text:
Neuroglia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Glia" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see Glia (journal).
Neuroglia
Illustration of the four different types of glial cells found in the central nervous system: ependymal cells (light pink), astrocytes (green), microglial cells (dark red), and oligodendrocytes (light blue).
Details
Precursor
Neuroectoderm for macroglia, and hematopoietic stem cells for microglia
System
Nervous system
Identifiers
MeSH
Neuroglia
Code
TH H2.00.06.2.00001
TA
A14.0.00.005
TH
H2.00.06.2.00001
FMA
54541
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Neuroglia, also called glial cells, or simply glia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.[1] In the central nervous system, glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia, and in the peripheral nervous system glial cells include Schwann cells and satellite cells. The term derives from Greek γλία and γλοία "glue"; pronounced in English as either /ˈɡliːə/ or /ˈɡlaɪə/
As the Greek name implies, glia are commonly known as the glue of the nervous system; however, this is not fully accurate. Neuroscience currently identifies four main functions of glial cells:
To surround neurons and hold them in place
To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
To insulate one neuron from another
To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.
Glia were discovered in 1856, by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a "connective tissue" in the brain.[2] For over a century, it was believed that the neuroglia did not play any role in neurotransmission. However 21st century neuroscience has recognized that glial cells do have some effects on certain physiological processes like breathing,[3][4] and in assisting the neurons to form synaptic connections between each other.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Macroglia
1.2 Microglia
1.3 Other
1.4 Total number
2 Development
2.1 Capacity to divide
3 Functions
3.1 Neuron repair and development
3.2 Myelin sheathe creation
3.3 Neurotransmission
4 Clinical significance
5 History
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Types[edit]
Neuroglia of the brain shown by Golgi's method
Astrocytes can be identified in culture because, unlike other mature glia, they express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
Glial cells in a rat brain stained with an antibody against GFAP
Different types of neuroglia
Macroglia[edit]
Derived from ectodermal tissue.
Location
Name
Description
CNS Astrocytes
The most abundant type of macroglial cell in the CNS,[6] astrocytes (also called astroglia) have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply while forming the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the external chemical environment of neurons by removing excess potassium ions, and recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission. Astrocytes may regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation by producing substances such as arachidonic acid, whose metabolites are vasoactive.
Astrocytes signal each other using ATP. The gap junctions (also known as electrical synapses) between astrocytes allow the messenger molecule IP3 to diffuse from one astrocyte to another. IP3 activates calcium channels on cellular organelles, releasing calcium into the cytoplasm. This calcium may stimulate the production of more IP3 and cause release of ATP through channels in the membrane made of pannexins. The net effect is a calcium wave that propagates from cell to cell. Extracellular release of ATP, and consequent activation of purinergic receptors on other astrocytes, may also mediate calcium waves in some cases.
In general, there are two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, similar in function but distinct in morphology and distribution. Protoplasmic astrocytes have short, thick, highly branched processes and are typically found in gray matter. Fibrous astrocytes have long, thin, less branched processes and are more commonly found in white matter.
It has recently been shown that astrocyte activity is linked to blood flow in the brain, and that this is what is actually being measured in fMRI.[7] They also have been involved in neuronal circuits playing an inhibitory role after sensing changes in extracellular calcium.[8]
CNS Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes are cells that coat axons in the central nervous system (CNS) with their cell membrane, forming a specialized membrane differentiation called myelin, producing the so-called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon that allows electrical signals to propagate more efficiently.[9]
CNS Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells, also named ependymocytes, line the spinal cord and the ventricular system of the brain. These cells are involved in the creation and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and beat their cilia to help circulate the CSF and make up the blood-CSF barrier. They are also thought to act as neural stem cells.[10]
CNS Radial glia
Radial glia cells arise from neuroepithelial cells after the onset of neurogenesis. Their differentiation abilities are more restricted than those of neuroepithelial cells. In the developing nervous system, radial glia function both as neuronal progenitors and as a scaffold upon which newborn neurons migrate. In the mature brain, the cerebellum and retina retain characteristic radial glial cells. In the cerebellum, these are Bergmann glia, which regulate synaptic plasticity. In the retina, the radial Müller cell is the glial cell that spans the thickness of the retina and, in addition to astroglial cells,[11] participates in a bidirectional communication with neurons.[12]
PNS Schwann cells
Similar in function to oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells provide myelination to axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They also have phagocytotic activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons.[13]
PNS Satellite cells
Satellite glial cells are small cells that surround neurons in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia.[14] These cells help regulate the external chemical environment. Like astrocytes, they are interconnected by gap junctions and respond to ATP by elevating intracellular concentration of calcium ions. They are highly sensitive to injury and inflammation, and appear to contribute to pathological states, such as chronic pain.[15]
PNS Enteric glial cells
Are found in the intrinsic ganglia of the digestive system. They are thought to have many roles in the enteric system, some related to homeostasis and muscular digestive processes.[16]
Microglia[edit]
Main article: Microglia
Microglia are specialized macrophages capable of phagocytosis that protect neurons of the central nervous system.[17] They are derived from the earliest wave of mononuclear cells that originate in yolk sac blood islands early in development, and colonize the brain shortly after the neural precursors begin to differentiate.[18]
These cells are found in all regions of the brain and spinal cord. Microglial cells are small relative to macroglial cells, with changing shapes and oblong nuclei. They are mobile within the brain and multiply when the brain is damaged. In the healthy central nervous system, microglia processes constantly sample all aspects of their environment (neurons, macroglia and blood vessels). In a healthy brain, microglia direct the immune response to brain damage and play an important role in the inflammation that accompanies the damage. Many diseases and disorders are associated with deficient microglia, such as, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ALS.
Other[edit]
Pituicytes from the posterior pituitary are glia cells with characteristics in common to astrocytes.[19] Tanycytes in the median eminence of the hypothalamus are a type of ependymal cell that descend from radial glia and line the base of the third ventricle.[20]
Total number[edit]
In general, neuroglial cells are smaller than neurons; there are about 86 billion neurons and 85 billion "nonneuronal" (glial) cells in the human male brain. Glial cells make up about half the total volume of the brain and spinal cord.[21][22]^ The ratio differs from one part of the brain to another. The glia/neuron ratio in the cerebral cortex is 3.72 (60.84 billion glia (72%); 16.34 billion neurons), while that of the cerebellum is only 0.23 (16.04 billion glia; 69.03 billion neurons). The ratio in the cerebral cortex gray matter is 1.48 and for the combined gray and white matter is 3.76.[21] The ratio of the basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem combined is 11.35.[21]
Most cerebral cortex glia are oligodendrocytes (75.6%); astrocytes account for 17.3% and microglia for 6.5%.[23]
Development[edit]
23-week fetal brain culture astrocyte
Main article: Gliogenesis
Most glia are derived from ectodermal tissue of the developing embryo, in particular the neural tube and crest. The exception is microglia, which are derived from hemopoietic stem cells. In the adult, microglia are largely a self-renewing population and are distinct from macrophages and monocytes, which infiltrate the injured and diseased CNS.
In the central nervous system, glia develop from the ventricular zone of the neural tube. These glia include the oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and astrocytes. In the peripheral nervous system, glia derive from the neural crest. These PNS glia include Schwann cells in nerves and satellite glial cells in ganglia.
Current research involving glial cells in the human cochlea proposes that these cells are the common precursor to both mature Schwann cells and satellite glial cells. Additionally, the peripheral glial cells located along the peripheral processes expressed NGFR, indicating a phenotype distinct from the peripheral glial cells located along the central processes.[24]
Capacity to divide[edit]
Glia retain the ability to undergo cell division in adulthood, whereas most neurons cannot. The view is based on the general deficiency of the mature nervous system in replacing neurons after an injury, such as a stroke or trauma, while very often there is a profound proliferation of glia, or gliosis near or at the site of damage. However, detailed studies found no evidence that 'mature' glia, such as astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, retain the ability of mitosis. Only the resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells seem to keep this ability after the nervous system matures. On the other hand, there are a few regions in the mature nervous system, such as the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone, where generation of new neurons can be observed.[25]
Glial cells are known to be capable of mitosis. By contrast, scientific understanding of whether neurons are permanently post-mitotic,[26] or capable of mitosis,[27][28][29] is still developing. In the past, glia had been considered[by whom?] to lack certain features of neurons. For example, glial cells were not believed to have chemical synapses or to release transmitters. They were considered to be the passive bystanders of neural transmission. However, recent studies have shown this to be untrue.[30]
Functions[edit]
Some glial cells function primarily as the physical support for neurons. Others regulate the internal environment of the brain, especially the fluid surrounding neurons and their synapses, and nutrify neurons. During early embryogenesis, glial cells direct the migration of neurons and produce molecules that modify the growth of axons and dendrites.
Neuron repair and development[edit]
Glia are also crucial in the development of the nervous system and in processes such as synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis. Glia have a role in the regulation of repair of neurons after injury. In the central nervous system (CNS), glia suppress repair. Glial cells known as astrocytes enlarge and proliferate to form a scar and produce inhibitory molecules that inhibit regrowth of a damaged or severed axon. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), glial cells known as Schwann cells promote repair. After axonal injury, Schwann cells regress to an earlier developmental state to encourage regrowth of the axon. This difference between the CNS and the PNS, raises hopes for the regeneration of nervous tissue in the CNS. For example, a spinal cord may be able to be repaired following injury or severance. Schwann cells are also known as neuri-lemmocytes. These cells envelop nerve fibers of the PNS by winding repeatedly around a nerve fiber with the nucleus inside of it. This process creates a myelin sheath, which not only aids in conductivity but also assists in the regeneration of damaged fibers.
Myelin sheathe creation[edit]
Oligodendrocytes are another type of glial cell of the CNS. These dendrocytes resemble an octopus bulbous body and contain up to fifteen arm-like processes. Each “arm” reaches out to a nerve fiber and spirals around it, creating a myelin sheath. This myelin sheath insulates the nerve fiber from the extracellular fluid as well as speeds up the signal conduction in the nerve fiber.[31]
Neurotransmission[edit]
Recent research indicates that glial cells of the hippocampus and cerebellum participate in synaptic transmission, regulate the clearance of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft, and release gliotransmitters such as ATP, which modulate synaptic function.[32]
Astrocytes are crucial in clearance of neurotransmitters from within the synaptic cleft, which provides distinction between arrival of action potentials and prevents toxic build-up of certain neurotransmitters such as glutamate (excitotoxicity). It is also thought that glia play a role in many neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.[33] Furthermore, at least in vitro, astrocytes can release gliotransmitter glutamate in response to certain stimulation. Another unique type of glial cell, the oligodendrocyte precursor cells or OPCs, have very well-defined and functional synapses from at least two major groups of neurons.[34] The only notable differences between neurons and glial cells are neurons' possession of axons and dendrites, and capacity to generate action potentials.
Clinical significance[edit]
See also: Glioma
Neoplastic glial cells stained with an antibody against GFAP (brown), from a brain biopsy
While glial cells in the PNS frequently assist in regeneration of lost neural functioning, loss of neurons in the CNS does not result in a similar reaction from neuroglia.[13] In the CNS, regrowth will only happen if the trauma was mild, and not severe.[35] When severe trauma presents itself, the survival of the remaining neurons becomes the optimal solution. However, some studies investigating the role of glial cells in Alzheimer's Disease are beginning to contradict the usefulness of this feature, and even claim it can "exacerbate" the disease.[36] In addition to impacting the potential repair of neurons in Alzheimer's Disease, scarring and inflammation from glial cells have been further implicated in the degeneration of neurons caused by Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[37]
In addition to neurodegenerative diseases, a wide range of harmful exposure, such as hypoxia, or physical trauma, can lead to the end result of physical damage to the CNS.[35] Generally, when damage occurs to the CNS, glial cells cause Apoptosis among the surrounding cellular bodies.[35] Then, there is a large amount of microglial activity, which results in inflammation, and finally, there is a heavy release of growth inhibiting molecules.[35]
History[edit]
Glia were first described in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in a comment to his 1846 publication on connective tissue. A more detailed description of glial cells was provided in the 1858 book Cellular Pathology by the same author.[38]
When markers for different types of cells were analyzed, Einstein's brain was discovered to contain significantly more glia than normal brains in the left angular gyrus, an area thought to be responsible for mathematical processing and language.[39]
The ratio of glia to neurons increases with our definition of intelligence. Not only does the ratio of glia to neurons increase through evolution, but so does the size of the glia. Astroglial cells in the human have a volume 27 times greater than the same cells in the mouse's brain.[40]
These important scientific findings may begin to shift the neuron-specific perspective into a more holistic view of the brain which encompasses the glial cells as well. The glia's importance is becoming ever more clear as time goes on and new research is conducted. For the vast part of the last century, scientists have written off glial cells to be nothing more than the structure and foundations that hold the neurons in place. But now, there is direct evidence that correlates the number of glial cells in the brain with the amount of intelligence that any given species possesses.[41] Future research will begin to shed light on the mysterious, yet increasingly crucial, role of glial cells.
See also[edit]
Polydendrocytes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jessen KR, Mirsky R (August 1980). "Glial cells in the enteric nervous system contain glial fibrillary acidic protein". Nature. 286 (5774): 736–7. PMID 6997753. doi:10.1038/286736a0.
Jump up ^ "Classic Papers". Network Glia. Max Delbrueck Center für Molekulare Medizin (MDC) Berlin-Buch. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Swaminathan, Nikhil (Jan–Feb 2011). "Glia—the other brain cells". Discover.
Jump up ^ Gourine AV, Kasymov V, Marina N, et al. (July 2010). "Astrocytes control breathing through pH-dependent release of ATP". Science. 329 (5991): 571–5. PMC 3160742  . PMID 20647426. doi:10.1126/science.1190721.
Jump up ^ Wolosker H, Dumin E, Balan L, Foltyn VN (July 2008). "D-amino acids in the brain: D-serine in neurotransmission and neurodegeneration". The FEBS Journal. 275 (14): 3514–26. PMID 18564180. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06515.x.
Jump up ^ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-root-of-thought-what[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Swaminathan N (2008). "Brain-scan mystery solved". Scientific American Mind. Oct–Nov: 7.
Jump up ^ Torres A (2012). "Extracellular Ca2+ Acts as a Mediator of Communication from Neurons to Glia". Science Signaling. 5 Jan 24: 208. doi:10.1126/scisignal.2002160.
Jump up ^ Baumann N, Pham-Dinh D (April 2001). "Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system". Physiological Reviews. 81 (2): 871–927. PMID 11274346. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisén J (January 1999). "Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system". Cell. 96 (1): 25–34. PMID 9989494. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80956-3. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Newman EA (October 2003). "New roles for astrocytes: regulation of synaptic transmission". Trends in Neurosciences. 26 (10): 536–42. PMID 14522146. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00237-6.
Jump up ^ Campbell K, Götz M (May 2002). "Radial glia: multi-purpose cells for vertebrate brain development". Trends in Neurosciences. 25 (5): 235–8. PMID 11972958. doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02156-2. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Jessen KR, Mirsky R (September 2005). "The origin and development of glial cells in peripheral nerves". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 6 (9): 671–82. PMID 16136171. doi:10.1038/nrn1746. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Hanani, M. Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia: from form to function. Brain Res. Rev. 48:457–476, 2005
Jump up ^ Ohara PT, Vit JP, Bhargava A, Jasmin L (December 2008). "Evidence for a role of connexin 43 in trigeminal pain using RNA interference in vivo". Journal of Neurophysiology. 100 (6): 3064–73. PMC 2604845  . PMID 18715894. doi:10.1152/jn.90722.2008. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Bassotti G, Villanacci V, Antonelli E, Morelli A, Salerni B (July 2007). "Enteric glial cells: new players in gastrointestinal motility?". Laboratory Investigation. 87 (7): 628–32. PMID 17483847. doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700564. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Brodal, 2010: p. 19
Jump up ^ Never-resting microglia: physiological roles in the healthy brain and pathological implications A Sierra, ME Tremblay, H Wake - 2015 - books.google.com
Jump up ^ Miyata, S; Furuya, K; Nakai, S; Bun, H; Kiyohara, T (April 1999). "Morphological plasticity and rearrangement of cytoskeletons in pituicytes cultured from adult rat neurohypophysis.". Neuroscience research. 33 (4): 299–306. PMID 10401983. doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(99)00021-8.
Jump up ^ Rodríguez, EM; Blázquez, JL; Pastor, FE; Peláez, B; Peña, P; Peruzzo, B; Amat, P (2005). "Hypothalamic tanycytes: a key component of brain-endocrine interaction.". International review of cytology. 247: 89–164. PMID 16344112. doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(05)47003-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, et al. (April 2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–41. PMID 19226510. doi:10.1002/cne.21974.
Jump up ^ Clinical Neuro-Anatomy, Richard S. Snell, 7th edition[page needed]
Jump up ^ Pelvig DP, Pakkenberg H, Stark AK, Pakkenberg B (November 2008). "Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains". Neurobiology of Aging. 29 (11): 1754–62. PMID 17544173. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013. (figures given are those for females)
Jump up ^ Locher H, de Groot JC, van Iperen L, Huisman MA, Frijns JH, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM (2014). "Distribution and development of peripheral glial cells in the human fetal cochlea". PLoS ONE. 9 (1): e88066. PMC 3909285  . PMID 24498246. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088066.
Jump up ^ Kornack DR, Rakic P (May 1999). "Continuation of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult macaque monkey". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (10): 5768–73. PMC 21935  . PMID 10318959. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.10.5768.
Jump up ^ Herrup K, Yang Y (May 2007). "Cell cycle regulation in the postmitotic neuron: oxymoron or new biology?". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 8 (5): 368–78. PMID 17453017. doi:10.1038/nrn2124.
Jump up ^ Goldman SA, Nottebohm F (April 1983). "Neuronal production, migration, and differentiation in a vocal control nucleus of the adult female canary brain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (8): 2390–4. PMC 393826  . PMID 6572982. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.8.2390.
Jump up ^ Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Björk-Eriksson T, et al. (November 1998). "Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus". Nature Medicine. 4 (11): 1313–7. PMID 9809557. doi:10.1038/3305.
Jump up ^ Gould E, Reeves AJ, Fallah M, Tanapat P, Gross CG, Fuchs E (April 1999). "Hippocampal neurogenesis in adult Old World primates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (9): 5263–7. PMC 21852  . PMID 10220454. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.9.5263.
Jump up ^ The Other Brain, by R. Douglas Fields, Ph. D. Simon & Schuster, 2009[page needed]
Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology, 6th Edition. McGraw Hill 2012. Page 446-448.
Jump up ^ Newman, Eric A. (2003). "New roles for astrocytes: Regulation of synaptic transmission". Trends in Neurosciences. 26: 536–542. PMID 14522146. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00237-6.
Jump up ^ Sadigh-Eteghad S, Majdi A, Mahmoudi J, Golzari SE, Talebi M (June 2016). "Astrocytic and microglial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: an overlooked issue in Alzheimer’s disease". Journal of Neural Transmission. PMID 27262818. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1580-z.
Jump up ^ Feezel, Charlie. World Cocoa Foundation: Knowledge Creation in Rulal West Africa. US Aid Education Workshop.[page needed]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Puves, Dale (2012). Neuroscience 5th Ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 560–580. ISBN 978-0878936465.
Jump up ^ Lopategui Cabezas, I.; Batista, A. Herrera; Rol, G. Pentón. "Papel de la glía en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Futuras implicaciones terapéuticas". Neurología. 29 (5): 305–309. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2012.10.006.
Jump up ^ Valori, Chiara F.; Brambilla, Liliana; Martorana, Francesca; Rossi, Daniela (2013-08-03). "The multifaceted role of glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71 (2): 287–297. ISSN 1420-682X. doi:10.1007/s00018-013-1429-7.
Jump up ^ Kettenmann H, Verkhratsky A (December 2008). "Neuroglia: the 150 years after". Trends in Neurosciences. 31 (12): 653–9. PMID 18945498. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.003.
Jump up ^ Diamond MC, Scheibel AB, Murphy GM Jr, Harvey T,"On the Brain of a Scientist: Albert Einstein","Experimental Neurology 1985;198-204", Retrieved February 18, 2017
Jump up ^ Koob, Andrew (2009). The Root of Thought. FT Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-13-715171-4.
Jump up ^ Aw, B.L. "5 Reasons why Glial Cells Were So Critical to Human Intelligence.". Scientific Brains. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Brodal, Per (2010). "Glia". The central nervous system: structure and function. Oxford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-19-538115-3.
Kettenmann and Ransom, Neuroglia, Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-979459-1 |http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199794591.do#.UVcswaD3Ay4%7C
Puves, Dale (2012). Neuroscience 5th Ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 560–580. ISBN 978-0878936465.
Further reading[edit]
Barres BA (November 2008). "The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease". Neuron. 60 (3): 430–40. PMID 18995817. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.013.
Role of glia in synapse development
Overstreet LS (February 2005). "Quantal transmission: not just for neurons". Trends in Neurosciences. 28 (2): 59–62. PMID 15667925. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.11.010.
Peters A (May 2004). "A fourth type of neuroglial cell in the adult central nervous system". Journal of Neurocytology. 33 (3): 345–57. PMID 15475689. doi:10.1023/B:NEUR.0000044195.64009.27.
Volterra A, Steinhäuser C (August 2004). "Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus". Glia. 47 (3): 249–57. PMID 15252814. doi:10.1002/glia.20080.
Huang YH, Bergles DE (June 2004). "Glutamate transporters bring competition to the synapse". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 14 (3): 346–52. PMID 15194115. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.05.007.
Artist ADSkyler(uses concepts of neuroscience and found inspiration from Glia)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glia.
Audio
"The Other Brain"—The Leonard Lopate Show (WNYC) "Neuroscientist Douglas Field, explains how glia, which make up approximately 85 percent of the cells in the brain, work. In The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia, How New Discoveries about the Brain Are Revolutionizing Medicine and Science, he explains recent discoveries in glia research and looks at what breakthroughs in brain science and medicine are likely to come."
"Network Glia" A homepage devoted to glial cells.
[show]
v
t
e
Nervous tissue
CNS
Tissue Types
Grey matter
White matter
Projection fibers
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Funiculus
Fasciculus
Nerve tract
Decussation
Commissure
Neuropil
Meninges
Cell Types
Neuronal
Pyramidal
Purkinje
Granule
Glial
insulating:
Myelination: Oligodendrocyte
other
Astrocyte
Radial glial cell
Ependymal cells
Tanycyte
Microglia
PNS
General
Dorsal
Root
Ganglion
Ramus
Ventral
Root
Ramus
Ramus communicans
Gray
White
Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
Postganglionic nerve fibers)
Connective tissues
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Nerve fascicle
Neuroglia
Myelination: Schwann cell
Neurolemma
Myelin incisure
Node of Ranvier
Internodal segment
Satellite glial cell
Neurons/
nerve fibers
Parts
Soma
Axon hillock
Axon
Telodendron
Axon terminals
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Neurofibril/neurofilament
Dendrite
Nissl body
Dendritic spine
Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite
Types
Bipolar
Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar
Interneuron
Renshaw
Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory neuron
GSA
GVA
SSA
SVA
fibers
Ia
Ib or Golgi
II or Aβ
III or Aδ or fast pain
IV or C or slow pain
Efferent nerve fiber/
Motor neuron
GSE
GVE
SVE
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
α motorneuron
β motorneuron
γ motorneuron
Termination
Synapse
Electrical synapse/Gap junction
Chemical synapse
Synaptic vesicle
Active zone
Postsynaptic density
Autapse
Ribbon synapse
Neuromuscular junction
Sensory receptors
Meissner's corpuscle
Merkel nerve ending
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini ending
Muscle spindle
Free nerve ending
Nociceptor
Olfactory receptor neuron
Photoreceptor cell
Hair cell
Taste bud
[show]
v
t
e
Cells in humans derived from ectoderm
Surface ectoderm
Skin
Trichocyte
Keratinocyte
Anterior pituitary
Gonadotrope
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Somatotrope
Lactotroph
Neural crest
Peripheral nervous system
Neuron
Glia
Schwann cell
Satellite glial cell
Neuroendocrine system
Chromaffin cell
Parafollicular cell
Glomus cell
Skin
Melanocyte
Nevus cell
Merkel cell
Teeth
Odontoblast
Cementoblast
Eyes
Corneal keratocyte
Neural tube
Central nervous system
Neuron
Glia (Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte)
Ependyma
Ependymocytes
Pineal gland
Pinealocyte
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuroglia&oldid=806773593"
Categories:
Glial cells
Hidden categories:
Articles needing more detailed references
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2014
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 02:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Ependymal_cell
mw-redirect
Ependymal cell

values:
/wiki/Blood-brain_barrier
mw-redirect
Blood-brain barrier

values:
/wiki/Synaptic_transmission
mw-redirect
Synaptic transmission

values:
/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate
mw-redirect
Inositol triphosphate

values:
/wiki/Purinergic_receptors
mw-redirect
Purinergic receptors

values:
/wiki/Myelin_sheath
mw-redirect
Myelin sheath

values:
/wiki/Electrical_insulation
mw-redirect
Electrical insulation

values:
/wiki/Ependymal_cells
mw-redirect
Ependymal cells

values:
/wiki/Blood-CSF_barrier
mw-redirect
Blood-CSF barrier

values:
/wiki/Radial_glia
mw-redirect
Radial glia

values:
/wiki/Bergmann_glia
mw-redirect
Bergmann glia

values:
/wiki/M%C3%BCller_cell
mw-redirect
Müller cell

values:
/wiki/Satellite_cells_(glial)
mw-redirect
Satellite cells (glial)

values: Enteric glial cells (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_precursor_cell
mw-redirect
Oligodendrocyte precursor cell

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2011)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
/wiki/Milieu_interieur
mw-redirect
Milieu interieur

values: Edit section: Neuron repair and development

values:
/wiki/Synaptic_cleft
mw-redirect
Synaptic cleft

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6997753

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F286736a0

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647426

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1190721

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18564180

values: A more detailed citation is required. (July 2014)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscisignal.2002160

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11274346

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9989494

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522146

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11972958

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16136171

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn1746

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715894

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.90722.2008

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483847

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Flabinvest.3700564

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10401983

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344112

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19226510

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fcne.21974

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544173

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24498246

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10318959

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.10.5768

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17453017

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn2124

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6572982

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.80.8.2390

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809557

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F3305

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10220454

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.9.5263

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27262818

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00702-016-1580-z

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nrl.2012.10.006

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1420-682X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18945498

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2008.09.003

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18995817

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15667925

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2004.11.010

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15475689

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15252814

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fglia.20080

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15194115

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conb.2004.05.007

values:
nofollow
http://www.networkglia.eu/en/
external text

values:
/wiki/Funiculus_(neurology)
mw-redirect
Funiculus (neurology)

values:
/wiki/Nerve_fiber
mw-redirect
Nerve fiber

values:
/wiki/Special_somatic_afferent
mw-redirect
Special somatic afferent

values:
/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent
mw-redirect
Special visceral afferent

values:
/wiki/Sensory_receptor
mw-redirect
Sensory receptor

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Human cell types derived primarily from ectoderm

values: Template talk:Human cell types derived primarily from ectoderm

values:
/wiki/Prolactin_cell
mw-redirect
Prolactin cell

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2014

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Neuroglia
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliasel
Gliasel – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: خلية دبقية – Arabic

values: Невроглия – Bulgarian

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glija
Glija – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglie
Neuroglie – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliacelle
Gliacelle – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliazelle
Gliazelle – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliia
Gliia – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Νευρογλοιακά κύτταρα – Greek

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia
Glia – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: یاخته گلیال – Persian

values: 신경 아교 세포 – Korean

values: Նեյրոգլիա – Armenian

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glija
Glija – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia
Neuroglia – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: תאי גלייה – Hebrew

values: Жүйкелік глия – Kazakh

values: ഗ്ലിയൽ കോശം – Malayalam

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliacel
Gliacel – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliacelle
Gliacelle – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliacelle
Gliacelle – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: Нейроглия – Russian

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia
Neuroglia – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values: Глијалне ћелије – Serbian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliasolu
Gliasolu – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliacell
Gliacell – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: เซลล์เกลีย – Thai

values: Нейроглія – Ukrainian

values: 神經膠質細胞 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Neuroglia rootpage-Neuroglia vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Sebastian Stan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sebastian Stan
Stan in September 2015
Born
(1982-08-13) August 13, 1982 (age 35)
Constanța, Romania
Nationality
Romanian American
Alma mater
Rutgers University
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2003–present
Home town
Rockland County, New York, U.S.
Sebastian Stan (born August 13, 1982) is a Romanian American[1] actor, known for his role as Bucky Barnes/Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. On television, Stan portrayed Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl, Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings, Jefferson in Once Upon a Time, and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals. His role in Political Animals earned him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries. In 2015, he co-starred in Jonathan Demme's Ricki and the Flash, Ridley Scott's The Martian, and Bryan Buckley's The Bronze.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Music videos
5 Awards and nominations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life
Stan was born in Constanța, Romania. He has stated that his parents divorced when he was two years old. At the age of eight, Stan and his mother, Georgeta Orlovschi, moved to Vienna, Austria following the Romanian Revolution,[2] where Georgeta was employed as a pianist. Four years later, they moved to Rockland County, New York, after his mother married Anthony Fruhauf, the headmaster of Rockland Country Day School, where Stan was educated.[3]
During Stan's years at the Rockland school, he starred in productions including Harvey, Cyrano de Bergerac, Little Shop of Horrors, Over Here!, and West Side Story. He also attended the Stagedoor Manor summer camp where he was cast in many camp productions. It was then that he decided to take acting seriously and began to apply for acting programs at several universities. He was accepted to and attended Rutgers University's Mason Gross School of the Arts, which also gave him the opportunity to spend a year abroad studying acting at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London, England. Stan became a United States citizen in 2002.[1]
Career
Stan at the San Diego Comic-Con in July 2013
After several film and television roles, including The Covenant and Gossip Girl, Stan landed a lead role in the 2009 series Kings as Jack Benjamin. In 2010, he appeared in Darren Aronofsky's ballet thriller, Black Swan.[4] Stan also began filming the supernatural horror film The Apparition in February that year;[5] the film was released on August 24, 2012. Stan played Blaine, the main antagonist of Hot Tub Time Machine in March 2010. In July 2011, he portrayed Bucky Barnes in the film Captain America: The First Avenger, based on the Marvel Comics character. Although it was his first film in the franchise, it was not part of his nine-picture contract he has with Marvel Studios.[6]
In 2012, he starred in the thriller Gone and began a recurring role in Once Upon a Time as the Mad Hatter. The A.V. Club described his work in "Hat Trick", his premiere episode, as "excellent" and placed the episode in their list of the 30 best episodes of 2012 from series which did not make their top list.[7] It was initially reported the role would be recast for Once Upon a Time in Wonderland due to Stan's commitment to the Marvel Cinematic Universe,[8] but Edward Kitsis later revealed the next month that due to fan backlash and respect for Stan's performance, the character would not be recast and the series would proceed without the character.[9]
The same year, he also appeared in the USA Network miniseries Political Animals as the troubled gay son of the former First Lady,[10] for which he was nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries. In 2013, Stan played Hal Carter in the Roundabout Theater Company's production of William Inge's Picnic, at the American Airlines Theater in New York.[11] In 2014, Stan reprised his role as Bucky Barnes in the first film of his nine-movie contract, Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[12] In 2015, he played Joshua Brummel in Ricki and the Flash, and co-starred in The Martian as NASA scientist Dr. Chris Beck.[13] Stan then reprised his role as the Winter Soldier in the third Captain America film, Captain America: Civil War (2016).
In 2017, Stan co-starred as a NASCAR driver, Dayton White, in Steven Soderbergh's comedy Logan Lucky,[14] portrayed Jeff Gillooly, alongside Margot Robbie as Tonya Harding, in Craig Gillespie's biopic I, Tonya (2017), based on the figure skating rivalry between Harding and Nancy Kerrigan,[15] and also starred alongside J. K. Simmons in the drama I'm Not Here.[16]
Stan is set to reprise his Winter Soldier role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its untitled sequel (2019).[17] He will portray Charles Blackwood in We Have Always Lived in the Castle, an adaptation of Shirley Jackson's novel of the same name,[18] and stars as Scott Huffman in the Vietnam War drama film The Last Full Measure.[19] Stan has also been cast in the thriller film Destroyer, opposite Nicole Kidman.[20]
Personal life
In early 2008, Stan and Gossip Girl star Leighton Meester were reported to be in a relationship.[21] Meester and Stan were reported to have broken up in 2010. [22] In summer 2012, Stan and Once Upon a Time star Jennifer Morrison met on the Once Upon A Time set and dated for a year, breaking up in mid-2013.[23] In 2009, Stan and Margarita Levieva co-starred in the film Spread, and in 2014, they were reported to be dating.[24]
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 71 Fragments of a Chronology of Chance Kid in Subway
2004 Tony n' Tina's Wedding Johnny Nunzio
2005 Red Doors Simon
2006 Architect, TheThe Architect Martin Waters
2006 Covenant, TheThe Covenant Chase Collins
2007 Education of Charlie Banks, TheThe Education of Charlie Banks Leo Reilly
2008 Rachel Getting Married Walter
2009 Spread Harry
2010 Hot Tub Time Machine Blaine
2010 Black Swan Andrew / Suitor
2011 Captain America: The First Avenger Bucky Barnes
2012 Gone Billy
2012 Apparition, TheThe Apparition Ben Curtis
2014 Captain America: The Winter Soldier Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier
2015 Bronze, TheThe Bronze Lance Tucker
2015 Ant-Man Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier Uncredited cameo
2015 Ricki and the Flash Joshua Brummel
2015 Martian, TheThe Martian Dr. Chris Beck
2016 Captain America: Civil War Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier
2017 Logan Lucky Dayton White
2017 I, Tonya Jeff Gillooly
2017 I'm Not Here Steve
2018 Avengers: Infinity War Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier In post-production
2018 We Have Always Lived in the Castle Charles Blackwood In post-production
2018 Destroyer Filming
2019 Untitled Avengers film Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier Filming
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 Law & Order Justin Capshaw Episode: "Sheltered"
2007–2010 Gossip Girl Carter Baizen 11 episodes
2009 Kings Jack Benjamin 13 episodes
2012 Once Upon a Time Jefferson / The Mad Hatter 6 episodes
2012 Political Animals T.J. Hammond Miniseries; 6 episodes
2012 Labyrinth Will Franklyn Miniseries; 2 episodes
2017 I'm Dying Up Here Clay Appuzzo Episode: "Pilot"
Video games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011 Captain America: Super Soldier Bucky Barnes Voice
Music videos
Year
Title
Artist
2008 "Wake Up Call" Hayden Panettiere
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2013 Critics Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries Political Animals Nominated [25]
Online Film & Television Association Award Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated [26]
Gold Derby Awards TV Movie/Mini Supporting Actor Nominated
2015 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight (vs. Chris Evans) Captain America: The Winter Soldier Nominated [27]
2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Chemistry Captain America: Civil War Nominated
2017 Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Ensemble Award I, Tonya Won [28]
Indiana Film Journalists Association Best Supporting Actor Pending
See also
Film in the United States portal
Biography portal
Romania portal
References
^ Jump up to: a b Gans, Andrew (December 28, 2006). "Pedi, Stan and Rosenblat Join Broadway's Talk Radio Cast". Playbill. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sebastian Stan talking for Romanian television ProTV (with English subtitle)". Pro TV. YouTube. December 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Amy (July 26, 2011). "Interview with Sebastian Stan". Box Office. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Barton, Steve (December 4, 2009). "Aronofsky's Black Swan Cast Expands by One". Dread Central.
Jump up ^ "Two More Catch a Glimpse of Dark Castle's 'Apparition'!". Bloody Disgusting. January 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hall, Jacob (April 15, 2015). "The Current Status Of Marvel Movie Stars' Contracts". Screen Crush.
Jump up ^ "Beyond the top 30: Our favorite episodes of shows that didn't make the cut, part one". The A.V. Club. December 27, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (February 22, 2013). "ABC Eyeing Potential 'Once Upon a Time' Spinoff, Recasting Mad Hatter". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan (March 4, 2013). "'Once Upon a Time' exec: 'No plans to recast The Mad Hatter'". Digital Spy. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rose, Lacey (March 15, 2012). "'Gossip Girl's' Sebastian Stan Joins USA's 'Political Animals'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (January 14, 2013). "THEATER REVIEW; 'Picnic' at American Airline Theater". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Graser, Marc (July 16, 2012). "Mackie mulls Falcon in 'Captain America'". Variety. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike (October 24, 2014). "Sebastian Stan Joins 'The Martian' And 'Ricki And The Flash'". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (August 31, 2016). "'Captain America's' Sebastian Stan Joins Steven Soderbergh's 'Logan Lucky' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (December 13, 2016). "Sebastian Stan To Play Jeff Gillooly In 'I, Tonya'". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Kay, Jeremy (May 6, 2016). "J. K. Simmons stars in 'I'm Not Here'". Screen Daily.
Jump up ^ Strom, Marc (October 28, 2014). "Marvel Pits Captain America & Iron Man in a Cinematic Civil War". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (August 9, 2016). "'Captain America' Actor Sebastian Stan to Star in Thriller 'We Have Always Lived in the Castle' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 8, 2017). "Samuel L. Jackson, Sebastian Stan Join Political Drama 'The Last Full Measure'". Variety.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley (November 15, 2017). "Tatiana Maslany, Sebastian Stan Join Nicole Kidman in Thriller 'Destroyer'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ PEOPLE STAFF (July 31, 2009). "How Leighton Meester's Boyfriend Handles Her Kissing Scenes". PEOPLE.
Jump up ^ STAFF of Us Weekly (April 9, 2014). "Source: Leighton Meester "Still Friends" With Ex Despite Split". Us Weekly.
Jump up ^ Monde, Chiderah (November 3, 2013). "'Once Upon A Time' stars Jennifer Morrison, Sebastian Stan split: 'Once Upon A Time' actors 'grew apart' after real-life year long romance". NY Daily News.
Jump up ^ Marquina, Sierra (July 31, 2014). "Sebastian Stan and Margarita Levieva Are Dating!". Us Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nominees for the 3rd annual Critics' Choice Television Awards". Critics' Choice Awards. June 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Online Film & Television Association Awards (2012–13)". OFTA.
Jump up ^ Wickman, Kate (March 4, 2015). "Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees". MTV News.
Jump up ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodawards.com/2017-honorees/}}
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sebastian Stan.
Sebastian Stan on IMDb
Sebastian Stan at Rotten Tomatoes
Sebastian Stan at AllMovie
Sebastian Stan on Instagram
Sebastian Stan on Sina Weibo
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 76634920
LCCN: n2007080539
ISNI: 0000 0000 4230 9664
GND: 1061584186
BNF: cb155859064 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Stan&oldid=818346531"
Categories:
1982 births
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Romanian descent
Living people
Male actors from New York (state)
Mason Gross School of the Arts alumni
People from Constanța
People from Rockland County, New York
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Rutgers University alumni
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Use mdy dates from November 2014
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 January 2018, at 01:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected until December 4, 2018, due to vandalism

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: href class

value: td

values:
/wiki/Vienna,_Austria
mw-redirect
Vienna, Austria

values:
/wiki/West_Side_Story_(musical)
mw-redirect
West Side Story (musical)

values:
/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe_Theatre
mw-redirect
Shakespeare's Globe Theatre

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Winter_Soldier_(comics)
mw-redirect
Winter Soldier (comics)

values:
/wiki/Roundabout_Theater_Company
mw-redirect
Roundabout Theater Company

values:
/wiki/American_Airlines_Theater
mw-redirect
American Airlines Theater

values: We Have Always Lived in the Castle (film)

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Jeff_Gillooly
mw-redirect
Jeff Gillooly

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #FFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/18581

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1659221/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p365575

values:
nofollow
external text
http://weibo.com/5765335662

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/76634920

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000042309664

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/1061584186

values: Category:21st-century American male actors

values: Category:American male television actors

values: Category:American people of Romanian descent

values: Category:Male actors from New York (state)

values: Category:Mason Gross School of the Arts alumni

values: Category:People from Rockland County, New York

values: Category:Romanian emigrants to the United States

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sebastian_Stan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: سيباستيان ستان – Arabic

values: Σεμπάστιαν Σταν – Greek

values: سباستین استن – Persian

values: 세바스티안 스탄 – Korean

values: Սեբաստիան Սթեն – Armenian

values: סבסטיאן סטן – Hebrew

values: სებასტიან სტენი – Mingrelian

values: セバスチャン・スタン – Japanese

values: Стэн, Себастиан – Russian

values: Себастијан Стен – Serbian

values: Себастіан Стен – Ukrainian

values: 賽巴斯汀·斯坦 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sebastian_Stan rootpage-Sebastian_Stan skin-vector action-view