text:
Red flag (idiom)
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For other uses, see Red flag (disambiguation).
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A Naval Encounter between Dutch and Spanish Warships by Cornelis Verbeeck. c. 1618/1620. A solid red flag, signifying the ship’s intent to engage in combat with a Spanish galleon (left ship), flies at the Dutch warship's stern (right ship).[1]
The term red flag could mean either a literal flag used for signaling or, as a metaphor, a sign of some particular problem requiring attention.[2]
The earliest citation for "red flag" in the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1602 and shows that at that time the flag was used by military forces to indicate that they were preparing for battle.[nb 1]
The earliest citation of "red flag" in the sense of a warning is dated 1777 and refers to a flag warning of flood.[nb 2]
The term and the expression "to raise the red flag" come from various usages of real flags throughout history. The semaphore red flag (or red light) on railways means an immediate stop, while a red flag is frequently flown by armed forces to warn the public of live fire exercises in progress, and is sometimes flown by ships carrying munitions (in this context it is actually the flag for the letter B in the International maritime signal flag alphabet, a red swallow-tailed flag). In many countries a red flag is flown to signify that an outdoor shooting range is in use. The United States Air Force refers to its largest annual exercise as red flag operation. Red flags are used for various signals in team sailing races (see Racing Rules of Sailing). A red flag warning is a signal of high wildfire danger and a red flag on the beach warns of dangerous water conditions (double red flags indicate beach closure). Red flags of various designs indicate dangerous wind and wave conditions for mariners. In auto racing, a red flag indicates a stop to the race due to dangerous conditions.
A signal of danger or a problem can be referred to as a red flag, a usage that originated in the 18th century. The term "red flag" is used, e.g., during screening of communications, and refers to specific words or phrases encountered that might indicate relevance to the case. For example, email spam filters make use of such "red flags".
See also[edit]
Racing flags § Red flag
Red Flags Rule
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 1602 Thomas Dekker, Satiromastix, Wks. 1873 I. 233 ″What, dost summon a parlie, my little Drumsticke? tis too late: thou seest my red flag is hung out.″
1666 Lond. Gaz. No. 91/4 ″That the Red Flag was out, both Fleets in sight of each other, expecting every hour fit weather to Engage.″
Jump up ^ 1777 Philip Thicknesse, Year's Journey I. iii. 23 There is a red flag hoisted gradually higher and higher, as the water flows into the harbour [at Calais].
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cornelius Verbeeck. "A Naval Encounter" (PDF). Nga.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Red Flag | Definition of Red Flag by Merriam-Webster". I.word.com. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_flag_(idiom)&oldid=833022156"
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Fletcher Christian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Christian Fletcher.
Fletcher Christian
Born
(1764-09-25)25 September 1764
Moorland Close, Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England, Great Britain
Died
20 September 1793(1793-09-20) (aged 28)
Pitcairn Island
Occupation
Master's Mate
Spouse(s)
Mauatua 'Isabella' Christian
Children
Thursday October Christian I
Charles Christian
Mary Ann Christian
Parent(s)
Charles Christian
Ann Dixon
Fletcher Christian (25 September 1764 – 20 September 1793) was master's mate on board HMS Bounty during Lieutenant William Bligh's voyage to Tahiti during 1787–1789 for breadfruit plants. In the mutiny on the Bounty, Christian seized command of the ship from Bligh on 28 April 1789.[1]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Naval career
3 Mutiny on the Bounty
4 Death
5 Portrayals in the arts
5.1 Appearances in literature
5.2 Film portrayals
5.3 Musical portrayal
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Christian was born on 25 September 1764, at his family home of Moorland Close, Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth in Cumberland, England. Fletcher's father's side had originated from the Isle of Man and most of his paternal great-grandfathers were historic Deemsters, their original family surname McCrystyn.
Fletcher was the brother to Edward and Humphrey, being the three sons of Charles Christian of Moorland Close and of the large Ewanrigg Hall estate in Dearham, Cumberland, an attorney-at-law descended from Manx gentry, and his wife Ann Dixon.[2][3]
Charles's marriage to Ann brought with it the small property of Moorland Close, "a quadrangle pile of buildings ... half castle, half farmstead." The property can be seen to the north of the Cockermouth to Egremont A5086 road.[4] Charles died in 1768 when Fletcher was not yet four. Ann proved herself grossly irresponsible with money. By 1779, when Fletcher was fifteen, Ann had run up a debt of nearly £6,500 (equal to £801,701 today),[4] and faced the prospect of debtors' prison. Moorland Close was lost and Ann and her three younger children were forced to flee to the Isle of Man, to their relative's estate, where English creditors had no power.
The three elder Christian sons managed to arrange a £40 (equal to £4,934 today) per year annuity for their mother, allowing the family to live in genteel poverty. Christian spent seven years at the Cockermouth Free School from the age of nine. One of his younger contemporaries there was Cockermouth native William Wordsworth. It is commonly misconceived that the two were "school friends"; Christian was six years the senior of the future Poet Laureate. His mother Ann died on the Isle of Man in 1819.[5]
Fletcher Christian's house
Map showing Bounty's movements in the Pacific Ocean, 1788–1790
Voyage of Bounty to Tahiti and to the location of the mutiny, 28 April 1789
Movements of Bounty after the mutiny, under Christian's command
Course of Bligh's open-boat journey to Coupang
Postage stamp, UK issue for Pitcairn Islands (1940) showing King George VI and an artist's interpretation of Fletcher Christian
Naval career[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See here for a comparison of assignments to William Bligh
Fletcher Christian began his naval career at a late age, joining the Royal Navy as a cabin boy when he was already seventeen years old (the average age for this position was between 12 to 15). He served for over a year on a third-rate frigate along with his future commander, William Bligh, who was posted as the ship's sixth lieutenant. Christian next became a Midshipman on the sixth-rate post ship HMS Eurydice and was made Master's Mate six months after the ship put to sea. The muster rolls of HMS Eurydice indicate Christian was signed on for a 21-month voyage to India. The ship's muster shows Christian's conduct was more than satisfactory because "some seven months out from England, he had been promoted from midshipman to master's mate".[6]
After Eurydice had returned from India, Christian was reverted to Midshipman and paid off from the Royal Navy. Unable to find another Midshipman assignment, Christian decided to join the British merchant fleet and applied for a berth on-board William Bligh's ship Britannia. Bligh had himself been discharged from the Royal Navy and was now a merchant captain. Bligh accepted Christian on the ship's books as an Able seaman, but granted him all the rights of a ship's officer including dining and berthing in the officer quarters. On a second voyage to Jamaica with Bligh, Christian was rated as the ship's Second Mate.
Although Bligh had known Christian for only a little over a year, in 1787 he approached Christian to serve on-board HMAV Bounty for a two-year voyage to transport breadfruit from Tahiti to the West Indies. Bligh originally had every intention of Christian serving as the ship's Master, but the Navy Board turned down this request due to Christian's low seniority in service years and appointed John Fryer instead. Christian was retained as Master's Mate. The following year, halfway through the Bounty's voyage, Bligh appointed Christian as Acting lieutenant, thus making him senior to Fryer.
On 28 April 1789, Fletcher Christian led a mutiny on-board the Bounty and from this point forward was considered an outlaw. He was formally stripped of his naval rank in March 1790 and discharged after Bligh returned to England and reported the mutiny to the Admiralty Board.
Date
Rank
Ship (number of guns)
March 1782 Ship's boy HMS Cambridge (80)
25 April 1783 Midshipman HMS Eurydice (24)
24 May 1784 Master's Mate
June 1785 Discharged and paid off from Royal Navy
1786 Able seaman Merchant Vessel Britannia
Second Mate
September 1787 Master's mate HM Armed Vessel Bounty
2 March 1788 Acting lieutenant
28 April 1789 Mutiny on the Bounty
March 1790 Stripped of Naval rank and discharged in absentia
Mutiny on the Bounty[edit]
Main article: Mutiny on the Bounty
In 1787, Christian was appointed master's mate on Bounty, on Bligh's recommendation, for the ship's breadfruit expedition to Tahiti. During the voyage out, Bligh appointed him acting lieutenant. Bounty arrived at Tahiti on 26 October 1788 and Christian spent the next five months there.
Bounty set sail with its cargo of breadfruit plantings on 4 April 1789. Some 1,300 miles west of Tahiti, near Tonga, mutiny broke out on 28 April 1789, led by Christian. According to accounts, the sailors were attracted to the "idyllic" life and sexual opportunities afforded on the Pacific island of Tahiti. It has also been argued that they were motivated by Bligh's allegedly harsh treatment of them. Eighteen mutineers set Bligh afloat in a small boat with eighteen of the twenty-two crew loyal to him.
Following the mutiny, Christian attempted to build a colony on Tubuai, but there the mutineers came into conflict with natives. Abandoning the island, he stopped briefly in Tahiti where he married Maimiti, the daughter of one of the local chiefs, on 16 June 1789.[7] While on Tahiti, he dropped off sixteen crewmen. These sixteen included four Bligh loyalists who had been left behind on Bounty and two who had neither participated in, nor resisted, the mutiny. The remaining nine mutineers, six Tahitian men and eleven Tahitian women then sailed eastward. In time, they landed on Pitcairn Island, where they stripped Bounty of all that could be floated ashore before Matthew Quintal set it on fire, stranding them. The resulting sexual imbalance, combined with the effective enslavement of the Tahitian men by the mutineers, led to insurrection and the deaths of most of the men.[citation needed]
Death[edit]
The American seal-hunting ship Topaz visited Pitcairn in 1808 and found only one mutineer, John Adams (who had used the alias Alexander Smith while on Bounty), still alive along with nine Tahitian women. The mutineers who had perished had, however, already had children with their Tahitian wives. Most of these children were still living. Adams and Maimiti claimed Christian had been murdered during the conflict between the Tahitian men and the mutineers. According to an account by a Pitcairn woman named Jenny who left the island in 1817, Christian was shot while working by a pond next to the home of his pregnant wife. Along with Christian, four other mutineers and all six of the Tahitian men who had come to the island were killed in the conflict. William McCoy, one of the four surviving mutineers, fell off a cliff while intoxicated and was killed. Quintal was later killed by the remaining two mutineers, Adams and Ned Young, after he attacked them. Young became the new leader of Pitcairn.
John Adams gave conflicting accounts of Christian's death to visitors on ships that subsequently visited Pitcairn. He was variously said to have died of natural causes, committed suicide, gone insane and been murdered.[8]
Christian was survived by Maimiti and his son, Thursday October Christian (born 1790). Besides Thursday October, Fletcher Christian also had a younger son named Charles Christian (born 1792) and a daughter Mary Ann Christian (born 1793). Thursday and Charles are the ancestors of almost everybody with the surname Christian on Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands, as well as the many descendants who have moved to Australia, New Zealand and the United States.
Rumours have persisted for more than two hundred years that Christian's murder was faked, that he had left the island and that he made his way back to England.[9] Many scholars believe that the rumours of Christian returning to England helped to inspire Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.[10]
There is no portrait or drawing extant of Fletcher Christian that was drawn from life. Bligh described Christian as "5 ft. 9 in. high [175 cm]. blackish or very dark complexion. Hair - Blackish or very dark brown. Make - Strong. A star tatowed [sic] on his left breast, and tatowed [sic] on the backside. His knees stand a little out and he may be called a little bow legged. He is subject to violent perspiration, particularly in his hand, so that he soils anything he handles".[11]
Portrayals in the arts[edit]
Appearances in literature[edit]
Christian's principal literary appearances are in the treatments of Bounty story, including Mutiny on the Bounty, Pitcairn's Island and After the Bounty (an edited version of James Morrison's journal). In Peter F. Hamilton's Night's Dawn trilogy, Fletcher Christian's ghost appears, possessing a human body, and helps two non-possessed girls escape.[12] William Kinsolving's 1996 novel Mister Christian and Val McDermid's 2006 thriller The Grave Tattoo are both based on Christian's rumoured return to the Lake District and the fact that he was at school with William Wordsworth. Dan L. Thrapp's 2002 novel Mutiny's Curse is based on a similar premise. In 1959 Louis MacNeice produced a BBC Radio play called I Call Me Adam, written by Laurie Lee, about the mutineers' lives on Pitcairn.[13]
Film portrayals[edit]
Clark Gable as Fletcher Christian
Christian was portrayed in films by:
Wilton Power in The Mutiny of the Bounty (1916)
Errol Flynn in In the Wake of the Bounty (1933)
Clark Gable in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
Marlon Brando in Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
Mel Gibson in The Bounty (1984)
The 1935 and 1962 films are based on the 1932 novel Mutiny on the Bounty in which Christian is a major character and is generally portrayed positively. The authors of that novel, Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, also wrote two sequels, one of which, Pitcairn's Island, is the story of the tragic events after the mutiny that apparently resulted in Christian’s death along with other violent deaths on Pitcairn Island. (The other sequel, Men Against the Sea, is the story of Bligh's voyage after the mutiny.) This series of novels uses fictionalised versions of minor crew members as narrators of the stories.
The Bounty, released in 1984, is less sympathetic to Christian than previous treatments were.
Musical portrayal[edit]
David Essex in Mutiny! (1985)
Mekons "(Sometimes I Feel Like) Fletcher Christian" from So Good It Hurts (Sin Record Company/Cooking Vinyl, Rough Trade Records Germany) (1988)
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Garth Christian - a relative
Claudene Christian, a descendant of Fletcher Christian who served on the Bounty replica and died when it foundered in October 2012[14]
Descendants of the Bounty mutineers - Thomas Colman Christian, who died July 7, 2013.
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Mutiny on the HMS Bounty: Bligh, Christian, Pitcairn, Norfolk". Archived from the original on 5 December 2000. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Glynn Christian, Fragile Paradise: The discovery of Fletcher Christian, Bounty mutineer; 2nd ed. (U.S.A.: Bounty Books, 2005), p. 11.
Jump up ^ Charles Christian at thepeerage.com, accessed 28 May 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson. The Bounty. p. 60.
Jump up ^ Hough. Captain Bligh and Mister Christian. p. 56.
Jump up ^ Anderson. The Bounty. p. 57.
Jump up ^ "Person Page".
Jump up ^ Alexander, C. (2003) pp.359-360
Jump up ^ The poet Robert Southey reported in correspondence a sighting of Christian in England in about 1803. Curry, K. (ed)(1965) New Letters of Robert Southey, vol. 1, pp 519ff, cited in Alexander, C. (2003), p.405
Jump up ^ Williams; Oakeshott. The Cambridge Journal. p. 190.
Jump up ^ "Bounty's Crew Encyclopedia, Christian, Fletcher". Pitcairn Island Study Center (PISC). The text on the PISC website is used with permission from Mutiny and Romance in the South Seas: A Companion to the Bounty Adventure by Sven Wahlroos.
Jump up ^ Hamilton. The Neutronium Alchemist.
Jump up ^ Lee, Laurie; Mack, Jane (2003). "Introduction". Three Plays. Cheltenham: The Cyder Press. pp. xii–xv. ISBN 1861741375.
Jump up ^ Ian Fairclough (2012-10-29). "Bounty victim was mutineer's relative". The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
Bibliography
Hamilton. The Neutronium Alchemist.
Alexander, Caroline (2003). The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03133-X.
Hough, Richard (1973). Captain Bligh and Mister Christian: The Men and the Mutiny. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. ISBN 0-525-07310-8.
Williams, T.F.D.; Oakeshott, M. (1954). The Cambridge Journal. London: Bowes and Bowes.
Further reading
Christian, Glynn (2005). Fragile Paradise: the Discovery of Fletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer. Classic Travel Books, Long Riders' Guild Press. ISBN 1-59048-250-6.
Conway, Christiane (2005). Letters from the Isle of Man - The Bounty-Correspondence of Nessy and Peter Heywood. The Manx Experience. ISBN 1-873120-77-X.
External links[edit]
General information
History of Pitcairn Island
Moorland Close
Fletcher Christian at Find a Grave
Fletcher Christian at Find a Grave
Genealogical information The following genealogical information about Fletcher Christian and the other Bounty crew members comes from descendants of the Bounty crew, who may not be reliable and from historical archives.
HMS Bounty Ancestors and Cousins
George Snell's HMS Bounty Descendants Page
Norfolk Island Research and Genealogy Centre
Related information
Fletcher Christian's biography, PISC Crew Encyclopedia
Pitcairn Islands Study Centre (PISC)
show
v
t
e
Rulers of the Pitcairn Islands
Leaders
Fletcher Christian (1790–93)
Ned Young (1793–1800)
John Adams (1800–29)
President
Joshua Hill (1832–38)
Magistrates
Edward Quintal (1838–39)
Arthur Quintal I (1840–41)
Fletcher Christian II (1842)
Matthew McCoy (1843)
Thursday October Christian II (1844)
Arthur Quintal II (1845–46)
Charles Christian II (1847)
George Adams (1848)
Simon Young (1849)
Arthur Quintal II (1850)
Thursday October Christian II (1851)
Abraham Blatchly Quintal (1852)
Matthew McCoy (1853)
Arthur Quintal II (1854)
George Martin Frederick Young (1855–3 May 1856)
(Office vacant 1856–64, due to relocation to Norfolk Island)
Thursday October Christian II (1864)
Moses Young (1865–66)
Thursday October Christian II (1867)
Robert Pitcairn Buffett (1868)
Moses Young (1869)
James Russell McCoy (1870–72)
Thursday October Christian II (1873–74)
Moses Young (1875)
Thursday October Christian II (1876–77)
James Russell McCoy (1878–79)
Thursday October Christian II (1880)
Moses Young (1881)
Thursday October Christian II (1882)
James Russell McCoy (1883)
Benjamin Stanley Young (1884–85)
James Russell McCoy (1886–89)
Charles Carleton Vieder Young (1890–91)
Benjamin Stanley Young (1892)
Presidents of the Council
James Russell McCoy (1893–96)
William Alfred Young (1897)
James Russell McCoy (1897–1904)
William Alfred Young (1904)
Magistrates
James Russell McCoy (1904–06)
Arthur Herbert Young (1907)
William Alfred Young (1908)
Matthew Edmond McCoy (1909)
Gerard Bromley Robert Christian (1910–19)
Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1920)
Frederick Martin Christian (1921)
Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1922)
Edgar Allen Christian (1923–24)
Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1925)
Edgar Allen Christian (1926–29)
Arthur Herbert Young (1930–31)
Edgar Allen Christian (1932)
Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1933–34)
Edgar Allen Christian (1935–39)
Andrew Clarence David Young (1940)
Frederick Martin Christian (1941)
Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1942)
Frederick Martin Christian (1943)
Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1944)
Norris Henry Young (1945–48)
Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1949)
Warren Clive Christian (1950–51)
John Lorenzo Christian (1952–54)
Charles Richard Parkin Christian (1955–57)
Warren Clive Christian (1958–60)
John Lorenzo Christian (1961–66)
Pervis Ferris Young (1967–75)
Ivan Christian (1975–84)
Brian Young (1984–91)
Jay Warren (1991–99)
Mayors
Steve Christian (1999–2004)
Brenda Christian (2004)
Jay Warren (2005–07)
Mike Warren (2008–13)
Shawn Christian (2014–)
show
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e
Mutiny on the Bounty
HMS Bounty
(complement)
Commander
William Bligh
Loyalists
John Fryer
John Hallett
Thomas Hayward
David Nelson
Michael Byrne among others
Mutineers
Fletcher Christian
Peter Heywood
Ned Young
William Muspratt
John Adams
Thomas Ellison
William McCoy
James Morrison
Matthew Quintal among others
In fiction
Novels
The Mutineers of the Bounty (1879)
The Bounty Trilogy
Mutiny on the Bounty (1932)
Men Against the Sea (1933)
Pitcairn's Island (1934)
Films
The Mutiny of the Bounty (1916)
In the Wake of the Bounty (1933)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
The Bounty (1984)
Plays
Pitcairn (2014)
Related
The Eventful History of the Mutiny and Piratical Seizure of HMS Bounty
Bounty Bible
Descendants of the Bounty mutineers
History of the Pitcairn Islands
Bounty Day
Bounty (1960 ship)
Bounty (1978 ship)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX1737038
BNF: cb15052160h (data)
GND: 119484412
ISNI: 0000 0000 6679 1512
LCCN: n50037629
NDL: 00620493
SNAC: w6xp953x
SUDOC: 17569978X
VIAF: 91295459
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fletcher_Christian&oldid=856873854"
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English murder victims
History of Norfolk Island
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HMS Bounty mutineers
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1980 FA Cup Final
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1980 FA Cup Final
Event
1979–80 FA Cup
West Ham United
Arsenal
1
0
Date
10 May 1980
Venue
Wembley Stadium, London
Referee
George Courtney (County Durham)
Attendance
100,000
← 1979
1981 →
The 1980 FA Cup Final was contested by West Ham United and Arsenal at Wembley. West Ham won by a single goal, scored by Trevor Brooking. To date, it is the last time a team from outside the top flight has won the FA Cup. It was West Ham's third FA Cup triumph and the last time that they have won a major trophy.
Match details[edit]
The 1980 Cup Final was the 99th final to be played since 1872, and the 52nd to be played at Wembley since 1923. The tie involved Arsenal, who had played in the previous two FA Cup Finals and were a strong First Division side, and two time F.A. Cup winners West Ham United, a Second Division side that had only ever played at Wembley five times before and were huge underdogs on the day.
Present as the royal guests were the Duke and Duchess of Kent. The Duke was introduced to the teams directly after the national anthem and just prior to kick off. West Ham won the coin toss and captain Billy Bonds chose to stay at the end his team was already at.
The game started slowly with Arsenal playing their traditional defensive keep ball style of football. West Ham gained possession after Arsenal gave away a free kick due to Liam Brady being caught offside. After this West Ham maintained possession, frustrating Arsenal before Alan Devonshire broke down the left wing in the 12th minute, hitting a cross into the Arsenal box which fell to David Cross, whose shot was blocked by Arsenal's Willie Young. Stuart Pearson then shot at the Arsenal goal but his shot went across the goalmouth, where England international Trevor Brooking was the fastest player to react; with the Arsenal defence stranded he flicked a header past Jennings for the only goal of the game after 13 minutes.
Arsenal and West Ham both had attacks during the rest of the first half, Arsenal having more of the game as had been anticipated, but Phil Parkes and the West Ham defence held firm and they were unable to unlock the West Ham defence. The second half was again mainly Arsenal in possession, but the underdogs held out and almost made it two with minutes remaining. Paul Allen was through on goal with only Pat Jennings to beat, Young tackled the 17-year-old, taking him down just outside the penalty box. It was a challenge from behind on the then youngest ever player to play in an F.A. Cup final, however Young only earned himself a yellow card (the professional foul rule had not yet been instituted).
Despite their possession, Arsenal failed to break West Ham down in the second half, and West Ham ran out 1–0 winners. Bonds collected the trophy from the Duchess of Kent, and raised it above his head toward the jubilant West Ham fans to a chorus of cheers and "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles", the East End team's adopted anthem.
Match line-ups[edit]
10 May 1980
West Ham United
1–0
Arsenal
Brooking 13' (Report)
Wembley, London
Attendance: 100,000
Referee: George Courtney (County Durham)
West Ham United
Arsenal
GK 1 Phil Parkes
RB 2 Ray Stewart
LB 3 Frank Lampard
CB 4 Billy Bonds (c)
CB 5 Alvin Martin
LM 6 Alan Devonshire
RM 7 Paul Allen
CF 8 Stuart Pearson
CF 9 David Cross
CM 10 Trevor Brooking
CM 11 Geoff Pike
Substitute:
LB 12 Paul Brush
Manager:
John Lyall
GK 1 Pat Jennings
RB 2 Pat Rice (c)
LB 3 John Devine 61'
CM 4 Brian Talbot
CB 5 David O'Leary
CB 6 Willie Young
CM 7 Liam Brady
CF 8 Alan Sunderland
CF 9 Frank Stapleton
RM 10 David Price
LM 11 Graham Rix
Substitute:
LB 12 Sammy Nelson 61'
Manager:
Terry Neill
Match rules
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Replay if scores still level.
One substitute.
External links[edit]
Detailed look back from the BBC
[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980_FA_Cup_Final&oldid=805003571"
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FA Cup Finals
1979–80 FA Cup
West Ham United F.C. matches
Arsenal F.C. matches
1980 in London
May 1980 sports events
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Switched at Birth (season 2)
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Switched at Birth season 2
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
21
Release
Original network
ABC Family
Original release
January 7 (2013-01-07) – August 19, 2013
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of Switched at Birth episodes
The second season of ABC Family drama television series Switched at Birth was commissioned on August 17, 2012.[1] It premiered on January 7, 2013 in the United States[2] and consisted of 21 episodes.[3] The season is produced by ABC Family, Pirates' Cove Entertainment and Suzy B Productions, with Paul Stupin, Becky Hartman Edwards, John Ziffren, and series creator Lizzy Weiss serving as executive producers.[4]
The one-hour scripted drama revolves around two teenagers who discover they were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments.[5] While balancing school, jobs, and their unconventional family, the girls, along with their friends and family, experience deaf culture, relationships, classism, racism, audism, and other social issues.
The ninth episode of the season entitled "Uprising" made television history by becoming the first episode of a national mainstream television series to be told almost entirely in American Sign Language.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
2 Episodes
3 Reception
3.1 U.S. ratings
4 References
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Switched at Birth characters
Main[edit]
Vanessa Marano as Bay Madeline Kennish
Katie Leclerc as Daphne Paloma Vasquez
Constance Marie as Regina Vasquez
D. W. Moffett as John Kennish
Lea Thompson as Kathryn Kennish
Sean Berdy as Emmett Bledsoe
Lucas Grabeel as Toby Kennish
Gilles Marini as Angelo Sorrento
Recurring[edit]
Ryan Lane as Travis Barnes
Cassi Thomson as Nikki Papagus
Marlee Matlin as Melody Bledsoe
Blair Redford as Tyler "Ty" Mendoza
Stephanie Nogueras as Natalie Pierce
Matt Kane as Jace
Max Lloyd-Jones as Noah
Matthew Risch as Chip Coto
Ivonne Coll as Adriana Vasquez
Daniel Durant as Matthew
B.K. Cannon as Mary Beth Tucker
Annie Ilonzeh as Lana
Morgan Krantz as Mac
Brandon J. Sornberger as Mark
Kari Coleman as Whitney
Todd Williams as Zane
Robert Curtis Brown as Ivan Ronan
Brian Gutierrez as Cody
Danielle Rayne as Patricia Sawyer
Jerry Ferris as Coach Lubin
Anthony Natale as Cameron Bledsoe
Joey Lauren Adams as Jennice Papagus
Laura Spencer as Parker Robinsan
Carlease Burke as Ms. Rose
Maiara Walsh as Simone Sinclair
Justin Bruening as Jeff Reycraft
Allison Scagliotti as Aida Adams
Stephen Lunsford as Teo Hanahan
Zoey Deutch as Elisa Sawyer
Charlene Amoia as Diana Coto
William Lucking as Bill Kennish
Kim Rhodes as Tria
Kari Coleman as Whitney
Meeghan Holaway as Amanda Burke
Karla Gutierrez as Amy
Suanne Spoke as Karen Barnes
Cass Kroener as Jane
Larry Sullivan as Leo
Laura Brown as Debbie
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Switched at Birth episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
31
1 "The Door to Freedom" Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss January 7, 2013 (2013-01-07) 1.70[6]
Life is shaken up once again for the Kennish-Vasquez family when a woman from Angelo's past surfaces, claiming to be pregnant with his baby. However, only Bay and Toby know. Kathryn urges John to consider running as the Republican Party candidate for the Kansas State Senate. Meanwhile, Bay is accused of cheating on her French exam and decides to attend Carlton. Daphne is still upset after all that happened with Jeff and snaps at Travis. She later apologizes and the twosome plot to start up a food truck business of Daphne's very own.
Title reference: From the c.1936 painting, La clef des champs (English title: The Door to Freedom), by René Magritte.
32
2 "The Awakening Conscience" Fred Gerber Joy Gregory & Bekah Brunstetter January 14, 2013 (2013-01-14) 1.65[7]
Bay enrolls in an experimental immersion program at Carlton for hearing students who have been learning sign language. She meets Teo, a fellow program participant, and finds herself on the outs with Natalie, who bullies her because she is hearing. John and Kathryn inform the family of John's plans to run for state senate. Elsewhere, Toby embarks on a romance with Nikki, but pulls back after Emmett shows him a distasteful picture of her on the internet. Angelo tells Regina about his possible unborn child and Regina has a run-in with Lana, the other woman, in an elevator. Daphne opens her food truck for business, but is uncomfortable with decisions John is trying to make for her. A boy from her old neighborhood is upset when Daphne brings her truck to East Riverside.
Title reference: From the 1853 painting, The Awakening Conscience, by William Holman Hunt.
33
3 "Duel of Two Women" John Behring Anne Kenney January 21, 2013 (2013-01-21) 1.74[8]
Regina tells Adriana and Daphne about Angelo and Lana's baby-to-be. Daphne takes it in stride and is supportive of Regina, suggesting a spa weekend for the two of them, paid for from her food truck profits. Bay finds herself on the wrong end of Natalie's wrath, forcing Melody to take everyone on a Tolerance Retreat to help bridge the divide between them. Bay bonds with Noah, who confides to her that he has Meniere's Disease, having already lost 60% hearing in his right ear, and is in the Pilot Program at Carlton so that he can learn to sign before he loses the rest of his hearing. Regina finds out from her new doctor that she has osteonecrosis in her right wrist and can never sign, paint, or be a hairdresser again, which leads to a falling-out with Melody, who thinks Regina is faking to get sympathy. Daphne tells Noah how upset she feels about her mom not being able to sign with her anymore. She asks him if he can imagine losing the ability to communicate with someone, but Noah passes on the opportunity to tell her that he has Meniere's Disease. However, he helps her understand her mother's point of view and stop being angry at her. After the retreat, Bay and Natalie declare a truce. Emmett is jealous of Bay's friendship with Noah and says he (Emmett) can't be friends with Bay any more because it hurts too much to not be with her. Meanwhile, Kathryn possibly hurts John's campaign during a radio interview by mentioning John's views on [legal] immigration, which John's political enemies use against him by claiming he is for illegal immigration. John believes he can win by staying away from specific issues before the election, and tells Kathryn to keep quiet about political issues from now on. Toby bonds with Lana and finds out that she is planning to give up her baby for adoption as she is in medical school and her family are all in Boston. Toby points out that she does have local family, his sister, Bay, who is also the baby's sister.
Title reference: From the 1636 painting, Duel of Two Women, by Jusepe de Ribera.
34
4 "Dressing for the Charade" Melanie Mayron Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux January 28, 2013 (2013-01-28) 1.76[9]
Daphne gets the truth from Travis's mother regarding his so-called problems at home. Regina runs into an old friend while out with Kathryn. John sees an attack ad on his campaign involving his wife's radio interview. Toby brings Lana to the Kennish house for dinner and she lets something slip to an immigration social worker about carrying Angelo's baby.
Title reference: From the 1886 painting, Dressing for the Charade: The Children of Patrick Allan Fraser, by Robert Herdman.
35
5 "The Acquired Inability to Escape" Zetna Fuentes Joy Gregory & Henry Robles February 4, 2013 (2013-02-04) 1.79[10]
Daphne takes on more than she can handle while venturing into new territory. Toby goes to his grandfather hoping for a college recommendation. Kathryn volunteers to direct a play at Carlton.
Title reference: From the 1991 sculpture, The Acquired Inability to Escape, by Damien Hirst.
36
6 "Human/Need/Desire" Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss & Bekah Brunstetter February 11, 2013 (2013-02-11) 1.65[11]
Bay hosts an anti-Valentine's Day party and invites her hearing and deaf friends, leading Noah and Travis to get into a heated argument. Angelo and Lana agree to a truce to chaperone the party. Regina butts heads with John and Kathryn over how to handle the situation with Daphne's food truck.
Title reference: From the 1983 sculpture, Human/Need/Desire, by Bruce Nauman.
37
7 "Drive in the Knife" Steve Miner Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 18, 2013 (2013-02-18) 1.52[12]
Daphne breaks up with Travis. Afterwards, the police find the man who robbed the food truck but Travis lies when he is asked to ID the man. Daphne finds out that Travis wants personal revenge against the guy. Meanwhile, the Kennish kids are roped into helping out with John's campaign. Toby meets Elisa, a volunteer who turns out to be the daughter of the opposing candidate. Bay tells Emmett that she's in a new relationship, but he kisses her anyway. Regina is fired from her new job after the first day and turns to alcohol after being sober for many years.
Title reference: From the 1943 painting, Drive in the Knife, by Roberto Matta.
38
8 "Tight Rope Walker" Joanna Kerns Anne Kenney & Henry Robles February 25, 2013 (2013-02-25) 1.69[13]
While Toby bonds with Elisa, discord breaks out at Carlton when the deaf students oppose the pilot program for hearing students, leaving Daphne feeling caught in the middle. After she talks to the school board, she tells Kathryn that they have decided to close Carlton. Meanwhile, Bay tells Regina's old boyfriend Zane about Regina's alcohol abuse and Zane then tells Regina. Regina confronts Bay about telling Zane and angrily scolds her for it. Bay is severely hurt but forgives Regina for her outburst after she apologizes. The two then decide to keep it secret and Regina promises to go back to her classes and get help. However, she goes back on her word when she leaves a voicemail for her sponsor and then deletes the message instead of sending it.
Title reference: From the 1885 painting, Tight-Rope Walker, by Jean-Louis Forain.
39
9 "Uprising" Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss March 4, 2013 (2013-03-04) 1.63[14]
Daphne leads her classmates in a protest against the closing of their school. Bay's efforts to join them are met with resistance. The uprising horrifies the parents and puts relationships at risk including Daphne and Bay's. Daphne finds out that Regina started drinking again. Melody is offered a position on the School Board.
Note: "Uprising" was the first episode of a national mainstream scripted television series to be told almost entirely in American Sign Language (ASL), with open captions for hearing viewers. Series creator Lizzy Weiss described the innovative concept, stating "I've been wanting to do an all-ASL episode since the series began, and the storyline we've been focusing on this season gave us the perfect opportunity. It's an exciting, visual, empowering story of kids who are different fighting back, and it allows our audience to experience the world as our deaf characters do. We've been building to this for 39 episodes and we're all thrilled to be the first to try this."[4]
Title reference: From the 1860 painting, The Uprising, by Honoré Daumier.
40
10 "Introducing the Miracle" Ron Lagomarsino Becky Hartman Edwards & Lizzy Weiss March 11, 2013 (2013-03-11) 1.75[15]
Daphne and the students of Carlton School for the Deaf find out if their protest will keep the school open and deaf. Lana goes into labor, Toby makes a surprise announcement, and John's campaign for office ends unexpectedly. Meanwhile, an intoxicated Regina shows up at Angelo's, and Emmett tells Bay about the kiss between Daphne and Noah.
Title reference: From the 1916 painting, Introducing the Miracle, by Paul Klee
41
11 "Mother and Child Divided" Ron Lagomarsino Lizzy Weiss June 10, 2013 (2013-06-10) 1.66[16]
Regina returns early from rehab, only to find that Daphne has grown closer to the Kennish family. Bay runs into her ex-boyfriend Ty; Travis and Emmett take advantage of Melody's absence and Kathryn and Nikki don't see eye to eye. Bay begins working at her dad's office.
Title reference: From the 1993 artwork, Mother and Child Divided, by Damien Hirst
42
12 "Distorted House" Fred Gerber Joy Gregory & Henry Robles June 17, 2013 (2013-06-17) 1.62[17]
Bay begins to reconnect with Ty but then learns shocking news about his experiences in Afghanistan. Toby and Travis both seek a managerial position at John's car wash. Kathryn and Daphne have a hard time coming to terms with Bay's desire to stay with Regina. Kathryn and Daphne become tennis partners in a tournament at the country club.
Title reference: From the 2010 building, The Distort House, designed by TWS & Partners.
43
13 "The Good Samaritan" Zetna Fuentes Becky Hartman Edwards & Bekah Brunstetter June 24, 2013 (2013-06-24) 1.76[18]
Toby and Nikki's relationship is strained by work and wedding planning so Bay tries to help Toby by booking a gig for Toby's band for the carnival to give him a temporary reprieve from the demands of adult life. Regina and Bay's messiness frustrates Angelo when he comes back from searching for his baby. Kathryn is unnerved by Adriana's frequent visits, and Jace introduces Daphne to a new adventure.
Title reference: From the 1890 painting, The Good Samaritan, by Vincent van Gogh.
44
14 "He Did What He Wanted" Steve Miner Lizzy Weiss & Michael Ross July 1, 2013 (2013-07-01) 1.61[19]
Regina persuades the interior decorator who fired her to give her a second chance. Angelo joins the country club, and hires Regina to redecorate a restaurant he becomes a partner in. John's senate boss Chip Coto makes a pass at Kathryn and she tells John. Daphne and Jace learn Coto has been having an affair with an intern, and Jace anonymously texts him that his secret is known. John angrily confronts Regina, and tells her he will never forgive her for keeping Daphne from him for 13 years, then has a heart attack in the kitchen. Regina finds him, calls 911 and administers CPR.
Title reference: From the 1927 painting, He Did What He Wanted, by Yves Tanguy.
45
15 "Ecce Mono" David Paymer Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux July 8, 2013 (2013-07-08) 2.02[20]
In an alternative reality dreamt by John during his heart attack, Regina reveals the switch as soon as she learns of it. John sues her and wins exclusive custody of both three-year-old girls, obtaining a restraining order against her. Daphne Kennish is given a cochlear implant and 13 years later has turned into a typical "Buckner brat" with a C average who is best friends with Simone Sinclair, sleeps with college frat men, and steals her parents' credit card; while Bay has become an adopted, motivated, A-student wallflower. Toby retains his gambling problem. Kathryn has become a romance novelist and is sleeping with Chip Coto. Bay meets Emmett and with his help finds out about Regina. Daphne and Bay meet Adriana and find out that Regina has died on their birthday, then angrily confront John. The dream ends with John again collapsing in the kitchen with a heart attack; he wakes up in the hospital, grateful to Regina for helping save his life.
Title reference: From the restoration attempt, Ecce Mono, by Cecilia Giménez of the original c.1930 fresco (mural painting), Ecce Homo, by Elías García Martinez.
46
16 "The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living" Melanie Mayron Darla Lansu July 15, 2013 (2013-07-15) 1.75[21]
Bay meets some of Ty's soldier friends, including an army medic named Aida whom Ty has slept with. Angelo offers Regina help in bringing in some business. After a family emergency, the Kennish family is going through some changes. John must face the reality of his situation. Daphne is torn between her family and her interest in being with Jace.The episode ending with Bay and Ty in Ty's room and Ty blows out the last candle and they sleep together.
Title reference: From the 1991 art piece, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, by Damien Hirst.
47
17 "Prudence, Avarice, Lust, Justice, Anger" Lea Thompson Terrence Coli & Becky Hartman Edwards July 22, 2013 (2013-07-22) 1.76[22]
A gay couple is introduced. Angelo invites Bay to join him at a pivotal meeting concerning the custody of his new baby. This tests their relationship when she originally declines to go, but Ty convinces her to go. When Daphne and Jace uncover Senator Coto's corruption and shameless womanizing, they must decide what to do with the confidential information. Meanwhile, Nikki discovers that Toby and Simone have been in touch, and Emmett and Travis try to set Melody up on a blind date.
Title reference: From the c.1978 painting, Prudence, Avarice, Lust, Justice, Anger, by Jack Beal.
48
18 "As The Shadows Deepen" Wendey Stanzler Joy Gregory & Henry Robles July 29, 2013 (2013-07-29) 1.76[23]
Bay decides to put on Deaf Day at Maui to bring in more customers, since the park has been losing business. She gets help from Emmett, which causes problems when Ty sees the two of them together. Daphne finds out that Jeff is now Jace's friend's fiancé and that the two were in a long-term relationship, despite Jeff's affair with Daphne. Red flags are raised about Jace after he tries to steal a credit card and tells Jeff's fiancé the truth. Toby suggests that Nikki visit the man who killed her father in prison to get closure. John starts to mend his relationship with his father. Bay learns that Ty is about to be deployed back to Afghanistan.
Title reference: From the 2000 painting, As the Shadows Deepened, by Eyvind Earle.
49
19 "What Goes Up Must Come Down" Joanna Kerns Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss August 5, 2013 (2013-08-05) 1.68[24]
Daphne worries that Senator Coto is on to her and her frustration with Jace comes to a head when Parker shares some upsetting news. Nikki confronts her mom about her dad’s history. Meanwhile, John continues to find ways to pay back Regina for saving his life, and Ty and Bay go camping as Emmett's father gets a cochlear implant.
Title reference: From the 1994 art piece What goes up must come down by Damien Hirst.
50
20 "The Merrymakers" Zetna Fuentes James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash August 12, 2013 (2013-08-12) 1.60[25]
Bay and Daphne throw Nikki an impromptu bachelorette party, while a call from Simone alters the course of Toby's bachelor party. Meanwhile, Kathryn is surprised at Jennice's extravagant wedding requests, and a change in living situation leads Angelo and Regina to reevaluate their relationship.
Title reference: From the 1616-17 painting, Merrymakers at Shrovetide, by Frans Hals.
51
21 "Departure of Summer" Steve Miner Becky Hartman Edwards & Lizzy Weiss August 19, 2013 (2013-08-19) 1.96[26]
Toby prepares for his wedding and both his parents and Nikki's mom contemplate being truthful with him. Meanwhile, Daphne is forced to own up to her mistakes regarding her blackmail of Senator Coto. Angelo realizes that his baby belongs with Victor and Leo and makes a deal to still be part of her life. Bay seeks a long-distance romance with Ty in the face of his redeployment, however Ty learns that he'll be in even more dangerous territory this time around. To protect Bay from the truth, he breaks up with her using a terrible lie – one that leads Bay straight back into the arms of Emmett.
Title reference: From the 1914 art piece Departure of Summer by Man Ray.
Reception[edit]
U.S. ratings[edit]
No.
Episode
Original air date
Timeslot
(EST)
Viewers
(million)
Adults 18-49
rating
Cable rank (18–49)
Note
Timeslot
Night
1 "The Door to Freedom" January 7, 2013 (2013-01-07) Monday 8:00PM 1.70 0.7 #6 #31 [6]
2 "The Awakening Conscience" January 14, 2013 (2013-01-14) 1.65 0.7 #4 #22 [7]
3 "Duel of Two Women" January 21, 2013 (2013-01-21) 1.74 0.7 #5 #37 [8]
4 "Dressing for the Charade" January 28, 2013 (2013-01-28) 1.76 0.8 #4 #23 [9]
5 "The Acquired Inability to Escape" February 4, 2013 (2013-02-04) 1.79 0.8 #3 #18 [10]
6 "Human/Need/Desire" February 11, 2013 (2013-02-11) 1.65 0.7 #3 #22 [11]
7 "Drive in the Knife" February 18, 2013 (2013-02-18) 1.52 0.6 #6 #37 [12]
8 "Tight Rope Walker" February 25, 2013 (2013-02-25) 1.69 0.8 #4 #23 [13]
9 "Uprising" March 4, 2013 (2013-03-04) 1.63 0.7 #4 #30 [14]
10 "Introducing the Miracle" March 11, 2013 (2013-03-11) 1.75 0.8 #3 #22 [15]
11 "Mother and Child Divided" June 10, 2013 (2013-06-10) 1.66 0.7 #3 #25 [16]
12 "Distorted House" June 17, 2013 (2013-06-17) 1.62 0.7 #4 #19 [17]
13 "The Good Samaritan" June 24, 2013 (2013-06-24) 1.76 0.7 #5 #23 [18]
14 "He Did What He Wanted" July 1, 2013 (2013-07-01) 1.61 0.7 #3 #17 [19]
15 "Ecce Mono" July 8, 2013 (2013-07-08) 2.02 0.9 #3 #15 [20]
16 "The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living" July 15, 2013 (2013-07-15) 1.75 0.8 #5 #19 [21]
17 "Prudence, Avarice, Lust, Justice, Anger" July 22, 2013 (2013-07-22) 1.76 0.8 #3 #23 [22]
18 "As The Shadows Deepened" July 29, 2013 (2013-07-29) 1.76 0.7 #4 #22 [23]
19 "What Goes Up Must Come Down" August 5, 2013 (2013-08-05) 1.68 0.7 #4 #34 [24]
20 "Family Secrets in Plain View" August 12, 2013 (2013-08-12) 1.60 0.7 #4 #27 [25]
21 "Departure of Summer" August 19, 2013 (2013-08-19) 1.96 0.8 #5 #29 [26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ABC Family Renews ‘Melissa & Joey’, ‘Baby Daddy’, ‘Switched at Birth’ & Orders Additional Episodes of ‘Bunheads’ - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello (2012-09-28). "‘Pretty Little Liars’ Season 3b Return Date — Plus ‘Bunheads’ Return Date". TVLine. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Switched at Birth listings". The Futon Critic.
^ Jump up to: a b c "ABC Family Announces Ground-Breaking Television Event With An All-ASL Episode Of The Hit Family Drama "Switched At Birth"". ABC Family. 11 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "ABC Family Announces Pick-Up of "Switched at Birth," "The Nine Lives of Chloe King" and "The Great State of Georgia"". The Futon Critic. January 31, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: College Football Dominates Night + 'WWE Monday Night RAW', 'Catfish', 'Love & Hip Hop 3', 'Teen Mom II' & More". TV by the Numbers. 9 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Amanda Kondolojy (15 January 2013). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Monday Night RAW' Wins Night + 'Catfish', 'Teen Mom II', 'Love & Hip Hop', 'Pawn Stars' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings:’Catfish’ Wins Night, ‘Teen Mom 2′, ‘WWE Raw’, ‘Pawn Stars’, ‘Love and Hip Hop’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings:’Monday Night Raw’ Wins Night + ‘Teen Mom II’, ‘Pawn Stars’, ‘Catfish’, ‘American Pickers’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Teen Mom 2′ Wins Night, ‘WWE Raw’, ‘Switched at Birth’, ‘Dallas’, ‘Being Human’, ‘Pawn Stars’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings:’Pawn Stars’ Wins Night + ‘Monday Night RAW’, ‘Teen Mom II’, ‘American Pickers’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘WWE Raw’ & ‘Teen Mom 2′ Win Night, ‘Catfish’, ‘Pawn Stars’, ‘Dallas’, ‘Switched at Birth’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-02-20. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘WWE RAW’ Wins Night + ‘Teen Mom II’, ‘Pawn Stars’, ‘Catfish’, ‘American Pickers’ + More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘WWE Raw’ Wins Night, ‘Teen Mom 2′, ‘Pawn Stars’, ‘Dallas’, ‘Switched at Birth’, ‘Being Human’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Monday Night RAW’ Wins Night + ‘Teen Mom II’, ‘Pawn Stars’, ‘American Pickers’, ‘Lizard Lick Towing’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Love & Hip Hop’ Wins Night, ‘WWE Raw’, ‘Teen Wolf’, ‘Major Crimes’ , ‘Switched at Birth’, ‘Longmire’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-06-11. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Love and Hip Hop: Atlanta’ Wins Night + NHL Stanley Cup, ‘WWE Raw’, ‘Fast N Loud’, ‘Hit The Floor’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Love & Hip Hop Atlanta’ Wins Night, ‘WWE Raw’, ‘Teen Wolf’, ‘Major Crimes’, ‘Longmire’, ‘Switched at Birth’, ‘Warehouse 13′ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings:’Love and Hip Hop’ Wins Night + ‘Monday Night RAW’, ‘Hit the Floor’, ‘Fast N Loud’, ‘Real Housewives of OC’ + More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Updated Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Love & Hip Hop’ Leads + ‘WWE RAW,’ ‘Switched at Birth,’ ‘Major Crimes,’ ‘Longmire’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-07-10. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Home Run Derby’ Wins Night + ‘Love and Hip Hop: Atlanta’, ‘Monday Night RAW’, ‘Hit the Floor’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Love & Hip Hop Atlanta’ Wins Night, ‘WWE Raw’, ‘Hit the Floor’,'Teen Wolf’, ‘Switched at Birth’, ‘The Fosters’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: ‘Love and Hip Hop Atlanta’ Wins Night + ‘Hit the Floor’, ‘WWE Raw’, ‘American Pickers’, ‘Fast N Loud’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (August 6, 2013). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' Wins Night, 'T.I. and Tiny', 'Teen Wolf', 'The Fosters', 'Major Crimes', 'Switched at Birth'& More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (August 13, 2013). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' Wins Night, 'T.I. & Tiny', 'Major Crimes', 'Teen Wolf', 'Longmire', 'Switched at Birth' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Cable Ratings: NFL Preseason Wins Night + 'RAW', 'Basketball Wives', 'TI & Tiny', 'Marrying the Game' & More". TV by the Numbers. August 20, 2013.
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