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Power station
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"Power plant" redirects here. For other uses, see Power plant (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Power station (disambiguation).
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The Athlone Power Station in Cape Town, South Africa
Hydroelectric power station at Gabčíkovo Dam, Slovakia
Hydroelectric power station at Glen Canyon Dam, Page, Arizona
A power station, also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Most power stations contain one or more generators, a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power. The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electrical current. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity. Others use nuclear power, but there is an increasing use of cleaner renewable sources such as solar, wind, wave and hydroelectric.
Contents
1 History
2 Thermal power stations
2.1 Classification
2.1.1 By heat source
2.1.2 By prime mover
2.1.3 By duty
2.2 Cooling towers
2.3 Once-through cooling systems
3 Power from renewable energy
3.1 Hydroelectric power station
3.2 Solar
3.3 Wind
3.4 Marine
3.5 Osmosis
3.6 Biomass
4 Storage power stations
4.1 Pumped storage
5 Typical power output
6 Operations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
In 1870 a hydroelectric power station was designed and built by Lord Armstrong at Cragside, England. It used water from lakes on his estate to power Siemens dynamos. The electricity supplied power to lights, heating, produced hot water, ran an elevator as well as labor-saving devices and farm buildings.[1]
In the early 1870s Belgian inventor Zénobe Gramme invented a generator powerful enough to produce power on a commercial scale for industry.[2]
In the autumn of 1882, a central station providing public power was built in Godalming, England. It was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company, so the town council decided to use electricity. It used hydroelectric power for street lighting and household lighting. The system was not a commercial success and the town reverted to gas.[3]
In 1882 the world's first coal-fired public power station, the Edison Electric Light Station, was built in London, a project of Thomas Edison organized by Edward Johnson. A Babcock & Wilcox boiler powered a 125-horsepower steam engine that drove a 27-ton generator. This supplied electricity to premises in the area that could be reached through the culverts of the viaduct without digging up the road, which was the monopoly of the gas companies. The customers included the City Temple and the Old Bailey. Another important customer was the Telegraph Office of the General Post Office, but this could not be reached though the culverts. Johnson arranged for the supply cable to be run overhead, via Holborn Tavern and Newgate.[4]
In September 1882 in New York, the Pearl Street Station was established by Edison to provide electric lighting in the lower Manhattan Island area. The station ran until destroyed by fire in 1890. The station used reciprocating steam engines to turn direct-current generators. Because of the DC distribution, the service area was small, limited by voltage drop in the feeders. In 1886 George Westinghouse began building an alternating current system that used a transformer to step up voltage for long-distance transmission and then stepped it back down for indoor lighting, a more efficient and less expensive system which is similar to modern system. The War of Currents eventually resolved in favor of AC distribution and utilization, although some DC systems persisted to the end of the 20th century. DC systems with a service radius of a mile (kilometer) or so were necessarily smaller, less efficient of fuel consumption, and more labor-intensive to operate than much larger central AC generating stations.
AC systems used a wide range of frequencies depending on the type of load; lighting load using higher frequencies, and traction systems and heavy motor load systems preferring lower frequencies. The economics of central station generation improved greatly when unified light and power systems, operating at a common frequency, were developed. The same generating plant that fed large industrial loads during the day, could feed commuter railway systems during rush hour and then serve lighting load in the evening, thus improving the system load factor and reducing the cost of electrical energy overall. Many exceptions existed, generating stations were dedicated to power or light by the choice of frequency, and rotating frequency changers and rotating converters were particularly common to feed electric railway systems from the general lighting and power network.
Throughout the first few decades of the 20th century central stations became larger, using higher steam pressures to provide greater efficiency, and relying on interconnections of multiple generating stations to improve reliability and cost. High-voltage AC transmission allowed hydroelectric power to be conveniently moved from distant waterfalls to city markets. The advent of the steam turbine in central station service, around 1906, allowed great expansion of generating capacity. Generators were no longer limited by the power transmission of belts or the relatively slow speed of reciprocating engines, and could grow to enormous sizes. For example, Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti planned what would have been the largest reciprocating steam engine ever built for a proposed new central station, but scrapped the plans when turbines became available in the necessary size. Building power systems out of central stations required combinations of engineering skill and financial acumen in equal measure. Pioneers of central station generation include George Westinghouse and Samuel Insull in the United States, Ferranti and Charles Hesterman Merz in UK, and many others.
Thermal power stations[edit]
Main article: Thermal power station
Rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power station
In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce steam, so they are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power, according to the second law of thermodynamics; therefore, there is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes or district heating, the power plant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or CHP (combined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants called heat-only boiler stations. An important class of power stations in the Middle East uses by-product heat for the desalination of water.
The efficiency of a thermal power cycle is limited by the maximum working fluid temperature produced. The efficiency is not directly a function of the fuel used. For the same steam conditions, coal-, nuclear- and gas power plants all have the same theoretical efficiency. Overall, if a system is on constantly (base load) it will be more efficient than one that is used intermittently (peak load). Steam turbines generally operate at higher efficiency when operated at full capacity.
Besides use of reject heat for process or district heating, one way to improve overall efficiency of a power plant is to combine two different thermodynamic cycles in a combined cycle plant. Most commonly, exhaust gases from a gas turbine are used to generate steam for a boiler and a steam turbine. The combination of a "top" cycle and a "bottom" cycle produces higher overall efficiency than either cycle can attain alone.
Classification[edit]
Modular block overview of a power station. Dashed lines show special additions like combined cycle and cogeneration or optional storage.
St. Clair Power Plant, a large coal-fired generating station in Michigan, United States
Ikata Nuclear Power Plant, Japan
Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station, Iceland
By heat source[edit]
Fossil-fuel power stations may also use a steam turbine generator or in the case of natural gas-fired plants may use a combustion turbine. A coal-fired power station produces heat by burning coal in a steam boiler. The steam drives a steam turbine and generator that then produces electricity. The waste products of combustion include ash, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. Some of the gases can be removed from the waste stream to reduce pollution.
Nuclear power plants[5] use the heat generated in a nuclear reactor's core (by the fission process) to create steam which then operates a steam turbine and generator. About 20 percent of electric generation in the USA is produced by nuclear power plants.
Geothermal power plants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks. These rocks are heated by the decay of radioactive material in the Earth's crust.
Biomass-fuelled power plants may be fuelled by waste from sugar cane, municipal solid waste, landfill methane, or other forms of biomass.
In integrated steel mills, blast furnace exhaust gas is a low-cost, although low-energy-density, fuel.
Waste heat from industrial processes is occasionally concentrated enough to use for power generation, usually in a steam boiler and turbine.
Solar thermal electric plants use sunlight to boil water and produce steam which turns the generator.
By prime mover[edit]
Steam turbine plants use the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam to turn the blades of a turbine. Almost all large non-hydro plants use this system. About 90 percent of all electric power produced in the world is through use of steam turbines.[6]
Gas turbine plants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases (air and combustion products) to directly operate the turbine. Natural-gas fuelled (and oil fueled) combustion turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply "peak" energy during periods of high demand, though at higher cost than base-loaded plants. These may be comparatively small units, and sometimes completely unmanned, being remotely operated. This type was pioneered by the UK, Princetown[7] being the world's first, commissioned in 1959.
Combined cycle plants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas, and a steam boiler and steam turbine which use the hot exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce electricity. This greatly increases the overall efficiency of the plant, and many new baseload power plants are combined cycle plants fired by natural gas.
Internal combustion reciprocating engines are used to provide power for isolated communities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants. Hospitals, office buildings, industrial plants, and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup power in case of a power outage. These are usually fuelled by diesel oil, heavy oil, natural gas, and landfill gas.
Microturbines, Stirling engine and internal combustion reciprocating engines are low-cost solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.
By duty[edit]
Power plants that can be dispatched (scheduled) to provide energy to a system include:
Base load power plants run nearly continually to provide that component of system load that doesn't vary during a day or week. Baseload plants can be highly optimized for low fuel cost, but may not start or stop quickly during changes in system load. Examples of base-load plants would include large modern coal-fired and nuclear generating stations, or hydro plants with a predictable supply of water.
Peaking power plants meet the daily peak load, which may only be for one or two hours each day. While their incremental operating cost is always higher than base load plants, they are required to ensure security of the system during load peaks. Peaking plants include simple cycle gas turbines and sometimes reciprocating internal combustion engines, which can be started up rapidly when system peaks are predicted. Hydroelectric plants may also be designed for peaking use.
Load following power plants can economically follow the variations in the daily and weekly load, at lower cost than peaking plants and with more flexibility than baseload plants.
Non-dispatchable plants include such sources as wind and solar energy; while their long-term contribution to system energy supply is predictable, on a short-term (daily or hourly) base their energy must be used as available since generation cannot be deferred. Contractual arrangements ("take or pay") with independent power producers or system interconnections to other networks may be effectively non-dispatchable.
Cooling towers[edit]
Main article: Cooling tower
Cooling towers showing evaporating water at Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station, United Kingdom
"Camouflaged" natural draft wet cooling tower
All thermal power plants produce waste heat energy as a byproduct of the useful electrical energy produced. The amount of waste heat energy equals or exceeds the amount of energy converted into useful electricity. Gas-fired power plants can achieve as much as 65 percent conversion efficiency, while coal and oil plants achieve around 30 to 49 percent. The waste heat produces a temperature rise in the atmosphere, which is small compared to that produced by greenhouse-gas emissions from the same power plant. Natural draft wet cooling towers at many nuclear power plants and large fossil fuel-fired power plants use large hyperboloid chimney-like structures (as seen in the image at the right) that release the waste heat to the ambient atmosphere by the evaporation of water.
However, the mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft wet cooling towers in many large thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, fossil-fired power plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, geothermal, biomass and waste-to-energy plants use fans to provide air movement upward through downcoming water, and are not hyperboloid chimney-like structures. The induced or forced-draft cooling towers are typically rectangular, box-like structures filled with a material that enhances the mixing of the upflowing air and the downflowing water.[8][9]
In areas with restricted water use, a dry cooling tower or directly air-cooled radiators may be necessary, since the cost or environmental consequences of obtaining make-up water for evaporative cooling would be prohibitive. These coolers have lower efficiency and higher energy consumption to drive fans, compared to a typical wet, evaporative cooling tower.
Once-through cooling systems[edit]
Electric companies often prefer to use cooling water from the ocean, a lake, or a river, or a cooling pond, instead of a cooling tower. This single pass or once-through cooling system can save the cost of a cooling tower and may have lower energy costs for pumping cooling water through the plant's heat exchangers. However, the waste heat can cause thermal pollution as the water is discharged. Power plants using natural bodies of water for cooling are designed with mechanisms such as fish screens, to limit intake of organisms into the cooling machinery. These screens are only partially effective and as a result billions of fish and other aquatic organisms are killed by power plants each year.[10][11] For example, the cooling system at the Indian Point Energy Center in New York kills over a billion fish eggs and larvae annually.[12]
A further environmental impact is that aquatic organisms which adapt to the warmer discharge water may be injured if the plant shuts down in cold weather.
Water consumption by power stations is a developing issue.[13]
In recent years, recycled wastewater, or grey water, has been used in cooling towers. The Calpine Riverside and the Calpine Fox power stations in Wisconsin as well as the Calpine Mankato power station in Minnesota are among these facilities.
Power from renewable energy[edit]
Power stations can also generate electrical energy from renewable energy sources.
Hydroelectric power station[edit]
Main article: Hydroelectricity
Three Gorges Dam, Hubei, China
In a hydroelectric power station water flows through turbines using hydropower to generate hydroelectricity. Power is captured from the gravitational force of water falling through penstocks to water turbines connected to generators. The amount of power available is a combination of height and flow. A wide range of Dams may be built to raise the water level, and create a lake for storing water. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.
Solar[edit]
Main article: Solar power
Nellis Solar Power Plant in Nevada, United States
Solar energy can be turned into electricity either directly in solar cells, or in a concentrating solar power plant by focusing the light to run a heat engine.
A solar photovoltaic power plant converts sunlight into direct current electricity using the photoelectric effect. Inverters change the direct current into alternating current for connection to the electrical grid. This type of plant does not use rotating machines for energy conversion.
Solar thermal power plants are another type of solar power plant. They use either parabolic troughs or heliostats to direct sunlight onto a pipe containing a heat transfer fluid, such as oil. The heated oil is then used to boil water into steam, which turns a turbine that drives an electrical generator. The central tower type of solar thermal power plant uses hundreds or thousands of mirrors, depending on size, to direct sunlight onto a receiver on top of a tower. Again, the heat is used to produce steam to turn turbines that drive electrical generators.
Wind[edit]
Main article: Wind power
Wind turbines in Texas, United States
Wind turbines can be used to generate electricity in areas with strong, steady winds, sometimes offshore. Many different designs have been used in the past, but almost all modern turbines being produced today use a three-bladed, upwind design. Grid-connected wind turbines now being built are much larger than the units installed during the 1970s. They thus produce power more cheaply and reliably than earlier models. With larger turbines (on the order of one megawatt), the blades move more slowly than older, smaller, units, which makes them less visually distracting and safer for birds.
Marine[edit]
Main article: Marine energy
Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy or ocean power) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries.
The term marine energy encompasses both wave power — power from surface waves, and tidal power — obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water. Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the wind, even if the wind turbines are placed over water.
The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around the world.[14]
Osmosis[edit]
Osmotic Power Prototype at Tofte (Hurum), Norway
Main article: Osmotic power
Salinity gradient energy is called pressure-retarded osmosis. In this method, seawater is pumped into a pressure chamber that is at a pressure lower than the difference between the pressures of saline water and fresh water. Freshwater is also pumped into the pressure chamber through a membrane, which increases both the volume and pressure of the chamber. As the pressure differences are compensated, a turbine is spun creating energy. This method is being specifically studied by the Norwegian utility Statkraft, which has calculated that up to 25 TWh/yr would be available from this process in Norway. Statkraft has built the world's first prototype osmotic power plant on the Oslo fiord which was opened on November 24, 2009.
Biomass[edit]
Metz biomass power station
Biomass energy can be produced from combustion of waste green material to heat water into steam and drive a steam turbine. Bioenergy can also be processed through a range of temperatures and pressures in gasification, pyrolysis or torrefaction reactions. Depending on the desired end product, these reactions create more energy-dense products (syngas, wood pellets, biocoal) that can then be fed into an accompanying engine to produce electricity at a much lower emission rate when compared with open burning.
Storage power stations[edit]
Main article: Energy storage
It is possible to store energy and produce the electricity at a later time like in Pumped-storage hydroelectricity, Thermal energy storage, Flywheel energy storage, Battery storage power station and so on.
Pumped storage[edit]
Main article: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
The worlds largest form of storage for excess electricity, pumped-storage is a reversible hydroelectric plant. They are a net consumer of energy but provide storage for any source of electricity, effectively smoothing peaks and troughs in electricity supply and demand. Pumped storage plants typically use "spare" electricity during off peak periods to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Because the pumping takes place "off peak", electricity is less valuable than at peak times. This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low. During daytime peak demand, when electricity prices are high, the storage is used for peaking power, where water in the upper reservoir is allowed to flow back to a lower reservoir through a turbine and generator. Unlike coal power stations, which can take more than 12 hours to start up from cold, a hydroelectric generator can be brought into service in a few minutes, ideal to meet a peak load demand. Two substantial pumped storage schemes are in South Africa, Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme and another in the Drakensberg, Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme.
Typical power output[edit]
See also: List of largest power stations
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2016)
The power generated by a power station is measured in multiples of the watt, typically megawatts (106 watts) or gigawatts (109 watts). Power stations vary greatly in capacity depending on the type of power plant and on historical, geographical and economic factors. The following examples offer a sense of the scale.
Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in the USA. As of 2011, the Roscoe Wind Farm is the second largest onshore wind farm in the world, producing 781.5 MW of power, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center (735.5 MW). As of July 2013, the London Array in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 630 MW, followed by Thanet Offshore Wind Project in United Kingdom at 300 MW.
As of 2015[update], the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are led by Longyangxia Dam Solar Park in China, rated at 850 megawatts.
Solar thermal power stations in the U.S. have the following output:
The country's largest solar facility at Kramer Junction has an output of 354 MW
The Blythe Solar Power Project planned production is estimated at 485 MW
The Koeberg Nuclear Power Station, South Africa
Large coal-fired, nuclear, and hydroelectric power stations can generate hundreds of megawatts to multiple gigawatts. Some examples:
The Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in South Africa has a rated capacity of 1860 megawatts.
The coal-fired Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station in the UK has a rated capacity of 2 gigawatts.
The Aswan Dam hydro-electric plant in Egypt has a capacity of 2.1 gigawatts.
The Three Gorges Dam hydro-electric plant in China has a capacity of 22.5 gigawatts.
Gas turbine power plants can generate tens to hundreds of megawatts. Some examples:
The Indian Queens simple-cycle, or open cycle gas turbine (OCGT), peaking power station in Cornwall UK, with a single gas turbine is rated 140 megawatts.
The Medway Power Station, a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power station in Kent, UK with two gas turbines and one steam turbine, is rated 700 megawatts.[15]
The rated capacity of a power station is nearly the maximum electrical power that that power station can produce. Some power plants are run at almost exactly their rated capacity all the time, as a non-load-following base load power plant, except at times of scheduled or unscheduled maintenance.
However, many power plants usually produce much less power than their rated capacity.
In some cases a power plant produces much less power than its rated capacity because it uses an intermittent energy source. Operators try to pull maximum available power from such power plants, because their marginal cost is practically zero, but the available power varies widely—in particular, it may be zero during heavy storms at night.
In some cases operators deliberately produce less power for economic reasons. The cost of fuel to run a load following power plant may be relatively high, and the cost of fuel to run a peaking power plant is even higher—they have relatively high marginal costs. Operators keep power plants turned off ("operational reserve") or running at minimum fuel consumption[citation needed] ("spinning reserve") most of the time. Operators feed more fuel into load following power plants only when the demand rises above what lower-cost plants (i.e., intermittent and base load plants) can produce, and then feed more fuel into peaking power plants only when the demand rises faster than the load following power plants can follow.
Operations[edit]
Control room of a power plant
Operating staff at a power station have several duties. Operators are responsible for the safety of the work crews that frequently do repairs on the mechanical and electrical equipment. They maintain the equipment with periodic inspections and log temperatures, pressures and other important information at regular intervals. Operators are responsible for starting and stopping the generators depending on need. They are able to synchronize and adjust the voltage output of the added generation with the running electrical system, without upsetting the system. They must know the electrical and mechanical systems to troubleshoot problems in the facility and add to the reliability of the facility. Operators must be able to respond to an emergency and know the procedures in place to deal with it.
See also[edit]
Energy portal
Cogeneration
Cooling tower
Cost of electricity by source
District heating
Electricity generation
Environmental impact of electricity generation
Flue-gas stack
Fossil-fuel power station
Geothermal electricity
Gravitation water vortex power plant
Grid-tied electrical system mini-power plants
List of largest power stations in the world
List of power stations
List of thermal power station failures
Plant efficiency
Unit commitment problem
Virtual power plant
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hydro-electricity restored to historic Northumberland home". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Silvanus Phillips (1888). Dynamo-electric Machinery: A Manual for Students of Electrotechnics. London: E. & F. N. Spon. p. 140.
Jump up ^ McNeil, Ian (1996). An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology ([New ed.]. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-415-14792-7.
Jump up ^ Jack Harris (14 January 1982), "The electricity of Holborn", New Scientist
Jump up ^ Nuclear Power Plants Information, by International Atomic Energy Agency
Jump up ^ Wiser, Wendell H. (2000). Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use. Birkhäuser. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-387-98744-6.
Jump up ^ SWEB's Pocket Power Stations Archived 4 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ J.C. Hensley (Editor) (2006). Cooling Tower Fundamentals (2nd ed.). SPX Cooling Technologies. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Beychok, Milton R. (1967). Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. LCCN 67019834. (Includes cooling tower material balance for evaporation emissions and blowdown effluents. Available in many university libraries)
Jump up ^ Riverkeeper, Inc. v. U.S. EPA , 358 F.3d 174, 181 (2d Cir. 2004) ("A single power plant might impinge a million adult fish in just a three-week period, or entrain some 3 to 4 billion smaller fish and shellfish in a year, destabilizing wildlife populations in the surrounding ecosystem.").
Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (May 2014). "Final Regulations to Establish Requirements for Cooling Water Intake Structures at Existing Facilities." Fact sheet. Document no. EPA-821-F-14-001.
Jump up ^ McGeehan, Patrick (2015-05-12). "Fire Prompts Renewed Calls to Close the Indian Point Nuclear Plant". New York Times.
Jump up ^ American Association for the Advancement of Science. AAAS Annual Meeting 17 - 21 Feb 2011, Washington DC. "Sustainable or Not? Impacts and Uncertainties of Low-Carbon Energy Technologies on Water." Dr Evangelos Tzimas, European Commission, JRC Institute for Energy, Petten, Netherlands.
Jump up ^ Carbon Trust, Future Marine Energy. Results of the Marine Energy Challenge: Cost competitiveness and growth of wave and tidal stream energy, January 2006
Jump up ^ CCGT Plants in South England[dead link], by Power Plants Around the World
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Power plants.
Identification System for Power Stations (KKS)
Power station diagram
Largest Power Plants in the World
Power Plant Operators, Distributors, and Dispatchers (Occupational Outlook Handbook)
Database of carbon emissions of power plants worldwide (Carbon Monitoring For Action: CARMA)
Power Plants in Iceland, Photogallery by islandsmyndir.is Iceland uses geothermal and hydroelectric energy.
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text:
PAW Patrol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
PAW Patrol
Genre
Children's television series
Created by
Keith Chapman
Developed by
Scott Kraft
Directed by
Jamie Whitney (2013–2016)
Charles E. Bastien (2016–present)
Voices of
Jaxon Mercey
Drew Davis
Devan Cohen
Max Calinescu
Samuel Faraci
Alex Thorne
Kallan Holley
Ron Pardo
Theme music composer
Michael Smidi Smith
Scott Krippayne
Opening theme
"PAW Patrol" performed by Scott Simons (Season 1-4)
Jaxon Mercey (Season 4-present)
Ending theme
"PAW Patrol" (instrumental)
Country of origin
Canada
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
90 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jennifer Dodge (seasons 1–2)
Laura Clunie (season 3–present)
Ronnen Harary
Keith Chapman
Scott Kraft
Producer(s)
Patricia Burns
Running time
22–23 minutes
Production company(s)
Guru Studio
Spin Master Entertainment
TVOKids[1]
Nickelodeon Productions[2]
Release
Original network
TVOKids (Canada)
Nickelodeon (U.S.)
Picture format
HDTV (1080i)
SDTV (480i)
Audio format
Surround
Original release
August 12, 2013 (2013-08-12) – present
External links
Website
pawpatrol.com
PAW Patrol is a Canadian CGI–animated television series created by Keith Chapman. It is produced by Spin Master Entertainment with animation provided by Guru Studio. In Canada, the series is primarily broadcast on TVOKids, which first ran previews of the show in August 2013. The series first aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 12, 2013.
The series focuses on a boy named Ryder who leads a pack of rescue dogs known as the PAW Patrol. They work together on missions to protect the shoreside community of Adventure Bay. Each dog has a specific set of skills based on a real-life profession. For example, Marshall has the abilities of a firefighter and Chase's responsibilities are similar to those of a police officer. They all reside in doghouses that can transform into customized vehicles when necessary. They are also equipped with backpacks called "pup packs" that contain tools.
Spin Master has developed the show into a media franchise and released an ongoing line of toys based on it. PAW Patrol toy sales have generated millions of dollars in revenue for the corporation and increased Spin Master's presence in the preschool toy market.[3] The show, and its associated products, have received a variety of awards and nominations from associations such as the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 DVD releases
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
5.2 Critical reception
5.3 Accolades
6 Merchandise
7 Live events
8 References
9 External links
Format[edit]
Each episode of PAW Patrol follows a similar pattern and features recurring themes. Episodes normally open with a scene depicting the dogs going about their everyday lives, often playing with dog toys or engaging in activities at the local playground. Ryder, a ten-year-old boy, is advised of a problem by receiving a call for help or by witnessing a situation himself. His most frequent caller is an accident-prone marine biologist named Cap'n Turbot, who knows much about Adventure Bay's wildlife. Ryder always alerts the dogs via their blinking pet tags. The team members report to their base, the Lookout, and enter its elevator. Marshall typically arrives last causing a humorous mishap that makes the other dogs laugh as the elevator rises. When they reach the top floor, they arrange themselves in a line. Chase announces that the team is ready for action as Ryder tells the pups what has happened. He chooses several members of the team, normally two first responders, to help solve whatever problem has emerged. They ride a slide down to their vehicles and complete their mission. When they have finished, Ryder says his catchphrase: "Whenever you're in trouble, just yelp for help!" and congratulates the pups.
In late 2017 a sea/undersea part of the Paw Patrol fictional scenario and toy range, called "Paw Patrol Sea Patrol", was started.[4]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of PAW Patrol episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 26 August 12, 2013 (2013-08-12) (U.S.)
August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27) (Canada) August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18) (U.S.)
August 2, 2014 (2014-08-02) (Canada)
2 26[5] August 13, 2014 (2014-08-13) (U.S.)
August 27, 2014 (2014-08-27) (Canada) December 4, 2015 (2015-12-04) (U.S.)
September 16, 2015 (2015-09-16) (Canada)
3 26 November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20) (U.S.)
November 28, 2015 (2015-11-28) (Canada) January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26) (U.S.)[6]
January 14, 2017 (2017-01-14) (Canada)
4 26 February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06) (U.S.)
March 4, 2017 (2017-03-04) (Canada) TBA
Production[edit]
According to Spin Master, the concept for PAW Patrol stemmed from a prototype for a transforming truck toy.[7] After developing a relationship with Nickelodeon, Spin Master approached British television producer Keith Chapman to "invent a franchise" based on their model.[3] The PAW Patrol plot was ultimately based on one of Chapman's ideas.[8] The company hired toy designers to develop the format further; after the concept was in place, they began designing merchandise.[9]
Nickelodeon first announced that it had picked up PAW Patrol at the 2013 Licensing Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada.[10] The series became Spin Master's first solely-owned intellectual property (IP)[11] once it was released in August 2013.[12]
Since it began production, the show's animation has been provided by Guru Studio. In a 2016 interview with Maclean's Magazine, Guru president Frank Falcone stated that his studio's animators were originally suspicious of the show's "toyetic" concept.[13] The series' rock-inspired[14] original score was composed by the Ontario-based group Voodoo Highway Music & Post. The opening theme song, and the ending song used in each episode include vocals performed by Scott Simons.
With each season of the show, new supporting characters and themes are introduced in its episodes. In a May 2016 interview for the Toronto Star, Spin Master president Ben Gadbois stated that his company would continue to introduce additional characters and concepts to increase the franchise's longevity and to expand upon the success of tie-in merchandise.[15] In August of the same year, Spin Master co-founder Ronnen Harary explained that these changes were intended to keep the show's content "fresh" and "relevant".[16]
The first season aired from August 2013 to August 2014. The second season premiered in August 2014; in Canada, it concluded in September 2015 and in the United States, it concluded in December 2015. A third season premiered in November 2015. A fourth season premiered February 6, 2017. Spin Master has confirmed that fifth and sixth seasons are in development.[17]
Release[edit]
The series has been sold to TV networks in over 160 countries.[18]
In Canada, the series is shown on TVOKids, Knowledge Kids, Télé-Québec and City Kids. In the United States, the series is aired on Nickelodeon with reruns on Nick Jr.
As required for Canadian programs aired on federally-funded networks, PAW Patrol has been dubbed in French for Quebec broadcasts and for its broadcast in France on TF1.[19] Canal Panda airs a European Portuguese dub.[20] A British English dub, which uses the same scripts as the Canadian version with minor changes, is shown on Channel 5 and Nick Jr. UK.[21] Anione, JEI TV, and KBS have all broadcast the Korean-dubbed version.[22] The show has been aired in the Icelandic language on Iceland's public broadcaster RÚV since 2015.[23] The first two seasons were shown in Finnish on Yle TV2.[24] The video on demand platform Le.com obtained broadcast rights for a Mandarin Chinese-dubbed version of PAW Patrol in April 2016.[25]
In July 2016, film distribution company Notorious Pictures acquired the rights to an Italian theatrical release of the series.[26] Six episodes of PAW Patrol were screened as a package film in select Italian cinemas from December 22, 2016 until January 8 of the following year.[27] Sabahat Khan, of Spin Master partner RBC Capital Markets, has stated that he "wouldn't be surprised by a [North American] feature film down the line."[3]
DVD releases[edit]
Title
Region 1
Region 2
PAW Patrol May 13, 2014 March 30, 2015
Winter Rescues October 7, 2014[28] October 19, 2015
Marshall and Chase On the Case! March 3, 2015[29] July 27, 2015
Pups and the Pirate Treasure N/A March 4, 2016
Meet Everest! September 1, 2015[30] July 18, 2016
Brave Heroes, Big Rescues March 1, 2016[31] February 13, 2017
All Wings on Deck N/A October 24, 2016
Sports Day!
Game On! August 2, 2016[32] May 22, 2017
Pups Save Christmas November 1, 2016[33] October 31, 2016
Pups Save the Bunnies
Easter Egg Hunt March 7, 2017[34] March 13, 2017
Air Pups N/A July 17, 2017
The Great Pirate Rescue! September 5, 2017[35] N/A
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
PAW Patrol has received consistently high ratings on Nickelodeon. Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman cited the series as a source of Nickelodeon's 2014 ratings growth.[36] It ranked as the highest-rated, preschool TV program in the United States in November 2013[37] and held that position throughout the spring 2014 season.[38] The spot was briefly overtaken by Team Umizoomi reruns in July 2016, but PAW Patrol reclaimed the title later the same month.[39] Bloomberg L.P. described PAW Patrol as part of a "creative resurgence" that increased the Nick Jr. channel's viewership in 2016.[40] At Nickelodeon's 2016 upfront presentation for future advertisers, Cyma Zarghami named PAW Patrol one of two preschool shows to have significantly helped boost ratings for the network (the other being Blaze and the Monster Machines).[41]
In March 2015, two back-to-back premieres of the show ranked among the top twenty weekday showings (among total viewers) in Australia.[42] In May 2015, it was reported that PAW Patrol broadcasts on TF1 had been viewed by 45 per cent of households in France with preschool-aged children.[43]
Critical reception[edit]
Despite the commercial success of the show which as of September 8, 2017 has 340,000 more viewers than ESPN's Sportscenter, critical reception has been mixed. Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show a four-star rating, stating that "perhaps the show's best attribute is how it demonstrates the value of thoughtful problem-solving".[44] Randy Miller of DVD Talk recommended the show, calling it "packed with all the harmless action and cornball jokes that kids ... can't help but snicker at".[45] Stuff.co.nz reviewer Pattie Pegler also wrote favourably of the series, but felt that some of the characters "seem rather arbitrary, like Rocky the Recycling Pup".[46] The About Group's Carey Bryson gave the series a mixed review, criticizing its "formulaic" nature but affirming that the "show is not without funny moments".[14]
A research study, commissioned by Sky in March 2016, reported that 16 per cent of surveyed British and Irish children named PAW Patrol as their favourite program.[47]
Criticism has been directed toward the show's unequal gender representation because the team of dogs is primarily male and includes only one main female. Cat Conway of Dan Abrams' The Mary Sue rhetorically asked, "the police pup, firefighting pup, builder pup, sea-rescue pup, and whatever the hell Rocky does are all coded male, because of course you couldn't have a female police dog, could you?"[48] Brandy King of the Center on Media and Child Health "found the gender imbalance immediately noticeable" while watching the program.[49] Today's Parent noted in April 2015 that PAW Patrol images appeared frequently on Twitter with the hashtag "#IncludeTheGirls".[50]
Accolades[edit]
In 2014, the series' theme song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song – Main Title and Promo in the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[51] In 2016, the season two episode "Pups Save a Mer-Pup" was nominated for Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production for Preschool Children in the 43rd Annie Awards.[52] As of 2017, PAW Patrol has received four Canadian Screen Award nominations, winning one of them in 2016.[53]
Year
Presenter
Award/Category
Nominee
Status
Ref.
2014 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Original Song – Main Title and Promo Scott Krippayne
Smidi Smith Nominated [54]
Parents' Choice Foundation "Fun Stuff" Award Spin Master Won [55]
Environmental Media Awards Environmental Media Award in Children's Television Won [56]
2015 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year, 2015 Nominated [57]
Preschool Toy of the Year, 2015 Nominated [57]
2016 Property of the Year, 2016 Nominated [58]
43rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production for Preschool Children Nominated [52]
4th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Nominated [59]
Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won [59]
Licensing.biz People Awards Licensee Team of the Year Spin Master Won [60]
Australian Toy Association Preschool License of the Year Won [61]
Canadian Cinema Editors Awards Best Editing in Animation Tom Berger Nominated [62]
SOCAN Awards International TV Series Music Award Voodoo Highway Music & Post Won [63]
2017 5th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won [64]
Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won [64]
Merchandise[edit]
On May 18, 2014, Spin Master introduced a toy line based on the television series at Toys "R" Us locations across Canada.[65] The line was not distributed to international markets until June 22 of the same year.[66] Dion Vlachos, a representative from Nickelodeon, was in charge of the U.S. product launch.[67]
PAW Patrol has since become one of Spin Master's most profitable brands. Analysts for the National Bank of Canada reported that toys and games based on the show accounted for approximately $245 million U.S. (or 25 per cent) of Spin Master's gross product sales for 2015.[3] Spin Master chairman Anton Rabie noted in August 2016 that the "continuing strength" of PAW Patrol toys, in addition to new acquisitions and movie licenses, made up 40.5 per cent of the firm's second quarter revenue.[68] Marketing manager Emma Eden said that the toys were responsible for increasing the company's presence in the preschool market.[69] Throughout 2016, Spin Master's revenue grew more in this market than in any other toy category. PAW Patrol has been cited as the sole reason for this.[70]
The NPD Group named PAW Patrol the top new toy brand of 2015 in the United Kingdom.[71] The group also reported that it was the best-selling preschool license in France in the first quarter of 2015.[43] Dave Brandon, the chief executive officer of Toys "R" Us, listed the PAW Patroller vehicle toy as one of the 2015 holiday season's "hottest" items.[72][73] Argos the U.K. catalogue retailer included the PAW Patrol Air Patroller vehicle on its list of the toys it predicts will be bestsellers during the Christmas 2016 season.[74]
Live events[edit]
In April 2016, a stage show titled PAW Patrol Live: Race to the Rescue was announced.[75] The show features the PAW Patrol characters competing in a race. It toured Canada, the United States, Mexico, Australia and the Philippines.[76][77] A sequel show, titled PAW Patrol Live: The Great Pirate Adventure, was announced in June 2017. It follows the PAW Patrol as they rescue Cap'n Turbot from a cavern, and it will tour the same countries as its predecessor.[78]
Mascots based on the PAW Patrol characters have appeared at events across Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. They joined an "Etch A Sketch Day" celebration at Spin Master's office in Toronto on July 26, 2016.[79] The characters, along with replicas of the Lookout tower from the program, were included as part of the Nick Jr. Play Date Tour in autumn 2015.[80] Marshall and Chase made appearances at shopping malls throughout Nottingham, Suffolk, and Somerset in the U.K. in the summer of 2016.[81] Multiple meet-and-greet events attracted far more attendees than expected, with some reaching over 5,000 visitors.[82][83] They appeared for the first time in Northern Ireland at Glenarm Castle on July 13, 2016.[84] They are scheduled to appear regularly in a Nickelodeon-themed area of the Thurrock's Lakeside Shopping Centre located on the outskirts of London, England.[85]
Unauthorized productions and events featuring the show's characters have attracted the attention of the shows distributor. In February 2016, several Greene King pubs in the U.K. scheduled breakfast events with costumed characters modelled after the pups. Nickelodeon forced the chain to stop every event by threatening a lawsuit if they went ahead.[86] There was some consumer backlash as a result, but the events were not held.[87]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Bryson, Carey. "PAW Patrol - TV Show Review for Parents". About.com.
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Jump up ^ "Brief - Notorious Pictures buys distribution rights for 6 new episodes of cartoon series PAW Patrol". Reuters. July 28, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Zahn, James (August 9, 2015). "PAW Patrol: Meet Everest comes to DVD this Fall". The Rock Father.
Jump up ^ Bentley, Rick (February 25, 2016). "'Legend,' 'Room' & 'Creed' top new DVD releases on March 1". The Fresno Bee. The McClatchy Company.
Jump up ^ ""PAW Patrol: Sports Day!" Available on DVD August 2!". BSC Kids. July 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "PAW Patrol: Pups Save Christmas: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Kidscreen: Smart TV, building momentum" (PDF). Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. May 1, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Palmeri, Christopher; Shaw, Lucas (February 4, 2016). "Dauman's Done the Easy Part. Now He Has to Find Viacom Some Hits". Bloomberg L.P.
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^ Jump up to: a b Yvernault, Véronique (May 20, 2015). "Licences : Gare à la Pat'Patrouille !". Libre Service Actualités (in French).
Jump up ^ Ashby, Emily. "PAW Patrol TV Review". Common Sense Media.
Jump up ^ Miller, Randy (March 1, 2016). "PAW Patrol: Brave Heroes, Big Rescues". DVD Talk.
Jump up ^ Pegler, Pattie (May 4, 2016). "TV Review: Jake and the Neverland Pirates, PAW Patrol". Stuff.co.nz.
Jump up ^ "Scooby-Doo voted the nation's all time favourite kids TV show". Sky plc. 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Conway, Cat (July 29, 2015). "Quit Pushing Your Gendered Crap on My Son". The Mary Sue. Dan Abrams.
Jump up ^ King, Brandy (January 8, 2015). "Media Moment: What I Learned from (Paw)-Patrolling My Kids' TV Show". Center on Media and Child Health.
Jump up ^ Waverman, Emma (April 16, 2015). "It's ridiculous that in 2015 we need #IncludeTheGirls!". Today's Parent. Rogers Media.
Jump up ^ "Daytime Emmy Awards 2014: Complete list of winners and nominees". The LA Times.
^ Jump up to: a b ""PAW Patrol: Pups Save a Mer-Pup" - 43rd Annual Annie Awards". AnnieAwards.org. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Second night of 2016 Canadian Screen Awards recognizes more talent". Tribute.ca.
Jump up ^ "Daytime Emmy Nominations: 'Young and the Restless' Leads with 26 Nominations". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Catanzarite, Gina. "PAW Patrol - Spring 2014 Television". Parents' Choice Foundation.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (October 19, 2014). "2014 Environmental Media Awards—The Complete List of Winners". E! News.
^ Jump up to: a b "TIA Names Toy of the Year Nominees". License! Global. November 25, 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b "2016 Canadian Screen Awards Nominees Announced". ETCanada.com. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
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Jump up ^ Dickson, Jeremy (April 28, 2016). "Spin Master opens Australian office". Kidscreen.
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Jump up ^ "PAW Patrol Wins the International TV Series Music Award at 2016 SOCAN Awards Ceremony". CCS Rights Management. June 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "TVO’s creative content lauded with eight 2017 Canadian Screen Awards". TVOntario. March 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dickson, Jeremy (May 15, 2014). "PAW Patrol toy line hits Toys 'R' Us". Kidscreen.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Rachel; Brown, Heather (May 14, 2014). "Spin Master to Launch Its Highly Anticipated PAW Patrol Toy Line at Toys "R" Us". Spin Master (Press release).
Jump up ^ Milligan, Mercedes (August 8, 2016). "Nickelodeon Ups Dion Vlachos to EVP Retail". Animation Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Spin Master Reports Strong Q2 2016 Financial Results". KFMB-TV. August 8, 2016. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Burke, Jade (May 10, 2016). "Spin Master sees 'huge momentum' for PAW Patrol toy line". Licensing.biz. NewBay Media.
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Jump up ^ Bergeron, Tom (November 23, 2015). "Jersey's own toy story: New CEO Dave Brandon talks shopping, shipping and how he aims to change Toys R Us". NJ Biz.
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Jump up ^ "PAW Patrol Live! Australia". Nick Jr. Australia. Nickelodeon. December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "PAW Patrol Live in Manila". Life Like Touring. June 2, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "PAW Patrol is coming to Bridgwater". Bridgwater Mercury. July 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "5,000 people visit White Post Farm to meet PAW Patrol's Chase and Marshall". Nottingham Post. Local World. April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hundreds queue to see PAW Patrol stars". itv.com. ITV plc. April 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Linda (July 13, 2016). "PAW Patrol stars set to rock Glenarm Castle on night of music and display". Belfast Telegraph. Independent News & Media.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Branded FEC Coming to UK’s intu Lakeside Shopping Centre". Blooloop. May 13, 2016. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016.
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Jump up ^ Parry, Josh (February 13, 2016). "Parents angry after Nickelodeon 'force pub to cancel unofficial PAW Patrol event'". Liverpool Echo. Trinity Mirror.
External links[edit]
Official website
PAW Patrol at TVOKids.com
PAW Patrol at NickJr.com
PAW Patrol on IMDb
PAW Patrol at TV.com
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