text:
Pulmonary surfactant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Diagram of the alveoli with both cross-section and external view
Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. By adsorbing to the air-water interface of alveoli, with hydrophilic head groups in the water and the hydrophobic tails facing towards the air, the main lipid component of surfactant, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), reduces surface tension.
As a medication, pulmonary surfactant is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Function
1.1 Compliance
1.2 Alveolar size regulation
1.3 Prevent fluid accumulation and keep airways dry
1.4 Innate immunity
2 Composition
2.1 Lipids
2.1.1 DPPC
2.1.2 Other phospholipids
2.2 Proteins
3 Artificial surfactants
4 Surface tension magnitude inside the lung
5 Production and degradation
6 Diseases
7 History
8 References
9 External links
Function[edit]
To increase pulmonary compliance.
To prevent atelectasis (collapse of the lung) at the end of expiration.
To facilitate recruitment of collapsed airways.
Alveoli can be compared to gas in water, as the alveoli are wet and surround a central air space. The surface tension acts at the air-water interface and tends to make the bubble smaller (by decreasing the surface area of the interface). The gas pressure (P) needed to keep equilibrium between the collapsing force of surface tension (γ) and the expanding force of gas in an alveolus of radius r is expressed by the law of Laplace:
P = 2 γ r {\displaystyle P={\frac {2\gamma }{r}}}
Compliance[edit]
Compliance is the ability of lungs and thorax to expand. Lung compliance is defined as the volume change per unit of pressure change across the lung. Measurements of lung volume obtained during the controlled inflation/deflation of a normal lung show that the volumes obtained during deflation exceed those during inflation, at a given pressure. This difference in inflation and deflation volumes at a given pressure is called hysteresis and is due to the air-water surface tension that occurs at the beginning of inflation. However, surfactant decreases the alveolar surface tension, as seen in cases of premature infants suffering from infant respiratory distress syndrome. The normal surface tension for water is 70 dyn/cm (70 mN/m) and in the lungs it is 25 dyn/cm (25 mN/m); however, at the end of the expiration, compressed surfactant phospholipid molecules decrease the surface tension to very low, near-zero levels. Pulmonary surfactant thus greatly reduces surface tension, increasing compliance allowing the lung to inflate much more easily, thereby reducing the work of breathing. It reduces the pressure difference needed to allow the lung to inflate. The lung's compliance decreases and ventilation decreases when lung tissue becomes diseased and fibrotic.[2]
Alveolar size regulation[edit]
As the alveoli increase in size, the surfactant becomes more spread out over the surface of the liquid. This increases surface tension effectively slowing the rate of expansion of the alveoli. This also helps all alveoli in the lungs expand at the same rate, as one that expands more quickly will experience a large rise in surface tension slowing its rate of expansion. It also means the rate of shrinking is more regular, as if one reduces in size more quickly the surface tension will reduce more, so other alveoli can contract more easily than it can. Surfactant reduces surface tension more readily when the alveoli are smaller because the surfactant is more concentrated.
Prevent fluid accumulation and keep airways dry[edit]
Surface tension forces also draw fluid from capillaries to the alveolar spaces. Surfactant reduces fluid accumulation and keeps the airways dry by reducing these forces.[3]
Innate immunity[edit]
Surfactant immune function is primarily attributed to two proteins: SP-A and SP-D. These proteins can bind to sugars on the surface of pathogens and thereby opsonize them for uptake by phagocytes. It also regulates inflammatory responses and interacts with the adaptive immune response. Surfactant degradation or inactivation may contribute to enhanced susceptibility to lung inflammation and infection.[4]
Composition[edit]
~40% dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC);[5]
~40% other phospholipids (PC);[5]
~10% surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D);[5]
~10% neutral lipids(Cholesterol);[5]
Traces of other substances.
Lipids[edit]
DPPC[edit]
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is a phospholipid with two 16-carbon saturated chains and a phosphate group with quaternary amine group attached. The DPPC is the strongest surfactant molecule in the pulmonary surfactant mixture. It also has higher compaction capacity than the other phospholipids, because the apolar tail is less bent. Nevertheless, without the other substances of the pulmonary surfactant mixture, the DPPC's adsorption kinetics is very slow. This happens primarily because the phase transition temperature between gel to liquid crystal of pure DPPC is 41.5 °C, which is higher than the human body's temperature of 37 °C.[6]
Other phospholipids[edit]
Phosphatidylcholine molecules form ~85% of the lipid in surfactant and have saturated acyl chains. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) forms about 11% of the lipids in the surfactant, it has unsaturated fatty acid chains that fluidize the lipid monolayer at the interface. Neutral lipids and cholesterol are also present. The components for these lipids diffuse from the blood into type II alveolar cells where they are assembled and packaged for secretion into secretory organelles called lamellar bodies.[citation needed]
Proteins[edit]
Proteins make up the remaining 10% of the surfactant. Half of this 10% is plasma proteins but the rest is formed by the apolipoproteins, surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. The apolipoproteins are produced by the secretory pathway in type II cells. They undergo much post-translational modification, ending up in the lamellar bodies. These are concentric rings of lipid and protein, about 1 µm in diameter.
SP-A and SP-D confer innate immunity as they have carbohydrate recognition domains that allow them to coat bacteria and viruses promoting phagocytosis by macrophages. SP-A is also thought to be involved in a negative feedback mechanism to control the production of surfactant.[citation needed]
SP-B and SP-C are hydrophobic membrane proteins that increase the rate that surfactant spreads over the surface. SP-B and SP-C are required for proper biophysical function of the lung. Humans and animals born with a congenital absence of SP-B suffer from intractable respiratory failure whereas those born lacking SP-C tend to develop progressive interstitial pneumonitis.[citation needed]
The SP proteins reduce the critical temperature of DPPC's phase transition to a value lower than 37 °C,[7] which improves its adsorption and interface spreading velocity.[8][9] The compression of the interface causes a phase change of the surfactant molecules to liquid-gel or even gel-solid. The fast adsorption velocity is necessary to maintain the integrity of the gas exchange region of the lungs.
Each SP protein has distinct functions, which act synergetically to keep an interface rich in DPPC during lung's expansion and contraction. Changes in the surfactant mixture composition alter the pressure and temperature conditions for phase changes and the phospholipids' crystal shape as well.[10] Only the liquid phase can freely spread on the surface to form a monolayer. Nevertheless, it has been observed that if a lung region is abruptly expanded the floating crystals crack like "icebergs". Then the SP proteins selectively attract more DPPC to the interface than other phospholipids or cholesterol, whose surfactant properties are worse than DPPC's. The SP also fastens the DPPC on the interface to prevent the DPPC from being squeezed out when the surface area decreases [9] This also reduces the interface compressibility.[11]
Artificial surfactants[edit]
Main article: Pulmonary surfactant (medication)
Survanta, surrounded by devices for its application.
There are a number of types of pulmonary surfactants available.
Synthetic pulmonary surfactants
Colfosceril palmitate (Exosurf) - a mixture of DPPC with hexadecanol and tyloxapol added as spreading agents
Pumactant (Artificial Lung Expanding Compound or ALEC) - a mixture of DPPC and PG
KL-4 - composed of DPPC, palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid, combined with a 21 amino acid synthetic peptide that mimics the structural characteristics of SP-B.
Venticute - DPPC, PG, palmitic acid and recombinant SP-C
Animal derived surfactants
Beractant
(Alveofact) - extracted from cow lung lavage fluid
(Survanta) - extracted from minced cow lung with additional DPPC, palmitic acid and tripalmitin
Calfactant (Infasurf) - extracted from calf lung lavage fluid
Poractant alfa (Curosurf) - extracted from material derived from minced pig lung
Surface tension magnitude inside the lung[edit]
Even though the surface tension can be greatly reduced by pulmonary surfactant, this effect will depend on the surfactant's concentration on the interface. The interface concentration has a saturation limit, which depends on temperature and mixture composition. Because during ventilation there is a variation of the lung surface area, the surfactant's interface concentration is not usually at the level of saturation. The surface increases during inspiration, which consequently opens space for new surfactant molecules to be recruited to the interface. Meanwhile, at the expiration the surface area decreases, the layer of surfactant is squeezed, bringing the surfactant molecules closer to each other and further decreasing the surface tension.[citation needed]
SP molecules contribute to increase the surfactant interface adsorption kinetics, when the concentration is below the saturation level. They also make weak bonds with the surfactant molecules at the interface and hold them longer there when the interface is compressed. Therefore, during ventilation, surface tension is usually lower than at equilibrium. Therefore, the surface tension varies according to the volume of air in the lungs, which protects them from atelectasis at low volumes and tissue damage at high volume levels.[8][10][11]
Surface tension values
Condition
Tension (mN/m)
Water at 25 °C 70
Pulmonary surfactant in equilibrium at 36 °C 25
Healthy lung at 100% of TLC 30
Healthy lung between 40 and 60% of TLC 1~6
Healthy lung below 40% of TLC <1
Production and degradation[edit]
Surfactant production in humans begins in Type II cells during the alveolar sac stage of lung development. Lamellar bodies appear in the cytoplasm at about 20 weeks gestation.[citation needed] These lamellar bodies are secreted by exocytosis into the surface water layer lining the alveolar airspace, where the surfactant forms a meshwork of tubular myelin. Term infants are estimated to have an alveolar storage pool of approximately 100 mg/kg of surfactant, while preterm infants have an estimated 4–5 mg/kg at birth.[citation needed]
Club cells also produce a component of lung surfactant.[citation needed]
Alveolar surfactant has a half life of 5 to 10 hours once secreted. It can be both broken down by macrophages and / or reabsorbed into the lamellar structures of type II pneumocytes. Up to 90% of surfactant DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) is recycled from the alveolar space back into the type II pneumocyte. This process is believed to occur through SP-A stimulating receptor mediated, clathrin dependent endocytosis.[12] The other 10% is taken up by alveolar macrophages and digested.
Diseases[edit]
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is caused by lack of surfactant, commonly suffered by premature babies born before 28–32 weeks of gestation.[citation needed]
Congenital surfactant deficiency
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Surfactant metabolism dysfunction
History[edit]
In late 1920s von Neergaard[13] identified the function of the pulmonary surfactant in increasing the compliance of the lungs by reducing surface tension. However the significance of his discovery was not understood by the scientific and medical community at that time. He also realized the importance of having low surface tension in lungs of newborn infants. Later, in the middle of the 1950s, Pattle and Clements rediscovered the importance of surfactant and low surface tension in the lungs. At the end of that decade it was discovered that the lack of surfactant caused infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)" (PDF). WHO. April 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alveoli and the Breathing Process". Retrieved 2013-10-30. [unreliable medical source?]
Jump up ^ West, John B. (1994). Respiratory physiology-- the essentials. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-08937-4. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Wright, Jo Rae (2004). "Host Defense Functions of Pulmonary Surfactant". Biology of the Neonate. 85 (4): 326–32. doi:10.1159/000078172. PMID 15211087.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nkadi, Paul O.; Merritt, T. Allen; Pillers, De-Ann M. (2009). "An overview of pulmonary surfactant in the neonate: Genetics, metabolism, and the role of surfactant in health and disease". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 97 (2): 95–101. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.01.015. ISSN 1096-7192.
Jump up ^ Albon, Norman (1978). "Nature of the gel to liquid crystal transition of synthetic phosphatidylcholines". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 75 (5): 2258–2260. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.5.2258. PMC 392531  . PMID 276866.
Jump up ^ Hills, B. A. (1999). "An alternative view of the role(s) of surfactant and the alveolar model". Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 (5): 1567–83. PMID 10562593.
^ Jump up to: a b Schurch, S.; Lee, Martin; Gehr, Peter; Qanbar, R; Schürch, S (1992). "Pulmonary surfactant: Surface properties and function of alveolar and airway surfactant". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 64 (11): 209–20. doi:10.1351/pac199264111745.
^ Jump up to: a b Possmayer, Fred; Nag, Kaushik; Rodriguez, Karina; Qanbar, Riad; Schürch, Samuel (2001). "Surface activity in vitro: Role of surfactant proteins". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 129: 209–20. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00317-8. PMID 11369545.
^ Jump up to: a b c Veldhuizen, Ruud; Nag, Kaushik; Orgeig, Sandra; Possmayer, Fred (1998). "The role of lipids in pulmonary surfactant". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1408 (2–3): 90–108. doi:10.1016/S0925-4439(98)00061-1. PMID 9813256.
^ Jump up to: a b Schürch, Samuel; Bachofen, Hans; Possmayer, Fred (2001). "Surface activity in situ, in vivo, and in the captive bubble surfactometer". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 129 (1): 195–207. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00316-6. PMID 11369544.
Jump up ^ Crowther, J. E.; Schlesinger, L. S. (2005). "Endocytic pathway for surfactant protein a in human macrophages: Binding, clathrin-mediated uptake, and trafficking through the endolysosomal pathway". AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 290 (2): L334–42. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00267.2005. PMID 16169899.
Jump up ^ Neergaard, K. (1929). "Neue Auffassungen über einen Grundbegriff der Atemmechanik" [New views on a fundamental concept of respiratory mechanics]. Zeitschrift für Die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin (in German). 66 (1): 373–94. doi:10.1007/bf02621963.
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Respiratory physiology
Respiration
breath
inhalation
exhalation
respiratory rate
respirometer
pulmonary surfactant
compliance
elastic recoil
hysteresivity
airway resistance
bronchial
hyperresponsiveness
constriction
dilatation
mechanical ventilation
Control
pons
pneumotaxic center
apneustic center
medulla
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
chemoreceptors
central
peripheral
pulmonary stretch receptors
Hering–Breuer reflex
Lung volumes
VC
FRC
Vt
dead space
CC
PEF
calculations
respiratory minute volume
FEV1/FVC ratio
Lung function tests
spirometry
body plethysmography
peak flow meter
nitrogen washout
Circulation
pulmonary circulation
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
pulmonary shunt
Interactions
ventilation (V)
Perfusion (Q)
Ventilation/perfusion ratio
V/Q scan
zones of the lung
gas exchange
pulmonary gas pressures
alveolar gas equation
alveolar–arterial gradient
hemoglobin
oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation
2,3-BPG
Bohr effect
Haldane effect)
carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift)
oxyhemoglobin
respiratory quotient
arterial blood gas
diffusion capacity (DLCO)
Insufficiency
high altitude
oxygen toxicity
hypoxia
[show]
v
t
e
Protein: cell membrane proteins (other than Cell surface receptor, enzymes, and cytoskeleton)
Arrestin
SAG
ARRB1
ARRB2
ARR3
Membrane-spanning 4A
MS4A1
MS4A2
MS4A3
MS4A4A
MS4A4E
MS4A5
MS4A6A
MS4A6E
MS4A7
MS4A8B
MS4A9
MS4A10
MS4A12
MS4A13
MS4A14
MS4A15
MS4A18
Myelin
Myelin basic protein
PMP2
Myelin proteolipid protein
PLP1
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
Myelin-associated glycoprotein
Myelin protein zero
Pulmonary surfactant
Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B
Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C
Tetraspanin
TSPAN1
TSPAN2
TSPAN3
TSPAN4
TSPAN5
TSPAN6
TSPAN7
TSPAN8
TSPAN9
TSPAN10
TSPAN11
TSPAN12
TSPAN13
TSPAN14
TSPAN15
TSPAN16
TSPAN17
TSPAN18
TSPAN19
TSPAN20
TSPAN21
TSPAN22
TSPAN23
TSPAN24
TSPAN25
TSPAN26
TSPAN27
TSPAN28
TSPAN29
TSPAN30
TSPAN31
TSPAN32
TSPAN33
TSPAN34
Other/ungrouped
Calnexin
LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein
Neurofibromin 2
Presenilin
PSEN1
PSEN2
HFE
Phospholipid transfer proteins
Dysferlin
STRC
OTOF
see also other cell membrane protein disorders
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_surfactant&oldid=810231214"
Categories:
Respiratory physiology
Integral membrane proteins
Surfactants
Pulmonary function testing
Lipopeptides
Hidden categories:
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015
CS1 German-language sources (de)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
Italiano
മലയാളം
日本語
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 November 2017, at 01:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Type_II_pneumocyte
mw-redirect
Type II pneumocyte

values:
/wiki/Interface_(chemistry)
mw-redirect
Interface (chemistry)

values: /wiki/Alveoli mw-redirect Alveoli

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance
mw-redirect
Pulmonary compliance

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:8.105ex; height:5.343ex;

values: Edit section: Prevent fluid accumulation and keep airways dry

values: Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Plasma_proteins
mw-redirect
Plasma proteins

values: Edit section: Surface tension magnitude inside the lung

values:
/wiki/Van_der_Waals_Forces
mw-redirect
Van der Waals Forces

values:
/wiki/Total_lung_capacity
mw-redirect
Total lung capacity

values: Edit section: Production and degradation

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
/wiki/Congenital_surfactant_deficiency
mw-redirect
Congenital surfactant deficiency

values: Material near this tag may rely on an unreliable or less reliable medical source. (May 2015)

values: Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2015)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1159%2F000078172

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15211087

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ymgme.2009.01.015

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1096-7192

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.75.5.2258

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/276866

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10562593

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199264111745

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11369545

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9813256

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11369544

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1152%2Fajplung.00267.2005

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169899

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02621963

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Respiratory_physiology
mw-redirect
Respiratory physiology

values:
/wiki/Lung_function_test
mw-redirect
Lung function test

values:
/wiki/Body_plethysmography
mw-redirect
Body plethysmography

values:
/wiki/Peak_flow_meter
mw-redirect
Peak flow meter

values:
/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)
mw-redirect
Ventilation (physiology)

values:
/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas
mw-redirect
Arterial blood gas

values:
/wiki/Diffusion_capacity
mw-redirect
Diffusion capacity

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Other cell membrane proteins (page does not exist)

values: Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C

values: Template:Other cell membrane protein disorders

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2015

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: فاعل بالسطح الرئوي – Arabic

values: سورفکتانت ریوی – Persian

values: ശ്വാസകോശങ്ങളിലെ സർഫക്റ്റന്റ് – Malayalam

values: 肺サーファクタント – Japanese

values: Лёгочный сурфактант – Russian

values: Легеневі сурфактанти – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pulmonary_surfactant rootpage-Pulmonary_surfactant skin-vector action-view


text:
Constitutional Commission
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Many entities have been called a Constitutional Commission with the general purpose of reviewing a constitution, or planning to create one.
Contents
[hide]
1 Afghanistan
2 Australia
3 Canada
4 Philippines
5 Scotland
6 Seychelles
7 Tanzania
8 See also
9 References
Afghanistan[edit]
Afghan Constitution Commission
Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (August 2003)
Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah
Australia[edit]
Further information: Constitutional history of Australia
In 1985 a Constitutional Commission was established (by the Hawke Labor government) to review the Australian Constitution and reported in 1988.[1] It was seen as too partisan by many Liberals and the eventual referendum questions were not supported; leading to the lowest 'yes' vote count for any referendum in Australia (in 1988).
Canada[edit]
Further information: Constitutional history of Canada
The federally initiated Rowell–Sirois Commission of 1937 to 1940 recommended (successfully) that the federal government take over unemployment insurance and pensions from the provinces.
The Quebec-initiated Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems of 1953 to 1956 argued (unsuccessfully) for the devolution of more powers to the Province of Quebec.
The federal Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism recommended (successfully) that Canada become officially bilingual and bicultural (later modified to multicultural).
Philippines[edit]
On January 1942, the Philippine Executive Commission or PEC was established as the temporary care-taker government of the Greater Manila area and eventually of the whole Philippines during the Japanese occupation of the country during World War II. The constitution existed until the Liberation of Manila in 1945.
In 1986, President Corazon Aquino dissolved the 1973 Constitution and called for its revision. From February 1986 to February 1987, the Philippines was run under a Provisionary Constitution called "Freedom Constitution" drafted by her executive secretary Joker Arroyo. On September 1986, the Constitutional Commission of 1986 was set up with all members appointed by Aquino. The revised Philippine Constitution was placed into a plebiscite with 76% affirmative votes and was approved.
An unrelated concept is a "constitutional commission" (a commission created by the constitution) as stated in the 1987 Constitution are governmental bodies that are independent of the three main branches of government. These are the Civil Service Commission, Commission on Audit, and the Commission on Elections. The 1987 Constitution does not place upon a constitutional commission the task of amending the constitution: these fall under the Constitutional Convention, the Constituent Assembly and the People's Initiative.
Scotland[edit]
Scottish Constitutional Commission - A non-partisan think-tank, not to be confused with the Commission on Scottish Devolution which performs a similar function to a conventional constitutional commission, with regard to devolved government in Scotland.
Seychelles[edit]
Seychelles Constitutional Commission, established in 1992
Tanzania[edit]
Tanzanian Constitutional Review Commission
See also[edit]
Constitutional convention (political meeting)
Constituent Assembly
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Final Report of the Constitutional Commission 1988. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1988.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Commission&oldid=822936866"
Categories:
Constitutional commissions
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking sources from February 2008
All articles lacking sources
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 29 January 2018, at 10:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Unemployment_insurance
mw-redirect
Unemployment insurance

values:
/wiki/Liberation_of_Manila
mw-redirect
Liberation of Manila

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Commission_of_1986
mw-redirect
Constitutional Commission of 1986

values: Philippine constitutional plebiscite, 1987

values:
/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)
mw-redirect
Commission on Audit (Philippines)

values:
/wiki/Constituent_Assembly
mw-redirect
Constituent Assembly

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles lacking sources from February 2008

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Commission
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Constitutional_Commission rootpage-Constitutional_Commission skin-vector action-view


text:
Ro James
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ro James
Birth name
Ronnie James Tucker
Born
November 19, 1987 (age 29) Stuttgart, Germany,
Genres
R&B
Labels
ByStorm Entertainment, RCA Records
Ronnie James Tucker (known by his stage name Ro James), is an American singer-songwriter. He is known for his single "Permission", which reached number 37 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. He is signed to ByStorm Entertainment/RCA Records and has released Eldorado, his first album under a major label, in 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Discography
2.1 Albums
2.2 EPs
2.3 Singles
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Throughout his childhood, James would sing regularly, but never in public.[1] He eventually moved to New York where he was influenced by his aunt Rosie Gaines, a former singer for Prince.[2] His love for the album Purple Rain landed him in a studio at the age of 19.[2] His skills as a songwriter began with the song "Portrait", leading up to a credit on the single "Use Me" by R&B singer Miguel[3] after forming a bond with him on MySpace.[4]
James performed in and around New York with artists such as Luke James and Wynter Gordon. In 2013 he released his first EP, a three-part entitled Coke, Jack and Cadillacs. Each part represented important themes in his life - first love, first drink, first car.[1] The EP featured songs that included "A.D.I.D.A.S." and "Pledge Allegiance". It also featured Asher Roth on the song "Lisa".[5]
James signed with ByStorm Entertainment/RCA Records in 2015 and subsequently released "Permission", his first single from a major record label, reaching number 37 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[6] His debut album, Eldorado was released May 27, 2016. It debuted at number 71 on the US Billboard 200[7] and at number eight on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[8]
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
US
[7]
US
R&B
/HH
[8]
US
R&B
[9]
Eldorado
Released: May 27, 2016
Label: ByStorm Entertainment/RCA Records
Format: CD,[10] digital download[11]
71 8 3
EPs[edit]
Title
Details
Peak chart position
US
Coke, Jack, and Cadillacs
Released: 2013
Label: Independent
Format: Digital
—
Singles[edit]
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
US
US
R&B
/HH
[6]
US
R&B
[12]
"Permission"
2015 —[A] 37 12 Eldorado
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Permission" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Platon, Adelle (15 January 2016). "R&B Bad Boy Ro James On His Influences & Upcoming Debut 'El Dorado'". Billboard. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Artist Spotlight: Ro James". Urban Bridgez. 30 January 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Leight, Elias (25 November 2014). "jade de LaFleur, '405' Featuring Ro James". Billboard. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ro James Discusses Upcoming EP And Working With Miguel". Vibe. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Platon, Adelle (17 December 2016). "Ro James Makes Magic on Sexy Jam 'Already Knew That'". Billboard. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.billboard.com/artist/6857401/ro-james/chart?f=367
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.billboard.com/artist/6857401/ro-james/chart
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.billboard.com/artist/6857401/ro-james/chart?f=333
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/6857401/ro-james/chart?f=1235
Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/ELDORADO-Ro-James/dp/B01DK96YVQ/
Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/eldorado/id1106013140
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/6857401/ro-james/chart?f=1230
Jump up ^ "Chart Search for Ro James | Billboard". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Ro James at AllMusic
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ro_James&oldid=791092059"
Categories:
Living people
RCA Records artists
Musicians from New York City
People from Stuttgart
American rhythm and blues musicians
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 18 July 2017, at 02:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values:
/wiki/ByStorm_Entertainment
mw-redirect
ByStorm Entertainment

values:
/wiki/Wynter_Gordon
mw-redirect
Wynter Gordon

values:
/wiki/Hot_R%26B_Songs
mw-redirect
Hot R&B Songs

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: upper-alpha;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.rojamesxix.com/
external text

values: Category:American rhythm and blues musicians

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Ro_James
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ro_James rootpage-Ro_James vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Monday Night Football commentators
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Main article: Monday Night Football
The following is a list of sportscasters who have served as commentators for Monday Night Football broadcasts on various networks, along with each commentator's period of tenure on the show (beginning years of each season shown, as the NFL season ends in the calendar year after it begins). Game announcers used in #2 games usually come from ESPN and are included for both wild card playoff games (1995–2005 except 2002–2003 season) and secondary regular season games (1987, 1997, 2005–present).
Contents
1 Television
1.1 ABC
1.1.1 Play-by-play announcers
1.1.2 Color commentators
1.1.3 Sideline reporters
1.1.4 Studio hosts
1.1.5 Studio analysts
1.1.6 Wild Card Playoffs (No. 2 game)
1.2 ESPN
1.3 ESPN Deportes/ESPN Latin America
2 Radio
2.1 CBS Radio/Westwood One
2.2 Mutual Radio
2.3 NBC Radio
3 References
Television[edit]
ABC[edit]
Play-by-play announcers[edit]
Keith Jackson (1970)
Frank Gifford (1971–1985; also when Al Michaels was working postseason baseball 1986–1989)
Al Michaels (1986–2005)
Gary Bender (#2, 1987)
Mike Patrick (#2, 1997 and 2005)
Color commentators[edit]
Howard Cosell (1970–1983)
Don Meredith (1970–1973, 1977–1984)
Fred Williamson (1974 preseason only)
Alex Karras (1974–1976)
Fran Tarkenton (1979–1982)
O. J. Simpson (1983–1985)
Joe Namath (1985)
Frank Gifford (1986–1997)
Dan Dierdorf (1987–1998)
Lynn Swann (#2, 1987)
Joe Theismann (#2, 1997 and 2005)
Dan Fouts (2000–2001)
Boomer Esiason (1998–1999)
Dennis Miller (2000–2001)
John Madden (2002–2005)
Paul Maguire (#2, 2005)
Sideline reporters[edit]
Lynn Swann (1994–1997, Super Bowls)
Ron Jaworski (#2, 1997)
Lesley Visser (sideline reporter, 1998–1999 and during Wild Card playoffs and Super Bowl XXXIV)
Eric Dickerson (2000–2001)
Melissa Stark (2000–2002)
Lisa Guerrero (2003)
Michele Tafoya (2004–2005)
Sam Ryan (2005)
Suzy Kolber (#2, 2005; Super Bowl XL)
Studio hosts[edit]
Jim Lampley (halftime and Super Bowl XIX co-host)
Al Michaels (Super Bowl XIX co-host)
Keith Jackson (Super Bowl XXII host)
Frank Gifford (1998)
Chris Berman (halftime host, 1996–1997 and during Wild Card playoffs and Super Bowls)
Brent Musburger (studio host, 1990–1995)
Robin Roberts (playoffs and Hurricane Katrina telethon co-host, 2005)
Studio analysts[edit]
Dick Vermeil (playoffs and Super Bowl, 1990–1995)
Joe Theismann (Super Bowl XIX)
Peter King (1995)
Steve Young (playoffs and Super Bowl)
Brian Billick (playoffs and Super Bowl)
Michael Strahan (playoffs and Super Bowl)
Wild Card Playoffs (No. 2 game)[edit]
Brent Musburger (play-by-play, 1990–1995 and 2002)
Mike Patrick (play-by-play, 1996–2001 and 2003–2005)
Dick Vermeil (color commentator, 1990–1995)
Joe Theismann (color commentator, 1996–2001 and 2003–2005)
Paul Maguire (color commentator, 1998–2001 and 2003–2005)
Gary Danielson (color commentator, 2002)
ESPN[edit]
Joe Tessitore (2018-present), Jason Witten (2018-present) and Booger McFarland (2018-present)
Gerald Austin (rules analyst, 2012–2017)
Chris Berman (#2 play-by-play, 2012–2016)
Bonnie Bernstein (#2 sideline reporter, 2006–2007)
Lindsay Czarniak (#2 sideline reporter, 2014–2016)
Trent Dilfer (#2 color commentator, 2010–2015)
Mike Ditka (#2 color commentator, 2007–2008)
Mike Greenberg (#2 play-by-play, 2007–2009)
Brian Griese (#2 color commentator, 2018)
Mike Golic (#2 color commentator, 2007–2009)
Jon Gruden (color commentator, 2009–2017)
Ron Jaworski (color commentator, 2007–2011; #2 color commentator, 2006)
Suzy Kolber (sideline reporter, 2006–2011 (as fill-in only 2011))
Tony Kornheiser (color commentator, 2006–2008)
Sean McDonough (play-by-play, 2016–2017)
Booger McFarland (field analyst & consultant, 2018–present)[1]
Beth Mowins (#2 play-by-play, 2017–present)
Brad Nessler (#2 play-by-play, 2006, 2010–2011)
Rachel Nichols (sideline reporter, 2011–2012; #2)
Wendi Nix (sideline reporter, 2011) (Week 1, 4)
Sal Paolantonio (sideline reporter, 2011, 2013; #2)
Rex Ryan (#2 color commentator, 2017)
Laura Rutledge (#2 sideline reporter, 2018)
Lisa Salters (sideline reporter, 2012–present)[1]
Michele Tafoya (sideline reporter, 2006–2010)
Joe Tessitore (play-by-play, 2018–present)[1]
Joe Theismann (color commentator, 2006)
Mike Tirico (play-by-play, 2006–2015)
Jeff Triplette (rules analyst, 2018–present)
Jason Witten (color commentator, 2018–present)[1]
Dick Vermeil (#2 color commentator, 2006)
Ed Werder (sideline reporter, 2011) (Week 3)
Steve Young (#2 color commentator, 2009, 2016)
Sergio Dipp (sideline reporter, 2017) (Week 1)
ESPN Deportes/ESPN Latin America[edit]
Álvaro Martín (play-by-play, 2006–present)
Raul Allegre (color commentator, 2006–present)
Eduardo Varela (#2 play-by-play, 2006–present)
Ciro Procuna (#3 play-by-play, 2006)
Sergio Dipp (sideline reporter, 2013–present)
Radio[edit]
CBS Radio/Westwood One[edit]
Main article: NFL on Westwood One Sports
Marv Albert (play-by-play, 2002–2009)
Bonnie Bernstein (sideline reporter, 2001–2005)
Jack Buck (play-by-play, 1978–1984, 1987–1995)
Randy Cross (backup color commentator, 2010)
Howard David (play-by-play, 1996–2001)
John Dockery (sideline reporter, 1999–2007)
Boomer Esiason (color commentator, 2000–2017)
Dan Fouts (backup color commentator, 2011–2013)
Jim Gray (studio host, 2001–present)
Kevin Harlan (backup play-by-play, 2009; play-by-play, 2010–present)
Matt Millen (color commentator, 1996–2000)
Warren Moon (backup color commentator, 2009)
Hank Stram (color commentator, 1978–1984, 1987–1995)
Lesley Visser (color commentator, 2001)
Kurt Warner (backup color commentator, 2014–2017, color commentator 2018–present)
Mutual Radio[edit]
Lindsey Nelson (play-by-play, 1974–1977)
Van Patrick (play-by-play, 1972–1973)
NBC Radio[edit]
Main article: NFL on NBC Radio
Don Criqui (play-by-play, 1985–1986)
Bob Trumpy (color commentator, 1985–1986)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "New MNF team: Joe Tessitore, Jason Witten, Booger McFarland, Lisa Salters". ESPN. May 10, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
show
v
t
e
ESPN Monday Night Football
Related programs
ESPN Sunday Night Football (Results, 1987–2005)
NFL Draft
NFL on ABC Sports
Football Sunday on ESPN Radio
Studio programs
The Blitz
Monday Night Countdown
NFL Matchup
NFL Primetime
Sunday NFL Countdown
NFL Live
NFL Insiders
Other football programs
Arena Football League on ESPN
CFL on TSN
ESPN College Football
USFL on ESPN
Related articles
History of Monday Night Football
NFL on television (history)
Commentators
Joe Tessitore - Play-by-play
Jason Witten - Color commentary
Booger McFarland - Field analyst
Lisa Salters - Sideline reporter
Jeff Triplette - Rules analyst
Former commentators
Gerald Austin
Bonnie Bernstein
Mike Ditka
Jon Gruden
Ron Jaworski
Suzy Kolber
Tony Kornheiser
Sean McDonough
Michele Tafoya
Joe Theismann
Mike Tirico
Dick Vermeil
Steve Young
Lore televised by ESPN
ESPN takes over MNF
2005 Saints–Giants/Cowboys–Redskins Doubleheader
2006 Bears–Cardinals Comeback
Fail Mary
Sunday Night Football era
American Bowl (1990-2005)
Fútbol Americano
Pro Bowls broadcast on ESPN
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
2004
2005
2006
2010
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Music
Edd Kalehoff
Johnny Pearson
Hank Williams, Jr.
Songs
"All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night"
"Heavy Action"
"Start Me Up"
"The Party's Over"
Yearly results
Monday night NFL games prior to 1970
1970–1989
1990–2009
2010–present
show
v
t
e
Monday Night Football team
Primary
Suzy Kolber
Steve Young
Randy Moss
Matt Hasselbeck
Charles Woodson
Contributors
Chris Mortensen
Adam Schefter
Louis Riddick
Game coverage
Joe Tessitore - Play-by-Play
Jason Witten - Color Commentary
Booger McFarland - Field Analyst
Lisa Salters - Sideline Reporter
Jeff Triplette - Rules Analyst
Former key figures
Al Michaels
John Madden
Howard Cosell
Frank Gifford
Don Meredith
Dan Dierdorf
Tony Kornheiser
O. J. Simpson
Keith Jackson
Fran Tarkenton
Lynn Swann
Boomer Esiason
Melissa Stark
Alex Karras
Michael Irvin
Emmitt Smith
Michele Tafoya
Matt Millen
Ron Jaworski
Stuart Scott
Mike Ditka
Keyshawn Johnson
Cris Carter
Ray Lewis
Mike Tirico
Tom Jackson
Chris Berman
Trent Dilfer
Jon Gruden
Sean McDonough
Gerald Austin
ABC Sports
ESPN
Monday Night Football
Monday Night Countdown
show
v
t
e
NFL on ABC
Related programs
Monday Night Football
ESPN Sunday Night Football
American Football League on ABC
Pro Football Highlights
Non-NFL programs
College Football on ABC
USFL on ABC
World League of American Football on ABC
Related articles
History of Monday Night Football
NFL on television (history)
Monday Night Mayhem (film)
ABC Monday Night Football (video game)
Super Bowl TV ratings (lead-out programs)
Chicago Bears (home games)
1953
1954
1955
Chicago Cardinals (home games)
1953
1954
1955
Los Angeles Rams (Pacific Time Zone affiliates)
1955
San Francisco 49ers (Pacific Time Zone affiliates)
1955
Washington Redskins (home games)
1954
Commentators
AFL All-Star Game
American Bowl
Pro Bowl
World Bowl
Postseason commentators
AFL Championship Game
NFL Championship Game
Super Bowl
Lore televised by ABC
"Body Bag Game"
Death of John Lennon
Brett Favre wins one for his father
"Monday Night Miracle"
Montana outduels Elway
"Snowball Game"
Joe Theismann's career-ending sack
"The Night That Courage Wore Orange"
World Bowl '91
Postseason lore
"Music City Miracle"
"One Yard Short"
"The Star-Spangled Banner" (Whitney Houston recording)
"Wide Right"
Music
Charles Fox
Edd Kalehoff
Johnny Pearson
Hank Williams, Jr.
Songs
"All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night"
"Heavy Action"
"The Party's Over"
NFL Championship
1948
1950
Super Bowl
XIX (1984)
XXII (1987)
XXV (1990)
XXIX (1994)
XXXIV (1999)
XXXVII (2002)
XL (2005)
Pro Bowl
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2018
2019
AFL Championship
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
Results and standings
Yearly results
Monday night NFL games prior to 1970
1970–1989
1990–2009
2010–present
show
v
t
e
NFL on NBC Radio
Related programs
Monday Night Football
NBC NFL Sunday
NFL on NBC
Related articles
NBC Radio Network
NBC Sports Radio
History of Monday Night Football
Monday Night Football results (1970–89)
NFL on Thanksgiving Day
Commentators
Monday Night Football
Commentator pairings
Pro Bowl
AFC playoffs commentators
AFC Championship Game
NFC playoffs commentators
NFC Championship Game
World championship commentators
NFL Championship Game
Super Bowl
Key figures
Play-by-play men
Ken Coleman
Don Criqui
Tom Davis
Jim Gibbons
Marty Glickman
Charlie Jones
Joe McConnell
Mel Proctor
Jay Randolph
Jim Simpson
Color commentators
John Brodie
Al DeRogatis
George Ratterman
Kyle Rote
Dave Rowe
Pat Summerall
Stan White
Studio hosts
Chris Carlin
Bob Costas
Scott Graham
Al Trautwig
Studio analysts
Jerome Bettis
Cris Collinsworth
NFL Championship
1962
1963
Super Bowl
I
III
V
VII
IX
XI
XX
XXI
Pro Bowl
1986
1987
Website: Official website - NBC Sports Radio
show
v
t
e
Lists of National Football League broadcasters
American Football Conference
Baltimore Ravens
Buffalo Bills
Cincinnati Bengals
Cleveland Browns
Denver Broncos
Houston Texans
Indianapolis Colts
Jacksonville Jaguars
Kansas City Chiefs
Los Angeles Chargers
Miami Dolphins
New England Patriots
New York Jets
Oakland Raiders
Pittsburgh Steelers
Tennessee Titans
By event
AFC Championship Game
American Football League events
AFL Championship Game
AFL All-Star Game
National Football Conference
Arizona Cardinals
Atlanta Falcons
Carolina Panthers
Chicago Bears
Dallas Cowboys
Detroit Lions
Green Bay Packers
Los Angeles Rams
Minnesota Vikings
New Orleans Saints
New York Giants
Philadelphia Eagles
San Francisco 49ers
Seattle Seahawks
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Washington Redskins
By event
NFC Championship Game
Pre-merger events
NFL Championship Game
Playoff Bowl
National television
ABC/ESPN
CBS (commentator pairings • NFL Today • Westwood One Radio)
Fox (commentator pairings)
NBC (commentator pairings • pregame show)
NFL Network
By event
NFL Draft
Pro Bowl
Super Bowl
International events
American Bowl
Bills Toronto Series
World Bowl
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Monday_Night_Football_commentators&oldid=861542798"
Categories:
Lists of National Football League announcers
National Football League on the radio
ABC Sports
ESPN announcers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 28 September 2018, at 05:55 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

value: p

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

value: label

attrs: class for

values: toctogglelabel toctogglecheckbox

attrs: class dir

values: toctitle ltr

values:
/wiki/John_Madden_(American_football)
mw-redirect
John Madden (American football)

values:
/wiki/Robin_Roberts_(sportscaster)
mw-redirect
Robin Roberts (sportscaster)

values:
/wiki/Steve_Young_(American_football)
mw-redirect
Steve Young (American football)

values: Edit section: Wild Card Playoffs (No. 2 game)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Edit section: ESPN Deportes/ESPN Latin America

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: ESPN Sunday Night Football results (1987–2005)

values:
/wiki/List_of_NFL_Draft_broadcasters
mw-redirect
List of NFL Draft broadcasters

values: United States Football League on television

values: History of the National Football League on television

values: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints

values: 2006 Chicago Bears–Arizona Cardinals game

values: 2012 Packers–Seahawks officiating controversy

values:
/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Hank Williams, Jr.

values: The Party's Over and Other Great Willie Nelson Songs

values: List of Monday night National Football League games prior to 1970

values: List of Monday Night Football results (1970–89)

values: List of Monday Night Football results (1990–2009)

values: List of Monday Night Football results (2010–present)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Tom Jackson (American football, born 1951)

values: List of ABC television affiliates (by U.S. state)

values: List of San Francisco 49ers broadcasters

values: List of Washington Redskins broadcasters

values: List of AFL Championship Game broadcasters

values: List of NFL Championship Game broadcasters

values:
/wiki/Death_of_John_Lennon
mw-redirect
Death of John Lennon

values: Monday Night Miracle (American football)

values: The Star-Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording)

values: All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight

values: 1960 American Football League Championship Game

values: 1961 American Football League Championship Game

values: 1962 American Football League Championship Game

values: 1963 American Football League Championship Game

values: 1964 American Football League Championship Game

values:
/wiki/NBC_Red_Network
mw-redirect
NBC Red Network

values: List of AFC Championship Game broadcasters

values: List of NFC Championship Game broadcasters

values:
nofollow
http://www.nbcsportsradio.com/
external text

values: Template:Lists of National Football League broadcasters

values: Template talk:Lists of National Football League broadcasters

values:
/wiki/List_of_current_NFL_broadcasters
mw-redirect
List of current NFL broadcasters

values: List of Jacksonville Jaguars broadcasters

values: List of Los Angeles Chargers broadcasters

values: List of New England Patriots broadcasters

values: List of Pittsburgh Steelers broadcasters

values: List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters

values: List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers broadcasters

values:
/wiki/NFL_on_television
mw-redirect
NFL on television

values: List of NFL on Westwood One Sports announcers

values:
/wiki/List_of_NFL_on_Fox_announcers
mw-redirect
List of NFL on Fox announcers

values: List of NFL on NBC pregame show panelists

values: List of Bills Toronto Series broadcasters

values: Category:Lists of National Football League announcers

values: Category:National Football League on the radio

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Monday_Night_Football_commentators rootpage-List_of_Monday_Night_Football_commentators skin-vector action-view


text:
That's the Way (I Like It)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"That's the Way (I Like It)"
German 5-inch maxi single
Single by KC and the Sunshine Band
from the album KC and the Sunshine Band
B-side
"What Makes You Happy"
Released
June 10, 1975
Format
Vinyl (7")
Genre
Disco[1]
funk[1]
Length
3:06 (radio edit)
5:07 (album version)
Label
TK
Songwriter(s)
Harry W. Casey
Richard Finch
Producer(s)
Harry W. Casey
Richard Finch
KC and the Sunshine Band singles chronology
"Shotgun Shuffle"
(1975) "That's the Way (I Like It)"
(1975) "I'm So Crazy ('Bout You)"
(1975)
"Shotgun Shuffle"
(1975) "That's the Way (I Like It)"
(1975) "I'm So Crazy ('Bout You)"
(1975)
file
help
"That's the Way (I Like It)" is a song by the American group KC and the Sunshine Band from their second studio album. At the time, this song was considered by some to be rather risqué because of the obvious meaning behind the title as well as its chorus with multiple "uh-huhs" and its verses.[citation needed]
The song is in natural minor.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 KC and the Sunshine Band version
2 Chart performance
2.1 KC and the Sunshine Band
2.1.1 Weekly singles charts
2.1.2 Year-end charts
2.2 Chart
3 Other cover versions
4 Bibliography
5 References
6 External links
KC and the Sunshine Band version[edit]
"That's the Way (I Like It)" became the band's second number-one hit in the Billboard Hot 100, and it is one of the few chart-toppers in history to hit number one on more than one occasion during a one-month period, as it did between November and December 1975. This song topped the American pop chart for one week, and then it was replaced by another disco song, "Fly, Robin, Fly" by Silver Convention. "That's the Way (I Like It)" returned to number-one for one more week after "Fly, Robin, Fly" completed three weeks at the top. "That's the Way (I Like It)" also spent one week at number-one in the soul singles chart.[3]
The song was also an international chart hit, reaching #1 in Canada[4] and the Netherlands and charting in Australia (#5), Belgium (#2), Germany (#20), Ireland (#17), New Zealand (#12), Norway (#5) and the UK (#4).
For release as a single and radio airplay, the song was toned down from the original recording, which would have jeopardized getting radio airplay at the time. However the sexual overtones may have improved the record's reception at discos, increasing its overall popularity in the charts.[5]
Chart performance[edit]
KC and the Sunshine Band[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1975–76)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[6] 5
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7] 2
Canada RPM Top Singles[8] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[9] 20
Irish Singles Chart[10] 17
Italy (FIMI)[11] 17
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[12] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[13] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14] 12
Norway (VG-lista)[15] 5
South African Chart[16] 6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[17] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[18] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 1
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[19] 18
US Billboard Hot R&B Singles[19] 1
US Cash Box Top 100 [20] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Rank
Canada [21] 14
Netherlands [22] 9
UK [23] 49
U.S. Cash Box [24] 49
Chart (1976)
Rank
Australia [25] 51
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [26] 45
Chart[edit]
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[6] 45
Irish Singles Chart[10] 23
UK (Official Charts Company)[27] 22
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[28] 28
Other cover versions[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1979, Pete Burns used the chorus in the song "Black Leather", composed and recorded in the early stages of Dead or Alive (then known as Nightmares in Wax).
In 1984, this song was covered by Dead or Alive for their debut album Sophisticated Boom Boom.
In 1991, "That's the Way (I Like It)" was covered by post-hardcore band Trenchmouth for the compilation 20 Explosive Dynamic Super Smash Hit Explosions!.
In 1992, this song was covered by Giorgio Moroder in his album called, "Forever Dancing".
In 1995, this song was covered by Eurodance German project Tears n' Joy for the album Enjoy.
In 1995, this song was covered by Italian Eurodance group Double You.
In 1996, Spin Doctors and Biz Markie covered this song for the soundtrack for the film Space Jam.
In the nineties, the song was covered by Clock; it features the Queen, Tony Blair, Palace Guards and other celebrities dancing alongside the band members [29]
Bibliography[edit]
Craig MacInnis, "That's the Way I Like It (The Harry Wayne Casey Story)", Team Power Publishing, 2002, ISBN 2-89568-059-0
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Alex Henderson. "KC and the Sunshine Band review on Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 9 June 2013. "Fueled by such addictive funk hits as "That's the Way (I Like It)" and "Get Down Tonight," the album established K.C. as one of the top stars of the disco era."
Jump up ^ Stephenson, Ken (2002). What to Listen for in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis, p.89. ISBN 978-0-300-09239-4.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 315.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ Dimery, Robert (2010). 1001 songs you must hear before you die. United Kingdom: Cassell Illustrated. p. 350. ISBN 978-1-84403-736-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. pp. 85, 163. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – KC & the Sunshine Band – That's the way (I like it)" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "That's the way (I like it) in Canadian Top Singles Chart". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – KC & the Sunshine Band – That's the way (I like it)". GfK Entertainment Charts.
^ Jump up to: a b "That's the way (I like it) in Irish Chart". IRMA. Retrieved 30 May 2013. Only results when searching "That's the way (I like it)"
Jump up ^ "The best-selling singles of 1976 in Italy". HitParadeItalia (it). Retrieved 4 June 2013.
67. That's the way (I like it) - K.C. and the Sunshine Band [#17]
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – KC and the Sunshine Band" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – KC & the Sunshine Band – That's the way (I like it)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – KC & the Sunshine Band – That's the way (I like it)". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – KC & the Sunshine Band – That's the way (I like it)". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ John Samson. "That's the way (I like it) by KC & the Sunshine Band in South African Chart". Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – KC & the Sunshine Band – That's the way (I like it)". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "KC and the Sunshine Band Awards on Allmusic". Allmusic. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1975" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Britain's best selling records of '75" (JPG). Scans.chartarchive.org. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1976/Top 100 Songs of 1976". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ "1984 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 21st April 1984". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dead or Alive awards on Allmusic". Allmusic. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Clock - That's The Way (CLUB 90) [WebR". YouTube. 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
External links[edit]
Song lyrics from the band's official website. Check this link!
Music Legends Part 1: KC & The Sunshine Band
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"The Complexity of Songs", Knuth, Donald E. (1984).
Preceded by
"Island Girl" by Elton John
"Fly, Robin, Fly" by Silver Convention Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
November 22, 1975 (one week)
December 20, 1975 (one week) Succeeded by
"Fly, Robin, Fly" by Silver Convention
"Let's Do It Again" by The Staple Singers
Preceded by
"Let's Do It Again" by The Staple Singers Billboard Hot Soul Singles number one single
November 29, 1975 Succeeded by
"I Love Music" by The O'Jays
Preceded by
"Black Superman" by Johnny Wakelin Canadian RPM number-one single
December 13, 1975 – January 3, 1976 Succeeded by
"Saturday Night" by Bay City Rollers
Preceded by
"Dansez maintenant" by Dave Dutch Top 40 number-one single
November 29, 1975 – December 6, 1975 Succeeded by
"Mississippi" by Pussycat
hide
v
t
e
KC and the Sunshine Band
Harry Wayne "K.C." Casey
Maria De Crescenzo
Anika Ellis
Fermin Goytisolo
Robert E. Lee
David Simmons
Chris Cadenhead
Jeffery Reeves
Steve Lashley
John Reid
Michael Cordone
Fernando Diaz
Miles Fielder
Kenetha Morris
Janell Burgess
Richard Finch
Jerome Smith
Robert Johnson
Oliver C. Brown
Mike Lewis
Vinnie Tanno
Ken Faulk
Margaret Reynolds
Beverley Champion
Jeanette Williams
Studio albums
Do It Good (1974)
KC and the Sunshine Band (1975)
The Sound of Sunshine (1975)
Part 3 (1976)
Who Do Ya (Love) (1978)
Do You Wanna Go Party (1979)
Space Cadet: Solo Flight (1981)
The Painter (1981)
All in a Night's Work (1982)
KC Ten (1984)
Oh Yeah! (1993)
I'll Be There for You (2001)
Yummy (2007)
Live albums
Get Down Live! (1995)
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits (1980)
The Best of KC and the Sunshine Band (1990)
25th Anniversary Collection (1999)
In a Mellow Mood (2005)
Singles
"Get Down Tonight"
"That's the Way (I Like It)"
"Rock Your Baby"
"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty"
"I'm Your Boogie Man"
"Keep It Comin' Love"
"Boogie Shoes"
"It's the Same Old Song"
"Please Don't Go"
"Yes, I'm Ready"
"Give It Up"
Related articles
Discography
Book
Category
hide
v
t
e
Dead or Alive
Pete Burns
Wayne Hussey
Peter Oxendale
(details)
Studio albums
Sophisticated Boom Boom (1984)
Youthquake (1985)
Mad, Bad, and Dangerous to Know (1986)
Nude (1988)
Fan the Flame (Part 1) (1990)
Nukleopatra (1995)
Fragile (2000)
Remix albums
Nude (Remixed, Remodelled, Remixed) (1991)
Unbreakable (2001)
Other albums
Rip It Up (1987)
Evolution: The Hits (2003)
That's the Way I Like It: The Best of Dead or Alive (2010)
Sophisticated Boom Box MMXVI (2016)
Singles
"Misty Circles"
"What I Want"
"I'd Do Anything"
"That's the Way (I Like It)"
"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)"
"Lover Come Back to Me"
"In Too Deep"
"My Heart Goes Bang (Get Me to the Doctor)"
"Brand New Lover"
"Turn Around and Count 2 Ten"
"Rebel Rebel"
"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record) 96"
"Sex Drive"
"Hit and Run Lover"
"You Spin Me Round 2003"
Related topics
Discography
Celebrity Big Brother 2006 (UK)
Celebrity Wife Swap
Epic Records
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_the_Way_(I_Like_It)&oldid=846362348"
Categories:
1975 singles
KC and the Sunshine Band songs
Dead or Alive (band) songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
Single Top 100 number-one singles
Songs written by Harry Wayne Casey
Songs written by Richard Finch (musician)
Funk songs
Disco songs
Songs about sexuality
Television theme songs
1975 songs
Hidden categories:
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015
Singlechart usages for Flanders
Singlechart usages for Germany2
Singlechart usages for Dutch40
Singlechart usages for Dutch100
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for UK
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart called without song
Articles needing additional references from December 2014
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
Português
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
3 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 June 2018, at 08:15.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: colspan class style

values:
/wiki/Vinyl_record
mw-redirect
Vinyl record

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Natural-minor_system
mw-redirect
Natural-minor system

values: Edit section: KC and the Sunshine Band version

values:
/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs
mw-redirect
Hot Dance Club Songs

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Australian Recording Industry Association

values:
nofollow
http://www.austchartbook.com.au/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.kcsbonline.com/lyrics.html

values: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1975

values:
/wiki/Black_Superman_(song)
mw-redirect
Black Superman (song)

values:
/wiki/Pussycat_(Dutch_band)
mw-redirect
Pussycat (Dutch band)

values: Template talk:KC and the Sunshine Band (page does not exist)

values:
KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
*_Harry_Wayne_"K.C."_Casey
*_Maria_De_Crescenzo
*_Anika_Ellis
*_Fermin_Goytisolo
*_Robert_E._Lee
*_David_Simmons
*_Chris_Cadenhead
*_Jeffery_Reeves
*_Steve_Lashley
*_John_Reid
*_Michael_Cordone
*_Fernando_Diaz
*_Miles_Fielder
*_Kenetha_Morris
*_Janell_Burgess

*_Richard_Finch
*_Jerome_Smith
*_Robert_Johnson
*_Oliver_C._Brown
*_Mike_Lewis
*_Vinnie_Tanno
*_Ken_Faulk
*_Margaret_Reynolds
*_Beverley_Champion
*_Jeanette_Williams

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: The Painter (KC and the Sunshine Band album)

values: Oh Yeah! (KC and the Sunshine Band album)

values: Greatest Hits (KC and the Sunshine Band album)

values: 25th Anniversary Collection (KC and the Sunshine Band album)

values: Please Don't Go (KC and the Sunshine Band song)

values: Give It Up (KC and the Sunshine Band song)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
Dead_or_Alive
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
*_Pete_Burns
*_Wayne_Hussey
*_Peter_Oxendale
*_(details)

values: Mad, Bad, and Dangerous to Know (Dead or Alive album)

values:
/wiki/Sophisticated_Boom_Box_MMXVI
mw-redirect
Sophisticated Boom Box MMXVI

values: Lover Come Back to Me (Dead or Alive song)

values: My Heart Goes Bang (Get Me to the Doctor)

values:
/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_2006_(UK)
mw-redirect
Celebrity Big Brother 2006 (UK)

values: Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles

values: Category:Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles

values: Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles

values: Category:Dutch Top 40 number-one singles

values: Category:Single Top 100 number-one singles

values: Category:Songs written by Harry Wayne Casey

values: Category:Songs written by Richard Finch (musician)

values: Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Flanders

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Germany2

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Dutch100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/That%27s_the_Way_(I_Like_It)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: That's the Way (I Like It) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-That_s_the_Way_I_Like_It rootpage-That_s_the_Way_I_Like_It skin-vector action-view


text:
Susan Olsen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Susan Olsen
Olsen in 2009
Born
Susan Marie Olsen
(1961-08-14) August 14, 1961 (age 56)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, artist, radio personality, advocate
Years active
1968–present
Susan Marie Olsen (born August 14, 1961) is an American former child actress, animal welfare advocate, artist, and former radio host. Olsen is known for her role as Cindy Brady, the youngest Brady child in the sitcom The Brady Bunch for the full run of the show, from 1969 to 1974. In 1995 she had a minor role in the Brady bunch Movie as a reporter.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Acting career
2.1 Early roles
2.2 The Brady Bunch
3 After The Brady Bunch
4 Art career
5 Filmography
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Susan Olsen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Olsen was born in Santa Monica, California to Lawrence & DeLoice Olsen, the youngest of four children. Her siblings are: Larry (24 years older), Christopher (14 years older), and Diane (5 years older). Christopher was also a child actor, perhaps best known for his role in The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956).
Acting career[edit]
Early roles[edit]
Olsen landed a number of supporting roles in television, most notably in Ironside, Gunsmoke, and Julia, and appeared in the Elvis Presley movie The Trouble With Girls (1968) as a squeaky-clean singer in a singing contest.
The Brady Bunch[edit]
Olsen as Cindy Brady, the youngest of The Brady Bunch
At age eight, Olsen was cast as Cindy on The Brady Bunch. As an adult, Olsen has expressed that portraying Cindy made friendships difficult for her as a child. She most disliked the season two "tattletale" episode, in which Cindy incessantly snitches on her siblings. Because of the episode, she was shunned by her real-life peers, who did not understand the difference between actors and their characters.[citation needed]
Olsen has appeared in all Brady Bunch reunion movies with the exception of A Very Brady Christmas (1988), which was filmed when she and her first husband, Steve Ventimiglia were on their honeymoon. In that movie, Cindy Brady was played by actress Jennifer Runyon. Olsen reprised her role as Cindy Brady in the short lived CBS spin-off series The Bradys.
In 2005, VH1 ranked her No. 34 in The 100 Greatest Kid Stars of television and film.[1]
In 2007, Olsen and her fellow cast members were honored with the TV Pop Culture Award on the TV Land Awards. This is the only award The Brady Bunch has ever won.[citation needed]
After The Brady Bunch[edit]
As a teen, Olsen was the spokesgirl for Sindy doll, made by Marx Toys from the late 1970s. As an adult, Olsen moved into the graphic design business and in 1998 briefly marketed a brand of glow-in-the-dark shoes for Converse. She also worked as a talk show host at the Los Angeles radio station KLSX from 1995 to 1996 with Ken Ober, and co-hosted and co-wrote another radio show with comedian Allan Havey at Comedy World in 2000.
She appeared in episode 26 of Cartoon Network's talk show Space Ghost Coast to Coast, "Switcheroo", with Cassandra Peterson as "Elvira, Mistress of the Dark". Olsen has also been an advocate for migraine sufferers since 1998. She described her headaches on Larry King Live.
An urban legend claimed that Olsen had become an adult film star. In a late 1990s television interview, Olsen stated that her "porn" connection was that she created space ship sound effects for a porn film called Love Probe from a Warm Planet.[2] She did this as a favor for a friend who worked in the technical side of the business. She went on to state that perhaps the legend got started because the star of the porn film Crocodile Blondee, which was widely distributed among troops during the Persian Gulf crisis, was rumored to be her. She added that since the porn star was very pretty, she did not try too hard to dispel the rumor.[citation needed]
In the fall of 2008, Olsen appeared on Fox Reality's Gimme My Reality Show, in which celebrities compete to win their own reality show. Susan used this vehicle to make a statement about animal rescue, a cause with which she is thoroughly involved. On June 6, 2009, Olsen thanked retired game show host and current animal rights activist Bob Barker when The Bradys accepted an honor at the GSN Awards. Olsen is an animal welfare advocate and serves on the board of directors of the nonprofit organization Precious Paws, a rescue group. Olsen personally cares for unweaned homeless kittens until they are old enough to adopt.
On September 1, 2009, Olsen released the coffee table book Love to Love You Bradys: The Bizarre Story of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour which celebrates the 1976–77 television variety show The Brady Bunch Hour. In addition to many color photos and artwork, the volume features over 100 interviews with Brady Bunch cast members, producers Sid and Marty Krofft, Sherwood Schwartz, Bruce Vilanch, Rip Taylor, and Paul Shaffer.
In September 2010, Olsen made a guest appearance on The Young and the Restless playing Mrs. Liza Morton, the owner of a pre-school.
In 2011, Olsen appeared in season 3, episode 43 of The Biography Channel's reality show Celebrity Ghost Stories.
In December 2016, Olsen was fired from her radio show, "Two Chicks Talkin' Politics" on LA Talk Radio, as a result of engaging with a feud with openly gay actor Leon Acord-Whiting, in which Olsen, responding to comments Acord-Whiting had made about her on another station, unleashed an extensive and profane rant against him accusing him of cowardice. Acord-Whiting accused Olsen of homophobia for the remarks (which included repeated use of the word "faggot") and successfully lobbied to have Olsen fired.[3][4]
Art career[edit]
She is the creator of Marshmallow Fluff-inspired art.[5] Her work, called "Fluffart," has been curated into a collection made available in limited editions.
As an animal welfare advocate, Olsen has created another art collection, entitled "The Art of Rescue". She donates the proceeds to assist animals in rescue organizations until they are able to be adopted.
In July 2012, Olsen was one of a limited number of artists invited to show in "Art with an Agenda: An Exhibit Inspired by Kelly Thomas", at the PAS Gallery in Fullerton, California.[6] All the art on display was inspired by the life and circumstances surrounding the death of Kelly Thomas, a homeless, schizophrenic, 37-year-old man who was brutally beaten by members of the Fullerton Police Department on July 5, 2011.[7] Olsen's piece, titled "Still Life," shows a half-eaten donut in a puddle of blood beside a lit flashlight.[8][9]
Filmography[edit]
Film and Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1968 Ironside Tracy Richards Episode: "Barbara Who"
1968 Julia Pamela Episode: "Paint Your Waggedorn"
1968 Gunsmoke Marianne Johnson Episode: "Abelia"
1969 Gunsmoke Marianne Johnson Episode: "A Man Called 'Smith'"
1969 Trouble with Girls, TheThe Trouble with Girls Auditioning Singer Feature film
1969–1974 Brady Bunch, TheThe Brady Bunch Cindy Brady Main role (117 episodes)
1970 The Wonderful World of Disney Lucy Owens Episode: "The Boy Who Stole the Elephant" (Parts 1 & 2)
1972 ABC Saturday Superstar Movie, TheThe ABC Saturday Superstar Movie Cindy Brady (voice) Episode: "The Brady Kids on Mysterious Island"
1972–1973 Brady Kids, TheThe Brady Kids Cindy Brady (voice) Main role (22 episodes)
1973 The World of Sid & Marty Krofft at the Hollywood Bowl The Brady Bunch Kids TV special
1976–1977 Brady Bunch Hour, TheThe Brady Bunch Hour Cindy Brady Main role (9 episodes)
1981 Brady Girls Get Married, TheThe Brady Girls Get Married Cindy Brady TV film
1984 Divorce Court Litigant 1 episode
1990 Bradys, TheThe Bradys Cindy Brady Main role (6 episodes)
1995 Brady Bunch Movie, TheThe Brady Bunch Movie Reporter for The Daily Tattler Feature film
1999 Pacific Blue Cindy Russell Episode: "Stargazer"
2009 GSN Live Herself Co-Host (2 episodes)
2009 Zombo Frumpy Woman Short film
2010 Young and the Restless, TheThe Young and the Restless Liza Morton Daytime drama (2 episodes)
2012 Halloween Puppy, AA Halloween Puppy Rachel TV film
2013 Holiday Road Trip Edna TV film
2013–2016 Child of the '70s Nickel Laundry 10 episodes
2015 Mama Claus, Deck the Halls with Guts Mama Claus Feature film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ VH1 Names Gary Coleman the Greatest Kid Star - re> NEW YORK, June 9 /PRNewswire/
Jump up ^ Twitter page
Jump up ^ Bitette, Nicole (December 10, 2016). "'Brady Bunch' actress Susan Olsen fired from L.A. radio show hosting gig after homophobic rant". Daily News. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hautman, Nicolas (December 10, 2016). "Brady Bunch's Susan Olsen fired as radio host after homophobic rant". US Magazine. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ ""Brady Bunch" Star Susan Olsen Brings Her Love of Fluff to Somerville". Unionsquaremain.org. August 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Art With An Agenda – Inspired by Kelly Thomas". 2pas.org. 2012-07-06. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Jump up ^ Bose, Lilledeshan. "Art With An Agenda: An Exhibit Inspired by Kelly Thomas | Orange | Artbound". KCET. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Jump up ^ Ponsi, Lou. "Kelly Thomas' life, death are focus of graphic exhibit | thomas, kelly, officers - News". Ocregister.com. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Jump up ^ Orange Juice. "A Very Kelly Thomas Weekend – Art With an Agenda Friday night, and The Adolescents Free Saturday! | Orange Juice". Orangejuiceblog.com. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Susan Olsen.
Official Website
Susan Olsen on IMDb
Interview with Susan Olsen about her new book
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 4088959
LCCN: n90623383
ISNI: 0000 0000 3977 9104
BNF: cb16777882q (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Olsen&oldid=829271134"
Categories:
American radio personalities
American television actresses
1961 births
Living people
American child actresses
American voice actresses
Actresses from Santa Monica, California
Artists from Santa Monica, California
American people of Danish descent
William Howard Taft High School (Los Angeles, California) alumni
20th-century American artists
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Hidden categories:
BLP articles lacking sources from July 2015
All BLP articles lacking sources
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
فارسی
Русский
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 March 2018, at 16:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_unsourced

values:
/wiki/Ironside_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Ironside (TV series)

values:
/wiki/Cindy_Brady
mw-redirect
Cindy Brady

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/TV_Land_Awards
mw-redirect
TV Land Awards

values: this appears to be contradictory; further in this article, there is mention of the Bradys winning a Game Show Network Award (December 2016)

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)

values:
/wiki/Fox_Reality
mw-redirect
Fox Reality

values:
/wiki/The_Biography_Channel
mw-redirect
The Biography Channel

values:
/wiki/Marshmallow_Fluff
mw-redirect
Marshmallow Fluff

values:
/wiki/The_Brady_Girls_Get_Married
mw-redirect
The Brady Girls Get Married

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.susanolsen.net/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001582/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/4088959

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000039779104

values: Category:Actresses from Santa Monica, California

values: Category:Artists from Santa Monica, California

values: Category:American people of Danish descent

values: Category:William Howard Taft High School (Los Angeles, California) alumni

values: Category:BLP articles lacking sources from July 2015

values: Category:All BLP articles lacking sources

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Susan_Olsen
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: سوزان اولسن – Persian

values: Олсен, Сьюзан – Russian

values: سوسن آلسن – Urdu

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Susan_Olsen rootpage-Susan_Olsen skin-vector action-view