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Walker, Texas Ranger
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Walker, Texas Ranger
Genre
Action
Police procedural
Created by
Albert S. Ruddy
Leslie Greif
Paul Haggis
Christopher Canaan
Starring
Chuck Norris
Clarence Gilyard
Sheree J. Wilson
Noble Willingham
Nia Peeples
Judson Mills
Floyd Westerman
Jimmy Wlcek
Marco Sanchez
Theme music composer
Tirk Wilder
(Seasons 1, 2–8)
Jerrold Immel (Season 2, last used on "Tiger's Eye")
Opening theme
"Eyes of the Ranger"
Performed by Chuck Norris (Mid-Seasons 2–8) on DVD (Mid-Seasons 3 (Ep. 12)–8)
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
8
No. of episodes
203 (including TV movie)[1][2] (list of episodes)
Production
Camera setup
Single-camera
Super 16mm
Running time
42‒46 minutes
Production company(s)
Cannon Television
(1993)
Top Kick Productions
(1993–1998)
(seasons 1-5)
Norris Brothers Entertainment
(1998–2001)
(seasons 6-8)
The Ruddy Greif Company
(1993–2001)
CBS Productions
Columbia Pictures Television
Distributor
Columbia TriStar Television (1997–2002)
Sony Pictures Television (2002–present)
CBS Broadcasting International (1993–2008)
CBS Television Distribution (DVDs, 2008–present)
CBS Studios International (2009-present)
Release
Original network
CBS
Audio format
Dolby Surround 2.0
Original release
September 25, 1993 – May 19, 2001
Walker, Texas Ranger is an American Indian crime action television series created by Leslie Greif and Paul Haggis. It was inspired by the film Lone Wolf McQuade, with both this series and that film starring Chuck Norris as a member of the Texas Ranger Division.[3] The show aired on CBS in the spring of 1993, with the first season consisting of three pilot episodes. Eight full seasons followed with new episodes airing from September 25, 1993, to May 19, 2001, and reruns continuing on CBS until July 28, 2001.[4] It has been broadcast in over 100 countries and has since spawned a 2005 made-for-television movie entitled Trial By Fire. The movie ended on a cliffhanger, which was never resolved. DVD sets of all seasons have been released (with the three pilots packaged with the first regular season). At various times since 1997, reruns of the show have aired, in syndication, on the USA Network and Action in Canada. Reruns can currently be seen on CBS Action, WGN America, INSP and Grit and One, being part of Network Ten in Australia.
The series was noted for its moralistic style. The characters refrained from the use of drugs, and they participated in community service. Martial arts were displayed prominently as the primary tool of law enforcement and occasionally as a tool for Walker and company to reach out to the community.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Episodes
3 Cast and characters
3.1 Main characters
3.2 Supporting characters
4 Reception
4.1 Nielsen ratings
4.2 Critical reception
5 DVD releases
6 Spin-offs and merchandise
6.1 Television movies
6.2 Sons of Thunder
6.3 Novels
6.4 In other media
7 Notable guest stars
8 Companies
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
The show was initially developed by executive producer Allison Moore and supervising producer J. Michael Straczynski when the series was still being produced by Cannon Television. While Straczynski had to depart to get his new series Babylon 5 on the air, executive producer David Moessinger remained to finish developing the series. The show is centered on Sergeant Cordell Walker (Norris), a Dallas–Fort Worth–based member of the Texas Rangers, a state-level bureau of investigation.[7] Walker was raised by his paternal uncle, a Native American named Ray Firewalker (Floyd Red Crow Westerman, pilot episode, Season 1; Apesanahkwat, Season 2). The surname being, possibly, a nod to the 1986 Norris film, Firewalker. Cordell, prior to joining the Rangers, served in the Marines' elite recon unit during the Vietnam War. Both Cordell and Uncle Ray share the values characteristic of Wild West sheriffs.[8]
His partner and best friend is James "Jimmy" Trivette (Clarence Gilyard), a former Dallas Cowboys player, "Go Long Trivette", who takes a more modern approach.[9] Walker's young partner grew up in Baltimore and used football as his ticket to college education. He was dropped from the team after he tore up his shoulder in a major game, which led to his career in the Rangers (often making references to watching the Lone Ranger and how C.D. Parker mentored him as a rookie officer). Trivette also works inside the office using computers and cellular phones to collate information of the people who have been taken into custody.
Walker also works closely (and shares a mutual attraction) with Alexandra "Alex" Cahill (Sheree J. Wilson), a Tarrant County Assistant District Attorney, who on occasion puts up a frown if Walker does not obtain results in time. He also gets advice on cases from C.D. Parker (Gailard Sartain, pilot season; Noble Willingham, Seasons 1–7), a veteran Ranger (later inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame) who worked with Walker (and is the only character on the show to address Walker by his first name Cordell on a regular basis) until retiring to operate a small restaurant and bar called "CD's Bar and Grill", a restaurant widely known in the series for its chili. In Season 7, two rookie Texas Rangers, Sydney Cooke (Nia Peeples), and Francis Gage (Judson Mills), are assigned under Walker and Trivette's command.
The series was well-known during its run for its product placement deal with Chrysler, especially its Dodge division. After Walker used a GMC Sierra during the first season, he switched to the Dodge Ram (which at the start of the second season was completely redesigned for 1994), which would be advertised during commercial breaks. Other members of the cast often used other Chrysler vehicles, while villains would drive vehicles from General Motors or Ford Motor Company. This was not unlike The Andy Griffith Show, which exclusively used Ford vehicles due to a sponsorship deal with Andy Griffith. Coincidentally, the show ended just as Dodge was getting ready to redesign the Ram again for the 2002 model year. However the 2006 Dodge Ram SRT-10 was used in the short movie Trial by Fire, driven by Walker.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Walker, Texas Ranger episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Pilot 3 April 21, 1993 May 1, 1993
1 23 September 25, 1993 May 21, 1994
2 23 September 24, 1994 May 13, 1995
3 26 September 23, 1995 May 18, 1996
4 27 September 21, 1996 May 17, 1997
5 25 September 27, 1997 May 16, 1998
6 23 September 26, 1998 May 22, 1999
7 25 September 25, 1999 May 20, 2000
8 23 October 7, 2000 May 19, 2001
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Walker Texas Ranger characters
Name
Portrayed by
Occupation
Seasons
Pilot
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cordell Walker Chuck Norris Texas Ranger
Main
James Trivette Clarence Gilyard Texas Ranger Main
Alexandra Cahill Sheree J. Wilson Assistant District Attorney Main
CD Parker Gailard Sartain former Texas Ranger, bar owner Main
Noble Willingham Main
Raymond Firewalker Floyd Westerman, Apesanahkwat Walker's uncle Main Guest
Trent Malloy Jimmy Wlcek karate instructor, private detective Recurring Main
Carlos Sandoval Marco Sanchez police detective Recurring Main
Francis Gage Judson Mills Texas Ranger Main
Sydney Cooke Nia Peeples Texas Ranger Main
Main characters[edit]
Chuck Norris as Texas Ranger Sgt. Cordell Walker, a former Marine and a modern-day Ranger who believes in the Code of the Old West. He is a decorated Vietnam vet and a martial arts expert. He is the show's main protagonist. Appeared in all episodes.
Clarence Gilyard as Texas Ranger Sgt. James "Jimmy" Trivette, Walker's partner and best friend. Appeared in all but two episodes.
Sheree J. Wilson as Tarrant County Assistant D.A. Alexandra "Alex" Cahill, whom Walker dates for a few seasons and finally marries. Appeared in all but five episodes.
Noble Willingham (Gailard Sartain pilot) as retired Texas Ranger Captain C.D. Parker, Walker's buddy and ex-partner who owns a bar-restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas, and was the only one to address Walker by his first name Cordell regularly. Appeared in 155 episodes.
Nia Peeples as Texas Ranger Sydney "Syd" Cooke, a rookie Ranger who joins Walker in Seasons 7–8. Appeared in 47 episodes.
Judson Mills as Texas Ranger Francis Gage, another rookie Ranger who joins Walker in Seasons 7–8. Appeared in 46 episodes.
Floyd Westerman (Apesanahkwat, Season 2) as Walker's paternal uncle Ray Firewalker (also known as Uncle Ray), who raised Cordell after his parents – John and Elizabeth Firewalker – were murdered. Ray disappeared at the end of Season 2. Appeared in 14 episodes.
Supporting characters[edit]
Marco Sanchez as Detective Carlos Sandoval, a detective for Dallas PD. Best friend of Trent Malloy. Often teamed up with Walker and Trivette in cases. Appeared in 16 episodes.
Jimmy Wlcek as Trent Malloy, son of a pastor and former martial arts student of Walker. Black belt in Karate and runs both his own Dojo and Protection Agency. Often teamed up with Walker and Trivette in cases. Appeared in 13 episodes.
Cynthia Dorn as M.E. Mary Williams, a medical examiner in most of the murder cases that occurred on the show.
Vanessa Paul as Josie Martin. Ran 'H.O.P.E.' center created by Alex after a near-death experience. One of Alex's bridesmaids at Alex and Walker's wedding. Did not play a major role in her appearances.
Frank Salsedo as White Eagle, the spiritual leader of the Cherokee reservation Walker grew up on. Debuted during Season 3.
Rod Taylor as Gordon Cahill, the once-estranged father of Alex. Also an Attorney.
Eloy Casados as Sheriff Sam Coyote, the sheriff of the Cherokee reservation and a very good friend of Walker.
James Drury as Texas Ranger Captain Tom Price. He only appeared during the pilot season.
Peter Onorati as Sergeant Vincent Rosetti, a New York Police Sergeant with a strong New York accent and a little arrogance.
Terry Kiser as Charlie Brooks, a clumsy and fast-talking informant for Walker and Trivette.
Robert Fuller as Ranger Wade Harper, a retired El Paso Texas Ranger who came on board to work for Walker and Trivette.
Julia Nickson as Dr. Susan Lee
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2014)
Nielsen ratings[edit]
The show was quite successful in the ratings throughout its run, ranking among the Top 30 programs from 1995 until 1999, and ranking in the Top 20 in both the 1995–1996 and 1998–1999 seasons.[citation needed]
1993–1994: 11.7 rating, No. 41
1994–1995: 11.2 rating, No. 41
1995–1996: 12.3 rating, No. 18
1996–1997: 11.0 rating, No. 24
1997–1998: 14.4 million viewers, No. 21
1998–1999: 14.4 million viewers, No. 15
1999–2000: 12.2 million viewers, No. 34
2000–2001: 10.3 million viewers, No. 62
Critical reception[edit]
In October 1993, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly gave the series a C+.[10]
DVD releases[edit]
CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all seasons on DVD in Region 1.[11] The Complete 1st Season contains the three pilot episodes and the first full season being labeled as just the first season. This has confused some fans, as the episodes are wrongly numbered. Seasons 1–6 have been released in regions 2–4.
On May 12, 2015, CBS DVD released Walker, Texas Ranger- The Complete Collection on DVD in Region 1.[12]
DVD name
Eps
Release dates
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
The Complete 1st Season[13] 26 June 13, 2006 October 2, 2006 October 12, 2006
The Complete 2nd Season 24 January 23, 2007 March 8, 2007 April 12, 2007
The Complete 3rd Season 26 June 12, 2007 December 4, 2007 January 10, 2008
The Complete 4th Season 26 February 19. 2008 May 28, 2008 July 31, 2008
The Complete 5th Season 25 July 1, 2008 October 21, 2008 October 2, 2008
The Complete 6th Season 23 January 13, 2009 February 19, 2009 March 5, 2009
The Complete 7th Season 25 March 9, 2010 N/A March 3, 2011[14]
The Complete Final Season 24 June 14, 2005 N/A March 3, 2011[15]
Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire 1 N/A January 2, 2007 March 5, 2014[16]
Spin-offs and merchandise[edit]
Television movies[edit]
Main article: Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire
CBS broadcast the television movie Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire, produced by Paramount Network Television (now CBS Television Studios), on October 16, 2005. Chuck Norris, Sheree J. Wilson and Judson Mills reprised their roles, and Clarence Gilyard shot a cameo for the movie but was not featured due to the filming's conflict with a long-planned family vacation. To fill the void, Judson Mills, who was not in the original script, returned to reprise the role of Francis Gage. Nia Peeples, who played the role of Sydney Cooke for Seasons 7 and 8, was also not featured in Walker's return to prime-time television. The explanation given was that producers decided not to follow much of the original Walker Texas Ranger series, as to give the movie a fresh look. Even the show's original opening credits with the theme "Eyes of a Ranger" performed by Chuck Norris, was absent from the TV movie.
Although the return of Walker Texas Ranger did not garner the ratings CBS had hoped for, indications were that CBS was green-lighting future Walker Texas Ranger "movie of the week" projects. But as of spring 2006, both CBS and the Norris camp have been silent as to the future of the franchise, leaving many to wonder if it will return. Trial by Fire ended with Sheree J. Wilson's character the victim of a courthouse shooting, leaving many viewers to believe that there would be a follow-up movie.[17]
When they announced their fall 2006 prime-time schedule, CBS said that they would no longer be producing "Sunday Night Movie of the Week" projects, which severely impaired any hopes of Walker's return to television in the foreseeable future.[citation needed]
On May 15, 2007, CBS announced its fall line-up, but this did not include the return of the "Sunday Night Movie of the Week."
Sons of Thunder[edit]
Main article: Sons of Thunder (TV series)
Most episodes were based on true stories. A short-lived series, Sons of Thunder, featured recurring character Carlos Sandoval, who resigns from his post with the Dallas police and teams up with childhood friend Trent Malloy (a protégé of Walker's), to start a private investigation firm.[18]
Novels[edit]
Three Walker, Texas Ranger books, written by James Reasoner, were published by Berkley Publishing Group in 1999. The books are now out of print.
Walker, Texas Ranger (1998, ISBN 0-425-16815-8)
Hell's Half Acre (1999, ISBN 0-425-16972-3)
Siege on the Belle (1999, ISBN 0-425-17112-4)
In other media[edit]
The show has garnered a particular cult appreciation among Conan O'Brien fans, from one of his most popular segments called the "Walker Texas Ranger Lever". He explained since NBC had recently purchased Universal, he could now show clips from Walker Texas Ranger without having to pay any money. The joke was that he would pull a giant red lever, causing a random and comically awkward scene to play. Random scenes included Walker jumping out of a plane and punching a woman in the face, or being shot in the back while proposing, or Haley Joel Osment playing a boy who is first meeting the rest of Walker's friends, and suddenly interjects "Walker told me I have AIDS". Conan would go on to riff at the bizarre nature of the scene out of context. He did this primarily on Late Night With Conan O'Brien, which prompted the show's star, Chuck Norris in character as Walker, to make a surprise guest appearance by acting out a skit in parody of the action scenes from Walker, Texas Ranger.
Notable guest stars[edit]
Actor
Character
Episode title
Year
Marshall R. Teague Orson Wade "One Riot, One Ranger" 1993
Harper Ridland "Payback" 1994
Randy Shrader "Codename: Dragonfly" 1996
Rudd Kilgore "Last of a Breed: Part 1"
"Last of a Breed: Part 2" 1997
Lieutenant Tracton "Fight or Die" 1999
Emile Lavocat/Mills "Moon" Lavocat "The Final Showdown" 2001
Richard Norton Rollins "Storm Warning" 1993
Mercenary #1 "Standoff" 1995
Simms "Team Cherokee: Part 2" 1999
Tom Munger "Fight or Die"
Thug (uncredited) "Wedding Bells: Part 1" 2000
Frank Scanlon "The Avenging Angel"
Jonas Graves/ 'flashbacks', Long-Haired Desperado "The Final Showdown: Part 1"
"The Final Showdown: Part 2" 2001
Luis Guzmán Gomez "Storm Warning" 1993
Judith Hoag Lainie Flanders "Family Matters"
Brian Thompson Leo Cale
M.C. Gainey Tingley "She'll Do to Ride the River With"
Craig "The Bachelor Party" 2000
Mary Elizabeth McGlynn Merilee Summers "Right Man Wrong Time" 1994
Giovanni Ribisi Tony Kingston "Something in the Shadows: Part 1"
"Something in the Shadows: Part 2"
Tom Virtue Peter Needham
Tobey Maguire Duane Parsons "The Prodigal Son"
Carli Coleman Georgia Douglas "Silk Dreams"
James Morrison Ned Travis "Mustangs"
Danica McKellar Laurie Maston "Stolen Lullaby"
Ray Wise Garrett Carlson
August Schellenberg Billy Gray Wolf "Rainbow Warrior"
"On Sacred Ground" 1995
Doris Roberts Elaine Portugal "The Big Bingo Bamboozle"
William Smith Silas Quint "Final Justice"
Dirk Benedict Blair "Case Closed"
Robin Sachs Philippe Brouchard "Standoff"
Marshall Colt Lt. Lee Corbin (his last acting role) "Whitewater: Part 1"
Alex Cord Larry Curtis "The Guardians"
Carlos Machado Himself "Rodeo" 1996
Officer No. 1 "Sons of Thunder" 1997
Orderly "Forgotten People"
Rodgers "Fight or Die" 1999
Clifton Collins Jr. Fito "El Coyote: Part 1"
"El Coyote: Part 2" 1996
Anthony Zerbe Joey Galloway "Break In"
William Lucking Capt. Shankley "Break In"
Robert Englund Lyle Eckert "Deadline"
Richard Chaves Special Agent Samuel Mills "Deadline"
Keith Szarabajka Hendricks "Redemption"
Burt Young Jack Belmont "Lucky"
"Small Blessings" 1997
Max Martini Luke "A Silent Cry" 1996
Rod Taylor Gordon Cahill "Redemption"
"Texas vs. Cahill" 1997
"Wedding Bells: Part 1"
"Wedding Bells: Part 2" 2000
Terry Kiser Charlie Brooks "Mayday"
"Last Hope"
"Iceman" 1997
Maxwell 'Iceman' Kronert "Iceman"
Marco Sanchez Detective Carlos Sandoval "Sons of Thunder"-"Team Cherokee: Part 2" 1997–1999
James Wlcek Trent Malloy
Mila Kunis Pepper "Last Hope" 1997
John Amos Pastor Roscoe Jones "Sons of Thunder"
James Pickens Jr. Staff Sergeant Luther Parrish "The Fighting McClains"
Stephen Quadros Corporal John Wesley 'JW' McClain "The Fighting McClains"
Haley Joel Osment Lucas Simms "Lucas: Part 1"
"Lucas: Part 2"
Mackenzie Phillips Ellen Simms
Gwen Verdon Maisie Whitman "Forgotten People"
"Mind Games" 1999
David Gallagher Chad Morgan "Brainchild" 1997
Paul Gleason Dr. Harold Payton
Randolph Mantooth James Lee Crown "Rainbow's End"
Dan Lauria Salvatore Matacio "A Father's Image"
Kyla Pratt Kyla Jarvis "The Neighborhood"
"Rowdy" Roddy Piper Cody "The Crusader" Conway "The Crusader" 1998
Randy Tallman TBD
Paul Winfield Pastor Roscoe Jones "The Soul of Winter"
Collin Raye Himself
Danny Trejo Joe Lopez "Circle of Life"
Jose Rodriguez "Rise to the Occasion" 1999
Lila McCann Kelly Wyman "Eyes of a Ranger" 1998
Michael Peterson Himself
Tobin Bell Karl Storm "The Wedding: Part 1"
"The Wedding: Part 2"
RuPaul Bob "Royal Heist"
Dean Norris Deke Powell "War Cry"
Mike Connors Judge Arthur McSpadden "Code of the West"
Camilla Belle Cindy Morgan "Code of the West"
Lee Majors Sheriff Bell "On the Border"
Mitch Pileggi Paul Grady "Money Talks"
Deion Sanders Himself "Rise to the Occasion" 1999
"Special Witness"
Gary Busey Donovan Riggs "Special Witness"
James Remar Keith Bolt "The Principal"
Judy Herrera Rachel Falcon "Team Cherokee: Part 1"
"Team Cherokee: Part 2"
Michael Greyeyes Brian Falcon
Robert Mirabal Tall Bear
John Schneider Jacob Crossland "Jacob's Ladder"
Rex Linn Leland Stahl/Lester Stahl "Way of the Warrior"
Randy Savage Whitelaw Lundren "Fight or Die"
Frank Shamrock Dirk 'The Hammer' Savage
Lane Smith Reverend Thornton Powers "Power Angels"
Scott Weinger Bradley Roberts "Full Recovery"
Joe Penny Sonny Tantero "Suspicious Minds"
Dwight Schultz Lloyd Allen "Safe House"
Frank Stallone B.J. Ronson,
Frank Bishop "Tall Cotton"
"Saturday Night" 2001
Tammy Townsend Erika Carter "Justice Delayed" 2000
"The Final Showdown" 2001
David Keith Cliff Eagleton "The Day of Cleansing"[19] 2000
Sammo Hung Sammo Law
Deron McBee Luke Warley "Black Dragons"
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa Master Ko
Mako Edward Song
Byron Mann P.K. Song
Tzi Ma General Nimh "The General's Return"
Christopher B. Duncan Defense Attorney Lime "The Bachelor Party"
Joan Jett Dierdre Harris "Wedding Bells: Part 1"
Mark Cuban Groomsmen "Wedding Bells: Part 1"
"Wedding Bells: Part 2"
Tom Bosley Minister
Ernest Borgnine Eddie Ryan "The Avenging Angel"
Michael Ironside The Chairman "Winds of Change"
"Lazarus"
"Turning Point"
"Retribution"
T.J. Thyne Wallace 'The Wizard' Slausen
Dionne Warwick Dionne Berry "Faith"
Barbara Mandrell Nicole Foley "Showdown at Casa Diablo: Part 1"
Jeffrey Dean Morgan Jake Horbart "Child of Hope"
Robert Fuller Ranger Wade Harper "Matter of Principle"
"The Final Show/Down" 2001
Hulk Hogan Boomer Knight "Division Street"
Francis Capra Ace
Ryan Bittle Harley "Reel Rangers"
Laura Bailey Roberta "Saturday Night"
Mercedes McNab Heather Preston "6 Hours"
Josh Holloway Ben Wiley "Medieval Crimes"
Sting Grangus "Unsafe Speed"
Carlos Bernard Raoul 'Skull' Hidalgo "Without a Sound"
Mitchel Musso Josh Whitley "Trial by Fire" 2005
Selena Gomez Julie
Companies[edit]
The series began with Cannon Television, but after Cannon folded, CBS assumed production responsibilities and is the ancillary rights holder for this series. Other companies as listed below have also been involved with the series production and/or distribution.
Production companies
Amadea Film Productions TBD
Cannon Television (1993)
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) TBD
Columbia Pictures Television (1993–2001)
Columbia TriStar Television (2001)
The Ruddy-Greif Company (1993–2001)
Top Kick Productions (1993–1998)
Norris Brothers Entertainment (1998–2005)
CBS Productions (1995–2001)
CBS Entertainment Productions (1993–1995)
CBS Broadcast International (1993–2008)
Distributors
CBS Television Distribution (1993–2001), US, TV, original airing
Columbia TriStar Domestic Television (2001–2002)
Mediaset, Canale 5 (1996) - Italy, TV (First TV)
Mediaset, Italia 1 (1997-2003) - Italy, TV (First TV)
Mediaset, Rete 4 (2002-2013) - Italy, TV (Reply)
Duel TV (2003-2006) - Italy, TV (Reply)
FX (2006-2011) - Italy, TV (Reply)
AXN (2009–present) - Italy, TV (Reply)
Mediaset, Iris (2015–present) - Italy, TV (Reply)
Paramount Home Entertainment (2006-TBD), Germany, DVD
Paramount Home Entertainment (2008, US, DVD, Season 5
Sony Pictures Television (2002–present)
CBS Television Distribution (2008–present), DVDs and international
TF1 2004, France, TV
TV2 (2000–2006), Hungary, TV
UFA Film- und Fernseh GmbH 1993, Germany, all media
See also[edit]
Television in the United States portal
Martial arts portal
1990s portal
2000s portal
Walker Texas Ranger 3: Deadly Reunion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Elder, Robert K (April 26, 2007). "Pop Cultural Timeline: Chuck Norris 'Facts'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Farhi, Paul (January 2, 2006). "Tough Love: Norris Fans Board the Chuck Wagon". Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Berkow, Ira (May 12, 1993). "AT DINNER WITH: Chuck Norris; When That 97-Pound Weakling Grows Up". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "TV Listings for - July 28, 2001 - TV Tango". Tvtango.com. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weinstein, Steve (March 17, 1996). "Chuck Norris Proves To Cbs He's A 'Competitive Guy'". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Du Brow, Rick (May 14, 1994). "Walker Marks a Year of Fighting Injustice on CBS : Television: Despite controversy over TV violence, Chuck Norris' action series beat the competition in its time slot and helps the network ensure its top spot". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ King, Susan (April 18, 1993). "At Home on a New Range : CHUCK NORRIS: KARATE CHAMP TURNED SERIES STAR?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith, Steven Cole (April 21, 1993). "Lone Wolf Rides Again". Chicago Tribune. (Original: Fort Worth Star-Telegram). Retrieved October 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jicha, Tom (April 21, 1993). "Chuck Norris Plays Dirty In Tv Debut". Sun Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (October 22, 1993). "TV Show Review: 'Walker, Texas Ranger' Review". Entertainment Weekly (193). Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Walker, Texas Ranger DVD news: Announcement for Walker, Texas Ranger - The Complete 7th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Walker, Texas Ranger DVD news: Announcement for Walker, Texas Ranger - The Complete Collection - TVShowsOnDVD.com". Tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ This season DVD set is made up of the episodes from the pilot season in addition to the episodes of the first regular season, which has also been referred to as Season 2
Jump up ^ "Buy Walker, Texas Ranger - The 7th Season (5 Disc Set) on DVD-Video from EzyDVD.com.au". Ezydvd.com.au. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Buy Walker, Texas Ranger - The Final Season (6 Disc Set) on DVD-Video from EzyDVD.com.au". Ezydvd.com.au. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "JB Hi-Fi - Australia's Largest Home Entertainment Retailer". Jbhifionline.com.au. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - Chuck Norris Returns to CBS for "Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire," a New Television Movie to Be Broadcast OcT. 16 on the CBS Television Network". Thefutoncritic.com. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Steve (March 5, 1999). "STANDING IN PLACE FROM CHUCK NORRIS, ANOTHER MARTIAL ARTS BEAT-'EM-UP". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Day of Cleansing" is the conclusion of a crossover with Martial Law where Walker teams with Sammo Law to recapture a hatemongering former military officer who escapes custody after they caught him in the Martial Law episode "Honor Among Strangers".
External links[edit]
Walker, Texas Ranger on IMDb
Walker, Texas Ranger at TV.com
Sony Pictures Television website at the Wayback Machine (archived July 9, 2010)
Spike TV acquires rights to Walker Texas Ranger
INSP Network acquires syndication rights to Walker Texas Ranger
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walker,_Texas_Ranger&oldid=833535718"
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Close to You (The Carpenters album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Close to You
Studio album by The Carpenters
Released
August 19, 1970
Recorded
1969 – May 15, 1970
Genre
Pop, easy listening
Length
38:37
Label
A&M
Producer
Jack Daugherty
The Carpenters chronology
Offering/Ticket to Ride
(1969)Offering/Ticket to Ride1969 Close to You
(1970) Carpenters
(1971)Carpenters1971
Singles from Close to You
"(They Long to Be) Close to You"
Released: May 15, 1970
"We've Only Just Begun"
Released: August 21, 1970
Close to You is the second studio album by American duo The Carpenters, released on August 19, 1970. In 2003, the album was ranked number 175 on Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[1] The album contains the hit singles "(They Long to Be) Close to You" and "We've Only Just Begun". "(They Long to Be) Close to You" was the duo's song that gained the Carpenters an international reputation for a decade. The album topped the Canadian Albums Chart and peaked at #2 on the US Billboard albums chart. It was also successful in the United Kingdom, entering the top 50 of the official chart for 76 weeks during the first half of the 1970s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Song information
2 Critical reception
3 Track listing
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certifications
5 Personnel
6 References
Song information[edit]
"(They Long to Be) Close to You" was the first Burt Bacharach/Hal David composition Carpenters covered. The song was recorded time and time again during the sixties, but didn't do well at all until the Carpenters version. It became Richard and Karen Carpenter's first RIAA-certified Gold single, as well as their first Billboard Hot 100 single that reached the Top 10. It stayed at number 1 for 4 weeks, and became Carpenters' iconic song.
"We've Only Just Begun" started out as a commercial for Crocker Citizen's Bank in 1970, composed by Paul Williams and Roger Nichols. The commercial showed a couple getting married and starting their life together. In August 1970, it became the Carpenters' second RIAA-certified Gold single. Richard regards this as the duo's signature song.[citation needed]
Originally written by Ralph Carmichael for the early contemporary Christian musical Tell It Like It Is, "Love Is Surrender" was a song Richard and Karen heard during their teen years. Several of the overtly Christian lyrics were changed for this version, notably from "Without Him, love is not to be found" to "Without love you are not to be found" and "You must surrender to His will" to "You must surrender if you care." The arrangement is based on one recorded by Carmichael on his album, I Looked for Love. The original Carmichael recording was mid-tempo, but Richard recorded it up-tempo with extra percussion. The Carpenters' recording is one of only two tracks on the album on which Richard Carpenter performs lead vocals.
"Maybe It's You" is a song written by Richard Carpenter and John Bettis for their previous band, Spectrum. It's a very low-key song, with an oboe solo by Doug Strawn.
"Reason to Believe" is a song composed by Tim Hardin in the 1960s. Rod Stewart made a hit with it in 1971. Karen claimed in a live concert that the reason why they love the song is because it was one of the first songs they performed together as a group.[2]
"Help!" is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney in early 1965. Carpenters produced three Beatles covers ("Ticket to Ride", "Help", and "Can't Buy Me Love", the last from Your Navy Presents).
"Baby It's You" is a song composed by Burt Bacharach, Barney Williams, and Mack David. It was sung by Richard and Karen in 1970, and performed on their TV show, Make Your Own Kind of Music.
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again" is the third consecutive Burt Bacharach composition on the album. It was included on their medley the following year, on the album Carpenters. According to Tom Riddle of Your Navy Presents, there was a 29 vocal harmony on the song. Originally part of the score for Bacharach and David's 1968 musical Promises, Promises, the song had provided a top-ten hit for Dionne Warwick in January 1970.
Originally performed by Karen and Richard in the California State University, Long Beach choir in 1969, "Crescent Noon" is a song composed by Richard Carpenter and John Bettis.
"Mr. Guder" was dedicated to Richard Carpenter and John Bettis's boss at Disneyland, Vic Guder. It was a bit of a last tease to the man who fired the duo. They were hired to play old-time music on piano and banjo at the park's "Coke Corner" on Main Street, U.S.A., but they persisted in playing contemporary tunes that the patrons requested. The lyrics say:
You're everything a robot lives for:
Walk in at nine, and roll out the door at five.
You reflect the company image;
You maintain their rules to live by.
Shine your shoes, let's keep a neat haircut,
Now that you're wearing a coat and tie.
Many of their later recordings that were composed in the late 1960s were written during their Disneyland career.
"I Kept on Loving You", a song written by Paul Williams and Roger Nichols, features Richard on lead vocal and despite being uncredited in the album's liner notes, a guitarist is playing on the song, possibly either Gary Sims or a Los Angeles-based session guitarist.
"Another Song" was another Carpenter/Bettis creation that was very different from the typical Carpenters song and is essentially a suite in three movements: a pop section (0:00–1:45), a medieval-influenced section (1:45–2:28), and a jazz section (2:28–4:22). The song opens with a short prelude based on the harmony and melodic contour of the accompanied recitative "And, lo! the angel of the Lord came upon them" from Part I of George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah (1742).
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [3]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [4]
Close to You was nominated for Album of the Year. AllMusic's retrospective review deemed Close to You "a surprisingly strong album", particularly praising Richard Carpenter's original compositions "Maybe it's You", "Crescent Noon", and "Mr. Guder", describing them as superlative displays of both Karen Carpenter's vocal work and Richard's arranging talents. They also derided contemporary criticism against the album, insinuating that the negative reaction stemmed from Close to You being a successful pop record at a time of great political turmoil.[3]
Track listing[edit]
Side one
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Lead singer(s)
Length
1. "We've Only Just Begun" Roger Nichols, Paul Williams Karen Carpenter; brief lines by Richard Carpenter 3:04
2. "Love Is Surrender" Ralph Carmichael Karen & Richard Carpenter 1:59
3. "Maybe It's You" John Bettis, Richard Carpenter Karen Carpenter 3:09
4. "Reason to Believe" Tim Hardin Karen Carpenter 3:02
5. "Help" John Lennon, Paul McCartney Karen Carpenter 3:02
6. "(They Long to Be) Close to You" Burt Bacharach, Hal David Karen Carpenter 4:34
Side two
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Lead singer(s)
Length
7. "Baby It's You" Bacharach, Mack David, Barney Williams Karen Carpenter 2:50
8. "I'll Never Fall in Love Again" Bacharach, H. David Karen Carpenter 2:56
9. "Crescent Noon" Bettis, Carpenter Karen Carpenter 4:09
10. "Mr. Guder" Bettis, Carpenter Karen Carpenter 3:17
11. "I Kept On Loving You" Nichols, P. Williams Richard Carpenter 2:13
12. "Another Song" Bettis, Carpenter Karen Carpenter 4:22
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart
Position
Australian Kent Music Report Chart[5] 16
Canadian RPM Albums Chart[6] 1
Japanese Oricon LP Chart[7] 53
UK Albums Chart[8] 23
US Billboard 200[9] 2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Position
US Billboard Pop Albums[10] 3
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
United States (RIAA)[11]
2× Platinum
Personnel[edit]
Jack Daugherty – producer
Karen Carpenter – vocals, drums
Hal Blaine – drums
Richard Carpenter – vocals, keyboards, arrangements and orchestration
Joe Osborn – bass
Danny Woodhams – bass
Jim Horn – woodwinds
Bob Messenger – woodwinds
Doug Strawn – woodwinds
Ray Gerhardt – engineer
Dick Bogert – engineer
Tom Wilkes – art direction
Kessel/Brehm Photography – photography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 175) Close to You : Rolling Stone
Jump up ^ Live in Budokan, 1972
^ Jump up to: a b Eder, Bruce. Close to You at AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
Jump up ^ Brackett, Nathan; Christian Hoard (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. New York City, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 140. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Top Albums/CDs – Volume 14, No. 19, December 26, 1970". RPM. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
Jump up ^ a-カーペンターズ "– Yamachan Land (Archives of the Japanese record charts) – Albums Chart Daijiten – Carpenters" Check |url= value (help) (in Japanese). 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats – Carpenters – Close to You". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( Close to You > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". AllMusic. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
Jump up ^ 1971 Year-end Albums – The Billboard Pop Albums. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Carpenters – Close to You". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Preceded by
Led Zeppelin III by Led Zeppelin Canadian RPM 100 number-one album
December 5–19, 1970 Succeeded by
All Things Must Pass
by George Harrison
[hide]
v
t
e
The Carpenters
Karen Carpenter
Richard Carpenter
Albums
Offering (Ticket to Ride)
Close to You
Carpenters
A Song for You
Now & Then
Horizon
A Kind of Hush
Passage
Made in America
Voice of the Heart
Lovelines
As Time Goes By
Live albums
Live in Japan
Live at the Palladium
Compilation albums
The Singles: 1969–1973
The Singles: 1974–1978
The Very Best of the Carpenters
Yesterday Once More
Only Yesterday
From the Top
Interpretations: A 25th Anniversary Celebration
Love Songs
Reflections
The Singles: 1969–1981
The Essential Collection: 1965–1997
Carpenters Perform Carpenter
Gold: 35th Anniversary Edition
The Ultimate Collection
40/40
Other
Christmas Portrait
An Old-Fashioned Christmas
Time (Richard Carpenter)
Karen Carpenter (album)
Pianist, Arranger, Composer, Conductor (Richard Carpenter)
Singles
"Looking for Love"
"Ticket to Ride"
"(They Long to Be) Close to You"
"We've Only Just Begun"
"Merry Christmas, Darling"
"For All We Know"
"Rainy Days and Mondays"
"Superstar"
"Bless the Beasts and Children"
"Hurting Each Other"
"It's Going to Take Some Time"
"Goodbye to Love"
"Sing"
"Yesterday Once More"
"Top of the World"
"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)"
"I Won't Last a Day Without You"
"Please Mr. Postman"
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
"Only Yesterday"
"Solitaire"
"There's a Kind of Hush (All Over the World)"
"I Need to Be in Love"
"Goofus"
"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"
"All You Get from Love Is a Love Song"
"Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft"
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)"
"Sweet, Sweet Smile"
"I Believe You"
"Touch Me When We're Dancing"
"(Want You) Back in My Life Again"
"Those Good Old Dreams"
"Beechwood 4-5789"
"Make Believe It's Your First Time"
"Your Baby Doesn't Love You Anymore"
"Now"
"Little Altar Boy"
"Honolulu City Lights"
"Something in Your Eyes"
"If I Had You"
"Let Me Be the One"
"Tryin' to Get the Feeling Again"
"Ave Maria"
"The Rainbow Connection"
TV series/specials
Make Your Own Kind of Music
Live at the BBC
Very First TV Special
Space Encounters
A Christmas Portrait
Music, Music, Music
DVDs
Gold: Greatest Hits
Interpretations
Close to You: Remembering the Carpenters
Related articles
Discography
Songs
John Bettis
Joe Osborn
Tony Peluso
If I Were a Carpenter
The Karen Carpenter Story
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Close_to_You_(The_Carpenters_album)&oldid=788973702"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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text:
Coin flipping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Heads or Tails" redirects here. For other uses, see Heads or Tails (disambiguation).
For coin tossing as specific to the sport of cricket, see Toss (cricket).
Tossed coin
Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands to choose between two alternatives, sometimes to resolve a dispute between two parties. It is a form of sortition which inherently has only two possible and equally likely outcomes.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Process
2.1 Three-way
3 Use in dispute resolution
4 Politics
4.1 Australia
4.2 Canada
4.3 Philippines
4.4 United Kingdom
4.5 United States
5 Physics
6 Counterintuitive properties
7 Mathematics
7.1 Telecommunications
8 Lotteries
9 Clarifying feelings
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
A denarius by Maximinus Thrax
The historical origin of coin flipping is the interpretation of a chance outcome as the expression of divine will.
Coin flipping was known to the Romans as navia aut caput ("ship or head"), as some coins had a ship on one side and the head of the emperor on the other.[1] In England, this was referred to as cross and pile.[1][2] The expression Heads or Tails results from heads and tails being considered complementary body parts.
Process[edit]
During a coin toss, the coin is thrown into the air such that it rotates edge-over-edge several times. Either beforehand or when the coin is in the air, an interested party calls "heads" or "tails", indicating which side of the coin that party is choosing. The other party is assigned the opposite side. Depending on custom, the coin may be caught; caught and inverted; or allowed to land on the ground. When the coin comes to rest, the toss is complete and the party who called correctly or was assigned the upper side is declared the winner.
It is possible for a coin to land on its edge, usually by landing up against an object (such as a shoe) or by getting stuck in the ground. However, even on a flat surface it is possible for a coin to land on its edge, with a chance of about 1 in 6000 for an American nickel.[3] Angular momentum typically prevents most coins from landing on their edges unsupported if flipped. Such cases in which a coin does land on its edge are exceptionally rare and in most cases the coin is simply re-flipped.[4]
The coin may be any type as long as it has two distinct sides; it need not be a circulating coin as such. Larger coins tend to be more popular than smaller ones. Some high-profile coin tosses, such as the Cricket World Cup and the Super Bowl, use custom-made ceremonial medallions.[5][6]
Three-way[edit]
Three-way coin flips are also possible, by a different process – this can be done either to choose two out of three, or to choose one out of three. To choose two out of three, three coins are flipped, and if two coins come up the same and one different, the different one loses (is out), leaving two players. To choose one out of three, either reverse this (the odd coin out is the winner), or add a regular two-way coin flip between the remaining players as a second step. Note that the three-way flip is 87.5% likely to work each time it is tried (if all coins are heads or all are tails, which occurs 1/8 of the time due to the chances being 0.5 by 0.5 by 0.5, the flip is repeated until the results differ), and does not require that "heads" or "tails" be called. A famous example of such a three-way coin flip (choose two out of three) is dramatized in Friday Night Lights (originally a book, subsequently film and TV series), where three high school football teams with identical records use a three-way coin flip – at a truck stop – to determine which two will advance to the playoffs.[7][8] A legacy of this coin flip was to reduce the use of coin flips to break ties in Texas sports, instead using point-systems to reduce the frequency of ties.
Use in dispute resolution[edit]
The coin toss at the start of Super Bowl XLIII
Coin tossing is a simple and unbiased way of settling a dispute or deciding between two or more arbitrary options. In a game theoretic analysis it provides even odds to both sides involved, requiring little effort and preventing the dispute from escalating into a struggle. It is used widely in sports and other games to decide arbitrary factors such as which side of the field a team will play from, or which side will attack or defend initially; these decisions may tend to favor one side, or may be neutral. Factors such as wind direction, the position of the sun, and other conditions may affect the decision. In team sports it is often the captain who makes the call, while the umpire or referee usually oversees such proceedings. A competitive method may be used instead of a toss in some situations, for example in basketball the jump ball is employed, while the face-off plays a similar role in ice hockey.
Navy-Notre Dame coin toss
Coin flipping is used to decide which end of the field the teams will play to and/or which team gets first use of the ball, or similar questions in football matches, American football games, Australian rules football, volleyball, and other sports requiring such decisions. In the U.S. a specially minted coin is flipped in National Football League games; the coin is then sent to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and other coins of the special series minted at the same time are sold to collectors. The XFL, a short-lived American football league, attempted to avoid coin tosses by implementing a face-off style "opening scramble," in which one player from each team tried to recover a loose football; the team whose player recovered the ball got first choice. Because of the high rate of injury in these events, it has not achieved mainstream popularity in any football league (a modified version was adopted by X-League Indoor Football, in which each player pursued his own ball), and coin tossing remains the method of choice in American football.
In an association football match, the team winning the coin toss chooses which goal to attack in the first half; the opposing team kicks off for the first half. For the second half, the teams switch ends, and the team that won the coin toss kicks off. Coin tosses are also used to decide which team has the pick of going first or second in a penalty shoot-out. Before the early-1970s introduction of the penalty shootout, coin tosses were occasionally needed to decide the outcome of tied matches. The most famous instance of this was the semifinal game of the 1968 European Championship in Italy between Italy and the Soviet Union, which finished 0-0 after extra time. Italy won, and went on to become European champions.[9]
Tossing a coin is common in many sports, such as cricket, where it is used to decide which team gets the choice of bowling or batting first. Shown are Don Bradman and Gubby Allen tossing for innings.
In cricket the toss is often significant, as the decision whether to bat or bowl first can influence the outcome of the game. Similarly, in tennis a coin toss is used in professional matches to determine which player serves first. The player who wins the toss decides whether to serve first or return, while the loser of the toss decides which end of the court each player plays on first.
In duels a coin toss was sometimes used to determine which combatant had the sun at his back.[10] In some other sports, the result of the toss is less crucial and merely a way to fairly choose between two more or less equal options.
The National Football League also has a coin toss for tie-breaking among teams for playoff berths and seeding, but the rules make the need for coin toss, which is random rather than competitive, very unlikely. A similar procedure breaks ties for the purposes of seeding in the NFL Draft; these coin tosses are more common, since the tie-breaking procedure for the draft is much less elaborate than the one used for playoff seeding.
Major League Baseball once conducted a series of coin flips as a contingency on the last month of its regular season to determine home teams for any potential one-game playoff games that might need to be added to the regular season. Most of these cases did not occur. From the 2009 season, the method to determine home-field advantage was changed.[11]
Fédération Internationale d'Escrime rules use a coin toss to determine the winner of a fencing match that remains tied at the end of a "sudden death" extra minute of competition. Although in most international matches this is now done electronically by the scoring apparatus.[citation needed]
In the United States Asa Lovejoy and Francis W. Pettygrove, who each owned the claim to the land that would later become Portland, Oregon, wanted to name the new town after their respective hometowns of Boston, Massachusetts and Portland, Maine; Pettygrove won the coin flip.[12]
Scientists sometimes use coin flipping to determine the order in which they appear on the list of authors of scholarly papers.[13]
Politics[edit]
Australia[edit]
In December 2006, Australian television networks Seven and Ten, which shared the broadcasting of the 2007 AFL Season, decided who would broadcast the Grand Final with the toss of a coin. Network Ten won.[citation needed]
Canada[edit]
In some jurisdictions, a coin is flipped to decide between two candidates who poll equal number of votes in an election, or two companies tendering equal prices for a project. For example, a coin toss decided a City of Toronto tender in 2003 for painting lines on 1,605 km of city streets: the bids were $161,110.00 ($100.3800623 per km), $146,584.65 ($91.33 per km, exactly), and two equal bids of $111,242.55 ($69.31 per km, exactly).
Philippines[edit]
"Drawing of lots" is one of the methods to break ties to determine a winner in an election; the coin flip is considered an acceptable variant. Each candidate will be given five chances to flip a coin; the candidate with the most number of "heads" wins. The 2013 mayoral election in San Teodoro, Oriental Mindoro was decided on a coin flip, with a winner being proclaimed after the second round when both candidates remained tied in the first round.[14]
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, if a local or national election has resulted in a tie where candidates receive exactly the same number of votes, then the winner can be decided either by drawing straws/lots, coin flip, or drawing a high card in pack of cards.[15][16]
United States[edit]
In the United States, a coin toss determines the class of the senators of a state being added to the Union, with the new state's senators due to be entering the US Senate.[17] A number of states provide for "drawing lots" in the event an election ends in a tie - this is usually resolved by a coin toss or picking names from a hat.[18] A 2017 election to the 94th District of the Virginia House of Delegates resulted in both Republican incumbent David Yancey and Democratic challenger Shelly Simmonds tied with exactly 11,608 votes. Under state law, the election was to be decided by drawing a name from a bowl, although a coin toss would also have been an acceptable option. The chair of the Board of Elections drew the film canister with Yancey's name, and he was declared the winner.[19] Additionally, the outcome of the draw determined control of the entire House, as Republicans won 50 of the other 99 seats and Democrats 49. A Yancey win extended the Republican advantage to 51-49, whereas a Simmonds win would have resulted in a 50-50 tie. As there is no provision for breaking ties in the House as a whole, this would have forced a power sharing agreement between the two parties.[20]
Physics[edit]
The outcome of coin flipping has been studied by Persi Diaconis and his collaborators. They have demonstrated that a mechanical coin flipper which imparts the same initial conditions for every toss has a highly predictable outcome – the phase space is fairly regular. Further, in actual flipping, people exhibit slight bias – "coin tossing is fair to two decimals but not to three. That is, typical flips show biases such as .495 or .503."[21]
In studying coin flipping, to observe the rotation speed of coin flips, Diaconis first used a strobe light and a coin with one side painted black, the other white, so that when the speed of the strobe flash equaled the rotation rate of the coin, it would appear to always show the same side. This proved difficult to use, and rotation rate was more accurately computed by attaching floss to a coin, such that it would wind around the coin – after a flip, one could count rotations by unwinding the floss, and then compute rotation rate as flips over air time.[21]
Moreover, their theoretical analysis of the physics of coin tosses predicts a slight bias for a caught coin to be caught the same way up as it was thrown, with a probability of around 0.51,[22] though a subsequent attempt to verify this experimentally gave ambiguous results.[23] Stage magicians and gamblers, with practice, are able to greatly increase this bias, whilst still making throws which are visually indistinguishable from normal throws.[21]
Since the images on the two sides of actual coins are made of raised metal, the toss is likely to slightly favor one face or the other if the coin is allowed to roll on one edge upon landing. Coin spinning is much more likely to be biased than flipping, and conjurers trim the edges of coins so that when spun they usually land on a particular face.
Counterintuitive properties[edit]
Human intuition about conditional probability is often very poor and can give rise to some seemingly surprising observations. For example, if the successive tosses of a coin are recorded as a string of "H" and "T", then for any trial of tosses, it is twice as likely that the triplet TTH will occur before THT than after it. It is three times as likely that THH will precede HHT, than that THH will follow HHT.[24] (See Penney's game)
Mathematics[edit]
The mathematical abstraction of the statistics of coin flipping is described by means of the Bernoulli process; a single flip of a coin is a Bernoulli trial. In the study of statistics, coin-flipping plays the role of being an introductory example of the complexities of statistics. A commonly treated textbook topic is that of checking if a coin is fair.
Telecommunications[edit]
Further information: Commitment scheme
There is no reliable way to use a true coin flip to settle a dispute between two parties if they cannot both see the coin—for example, over the phone. The flipping party could easily lie about the outcome of the toss. In telecommunications and cryptography, the following algorithm can be used:
Alice and Bob each choose a random string, "ljngjkrjgnfdudiudd" and "gfdgdfjkherfsfsd" respectively.
Alice chooses an outcome for an imaginary coin flip, such as "tail"
Bob sends Alice his random string "gfdgdfjkherfsfsd"
Alice immediately computes a cryptographic hash of the string "tail ljngjkrjgnfdudiudd gfdgdfjkherfsfsd", which is 59dea408d43183a3937957e71a4bcacc616d9cbc and sends it to Bob
Alice asks Bob: "heads or tails"?
Bob says, for instance, "heads".
Alice tells him she's just won, and proves it by showing the string "tail ljngjkrjgnfdudiudd gfdgdfjkherfsfsd".
Bob can check that Alice didn't lie by computing the SHA-1 of the string himself
Furthermore, Bob by providing his own randomly generated string guarantees that Alice wasn't able to precompute an image pair of "tail/random string" or "head/random string".
Lotteries[edit]
The New Zealand lottery game Big Wednesday uses a coin toss. If a player matches all 6 of their numbers, the coin toss will decide whether they win a cash jackpot (minimum of NZ$25,000) or a bigger jackpot with luxury prizes (minimum of NZ$2 million cash, plus value of luxury prizes.) The coin toss is also used in determining the Second Chance winner's prize.
Clarifying feelings[edit]
A technique attributed to Sigmund Freud to help in making difficult decisions is to toss a coin not actually to determine the decision, but to clarify the decision-maker's feelings. He explained: "I did not say you should follow blindly what the coin tells you. What I want you to do is to note what the coin indicates. Then look into your own reactions. Ask yourself: Am I pleased? Am I disappointed? That will help you to recognize how you really feel about the matter, deep down inside. With that as a basis, you'll then be ready to make up your mind and come to the right decision."[25]
Danish poet Piet Hein's book Grooks includes a poem on a similar theme:
A Psychological Tip
Whenever you're called on to make up your mind,
And you're hampered by not having any,
The best way to solve the dilemma, you'll find,
Is simply by spinning a penny.
No—not so that chance shall decide the affair
While you're passively standing there moping;
But the moment the penny is up in the air,
You suddenly know what you're hoping.
See also[edit]
Bernoulli process
Toss (cricket)
Checking whether a coin is fair
Flipism
Penney's game
Gambler's fallacy
Rock-paper-scissors
Two-up
Two-Face
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Allenunne, Richard (December 31, 2009). "Coin tossing through the ages". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Cross and Pile". Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Bartleby.com. 1898. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
Jump up ^ Murray, Daniel B.; Teare, Scott W. (1993-10-01). "Probability of a tossed coin landing on edge". Physical Review E. 48 (4): 2547–2552. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.48.2547.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Rich (December 8, 2013). Snowy comeback is an instant classic. Philly.com. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://m.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-want-to-bid-for-piece-of-world-cup-history-find-out-how/20150322.htm. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ http://mentalfloss.com/article/29913/brief-history-super-bowl-coin-toss. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Bissinger, H. G. Bissinger (1990). "Chapter 13: Heads or Tails". Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream. Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306809903. Retrieved 2012-12-08. The three teams are Permian, Midland Lee, and Midland High – which lost the toss. This was the 1988 season, and the three schools had identical 5–1 district records; overall records differed.
Jump up ^ Lee, Mike (November 7, 2008). "SAISD athletic director looks back on 1988's famous coin-flip". San Angelo Standard-Times. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
Jump up ^ "European Championship 1968". RSSSF. 1968. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "French Duels". Scribner's Monthly. 11: 546. 1876. Reprinted in "French Duels" (PDF). The New York Times. January 23, 1876.
Jump up ^ "Ownership approves two major rules amendments" (Press release). Major League Baseball. January 15, 2009. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
Jump up ^ Orloff, Chet. "Francis Pettygrove (1812–1887)". The Oregon Encyclopedia. Portland State University. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Example: Meredith, R. W.; Janečka, J. E.; Gatesy, J.; Ryder, O. A.; Fisher, C. A.; Teeling, E. C.; Goodbla, A.; Eizirik, E.; Simão, T. L. L.; Stadler, T.; Rabosky, D. L.; Honeycutt, R. L.; Flynn, J. J.; Ingram, C. M.; Steiner, C.; Williams, T. L.; Robinson, T. J.; Burk-Herrick, A.; Westerman, M.; Ayoub, N. A.; Springer, M. S.; Murphy, W. J. (2011). "Impacts of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution and KPg Extinction on Mammal Diversification". Science. 334 (6055): 521–524. doi:10.1126/science.1211028. PMID 21940861. "First authorship determined by coin toss. [...] Last authorship determined by coin toss."
Jump up ^ Virola, Madonna (2013-05-16). "Coin toss breaks tie in mayoral race in Oriental Mindoro town". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Hague savours local victories". BBC News. May 5, 2000. Retrieved 2012-12-08. There are two methods to decide the outcome in the event of a draw - either a coin is flipped or the parties draw straws.
Jump up ^ "The count". Vote2001. BBC News. February 17, 2001. Retrieved 2012-12-08. He or she [the returning officer] can use any random method such as tossing a coin, but the recommended way is to ask each candidate to write their name on a blank slip of paper and place it in a container.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about a New Congress". United States Senate. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tie Vote xkcd
Jump up ^ Virginia Republican David Yancey Wins Tiebreaker Drawing NPR
Jump up ^ Newport News House race tied after judges count outstanding ballot WTOP.com
^ Jump up to: a b c Diaconis, Persi (11 December 2002). "The Problem of Thinking Too Much" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Stanford University.
Jump up ^ Landhuis, Esther (June 7, 2004). "Lifelong debunker takes on arbiter of neutral choices". Stanford Report.
Jump up ^ Aldous, David. "40,000 coin tosses yield ambiguous evidence for dynamical bias". Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley.
Jump up ^ "Coin Tossing". Wolfram MathWorld.
Jump up ^ Mackay, Harvey (28 May 2009). "Decision making defines the leader". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ford, Joseph (1983). "How random is a coin toss?". Physics Today. 36 (4): 40–47. doi:10.1063/1.2915570.
Keller, Joseph B. (1986). "The probability of heads". American Mathematical Monthly. Mathematical Association of America. 93 (3): 191–197. doi:10.2307/2323340. JSTOR 2323340.
Vulovic, Vladimir Z.; Prange, Richard E. (1986). "Randomness of a true coin toss". Physical Review A. 33 (1): 576–582. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.33.576. PMID 9896645.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coin flipping.
Heads or Tails? (A discussion of the predictability of a coin toss; with references)
The Not So Random Coin Toss (Brief blurb about Persi Diaconis' work, with a photograph of the coin-tossing machine)
Dynamical Bias in the Coin Toss (by Persi Diaconis, Susan Holmes, and Richard Montgomery; very detailed)
CoinToss website (Online coin toss)
Flip a coin website (Flip a coin virtually)
Whether divination by drawing lots is unlawful? (From the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas)
The Casting of Lots (Discussion of making decisions by chance outcomes throughout history)
Coin Tossing — mathworld.com (Contains information about counterintuitive properties of coin tossing)
Leads in Coin Tossing by Fiona Maclachlan, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Simple "Flip coin" php implementation example.(Php code sample based on random function)
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Magma chamber
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11 – magma chamber
A magma chamber is a large pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth. The molten rock, or magma, in such a chamber is under great pressure, and, given enough time, that pressure can gradually fracture the rock around it, creating a way for the magma to move upward. If it finds its way to the surface, then the result will be a volcanic eruption; consequently, many volcanoes are situated over magma chambers. These chambers are hard to detect deep within the Earth, and therefore most of those known are close to the surface, commonly between 1 km and 10 km down.
Dynamics of magma chambers[edit]
Magma chambers above a subducting plate
Magma rises through cracks from beneath and across the crust because it is less dense than the surrounding rock. When the magma cannot find a path upwards it pools into a magma chamber. These chambers are commonly built up over time,[1][2] by successive horizontal[3] or vertical[4] magma injections. Influx of new magma causes reaction of pre-existing crystals[5] and the pressure in the chamber to increase.
The residing magma starts to cool, with the higher melting point components such as olivine crystallizing out of the solution, particularly near to the cooler walls of the chamber, and forming a denser conglomerate of minerals which sinks (cumulative rock). Upon cooling, new mineral phases saturate and the rock type changes (e.g. fractional crystallization), typically forming (1) gabbro, diorite, tonalite and granite or (2) gabbro, diorite, syenite and granite. If magma resides in a chamber for a long period, then it can become stratified with lower density components rising to the top and denser materials sinking. Rocks accumulate in layers, forming a layered intrusion.[6] Any subsequent eruption may produce distinctly layered deposits; for example, the deposits from the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius include a thick layer of white pumice from the upper portion of the magma chamber overlaid with a similar layer of grey pumice produced from material erupted later from lower in the chamber.
Another effect of the cooling of the chamber is that the solidifying crystals will release the gas (primarily steam) previously dissolved when they were liquid, causing the pressure in the chamber to rise, possibly sufficiently to produce an eruption. Additionally, the removal of the lower melting point components will tend to make the magma more viscous (by increasing the concentration of silicates). Thus, stratification of a magma chamber may result in an increase in the amount of gas within the magma near the top of the chamber, and also make this magma more viscous, potentially leading to a more explosive eruption than would be the case had the chamber not become stratified.
Main article: Igneous differentiation
If the magma is not vented to the surface in a volcanic eruption, it will slowly cool and crystallize at depth to form an intrusive igneous body, one, for example, composed of granite or gabbro (see also pluton).
Often, a volcano may have a deep magma chamber many kilometers down, which supplies a shallower chamber near the summit. The location of magma chambers can be mapped using seismology: seismic waves from earthquakes move more slowly through liquid rock than solid, allowing measurements to pinpoint the regions of slow movement which identify magma chambers.[7]
As a volcano erupts, surrounding rock will collapse into the emptying chamber. If the chamber's size is reduced considerably, the resulting depression at the surface can form a caldera.
See also[edit]
Mogi model
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glazner, A.F., Bartley, J.M., Coleman, D.S., Gray, W., Taylor, Z. (2004). "Are plutons assembled over millions of years by amalgamation from small magma chambers?" (PDF). GSA Today. 14 (4/5): 4–11. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<0004:APAOMO>2.0.CO;2. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Leuthold, Julien (2012). "Time resolved construction of a bimodal laccolith (Torres del Paine, Patagonia)". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 325–326: 85–92. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.032.
Jump up ^ Leuthold, Julien (2014). "Petrological constraints on the recycling of mafic crystal mushes and intrusion of braided sills in the Torres del Paine Mafic Complex (Patagonia)". Journal of Petrology. 55 (5): 917–949. doi:10.1093/petrology/egu011.
Jump up ^ Allibon, J., Ovtcharova, M., Bussy, F., Cosca, M., Schaltegger, U., Bussien, D., Lewin, E. (2011). "The lifetime of an ocean island volcano feeder zone: constraints from U–Pb on coexisting zircon and baddeleyite, and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands)". Can. J. Earth Sci. 48 (2): 567–592. doi:10.1139/E10-032. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Leuthold J, Blundy JD, Holness MB, Sides R (2014). "Successive episodes of reactive liquid flow through a layered intrusion (Unit 9, Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion, Scotland)". Contrib Mineral Petrol. 167: 1021. doi:10.1007/s00410-014-1021-7.
Jump up ^ McBirney AR (1996). "The Skaergaard intrusion". In Cawthorn RG. Layered intrusions. Developments in petrology. 15. pp. 147–180. ISBN 9780080535401.
Jump up ^ Cashman, K. V.; Sparks, R. S. J. (2013). "How volcanoes work: a 25 year perspective". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 125 (5–6): 664. doi:10.1130/B30720.1.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magma_chamber&oldid=840975450"
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