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Project management triangle
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The Project Management Triangle
The Project Management Triangle (called also the Triple Constraint, Iron Triangle and "Project Triangle") is a model of the constraints of project management. While its origins are unclear, it has been used since at least the 1950s.[1] It contends that:
The quality of work is constrained by the project's budget, deadlines and scope (features).
The project manager can trade between constraints.
Changes in one constraint necessitate changes in others to compensate or quality will suffer.
For example, a project can be completed faster by increasing budget or cutting scope. Similarly, increasing scope may require equivalent increases in budget and schedule. Cutting budget without adjusting schedule or scope will lead to lower quality.
In practice, however, trading between constraints is not always possible. For example, throwing money (and people) at a fully staffed project can slow it down.[2] Moreover, in poorly run projects it is often possible to improve budget, schedule or scope without adversely affecting quality.
The Project Management Triangle is used to analyze projects.[3] It is often misused to define success as delivering the required scope, at a reasonable quality, within the established budget and schedule.[4][5][6] The Project Management Triangle is clearly insufficient as a model of project success because it omits crucial dimensions of success including impact on stakeholders,[7] learning[8] and user satisfaction.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 STR Model
3 Project management triangle topics
3.1 Time
3.1.1 Define Activities
3.1.2 Activity sequencing
3.1.3 Activity resource estimating
3.1.4 Activity duration estimating
3.1.5 Schedule development
3.1.6 Schedule control
3.2 Cost
3.2.1 Cost Process Areas
3.2.1.1 Project Management Cost Estimating Tools[12]
3.3 Scope
4 Evolution of the Project Constraint Model
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
The time constraint refers to the amount of time available to complete a project. The cost constraint refers to the budgeted amount available for the project. The scope constraint refers to what must be done to produce the project's end result. These three constraints are often competing constraints: increased scope typically means increased time and increased cost, a tight time constraint could mean increased costs and reduced scope, and a tight budget could mean increased time and reduced scope.
The discipline of project management is about providing the tools and techniques that enable the project team (not just the project manager) to organize their work to meet these constraints.
Another approach to project management is to consider the three constraints as finance, time and human resources. If you need to finish a job in a shorter time, you can throw more people at the problem, which in turn will raise the cost of the project, unless by doing this task quicker we will reduce costs elsewhere in the project by an equal amount.
As a project management graphic aid, a triangle can show time, resources, and technical objective as the sides of a triangle, instead of the corners.[10] John Storck, a former instructor of the American Management Association's "Basic Project Management" course, used a pair of triangles called triangle outer and triangle inner to represent the concept that the intent of a project is to complete on or before the allowed time, on or under budget, and to meet or exceed the required scope. The distance between the inner and outer triangles illustrated the hedge or contingency for each of the three elements. Bias could be shown by the distance. His example of a project with a strong time bias was the Alaska pipeline which essentially had to be done on time no matter the cost. After years of development, oil flowed out the end of the pipe within four minutes of schedule. In this illustration, the time side of triangle inner was effectively on top of the triangle outer line. This was true of the technical objective line also. The cost line of triangle inner, however, was outside since the project ran significantly over budget.
James P. Lewis [11] suggests that project scope represents the area of the triangle, and can be chosen as a variable to achieve project success. He calls this relationship PCTS (Performance, Cost, Time, Scope), and suggests that a project can pick any three.
The real value of the project triangle is to show the complexity that is present in any project. The plane area of the triangle represents the near infinite variations of priorities that could exist between the three competing values. By acknowledging the limitless variety, possible within the triangle, using this graphic aid can facilitate better project decisions and planning and ensure alignment among team members and the project owners.
STR Model[edit]
The STR model is a mathematical model which views the "triangle model" as a graphic abstraction of the relationship:
Scope = Time × Resources
Scope refers to complexity (which can also mean quality). Resources includes humans (workers), financial, and physical. Note that these values are not considered unbounded. For instance, if one baker can make a loaf of bread in an hour in an oven, that doesn't mean ten bakers could make ten loafs in one hour in the same oven (Due to the oven capacity).
Project management triangle topics[edit]
Time[edit]
For analytical purposes, the time required to produce a deliverable is estimated using several techniques. One method is to identify tasks needed to produce the deliverables documented in a work breakdown structure or WBS. The work effort for each task is estimated and those estimates are rolled up into the final deliverable estimate.
The tasks are also prioritized, dependencies between tasks are identified, and this information is documented in a project schedule. The dependencies between the tasks can affect the length of the overall project (dependency constrained), as can the availability of resources (resource constrained). Time is different from all other resources and cost categories.
Using actual cost of previous, similar projects as the basis for estimating the cost of current project.
According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) the Project Time Management processes include:
Plan Schedule Management
Define Activities
Sequence Activities
Estimate Activity Resources
Estimate Activity Durations
Develop Schedule
Control Schedule
Define Activities[edit]
Inputs: Management Plan, Scope Baseline, Enterprise environmental factors, Organizational process assets
Tools: Decomposition, Rolling Wave Planning, Expert Judgment
Outputs: Activity list, Activity attributes, Milestone list
Activity sequencing[edit]
Inputs: Project Scope Statement, Activity List, Activity Attributes, Milestones List, Approved change requests
Tools: Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM), Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM), Schedule Network templates, dependency degeneration, applying leads and lags
Outputs: Project Schedule Network diagrams, Activity List Updates, Activity Attributes updates, Request Changes
Activity resource estimating[edit]
Inputs: Enterprise Environmental factoring, Organizational process assets, Activity list, Activity attributes, Resources Availability, Project Management Plan
Tools: Expert Judgment Collections, Alternative Analysis, Publishing estimating data, Project management software implementation, Bottom up estimating
Outputs: Activity resource requirements, Activity attributes, Resource breakdown structure, resource calendars, request change updates.
Activity duration estimating[edit]
Inputs: Enterprise environmental factors, organization process assets, Project scope statement, activity list, activity attributes, activity resource requirements, resource calendars, project management plan, risk register, activity cost estimates
Tools: Expert judgment collection, analogous estimating, parametric estimating, Bottom up Estimation, Two-Point estimation, Three-point estimation, reserve analysis
Outputs: Activity duration estimates, activity attribute updates and estimates
Schedule development[edit]
Inputs: Organizational process assets, Project scope Statement, Activity list, Activity attributes, project Schedule Network diagrams, Activity resource requirements, Resource calendars, Activity duration estimates, project management plan, risk register
Tools: Schedule Network Analysis, Critical path method, schedule compression, what if scenario analysis, resources leveling, critical chain method, project management software, applying calendars, adjusting leads and lags, schedule model
Outputs: Project schedule, Schedule model data, schedule baseline, resource requirements update, activity attributes, project calendar updates, request changes, project management plan updates, schedule management plan updates
Schedule control[edit]
Inputs: Schedule management plan, schedule baseline, performance reports, approved change requests
Tools: Progressive elaboration reporting, schedule change control system, performance measurement, project management software, variance, analysis, schedule comparison bar charts
Outputs: Schedule model data updates, schedule baseline. performance measurement, requested changes, recommended corrective actions, organizational process assets, activity list updates, activity attribute updates, project management plan updates
Due to the complex nature of the 'Time' process group the project management credential PMI Scheduling Professional (PMI-SP) was created.
Cost[edit]
To develop an approximation of a project cost depends on several variables including: resources, work packages such as labor rates and mitigating or controlling influencing factors that create cost variances. Tools used in cost are, risk management, cost contingency, cost escalation, and indirect costs . But beyond this basic accounting approach to fixed and variable costs, the economic cost that must be considered includes worker skill and productivity which is calculated using various project cost estimate tools. This is important when companies hire temporary or contract employees or outsource work.
Cost Process Areas[edit]
Cost Estimating is an approximation of the cost of all resources needed to complete activities.
Cost budgeting aggregating the estimated costs of resources, work packages and activities to establish a cost baseline.
Cost Control – factors that create cost fluctuation and variance can be influenced and controlled using various cost management tools.
Project Management Cost Estimating Tools[12][edit]
Analogous Estimating: Using the cost of similar project to determine the cost of the current project
Determining Resource Cost rates: The cost of goods and labor by unit gathered through estimates or estimation.
Bottom Up estimating: Using the lowest level of work package detail and summarizing the cost associated with it. Then rolling it up to a higher level aimed and calculating the entire cost of the project.
Parametric Estimating: Measuring the statistical relationship between historical data and other variable or flow.
Vendor Bid Analysis: taking the average of several bids given by vendors for the project.
Reserve Analysis: Aggregate the cost of each activity on the network path then add a contingency or reserve to the end result of the analysis by a factor determined by the project manager.
Cost of Quality Analysis: Estimating the cost at the highest quality for each activity.
Project management software can be used to calculate the cost variances for a project.
Scope[edit]
Requirements specified to achieve the end result. The overall definition of what the project is supposed to accomplish, and a specific description of what the end result should be or accomplish. A major component of scope is the quality of the final product. The amount of time put into individual tasks determines the overall quality of the project. Some tasks may require a given amount of time to complete adequately, but given more time could be completed exceptionally. Over the course of a large project, quality can have a significant impact on time and cost (or vice versa).
Together, these three constraints have given rise to the phrase "On Time, On Spec, On Budget." In this case, the term "scope" is substituted with "spec(ification)."
Evolution of the Project Constraint Model[edit]
The Project Management Diamond Model
The Project Management Star per PMBOK
Interpretation of Triangle Model
Interpretation of Star Model
Traditionally the Project Constraint Model recognised three key constraints; "Cost", "Time" and "Scope". These constraints construct a triangle with geometric proportions illustrating the strong interdependent relationship between these factors. If there is a requirement to shift any one of these factors then at least one of the other factors must also be manipulated.[13]
With mainstream acceptance of the Triangle Model, "Cost" and "Time" appear to be represented consistently. "Scope" however is often used interchangeably given the context of the triangle's illustration or the perception of the respective project. Scope / Goal / Product / Deliverable / Quality are all relatively similar and generic variation examples of this, while the above suggestion of 'People Resources' offers a more specialised interpretation.
This widespread use of variations implies a level of ambiguity carried by the nuance of the third constraint term and of course a level of value in the flexibility of the Triangle Model. This ambiguity allows blurred focus between a project's output and project's process, with the example terms above having potentially different impetus in the two contexts. Both "Cost" and "Time" (or "Delivery") represent the top level project's inputs.
The ‘Project Diamond’ model [14] engenders this blurred focus through the inclusion of "Scope" and "Quality" separately as the ‘third’ constraint. While there is merit in the addition of "Quality" as a key constraining factor, acknowledging the increasing maturity of project management, this model still lacks clarity between output and process. The Diamond Model does not capture the analogy of the strong interrelation between points of the triangles however.
PMBOK 4.0 offered an evolved model based on the triple constraint with 6 factors to be monitored and managed.[15] This is illustrated as a 6 pointed Star that maintains the strength of the triangle analogy (two overlaid triangles), while at the same time represents the separation and relationship between project inputs/outputs factors on one triangle and the project processes factors on the other. The star variables are:
Triangle
Scope
Cost
Time
Triangle
Risk
Quality
Resources
When considering the ambiguity of the third constraint and the suggestions of the "Project Diamond"; it is possible to consider instead the Goal or Product of the project as the third constraint, being made up of the sub factors "Scope" and "Quality". In terms of a project's output both "Scope" and "Quality" can be adjusted resulting in an overall manipulation of the Goal/Product. This interpretation includes the four key factors in the original triangle inputs/outputs form. This can even be incorporated into the PMBOK Star illustrating that "Quality" in particular may be monitored separately in terms of project outputs and process. Further to this suggestion, the use of term "Goal" may best represent change initiative outputs, while Product may best represent more tangible outputs.[16]
See also[edit]
Quality, cost, delivery
Trilemma
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Roger (December 1999). "Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria". International Journal of Project Management. 17 (6): 337–342. doi:10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00069-6.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Frederick (1995). The mythical man-month (Anniversary ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 0-201-83595-9.
Jump up ^ Erik Bethke (2003). Game Development and Production. p.65.
Jump up ^ Michael W. Newell, Marina N. Grashina (2004). The Project Management Question and Answer Book. p.8
Jump up ^ Pamela McGhee, Peter McAliney (2007). Painless Project Management. p.74.
Jump up ^ Michael Gentile, Ronald D. Collette, Thomas D. August (2005). The CISO Handbook. p.172
Jump up ^ Ralph, Paul; Kelly, Paul (2014). "The Dimensions of Software Engineering Success". Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering. ACM: 24–35. doi:10.1145/2568225.2568261.
Jump up ^ Shenhar, A.; Dvir, Dov (1997). "Mapping the dimensions of project success". Project Management Journal. 28 (2): 5–13.
Jump up ^ Delone, William H.; McLean, Ephraim R. (1 April 2003). "The DeLone and McLean Model of Information Systems Success: A Ten-Year Update". Journal of Management Information Systems. 19 (4): 9–30. doi:10.1080/07421222.2003.11045748. ISSN 0742-1222.
Jump up ^ Carl S. Chatfield, Timothy D. Johnson (2003). Microsoft Office Project 2003 Step by Step: Step by Step. P. 476
Jump up ^ Lewis, James P. (2005). Project Planning, Scheduling & Control, 4E. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-146037-8.
Jump up ^ PMBOK Third Edition 2004 p.165
Jump up ^ ( Chatfield, Carl. "A short course in project management". Microsoft. )
Jump up ^ ( Brown, Craig. "It used to be the Iron Triangle". Better Project. )
Jump up ^ Project Management Institute (2009) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK Guide. Chapter 1
Jump up ^ Brem (2011) T214 Understanding Complex Systems – TMA02. Q4
External links[edit]
Media related to Project Management Triangle at Wikimedia Commons
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Dirty Little Secret
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the song by The All-American Rejects. For the film, see Jodi Arias: Dirty Little Secret.
"Dirty Little Secret"
Single by The All-American Rejects
from the album Move Along
B-side
"Bite Back"
Released
June 6, 2005
Format
CD single
maxi single
vinyl 7"
digital download
Recorded
2004
Genre
Pop punk
Label
Doghouse
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Nick Wheeler
Tyson Ritter
Producer(s)
Howard Benson
The All-American Rejects singles chronology
"Time Stands Still"
(2003) "Dirty Little Secret"
(2005) "Move Along"
(2006)
"Time Stands Still"
(2003) "Dirty Little Secret"
(2005) "Move Along"
(2006)
Music video
"Dirty Little Secret" on YouTube
Alternative cover
United Kingdom re-release cover
"Dirty Little Secret" is a song by American rock band The All-American Rejects, released as the lead single from their second studio album Move Along on June 6, 2005. "Dirty Little Secret" was released to radio on June 7, 2005.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Reception
2.1 Critical reception
2.2 Chart performance
3 Music video
4 Track listing
5 Charts, certifications and awards
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Certifications
5.3 Awards
6 Release history
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
"Dirty Little Secret" was written by Nick Wheeler and Tyson Ritter, who claimed that because they were both at the time in long-term relationships with their girlfriends they had to "concoct some histrionics". Wheeler said "We come from a small town, and until now we've both had steady relationships. So, you know, sometimes there's not enough drama or turmoil to write about, so he simply writes stories. And that's where the lyrics come from."
"'Dirty Little Secret' was just an acoustic guitar and a vocal, that's all it was," Wheeler went on to say, "We put off getting the full band in and coming up with the arrangement until the very last second. We were literally less than a week away from going into the studio, and we all started jamming and tossing out ideas. We had the arrangement down within an hour and that was that. We ended up recording it and couldn't get the motherfucking thing out of our heads."[2]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. Contactmusic.com stated "Give this cheeky little track three listens, and it's got you. You'll be singing along at festivals all summer with a huge grin on your face. There may indeed be laws in some countries about having hooks this large and frequent during one song",[3] while About.com said "'Dirty Little Secret' is catchy and amiable, but it's little more than that. The title seems chosen for intrigue, but it promises much more than it delivers. The song is ultimately a rather ordinary treatise on carrying on a secret relationship."[4]
ClickMusic reviewed with "There's nothing exciting about this. It seems such a tired format, a group of guys in their early 20s peddling teenage angst like they were A. It's upbeat, rocky with a typically catchy, if corny, chorus, yet this really seems like one for the fan base only."[5] Music OMH stated "If Simple Plan are a poor man's Green Day, The All-American Rejects are a poor man's Simple Plan. It's fluffy punk pop for middle class American teenage girls who don't want to listen to Ciara and 50 Cent, and would rather get sweaty with boys in eyeliner than shake their booty to the latest Missy Elliott remix."[6]
Chart performance[edit]
"Dirty Little Secret" first charted in the United States on July 30, 2005 and became the band's first top 10 track on the Billboard Hot 100; peaking at #9 in January 2006.[7] The song also climbed to the top spot of Billboard's Hot Digital Songs after a total of 26 weeks[8][9] and later peaked at #48 on Billboard's "Year-End Hot 100 Singles of 2006".
In the United Kingdom, "Dirty Little Secret" was originally released on October 24, 2005 but charted poorly at #96 on the UK Singles Chart. It was re-released in June 2006 following the success of the band's second single "Move Along" and gained The All-American Rejects their second top 20 hit in the UK.
Music video[edit]
The video features anonymous people holding their secrets written on postcards.
The music video for "Dirty Little Secret" was directed by Marcos Siega and shot in May 2005 in Dorney Park and various locations in Allentown, Pennsylvania and was released a month later in mid-June. It features a montage of various people holding up postcards sharing their "dirty little secrets" while the band perform the song in an abandoned warehouse with the cards enlarged and displayed behind them in a backdrop.
The postcards in the video were posted by anonymous people onto the website PostSecret, a project where users can create their own cards; sharing their darkest secrets and posting them to the website without giving their name or any other details. The idea came from director Marcos Siega when searching for inspiration for the video. He performed an internet search of the word "secrets" and came across the PostSecret website. The All-American Rejects agreed with Siega's idea and paid the website to use some of their postcards for the video, with the money going towards The Kristin Brooks Hope Center, a non-profit organization which funds a suicide hotline. After the release of the music video, the band sold the postcards featured on eBay with the proceeds also going towards the Hope Center.[10]
Track listing[edit]
CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "Dirty Little Secret" 3:14
2. "Swing, Swing" (Napster acoustic session) 3:09
3. "Bite Back" (non-LP version) 4:41
4. "Dirty Little Secret" (music video) 3:13
United Kingdom CD single #1
No.
Title
Length
1. "Dirty Little Secret" 3:16
2. "Swing, Swing" (live) 3:23
3. "Move Along" (live) 3:56
4. "Dirty Little Secret" (music video) 3:13
United Kingdom CD single #2
No.
Title
Length
1. "Dirty Little Secret" 3:16
2. "Dirty Little Secret" (live) 3:09
vinyl 7" #1
No.
Title
Length
1. "Dirty Little Secret" (side A) 3:16
2. "Bite Back" (side B) 4:39
vinyl 7" #2
No.
Title
Length
1. "Dirty Little Secret" (side A) 3:16
2. "Swing, Swing" (live) (side B) 3:23
Charts, certifications and awards[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2005–06)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[11] 73
Irish Singles Chart[12] 47
UK Singles Chart[13] 18
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 9
US Billboard Adult Pop Songs[15] 15
US Billboard Pop 100[14] 4
US Billboard Pop Songs[16] 4
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[17]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[18]
Platinum 2,000,000[19]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Awards[edit]
Year
Awards ceremony
Award
Results
2006 MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Group Video Nominated
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States June 6, 2005 CD single, digital download Interscope
July 12, 2005 Contemporary hit radio
United Kingdom October 24, 2005 CD single, digital download Polydor
June 19, 2006 (re-release) CD single, maxi single
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "FMQB Airplay Archive: Modern Rock". Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Incorporated. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=5754
Jump up ^ "All-American Rejects - Dirty Little Secrets Single Review". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved 7 June 2005.
Jump up ^ "All-American Rejects - Dirty Little Secret". About.com. Retrieved 1 December 2005.
Jump up ^ "The All-American Rejects - Dirty Little Secret". ClickMusic. Retrieved 12 August 2005.
Jump up ^ "All-American Rejects - Dirty Little Secret". Music OMH. Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 12 September 2005.
Jump up ^ |0 [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Week Ending Dec. 28, 2008: America Goes On A Downloading Binge - Chart Watch". New.music.yahoo.com. December 31, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hot Digital Songs: Dirty Little Secret". Billboard. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
Jump up ^ "All-American Rejects Reveal Strangers' Secrets In 'Dirty' Clip". MTV. 2005-07-12. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Discography The All-American Rejects". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Discography The All-American Rejects". Irish-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats - The All-American Rejects". Chart Stats. Archived from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "The All-American Rejects". Billboard.com. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The All-American Rejects - Adult Pop Songs". Billboard.com. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The All-American Rejects - Pop Songs". Billboard.com. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – The All-American Rejects – Dirty Little Secret". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Dirty Little Secret in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The All-American Rejects – Dirty Little Secret". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (March 18, 2009). "Week Ending March 15, 2009: The Idol With The Most". Yahoo Music. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
The All-American Rejects
Nick Wheeler
Tyson Ritter
Mike Kennerty
Chris Gaylor
Jesse Tabish
Tim Campbell
Studio albums
The All-American Rejects
Move Along
When the World Comes Down
Kids in the Street
Demo albums
Same Girl, New Songs
Extended plays
The Bite Back EP
The Wind Blows: The Remixes
I Wanna: The Remixes
Flatline EP
Singles
"Swing, Swing"
"The Last Song"
"Time Stands Still"
"Dirty Little Secret"
"Move Along"
"It Ends Tonight"
"Gives You Hell"
"The Wind Blows"
"I Wanna"
"Beekeeper's Daughter"
"Kids in the Street"
"Heartbeat Slowing Down"
"There's a Place"
Other songs
"Top of the World"
"Air"
Related
Discography
Awards and nominations
Doghouse
DreamWorks
DGC
Interscope
Media
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_Little_Secret&oldid=800030976"
Categories:
2005 singles
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2005 songs
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Interscope Records singles
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text:
Yellow jersey statistics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Tour de France records and statistics
The 2004 version of the yellow jersey.
Since the first Tour de France in 1903, there have been 2,121 stages, up to and including the 2017 Tour de France. Since 1919, the race leader following each stage has been awarded the yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune).
Although the leader of the classification after a stage gets a yellow jersey, he is not considered the winner of the yellow jersey, only the wearer. Only after the final stage, the wearer of the yellow jersey is considered the winner of the yellow jersey, and thereby the winner of the Tour de France.
In this article first-place-classifications before 1919 are also counted as if a yellow jersey was awarded. There have been more yellow jerseys given than there were stages: In 1914,[1] 1929,[2] and 1931,[3] there were multiple cyclists with the same leading time, and the 1988 Tour de France had a "prelude",[4] an extra stage for a select group of cyclists. As of 2017, 2.124 yellow jerseys have been awarded in the Tour de France to 285 different riders.
Contents
[hide]
1 Individual records
2 Number of wearers per year
2.1 Notes
3 Per country
4 Yellow jersey retirees
5 Yellow jersey winners without winning any stage
6 Number of Tour winners in a single race
7 Winning Tour de France on first occasion
8 Finishing Tour de France career with victory
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Individual records[edit]
In addition to winning the general classification five times, Eddy Merckx has ridden the most days wearing the yellow jersey
In previous tours, sometimes a stage was broken in two (or three). On such occasions, only the cyclist leading at the end of the day is counted. The "Jerseys" column lists the number of days that the cyclist wore the yellow jersey; the "Tour wins" column gives the number of days that the cyclist won the yellow jersey. The next four columns indicate the number of times the rider won the points classification, the King of the Mountains classification, and the young rider competition, and the years in which the yellow jersey was worn, with bold years indicating an overall Tour win. For example: Eddy Merckx has spent 96 days in the yellow jersey, won the general classification five times, won the points classification three times, won the mountains classification two times, and never won the young rider classification.[5] He wore the yellow jersey in the Tours of 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974 (which he all won) and 1975 (which he did not win). Three cyclists (Jean Robic in 1947, Charly Gaul in 1958 and Jan Janssen in 1968) have won the Tour de France with only two yellow jerseys in their career.
Fabian Cancellara is, as of 2016 with twenty nine days in yellow, the rider with the most yellow jerseys ever for someone who has not won the Tour. The three active Tour de France winners Chris Froome, Vincenzo Nibali, and Alberto Contador rank, as of 2017, 4th, 21st, and 53rd with fifty-nine, nineteen, and eleven days in yellow respectively. Alberto Contador was stripped of the yellow jersey and 6 days of wearing it in 2010 Tour de France because he tested positive for doping. Until the results of Lance Armstrong were annulled for cheating late 2012, he was ranked second in this list, leading the Tour for 83 stages from 1999 to 2005.
Key
Cyclists who are still active
Cyclists who won the Tour de France
Rank
Name
Country
Yellow
jerseys
Tour wins
Points
Mountains
Young rider
Years
1 Eddy Merckx Belgium 96 5 3 2 0 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975
2 Bernard Hinault France 75 5 1 1 0 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986
3 Miguel Indurain Spain 60 5 0 0 0 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995
4 Chris Froome United Kingdom 59 4 0 1 0 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017
5 Jacques Anquetil France 50 5 0 0 0 1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964
6 Antonin Magne France 38 2 0 0 0 1931, 1934
= 7 Nicolas Frantz[n 1] Luxembourg 37 2 0 0 0 1927, 1928, 1929
= 7 Philippe Thys[n 2] Belgium 37 3 0 0 0 1913, 1914, 1920
9 André Leducq[n 1] France 35 2 0 0 0 1929, 1930, 1932, 1938
= 10 Louison Bobet France 34 3 0 1 0 1948, 1953, 1954, 1955
= 10 Ottavio Bottecchia Italy 34 2 0 0 0 1923, 1924, 1925
12 Fabian Cancellara Switzerland 29 0 0 0 0 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015
= 13 Sylvère Maes Belgium 26 2 0 1 0 1936, 1937, 1939
= 13 René Vietto France 26 0 0 1 0 1939, 1947
15 François Faber Luxembourg 25 1 0 0 0 1909, 1910, 1911
= 16 Laurent Fignon France 22 2 0 0 1 1983, 1984, 1989
= 16 Greg LeMond United States 22 3 0 0 1 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991
= 16 Joop Zoetemelk Netherlands 22 1 0 0 0 1971, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1980
19 Romain Maes Belgium 21 1 0 0 0 1935
= 20 Gino Bartali Italy 20 2 0 2 0 1937, 1938, 1948, 1949
= 20 Thomas Voeckler France 20 0 0 1 0 2004, 2011
= 21 Fausto Coppi Italy 19 2 0 2 0 1949, 1952
= 21 Vincenzo Nibali Italy 19 1 0 0 0 2014
= 22 Felice Gimondi Italy 18 1 0 0 0 1965
= 22 Jan Ullrich Germany 18 1 0 0 3 1997, 1998
= 24 Rudi Altig Germany 17 0 1 0 0 1962, 1964, 1966, 1969
= 24 Luis Ocaña Spain 17 1 0 0 0 1971, 1973
= 24 Lucien Petit-Breton France 17 2 0 0 0 1907, 1908
= 24 Roger Pingeon France 17 1 0 0 0 1967
= 28 André Darrigade France 16 0 2 0 0 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962
= 28 Odile Defraye Belgium 16 1 0 0 0 1912, 1913
= 28 Maurice De Waele Belgium 16 1 0 0 0 1929
= 28 Bernard Thévenet France 16 2 0 0 0 1975, 1977
= 32 Pedro Delgado[n 3] Spain 15 1 0 0 0 1987, 1988
= 32 Dietrich Thurau Germany 15 0 0 0 1 1977
= 35 Maurice Archambaud France 14 0 0 0 0 1933, 1936
= 35 Steve Bauer Canada 14 0 0 0 0 1988, 1990
= 35 Gastone Nencini Italy 14 1 0 1 0 1960
= 35 Bjarne Riis Denmark 14 1 0 0 0 1995, 1996
= 35 Léon Scieur Belgium 14 1 0 0 0 1921
= 35 Bradley Wiggins United Kingdom 14 1 0 0 0 2012
= 41 Eugène Christophe France 13 0 0 0 0 1919, 1922
= 41 Gustave Garrigou France 13 1 0 0 0 1911
= 41 René Pottier France 13 1 0 0 0 1905, 1906
= 41 Andy Schleck[n 4] Luxembourg 13 1 0 0 3 2010, 2011
= 41 Georges Speicher France 13 1 0 0 0 1933, 1934
= 46 Vincent Barteau France 12 0 0 0 0 1984
= 46 Joseph Bruyère Belgium 12 0 0 0 0 1974, 1978
= 46 Lucien Van Impe Belgium 12 1 0 6 0 1976
= 46 Ferdinand Kübler Switzerland 12 1 1 0 0 1947, 1950
= 46 Antonin Rolland France 12 0 0 0 0 1955
= 46 Louis Trousselier France 12 1 0 0 0 1905, 1907
= 46 Wout Wagtmans Netherlands 12 0 0 0 0 1954, 1955, 1956
= 53 Alberto Contador Spain 11 2 0 0 1 2007, 2009
= 53 Gilbert Desmet Belgium 11 0 0 0 0 1956, 1963
= 53 Hugo Koblet Switzerland 11 1 0 0 0 1951
= 53 Georges Vandenberghe Belgium 11 0 0 0 0 1968
= 57 Kim Andersen Denmark 10 0 0 0 0 1983, 1985
= 57 Thor Hushovd Norway 10 0 2 0 0 2004, 2006, 2011
= 57 Pascal Lino France 10 0 0 0 0 1992
= 60 Phil Anderson Australia 9 0 0 0 1 1981, 1982
= 60 Georges Groussard France 9 0 0 0 0 1964
= 60 Freddy Maertens Belgium 9 0 2 0 0 1976
= 60 Fiorenzo Magni Italy 9 0 0 0 0 1949, 1950, 1952
= 60 Stuart O'Grady Australia 9 0 0 0 0 1998, 2001
= 60 Henri Pélissier France 9 1 0 0 0 1919, 1923
= 60 Michael Rasmussen Denmark 9 0 0 2 0 2007
= 67 Lucien Buysse Belgium 8 1 0 0 0 1926
= 67 Claudio Chiappucci Italy 8 0 0 2 0 1990
= 67 Cadel Evans Australia 8 1 0 0 0 2008, 2010, 2011
= 67 Emile Georget France 8 0 0 0 0 1906, 1907
= 67 Gerrie Knetemann Netherlands 8 0 0 0 0 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981
= 67 Rinaldo Nocentini Italy 8 0 0 0 0 2009
= 67 Rudy Pevenage Belgium 8 0 1 0 0 1980
= 67 Roger Walkowiak France 8 1 0 0 0 1956
= 75 Jan Adriaensens Belgium 7 0 0 0 0 1956, 1960
= 75 Federico Bahamontes Spain 7 1 0 6 0 1959, 1963
= 75 Bernard Gauthier France 7 0 0 0 0 1950
= 75 Igor González de Galdeano Spain 7 0 0 0 0 2002
= 75 Learco Guerra Italy 7 0 0 0 0 1930
= 75 Erich Maechler Switzerland 7 0 0 0 0 1987
= 75 Thierry Marie France 7 0 0 0 0 1986, 1990, 1991
= 75 Charly Mottet France 7 0 0 0 0 1987
= 75 Marco Pantani Italy 7 1 0 0 2 1998
= 75 Óscar Pereiro[n 5] Spain 7 1 0 0 0 2006
= 75 Jef Planckaert Belgium 7 0 0 0 0 1962
= 75 Pascal Simon France 7 0 0 0 0 1983
= 75 Gustaaf van Slembrouck Belgium 7 0 0 0 0 1926
= 88 Lucien Aimar France 6 1 0 0 0 1966
= 88 Chris Boardman United Kingdom 6 0 0 0 0 1994, 1997, 1998
= 88 Robert Cazala France 6 0 0 0 0 1959
= 88 Mario Cipollini Italy 6 0 0 0 0 1993, 1997
= 88 Vito Favero Italy 6 0 0 0 0 1958
= 88 Maurice Garin France 6 1 0 0 0 1903
= 88 Cyrille Guimard France 6 0 0 0 0 1972
= 88 Kim Kirchen Luxembourg 6 0 0 0 0 2008
= 88 Jaan Kirsipuu Estonia 6 0 0 0 0 1999
= 88 Roger Lévêque France 6 0 0 0 0 1951
= 88 Jean Majerus Luxembourg 6 0 0 0 0 1937, 1938
= 88 Jacques Marinelli France 6 0 0 0 0 1949
= 88 Francesco Moser Italy 6 0 0 0 1 1975
= 88 Fritz Schaer Switzerland 6 0 1 0 0 1953
= 88 Herman Van Springel Belgium 6 0 1 0 0 1968, 1973
= 88 Félicien Vervaecke Belgium 6 0 0 2 0 1938
= 104 Jean Alavoine France 5 0 0 0 0 1922
= 104 Adelin Benoit Belgium 5 0 0 0 0 1925
= 104 Firmin Lambot Belgium 5 2 0 0 0 1919, 1922
= 104 Jean Malléjac France 5 0 0 0 0 1953
= 104 Johan Museeuw Belgium 5 0 0 0 0 1993, 1994
= 104 Jørgen V. Pedersen Denmark 5 0 0 0 0 1986
= 104 Francis Pélissier France 5 0 0 0 0 1927
= 104 Carlos Sastre Spain 5 1 0 1 0 2008
= 104 Bernard Van de Kerkhove Belgium 5 0 0 0 0 1964, 1965
= 104 Eric Vanderaerden Belgium 5 0 1 0 0 1983, 1985
= 104 Cédric Vasseur France 5 0 0 0 0 1997
= 115 Gilbert Bauvin France 4 0 0 0 0 1951, 1954, 1958
= 115 Tom Boonen Belgium 4 0 1 0 0 2006
= 115 José Catieau France 4 0 0 0 0 1973
= 115 Alberto Elli Italy 4 0 0 0 0 2000
= 115 Wim van Est Netherlands 4 0 0 0 0 1951, 1955, 1958
= 115 Raphaël Géminiani France 4 0 0 1 0 1958
= 115 Roger Hassenforder France 4 0 0 0 0 1953
= 115 Jos Hoevenaers Belgium 4 0 0 0 0 1958, 1959
= 115 Robert Jacquinot France 4 0 0 0 0 1922, 1923
= 115 Laurent Jalabert France 4 0 2 2 0 1995, 2000
= 115 Karl-Heinz Kunde Germany 4 0 0 0 0 1966
= 115 Roger Lapébie France 4 1 0 0 0 1937
= 115 Nello Lauredi France 4 0 0 0 0 1952
= 115 Hector Martin Belgium 4 0 0 0 0 1927
= 115 Raffaele di Paco[n 6] Italy 4 0 0 0 0 1931
= 115 Eddy Pauwels Belgium 4 0 0 0 0 1959, 1963
= 115 Jean Rossius[n 2] Belgium 4 0 0 0 0 1914
= 115 Acácio da Silva Portugal 4 0 0 0 0 1989
= 115 Rolf Sørensen Denmark 4 0 0 0 0 1991
= 115 Geraint Thomas United Kingdom 4 0 0 0 0 2017
= 115 Gerrit Voorting Netherlands 4 0 0 0 0 1956, 1958
= 115 Italo Zilioli Italy 4 0 0 0 0 1970
= 115 Alex Zülle Switzerland 4 0 0 0 0 1992, 1996
= 115 Erich Bautz Germany 3 0 0 0 0 1937
= 138 Henri Cornet France 3 1 0 0 0 1904
= 138 Bim Diederich Luxembourg 3 0 0 0 0 1951
= 138 Aimé Dossche Belgium 3 0 0 0 0 1929
= 138 Seamus Elliott Ireland 3 0 0 0 0 1963
= 138 Jean Goldschmit Luxembourg 3 0 0 0 0 1950
= 138 Stéphane Heulot France 3 0 0 0 0 1996
= 138 Serhiy Honchar Ukraine 3 0 0 0 0 2006
= 138 Roger Lambrecht Belgium 3 0 0 0 0 1948, 1949
= 138 Floyd Landis United States 3 0 0 0 0 2006
= 138 Octave Lapize France 3 1 0 0 0 1910
= 138 Bradley McGee Australia 3 0 0 0 0 2003
= 138 David Millar United Kingdom 3 0 0 0 0 2000
= 138 Wilfried Nelissen Belgium 3 0 0 0 0 1993
= 138 Jelle Nijdam Netherlands 3 0 0 0 0 1987, 1988
= 138 Charles Pélissier[n 6] France 3 0 0 0 0 1930, 1931
= 138 Víctor Hugo Peña Colombia 3 0 0 0 0 2003
= 138 René Privat France 3 0 0 0 0 1957
= 138 Jan Raas[n 7] Netherlands 3 0 0 0 0 1978
= 138 Stephen Roche Ireland 3 1 0 0 0 1987
= 138 Peter Sagan Slovakia 3 0 5 0 0 2016
= 138 Willy Schroeders Belgium 3 0 0 0 0 1962
= 138 François Simon France 3 0 0 0 0 2001
= 138 Julien Stevens Belgium 3 0 0 0 0 1969
= 138 Greg Van Avermaet Belgium 3 0 0 0 0 2016
= 138 Michel Vermeulin France 3 0 0 0 0 1959
= 138 Teun van Vliet Netherlands 3 0 0 0 0 1988
= 138 David Zabriskie United States 3 0 0 0 0 2005
= 163 Henry Anglade France 2 0 0 0 0 1960
= 163 Fabio Aru Italy 2 0 0 0 0 2017
= 163 Jan Bakelants Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 2013
= 163 Romain Bellenger France 2 0 0 0 0 1923
= 163 Rubens Bertogliati Switzerland 2 0 0 0 0 2002
= 163 Eugeni Berzin Russia 2 0 0 0 0 1996
= 163 Pierre Brambilla Italy 2 0 0 1 0 1947
= 163 Jules Buysse Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 1926
= 163 Marcel Buysse Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 1913
= 163 Sylvain Chavanel France 2 0 0 0 0 2010
= 163 Charles Crupelandt France 2 0 0 0 0 1910, 1912
= 163 Raymond Delisle France 2 0 0 0 0 1976
= 163 Laurent Desbiens France 2 0 0 0 0 1998
= 163 Jacky Durand France 2 0 0 0 0 1995
= 163 Victor Fontan[n 1] France 2 0 0 0 0 1929
= 163 Jean Fontenay France 2 0 0 0 0 1939
= 163 Jean Forestier France 2 0 1 0 0 1957
= 163 Charly Gaul Luxembourg 2 1 0 2 0 1958
= 163 Martial Gayant France 2 0 0 0 0 1987
= 163 Albertus Geldermans Netherlands 2 0 0 0 0 1962
= 163 Simon Gerrans Australia 2 0 0 0 0 2013
= 163 Ivan Gotti Italy 2 0 0 0 0 1995
= 163 Charly Grosskost France 2 0 0 0 0 1968
= 163 Jacques Hanegraaf Netherlands 2 0 0 0 0 1984
= 163 Daryl Impey South Africa 2 0 0 0 0 2013
= 163 Jan Janssen Netherlands 2 1 3 0 0 1966, 1968
= 163 Gerben Karstens Netherlands 2 0 0 0 0 1974
= 163 Marcel Kittel Germany 2 0 0 0 0 2013, 2014
= 163 Georges Lemaire Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 1933
= 163 Tony Martin Germany 2 0 0 0 0 2015
= 163 Jules Masselis Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 1911, 1913
= 163 Christophe Moreau France 2 0 0 0 0 2001
= 163 Louis Mottiat Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 1920, 1921
= 163 Georges Passerieu France 2 0 0 0 0 1908
= 163 Ludo Peeters Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 1982, 1984
= 163 Ronan Pensec France 2 0 0 0 0 1990
= 163 Lech Piasecki Poland 2 0 0 0 0 1987
= 163 Jean Robic France 2 1 0 0 0 1947, 1953
= 163 Aldo Ronconi Italy 2 0 0 0 0 1947
= 163 Fränk Schleck Luxembourg 2 0 0 0 0 2008
= 163 Edward Sels Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 1964
= 163 Rik Van Steenbergen Belgium 2 0 0 0 0 1952
= 163 Klaus-Peter Thaler Germany 2 0 0 0 0 1978
= 163 Alejandro Valverde Spain 2 0 0 0 0 2008
= 163 Flavio Vanzella Italy 2 0 0 0 0 1994
= 163 Johan van der Velde Netherlands 2 0 0 0 1 1986
= 163 Richard Virenque France 2 0 0 7 0 1992, 2003
= 163 Jens Voigt Germany 2 0 0 0 0 2001, 2005
= 163 Rolf Wolfshohl Germany 2 0 0 0 0 1968
= 163 Erik Zabel Germany 2 0 6 0 0 1998, 2002
= 210 Jean Aerts Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1932
= 210 Nicolas Barone France 1 0 0 0 0 1957
= 210 François Beaugendre France 1 0 0 0 0 1904
= 210 Jean-François Bernard France 1 0 0 0 0 1987
= 210 Jean-René Bernaudeau France 1 0 0 0 1 1979
= 210 Yvon Bertin France 1 0 0 0 0 1980
= 210 Serafino Biagioni Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1951
= 210 Guido Bontempi Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1988[n 8]
= 210 Vicenzo Borgarello Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1912
= 210 Jacques Bossis France 1 0 0 0 0 1978
= 210 Erik Breukink Netherlands 1 0 0 0 1 1989
= 210 Johan Bruyneel Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1995
= 210 Max Bulla Austria 1 0 0 0 0 1931
= 210 Norbert Callens Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1949
= 210 Léon Le Calvez France 1 0 0 0 0 1931
= 210 Andrea Carrea Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1952
= 210 Mark Cavendish United Kingdom 1 0 1 0 0 2016
= 210 Rohan Dennis Australia 1 0 0 0 0 2015
= 210 Cyril Dessel France 1 0 0 0 0 2006
= 210 Ferdinand Le Drogo France 1 0 0 0 0 1927
= 210 Marcel Dussault France 1 0 0 0 0 1949
= 210 Paul Egli Switzerland 1 0 0 0 0 1936
= 210 Jan Engels Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1948
= 210 José María Errandonea Spain 1 0 0 0 0 1967
= 210 Romain Feillu France 1 0 0 0 0 2008
= 210 Amédée Fournier France 1 0 0 0 0 1939
= 210 Michel Frédérick Switzerland 1 0 0 0 0 1904
= 210 Dominique Gaigne France 1 0 0 0 0 1986
= 210 Tony Gallopin France 1 0 0 0 0 2014
= 210 Jean-Louis Gauthier France 1 0 0 0 0 1983
= 210 Jean-Pierre Genet France 1 0 0 0 0 1968
= 210 Linus Gerdemann Germany 1 0 0 0 0 2007
= 210 Philippe Gilbert Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 2011
= 210 Joseph Groussard France 1 0 0 0 0 1960
= 210 Bo Hamburger Denmark 1 0 0 0 0 1998
= 210 Cyrille van Hauwaert Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1909
= 210 Alfred Haemerlinck Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1931
= 210 Hector Heusghem Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1922
= 210 George Hincapie United States 1 0 0 0 0 2006
= 210 Sean Kelly Ireland 1 0 4 0 0 1983
= 210 Marcel Kint Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1937
= 210 Jean-Claude Lebaube France 1 0 0 0 0 1966
= 210 Luc Leblanc France 1 0 0 0 0 1991
= 210 Désiré Letort France 1 0 0 0 0 1969
= 210 Rik Van Looy Belgium 1 0 1 0 0 1965
= 210 Emile Lombard Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1904
= 210 Henk Lubberding Netherlands 1 0 0 0 1 1988
= 210 François Mahé France 1 0 0 0 0 1953
= 210 Robbie McEwen Australia 1 0 3 0 0 2004
= 210 Arsène Mersch Luxembourg 1 0 0 0 0 1936
= 210 Giovanni Micheletto Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1913
= 210 Frederic Moncassin France 1 0 0 0 0 1996
= 210 Jean-Patrick Nazon France 1 0 0 0 0 2003
= 210 Willy van Neste Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1967
= 210 Willi Oberbeck Germany 1 0 0 0 0 1938
= 210 Miguel Poblet Spain 1 0 0 0 0 1955
= 210 Adri van der Poel Netherlands 1 0 0 0 0 1984
= 210 Giancarlo Polidori Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1967
= 210 Tommaso de Pra Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1966
= 210 Gaston Rebry Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1929
= 210 Raymond Riotte France 1 0 0 0 0 1967
= 210 Giovanni Rossi Switzerland 1 0 0 0 0 1951
= 210 Gregorio San Miguel Spain 1 0 0 0 0 1968
= 210 Tom Simpson United Kingdom 1 0 0 0 0 1962
= 210 Jozef Spruyt Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 1967
= 210 Alex Stieda Canada 1 0 0 0 0 1986
= 210 Kurt Stöpel Germany 1 0 0 0 0 1932
= 210 Marc Wauters Belgium 1 0 0 0 0 2001
= 210 Sean Yates United Kingdom 1 0 0 0 0 1994
Number of wearers per year[edit]
The largest number of different riders wearing the yellow jersey in any year is 8. The smallest is 1.
Number of wearers
Years
1 1903, 1924, 1928, 1935, 1999
2 1905, 1906, 1908, 1909, 1914, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1934, 1961, 1970, 1972, 1977, 2005, 2012
3 1907, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1926, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1954, 1965, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1982, 1985, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2014, 2017
4 1904, 1923, 1927, 1936, 1939, 1948, 1950, 1960, 1969, 1973, 1979, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1997, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2015, 2016
5 1913, 1922, 1938, 1947, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1963, 1964, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1996, 2001, 2011, 2013
6 1929, 1931, 1937, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1966, 1967, 1983, 1984, 1988, 1995, 2008
7 1949, 1951, 1962, 1968, 1978, 1986, 1998, 2006
8 1958, 1987
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c In 1929, Nicolas Frantz (LUX), André Leducq (FRA) and Victor Fontan (FRA) were all three declared leader after the 7th stage.[2]
^ Jump up to: a b In 1914, Philippe Thys and Jean Rossius were both declared leader for 4 days.[1]
Jump up ^ In 1988, on 19 July, there were two stages. Other than the split stages that the Tour de France saw earlier, these two stages were counted as individual stages, so Pedro Delgado received two yellow jerseys on that day.
Jump up ^ Before Alberto Contador's 2010 Tour de France victory and days in yellow were officially removed, he wore the yellow jersey for 6 days. After his disqualification, Andy Schleck's total increased with 6 extra days.
Jump up ^ Before Floyd Landis' 2006 Tour de France victory and days in yellow were officially removed, he wore the yellow jersey for 5 days. After his disqualification, Óscar Pereiro's total increased with 2 extra days.
^ Jump up to: a b In 1931, Charles Pélissier (FRA) and Raffaele Di Paco (ITA) were both declared leader after the 5th stage.[3]
Jump up ^ Jan Raas won the prologue of the 1978 Tour de France. Because the weather changed dramatically during that prologue, the race was invalidated, and Raas was not awarded a yellow jersey.[6] In cycling statistics lists, including the official database from the Tour de France organisation,[7] the victory is awarded to Jan Raas, so this is also done in the list above.
Jump up ^ In 1988, the Tour de France started with a prelude, a 1km time trial in which one cyclist from every team could compete. This prelude was won by Guido Bontempi, who wore the yellow jersey on the first real stage of the 1988 Tour.[4]
Per country[edit]
The yellow jersey has been awarded to 23 different countries since 1903. In the table below, "Jerseys" indicates the number of yellow jerseys that were given to cyclists of each country. "Tour wins" stands for the number of tour wins by cyclists of that country,[8] "Points" for the number of times the points classification was won by cyclist of that country,[9] "KoM" for the number of times the mountains classification in the Tour de France was won by a cyclist of that country,[10] and "Young rider" for the number of times the young rider classification was won by a cyclist of that country.[11] The "Most recent" column shows the cyclist of the country that wore the yellow jersey most recently. The "Different holders" column gives the number of different cyclists of the country that wore the yellow jersey.
Rank
Country
Yellow
jerseys
Tour wins
Points
Mountains
Young rider
Most recent cyclist
Most recent
Different holders
1 France 709 36 9 21 7 Tony Gallopin 2014, stage 9 94
2 Belgium 426 18 19 11 0 Greg Van Avermaet 2016, stage 7 60
3 Italy 210 10 2 12 5 Fabio Aru 2017, stage 13 29
4 Spain 135 12 1 16 5 Alberto Contador 2009, stage 21 12
5 Luxembourg 96 5 0 2 3 Andy Schleck 2011, stage 19 10
6 Great Britain 90 5 1 2 2 Chris Froome 2017, stage 21 8
7 Germany 75 1 8 0 4 Tony Martin 2015, stage 6 15
8 Switzerland 74 2 2 1 0 Fabian Cancellara 2015, stage 2 9
9 Netherlands 72 2 4 2 5 Erik Breukink 1989, prologue 16
10 Denmark 43 1 0 2 0 Michael Rasmussen 2007, stage 16 6
11 Australia 33 1 5 0 1 Rohan Dennis 2015, stage 1 7
12 United States 26 3 0 0 3 George Hincapie 2006, stage 1 3
13 Canada 15 0 0 0 0 Steve Bauer 1990, stage 9 2
14 Norway 10 0 2 0 0 Thor Hushovd 2011, stage 8 1
15 Ireland 7 1 4 0 0 Stephen Roche 1987, stage 25 3
16 Estonia 6 0 0 0 0 Jaan Kirsipuu 1999, stage 7 1
17 Portugal 4 0 0 0 0 Acácio da Silva 1989, stage 4 1
= 18 Colombia 3 0 0 5 4 Víctor Hugo Peña 2003, stage 6 1
= 18 Slovakia 3 0 5 0 0 Peter Sagan 2016, stage 4 1
= 18 Ukraine 3 0 0 0 1 Serhiy Honchar 2006, stage 9 1
= 20 Poland 2 0 0 2 0 Lech Piasecki 1987, stage 2 1
= 20 Russia 2 0 0 0 2 Eugeni Berzin 1996, stage 8 1
= 20 South Africa 2 0 0 0 0 Daryl Impey 2013, stage 7 1
23 Austria 1 0 0 0 0 Max Bulla 1931, stage 2 1
= 24 Uzbekistan 0 0 3 0 0 – 0
= 24 Mexico 0 0 0 0 1 – 0
Yellow jersey retirees[edit]
Sixteen riders have quit the Tour while wearing the yellow jersey.[12]
Year
Stage
Rider
Reason
1927 6 Francis Pélissier Sickness
1929 10 Victor Fontan Broken bicycle
1937 16 Sylvère Maes Collective withdrawal of the Belgian team due to threat of French spectators
1950 11 Fiorenzo Magni Collective withdrawal of the two Italian teams due to threat of French spectators
1951 13 Wim Van Est After a fall in a ravine in Aubisque
1965 9 Bernard Van De Kerkhove Withdrawal in the climb of Aubisque (sunstroke)
1971 14 Luis Ocaña Fall during a storm in Col de Mente
1978 16 Michel Pollentier Expelled for fraud attempt in doping test
1980 12 Bernard Hinault Knee pain
1983 17 Pascal Simon Scapula fracture
1991 5 Rolf Sørensen Clavicle fracture after fall in the last kilometer
1996 7 Stéphane Heulot Knee tendinitis
1998 2 Chris Boardman Head and neck injury after a severe crash
2007 16 Michael Rasmussen Fired by his team due to lying about his whereabouts
2015 4 Fabian Cancellara Broken vertebrae in stage 3 crash
2015 7 Tony Martin Broken collarbone in stage 6 crash[13]
Yellow jersey winners without winning any stage[edit]
Greg LeMond in the final stage of the 1990 Tour de France, wearing the yellow jersey despite not winning any stage in that year.
Usually the winner of the Tour de France also wins a stage, but that is not necessary. It is possible to be the winner of the Tour de France without winning a stage, because the Tour de France is decided by the total raced time. This has happened seven times so far:[14]
Firmin Lambot (BEL) 1922
Roger Walkowiak (FRA) 1956
Gastone Nencini (ITA) 1960
Lucien Aimar (FRA) 1966
Greg LeMond (USA) 1990
Óscar Pereiro (ESP) 2006
Christopher Froome (GBR) 2017
Of these seven cyclists, Walkowiak is the only one never to win a Tour stage at all.[15] Firmin Lambot won stages in the 1913, 1914, 1919, 1920 and 1921 Tours,[16] Gastone Nencini won stages in the 1956, 1957 and 1958 Tours,[17] Aimar won a stage in the 1967 Tour,[18] LeMond won stages in the 1985, 1986 and 1989 Tours,[19], Pereiro won a stage in the 2005 Tour,[20] and Froome won stages in the 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016 Tours. Alberto Contador initially also belonged to this group, when he won the 2010 Tour de France; however, he was later stripped of this title.
Number of Tour winners in a single race[edit]
Every Tour de France only has one winner. But a cyclist that has won the Tour de France previously can enter the race again, and a cyclist not winning the race can win the race in a later year. In almost every Tour de France, there were multiple 'former or future' Tour de France-winners in the race. Only seven times, the Tour started without any former Tour de France winner. This happened in 1903, 1927, 1947, 1956, 1966, 1999 and 2006. Only in 1903, apart from the cyclist that won the race, was there no other former or future Tour de France winner.
In 1914, a record of seven former Tour de France winners started that year's Tour:[21]
Louis Trousselier (FRA) (1905 winner)
Lucien Petit-Breton (FRA) (1907 and 1908 winner)
François Faber (LUX) (1909 winner)
Octave Lapize (FRA) (1910 winner)
Gustave Garrigou (FRA) (1911 winner)
Odile Defraye (BEL) (1912 winner)
Philippe Thys (BEL) (1913 winner, who would also win the 1914 Tour de France)
In addition to these seven cyclists, four cyclists in that year's Tour would go on to win a Tour later:
Firmin Lambot (BEL) (1919 and 1922 winner)
Léon Scieur (BEL) (1921 winner)
Henri Pélissier (FRA) (1923 winner)
Lucien Buysse (BEL) (1926 winner)
Winning Tour de France on first occasion[edit]
Eleven cyclists won the general classification the first time they entered the competition.
1903 – Maurice Garin (FRA) in the first ever Tour de France
1904 – Henri Cornet (FRA)
1905 – Louis Trousselier (FRA)
1947 – Jean Robic (FRA), first Tour de France after World War II
1949 – Fausto Coppi (ITA)
1951 – Hugo Koblet (SUI)
1957 – Jacques Anquetil (FRA), first of 5 victories
1965 – Felice Gimondi (ITA)
1969 – Eddy Merckx (BEL), first of 5 victories
1978 – Bernard Hinault (FRA), first of 5 victories
1983 – Laurent Fignon (FRA)
Finishing Tour de France career with victory[edit]
Five cyclists won the Tour de France the last time they entered the competition:
1906 – René Pottier (FRA), (died before next race)
1937 – Roger Lapébie (FRA)
1939 – Sylvère Maes (BEL), last race before World War II
1952 – Fausto Coppi (ITA)
2012 – Bradley Wiggins (GBR)
Fausto Coppi is the only cyclist who won the Tour de France in both the first and the last Tour he entered.
See also[edit]
List of Australian cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification
List of British cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification
List of Dutch cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Tour de France 1914" (in German). www.radsport-seite.de. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
^ Jump up to: a b McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour De France. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 1-59858-180-5. Retrieved 2008-03-17. Frantz, André Leducq and Victor Fontan, who were in that winning stage 17 break, were exactly tied in time. Today the judges would go back to the time trial and look at the fractions-of-a-second differences. If that doesn't resolve the tie, then a look at placings solves the problem. The Tour didn't have rules to take care of ties, so 3 Yellow Jerseys were awarded.
^ Jump up to: a b McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour De France. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 1-59858-180-5. Retrieved 2008-03-17. Leading up to the Pyrenees, Italy's ace sprinter Rafaelo di Paco dueled with France's Charles Pélissier for stage wins and the lead. After stage 5 they shared the lead for a single day.
^ Jump up to: a b "75ème Tour de France 1988 – Prélude" (in French). www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Historical Results – Tour de France". Cycling Hall of Fame.com. 2002–2007. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
Jump up ^ Magowan, Robin (1996). Tour de France: The Historic 1978 Event : Commemorative Edition of 75th Anniversary. VeloPress. ISBN 978-1-884737-13-8.
Jump up ^ Tour de France database results for Jan Raas
Jump up ^ van der Mark, Tour Xtra: The Yellow Jersey
Jump up ^ van der Mark, Tour Xtra: The Green Jersey
Jump up ^ van der Mark, Tour Xtra: The Polka Dot Jersey
Jump up ^ van der Mark, Tour Xtra: The White Jersey
Jump up ^ "Riders that abandoned Tour de France in yellow jersey". www.infostradasports.com. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
Jump up ^ http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/martin-abandons-tour-de-france-due-to-fractured-collarbone
Jump up ^ "Few have won yellow without a stage win". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 22 July 2000. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
Jump up ^ Tour de France database results for Roger Walkowiak
Jump up ^ Tour de France database results for Firmin Lambot
Jump up ^ Tour de France database results for Gastone Nencini
Jump up ^ Tour de France database results for Lucien Aimar
Jump up ^ Tour de France database results for Greg Lemond
Jump up ^ Tour de France database results for Oscar Pereiro Sio
Jump up ^ Tom James (4 April 2001). "Thys in spite of Pélissier". Retrieved 2008-03-17.
External links[edit]
Tour de France database: Official Tour de France history
[show]
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(maillot blanc)
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