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Instruction pipelining
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Basic five-stage pipeline (IF = Instruction Fetch, ID = Instruction Decode, EX = Execute, MEM = Memory access, WB = Register write back). In the fourth clock cycle (the green column), the earliest instruction is in MEM stage, and the latest instruction has not yet entered the pipeline.
Instruction pipelining is a technique for implementing instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. Pipelining attempts to keep every part of the processor busy with some instruction by dividing incoming instructions into a series of sequential steps (the eponymous "pipeline"), each performed by a different processor units, and occupying different units with parts of different instructions that are then processed in parallel. It allows faster CPU throughput than would otherwise be possible at a given clock rate, but may increase latency due to the added overhead of the pipelining process itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
1.1 Number of steps
1.2 Hazards
1.2.1 Workarounds
1.2.2 Solutions
1.3 Branches
1.4 Special situations
2 Design considerations
3 Illustrated example
3.1 Pipeline bubble
4 History
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Introduction[edit]
Central processing units (CPUs) are driven by a clock. Each clock pulse need not do the same thing; rather, logic in the CPU directs successive pulses to different places to perform a useful sequence. There are many reasons that the entire execution of a machine instruction cannot happen at once; in pipelining, effects that cannot happen at the same time are made into dependent steps of the instruction.
For example, if one clock pulse latches a value into a register or begins a calculation, it will take some time for the value to be stable at the outputs of the register or for the calculation to complete. As another example, reading an instruction out of a memory unit cannot be done at the same time that an instruction writes a result to the same memory unit.
Number of steps[edit]
The number of dependent steps varies with the machine architecture. For example:
The 1956-1961 IBM Stretch project proposed the terms Fetch, Decode, and Execute that have become common.
The classic RISC pipeline comprises:
Instruction fetch
Instruction decode and register fetch
Execute
Memory access
Register write back
The Atmel AVR and the PIC microcontroller each have a two-stage pipeline.
Many designs include pipelines as long as 7, 10 and even 20 stages (as in the Intel Pentium 4).
The later "Prescott" and "Cedar Mill" Netburst cores from Intel, used in the last Pentium 4 models and their Pentium D and Xeon derivatives, have a long 31-stage pipeline.
The Xelerated X10q Network Processor has a pipeline more than a thousand stages long, although in this case 200 of these stages represent independent CPUs with individually programmed instructions. The remaining stages are used to coordinate accesses to memory and on-chip function units.[1]
As the pipeline is made "deeper" (with a greater number of dependent steps), a given step can be implemented with simpler circuitry, which may let the processor clock run faster.[2] Such pipelines may be called superpipelines.[3]
A processor is said to be fully pipelined if it can fetch an instruction on every cycle. Thus, if some instructions or conditions require delays that inhibit fetching new instructions, the processor is not fully pipelined.
Hazards[edit]
Main article: Hazard (computer architecture)
The model of sequential execution assumes that each instruction completes before the next one begins; this assumption is not true on a pipelined processor. A situation where the expected result is problematic is known as a hazard. Imagine the following two register instructions to a hypothetical processor:
1: add 1 to R5
2: copy R5 to R6

If the processor has the 5 steps listed in the initial illustration, instruction 1 would be fetched at time t1 and its execution would be complete at t5. Instruction 2 would be fetched at t2 and would be complete at t6. The first instruction might deposit the incremented number into R5 as its fifth step (register write back) at t5. But the second instruction might get the number from R5 (to copy to R6) in its second step (instruction decode and register fetch) at time t3. It seems that the first instruction would not have incremented the value by then. The above code invokes a hazard.
Writing computer programs in a compiled language might not raise these concerns, as the compiler could be designed to generate machine code that avoids hazards.
Workarounds[edit]
In some early DSP and RISC processors, the documentation advises programmers to avoid such dependencies in adjacent and nearly adjacent instructions (called delay slots), or declares that the second instruction uses an old value rather than the desired value (in the example above, the processor might counter-intuitively copy the unincremented value), or declares that the value it uses is undefined. The programmer may have unrelated work that the processor can do in the meantime; or, to ensure correct results, the programmer may insert NOPs into the code, partly negating the advantages of pipelining.
Solutions[edit]
Pipelined processors commonly use three techniques to work as expected when the programmer assumes that each instruction completes before the next one begins:
Processors that can compute the presence of a hazard may stall, delaying processing of the second instruction (and subsequent instructions) until the values it requires as input are ready. This creates a bubble in the pipeline (see below), also partly negating the advantages of pipelining.
Some processors can not only compute the presence of a hazard but can compensate by having additional data paths that provide needed inputs to a computation step before a subsequent instruction would otherwise compute them, an attribute called operand forwarding.[4][5]
Some processors can determine that instructions other than the next sequential one are not dependent on the current ones and can be executed without hazards. Such processors may perform out-of-order execution.
Branches[edit]
A branch out of the normal instruction sequence often involves a hazard. Unless the processor can give effect to the branch in a single time cycle, the pipeline will continue fetching instructions sequentially. Such instructions cannot be allowed to take effect because the programmer has diverted control to another part of the program.
A conditional branch is even more problematic. The processor may or may not branch, depending on a calculation that has not yet occurred. Various processors may stall, may attempt branch prediction, and may be able to begin to execute two different program sequences (eager execution), both assuming the branch is and is not taken, discarding all work that pertains to the incorrect guess.[a]
A processor with an implementation of branch prediction that usually makes correct predictions can minimize the performance penalty from branching. However, if branches are predicted poorly, it may create more work for the processor, such as flushing from the pipeline the incorrect code path that has begun execution before resuming execution at the correct location.
Programs written for a pipelined processor deliberately avoid branching to minimize possible loss of speed. For example, the programmer can handle the usual case with sequential execution and branch only on detecting unusual cases. Using programs such as gcov to analyze code coverage lets the programmer measure how often particular branches are actually executed and gain insight with which to optimize the code.
Special situations[edit]
Self-modifying programs
The technique of self-modifying code can be problematic on a pipelined processor. In this technique, one of the effects of a program is to modify its own upcoming instructions. If the processor has an instruction cache, the original instruction may already have been copied into a prefetch input queue and the modification will not take effect.
Uninterruptible instructions
An instruction may be uninterruptible to ensure its atomicity, such as when it swaps two items. A sequential processor permits interrupts between instructions, but a pipelining processor overlaps instructions, so executing an uninterruptible instruction renders portions of ordinary instructions uninterruptible too. The Cyrix coma bug would hang a single-core system using an infinite loop in which an uninterruptible instruction was always in the pipeline.
Design considerations[edit]
Speed
Pipelining keeps all portions of the processor occupied and increases the amount of useful work the processor can do in a given time. Pipelining typically reduces the processor's cycle time and increases the throughput of instructions. The speed advantage is diminished to the extent that execution encounters hazards that require execution to slow below its ideal rate. A non-pipelined processor executes only a single instruction at a time. The start of the next instruction is delayed not based on hazards but unconditionally.
A pipelined processor's need to organize all its work into modular steps may require the duplication of registers that increases the latency of some instructions.
Economy
By making each dependent step simpler, pipelining can enable complex operations more economically than adding complex circuitry, such as for numerical calculations. However, a processor that declines to pursue increased speed with pipelining may be simpler and cheaper to manufacture.
Predictability
Compared to environments where the programmer needs to avoid or work around hazards, use of a non-pipelined processor may make it easier to program and to train programmers. The non-pipelined processor also makes it easier to predict the exact timing of a given sequence of instructions.
Illustrated example[edit]
Generic 4-stage pipeline; the colored boxes represent instructions independent of each other
To the right is a generic pipeline with four stages: fetch, decode, execute and write-back. The top gray box is the list of instructions waiting to be executed, the bottom gray box is the list of instructions that have had their execution completed, and the middle white box is the pipeline.
The execution is as follows:
Time
Execution
0 Four instructions are waiting to be executed
1
The green instruction is fetched from memory
2
The green instruction is decoded
The purple instruction is fetched from memory
3
The green instruction is executed (actual operation is performed)
The purple instruction is decoded
The blue instruction is fetched
4
The green instruction's results are written back to the register file or memory
The purple instruction is executed
The blue instruction is decoded
The red instruction is fetched
5
The execution of green instruction is completed
The purple instruction is written back
The blue instruction is executed
The red instruction is decoded
6
The execution of purple instruction is completed
The blue instruction is written back
The red instruction is executed
7
The execution of blue instruction is completed
The red instruction is written back
8
The execution of red instruction is completed
9 The execution of all four instructions is completed
Pipeline bubble[edit]
Main article: Bubble (computing)
A bubble in cycle 3 delays execution.
A pipelined processor may deal with hazards by stalling and creating a bubble in the pipeline, resulting in one or more cycles in which nothing useful happens.
In the illustration at right, in cycle 3, the processor cannot decode the purple instruction, perhaps because the processor determines that decoding depends on results produced by the execution of the green instruction. The green instruction can proceed to the Execute stage and then to the Write-back stage as scheduled, but the purple instruction is stalled for one cycle at the Fetch stage. The blue instruction, which was due to be fetched during cycle 3, is stalled for one cycle, as is the red instruction after it.
Because of the bubble (the blue ovals in the illustration), the processor's Decode circuitry is idle during cycle 3. Its Execute circuitry is idle during cycle 4 and its Write-back circuitry is idle during cycle 5.
When the bubble moves out of the pipeline (at cycle 6), normal execution resumes. But everything now is one cycle late. It will take 8 cycles (cycle 1 through 8) rather than 7 to completely execute the four instructions shown in colors.
History[edit]
Seminal uses of pipelining were in the ILLIAC II project and the IBM Stretch project, though a simple version was used earlier in the Z1 in 1939 and the Z3 in 1941.[6]
Pipelining began in earnest in the late 1970s in supercomputers such as vector processors and array processors. One of the early supercomputers was the Cyber series built by Control Data Corporation. Its main architect, Seymour Cray, later headed Cray Research. Cray developed the XMP line of supercomputers, using pipelining for both multiply and add/subtract functions. Later, Star Technologies added parallelism (several pipelined functions working in parallel), developed by Roger Chen. In 1984, Star Technologies added the pipelined divide circuit developed by James Bradley. By the mid 1980s, supercomputing was used by many different companies around the world.
Today, pipelining and most of the above innovations are implemented by the instruction unit of most microprocessors.
See also[edit]
Wait state
Classic RISC pipeline
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Early pipelined processors without any of these heuristics, such as the PA-RISC processor of Hewlett-Packard, dealt with hazards by simply warning the programmer; in this case, that one or more instructions following the branch would be executed whether or not the branch was taken. This could be useful; for instance, after computing a number in a register, a conditional branch could be followed by loading into the register a value more useful to subsequent computations in both the branch and the non-branch case.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glaskowsky, Peter (Aug 18, 2003). "Xelerated's Xtraordinary NPU — World’s First 40Gb/s Packet Processor Has 200 CPUs". Microprocessor Report. 18 (8): 12–14. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ John Paul Shen, Mikko H. Lipasti (2004). Modern Processor Design. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Jump up ^ Sunggu Lee (2000). Design of Computers and Other Complex Digital Devices. Prentice Hall.
Jump up ^ "CMSC 411 Lecture 19, Pipelining Data Forwarding". Csee.umbc.edu. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Jump up ^ "High performance computing, Notes of class 11". hpc.serc.iisc.ernet.in. September 2000. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Jump up ^ Raul Rojas (1997). "Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 (2).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pipeline (computer hardware).
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Microprocessor Design/Pipelined Processors
Branch Prediction in the Pentium Family (Archive.org copy)
ArsTechnica article on pipelining
Counterflow Pipeline Processor Architecture
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Chicken Run
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the film. For the game based on the film, see Chicken Run (video game).
Chicken Run
UK theatrical release poster
Directed by
Peter Lord
Nick Park
Produced by
Peter Lord
Nick Park
David Sproxton
Screenplay by
Karey Kirkpatrick
Story by
Peter Lord
Nick Park
Starring
Phil Daniels
Lynn Ferguson
Mel Gibson
Tony Haygarth
Jane Horrocks
Miranda Richardson
Julia Sawalha
Timothy Spall
Imelda Staunton
Benjamin Whitrow
Music by
John Powell
Harry Gregson-Williams
Cinematography
Dave Alex Riddett
Tristan Oliver
Frank Passingham
Edited by
Mark Solomon
Production
company
Aardman Animations
Distributed by
DreamWorks Pictures (North America)1
Pathé (Europe)
Release date
23 June 2000 (2000-06-23) (US)
30 June 2000 (2000-06-30) (UK)
Running time
84 minutes
Country
United Kingdom[1]
United States[1]
Language
English
Budget
$45 million[2]
Box office
$225 million[2]
Chicken Run is a 2000 stop-motion animated comedy film produced by the British studio Aardman Animations. As the studio's first feature-length film, it was directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park.[3] It was co-financed by DreamWorks Pictures and Pathé, with the former distributing the film worldwide except for Europe, where it was handled by Pathé.[4] The plot centres on a band of chickens who see a smooth-talking Rhode Island Red named Rocky as their only hope to escape from certain death when the owners of their farm decide to move from selling eggs to selling chicken pot pies. The film features the voices of Julia Sawalha, Mel Gibson, Timothy Spall, Phil Daniels, Tony Haygarth, and Miranda Richardson. Chicken Run received positive reviews from critics, and grossed over $224 million, becoming the highest-grossing stop motion animated film ever.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Box office
4.3 Home media
4.4 Accolades
5 Soundtrack
6 Video game
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Mrs. Tweedy and her oafish but mean spirited husband run a failing poultry farm in Yorkshire; the chickens are caged in the style of a World War II prison camp with a high fence and barbed wire, and two dogs patrol the grounds. Chickens that fail to produce enough eggs are slaughtered for food. Frustrated at the "minuscule profits" generated by the farm, Mrs. Tweedy comes up with the idea of converting their farm into the automated production of chicken pot pies.
One chicken, Ginger, has long had visions of escaping with the help of her hen friends Babs, Bunty, and Mac, and two black-marketer rats, Nick and Fetcher, who help to acquire "contraband" from the Tweedys to aid Ginger's plans. However, she is always caught and put into solitary confinement. While thinking of a new plan, Ginger witnesses a Rhode Island Red cockerel fly over the fence and crash into one of the coops, spraining his wing. Ginger and the other chickens help to hide him from the Tweedys and care for his wing, learning that his name is Rocky. Ginger is particularly interested in Rocky's ability to fly and begs him to help train her and the other chickens to do the same. Rocky is coy, but proceeds to try to help train the chickens, unable to fully demonstrate due to his broken wing. Meanwhile, Mr. Tweedy begins assembling their pie-making production line, and the chicken's food ration is doubled to fatten them.
Amid the training, Rocky holds a large party to help relieve the stress; it is revealed his wing is healed, and Ginger insists he show them how to fly the next day. However, Mr. Tweedy completes the production line and immediately grabs Ginger for a test run. Rocky is able to save Ginger and helps to damage the machine, giving the chickens only a short time to plan their escape while Mr. Tweedy repairs it. The next day, Ginger finds Rocky has fled, leaving behind a part of a poster that shows him to be a stunt cockerel, shot out of a cannon from a nearby circus and unable to fly by himself. Ginger and the other chickens are depressed. Fowler the cockerel tries to cheer the hens up by telling tales from his days as a Royal Air Force mascot, leading Ginger to the idea of creating a flying machine, called the Old Crate, to flee the Tweedys. All the chickens, with help from the rats, secretly assemble the required parts for the plane from their coops while racing against Mr. Tweedy's repairs. While travelling the countryside, Rocky sees a billboard for Mrs. Tweedy's Chicken Pies and is inspired to go back to help.
With the machine now fixed, Mrs. Tweedy insists that Mr. Tweedy gather all the chickens, but the chickens are ready to escape. They knock Mr. Tweedy out and tie him up long enough to complete assembly of their plane. Just before they take off, Rocky returns and joins them. Whilst taking off, Mrs. Tweedy chases them down and catches onto a Christmas light strand snagged in the wheels. Mrs. Tweedy climbs the strand, intent on chopping Ginger's head off, while Ginger races to sever the strand. Ginger manages to trick Mrs. Tweedy into cutting the strand with her hatchet, sending her straight into the safety valve of the pie machine and plugging it, causing the machine to build pressure in its gravy line and explodes, destroying the machine and the barn. The chickens continue their flight to freedom.
Later, the chickens have found a quiet island where they can enjoy their freedom and raise their chicks, while Ginger and Rocky have developed a romantic relationship. Nick and Fetcher decide to start their own chicken farm for eggs but disagree on whether to have the chicken or the egg first.
Cast[edit]
Julia Sawalha as Ginger, a hen who is determined to save her fellow chickens from their impending doom on the Tweedys' farm. She is usually the one that comes up with the ideas and is generally more intelligent than the other chickens.
Mel Gibson as Rocky the Rhode Island Red (or Rhodes for short), a laid-back American cockerel who crash-lands into the farm and "teaches" the chickens to fly at Ginger's request.
Miranda Richardson as Mrs. Tweedy, a greedy and cantankerous lady who decides to convert her farm into a chicken pot pie factory solely for monetary reasons.
Tony Haygarth as Mr. Tweedy, Mrs. Tweedy's dimwitted, henpecked husband. Despite his unintelligence, he is more suspicious than his wife of the chickens' escape plans, and he correctly identifies Ginger as their leader.
Benjamin Whitrow as Fowler, a feisty elderly cockerel who regularly prattles about his Royal Air Force experiences.
Timothy Spall as Nick, a smart, portly rat who smuggles contraband into the compound.
Phil Daniels as Fetcher, Nick's slim, slow-witted partner.
Jane Horrocks as Babs, a stout hen with a dim-witted innocence and a love of knitting.
Imelda Staunton as Bunty, the champion egg-layer and group cynic who is the most sceptical of Ginger's escape plans.
Lynn Ferguson as Mac, Ginger's brainy Scottish assistant.
Production[edit]
Chicken Run was Aardman Animations's first feature-length production, which would be executive produced by Jake Eberts. Nick Park and Peter Lord, who runs Aardman, directed the film,[6] while Karey Kirkpatrick scripted the film with additional input from Mark Burton and John O'Farrell. Chicken Run was first conceived in 1995 by Aardman co-founder Peter Lord and Wallace and Gromit creator Nick Park.
Pathe agreed to finance Chicken Run in 1996 putting their finances into Script Development and Model Design. DreamWorks officially came on board in 1997.[4][7] DreamWorks beat out studios like Disney, 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros. and largely won due to the perseverance of DreamWorks co-chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg; as a company they were eager to make their presence felt in the animation market in an attempt to compete with Disney's dominance of the field.[4] Katzenberg explained that he had "been chasing these guys for five or six years, ever since I first saw Creature Comforts."[4] DreamWorks secured their first animated feature with the film, and they handled distribution in all territories except Europe, which Pathé handled.[4] The two studios co-financed the film.[4] DreamWorks also retains rights to worldwide merchandising.[4] During the production of the film, 30 sets were used with 80 animators working along with 180 people working overall. Despite this, one minute of film was completed with each week of filming.[7]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 97% approval rating with an average rating of 8.1/10 based on 170 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Chicken Run has all the charm of Nick Park's Wallace & Gromit, and something for everybody. The voice acting is fabulous, the slapstick is brilliant, and the action sequences are spectacular."[8] The film also holds a score of 88 based on 34 reviews on Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim."[9]
Box office[edit]
On opening weekend, the film grossed $17,506,162 for a $7,027 average from 2,491 theatres. Overall, the film placed second behind Me, Myself and Irene.[10] In its second weekend, the film held well as it slipped only 25% to $13,192,897 for a $4,627 average from expanding to 2,851 theatres and finishing in fourth place.[11] The film's widest release was 2,953 theatres, after grossing $106,834,564 domestically with an additional $118,000,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $224,834,564. Produced on a $45 million budget, the film was a huge box office hit. To date, it is the highest grossing stop motion animated movie.
Home media[edit]
Chicken Run was released on VHS and DVD on November 21, 2000.[12]
Accolades[edit]
Group
Category (Recipient)
Result
Annie Awards[13] Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Theatrical Feature Nominated
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production (Nick Park and Peter Lord) Nominated
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production (Karey Kirkpatrick) Nominated
BAFTA Awards[14] Best British Film Nominated
Best Visual Effects Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics[15] Best Animated Feature Won
Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics[16] Won
Empire Awards Best British Director (Nick Park and Peter Lord) Nominated
Best British Film Nominated
Best Debut (Nick Park and Peter Lord) Nominated
European Film Awards[17] Best Film Nominated
Florida Film Critics[18] Best Animated Feature Won
Genesis Awards[19] Best Feature Film Won
Golden Globe Awards[20] Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Nominated
Golden Tomato Awards 2000[21] Best Films Won
Kansas City Film Critics[22] Best Animated Feature Won
Las Vegas Film Critics[23] Best Family Film Won
Los Angeles Film Critics[24] Best Animated Feature Won
National Board of Review[25] Won
New York Film Critics[26] Won
Phoenix Film Critics[27] Won
Best Family Film Won
Best Original Score (John Powell and Harry Gregson-Williams) Nominated
Satellite Awards[28][29] Best Motion Picture - Animated or Mixed Media Won
Best Sound Nominated
Southeastern Film Critics[30] Best Film Nominated
Soundtrack[edit]
John Powell and Harry Gregson-Williams composed and produced the music for the film, which was released on 20 June 2000 under the RCA Victor label.[31][32][33]
All music composed by John Powell and Harry Gregson-Williams, except as noted.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Opening Escape" 3:39
2. "Main Titles" 3:24
3. "The Evil Mr. Tweedy" 4:22
4. "Rats!" 1:09
5. "Chickens Are Not Organized" 1:01
6. "We Need a Miracle" 2:03
7. "Rocky and the Circus" 3:51
8. "Flight Training" 3:39
9. "A Really Big Truck Arrives" 5:56
10. "Cocktails and Flighty Thoughts" 1:58
11. "Babs' Big Break" 1:40
12. "Flip, Flop and Fly" (composed by Charles Calhoun and Lou Willie Turner, and performed by Ellis Hall) 2:09
13. "Up on the Roof" 3:08
14. "Into the Pie Machine" 3:10
15. "Rocky, a Fake All Along" 3:28
16. "Building the Crate" 3:32
17. "The Wanderer" (composed by Ernest Peter Maresca, and performed by Dion) 2:47
18. "The Chickens Are Revolting" 2:45
19. "Lift Off" 3:41
20. "Escape to Paradise" 4:59
Total length: 62:21
Video game[edit]
Main article: Chicken Run (video game)
Chicken Run is a stealth-based 3-D platformer based on the movie. The game is a loose parody of the film The Great Escape, which is set during World War II.
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
Film portal
Animation portal
2000s portal
Wallace and Gromit
List of animated feature-length films
List of stop-motion films
Colditz Cock, a glider built by British prisoners of war for an escape attempt during World War II
Notes[edit]
^ In July 2014, the film's North American distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation.[34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Chicken Run (2000)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chicken Run". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (12 June 2000). "Review: ‘Chicken Run’". Variety. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Cox, Dan (3 December 1997). "D’Works’ feat of clay". Variety. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Longer View: British animation". BBC. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Rex Weiner (10 April 1997). "Aardman on 'Run'". Variety. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Spall, Timothy (2000). Fowl Play: The Making of Chicken Run. Picture Production.
Jump up ^ "Chicken Run - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chicken Run Movie Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More". Metacritic. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Income weekend - 23-25 June 2000, Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Income weekend - 30 June – 2 July 2000, Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ DeMott, Rick (22 November 2000). "Chicken Run Flies Into Stores". Animation World Network. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "28th Annual Annie". Annie Awards. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bigger Better Baftas". Empire Online. 31 January 2001. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Mark (19 December 2000). "Broadcast Critics Eat Crowe". E! Online UK. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Reifsteck, Greg (8 January 2001). "Dallas crix pick ‘Traffic’". Variety. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billy aims to conquer Europe". BBC News. 8 November 2000. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Traffic is Florida favourite". BBC News. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "FIRST LOOK: The News in Brief, February 27, 2001". E! Online UK. 27 February 2001. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ DeMott, Rick (21 December 2000). "Chicken Run Lays A Golden Globe Nom". Animated World Network. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Reifsteck, Greg (18 December 2000). "The 2nd Annual Golden Tomato Awards". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "KCFCC Award Winners – 2000-09". Kansas City Film Critics Circle. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Scherzer, Barbara (26 December 2000). "Las Vegas critics fete ‘Erin,’ ‘Gladiator’". Variety. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ King, Susan. "'Crouching Tiger' Wins Top Prize from L.A. Critics". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 September 2014. 17 December 2000
Jump up ^ King, Susan (7 December 2000). "'Quills' Named Best Film by National Board of Review". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Traffic wows New York critics". BBC News. 14 December 2000. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Flashes From the week of January 18, 2001". Phoenix New Times. 18 January 2001. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Reifsteck, Greg (18 December 2000). "‘Gladiator,’ ‘Traffic’ lead Golden Sat noms". Variety. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Minotta, Mauricio (31 July 2011). "'Traffic,' 'Betty' Are Golden". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "2000 SEFCA Best Films of the Year". Southeastern Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 13 June 2004. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chicken Run [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] - John Powell | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards | AllMusic". Retrieved 20 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: Chicken Run: Music". Retrieved 11 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chicken Run Soundtrack (2000)". Soundtrack.Net. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Chney, Alexandra (July 29, 2014). "DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates, SEC Investigation Revealed". Variety. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Chicken Run on IMDb
Chicken Run at Metacritic
Chicken Run at Rotten Tomatoes
Chicken Run at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Chicken Run at Box Office Mojo
Chicken Run at AllMovie
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Short films
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A Bug's Life – John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt – Simon Wells, Brenda Chapman, and Steve Hickner (1998)
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[show]
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Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
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Grand Sierra Resort
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Grand Sierra Resort
Location
Reno, Nevada, U.S.
Address
2500 East Second Street
Opening date
May 3, 1978; 40 years ago (1978-05-03)
Theme
Modern
No. of rooms
2,001[1]
Total gaming space
63,584 sq ft (5,907.1 m2)[2]
Notable restaurants
Briscola
Charlie Palmer Steak
Owner
The Meruelo Group
Architect
Martin Stern, Jr. and Associates
Worth Group
Previous names
MGM Grand Reno (1978–1986)
Bally's Reno (1986–1992)
Reno Hilton (1992–2006)
Renovated in
1981, 2012, 2013, 2014
Coordinates
39°31′22″N 119°46′45″W / 39.522854°N 119.779226°W / 39.522854; -119.779226Coordinates: 39°31′22″N 119°46′45″W / 39.522854°N 119.779226°W / 39.522854; -119.779226
Website
grandsierraresort.com
Grand Sierra Resort (formerly MGM Grand Reno, Bally's Reno and Reno Hilton) is a hotel and casino located approximately three miles east of Downtown Reno, Nevada. The hotel has 1,990 guest rooms and suites, 10 restaurants, including two by celebrity chef Charlie Palmer[1] and a casino with 63,584 sq ft (5,907.1 m2) of space.[2][3] The hotel also has a shopping center, wedding chapel, pool, convention center, 50-lane bowling alley, movie theater,[4] a Race & Sports Book, nightclubs including LEX a 25,000 sq ft venue with a swimming pool, lake golf driving range, a two screen cinema and an RV park. It is owned and operated by Southern California based investment group headed by The Meruelo Group.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 MGM Grand (1978–1986)
1.2 Bally's (1986–1992)
1.3 Reno Hilton (1992–2006)
1.4 Grand Sierra Resort (2006–present)
2 Attractions
2.1 Casino
2.2 Dining
2.3 Grand Sierra Cinema
2.4 Fun Quest
2.5 Grand Adventure Land
2.6 Wedding Chapel
2.7 Grand Theatre
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
MGM Grand (1978–1986)[edit]
In 1975, officials from the Metro-Goldwyn Mayer Company began to scout out Reno locations for their proposed high rise hotel-casino they wanted to model after their very high-profile Las Vegas casino, the MGM Grand. Following a deal with and approval from the City Council, MGM purchased land at the intersection of Mill and 2nd Streets, at that time a gravel pit. The Summer of 1976 saw construction begin on the 26 story, 1,015 room property that would then be one of the largest in the world. After two years of fast tracked construction, the building opened with fanfare, fashion and media attention on May 3, 1978.
In the Summer of 1981, MGM opened an expansion of the hotel with a 26-story wing plus an additional 900 rooms, making a total of 2,001 rooms and suites. Three years later in November 1984 MGM revealed plans to expand the Reno hotel further: a $60 million 26 story wing with another 954 rooms, which never materialized. After fights and issues with the City Council, the expansion was later approved on September 23, 1985, amid rumors the MGM would be sold. Less than five months later on November 16, 1985 those rumors proved to be true with Bally Manufacturing announcing that it would acquire the Reno and Las Vegas MGM's for $440 million, further questioning the newly approved expansion for Reno.
Bally's (1986–1992)[edit]
Bally's Reno logo (1986–1992)
The increased purchase price transaction was completed in April 1986 and MGM Grand Reno became Bally's Reno, the price to purchase the MGM assets came out being more than $550 million. The expansion for Reno was delayed indefinitely leaving the current structure with 2,001 rooms. On April 18, 1989, Bally's shut down the popular Donn Arden production "Hello Hollywood Hello" that was created for the MGM Reno. It closed after 11 years and performances in front of more than 7 million people. It remains still the longest running production show to ever play in Reno. In 1990 Wall-Street began to tout financial problems with Bally Manufacturing; but in July 1990, they refute the claim and announce they will continue to operate the hotel-casinos. Three months later in October 1990, it became known that Bally's was struggling with $1.8 billion in debts and announced a plan to restructure and reorganize to keep Bally's Reno operating. After two years of sluggish operations, on February 27, 1992 Bally Manufacturing, parent company of Bally's, filed for bankruptcy. The next month, in March 1992, the hotel was placed on the market in an attempt to aid their debt by unloading the non-revenue producing Bally's Reno, sister hotel Bally's Las Vegas was far more superior in terms of revenues. Quickly, bidding began between Hilton Hotels Inc and Harveys Casino. The bidding went on until June 1992 when Hilton put an end to the fight, bidding $83 million. The transaction took a few weeks to complete.
Reno Hilton (1992–2006)[edit]
Reno Hilton logo (1992–2006)
On July 31, 1992, Bally's Reno became officially the Reno Hilton.
Free of financial problems and immediately after the sale, Hilton began investing $86 million worth of renovations in 1994/1995 to transform completely the interior and exterior of the hotel and direct the theme towards a more Western image. In December 1993, during the renovations, Hilton confirmed that it was looking into building a 1,000 room addition. The Reno Hilton's ownership was a series of managers and company names; it was Hilton Hotel Inc. from 1992-1999 when Hilton spun off its gaming operations into a separate company called Park Place Entertainment. Then in 2003, following a 2001 purchase of Caesars World, Park Place changed its name to Caesars Entertainment, with Hilton still holding an affiliation with the company. Around this time, the Reno Hilton was again being renovated. In May 2005, it became known that Caesars Entertainment, which was pending in a merger with Harrah's Entertainment, had to disassociate all hotels under the Hilton brand as Hilton had removed itself from the company and did not want to become part of the merger. Consequently, the property was placed on the market and quickly picked up by a group of investors known as the Grand Sierra Resort Corp. The purchase price was $151 million.
The transaction from Caesars Entertainment to GSR Corp involving the $151 million sale of the Reno Hilton was lengthy. The sale was announced in early May 2005 but wasn't completed until June 2006 due to finance and licensing problems.
Grand Sierra Resort (2006–present)[edit]
Grand Sierra Resort logo (2006–2012)
After all problems were addressed with all parties involved, the Reno Hilton became the Grand Sierra Resort and Casino on June 24, 2006.
During the first ownership of the Grand Sierra Resort nearly $100 million was spent to convert the property into the new brand. The money was spent on reconfiguration of the public areas, a new swimming pool area, update for the casino that included keeping the original MGM-like ceilings, a refreshed hotel lobby and converting floors 17–27 into "hotel-condos" called The Summit. The company had larger-scale expansion plans that included a water park, boutique shopping, a water and laser show, 48-story condominium high-rises and further renovations. Those never came to fruition. Briefly, the hotel was home to Nikki Beach nightlife and Ashton Kutcher's Dolce Enoteca restaurant. In October 2008, in the midst of the economic crises, GSR's ownership or group of investors failed to make payments on their loans with their financier, JPMorgan, essentially bankrupt, the bank foreclosed on the 2,001 room hotel/casino and assumed ownership, assigning it to their affiliate Credit Markets Real Estate Holdings to oversee operations. That affiliate brought on Las Vegas based management companies such as Catalyst, who flips struggling hotel/casinos and makes them attractive to a buyer. Those companies, including the Navengante Group and Santo Gaming, both Las Vegas based, continued to make improvements to the resort such as adding or replacing restaurants. The hotel/condo program was eliminated and settlements with buyers are ongoing to this day, the renovated rooms above the 17th floor that are non private owned rent as hotel rooms.
In 2009, The Meruelo Group began looking at the property with an interest to purchase it. CEO Alex Meruelo was intrigued by the property's potential to truly become an elite destination resort. After negotiations between Meruelo and JPMorgan, a deal was reached to sell the 145 acre site for only $42 million. This payment was made in cash, and the deal was announced in February 2011. Quickly, the deal closed after regulatory approval in April 2011. Out of bank ownership, Meruelo pledged to continually make improvements. Not gamers, Meruelo, owner of successful restaurant chains, TV stations and construction companies, was now in the business of hotel/casinos. He brought on seasoned management from Las Vegas to help in his effort to rebrand the property. In August 2011, the company announced a multi phase $25 million improvement program that would renovate the casino, hotel lobby, rooms and restaurants. In August 2012, that program was completed. Favoring bright and modern versus elegant and dark. Even with the first round of renovations completed, Meruelo was not stopping their improvements with renovations to their sports book, a new Spa, new stores and a $14 million nightclub opened in 2014. For the first time in the property's 30-year history, exterior enhancements were made in 2014.
Grand Sierra Resort logo (2012–2014)
In Spring 2013, it was announced Meruelo Group had firm deal to acquire an Atlantic City Casino and Hotel Trump Plaza for $20 million, however, in April 2013, that deal was put on hold as the parent company's mortgage holder put a stop to the deal. Meruelo was still committed to acquiring it and expanding their network of hotel/casinos. Another renovations for the meeting space occurred in summer of 2015.
Attractions[edit]
Casino[edit]
Grand Sierra has one of the largest casino floors in Reno and Northern Nevada with over 90,000 square feet of slots, video poker, table games and a race and sports book. It has been recently renovated to showcase an air of cosmopolitan with new carpet, table game decor, slot chairs and a new lighting element with new chandeliers of different dimensions dimmed with LED color changing accents installed in the arcs of the ceiling elements. Innovativo Design of Las Vegas is responsible for Grand Sierra's new casino look.
Dining[edit]
Grand Sierra features many dining options for guests ranging from affordable to very upscale.
2nd Street Express – Snack Bar, operated by GSR
Briscola – Italian, operated by GSR
Grand Café (formerly known as Café Sierra) – 24-hour Café, operated by GSR
Cantina – Mexican, operated by GSR
Charlie Palmer Steak – Steakhouse, operated by GSR
Johnny Rockets – Hamburgers, franchise, located in downstairs mall
Port of Subs – Sandwiches, franchise, located in downstairs mall
Rim – Asian, operated by GSR
Round Table Pizza – Pizza, franchise, located in downstairs mall
Starbucks – coffee, franchised and operated by GSR
The Grand Buffet (formerly known as The Lodge Buffet and Elements Buffet) – All-you-can-eat Buffet, operated by GSR
Grand Sierra Cinema[edit]
Grand Sierra Cinema is a two auditorium theater located in the lower level mall. The theater features movies that recently left mainstream theaters but haven't yet reached DVD for just $4. Movies are played once on weeknights and twice on weekend nights.
Fun Quest[edit]
Fun Quest is the resort's family entertainment center. Attractions in the FEC include a Laser Tag arena. Formerly Q-Zar/Quazar, it was converted to a Lazer Runner system in January 2007. In addition, a second arena was recently added for Battlefield Live.
Grand Adventure Land[edit]
Grand Adventure Land is located at the northwest corner of the resort's property. Essentially a miniature amusement park featuring upcharge attractions, the park contains a 180-foot Skycoaster, a reverse bungee, miniature golf, and 3 go-cart tracks.
Wedding Chapel[edit]
Grand Sierra Wedding Chapel offers two venues to host weddings. One is located inside on the lower level of the hotel and the other is outside near their pool.
Grand Theatre[edit]
A 2,700 seat concert & show venue. They regularly present entertainment's biggest names. It's also home to the world's largest indoor stage with more than a full acre of usable space. The theater was constructed to host MGM's "Hello Hollywood Hello" Production from 1978-87. The stage is one of the largest in the world. The Meruelo Group is currently remodeling it and updating it for future projects.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "About the GSR". Grand Sierra Resort. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Casino and Sports Book Best Casino in Reno, NV". Grand Sierra Resort. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Listing of Financial Statements Square Footage". Nevada Gaming Control Board. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bowling Center". Grand Sierra Resort. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Downtown Makeover - Updates on the Grand Sierra Resort
Lex Nightclub
Media related to Grand Sierra Resort at Wikimedia Commons
[hide]
v
t
e
Nevada area casinos (outside Clark County and Las Vegas)
Amargosa Valley
Longstreet
Baker
Border Inn
Beatty
Stagecoach
Downtown Carson City
Carson Nugget
Max
Ormsby House
Carson City
Bodines
Casino Fandango
Gold Dust West
Crystal Bay
Cal Neva
Ely
Hotel Nevada and Gambling Hall
Jackpot
Barton's Club 93
Cactus Pete's
Minden
Carson Valley Inn
Downtown Reno
Circus Circus
Club Cal Neva
Eldorado
Harrah's
Sands Regency
Silver Legacy
Reno
Atlantis
Grand Sierra Resort
Mount Rose
Peppermill
Station Casino
Sparks
Nugget
Rail City
Western Village
Stateline
Hard Rock
Harrah's
Harveys
Lakeside Inn
MontBleu
Verdi
Boomtown
West Wendover
Montego Bay Resort
Peppermill
Rainbow
Red Garter
Wendover Nugget
Yerington
Dini's Lucky Club
Former
Downtown Reno
Comstock Hotel & Casino
Fitzgeralds
Golden Phoenix
Harold's Club
Mapes Hotel
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Riverside Hotel
Siena
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Bourbon Square
Stateline
Bill's
Stateline Country Club
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A-1 Club
Lists
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