text:
Presidential election campaign fund checkoff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The presidential election campaign fund checkoff appears on US income tax return forms as the question Do you want $3 of your federal tax to go to the Presidential Election Campaign Fund?
Originally $1 and implemented in 1966[1] as an attempt at the public funding of elections, this money provides for the financing of presidential primary and general election campaigns and national party conventions. Beginning with the 1967 tax year, individual taxpayers were able to designate $1 to be applied to the Presidential Election Campaign Fund. Both the Republican and Democratic nominees in the general election receive a fixed amount of checkoff dollars. Nominees from other political parties may qualify for a smaller, proportionate amount of checkoff funds if they receive over five percent of the vote. The national parties used to receive funds to cover the costs of their national conventions. Matching funds are also given for primary candidates for small contributions. The campaign fund reduces a candidate's dependence on large contributions from individuals and special-interest groups. This program is administered by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
Requirements to be declared eligible include agreeing to an overall spending limit, abiding by spending limits in each state, using public funds only for legitimate campaign-related expenses, keeping financial records and permitting an extensive campaign audit.
Checking the box does not change the amount of an individual's tax or refund. The $3 is paid by the government. In other words, checking the box causes the federal government to receive $3 less in tax revenue for other spending, than if one hadn't checked the box.
Contents
[hide]
1 Primary election
2 General election
3 Participation
4 Re-assignment of funds
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Primary election[edit]
The federal government will match up to $250 of an individual's total contributions to an eligible candidate.
Only candidates seeking nomination by a political party to the office of President are eligible to receive primary matching funds. In addition, a candidate must establish eligibility by submitting to the FEC proof that at least $5,000 was raised in each of at least 20 states. Only a maximum of $250 per individual applies toward the $5,000 threshold in each state.
The spending limit increases every cycle due to inflation. The FEC estimates that the limits for the primary election will be $40.9 million, of which a candidate must abide by state limits of 65.4 cents per person of voting age population in a state, or $817,800, whichever is greater.[2] Certain fundraising expenses (up to 20 percent of the expenditure limit) and legal and accounting expenses incurred solely to ensure the campaign's compliance with the law do not count against the expenditure limits.
Once they have established eligibility for matching payments, Presidential candidates may receive public funds to match contributions from individual contributors, up to $250 per individual. The contributions must be in the form of a check or money order, although with the Internet, credit cards are also eligible as they can be tracked. Contributions from political committees and cash contributions are ineligible.
Eligible candidates may receive public funds equaling up to half of the national spending limit for the primary campaign, although because of the donors that give up to the $2,300 limit, they generally raise much more money than they receive in matching funds.
In 2008, many of the top candidates chose not to accept the primary matching funds. Tom Tancredo,[3] John Edwards,[4] Chris Dodd,[5] Joe Biden,[6] Dennis Kucinich,[7] and Duncan Hunter[8] qualified for and elected to take public funds in the primary. John McCain qualified[9] for public funds in the primary, but later decided to reject them.[10] Barack Obama declined public funds for both the primary and the November election.
General election[edit]
The Presidential nominee of each major party (one whose candidate received more than 25% of the vote in the previous election) may become eligible for a public grant of $81.78 million (if the election were held in 2007). To be eligible to receive the public funds, the candidate must limit spending to the amount of the grant and cannot accept private contributions for the campaign. After the conventions, candidates raise funds for general election legal and accounting compliance funds (GELACs), which are to exclusively to pay for legal and accounting expenses for the campaign. They can also pay for recounts, since that is considered a "winding down" expense allowed under regulations.[11] These expenditures are not subject the above limit. However, in 2007, the FEC ruled that up to 5% of broadcast advertising can be paid for using GELACs, since that is time nominally spent on the required disclaimers under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, namely I approve this message.[12]
In addition, candidates may spend up to $50,000 from their own personal funds. Such spending does not count against the expenditure limit.
Minor party candidates and new party candidates may become eligible for partial public funding of their general election campaigns. (A minor party candidate is the nominee of a party whose candidate received between 5 and 25 percent of the total popular vote in the preceding Presidential election. A new party candidate is the nominee of a party that is neither a major party nor a minor party. This includes most "independent" candidates, because they run on a token party line.) The amount of public funding to which a minor party candidate is entitled is based on the ratio of the party's popular vote in the preceding Presidential election to the average popular vote of the two major party candidates in that election. A new party candidate receives partial public funding after the election if he/she receives 5 percent or more of the vote. The entitlement is based on the ratio of the new party candidate's popular vote in the current election to the average popular vote of the two major party candidates in the election.
Although minor and new party candidates may supplement public funds with private contributions and may exempt some fundraising costs from their expenditure limit, they are otherwise subject to the same spending limit and other requirements that apply to major party candidates.
Participation[edit]
In 1977, about 29% of taxpayers checked off the box to contribute $3 of their taxes towards the fund. The level dropped to 19% by 1992, and dropped further to only 6% in 2013. A couple of reasons were cited for the decline. One cited reason is a misunderstanding that checking the box would increase the tax liability, and another cited reason is apathy towards the political process.[13]
Re-assignment of funds[edit]
The portion of the checkoff that formerly went to pay for party conventions was diverted to pay for pediatric research in 2014, with the passage of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act.[14]
The Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act (H.R. 2019; 113th Congress), which was passed into law on April 3, 2014, diverts the money in the Presidential Election Campaign Fund which was earmarked for party conventions, to pay for research into pediatric cancer through the National Institutes of Health.[15][16] The total funding for research would come to $126 million over 10 years.[16][15] As of 2014, the national conventions got about 23% of their funding from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund.[17]
See also[edit]
History of the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)
Tax choice
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SPrt301.pdf . Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Spending Limits 2007". Federal Election Commission.
Jump up ^ "Tancredo Second Presidential Candidate Declared Eligible for Primary Matching Funds in 2008 Race". Federal Election Commission. 2007-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Edwards Third Presidential Candidate Declared Eligible for Primary Matching Funds in 2008 Race". Federal Election Commission. 2007-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Dodd Fourth Presidential Candidate Declared Eligible for Primary Matching Funds in 2008 Race". Federal Election Commission. 2007-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Biden Fifth Presidential Candidate Declared Eligible for Primary Matching Funds in 2008 Race". Federal Election Commission. 2007-12-04.
Jump up ^ "Kucinich Sixth Presidential Candidate Declared Eligible for Primary Matching Funds in 2008 Race". Federal Election Commission. 2007-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Hunter Seventh Presidential Candidate Declared Eligible for Primary Matching Funds in 2008 Race". Federal Election Commission. 2007-12-20.
Jump up ^ "McCain First Presidential Candidate Declared Eligible for Primary Matching Funds in 2008 Race". Federal Election Commission. 2007-08-28.
Jump up ^ Jim Kuhnhenn (2008-02-11). "McCain turns down public matching funds for primary". Associated Press. The Arizona Republic.
Jump up ^ "Advisory Opinion Number 2004-35" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 2004-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Legal Center and Democracy 21 File Comments on Draft AO 2007-09". Legal Center Weekly Report. 2007-07-27. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Blake (2014-04-11). "The real story behind the $3 tax checkoff box". CNN.
Jump up ^ "Congress Actually Passed Funding For Cancer Research Today, Here's How". The Huffington Post. 2014-03-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Gibson, Caitlin (2014-11-14). "Federal pediatric medical research act named for Gabriella Miller". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "H.R. 2019: ESTIMATED BUDGETARY EFFECT OF H.R. 2019, THE KIDS FIRST RESEARCH ACT OF 2013, AS INTRODUCED ON MAY 16, 2013" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ Hooper, Molly K. (2014-01-30). "Convention wipeout coming soon?". The Hill. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
External links[edit]
Public Funding of Presidential Elections
The $3 Tax Checkoff
Taxpayers Can Designate One Dollar of Their Taxes to Help Fund Presidential Elections
Leading Tax Software Firms Alter Their Presidential Fund Check Off Questions to Promote Fair, Informed Choices at the Wayback Machine (archived February 22, 2006)
The Presidential Election Campaign Fund and Tax Checkoff: Background and Current Issues at the Wayback Machine (archived April 14, 2008)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_election_campaign_fund_checkoff&oldid=807442240"
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text:
Cardale Jones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cardale Jones
Jones in 2015
No. 7 – Los Angeles Chargers
Position:
Quarterback
Personal information
Date of birth:
(1992-09-29) September 29, 1992 (age 25)
Place of birth:
Cleveland, Ohio
Height:
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
Weight:
250 lb (113 kg)
Career information
High school:
Glenville (OH)
College:
Ohio State
NFL Draft:
2016 / Round: 4 / Pick: 139
Career history
Buffalo Bills (2016)
Los Angeles Chargers (2017–present)
Roster status:
Active
Career highlights and awards
Fiesta Bowl champion (2016)
Big Ten champion (2014)
Big Ten Championship Game MVP (2014)
Sugar Bowl champion (2015)
CFP national champion (2015)
Career NFL statistics as of 2016
Pass completions:
6
Pass attempts:
11
Percentage:
54.5
TD-INT:
0–1
Passing yards:
96
Passer rating:
46.0
Player stats at NFL.com
Player stats at PFR
Cardale Jones (/ˈkɑːrdeɪl ˈdʒoʊnz/; born September 29, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Ohio State. At the beginning of the 2014 season, Jones was listed as third on the Ohio State depth chart at quarterback. He ended up as the starter after injuries to Braxton Miller[1] in August and J. T. Barrett in November.[2] That year, he was the starter for the Buckeyes in the College Football Playoff National Championship. Jones was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fourth round of the 2016 NFL Draft.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 College career
2.1 2012 season
2.2 2013 season
2.3 2014 season
2.4 2015 season
2.5 College statistics
3 Professional career
3.1 Buffalo Bills
3.2 Los Angeles Chargers
3.3 Statistics
4 References
5 External links
Early years[edit]
Jones attended Glenville High School in Cleveland, Ohio, where he played football for Ted Ginn, Sr., leading the Tarblooders to the OHSAA D-I Championship game in 2009.[3] While at Glenville, Jones also lettered in basketball and track. Jones was ranked by Rivals.com as a three-star recruit.[4] He committed to Ohio State University in October 2011. In order to improve his academic standing, Jones attended Fork Union Military Academy for a semester prior to his enrollment at Ohio State University in January 2012.
College career[edit]
2012 season[edit]
Jones redshirted as a freshman and thus did not play, but nevertheless drew controversy when he posted the following on his Twitter account:
“ Why should we have to go to class if we came here to play FOOTBALL, we ain’t come to play SCHOOL, classes are POINTLESS ”
— Cardale Jones, Twitter: October 5, 2012.[5][6][7][8][9]
The tweet received heavy criticism and Jones was suspended for one game.[10][11][12] The tweet was featured as an example of bad social media behavior in the "Best Practices on Social Media" section of a textbook for "The Ole Miss Experience," a freshman year class at the University of Mississippi.[13][14] In March 2014, head coach Urban Meyer described Jones as a "different guy" who was "making progress in the classroom."[15] Later, Jones provided context for the tweet:
“ I remember I was in class, and I think I got, like, a B on a [sociology] exam. It was just something so stupid; of course I didn't feel that way about academics, and I don't. Nobody in this program feels that way, we actually take that stuff very serious around here. It was just a dumbass thing to do. I definitely didn't think that would happen. It was just a stupid thing to do at that time. It was something where I just got pissed because I studied my ass off. ”
— Cardale Jones, December 2014.[16]
Ultimately, on May 7, 2017, Jones graduated from Ohio State with a bachelor's degree in African-American Studies.[17]
2013 season[edit]
Cardale was sparingly used during his freshman season after red-shirting the 2012 season, playing only 39 snaps, attempting one pass and rushing for 128 yards and a touchdown on 17 carries.[18]
2014 season[edit]
Jones in 2014, while at a spring game
After entering the 2014 season as a redshirt sophomore, third on the Buckeyes' depth chart, Jones made his first start of his college career in the Big Ten Championship Game in place of J. T. Barrett, who had been injured the prior week versus Michigan. Jones led the #6 (AP) ranked Buckeyes squad to a 59–0 victory over the #11 ranked Wisconsin Badgers, on the eve of the NCAA football committee's inaugural playoff selection.[19] Jones was named MVP of the game.
Cardale Jones made the second start of his college career, and the Ohio State Buckeyes defeated #1 ranked Alabama Crimson Tide 42–35 in the Allstate Sugar Bowl to advance to the College Football Playoff National Championship against the Oregon Ducks. In the championship game he excelled once again and led the Buckeyes to a 42–20 victory over the Ducks. Jones recorded 280 all-purpose yards, scoring two touchdowns. He completed 16 of 23 attempted passes for 242 yards, with one touchdown and one interception and ran for another 38 yards and a touchdown.[20] The day after winning the National Championship, Jones discussed his future football career. In a news conference, Jones said that while he did not officially rule out declaring for the 2015 NFL Draft, he believes that he is "not ready for that level yet," partly because he has only started in 3 college football games.[21] Jones confirmed on January 15, 2015 that he would not declare for the 2015 NFL Draft, and would stay with Ohio State for at least another year, most probably until he graduated.[22]
2015 season[edit]
After a competition with Barrett that lasted the entire offseason, Jones was named the Buckeyes' starting quarterback immediately before gametime in Ohio State's season opener at Virginia Tech. Both he and Barrett remained listed as co-starters on the depth chart headed into September 12 meeting with Hawaii.[23][24] He set career highs in passing yards and completions and passing yards against Maryland on September 10, 2015 with 21 completions, 291 passing yards, and two passing touchdowns.[18] After Ohio State's final home game he announced his intention to enter the 2016 NFL Draft.[25]
College statistics[edit]
Season
Passing
Rushing
Cmp
Att
Yds
Pct
TD
Int
Rtg
Att
Yds
Avg
TD
2013 0 1 0 0.0 0 0 0 17 128 7.5 1
2014 56 92 860 60.9 7 2 160.2 72 296 4.1 1
2015 110 176 1,460 62.5 8 5 141.5 64 193 3.0 2
NCAA career totals
167
270
2,323
61.9
15
7
153
617
4.0
4
Professional career[edit]
At the 2016 NFL scouting combine, Cardale suffered a hamstring injury during his second 40-yard dash attempt, ending his workout prematurely.[26]
Pre-draft measurables
Ht
Wt
Arm length
Hand size
40‑yd dash
10-yd split
20-yd split
20‑ss
3‑cone
Vert jump
Broad
Wonderlic
6 ft 5 in
(1.96 m) 253 lb
(115 kg) 33 3⁄4 in
(0.86 m) 9 3⁄4 in
(0.25 m) 4.81 s 36 in
(0.91 m) 25[27]
All values from NFL Combine[28]
Buffalo Bills[edit]
Despite only starting 11 games in his college career, Jones was drafted in the fourth round of the 2016 NFL draft, with the 139th overall selection, by the Buffalo Bills. On June 7, 2016, the Bills signed Jones to a rookie contract. In 2016, he was inactive for the first 15 games of the season as the third-string quarterback behind primary backup EJ Manuel and starter Tyrod Taylor.[29] With Taylor being inactive for the final game of the season, Jones was promoted to second string. Jones entered the game to begin the fourth quarter after Manuel was benched. Jones completed 6-of-11 passes for 96 yards and no touchdowns with one interception.[30][29]
Los Angeles Chargers[edit]
On July 26, 2017, Jones was traded to the Los Angeles Chargers in exchange for a conditional draft pick.[31]
Statistics[edit]
Year
Team
GP
GS
Passing
Rushing
Cmp
Att
Pct
Yds
Y/A
TD
Int
Rtg
Att
Yds
Avg
TD
2016 BUF 1 0 6 11 54.5 96 8.7 0 1 46.0 1 -1 -1.0 0
Source:[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Braxton Miller of Ohio State Buckeyes to miss season due to shoulder injury – ESPN". Espn.go.com. August 20, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fornelli, Tom. "Ohio State's J.T. Barrett out for season with fractured ankle". CBSSports.com. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Third time's the charm for Ohio State with Cardale Jones at the helm – The Lantern : The Lantern". The Lantern. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones". Rivals.yahoo.com. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Isaac Rauch. "Ohio State's Third-String Quarterback "Ain't Come To Play SCHOOL"". Deadspin. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ohio State backup QB thinks classes are pointless because ‘we ain’t come to play SCHOOL’". Yahoo Sports. October 5, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ethan Grant. "Cardale Jones: Ohio State QB Shows True Colors With Football Tweet". Bleacher Report. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who is Cardale Jones? 5 things to know about Ohio State's new QB". Sporting News. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ohio State Buckeyes' Cardale Jones tweets 'classes are pointless' – ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mike Hoag. "Ohio State Suspends QB Cardale Jones for Tweeting Classes Are Pointless". Bleacher Report. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones to lead Ohio State vs. Alabama as third-string quarterback". NCAA.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "OSU QB Cardale Jones Suspended for Tweet". Rawsports.yardbreaker.com. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones' "We Ain't Come to Play School" Tweet Lives On". Eleven Warriors. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Infamous Ohio State tweet ends up in an Ole Miss textbook (Photo)". Yahoo Sports. October 22, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Remembering the 'famous tweet' of changed QB Cardale Jones; Greg Schiano visits practice: Ohio State Buckeyes Urban Meyer quick hits". cleveland.com. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Infamous Cardale Jones tweet a 'stepping stone' – ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones Graduates Today From Ohio State". deadspin.com. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "OhioStateBuckeyes.com Cardale Jones Bio :: The Ohio State University Official Athletic Site The Ohio State University Official Athletic Site :: Football". www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin Badgers vs. Ohio State Buckeyes – Recap – December 06, 2014 – ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ AT&T Stadium, Arlington, TX (January 12, 2015). "Oregon Ducks vs. Ohio State Buckeyes – Box Score – January 12, 2015 – ESPN". Scores.espn.go.com. Retrieved January 22, 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Ohio State Buckeyes quarterback Cardale Jones says he's not ready for NFL yet – ESPN". Espn.go.com. January 13, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones makes 'very simple' decision to return to Ohio State". YouTube.com. January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones wins Ohio State Buckeyes starting quarterback job over J.T. Barrett". Retrieved September 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ohio State releases depth chart for Hawaii: Cardale Jones and J.T. Barrett listed as co-starters, other important details". cleveland.com.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones, Ezekiel Elliott appear headed to the NFL". NBCSports.com. November 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones has combine workout end prematurely". NFL.com. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Historical NFL Wonderlic Scores". wonderlictestsample.com. Archived from the original on September 2, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "NFL Events: Combine Player Profiles - Cardale Jones". National Football League.
^ Jump up to: a b Alper, Josh (January 1, 2017). "Bills pull EJ Manuel in favor of Cardale Jones". profootballtalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fairburn, Matthew (January 1, 2017). "What Cardale Jones had to say about his Buffalo Bills debut". newyorkupstate.com. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wesseling, Chris (July 26, 2017). "Bills trade Cardale Jones to Chargers for draft pick". NFL.com.
Jump up ^ "Cardale Jones". pro-football-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cardale Jones.
Ohio State profile
Buffalo Bills bio
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Permanent employment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Permanent employees, regular employees or the directly employed, work for an employer and are paid directly by that employer. Permanent (regular) employees do not have a predetermined end date to employment. In addition to their wages, they often receive benefits like subsidized health care, paid vacations, holidays, sick time, or contributions to a retirement plan. Permanent employees are often eligible to switch job positions within their companies. Even when employment is "at will", permanent employees of large companies are generally protected from abrupt job termination by severance policies, like advance notice in case of layoffs, or formal discipline procedures. They may be eligible to join a union, and may enjoy both social and financial benefits of their employment.
With exception of South Korea where extensive laws and regulations make firing of permanent employees nearly impossible, rarely does "permanent employment" mean employment of an individual that is guaranteed throughout the employee's working life. In the private sector, such jobs are rare; permanent employment is far more common in the public sector, where profit and loss is not as important.
Contents
[hide]
1 Industry-specific examples
2 Regional examples
2.1 Japan's Lifetime Employment
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.2 Origin
2.1.3 Significance
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Industry-specific examples[edit]
Partner at a law firm
Tenure of a senior academic
Civil service employees, e.g. Beamte in Germany
Regional examples[edit]
Japan's Lifetime Employment[edit]
Definition[edit]
A Japanese version of permanent employment often related to lifetime employment (終身雇用 shūshin koyō) defined as lifetime job contract. The term originally was workers' "lifetime commitment" to companies, which was coined by James Abegglen in his book "The Japanese Factory.".[1]
Origin[edit]
Japan’s lifetime employment originated in large companies around 1910 but became widespread during the economic growth period following World War II.[2] Before the war period, Japanese companies owed more its fund on direct financing.[3] However, as the government started to take control of Zaibatsu, Japanese conglomerates, shareholders had difficulty in exerting their influence to them. In the enforcement of occupation policies GHQ dissolved Zaibatsu and emerging labor unions had started to claim for a higher standard of benefit.[4]
Significance[edit]
Lifetime employment took an important role in Japan’s economic prosperity. In addition to the tendency to pursue equality and loyalty between employee and employer which have their basis on the informal nexus, Confucius norm. In industrial corporations, wage system expects labor's future improvement in productivity.[5] Therefore, the first half of contract duration labor's productivity is below the wage. However, as labor adept in their operation, the labor productivity exceeds the payment.[6]
See also[edit]
Direct service organisation (UK)
Fixed-term contract
Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates (Japan)
Presenteeism
Temporary work
Up or out
References[edit]
Jump up ^ C., Abegglen, James (1979) [1958]. The Japanese factory. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0405120826. OCLC 5286529.
Jump up ^ Koshiro, Kazutoshi. "Lifetime employment in Japan: three models of the concept" (PDF). Foreign Labor Developments. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 21 August2012.
Jump up ^ 寺西, 重郎 (1982). 日本の経済発展と金融. 岩波書店. pp. 226–229. ISBN 4000097059.
Jump up ^ Gendai Nihon keizai shisutemu no genryū. Okazaki, Tetsuji., Okuno, Masahiro, 1947-, Ueda, Kazuo, 1951-, 岡崎哲二., 奥野正寬, 1947-, 植田和男, 1951- (1-han ed.). Tōkyō: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha. 1993. ISBN 4532130360. OCLC 29965581.
Jump up ^ 1925-, Dore, Ronald, (2000). Stock market capitalism : welfare capitalism : Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons. Oxford [UK]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199240612. OCLC 43521072.
Jump up ^ 大司, 川口,; 龍, 神林,; 榮愨, 金,; 赫旭, 権,; 諭, 清水谷,; 京司, 深尾,; 達治, 牧野,; 泉, 横山, (2007-01-25). "年功賃金は生産性と乖離しているか―工業統計調査・賃金構造基本調査個票データによる実証分析―". 経済研究. 58 (1).
External links[edit]
In Japan, Secure Jobs Have a Cost
[show]
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See also templates
Aspects of corporations
Aspects of jobs
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Corporate titles
Organized labor

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