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Gupta Empire
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ancient Indian empire
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Gupta Empire
3rd century CE–590 CE
Approximate extent of the Gupta territories (purple) in 375 CE.
Approximate extent of the Gupta territories (purple) in 450 CE.
Capital
Pataliputra
Common languages
Sanskrit (literary and academic); Prakrit (vernacular)
Religion
Hinduism
Buddhism
Jainism
Government
Monarchy
Maharajadhiraja
• 3rd century
Sri-Gupta
• 319–335
Chandragupta I
• 335-380
Samudragupta
• 380–415
Chandragupta II
• 540–550
Vishnu Gupta
Historical era
Ancient India
• Established
3rd century CE
• Disestablished
590 CE
Area
400
3,500,000[1] km2 (1,400,000 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by
Mahameghavahana dynasty
Kanva dynasty
Kushan Empire
Bharshiva dynasty
Western Satraps
Later Guptas
Maukhari
Maitraka
Vardhana dynasty
Mathara dynasty
Varman dynasty
Kalachuris
Today part of
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Nepal
The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire, existing from the mid-to-late 3rd century CE to 590 CE. At its zenith, from approximately 319 to 550 CE, it covered much of the Indian subcontinent.[2] This period is called the Golden Age of India by some historians,[3] although this characterization has been disputed by others.[4] The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by the king Gupta; the most notable rulers of the dynasty were Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II. The 5th-century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits the Guptas with having conquered about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India, including the kingdoms of Parasikas, the Hunas, the Kambojas, tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys, the Kinnaras, Kiratas, and others.[5][non-primary source needed]
The high points of this period are the great cultural developments which took place during the reign of Chandragupta II. All literary sources, such as Mahabharata and Ramayana, were canonised during this period.[6] The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields.[7][8][9] Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. The period gave rise to achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting that "set standards of form and taste [that] determined the whole subsequent course of art, not only in India but far beyond her borders".[10] Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established the region as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.[11][unreliable source?] The Puranas, earlier long poems on a variety of subjects, are also thought to have been committed to written texts around this period.[10]
The empire eventually died out because of many factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, as well as the invasion by the Huna peoples (Kidarites and Alchon Huns) from Central Asia.[12][13] After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by the Vardhana ruler Harsha, who established his empire in the first half of the 7th century.[citation needed]
Contents
1 Origin
2 History
2.1 Early rulers
2.2 Samudragupta
2.3 Ramagupta
2.4 Chandragupta II "Vikramaditya"
2.4.1 Chandragupta II's Campaigns against Foreign Tribes
2.4.2 Faxian
2.5 Kumaragupta I
2.6 Skandagupta
2.7 Decline of the empire
3 Military organization
4 Religion
5 Gupta administration
6 Legacy of the Gupta Empire
7 Art and architecture
8 See also
9 Notes
9.1 Bibliography
10 References
11 External links
Origin[edit]
Main article: Origin of the Gupta dynasty
Gupta Empire
320 CE–550 CE
Gupta (c. late 3rd century)
Ghatotkacha (c. late 3rd century - 319)
Chandragupta I (c. 319 – 335/350)
Kacha (4th century?)
Samudragupta (c. 335/350 – 375)
Ramagupta
Chandragupta II (380 – 413/415)
Kumaragupta I (415 – 455)
Skandagupta (455 - 467)
Purugupta (467 – 473)
Kumaragupta II (473 - 476)
Budhagupta (476 – 495)
Narasimhagupta (495 – ?)
(Bhanugupta) (circa 510)
Vainyagupta (circa 507)
Kumaragupta III (circa 530)
Vishnugupta (540 – 550)
v
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The homeland of the Guptas is uncertain.[14] According to one theory, they originated in the present-day eastern Uttar Pradesh, where most of the inscriptions and coins of the early Gupta kings have been discovered.[15][16] The proponents of this theory argue that according to the Puranas, the territory of the early Gupta kings included Prayaga, Saketa, and other areas in the Ganges basin.[17][18] Another prominent theory locates the Gupta homeland in the present-day Bengal region, based on the account of the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing. According to Yijing, king Che-li-ki-to (identified with the dynasty's founder Shri Gupta)) built a temple for Chinese pilgrims near Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no (apparently a transcription of Mriga-shikha-vahana). Yijing states that this temple was located more than 40 yojanas east of Nalanda, which would mean it was situated somewhere in the modern Bengal region.[19] Another proposal is that the early Gupta kingdom extended from Prayaga in the west to northern Bengal in the east.[20]
The Gupta records do not mention the dynasty's varna (social class).[21] Some historians, such as A. S. Altekar, have theorized that they were of Vaishya origin, as some ancient Indian texts prescribe the name "Gupta" for the members of the Vaishya varna.[22][23] Critics of this theory point out that the suffix Gupta features in the names of several non-Vaishyas before as well as during the Gupta period,[24] and the dynastic name "Gupta" may have simply derived from the name of the family's first king Gupta.[25] Some scholars, such as S. R. Goyal, theorize that the Guptas were Brahmanas, because they had matrimonial relations with Brahmanas, but others reject this evidence as inconclusive.[26] Based onthe Pune and Riddhapur inscriptions of the Gupta princess Prabhavati-gupta, some scholars believe that the name of her paternal gotra (clan) was "Dharana", but an alternative reading of these inscriptions suggests that Dharana was the gotra of her mother Kuberanaga.[27]
History[edit]
Early rulers[edit]
Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I, depicted on a gold coin
Gupta (fl. late 3rd century CE) is the earliest known king of the dynasty: different historians variously date the beginning of his reign from mid-to-late 3rd century CE.[28][29] "Che-li-ki-to", the name of a king mentioned by the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing, is believed to be a transcription of "Shri-Gupta" (IAST: Śrigupta), "Shri" being an honorific prefix.[30] According to Yijing, this king uilt a temple for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims near "Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no" (believed to be a transcription of Mṛgaśikhāvana).[31]
In the Allahabad Pillar inscription, Gupta and his successor Ghatotkacha are described as Maharaja ("great king"), while the next king Chandragupta I is called a Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings"). In the later period, the title Maharaja was used by feudatory rulers, which has led to suggestions that Gupta and Ghatotkacha were vassals (possibly of Kushan Empire).[32] However, there are several instances of paramount sovereigns using the title Maharaja, in both pre-Gupta and post-Gupta periods, so this cannot be said with certainty. That said, there is no doubt that Gupta and Ghatotkacha held a lower status and were less powerful than Chandragupta I.[33]
Chandragupta I married the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi, which may have helped him extend his political power and dominions, enabling him to adopt the imperial title Maharajadhiraja.[34] According to the dynasty's official records, he was succeeded by his son Samudragupta. However, the discovery of the coins issued by a Gupta ruler named Kacha have led to some debate on this topic: according to one theory, Kacha was another name for Samudragupta; another possibility is that Kacha was a rival claimaint to the throne.[35]
Samudragupta[edit]
Main article: Samudragupta
Coin of Samudragupta, with Garuda pillar. British Museum.
Samudragupta, Parakramanka succeeded his father in 335, and ruled for about 45 years, until his death in 380. He took the kingdoms of Ahichchhatra and Padmavati early in his reign. He then attacked the Malwas, the Yaudheyas, the Arjunayanas, the Maduras and the Abhiras, all of which were tribes in the area. By his death in 380, he had incorporated over twenty kingdoms into his realm and his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna. He gave himself the titles King of Kings and World Monarch. Historian Vincent Smith described him as the "Indian Napoleon".[36] He performed Ashwamedha Yajna in which a horse with an army is sent to all the nearby territories of friends and foes. These territorial kings on arrival either accept the king's alliance, who is performing this Yajna, or fight if they do not. The stone replica of the horse, then prepared, is in the Lucknow Museum. The Samudragupta Prashasti inscribed on the Ashokan Pillar, now in Akbar’s Fort at Allahabad, is an authentic record of his exploits and his sway over most of the continent.
Samudragupta was not only a talented military leader but also a great patron of art and literature. He conquered what is now Kashmir and Afghanistan, enlarging the empire.[37] The critical scholars present in his court were Harishena, Vasubandhu, and Asanga. He was a poet and musician himself. He was a firm believer in Hinduism and is known to have worshipped Lord Vishnu. He was considerate of other religions and allowed Sri Lanka's Buddhist king Sirimeghvanna to build a monastery at Bodh Gaya. That monastery was called by Xuanzang as the Mahabodhi Sangharama.[38][unreliable source?] He provided a gold railing around the Bodhi Tree.
Ramagupta[edit]
Head of Tirthankara, Mathura Museum
Main article: Ramagupta
Although, the narrative of the Devichandragupta is not supported by any contemporary epigraphical evidence, the historicity of Rama Gupta is proved by his Durjanpur inscriptions on three Jaina images, where he is mentioned as the Maharajadhiraja. A large number of his copper coins also have been found from the Eran-Vidisha region and classified in five distinct types, which include the Garuda,[39] Garudadhvaja, lion and border legend types. The Brahmi legends on these coins are written in the early Gupta style.[40] In the opinion of art historian Dr. R. A. Agarawala, D. Litt., Rama Gupta may be the eldest son of Samudragupta. He became king because of being the eldest. It is possible that he was dethroned because of being considered unfit to rule, and his younger brother Chandragupta II took over.
Chandragupta II "Vikramaditya"[edit]
Main article: Chandragupta II
Krishna fighting the horse demon Keshi, 5th century
According to the Gupta records, amongst his sons, Samudragupta nominated prince Chandragupta II, born of queen Dattadevi, as his successor. Chandragupta II, Vikramaditya (the Sun of Power), ruled from 375 until 415. He married a Kadamba princess of Kuntala and of Naga lineage (Nāgakulotpannnā), Kuberanaga. His daughter Prabhavatigupta from this Naga queen was married to Rudrasena II, the Vakataka ruler of Deccan.[41] His son Kumaragupta I was married to a Kadamba princess of the Karnataka region. Chandragupta II expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka Western Kshatrapas of Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra in a campaign lasting until 409. His main opponent Rudrasimha III was defeated by 395, and he crushed the Bengal chiefdoms. This extended his control from coast to coast, established a second capital at Ujjain and was the high point of the empire.
Gold coins of Chandragupta II.
Despite the creation of the empire through war, the reign is remembered for its very influential style of Hindu art, literature, culture and science, especially during the reign of Chandragupta II. Some excellent works of Hindu art such as the panels at the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh serve to illustrate the magnificence of Gupta art. Above all it was the synthesis of elements that gave Gupta art its distinctive flavour. During this period, the Guptas were supportive of thriving Buddhist and Jain cultures as well, and for this reason there is also a long history of non-Hindu Gupta period art. In particular, Gupta period Buddhist art was to be influential in most of East and Southeast Asia. Many advances were recorded by the Chinese scholar and traveller Faxian (Fa-hien) in his diary and published afterwards.
The court of Chandragupta was made even more illustrious by the fact that it was graced by the Navaratna (Nine Jewels), a group of nine who excelled in the literary arts. Amongst these men was the immortal Kālidāsa whose works dwarfed the works of many other literary geniuses, not only in his own age but in the years to come. Kalidasa was mainly known for his subtle exploitation of the shringara (romantic) element in his verse.
Chandragupta II's Campaigns against Foreign Tribes[edit]
The 4th century Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits Chandragupta Vikramaditya with conquering about twenty one kingdoms, both in and outside India. After finishing his campaign in East and West India, Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) proceeded northwards, subjugated the Parasikas, then the Hunas and the Kambojas tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys respectively. Thereafter, the king proceeded into the Himalaya mountains to reduce the mountain tribes of the Kinnaras, Kiratas, as well as India proper.[5][non-primary source needed]
The Brihatkathamanjari of the Kashmiri writer Kshemendra states, King Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the Barbarians like the Sakas, Mlecchas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas, and others, by annihilating these sinful Mlecchas completely".[42][non-primary source needed][43][44][unreliable source?]
Faxian[edit]
Faxian (or Fa Hsien etc.), a Chinese Buddhist, was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. He started his journey from China in 399 and reached India in 405. During his stay in India up to 411, he went on a pilgrimage to Mathura, Kannauj, Kapilavastu, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashi, and Rajagriha, and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration. The Penal Code was mild and offenses were punished by fines only. From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period. And until the Rome-China trade axis was broken with the fall of the Han dynasty, the Guptas did indeed prosper. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period.
Kumaragupta I[edit]
Main article: Kumaragupta I
Silver coin of the Gupta King Kumaragupta I (Coin of his Western territories, design derived from the Western Satraps).
Obv: Bust of king with crescents, with traces of corrupt Greek script.[45][46]
Rev: Garuda standing facing with spread wings. Brahmi legend: Parama-bhagavata rajadhiraja Sri Kumaragupta Mahendraditya.
Chandragupta II was succeeded by his second son Kumaragupta I, born of Mahadevi Dhruvasvamini. Kumaragupta I assumed the title, Mahendraditya.[47] He ruled until 455. Towards the end of his reign a tribe in the Narmada valley, the Pushyamitras, rose in power to threaten the empire. The Kidarites as well probably confronted the Gupta Empire towards the end of the rule of Kumaragupta I, as his son Skandagupta mentions in the Bhitari pillar inscription his efforts at reshaping a country in disarray, through reorganization and military victories over the Pushyamitras and the Hunas.[48]
He was the founder of Nalanda University which on July 15, 2016 was declared as a UNESCO world heritage site.[49]
Skandagupta[edit]
Main article: Skandagupta
Skandagupta, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta rulers. He assumed the titles of Vikramaditya and Kramaditya.[50] He defeated the Pushyamitra threat, but then was faced with invading Kidarites (sometimes described as the Hephthalites or "White Huns", known in India as the Sweta Huna), from the northwest.
He repelled a Huna attack around 455 CE, but the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. The Bhitari Pillar inscription of Skandagupta, the successor of Chandragupta, recalls the near-annihilation of the Gupta Empire following the attacks of the Kidarites.[51] The Kidarites seem to have retained the western part of the Gupta Empire.[51]
Skandagupta died in 467 and was succeeded by his agnate brother Purugupta.[52]
Decline of the empire[edit]
The Alchon Huns under Toramana and his son Mihirakula (here depicted) gravely weakened the Gupta Empire.
Following Skandagupta's death, the empire was clearly in decline.[53] He was followed by Purugupta (467–473), Kumaragupta II (473–476), Budhagupta (476–495), Narasimhagupta (495—?), Kumaragupta III (530—540), Vishnugupta (540—550), two lesser known kings namely, Vainyagupta and Bhanugupta.
In the 480's the Alchon Huns under Toramana and Mihirakula broke through the Gupta defenses in the northwest, and much of the empire in the northwest was overrun by the Huns by 500. The empire disintegrated under the attacks of Toramana and his successor Mihirakula. It appears from inscriptions that the Guptas, although their power was much diminished, continued to resist the Huns. The Hun invader Toramana was defeated by Bhanugupta in 510.[54][55] The Huns were defeated and driven out of India in 528 by king Yashodharman from Malwa, and possibly Gupta emperor Narasimhagupta.[56]
The much-weakened Late Guptas, circa 550 CE.
These invasions, although only spanning a few decades, had long term effects on India, and in a sense brought an end to Classical Indian civilization.[57] Soon after the invasions, the Gupta Empire, already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as Yashodharman, ended as well.[58] Following the invasions, northern India was left in disarray, with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas.[59] The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India's trade with Europe and Central Asia.[57] In particular, Indo-Roman trade relations, which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from. The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as silk, leather goods, fur, iron products, ivory, pearl, and pepper from centres such as Nasik, Paithan, Pataliputra, and Benares. The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them.[60]
Furthermore, Indian urban culture was left in decline, and Buddhism, gravely weakened by the destruction of monasteries and the killing of monks by the hand of the vehemently anti-Buddhist Shaivist Mihirakula, started to collapse.[57] Great centres of learning were destroyed, such as the city of Taxila, bringing cultural regression.[57] During their rule of 60 years, the Alchons are said to have altered the hierarchy of ruling families and the Indian cast system. For example, the Hunas are often said to have become the precursors of the Rajputs.[57]
The succession of the 6th-century Guptas is not entirely clear, but the tail end recognized ruler of the dynasty's main line was king Vishnugupta, reigning from 540 to 550. In addition to the Hun invasion, the factors, which contribute to the decline of the empire include competition from the Vakatakas and the rise of Yashodharman in Malwa.[61]
The last known inscription by a Gupta emperor is from the reign of Vishnugupta (the Damodarpur copper-plate inscription),[62] in which he makes a land grant in the area of Kotivarsha (Bangarh in West Bengal) in 542/543 CE.[63] This follows the occupation of most of northern and central India by the Aulikara ruler Yashodharman circa 532 CE.[63]
Military organization[edit]
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Gold coin of Gupta era, depicting Gupta king Kumaragupta holding a bow.
Sculpture of Vishnu (red sandstone), 5th century CE
The Imperial Guptas couldn't have achieved their successes through force of arms without an efficient martial system. Historically, the best accounts of this not only come from Indian sources themselves but from Chinese and Western observers. However, a contemporary Indian document, regarded as a military classic of the time, the Siva-Dhanur-veda, offers some insight into the military system of the Guptas.[citation needed]
The Guptas seem to have relied heavily on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. The Indian version of the longbow was composed of metal, or more typically bamboo, and fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head.[citation needed] Unlike the composite bows of Western and Central Asian foes, bows of this design would be less prone to warping in the damp and moist conditions often prevalent to the region. The Indian longbow was reputedly a powerful weapon capable of great range and penetration and provided an effective counter to invading horse archers. Iron shafts were used against armored elephants and fire arrows were not part of the bowmen's arsenal, contrary to popular belief. India historically has had a prominent reputation for its steel weapons. One of these was the steel bow. Because of its high tensility, the steel bow was capable of long range and penetration of exceptionally thick armor. These were less common weapons than the bamboo design and found in the hands of noblemen rather than in the ranks. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. The Guptas also had knowledge of siegecraft, catapults, and other sophisticated war machines.[citation needed]
The Guptas apparently showed little predilection for using horse archers, despite the fact these warriors were a primary component in the ranks of their Scythian, Parthian, and Hepthalite (Huna) enemies. However, the Gupta armies were probably better disciplined. Able commanders such as Samudragupta and Chandragupta II would have likely understood the need for combined armed tactics and proper logistical organization. Gupta military success likely stemmed from the concerted use of elephants, armored cavalry, steel bow and foot archers in tandem against both Hindu kingdoms and foreign armies invading from the Northwest. The Guptas also maintained a navy, allowing them to control regional waters.[citation needed]
The collapse of the Gupta Empire in the face of the Huna onslaught was due not directly to the inherent defects of the Gupta army, which after all had initially defeated these people under Skandagupta. More likely, internal dissolution sapped the ability of the Guptas to resist foreign invasion, as was simultaneously occurring in Western Europe and China.[citation needed]
During the reign of Chandragupta II, Gupta Empire maintained a large army consisting of 500,000 infantry, 50,000 cavalry, 20,000 charioteers and 10,000 elephants[citation needed] along with a powerful navy with more than 1200 ships[citation needed]. Chandragupta II controlled the whole of the Indian subcontinent;[2] the Gupta empire was the most powerful empire in the world during his reign, at a time when the Roman Empire in the West was in decline.[citation needed]
Religion[edit]
Meditating Buddha from the Gupta era, 5th century CE.
The Guptas were traditionally a Hindu dynasty.[64] They were orthodox Hindus, but did not force their beliefs on the rest of the population, as Buddhism and Jainism also were encouraged.[65] Sanchi remained an important centre of Buddhism.[65] Kumaragupta I (c. 414 – c. 455 CE) is said to have founded Nalanda.[65]
Some later rulers however seem to have especially favoured Buddhism. Narasimhagupta Baladitya (c. 495-?), according to contemporary writer Paramartha, was brought up under the influence of the Mahayanist philosopher, Vasubandhu.[64] He built a sangharama at Nalanda and also a 300 ft (91 m) high vihara with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the "great Vihara built under the Bodhi tree". According to the Manjushrimulakalpa (c. 800 CE), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation (Dhyana).[64] The Chinese monk Xuanzang also noted that Narasimhagupta Baladitya's son, Vajra, who commissioned a sangharama as well, "possessed a heart firm in faith".[66]:45[67]:330
Gupta administration[edit]
A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta empire shows that there was a hierarchy of administrative divisions from top to bottom. The empire was called by various names such as Rajya, Rashtra, Desha, Mandala, Prithvi and Avani. It was divided into 26 provinces, which were styled as Bhukti, Pradesha and Bhoga. Provinces were also divided into Vishayas and put under the control of the Vishayapatis. A Vishayapati administered the Vishaya with the help of the Adhikarana (council of representatives), which comprised four representatives: Nagarasreshesthi, Sarthavaha, Prathamakulike and Prathama Kayastha. A part of the Vishaya was called Vithi.[68] There were also trade links of Gupta business with the Roman empire.
Legacy of the Gupta Empire[edit]
Later image of Krishna and Radha playing chaturanga on an 8 × 8 Ashtāpada
Scholars of this period include Varahamihira and Aryabhata, who is believed to be the first to come up with the concept of zero, postulated the theory that the Earth moves round the Sun, and studied solar and lunar eclipses. Kalidasa, who was a great playwright, who wrote plays such as Shakuntala, and marked the highest point of Sanskrit literature is also said to have belonged to this period. The Sushruta Samhita, which is a Sanskrit redaction text on all of the major concepts of ayurvedic medicine with innovative chapters on surgery, dates to the Gupta period.
Chess is said to have originated in this period,[69] where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturaṅga, which translates as "four divisions [of the military]" – infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry – represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. Doctors also invented several medical instruments, and even performed operations. The Indian numerals which were the first positional base 10 numeral systems in the world originated from Gupta India. The ancient Gupta text Kama Sutra by the Indian scholar Vatsyayana is widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behavior in Sanskrit literature.
Aryabhata, a noted mathematician-astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is round and rotates about its own axis. He also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth.[70]
Art and architecture[edit]
A tetrastyle prostyle Gupta period temple at Sanchi besides the Apsidal hall with Maurya foundation, an example of Buddhist architecture. 5th century CE.
The Gupta period is generally regarded as a classic peak of North Indian art for all the major religious groups. Although painting was evidently widespread, the surviving works are almost all religious sculpture. The period saw the emergence of the iconic carved stone deity in Hindu art, as well as the Buddha figure and Jain tirthankara figures, the latter often on a very large scale. The two great centres of sculpture were Mathura and Gandhara, the latter the centre of Greco-Buddhist art. Both exported sculpture to other parts of northern India. Unlike the preceding Kushan Empire there was no artistic depiction of the monarchs, even in the very fine Guptan coinage,[71] with the exception of some coins of the Western Satraps, or influenced by them.
The current structure of the Mahabodhi Temple dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE. Marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.
The most famous remaining monuments in a broadly Gupta style, the caves at Ajanta, Elephanta, and Ellora (respectively Buddhist, Hindu, and mixed including Jain) were in fact produced under later dynasties, but primarily reflect the monumentality and balance of Guptan style. Ajanta contains by far the most significant survivals of painting from this and the surrounding periods, showing a mature form which had probably had a long development, mainly in painting palaces.[72] The Hindu Udayagiri Caves actually record connections with the dynasty and its ministers,[73] and the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh is a major temple, one of the earliest to survive, with important sculpture.[74]
Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha (Ananta), Dashavatara Temple 5th century
Buddha from Sarnath, 5–6th century CE
The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves
Rock-cut temples at Ellora
Painting of Padmapani Cave 1 at Ajanta
See also[edit]
Later Gupta dynasty
Empire of Harsha
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009.
Jump up ^ N. Jayapalan, History of India, Vol. I, (Atlantic Publishers, 2001), 130.
Jump up ^ Jha, D.N. (2002). Ancient India in Historical Outline. Delhi: Manohar Publishers and Distributors. pp. 149–173. ISBN 81-7304-285-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Raghu Vamsa v 4.60–75
Jump up ^ Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty) Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2011-11-21.
Jump up ^ Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990, p. 540.
Jump up ^ Keay, John, India, a History, 2000, HarperCollins, ISBN 0002557177 p. 132, 145-154
Jump up ^ Gupta dynasty: empire in 4th century Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2011-11-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Harle, 87
Jump up ^ Trade | The Story of India – Photo Gallery Archived 28 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. PBS. Retrieved on 2011-11-21.
Jump up ^ Agarwal, Ashvini (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0592-5, pp.264–9
Jump up ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal 1989, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Tej Ram Sharma 1989, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal 1989, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987, pp. 7-11.
Jump up ^ Dilip Kumar Ganguly 1987, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Tej Ram Sharma 1989, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal 1989, p. 82.
Jump up ^ Tej Ram Sharma 1989, p. 42.
Jump up ^ R. C. Majumdar 1981, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Tej Ram Sharma 1989, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Tej Ram Sharma 1989, pp. 43-44.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal 1989, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Tej Ram Sharma 1989, pp. 49-55.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal 1989, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal 1989, pp. 84–85.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal 1989, pp. 79-81.
Jump up ^ Ashvini Agrawal 1989, p. 85.
Jump up ^ R. C. Majumdar 1981, pp. 6-7.
Jump up ^ R. C. Majumdar 1981, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Tej Ram Sharma 1989, p. 71.
Jump up ^ Smith, Vincent A. (1999). The Early History of India: From 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest. Atlantic. p. 289. ISBN 81-7156-618-9.
Jump up ^ The Gupta Polity, pp.199
Jump up ^ Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990, p. 487.
Jump up ^ Agarwal, Ashvini (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 153–9. ISBN 81-208-0592-5.
Jump up ^ Bajpai, K.D. (2004). Indian Numismatic Studies. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 120–1. ISBN 81-7017-035-4.
Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri, p. 489
Jump up ^ ata shrivikramadityo helya nirjitakhilah Mlechchana Kamboja. Yavanan neechan Hunan Sabarbran Tushara. Parsikaanshcha tayakatacharan vishrankhalan hatya bhrubhangamatreyanah bhuvo bharamavarayate (Brahata Katha, 10/1/285-86, Kshmendra).
Jump up ^ Kathasritsagara 18.1.76–78
Jump up ^ Cf:"In the story contained in Kathasarit-sagara, king Vikarmaditya is said to have destroyed all the barbarous tribes such as the Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Tokharas and the, National Council of Teachers of English Committee on Recreational Reading – Sanskrit language.
Jump up ^ Prasanna Rao Bandela (1 January 2003). Coin splendour: a journey into the past. Abhinav Publications. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-81-7017-427-1. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p.cli
Jump up ^ Agarwal, Ashvini (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0592-5, pp.191–200
Jump up ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, Unesco p.119 sq
Jump up ^ "Nalanda University Ruins | Nalanda Travel Guide | Ancient Nalanda Site". Travel News India. 5 October 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri, p. 510
^ Jump up to: a b The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 p.50 sq
Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri, p. 516
Jump up ^ Sachchidananda Bhattacharya, Gupta dynasty, A dictionary of Indian history, (George Braziller, Inc., 1967), 393.
Jump up ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.220
Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates by S. B. Bhattacherje p.A15
Jump up ^ Columbia Encyclopedia
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly p.48 sq
Jump up ^ Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.221
Jump up ^ A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India p.174
Jump up ^ Longman History & Civics ICSE 9 by Singh p.81
Jump up ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 480. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9.
Jump up ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings) p.362
^ Jump up to: a b Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement by Ronald M. Davidson p.31
^ Jump up to: a b c A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh p.521
^ Jump up to: a b c The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji p.133 sq
Jump up ^ Sankalia, Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal (1934). The University of Nālandā. B. G. Paul & co.
Jump up ^ Sukumar Dutt (1988) [First published in 1962]. Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London. ISBN 81-208-0498-8.
Jump up ^ Vidya Dhar Mahajan 1990, p. 530–1.
Jump up ^ Murray, H. J. R. (1913). A History of Chess. Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press). ISBN 0-936317-01-9. OCLC 13472872.
Jump up ^ Thomas Khoshy, Elementary Number Theory with Applications, Academic Press, 2002, p. 567. ISBN 0-12-421171-2.
Jump up ^ Harle, 87-89
Jump up ^ Harle, respectively 118-122, 123-126, 129-135
Jump up ^ Harle, 92-97
Jump up ^ Harle, 113-114
Bibliography[edit]
Ashvini Agrawal (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1987). The Imperial Guptas and Their Times. Abhinav. ISBN 978-81-7017-222-2.
R. C. Majumdar (1981). A Comprehensive History of India. 3, Part I: A.D. 300-985. Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. pp. 17–52. OCLC 34008529.
Tej Ram Sharma (1989). A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta. Concept. ISBN 978-81-7022-251-4.
Vidya Dhar Mahajan. A History of India. State Mutual Book & Periodical Service. ISBN 978-0-7855-1191-5.
References[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Gupta.
Harle, J.C. (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd ed., Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176
Majumdar, R.C. (1977). Ancient India, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0436-8
Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, ISBN 1-4400-5272-7
Tej Ram Sharma (1978). Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions. Concept Publishing Co., Delhi.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gupta Empire
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gupta Empire.
Coins of Gupta Empire
Photo Feature on Gupta Period Art
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References and sources for table
References
Jump up ^ Samuel
Jump up ^ Samuel
Jump up ^ Michaels (2004) p.39
Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel (2002)
Jump up ^ Michaels (2004) p.39
Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel (2002)
Jump up ^ Micheals (2004) p.40
Jump up ^ Michaels (2004) p.41
Sources
Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge
Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
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text:
Florida State–Miami football rivalry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Florida State–Miami football rivalry
Florida State Seminoles
Miami Hurricanes
First meeting
October 5, 1951
Miami 35, Florida State 13
Latest meeting
October 7, 2017
Miami 24, Florida State 20
Next meeting
2018 in Miami
Statistics
Meetings total
62
All-time series
Miami leads, 32-30
Largest victory
Miami, 47–0 (1976)
Florida State, 47–0 (1997)
Longest win streak
Florida State, 7 (1963–72, 2010–2016)
Current win streak
Miami, 1 (2017–present)
The Florida State–Miami football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Florida State Seminoles football team of Florida State University and Miami Hurricanes football team of the University of Miami. Miami leads the series 32-30. Since the late 1980s, one or both squads have been highly ranked entering the game, adding national championship implications to an already heated rivalry. Kicks have played an important role in the series with many wide right, wide left, blocks and other mistakes occurring with the game in the balance.
The series has consistently drawn very high television ratings with the 2006 game being the most-watched college football game—regular-season or postseason—in ESPN history, and the 2009 and 1994 meetings being the second- and fifth-most watched regular season games, respectively.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Notable games
1.1 1963: Seminoles Stun Mira and Gus' Dream Team
1.2 1987: Going for the win
1.3 1989: FSU Beats the National Champions
1.4 1991: Wide Right I
1.5 1992: Wide Right II
1.6 2000: Wide Right III
1.7 2002: Wide Left
1.8 2004: Orange Bowl: Wide Right IV
1.9 2005: The Miami Muff
1.10 2006: Last meetup at the Orange Bowl
1.11 2016: The Block at the Rock
1.12 2017: The Rally in Tally
2 Game results
3 See also
4 References
Notable games[edit]
Miami and Florida State have played each season since 1969.
1963: Seminoles Stun Mira and Gus' Dream Team[edit]
In one of the season's biggest shockers, FSU stunned Miami 24–0, in the season opener for both squads. Miami quarterback, George Mira, had been the cover boy for Sports Illustrated's 1963 college football preseason preview. Miami head coach Andy Gustafson, who had been named athletic director in the spring, put off retirement for a year to coach what most pro scouts believed was the best quarterback in all of college football. On this night, however, Steve Tensi and Fred Biletnikoff were the stars and Florida State made its first real appearance on the national stage. This win marked the first of seven straight wins by the Seminoles and the longest winning streak in the series. All of the Seminoles wins came on Miami's home turf, the Orange Bowl.
1987: Going for the win[edit]
FSU and Miami played an epic game in 1987. This game had more future NFL players on the field than any game played in CFB history. Both teams were ranked in the top 4. FSU jumped out to a 19–3 lead. FSU led until Miami came back in the 4th quarter to take a 26–19 lead. FSU scored a touchdown with 42 seconds left. FSU could tie with the extra point, but Bowden decided to go for the win. The pass was broken up and the Noles lost 26–25 to the Canes. Miami would go on to win the program's second national championship.
1989: FSU Beats the National Champions[edit]
Florida State beat Miami 24–10 as Miami was missing their starting QB and was forced to play freshman Gino Toretta (Gino went on to win the National Championship in '91 & Heisman trophy in '92). Miami went on to win the National Championship upon Craig Erickson's return. FSU did not compete for it, as they suffered two losses at the beginning of the season to a Brett Favre led Southern Miss and Clemson.
1991: Wide Right I[edit]
Main article: Wide Right I
After being called a "key persona" by Keith Jackson for hitting his third field goal of the game, Florida State kicker Gerry Thomas missed a field goal to the right with less than a minute left, and the top-ranked Seminoles lost in Tallahassee to the second-ranked Hurricanes, 17–16. Miami went on to split the national championship with the University of Washington, and Florida State finished the season 11–2, ending it by winning the Cotton Bowl Classic against Texas A&M University.
Miami and Florida State met as top ten opponents in seven consecutive games from 1987-1993.
1992: Wide Right II[edit]
Main article: Wide Right II
Seminole placekicker Dan Mowrey missed a field goal to the right, and the 1992 Seminoles lost to the Hurricanes in Miami, 19–16. Miami took an undefeated record to the Sugar Bowl, but lost the national championship to Alabama Crimson Tide. Florida State did not lose again, and finished the season ranked second, after Alabama, in both major polls.
2000: Wide Right III[edit]
Miami took a 27–24 lead after a Ken Dorsey touchdown pass to Jeremy Shockey, but Seminole quarterback and 2000 Heisman Trophy winner Chris Weinke moved the Seminoles into field goal range during a last minute drive in Miami's Orange Bowl stadium. Florida State kicker Matt Munyon missed a field goal attempt again to the right to seal the Hurricanes' victory. Controversy erupted later in the season when the Seminoles were ranked higher by the BCS and picked to play in the Orange Bowl against Oklahoma for the national championship despite Miami being ranked higher in both the AP Poll and Coaches Poll. The Seminoles lost to the Sooners 13–2, while the Hurricanes defeated Florida 37–20 in the Sugar Bowl. Miami would finish #2 in the polls that year.
2002: Wide Left[edit]
The defending champion Hurricanes staged a comeback against the underdog Seminoles to take a 28–27 lead with only minutes left in the game in Miami. The Seminoles drove down the field to give kicker Xavier Beitia a chance to win the game with a last second field goal. Beitia missed the kick to the left, giving Miami the victory. FSU went on to win the Atlantic Coast Conference title with a 9–5 overall record, but lost in the Sugar Bowl to Georgia. Miami would finish the regular season undefeated and then lose in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl to Ohio State.
2004: Orange Bowl: Wide Right IV[edit]
Main article: 2004 Orange Bowl
This contest, a rematch of the regular season game won by Miami, took place in the 2004 Orange Bowl. In this contest, Beitia missed a field goal—wide right—that could have given the Seminoles the lead with about 5 minutes left. This game was of lesser importance on a national scale compared to the other Wide Right games, but continued the streak of Florida State losses determined by a single kick. With the win, Miami would finish #5 in the polls that year. It also marked the fourth loss in a streak that ultimately became the first time in NCAA History a Quarterback had lost 5 times to the same team, as FSU Quarterback Chris Rix had started and played in all 5 losses going between October, 2001, and September, 2004. This second win for Miami over Florida State that season made the Hurricanes the only team to ever beat the Seminoles twice in the same academic year. They are also the only team to beat the Seminoles in back-to-back games (this Orange Bowl was the final game of the season for both teams, who then opened against one another in Miami the following season). It was the only bowl meeting between the rivals, as Miami's move to the ACC the next season would make the schools intra-conference rivals and reduce the possibility of the teams ever meeting in a bowl game again.
2005: The Miami Muff[edit]
Miami was ranked No. 9 and FSU No. 14 in what proved to be a defensive struggle. Trailing 10–7, and with one last chance to tie the score to extend it into overtime, the Hurricanes drove down the field to set up a game-tying field goal with 2:16 left. When the ball was snapped, it was mishandled by holder Brian Monroe and the ball never reached the kicker's foot. It would be the Hurricanes' turn to suffer a defeat at the hands of a kicking team mistake. The Seminoles kept the ball for remaining two minutes and finally ended their six-game losing streak against the Hurricanes and gained their first victory in the rivalry since 1999.
2006: Last meetup at the Orange Bowl[edit]
Florida State played their season opener against the rival University of Miami Hurricanes on Labor Day for the third straight year. It was also the third time the team opened their Atlantic Coast Conference play with Miami. Much like the previous two Labor Day meetings, the 2006 edition of the game was a defensive struggle for both teams. The Seminoles trailed 10–3 at the half, but held Miami scoreless in the third and fourth quarters and took the lead with a 33-yard field goal late in the game. The 'Noles preserved the win when cornerback Michael Ray Garvin intercepted Miami quarterback Kyle Wright's pass with 29 seconds remaining. This would be the last meeting at the Miami Orange Bowl as the Hurricanes would move to Sun Life Stadium following the 2007 season. FSU would finish with a 15-16 record in 31 games against UM at the Orange Bowl stadium.
2016: The Block at the Rock[edit]
Miami came into the game unbeaten and ranked 10th in the country, with a chance to move up in the top 10 after critical losses earlier in the day. Florida State came in ranked 23rd. The Hurricanes were looking to make a return to national prominence after recovering from the Nevin Shapiro scandal, in addition to snapping a six-game losing streak to Florida State. In the first half, Miami led 13–0 early. Florida State cut that lead to 13–3 with a field goal before the end of the 2nd quarter. Miami struggled out of the gate in the second half, as Hurricanes quarterback Brad Kaaya drove Miami down the field, but threw an interception in the end zone. Florida State scored on their next three possessions to take a 20–13 lead. Kaaya led the team down the field once again, and Miami scored on an 11-yard touchdown reception by Stacey Coley with 1:38 left. However, defensive end DeMarcus Walker blocked the extra point. Even though they were losing 20–19, Miami eschewed an onside kick attempt because they still had three timeouts left. After returning Miami's kickoff back to their own 13-yard line, Florida State was able to run out the clock by getting two first downs, and secured the 20–19 victory.[2]
2017: The Rally in Tally[edit]
Miami entered the October 7 match-up in Tallahassee undefeated at 3-0; FSU entered 1-2, with all games decided by seven points or less in losses to Alabama and NC State and a win against Wake Forest. The Canes, who hadn't beaten FSU since 2009, entered halftime trailing 0-3. Behind heroics from senior wide receiver Braxton Berrios, who finished with eight receptions for 90 yards and two touchdowns, the Canes led the Seminoles 17-13 with only 5:09 remaining. FSU, led by true freshman backup quarterback, James Blackman, drove into Miami territory and scored what seemed to be the game-winner via a 20-yard touchdown reception from junior wide receiver Auden Tate with 1:24 remaining. Miami quarterback Malik Rosier, though, methodically drove the Canes downfield and lobbed a 23-yard touchdown to senior wide receiver Darrell Langham, who made a back-shoulder catch and lunged past the pylon with :06 remaining. The scoring play, following a five-minute review, stood. This game would end Miami's seven-year run of futility vs. FSU and against Coach Jimbo Fisher. Miami improved to 15-10 against FSU at Doak Campbell Stadium.
Game results[edit]
Florida State victories Miami victories
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score
1 October 5, 1951 Miami Miami 35–13
2 September 25, 1953 Miami Miami 27–0
3 September 30, 1955 Miami Miami 34–0
4 November 11, 1956 Miami Miami 20–7
5 November 8, 1957 Tallahassee Miami 40–13
6 November 7, 1958 Miami Florida State 17–7
7 October 3, 1959 Tallahassee Miami 7–6
8 November 4, 1960 Miami Miami 25–7
9 October 5, 1962 Miami #9 Miami 7–6
10 September 20, 1963 Miami Florida State 24–0
11 September 19, 1964 Miami Florida State 14–0
12 September 24, 1966 Miami Florida State 23–20
13 September 26, 1969 Miami Florida State 16–14
14 October 30, 1970 Miami Florida State 27–3
15 September 18, 1971 Miami Florida State 20–17
16 September 16, 1972 Miami #20 Florida State 37–14
17 September 29, 1973 Tallahassee #18 Miami 14–10
18 November 8, 1974 Miami Florida State 34–8
19 November 15, 1975 Tallahassee Miami 24–22
20 September 19, 1976 Miami Miami 47–0
21 September 24, 1977 Tallahassee Miami 23–17
22 September 23, 1978 Miami #13 Florida State 31–21
23 September 22, 1979 Tallahassee #14 Florida State 40–23
24 September 27, 1980 Miami Miami 10–9
25 November 28, 1981 Tallahassee #13 Miami 27–19
26 October 30, 1982 Miami #14 Florida State 24–7
27 November 12, 1983 Tallahassee #6 Miami 17–16
28 September 22, 1984 Miami #15 Florida State 38–3
29 November 2, 1985 Tallahassee #11 Miami 35–27
30 October 1, 1986 Miami #1 Miami 41–23
31 October 3, 1987 Tallahassee #3 Miami 26–25
32 September 3, 1988 Miami #6 Miami 31–0
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score
33 October 28, 1989 Tallahassee #9 Florida State 24–10
34 October 6, 1990 Miami #9 Miami 31–22
35 November 16, 1991 Tallahassee #2 Miami 17–16
36 October 3, 1992 Miami #2 Miami 19–16
37 October 9, 1993 Tallahassee #1 Florida State 28–10
38 October 8, 1994 Miami #13 Miami 34–20
39 October 7, 1995 Tallahassee #1 Florida State 41–17
40 October 12, 1996 Miami #3 Florida State 34–16
41 October 4, 1997 Tallahassee #4 Florida State 47–0
42 October 10, 1998 Miami #8 Florida State 26–14
43 October 9, 1999 Tallahassee #1 Florida State 31–21
44 October 7, 2000 Miami #7 Miami 27–24
45 October 13, 2001 Tallahassee #2 Miami 49–27
46 October 12, 2002 Miami #1 Miami 28–27
47 October 11, 2003 Tallahassee #2 Miami 22–14
48 January 1, 2004 Miami Gardens #10 Miami 16–14
49 September 10, 2004 Miami #5 Miami 16–10
50 September 5, 2005 Tallahassee #14 Florida State 10–7
51 September 4, 2006 Miami #10 Florida State 13–10
52 October 20, 2007 Tallahassee Miami 37–29
53 October 8, 2008 Miami Gardens Florida State 41–39
54 September 7, 2009 Tallahassee Miami 38–34
55 October 9, 2010 Miami Gardens #23 Florida State 45–17
56 November 12, 2011 Tallahassee Florida State 23–19
57 October 20, 2012 Miami Gardens #12 Florida State 33–20
58 November 2, 2013 Tallahassee #3 Florida State 41–14
59 November 15, 2014 Miami Gardens #2 Florida State 30–26
60 October 10, 2015 Tallahassee #12 Florida State 29–24
61 October 8, 2016 Miami Gardens #23 Florida State 20–19
62 October 7, 2017 Tallahassee #13 Miami 24–20
Series: Miami leads 32–30
See also[edit]
College football portal
Florida portal
Florida Cup
Florida–Florida State football rivalry
Florida–Miami football rivalry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Miller Degnan, Susan (2009-09-10). "ESPN viewers flocked to Miami Hurricanes–FSU matchup". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 2009-09-12. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Deen, Safid. "'The Block at the Rock' Still Sinking in for FSU's DeMarcus Walker." OrlandoSentinel.com. N.p., 12 Oct. 2016. Web. 29 Oct. 2016. https://www.google.com/amp/www.orlandosentinel.com/sports/florida-state-seminoles/chopping-block/os-the-block-at-the-rock-fsu-demarcus-walker-20161011-story,amp.html?client=ms-android-verizon
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_State–Miami_football_rivalry&oldid=814980214"
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