1980)
Games at Twilight (1978)
Fire on the Mountain (1977)
Cat on a Houseboat (1976)
Where Shall We Go This Summer? (1975)
The Peacock Garden (1974)
Bye-bye Blackbird (1971)
Voices in the City (1965)
Cry, The Peacock (1963)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Custody_(novel)&oldid=826877420"
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Constance Marie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Constance Marie
Marie at the 2012 Imagen Awards
Born
Constance Marie Lopez
(1965-09-09) September 9, 1965 (age 52)[1]
East Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1982–present
Children
1
Website
ConstanceMarie.net
Constance Marie Lopez (born September 9, 1965)[1] known professionally as Constance Marie, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on George Lopez (2002–2007) and her role as Marcela Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 film Selena. She portrayed Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family/Freeform drama Switched at Birth (2011–2017).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Awards and nominations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
At the age of 19, Marie appeared as a dancer in the musical Cosmopolis by composer Ryuichi Sakamoto in Japan. When she returned to Los Angeles, she was spotted in a club by a dance choreographer for David Bowie and she was hired for the Glass Spider Tour in 1987.
Career[edit]
Her acting career began when she was in her teens. She landed a spot in the movie Salsa. Other credits include Early Edition, Dirty Dancing, Selena, Spin City and Ally McBeal. Marie was chosen for the role of Angie Lopez in the ABC comedy series George Lopez. In 2001, Marie starred in the comedy-drama film Tortilla Soup. She also appeared in the PBS drama series American Family.
In October 2007, she launched her own clothing line, "The Constance Marie Collection".[2] The same year, she appeared in an ad for PETA, encouraging people to spay and neuter their pets.[3]
Marie had a starring role on the ABC Family/Freeform drama Switched at Birth, playing the birth mother of one of the girls and legal mother of the other.
Personal life[edit]
Marie was in a 15-year relationship with yoga instructor Kent Katich, which ended in September 2015.[4] They have a daughter, Luna Marie, born in February 2009.[4]
Filmography[edit]
Marie kissing her trophy at the 2012 ALMA Awards
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988 Glass Spider Featured Dancer
Salsa Featured Dancer
1995 My Family Toni
1997 Selena Marcela Quintanilla
1999 Last Marshal, TheThe Last Marshal Rosa
2000 Dancing in September Teresa Lopez Television movie (HBO)
2001 See Spot Run The Neighbor Uncredited
Tortilla Soup Yolanda
2006 Puff, Puff, Pass Montana
2011 Puss in Boots Imelda Voice role
2014 Sweet Surrender Sandra
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988–1989 Dirty Dancing Penny Rivera 11 episodes
1989–1990 Santa Barbara Nikki Alvarez Daytime soap opera
1991 Man in the Family, TheThe Man in the Family Jenny Episode: "None for Sal"
Jake and the Fatman Bianca Alamán Episode: "Where or When" (Parts 1 & 2)
Sibs Episode: "Warren: The Final Days"
1992 Reasonable Doubts Officer Petra Delgado Episode: "Fish out of Water"
Hat Squad, TheThe Hat Squad Episode: "The Widow Marker"
1993 12:01 Joan Zevo Television movie
1994 Island City Connie Sealle
1995 Fast Company Liz Shelby
1996 Sentinel, TheThe Sentinel Beverley Sanchez Episode: "Killers"
1997 Underworld, TheThe Underworld Television movie
Spin City Gabby Sanchez Episode: "Gabby's Song"
1997–1998 Union Square Gabriella Diaz 13 episodes
1998–2000 Early Edition Toni Brigatti 6 episodes
1999 Two Guys and a Girl Venita Episodes: "Two Guys, a Girl and the Storm of the Century", "Two Guys, a Girl and Ashley's Return"
2000–2001 For Your Love Samantha 6 episodes
2001 Ally McBeal Inez Cortez Episode: "Hats Off to Larry"
That '70s Show Little Drummer Boy Episode: "An Eric Forman Christmas"
2002 American Family Nina Gonzalez 13 episodes
2002–2007 George Lopez Angie Lopez Main role; 120 episodes
2008 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Det. Carolina Flores Episode: "Two and a Half Deaths"
2009 Secret Life of the American Teenager, TheThe Secret Life of the American Teenager Virginia Molina Episode: "Whoomp! (There It Is)"
According to Jim Victoria Episode: "The Ego Boost"
2010 Class Victoria Corrales Television movie
2011–2017 Switched at Birth Regina Vasquez Main role; 103 episodes
2016 Angel from Hell Linda Recurring role; 5 episodes
2016–present Elena of Avalor Doña Paloma Recurring voice role; 7 episodes
2017 Lopez Herself Episode: "George Dates His Daughter"
2017 Law & Order True Crime Marta Cano 8 episodes
Awards and nominations[edit]
Soap Opera Digest Awards
1991: Outstanding Female Newcomer (Daytime) - Santa Barbara (Nominated)
ALMA Awards
1998: Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series - Union Square (Nominated)
2007: Outstanding Actress (Television Series, Mini-Series or Television Movie) - George Lopez (Nominated)
2011: Favorite TV Actress - Supporting Role - Switched at Birth (Nominated)
Young Artist Awards
2004: Most Popular Mom & Pop in a Television Series - George Lopez (Nominated) with George Lopez
Imagen Awards
2004: Best Actress in Television Drama - American Family (Nominated)
2004: Best Actress in Television Comedy - George Lopez (Won)
2005: Best Actress (Television) - George Lopez (Nominated)
2006: Best Actress (Television) - George Lopez (Nominated)
2007: Best Actress (Television) - George Lopez (Nominated)
See also[edit]
Mexico portal
List of Mexican Americans
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Constance Marie Biography". BuddyTV. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Constance Marie Biography". TV Guide. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Constance Marie". CBS News. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Pearson, Jennifer (September 2, 2015). "Switched At Birth star Constance Marie separates from her fiancé of 15 years Kent Katich". Daily Mail. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Constance Marie on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 37127188
LCCN: no2001081847
ISNI: 0000 0000 0334 1303
GND: 1076480586
BNF: cb142032904 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constance_Marie&oldid=819059194"
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Stephanie March
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Stephanie March
Born
Stephanie Caroline March[1]
(1974-07-23) July 23, 1974 (age 43)
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1997–present
Spouse(s)
Dan Benton (m. 2017)
Bobby Flay (m. 2005; div. 2015)[2]
Stephanie Caroline March (born (1974-07-23)July 23, 1974)[3] is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Alexandra Cabot in the long-running NBC series, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
March was born in Dallas, Texas, the daughter of John and Laura March, and has a sister, Charlotte.[3] She attended McCulloch Middle School in Highland Park, and Highland Park High School, where Law & Order's Angie Harmon, who also played the role of an assistant district attorney on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit attended concurrently.[4] After her parents' divorce, her mother married Robert Derby.[5] In 1996, March graduated from Northwestern University,[3] where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.[6]
Career[edit]
At Northwestern University, she played Helena in A Midsummer Night's Dream in Chicago, where she continued to pursue her stage career.[3] In 1997, she made her screen debut in an episode of CBS series, Early Edition. In 1999, March moved to New York and made her Broadway debut in the highly acclaimed production of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, opposite Brian Dennehy. She later co-starred in the television film Death of a Salesman, based on the play. In 2000, she also performed in the Broadway premiere of Eric Bogosian's Talk Radio, starring Liev Schreiber, in 2007. She also starred in Howard Korder's Boy's Life alongside Jason Biggs.
In 2003, March made her film debut with a supporting role in the political comedy Head of State opposite Chris Rock. She later appeared in the films Mr. & Mrs. Smith, The Treatment, and Falling for Grace, the latter two romantic comedies. March also appeared in the 2009 film The Invention of Lying as the woman Ricky Gervais's character tells the world will end unless she has sex with him. She later co-starred in the independent films Why Stop Now? and Innocence.
On television, March guest starred on 30 Rock, Grey's Anatomy, Rescue Me, and Happy Endings. She was regular cast member on the short-lived CBS legal comedy-drama, Made in Jersey in 2012, but left the series after the pilot episode.[7][8]
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit[edit]
March is best known for her role as Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Cabot on the NBC crime legal drama series, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, a role she played from 2000 to 2003. She departed in the season 5 episode "Loss", when Cabot is shot and placed in witness protection. She returned to the series for a six-episode arc in season 10 and then continued as a main character in season 11. After her departure near the end of season 11, she returned again in season 13 as a recurring character.
March reprised her role as Cabot, now the Bureau Chief ADA of the homicide bureau, on the short-lived NBC courtroom drama Conviction, which debuted in spring 2006. The show, which was part of the Law & Order universe, only lasted one 13-episode season before being cancelled.[9]
Personal life[edit]
March married celebrity chef Bobby Flay on February 20, 2005.[5] She has appeared on four of Flay's Food Network shows—Boy Meets Grill, Grill It! with Bobby Flay, Iron Chef America, and Throwdown with Bobby Flay—as a guest judge. According to media reports, March and Flay separated in March 2015 and their divorce was finalized on July 17, 2015.[2]
March became a celebrity ambassador to World of Children Awards in January 2010.[10][11] Additionally, she has served as a board member for Safe Horizon, an advocacy organization for victims of crime and abuse.[12] March is an advocate for women's rights and a supporter of Planned Parenthood. In 1938, her great-grandmother, Ruby Webster March, founded the West Texas Mother's Health Center, which later became part of Planned Parenthood of West Texas.[13]
March wrote an essay, published in June 2016, that detailed her experience with breast augmentation surgery in 2014, and the subsequent removal of the implants due to infection.[14]
On September 1, 2017, March married businessman Dan Benton in Katonah, New York.[15]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Death of a Salesman Miss Forsythe Television film
2003 Focus Room Kim Short film
2003 Head of State Nikki
2005 Mr. and Mrs. Smith Julie
2005 Jesse Stone: Night Passage Cissy Hathaway Television film
2006 Flannel Pajamas Cathy
2006 The Treatment Julia
2006 Copy That Stephanie Short film
2007 Falling for Grace Kay Douglas
2009 Confessions of a Shopaholic Department Store Manager Scene deleted[citation needed]
2009 The Invention of Lying Blonde
2012 Why Stop Now? Trish
2014 Innocence Natalie Crawford
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997 Early Edition Arlene Episode: "A Bris Is Just a Bris"
2000–2003,
2005,
2009–2010,
2011–2012 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit ADA Alexandra Cabot Series regular, 96 episodes
Seasons 2-5
Season 6 episode: "Ghost"
Seasons 10 & 11
Season 13[16]
2006 Conviction Bureau Chief ADA Alexandra Cabot Series regular, 13 episodes
2006 30 Rock Gretchen Thomas Episode: "Blind Date"
2007 Grey's Anatomy Jane Episode: "Physical Attraction... Chemical Reaction"
2009 Rescue Me Psychic Episode: "Jimmy"
2012 Made in Jersey Natalie Minka Episode: "Pilot"
2013 Happy Endings Brooke Kerkovich Episode: "Brothas and Sisters"
2015 Neon Joe, Werewolf Hunter Mayor Carol Blanton
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stephanie March [@MarchStephanie] (26 February 2014). "@middlenamegame "Caroline"" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b Bender, Kelli (April 9, 2015). "Bobby Flay and Wife Stephanie March Split". People. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Stephanie March". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hepola, Sarah (April 2006). "My Famous Friend". D Magazine. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stephanie March, Bobby Flay". The New York Times. February 20, 2005. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Notable Thetas > Explore Notable Thetas". Kappa Alpha Theta Heritage. (Requires scrolldown)
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (January 17, 2015). "'SVU' costar Stephanie March lands CBS legal drama". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mason Cook Cast in Mockingbird Lane, Revolution and Made in Jersey Let Andrea Roth and Stephanie March Go". TVLine.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NBC loses 'Conviction'". Variety. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015. (Archive link requires scrolldown.)
Jump up ^ "Actress Stephanie March Joins World of Children as Celebrity Ambassador" (Press release). World of Children via BusinessWire.com. January 27, 2010. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ March, Stephanie (July 11, 2010). "Giving Up My Birthday for World of Children". TheHuffingtonPost.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Safe Horizon's 16th Annual Champion Awards" (Press release). Safe Horizon. May 2011. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ March, Stephanie. "Stephanie March: The state of Texas vs. its women". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2015. (Op-ed)
Jump up ^ March, Stephanie (June 28, 2016). "Why I Got Breast Implants — And Then Had Them Removed". Refinery29. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNeil, Liz (September 1, 2017). "Stephanie March Marries Dan Benton". People.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello. "Law & Order: SVU Scoop: Stephanie March, Diane Neal Heading Back to Court". TV Line. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
External links[edit]
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Angel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the cosmic spirits. For other uses, see Angel (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Angle.
The Archangel Michael wears a late Roman military cloak and cuirass in this 17th-century depiction by Guido Reni
Schutzengel (English: "Guardian Angel") by Bernhard Plockhorst depicts a guardian angel watching over two children.
The Harmony between Religion and Science, a ceiling fresco of the Marble Hall at Seitenstetten Abbey (Lower Austria) by Paul Troger, 1735
An allegory of poetry by François Boucher
Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, by Gustave Doré in 1855
An angel is generally a supernatural being found in various religions and mythologies. In Abrahamic religions and Zoroastrianism, angels are often depicted as benevolent celestial beings who act as intermediaries between God or Heaven and Earth.[1][2] Other roles of angels include protecting and guiding human beings, and carrying out God's tasks.[3] Within Abrahamic religions, angels are often organized into hierarchies, although such rankings may vary between sects in each religion, and are given specific names or titles, such as Gabriel or "Destroying angel". The term "angel" has also been expanded to various notions of spirits or figures found in other religious traditions. The theological study of angels is known as "angelology".
In fine art, angels are usually depicted as having the shape of human beings of extraordinary beauty;[4][5] they are often identified using the symbols of bird wings,[6] halos,[7] and light.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Zoroastrianism
3 Neoplatonism
4 Abrahamic religions
4.1 Judaism
4.1.1 Jewish angelic hierarchy
4.1.2 Individual angels
4.2 Christianity
4.2.1 Interaction with angels
4.2.2 The New Church
4.2.3 Latter Day Saints
4.3 Islam
4.4 Bahá'í Faith
5 Sikhism
6 Esotericism
6.1 Hermetic Qabalah
6.2 Theosophy
7 Brahma Kumaris
8 In art
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word angel (pronounced /ˈeɪn.dʒəl/) in English is a blend of Old English engel (with a hard g) and Old French angele.[8] Both derive from Late Latin angelus "messenger", which in turn was borrowed from Late Greek ἄγγελος aggelos[9], commonly transliterated by non Greek speakers in its phonetic form ángelos. According to R. S. P. Beekes, ángelos itself may be "an Oriental loan, like ἄγγαρος [ángaros,'Persian mounted courier']."[10] The word's earliest form is Mycenaean a-ke-ro attested in Linear B syllabic script.[11][12]
The ángelos is the default Septuagint's translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mal’ākh denoting simply "messenger" without specifying its nature. In the Latin Vulgate, the meaning becomes bifurcated: when mal’ākh or ángelos is supposed to denote a human messenger, words like nuntius or legatus are applied. If the word refers to some supernatural being, the word angelus appears. Such differentiation has been taken over by later vernacular translations of the Bible, early Christian and Jewish exegetes and eventually modern scholars.[13]
Zoroastrianism[edit]
Main article: Zoroastrian angelology
In Zoroastrianism there are different angel-like figures. For example, each person has one guardian angel, called Fravashi. They patronize human beings and other creatures, and also manifest God's energy. The Amesha Spentas have often been regarded as angels, although there is no direct reference to them conveying messages,[14] but are rather emanations of Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord", God); they initially appeared in an abstract fashion and then later became personalized, associated with diverse aspects of the divine creation.[15]
Neoplatonism[edit]
In the commentaries of Proclus (4th century, under Christian rule) on the Timaeus of Plato, Proclus uses the terminology of "angelic" (aggelikos) and "angel" (aggelos) in relation to metaphysical beings. According to Aristotle, just as there is a First Mover,[16] so, too, must there be spiritual secondary movers.[17]
Abrahamic religions[edit]
Judaism[edit]
Main article: Angels in Judaism
Three angels hosted by Abraham, Ludovico Carracci (1555–1619), Bologna, Pinacoteca Nazionale.
Tobias and the Angel by Filippino Lippi, created between circa 1472 and circa 1482.
The Torah uses the (Hebrew) terms מלאך אלהים (mal'āk̠ 'ĕlōhîm; messenger of God), מלאך יהוה (mal'āk̠ YHWH; messenger of the Lord), בני אלהים (bənē 'ĕlōhîm; sons of God) and הקודשים (haqqôd̠əšîm; the holy ones) to refer to beings traditionally interpreted as angels. Later texts use other terms, such as העליונים (hā'elyônîm; the upper ones).
The term מלאך (mal'āk̠) is also used in other books of the Tanakh. Depending on the context, the Hebrew word may refer to a human messenger or to a supernatural messenger. A human messenger might be a prophet or priest, such as Malachi, "my messenger"; the Greek superscription in the Septuagint translation states the Book of Malachi was written "by the hand of his messenger" ἀγγέλου angélu. Examples of a supernatural messenger[18] are the "Malak YHWH," who is either a messenger from God,[19] an aspect of God (such as the Logos),[20] or God himself as the messenger (the "theophanic angel.")[18][21]
Scholar Michael D. Coogan notes that it is only in the late books that the terms "come to mean the benevolent semi divine beings familiar from later mythology and art."[22] Daniel is the first biblical figure to refer to individual angels by name,[23] mentioning Gabriel (God's primary messenger) in Daniel 9:21 and Michael (the holy fighter) in Daniel 10:13. These angels are part of Daniel's apocalyptic visions and are an important part of all apocalyptic literature.[22][24]
In Daniel 7, Daniel receives a dream-vision from God. [...] As Daniel watches, the Ancient of Days takes his seat on the throne of heaven and sits in judgement in the midst of the heavenly court [...] an [angel] like a son of man approaches the Ancient One in the clouds of heaven and is given everlasting kingship.[25]
Coogan explains the development of this concept of angels: "In the postexilic period, with the development of explicit monotheism, these divine beings—the 'sons of God' who were members of the Divine Council—were in effect demoted to what are now known as 'angels', understood as beings created by God, but immortal and thus superior to humans."[22] This conception of angels is best understood in contrast to demons and is often thought to be "influenced by the ancient Persian religious tradition of Zoroastrianism, which viewed the world as a battleground between forces of good and forces of evil, between light and darkness."[22] One of these is hāšāṭān, a figure depicted in (among other places) the Book of Job.
Philo of Alexandria identifies the angel with the Logos inasmuch as the angel is the immaterial voice of God. The angel is something different from God himself, but is conceived as God's instrument.[26]
In post-Biblical Judaism, certain angels took on particular significance and developed unique personalities and roles. Although these archangels were believed to rank among the heavenly host, no systematic hierarchy ever developed. Metatron is considered one of the highest of the angels in Merkabah and Kabbalist mysticism and often serves as a scribe; he is briefly mentioned in the Talmud[27] and figures prominently in Merkabah mystical texts. Michael, who serves as a warrior[28] and advocate for Israel (Daniel 10:13), is looked upon particularly fondly.[29] Gabriel is mentioned in the Book of Daniel (Daniel 8:15–17) and briefly in the Talmud,[30] as well as in many Merkabah mystical texts. There is no evidence in Judaism for the worship of angels, but there is evidence for the invocation and sometimes even conjuration of angels.[23]
According to Kabbalah, there are four worlds and our world is the last world: the world of action (Assiyah). Angels exist in the worlds above as a 'task' of God. They are an extension of God to produce effects in this world. After an angel has completed its task, it ceases to exist. The angel is in effect the task. This is derived from the book of Genesis when Abraham meets with three angels and Lot meets with two. The task of one of the angels was to inform Abraham of his coming child. The other two were to save Lot and to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah.[23]
Jewish philosopher Maimonides explained his view of angels in his Guide for the Perplexed II:4 and II
... This leads Aristotle in turn to the demonstrated fact that God, glory and majesty to Him, does not do things by direct contact. God burns things by means of fire; fire is moved by the motion of the sphere; the sphere is moved by means of a disembodied intellect, these intellects being the 'angels which are near to Him', through whose mediation the spheres [planets] move ... thus totally disembodied minds exist which emanate from God and are the intermediaries between God and all the bodies [objects] here in this world.
—  Guide for the Perplexed II:4, Maimonides
Maimonides had a neo-Aristotelian interpretation of the Bible. Maimonides writes that to the wise man, one sees that what the Bible and Talmud refer to as "angels" are actually allusions to the various laws of nature; they are the principles by which the physical universe operates.
For all forces are angels! How blind, how perniciously blind are the naive?! If you told someone who purports to be a sage of Israel that the Deity sends an angel who enters a woman's womb and there forms an embryo, he would think this a miracle and accept it as a mark of the majesty and power of the Deity, despite the fact that he believes an angel to be a body of fire one third the size of the entire world. All this, he thinks, is possible for God. But if you tell him that God placed in the sperm the power of forming and demarcating these organs, and that this is the angel, or that all forms are produced by the Active Intellect; that here is the angel, the "vice-regent of the world" constantly mentioned by the sages, then he will recoil.– Guide for the Perplexed II:4
One of Melozzo's musician (seraphim) angels from the Basilica dei Santi Apostoli, now in the sacristy of St. Peter's Basilica
Angel of the Revelation by William Blake, between circa 1803 and circa 1805
Jewish angelic hierarchy[edit]
Main article: Jewish angelic hierarchy
The sons of God saw the Daughters of Men that they were fair by Maurice Greiffenhagen
Maimonides, in his Yad ha-Chazakah: Yesodei ha-Torah, counts ten ranks of angels in the Jewish angelic hierarchy, beginning from the highest:
Rank Angel Notes
1 Chayot Ha Kodesh See Book of Ezekiel chs. 1 and 10
2 Ophanim See Ezekiel chs. 1 and 10
3 Erelim See Isaiah 33:7
4 Hashmallim See Ezekiel 1:4
5 Seraphim See Isaiah 6
6 Malakim Messengers, angels
7 Elohim "Godly beings"
8 Bene Elohim "Sons of Godly beings"
9 Cherubim See Hagigah 13b
10 Ishim "manlike beings", see Genesis 18:2, Daniel 10:5
Individual angels[edit]
From the Jewish Encyclopedia, entry "Angelology".[23]
Michael (archangel) (translation: who is like God?), kindness of God, and stands up for the children of mankind
Gabriel (archangel) (translation: God is my strength), performs acts of justice and power
(Only these two angels are mentioned by name in the Hebrew Bible; the rest are from extra-biblical tradition.)
Jophiel (translation: Beauty of God), expelled Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden holding a flaming sword and punishes those who transgress against God.
Raphael (archangel) (translation: It is God who heals), God's healing force
Uriel (archangel) (translation: God is my light), leads us to destiny
Samael (archangel) (translation: Venom of God), angel of death—see also Malach HaMavet (translation: the angel of death)
Sandalphon (archangel) (translation: bringing together), battles Samael and brings mankind together
Christianity[edit]
Main article: Christian angelic hierarchy
Later Christians inherited Jewish understandings of angels, which in turn may have been partly inherited from the Egyptians.[31] In the early stage, the Christian concept of an angel characterized the angel as a messenger of God. Later came identification of individual angelic messengers: Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, and Uriel. Then, in the space of little more than two centuries (from the 3rd to the 5th) the image of angels took on definite characteristics both in theology and in art.[32]
According to St. Augustine, " 'Angel' is the name of their office, not of their nature. If you seek the name of their nature, it is 'spirit'; if you seek the name of their office, it is 'angel': from what they are, 'spirit', from what they do, 'angel'."[33] Basilian Father Thomas Rosica says, "Angels are very important, because they provide people with an articulation of the conviction that God is intimately involved in human life."[34]
By the late 4th century, the Church Fathers agreed that there were different categories of angels, with appropriate missions and activities assigned to them. There was, however, some disagreement regarding the nature of angels. Some argued that angels had physical bodies,[35] while some maintained that they were entirely spiritual. Some theologians had proposed that angels were not divine but on the level of immaterial beings subordinate to the Trinity. The resolution of this Trinitarian dispute included the development of doctrine about angels.[36]
The angels are represented throughout the Christian Bible as spiritual beings intermediate between God and men: "You have made him [man] a little less than the angels ..." (Psalms 8:4-5). The Bible describes the function of angels as "messengers" but does not indicate when the creation of angels occurred.[37] Christians believe that angels are created beings, based on (Psalms 148:2-5; Colossians 1:16): "praise ye Him, all His angels: praise ye Him, all His hosts ... for He spoke and they were made. He commanded and they were created ...". The Forty Gospel Homilies by Pope Gregory I noted angels and archangels.[38] The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) declared that the angels were created beings. The Council's decree Firmiter credimus (issued against the Albigenses) declared both that angels were created and that men were created after them. The First Vatican Council (1869) repeated this declaration in Dei Filius, the "Dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith".
Thomas Aquinas (13th century) relates angels to Aristotle's metaphysics in his Summa contra Gentiles,[39] Summa Theologica,[40] and in De substantiis separatis,[41] a treatise on angelology. Although angels have greater knowledge than men, they are not omniscient, as Matthew 24:36 points out.[42]
Interaction with angels[edit]
Kristus i Getsemane, an angel comforting Jesus before his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane, by Carl Heinrich Bloch, 1865–1890.
“ Forget not to show love unto strangers: for thereby some have entertained angels unawares.—Hebrews 13:2 ”
The New Testament includes many interactions and conversations between angels and humans. For instance, three separate cases of angelic interaction deal with the births of John the Baptist and Jesus Christ. In Luke 1:11, an angel appears to Zechariah to inform him that he will have a child despite his old age, thus proclaiming the birth of John the Baptist. In Luke 1:26 the Archangel Gabriel visits the Virgin Mary in the Annunciation to foretell the birth of Jesus Christ. Angels then proclaim the birth of Jesus in the Adoration of the shepherds in Luke 2:10.[43]
According to Matthew 4:11, after Jesus spent 40 days in the desert, "...the devil left him and, behold, angels came and ministered to him." In Luke 22:43 an angel comforts Jesus Christ during the Agony in the Garden.[44] In Matthew 28:5 an angel speaks at the empty tomb, following the Resurrection of Jesus and the rolling back of the stone by angels.[43]
In 1851 Pope Pius IX approved the Chaplet of Saint Michael based on the 1751 reported private revelation from archangel Michael to the Carmelite nun Antonia d'Astonac.[45] In a biography of Saint Gemma Galgani written by Venerable Germanus Ruoppolo, Galgani stated that she had spoken with her guardian angel.
Pope John Paul II emphasized the role of angels in Catholic teachings in his 1986 address titled "Angels Participate In History Of Salvation", in which he suggested that modern mentality should come to see the importance of angels.[46]
According to the Vatican's Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, "The practice of assigning names to the Holy Angels should be discouraged, except in the cases of Gabriel, Raphael and Michael whose names are contained in Holy Scripture."[47]
The New Church[edit]
In the New Church, extensive information is provided concerning angels and the spiritual world in which they dwell from many years of spiritual experiences recounted in the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg. All angels are in human form with a spiritual body, and are not just minds without form.[48] There are different orders of angels according to the three heavens,[49] and each angel dwells in one of innumerable societies of angels. Such a society of angels can appear as one angel as a whole.[50]
All angels originate from the human race, and there is not one angel in heaven who first did not live in a material body.[51] Moreover, all children who die not only enter heaven but eventually become angels.[52] The life of angels is that of usefulness, and their functions are so many that they cannot be enumerated. However each angel will enter a service according to the use that they had performed in their earthly life.[53] Names of angels, such as Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, signify a particular angelic function rather than an individual being.[54]
While living in one's body an individual has conjunction with heaven through the angels,[55] and with each person, there are at least two evil spirits and two angels.[56] Temptation or pains of conscience originates from a conflict between evil spirits and angels.[57] Due to man's sinful nature it is dangerous to have open direct communication with angels[58] and can only be seen when one's spiritual sight has been opened.[59] Thus from moment to moment angels attempt to lead each person to what is good tacitly using the person's own thoughts.[60]
Latter Day Saints[edit]
Temple statue of the Angel Moroni, Bern, Switzerland
Adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) view angels as the messengers of God. They are sent to mankind to deliver messages, minister to humanity, teach doctrines of salvation, call mankind to repentance, give priesthood keys, save individuals in perilous times, and guide humankind.[61]
The Divine Comedy, Paradise (Paradiso), illustration by Gustave Doré
The Divine Comedy, Paradise, illustration by Gustave Doré
The Divine Comedy, Paradise, illustration by Gustave Doré
Latter Day Saints believe that angels either are the spirits of humans who are deceased or who have yet to be born, or are humans who have been resurrected or translated and have physical bodies of flesh and bones,[62] and accordingly Joseph Smith taught that "there are no angels who minister to this earth but those that do belong or have belonged to it."[63] As such, Latter Day Saints also believe that Adam, the first man, was and is now the archangel Michael,[64][65][66] and that Gabriel lived on the earth as Noah.[62] Likewise the Angel Moroni first lived in a pre-Columbian American civilization as the 5th-century prophet-warrior named Moroni.
Joseph Smith, Jr. described his first angelic encounter thus:[67]
"While I was thus in the act of calling upon God, I discovered a light appearing in my room, which continued to increase until the room was lighter than at noonday, when immediately a personage appeared at my bedside, standing in the air, for his feet did not touch the floor.
He had on a loose robe of most exquisite whiteness. It was a whiteness beyond anything earthly I had ever seen; nor do I believe that any earthly thing could be made to appear so exceedingly white and brilliant ...
Not only was his robe exceedingly white, but his whole person was glorious beyond description, and his countenance truly like lightning. The room was exceedingly light, but not so very bright as immediately around his person. When I first looked upon him, I was afraid; but the fear soon left me."
Most angelic visitations in the early Latter Day Saint movement were witnessed by Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery, who both claimed (prior to the establishment of the church in 1830) to have been visited by the prophet Moroni, John the Baptist, and the apostles Peter, James, and John. Later, after the dedication of the Kirtland Temple, Smith and Cowdery claimed to have been visited by Jesus, and subsequently by Moses, Elias, and Elijah.[68]
People who claimed to have received a visit by an angel include the other two of the Three Witnesses: David Whitmer and Martin Harris. Many other Latter Day Saints, both in the early and modern church, have claimed to have seen angels, though Smith posited that, except in extenuating circumstances such as the restoration, mortals teach mortals, spirits teach spirits, and resurrected beings teach other resurrected beings.[69]
Islam[edit]
Depiction of an angel in Shia miniature (Persia, 1555)
Main article: Islamic view of angels
Angels (Arabic: ملائكة , Malāʾikah) are mentioned many times in the Qur'an and Hadith. Islam is clear on the nature of angels in that they are messengers of God. They are entrusted with various tasks by God and only follow His instructions.[70] An example of a task they carry out is that of testing individuals by granting them abundant wealth and curing their illness.[71] Believing in angels is one of the six Articles of Faith in Islam.
Some examples of angels in Islam:
Jibrail: the archangel Gabriel (Jibra'il or Jibril) is an archangel who serves as a messenger from God.
Michael (archangel): or Mikail, the angel of nature.
Israfil (Arabic: إسرافيل, translit. Isrāfīl, Alternate Spelling: Israfel or Seraphim, Meaning: The Burning One [72] ), is the angel of the trumpet in Islam,[73] though unnamed in the Qur'an. Along with Mikhail, Jibrail and Izra'il, he is one of the four Islamic archangels.[72] Israfil will blow the trumpet from a holy rock in Jerusalem to announce the Day of Resurrection.[74] The trumpet is constantly poised at his lips, ready to be blown when God so orders.
Azrael is Azraa-eel عزرائيل or Izrail: the Angel of Death. Takes the soul of the deceased away from the body. In Quran only referenced as angel of death or ملك الموت.
Darda'il: the angels who travel in the earth searching out assemblies where people remember God's name.
Kiraman Katibin: the two angels who record a person's good and bad deeds.
Mu'aqqibat: a class of guardian angels who keep people from death until their decreed time.
Munkar and Nakir: the angels who test the faith of the dead in their graves. They ask the soul of the dead person questions. If the person fails the questions, the angels make the man suffer until the Day of Judgement. If the soul passes the questions, he will have a pleasant time in the grave until the Day of Judgement.
Ridwan: the angel in charge of maintaining Jannah or Paradise.
Maalik: the angel who keeps or guards hellfire.
Harut and Marut (Arabic: هاروت وماروت) are two angels mentioned in the second Surah of the Qur'an, who were sent down to test the people at Babel or Babylon by performing deeds of magic. (Sura Al-Baqara, verse 102.) The Qur'an indicates that although they warned the Babylonians not to imitate them or do as they were doing, some members of their audience failed to obey and became sorcerers, thus damning their own souls.
Bahá'í Faith[edit]
In his Book of Certitude Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Bahá'í Faith, describes angels as people who "have consumed, with the fire of the love of God, all human traits and limitations", and have "clothed themselves" with angelic attributes and have become "endowed with the attributes of the spiritual". 'Abdu'l-Bahá describes angels as the "confirmations of God and His celestial powers" and as "blessed beings who have severed all ties with this nether world" and "been released from the chains of self", and "revealers of God's abounding grace". The Bahá'í writings also refer to the Concourse on High, an angelic host, and the Maid of Heaven of Bahá'u'lláh's vision.[75]
Sikhism[edit]
This section uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The poetry of the holy scripture of the Sikhs – the Sri Guru Granth Sahib – figuratively mentions a messenger or angel of death, sometimes as Yam (ਜਮ – "Yam") and sometimes as Azrael (ਅਜਰਾਈਲੁ – "Ajraeel"):
ਜਮ ਜੰਦਾਰੁ ਨ ਲਗਈ ਇਉ ਭਉਜਲੁ ਤਰੈ ਤਰਾਸਿ
The Messenger of Death will not touch you; in this way, you shall cross over the terrifying world-ocean, carrying others across with you.
— Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Siree Raag, First Mehl, p. 22.[76]
ਅਜਰਾਈਲੁ ਯਾਰੁ ਬੰਦੇ ਜਿਸੁ ਤੇਰਾ ਆਧਾਰੁ
Azraa-eel, the Messenger of Death, is the friend of the human being who has Your support, Lord.
— Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Tilang, Fifth Mehl, Third House, p. 724.[77]
In a similar vein, the Sri Guru Granth Sahib talks of a figurative Chitar (ਚਿਤ੍ਰ) and Gupat (ਗੁਪਤੁ):
ਚਿਤ੍ਰ ਗੁਪਤੁ ਸਭ ਲਿਖਤੇ ਲੇਖਾ ॥
ਭਗਤ ਜਨਾ ਕਉ ਦ੍ਰਿਸਟਿ ਨ ਪੇਖਾ
Chitar and Gupat, the recording angels of the conscious and the unconscious, write the accounts of all mortal beings, / but they cannot even see the Lord's humble devotees.
— Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Aasaa, Fifth Mehl, Panch-Pada, p. 393.[78]
However, Sikhism has never had a literal system of angels, preferring guidance without explicit appeal to supernatural orders or beings.
Esotericism[edit]
Hermetic Qabalah[edit]
See also: Hermetic Qabalah
According to the Kabbalah as described by the Golden Dawn there are ten archangels, each commanding one of the choir of angels and corresponding to one of the Sephirot. It is similar to the Jewish angelic hierarchy.
Rank
Choir of Angels
Translation
Archangel
Sephirah
1 Hayot Ha Kodesh Holy Living Ones Metatron Keter
2 Ophanim Wheels Raziel Chokmah
3 Erelim Brave ones[79] Tzaphkiel Binah
4 Hashmallim Glowing ones, Amber ones[80] Tzadkiel Chesed
5 Seraphim Burning Ones Khamael Gevurah
6 Malakim Messengers, angels Raphael Tipheret
7 Elohim Godly Beings Uriel Netzach
8 Bene Elohim Sons of Elohim Michael Hod
9 Cherubim [81] Gabriel Yesod
10 Ishim Men (man-like beings, phonetically similar to "fires") Sandalphon Malkuth
Theosophy[edit]
See also: Theosophical Society
In the teachings of the Theosophical Society, Devas are regarded as living either in the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system (Planetary Angels) or inside the Sun (Solar Angels) and they help to guide the operation of the processes of nature such as the process of evolution and the growth of plants; their appearance is reputedly like colored flames about the size of a human. It is believed by Theosophists that devas can be observed when the third eye is activated. Some (but not most) devas originally incarnated as human beings.[82]
It is believed by Theosophists that nature spirits, elementals (gnomes, undines, sylphs, and salamanders), and fairies can be also be observed when the third eye is activated.[83] It is maintained by Theosophists that these less evolutionarily developed beings have never been previously incarnated as humans; they are regarded as being on a separate line of spiritual evolution called the "deva evolution"; eventually, as their souls advance as they reincarnate, it is believed they will incarnate as devas.[84]
It is asserted by Theosophists that all of the above-mentioned beings possess etheric bodies that are composed of etheric matter, a type of matter finer and more pure that is composed of smaller particles than ordinary physical plane matter.[84]
Brahma Kumaris[edit]
The Brahma Kumaris uses the term "angel" to refer to a perfect, or complete state of the human being, which they believe can be attained through a connection with God.[85][86]
In art[edit]
A 12th-century Eastern Orthodox icon of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel wearing the loros of the Imperial guards.
Main article: Angels in art
In an address during a General Audience of 6 August 1986, entitled "Angels participate in the history of salvation", Pope John Paul II explained that "[T]he angels have no 'body' (even if, in particular circumstances, they reveal themselves under visible forms because of their mission for the good of people)."[46] Angels are however often depicted in painting and sculpture as male humans. Christian art perhaps reflects the descriptions in Revelation 4:6–8 of the Four Living Creatures (Greek: τὰ τέσσαρα ζῷα) and the descriptions in the Hebrew Bible of cherubim and seraphim (the chayot in Ezekiel's Merkabah vision and the Seraphim of Isaiah). However, while cherubim and seraphim have wings in the Bible, no angel is mentioned as having wings.[87]
The earliest known Christian image of an angel—in the Cubicolo dell'Annunziazione in the Catacomb of Priscilla (mid-3rd century)—is without wings. In that same period, representations of angels on sarcophagi, lamps and reliquaries also show them without wings,[88] as for example the angel in the Sacrifice of Isaac scene in the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (although the side view of the Sarcophagus shows winged angelic figures).
The earliest known representation of angels with wings is on the "Prince's Sarcophagus", attributed to the time of Theodosius I (379–395), discovered at Sarigüzel, near Istanbul, in the 1930s.[89] From that period on, Christian art has represented angels mostly with wings, as in the cycle of mosaics in the Basilica of Saint Mary Major (432–440).[90] Four- and six-winged angels, drawn from the higher grades of angels (especially cherubim and seraphim) and often showing only their faces and wings, are derived from Persian art and are usually shown only in heavenly contexts, as opposed to performing tasks on earth. They often appear in the pendentives of church domes or semi-domes. Prior to the Judeo-Christian tradition, in the Greek world the goddess Nike and the gods Eros and Thanatos were also depicted in human-like form with wings.
Saint John Chrysostom explained the significance of angels' wings:
They manifest a nature's sublimity. That is why Gabriel is represented with wings. Not that angels have wings, but that you may know that they leave the heights and the most elevated dwelling to approach human nature. Accordingly, the wings attributed to these powers have no other meaning than to indicate the sublimity of their nature.[91]
Angels are typically depicted in Mormon art as having no wings based on a quote from Joseph Smith ("An angel of God never has wings").[92]
In terms of their clothing, angels, especially the Archangel Michael, were depicted as military-style agents of God and came to be shown wearing Late Antique military uniform. This uniform could be the normal military dress, with a tunic to about the knees, an armour breastplate and pteruges, but was often the specific dress of the bodyguard of the Byzantine Emperor, with a long tunic and the loros, the long gold and jewelled pallium restricted to the Imperial family and their closest guards.
The basic military dress was shown in Western art into the Baroque period and beyond (see Reni picture above), and up to the present day in Eastern Orthodox icons. Other angels came to be conventionally depicted in long robes, and in the later Middle Ages they often wear the vestments of a deacon, a cope over a dalmatic. This costume was used especially for Gabriel in Annunciation scenes—for example the Annunciation in Washington by Jan van Eyck.
The extraordinary-looking Cherubim (immediately to the left of Ezekiel) and Ophanim (the nested-wheels) appear in the chariot vision of Ezekiel.
Some types of angels are described as possessing more unusual or frightening attributes, such as the fiery bodies of the Seraphim, and the wheel-like structures of the Ophanim.
See also[edit]
Apsara
Dakini
Elioud
Eudaemon
Fallen angel
Gandharva
Hierarchy of angels
How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?
In paradisum
List of films about angels
Nephilim
Shoulder angel
Watcher or Grigori
Yaksha
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary [1] retrieved 1 September 2012
Jump up ^ "Angels in Christianity." Religion Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014
Jump up ^ [2]Augustine of Hippo's Enarrationes in Psalmos, 103, I, 15, augustinus.it (in Latin)
Jump up ^ "Definition of ANGEL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ "ANGELOLOGY - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
Jump up ^ Proverbio(2007), pp. 90-95; cf. review in La Civiltà Cattolica, 3795-3796 (2–16 August 2008), pp. 327-328.
Jump up ^ Didron, Vol 2, pp.68-71
Jump up ^ "angel - Definition of angel in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English.
Jump up ^ Strong, James. "Strong's Greek". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Transliteration: aggelos Phonetic Spelling: (ang'-el-os)
Jump up ^ Beekes, R. S. P., Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 9.
Jump up ^ palaeolexicon.com; a-ke-ro, Palaeolexicon (Word study tool of ancient languages)
Jump up ^ "Mycenaean (Linear b) – English Glossary" (PDF). Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Kosior, Wojciech. "The Angel in the Hebrew Bible from the Statistic and Hermeneutic Perspectives. Some Remarks on the Interpolation Theory". "The Polish Journal of Biblical Research", Vol. 12, No. 1 (23), pp. 55-70. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), Angels A to Z, Entry: Zoroastrianism, pp. 425–427, Visible Ink Press, ISBN 0-7876-0652-9
Jump up ^ Darmesteter, James (1880)(translator), The Zend Avesta, Part I: Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 4, pp. lx-lxxii, Oxford University Press, 1880, at sacred-texts.com
Jump up ^ Aristotle. Metaphysics. 1072a ff.
Jump up ^ Aristotle. Metaphysics. 1073a13 ff.
^ Jump up to: a b ""מַלְאָךְ," Francis Brown, S.R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, eds.: ''A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament'' , p. 521". Archive.org. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Pope, Hugh. "Angels." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. accessed 20 October 2010
Jump up ^ Frederick Copleston, A History of Philosophy, Volume 1, Continuum, 2003, p. 460.
Jump up ^ Baker, Louis Goldberg. Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology: Angel of the Lord "The functions of the angel of the Lord in the Old Testament prefigure the reconciling ministry of Jesus. In the New Testament, there is no mention of the angel of the Lord; the Messiah himself is this person."
^ Jump up to: a b c d Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Angelology". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Dunn, James D. G. (15 July 2010). Did the First Christians Worship Jesus?: The New Testament Evidence. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-61164-070-0. God sends an angel to communicate with prophets, and an interpreter angel appears regularly in apocalyptic visions and as companion in heavenly journeys. One of the most fascinating features of several ancient stories is the appearance of what can be called theophanic angels; that is, angels who not only bring a message from God, but who represent God in personal terms, or who even may be said to embody God.
Jump up ^ Chilton, Bruce D. (2002). "(The) Son of (The) Man, and Jesus". In Craig A. Evans. Authenticating the Words of Jesus. BRILL. p. 276. ISBN 0-391-04163-0. As described in the book of Daniel, “one like a son of man" is clearly identified as the messianic and angelic redeemer of Israel, a truly heavenly redeemer known to Israel as the archangel Michael.
Jump up ^ Copleston, Frederick Charles (2003). A history of philosophy, Volume 1. Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 460. ISBN 0-8264-6895-0
Jump up ^ Sanhedrin 38b and Avodah Zerah 3b.
Jump up ^ Aleksander R. Michalak, Angels as Warriors in Late Second Temple Jewish Literature, Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hannah Darrell D., Michael and Christ: Michael Traditions and Angel Christology in Early Christianity, Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999
Jump up ^ cf. Sanhedrin 95b
Jump up ^ Margaretha, Evans, Annette Henrietta (1 March 2007). "The development of Jewish ideas of angels : Egyptian and Hellenistic connections, ca. 600 BCE to ca. 200 CE".
Jump up ^ "LA FIGURA DELL'ANGELO NELLA CIVILTA' PALEOCRISTIANA - PROVERBIO CECILIA - TAU - Libro". 2008-12-27. Archived from the original on 2008-12-27. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
Jump up ^ Augustine, En. in Ps. 103, 1, 15: PL 37, 1348
Jump up ^ "A ZENIT DAILY DISPATCH". www.ewtn.com.
Jump up ^ Ludlow, Morwenna (2012). Brakke, David, ed. "Demons, Evil, and Liminality in Cappadocian Theology" (PDF). Journal of Early Christian Studies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 20 (2): 179–211 [183]. doi:10.1353/earl.2012.0014. ISSN 1067-6341. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Proverbio(2007), pp. 29–38; cf. summary in Libreria Hoepli and review in La Civiltà Cattolica, 3795–3796 (2–16 August 2008), pp. 327–328.
Jump up ^ "When Did God Create Angels?". Apologetics Press. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Pope Gregory I; David Hurst (OSB.) (1990). "Homily 34". Forty Gospel Homilies. Cistercian Publications. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-87907-623-8. You should be aware that the word “angel” denotes a function rather than a nature. Those holy spirits of heaven have indeed always been spirits. They can only be called angels when they deliver some message. Moreover, those who deliver messages of lesser importance are called angels; and those who proclaim messages of supreme importance are called archangels. And so it was that not merely an angel but the archangel Gabriel was sent to the Virgin Mary.
Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas. "46". Summa contra Gentiles. 2.
Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Treatise on Angels. Newadvent.org.
Jump up ^ Aquinas, Thomas. De substantiis separatis. Josephkenny.joyeurs.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-12.
Jump up ^ "BibleGateway, Matthew 24:36". Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Angels". www.newadvent.org.
Jump up ^ "BibleGateway, Luke 22:43". Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 123
^ Jump up to: a b "Angels Participate In History Of Salvation". Vatican.va. 6 August 1986. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, "Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy", §217
Jump up ^ Swedenborg, Emanuel. Heaven and Hell, 1758. Rotch Edition (revised). New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1907, in The Divine Revelation of the New Jerusalem (2012), n. 74.
Jump up ^ Arcana Coelestia, n. 459.
Jump up ^ Heaven and Hell, n. 51-53.
Jump up ^ Heaven and Hell, n. 311
Jump up ^ Heaven and Hell, n. 416
Jump up ^ Heaven and Hell, n. 387-393.
Jump up ^ Swedenborg, Emanuel. Heavenly Arcana (or Arcana Coelestia), 1749-58 (AC). Rotch Edition (revised). New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1907, in The Divine Revelation of the New Jerusalem (2012), n. 8192.3.
Jump up ^ Heaven and Hell, n. 291-298.
Jump up ^ Arcana Coelestia, n. 50, 697, 968.
Jump up ^ Arcana Coelestia, n. 227.
Jump up ^ Arcana Coelestia, n. 784.2.
Jump up ^ Heaven and Hell, n. 76.
Jump up ^ Arcana Coelestia, n. 5992.3.
Jump up ^ "God's messengers, those individuals whom he sends (often from his personal presence in the eternal worlds), to deliver his messages (Luke 1:11–38); to minister to his children (Acts 10:1–8, Acts 10:30–32); to teach them the doctrines of salvation (Mosiah 3); to call them to repentance (Moro. 7:31); to give them priesthood and keys (D.&C. 13; 128:20–21); to save them in perilous circumstances (Nehemiah 3:29–31; Daniel 6:22); to guide them in the performance of his work (Genesis 24:7); to gather his elect in the last days (Matthew 24:31); to perform all needful things relative to his work (Moro. 7:29–33)—such messengers are called angels.".
^ Jump up to: a b "LDS Bible Dictionary-Angels". Scriptures.lds.org. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 130:4–5.
Jump up ^ http://www.lds.org/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-6-the-fall-of-adam-and-eve "Chapter 6: The Fall of Adam and Eve," Gospel Principles (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2011) pp. 26–30.
Jump up ^ "D&C 107:24". Scriptures.lds.org. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Mark E. Petersen, "Adam, the Archangel", Ensign, November 1980.
Jump up ^ "Joseph Smith–History 1:30-33". Scriptures.lds.org. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "D&C 110". Scriptures.lds.org. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Robert J. Matthews, "The Fulness of Times", Ensign, December 1989.
Jump up ^ Mirza Tahir Ahmad. An Elementary Study of Islam. Islam International Publications. p. 12. ISBN 1-85372-562-5.
Jump up ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:670
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), Angels A to Z, p. 224, Visible Ink Press, ISBN 0-7876-0652-9
Jump up ^ Webster, Richard (2009). Encyclopedia of angels (1st ed.). Woodbury, Minn.: Llewellyn Publications. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7387-1462-2.
Jump up ^ "Israfil". Encyclopaedia. Britannica. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "angels". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 38–39. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
Jump up ^ "Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib". srigranth.org. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib". srigranth.org. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib". srigranth.org. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 691. אֶרְאֵל (erel) -- perhaps a hero". biblesuite.com.
Jump up ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 2830. חַשְׁמַל (chashmal) -- perhaps amber". biblesuite.com.
Jump up ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 3742. כְּרוּב (kerub) -- probably an order of angelic beings". biblesuite.com.
Jump up ^ Hodson, Geoffrey, Kingdom of the Gods ISBN 0-7661-8134-0—Has color pictures of what Devas supposedly look like when observed by the third eye—their appearance is reputedly like colored flames about the size of a human. Paintings of some of the devas claimed to have been seen by Hodson from his book Kingdom of the Gods:
Jump up ^ "Eskild Tjalve's paintings of devas, nature spirits, elementals and fairies:". Web.archive.org. 21 November 2002. Archived from the original on 21 November 2002. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, A.E. The Solar System London:1930 The Theosophical Publishing House (A Complete Outline of the Theosophical Scheme of Evolution) See "Lifewave" chart (refer to index)
Jump up ^ Basava Journal, Volume 19. Basava Samiti, 1994 (Bangalore, India).
Jump up ^ Peace & purity: the story of the Brahma Kumaris : a spiritual revolution By Liz Hodgkinson
Jump up ^ "Angel", The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia James Orr, editor, 1915 edition.
Jump up ^ Proverbio (2007), pp. 81–89; cf. review in La Civiltà Cattolica, 3795–3796 (2–16 August 2008), pp. 327–328.
Jump up ^ Proverbio (2007) p. 66.
Jump up ^ Proverbio (2007), pp. 90–95
Jump up ^ Proverbio (2007) p. 34.
Jump up ^ "History of the Church, 3:392". Institute.lds.org. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Proverbio, Cecilia (2007). La figura dell'angelo nella civiltà paleocristiana (in Italian). Assisi, Italy: Editrice Tau. ISBN 88-87472-69-6.
Cheyne, James Kelly (ed.) (1899). Angel. Encyclopædia Biblica. New York, Macmillan.
Driver, Samuel Rolles (Ed.) (1901) The book of Daniel. Cambridge UP.
Davidson, A. B. (1898). "Angel". In James Hastings. A Dictionary of the Bible. I. pp. 93–97.
Oosterzee, Johannes Jacobus van. Christian dogmatics: a text-book for academical instruction and private study. Trans. John Watson Watson and Maurice J. Evans. (1874) New York, Scribner, Armstrong.
Smith, George Adam (1898) The book of the twelve prophets, commonly called the minor. London, Hodder and Stoughton.
Bamberger, Bernard Jacob, (15 March 2006). Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0-8276-0797-0
Bennett, William Henry (1911), "Angel", in Chisholm, Hugh, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 4–6
Briggs, Constance Victoria, 1997. The Encyclopedia of Angels : An A-to-Z Guide with Nearly 4,000 Entries. Plume. ISBN 0-452-27921-6.
Bunson, Matthew, (1996). Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-517-88537-9.
Cruz, Joan Carroll, OCDS, 1999. Angels and Devils. TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-89555-638-3
Davidson, Gustav. A Dictionary of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels. Free Press. ISBN 0-02-907052-X
Graham, Billy, 1994. Angels: God's Secret Agents. W Pub Group; Minibook edition. ISBN 0-8499-5074-0
Guiley, Rosemary, 1996. Encyclopedia of Angels. ISBN 0-8160-2988-1
von Heijne, Camilla, 2010. The Messenger of the Lord in Early Jewish Interpretations of Genesis. BZAW 412. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York, ISBN 978-3-11-022684-3
von Heijne, Camilla, 2015 "Angels" pp. 20–24 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Theology, vol. 1. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-19-023994-7
Jastrow, Marcus, 1996, A dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic literature compiled by Marcus Jastrow, PhD., Litt.D. with and index of Scriptural quotatons, Vol 1 & 2, The Judaica Press, New York
Kainz, Howard P., "Active and Passive Potency" in Thomistic Angelology Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 90-247-1295-5
Kreeft, Peter J. 1995. Angels and Demons: What Do We Really Know About Them? Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-550-9
Lewis, James R. (1995). Angels A to Z. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 0-7876-0652-9
Melville, Francis, 2001. The Book of Angels: Turn to Your Angels for Guidance, Comfort, and Inspiration. Barron's Educational Series; 1st edition. ISBN 0-7641-5403-6
Michalak, Aleksander R. (2012), Angels as Warriors in Late Second Temple Jewish Literature.Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-151739-6.
Muehlberger, Ellen (2013). Angels in Late Ancient Christianity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199931934
Ronner, John, 1993. Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac With Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-And Much More! Mamre Press. ISBN 0-932945-40-6.
Smith, William Robertson (1878), "Angel", in Baynes, T.S., Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 26–28
Swedenborg E. Heaven and its Wonders and Hell From Things Heard and Seen (Swedenborg Foundation 1946), ISBN 0-554-62056-1 (Detailed information on angels and their life in heaven)
Swedenborg, E. Wisdom's Delight in Marriage ("Conjugial") Love: Followed by Insanity's Pleasure in Promiscuous Love (Swedenborg Foundation 1979 ISBN 0-87785-054-2) (Extensive review of angelic marriage)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angels.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Angels
Zoroastrian angels
Jewish Encyclopedia entry on angels
Angels in Islam
Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. Directory of Popular Piety and the Liturgy, §§ 212-217, "The Holy Angels, Vatican City, December 2001
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