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Centroid
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Centroid of a triangle
In mathematics and physics, the centroid or geometric center of a plane figure is the arithmetic mean position of all the points in the shape. The definition extends to any object in n-dimensional space: its centroid is the mean position of all the points in all of the coordinate directions. Informally, it is the point at which a cutout of the shape could be perfectly balanced on the tip of a pin.
While in geometry the term "barycenter" is a synonym for "centroid", in astrophysics and astronomy, barycenter is the center of mass of two or more bodies which are orbiting each other. In physics, the center of mass is the arithmetic mean of all points weighted by the local density or specific weight. If a physical object has uniform density, then its center of mass is the same as the centroid of its shape.
In geography, the centroid of a radial projection of a region of the Earth's surface to sea level is known as the region's geographical center.
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 Triangle centroid
3 Locating the centroid
3.1 Plumb line method
3.2 Balancing method
3.3 Of a finite set of points
3.4 By geometric decomposition
3.5 By integral formula
3.5.1 Bounded region
3.6 Of an L-shaped object
3.7 Of a triangle
3.8 Centroid of a polygon
3.9 Centroid of a cone or pyramid
3.10 Centroid of a tetrahedron and n-dimensional simplex
3.11 Centroid of a hemisphere
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Properties[edit]
The geometric centroid of a convex object always lies in the object. A non-convex object might have a centroid that is outside the figure itself. The centroid of a ring or a bowl, for example, lies in the object's central void.
If the centroid is defined, it is a fixed point of all isometries in its symmetry group. In particular, the geometric centroid of an object lies in the intersection of all its hyperplanes of symmetry. The centroid of many figures (regular polygon, regular polyhedron, cylinder, rectangle, rhombus, circle, sphere, ellipse, ellipsoid, superellipse, superellipsoid, etc.) can be determined by this principle alone.
In particular, the centroid of a parallelogram is the meeting point of its two diagonals. This is not true for other quadrilaterals.
For the same reason, the centroid of an object with translational symmetry is undefined (or lies outside the enclosing space), because a translation has no fixed point.
Triangle centroid[edit]
The centroid of a triangle is the intersection of the three medians of the triangle (each median connecting a vertex with the midpoint of the opposite side). It lies on the triangle's Euler line, which also goes through various other key points including the orthocenter and the circumcenter.[1][2]
Any of the three medians through the centroid divides the triangle's area in half. This is not true for other lines through the centroid; the greatest departure from the equal-area division occurs when a line through the centroid is parallel to a side of the triangle, creating a smaller triangle and a trapezoid; in this case the trapezoid's area is 5/9 that of the original triangle.[3]
Let P be any point in the plane of a triangle with vertices A, B, and C and centroid G. Then the sum of the squared distances of P from the three vertices exceeds the sum of the squared distances of the centroid G from the vertices by three times the squared distance between P and G:
P A 2 + P B 2 + P C 2 = G A 2 + G B 2 + G C 2 + 3 P G 2 . {\displaystyle PA^{2}+PB^{2}+PC^{2}=GA^{2}+GB^{2}+GC^{2}+3PG^{2}.} [4]
The sum of the squares of the triangle's sides equals three times the sum of the squared distances of the centroid from the vertices:
A B 2 + B C 2 + C A 2 = 3 ( G A 2 + G B 2 + G C 2 ) . {\displaystyle AB^{2}+BC^{2}+CA^{2}=3(GA^{2}+GB^{2}+GC^{2}).} [5]
A triangle's centroid is the point that maximizes the product of the directed distances of a point from the triangle's sidelines.[6]
For other properties of a triangle's centroid, see below.
Locating the centroid[edit]
Plumb line method[edit]
The centroid of a uniform planar lamina, such as (a) below, may be determined, experimentally, by using a plumbline and a pin to find the center of mass of a thin body of uniform density having the same shape. The body is held by the pin inserted at a point near the body's perimeter, in such a way that it can freely rotate around the pin; and the plumb line is dropped from the pin (b). The position of the plumbline is traced on the body. The experiment is repeated with the pin inserted at a different point of the object. The intersection of the two lines is the centroid of the figure (c).
(a) (b) (c)
This method can be extended (in theory) to concave shapes where the centroid lies outside the shape, and to solids (of uniform density), but the positions of the plumb lines need to be recorded by means other than drawing.
Balancing method[edit]
For convex two-dimensional shapes, the centroid can be found by balancing the shape on a smaller shape, such as the top of a narrow cylinder. The centroid occurs somewhere within the range of contact between the two shapes. In principle, progressively narrower cylinders can be used to find the centroid to arbitrary precision. In practice air currents make this unfeasible. However, by marking the overlap range from multiple balances, one can achieve a considerable level of accuracy.
Of a finite set of points[edit]
The centroid of a finite set of k {\displaystyle {k}} points x 1 , x 2 , … , x k {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{1},\mathbf {x} _{2},\ldots ,\mathbf {x} _{k}} in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} is
C = x 1 + x 2 + ⋯ + x k k {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ={\frac {\mathbf {x} _{1}+\mathbf {x} _{2}+\cdots +\mathbf {x} _{k}}{k}}} .[7]
This point minimizes the sum of squared Euclidean distances between itself and each point in the set.
By geometric decomposition[edit]
The centroid of a plane figure X {\displaystyle X} can be computed by dividing it into a finite number of simpler figures X 1 , X 2 , … , X n {\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dots ,X_{n}} , computing the centroid C i {\displaystyle C_{i}} and area A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} of each part, and then computing
C x = ∑ C i x A i ∑ A i , C y = ∑ C i y A i ∑ A i {\displaystyle C_{x}={\frac {\sum C_{i_{x}}A_{i}}{\sum A_{i}}},C_{y}={\frac {\sum C_{i_{y}}A_{i}}{\sum A_{i}}}}
Holes in the figure X {\displaystyle X} , overlaps between the parts, or parts that extend outside the figure can all be handled using negative areas A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} . Namely, the measures A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} should be taken with positive and negative signs in such a way that the sum of the signs of A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} for all parts that enclose a given point p {\displaystyle p} is 1 if p {\displaystyle p} belongs to X {\displaystyle X} , and 0 otherwise.
For example, the figure below (a) is easily divided into a square and a triangle, both with positive area; and a circular hole, with negative area (b).
(a) 2D Object
(b) Object described using simpler elements
(c) Centroids of elements of the object
The centroid of each part can be found in any list of centroids of simple shapes (c). Then the centroid of the figure is the weighted average of the three points. The horizontal position of the centroid, from the left edge of the figure is
x = 5 × 10 2 + 13.33 × 1 2 10 2 − 3 × π 2.5 2 10 2 + 1 2 10 2 − π 2.5 2 ≈ 8.5 units . {\displaystyle x={\frac {5\times 10^{2}+13.33\times {\frac {1}{2}}10^{2}-3\times \pi 2.5^{2}}{10^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}10^{2}-\pi 2.5^{2}}}\approx 8.5{\mbox{ units}}.}
The vertical position of the centroid is found in the same way.
The same formula holds for any three-dimensional objects, except that each A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} should be the volume of X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} , rather than its area. It also holds for any subset of R d {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}} , for any dimension d {\displaystyle d} , with the areas replaced by the d {\displaystyle d} -dimensional measures of the parts.
By integral formula[edit]
The centroid of a subset X of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} can also be computed by the integral
C = ∫ x g ( x ) d x ∫ g ( x ) d x {\displaystyle C={\frac {\int xg(x)\;dx}{\int g(x)\;dx}}}
where the integrals are taken over the whole space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , and g is the characteristic function of the subset, which is 1 inside X and 0 outside it.[8] Note that the denominator is simply the measure of the set X. This formula cannot be applied if the set X has zero measure, or if either integral diverges.
Another formula for the centroid is
C k = ∫ z S k ( z ) d z ∫ S k ( z ) d z {\displaystyle C_{k}={\frac {\int zS_{k}(z)\;dz}{\int S_{k}(z)\;dz}}}
where Ck is the kth coordinate of C, and Sk(z) is the measure of the intersection of X with the hyperplane defined by the equation xk = z. Again, the denominator is simply the measure of X.
For a plane figure, in particular, the barycenter coordinates are
C x = ∫ x S y ( x ) d x A {\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {x} }={\frac {\int xS_{\mathrm {y} }(x)\;dx}{A}}}
C y = ∫ y S x ( y ) d y A {\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {y} }={\frac {\int yS_{\mathrm {x} }(y)\;dy}{A}}}
where A is the area of the figure X; Sy(x) is the length of the intersection of X with the vertical line at abscissa x; and Sx(y) is the analogous quantity for the swapped axes.
Bounded region[edit]
The centroid ( x ¯ , y ¯ ) {\displaystyle ({\bar {x}},\;{\bar {y}})} of a region bounded by the graphs of the continuous functions f {\displaystyle f} and g {\displaystyle g} such that f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)\geq g(x)} on the interval [ a , b ] {\displaystyle [a,b]} , a ≤ x ≤ b {\displaystyle a\leq x\leq b} , is given by
x ¯ = 1 A ∫ a b x [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] d x {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{A}}\int _{a}^{b}x[f(x)-g(x)]\;dx} [9]
y ¯ = 1 A ∫ a b [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) 2 ] [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] d x , {\displaystyle {\bar {y}}={\frac {1}{A}}\int _{a}^{b}\left[{\frac {f(x)+g(x)}{2}}\right][f(x)-g(x)]\;dx,} [10]
where A {\displaystyle A} is the area of the region (given by ∫ a b [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}[f(x)-g(x)]\;dx} ).[11][12]
Of an L-shaped object[edit]
This is a method of determining the centroid of an L-shaped object.
Divide the shape into two rectangles, as shown in fig 2. Find the centroids of these two rectangles by drawing the diagonals. Draw a line joining the centroids. The centroid of the shape must lie on this line AB.
Divide the shape into two other rectangles, as shown in fig 3. Find the centroids of these two rectangles by drawing the diagonals. Draw a line joining the centroids. The centroid of the L-shape must lie on this line CD.
As the centroid of the shape must lie along AB and also along CD, it is obvious that it is at the intersection of these two lines, at O. The point O might not lie inside the L-shaped object.
Of a triangle[edit]
The centroid of a triangle is the point of intersection of its medians (the lines joining each vertex with the midpoint of the opposite side). The centroid divides each of the medians in the ratio 2:1, which is to say it is located ⅓ of the distance from each side to the opposite vertex (see figures at right). Its Cartesian coordinates are the means of the coordinates of the three vertices. That is, if the three vertices are L = ( x L , y L ) , {\displaystyle L=(x_{L},y_{L}),} M = ( x M , y M ) , {\displaystyle M=(x_{M},y_{M}),} and N = ( x N , y N ) , {\displaystyle N=(x_{N},y_{N}),} then the centroid (denoted C here but most commonly denoted G in triangle geometry) is
C = 1 3 ( L + M + N ) = ( 1 3 ( x L + x M + x N ) , 1 3 ( y L + y M + y N ) ) . {\displaystyle C={\frac {1}{3}}(L+M+N)=\left({\frac {1}{3}}(x_{L}+x_{M}+x_{N}),\;\;{\frac {1}{3}}(y_{L}+y_{M}+y_{N})\right).}
The centroid is therefore at 1 3 : 1 3 : 1 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{3}}:{\tfrac {1}{3}}:{\tfrac {1}{3}}} in barycentric coordinates.
In trilinear coordinates the centroid can be expressed in any of these equivalent ways in terms of the side lengths a, b, c and vertex angles L, M, N:[13]
C = 1 a : 1 b : 1 c = b c : c a : a b = csc  L : csc  M : csc  N {\displaystyle C={\frac {1}{a}}:{\frac {1}{b}}:{\frac {1}{c}}=bc:ca:ab=\csc L:\csc M:\csc N}
= cos  L + cos  M ⋅ cos  N : cos  M + cos  N ⋅ cos  L : cos  N + cos  L ⋅ cos  M {\displaystyle =\cos L+\cos M\cdot \cos N:\cos M+\cos N\cdot \cos L:\cos N+\cos L\cdot \cos M}
= sec  L + sec  M ⋅ sec  N : sec  M + sec  N ⋅ sec  L : sec  N + sec  L ⋅ sec  M . {\displaystyle =\sec L+\sec M\cdot \sec N:\sec M+\sec N\cdot \sec L:\sec N+\sec L\cdot \sec M.}
The centroid is also the physical center of mass if the triangle is made from a uniform sheet of material; or if all the mass is concentrated at the three vertices, and evenly divided among them. On the other hand, if the mass is distributed along the triangle's perimeter, with uniform linear density, then the center of mass lies at the Spieker center (the incenter of the medial triangle), which does not (in general) coincide with the geometric centroid of the full triangle.
The area of the triangle is 1.5 times the length of any side times the perpendicular distance from the side to the centroid.[14]
A triangle's centroid lies on its Euler line between its orthocenter H and its circumcenter O, exactly twice as close to the latter as to the former:
C H = 2 C O . {\displaystyle CH=2CO.}
In addition, for the incenter I and nine-point center N, we have
C H = 4 C N , {\displaystyle CH=4CN,}
C O = 2 C N , {\displaystyle CO=2CN,}
I C < H C , {\displaystyle IC<HC,}
I H < H C , {\displaystyle IH<HC,}
I C < I O . {\displaystyle IC<IO.}
If G is the centroid of the triangle ABC, then:
( Area of triangle ABG ) = ( Area of triangle ACG ) = ( Area of triangle BCG ) = 1 3 ( Area of triangle ABC ) {\displaystyle \displaystyle ({\text{Area of triangle ABG}})=({\text{Area of triangle ACG}})=({\text{Area of triangle BCG}})={\frac {1}{3}}({\text{Area of triangle ABC}})}
The isogonal conjugate of a triangle's centroid is its symmedian point.
Centroid of a polygon[edit]
The centroid of a non-self-intersecting closed polygon defined by n vertices (x0,y0), (x1,y1), ..., (xn−1,yn−1) is the point (Cx, Cy), where
C x = 1 6 A ∑ i = 0 n − 1 ( x i + x i + 1 ) ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) {\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {x} }={\frac {1}{6A}}\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}(x_{i}+x_{i+1})(x_{i}\ y_{i+1}-x_{i+1}\ y_{i})} [15]
C y = 1 6 A ∑ i = 0 n − 1 ( y i + y i + 1 ) ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) {\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {y} }={\frac {1}{6A}}\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}(y_{i}+y_{i+1})(x_{i}\ y_{i+1}-x_{i+1}\ y_{i})} [15]
and where A is the polygon's signed area,
A = 1 2 ∑ i = 0 n − 1 ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) {\displaystyle A={\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}(x_{i}\ y_{i+1}-x_{i+1}\ y_{i})\;} .[15]
In these formulas, the vertices are assumed to be numbered in order of their occurrence along the polygon's perimeter. Furthermore, the vertex ( xn, yn ) is assumed to be the same as ( x0, y0 ), meaning i + 1 on the last case must loop around to i = 0. Note that if the points are numbered in clockwise order the area A, computed as above, will have a negative sign; but the centroid coordinates will be correct even in this case.
Centroid of a cone or pyramid[edit]
The centroid of a cone or pyramid is located on the line segment that connects the apex to the centroid of the base. For a solid cone or pyramid, the centroid is 1/4 the distance from the base to the apex. For a cone or pyramid that is just a shell (hollow) with no base, the centroid is 1/3 the distance from the base plane to the apex.
Centroid of a tetrahedron and n-dimensional simplex[edit]
A tetrahedron is an object in three-dimensional space having four triangles as its faces. A line segment joining a vertex of a tetrahedron with the centroid of the opposite face is called a median, and a line segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a bimedian. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians. These seven line segments all meet at the centroid of the tetrahedron.[16] The medians are divided by the centroid in the ratio 3:1. The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter (center of the circumscribed sphere). These three points define the Euler line of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.
These results generalize to any n-dimensional simplex in the following way. If the set of vertices of a simplex is v 0 , … , v n {\displaystyle {v_{0},\ldots ,v_{n}}} , then considering the vertices as vectors, the centroid is
C = 1 n + 1 ∑ i = 0 n v i . {\displaystyle C={\frac {1}{n+1}}\sum _{i=0}^{n}v_{i}.}
The geometric centroid coincides with the center of mass if the mass is uniformly distributed over the whole simplex, or concentrated at the vertices as n equal masses.
Centroid of a hemisphere[edit]
The centroid of a solid hemisphere (i.e. half of a solid ball) divides the line segment connecting the sphere's center to the hemisphere's pole in the ratio 3:8. The centroid of a hollow hemisphere (i.e. half of a hollow sphere) divides the line segment connecting the sphere's center to the hemisphere's pole in half.
See also[edit]
Chebyshev center
Fréchet mean
K-means algorithm
List of centroids
Pappus's centroid theorem
Triangle center
Locating the center of mass
Spectral centroid
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Altshiller-Court (1925, p. 101)
Jump up ^ Kay (1969, pp. 18,189,225–226)
Jump up ^ Bottomley, Henry. "Medians and Area Bisectors of a Triangle". Retrieved 27 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Altshiller-Court (1925, pp. 70–71)
Jump up ^ Altshiller-Court (1925, pp. 70–71)
Jump up ^ Clark Kimberling, "Trilinear distance inequalities for the symmedian point, the centroid, and other triangle centers", Forum Geometricorum, 10 (2010), 135--139. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2010volume10/FG201015index.html
Jump up ^ Protter & Morrey, Jr. (1970, p. 520)
Jump up ^ Protter & Morrey, Jr. (1970, p. 526)
Jump up ^ Protter & Morrey, Jr. (1970, p. 526)
Jump up ^ Protter & Morrey, Jr. (1970, p. 527)
Jump up ^ Protter & Morrey, Jr. (1970, p. 528)
Jump up ^ Larson (1998, pp. 458–460)
Jump up ^ Clark Kimberling's Encyclopedia of Triangles "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
Jump up ^ Johnson (2007, p. 173)
^ Jump up to: a b c Bourke & July 1997
Jump up ^ Leung, Kam-tim; and Suen, Suk-nam; "Vectors, matrices and geometry", Hong Kong University Press, 1994, pp. 53–54
References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Altshiller-Court, Nathan (1925), College Geometry: An Introduction to the Modern Geometry of the Triangle and the Circle (2nd ed.), New York: Barnes & Noble, LCCN 52013504
Bourke, Paul (July 1997). "Calculating the area and centroid of a polygon".
Johnson, Roger A. (2007), Advanced Euclidean Geometry, Dover
Kay, David C. (1969), College Geometry, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, LCCN 69012075
Larson, Roland E.; Hostetler, Robert P.; Edwards, Bruce H. (1998), Calculus of a Single Variable (6th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company
Protter, Murray H.; Morrey, Jr., Charles B. (1970), College Calculus with Analytic Geometry (2nd ed.), Reading: Addison-Wesley, LCCN 76087042
External links[edit]
Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers by Clark Kimberling. The centroid is indexed as X(2).
Characteristic Property of Centroid at cut-the-knot
Barycentric Coordinates at cut-the-knot
Interactive animations showing Centroid of a triangle and Centroid construction with compass and straightedge
Experimentally finding the medians and centroid of a triangle at Dynamic Geometry Sketches, an interactive dynamic geometry sketch using the gravity simulator of Cinderella.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centroid&oldid=830042385"
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Xbox One system software
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Xbox One system software
Home Screen in March 2017 Update
Developer
Microsoft
OS family
Hyper-V and Windows 10 based Xbox OS[1]
Working state
Current
Source model
Closed Source
Initial release
6.2.9792.0 (xb_rel_flash1307.130829-1800)[2] / November 22, 2013; 4 years ago (2013-11-22)
Latest release
10.0.17134.4071 (rs4_release_xbox_dev_1806.180802-1822) / August 13, 2018; 2 months ago (2018-08-13)[2]
Available in
49 languages[3]
show
List of languages
Danish, German (Germany), German (Austria), German (Switzerland), English (Australia), English (Canada), English (Czech Republic), English (Greece), English (Hong Kong), English (Hungary), English (India), English (Ireland), English (Israel), English (New Zealand), English (Saudi Arabia), English (Singapore), English (Slovakia), English (South Africa), English (United Arab Emirates), English (United Kingdom), English (United States), Spanish (Argentina), Spanish (Chile), Spanish (Colombia), Spanish (Spain), Spanish (Mexico), French (Belgium), French (Canada), French (France), French (Switzerland), Italian, Dutch (Belgium), Dutch (Netherlands), Norsk bokmål, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Finnish, Swedish, Turkish, Russian, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, Chinese (Singapore), Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Chinese (Hong Kong), Japanese
Update method
Direct Download
USB Recovery[4]
Platforms
Xbox One
Preceded by
Xbox 360 system software
Official website
xbox.com
Part of a series on
Windows 10
New features
Removed features
PC version history
Mobile version history
Editions
Windows 10 Mobile
Criticism
Related
Xbox One system software
Windows Mixed Reality
Windows Insider
Microsoft Store
Universal Windows Platform
Fluent Design System
v
t
e
The Xbox One system software, sometimes called the Xbox OS, is the operating system for the eighth-generation home video game console, Xbox One.[5] It is a Windows-based operating system using the Hyper-V virtual machine monitor and contains separate operating systems for games and applications that can run on the console.[1] It is located on the internal HDD for day-to-day usage, while also being duplicated on the internal NAND storage of the console for recovery purposes and factory reset functionality.
The Xbox One allows users to download applications that add to the functionality of the dashboard. From June 2014 onwards, entertainment apps no longer required the user to be signed into a valid Xbox Live Gold account in order to use the features advertised for the given app.[6]
Since launch, Microsoft has been updating the OS monthly, with updates downloaded from the Xbox Live service directly to the Xbox One and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.[4] In November 2015, a major system update known as the New Xbox One Experience was released, which brought very significant changes to the design and functionality of the system.[7] The Windows 10-based Core had replaced the Windows 8-based one in this update, and the new system is sometimes referred to as "Windows 10 on Xbox One".[8][9]
Contents
1 Technology
1.1 System
1.2 User interface
1.3 Multimedia features
1.4 Backward compatibility
1.5 Development
2 History of updates
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Technology
System
The Xbox One console runs on an operating system that includes the Windows 10 core, although initially it included the Windows 8 core at the Xbox One's release. The Xbox One system software contains a heavily modified Hyper-V hypervisor (known as NanoVisor) as its host OS and two partitions. One of the partitions, the "Exclusive" partition is a custom virtual machine (VM) for games; the other partition, the "Shared" partition is a custom VM for running multiple apps. The Shared Partition contained the Windows 8 Core at launch until November 2015, where via a system update known as the "New Xbox One Experience", it was upgraded to the Windows 10 Core. With Windows 10, Universal Windows Platform apps became available on Xbox One. According to the current head of Microsoft's Gaming division, Phil Spencer, "The importance of entertainment and games to the Windows ecosystem has become really prevalent to the company".[10] The program that Microsoft launched allows developers to build a single app that can run on a wide variety of devices, including personal computers and Xbox One video game consoles.[11] According to Polygon, Microsoft is removing the distinction between Xbox One and Windows PC.[10]
Starting in February 2014, Microsoft invited select users to join a preview program that enables them to receive early builds of upcoming system updates and experiment with the features prior to the public launch of the software. Once registered for the Xbox One Preview Program, participants will be able to test the early features included in the update and provide feedback on a private forum and can opt out of future waves.[12] Through its Xbox Feedback website, Microsoft has been soliciting input from consumers on its features and taking requests for future additions to the console. Low battery notifications and Blu-ray 3D support are two examples of ideas that have been among the top vote-getters on the site.[13]
User interface
The Xbox One system software's interface uses a geometrical placement of squares and rectangular items that scrolls as a continuous horizontal line, using the Metro design language that is also seen in Windows 8, Windows 10, and other Microsoft products.[14] The dashboard is divided into "Home", "Community", "OneGuide", and "Store" sections;[15] the "Home" section contains a recent apps and games list, and shortcuts to "pinned" apps and games. The "Community" section allows users to view their friends' in-game activities and captures, post status updates,[16] as well as view trending content.[17][18] The "OneGuide" section aggregates television and online video content, while the "Store" section serves as a portal to the games, video, music, and app marketplaces.[15] In general, the top level menu of the Xbox One feels a lot less cluttered than the Xbox 360's dashboard. For example, the friends tab has been removed and replaced with a dedicated app that users can load up to see what their connections are doing. There are a couple of columns for settings options and an area for "pinned" favorites, a "main" screen showing current and recent apps and games that the user played or used, and a small "What's New" section highlighting some recently added content. In total, the interface is very clean and sparse.[19] Microsoft also introduced a new way to multitask called Snap, which allows Xbox One users to open multiple panes in a single window.
When Microsoft upgraded the Windows 8-based Core to a Windows 10-based one, they made a tour of the new user interface up on Xbox Wire, promising faster, easier navigation, improved community features and, the return of Xbox Avatars. The main feature on the home screen is a list of most recently played games. Selecting any given title will give users more information about announcements, achievements, social activity and so forth. It is also more focused on the actual games they are playing, which is part and parcel of the company’s new direction under Phil Spencer, the current head of Microsoft's Xbox division.[20]
Multimedia features
While like other video game consoles the Xbox One is primarily designed for playing games, it is more than a game console. It is an entertainment hub for games, television, music, and videos. Mainly the console focuses on functionality and entertainment as a whole. At Gamescom 2014 Microsoft unveiled a new plan to remedy this and make earnest on the Xbox One’s label as the "all-in-one entertainment" solution by way of expanding its media support. The Xbox One's media player is quite similar to the Xbox 360's playback suite in terms of form and function, however the newer console now supports more than 30 formats including the MKV container and GIF files. The Xbox One console also does some unique things. For example, its owners can control their television broadcasts using the device, as well as use it as a functioning DVR.[21] Apart from streaming music and videos via Play (Charms > Devices > Play), there is also a networked approach. There are two primary ways to do this. The first is to stream media from a computer or tablet, and the second is to play it directly off of a USB flash drive. The advantage of this method over the Play system is that users can do it all from wherever they sit via the Xbox One, instead of sending the video from a PC to their console.[22] Aside from multimedia files, Xbox One plays CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray Discs, and it also comes with DLNA and MKV support, which means that downloaded video files can be streamed via the PC or transported via external hard drive and USBs. Meanwhile, the interactive TV Guide allows users to turn on and control television with their voice. Furthermore, the system comes with a comprehensive range of applications related to multimedia features. In the United States, video channels include for example the Amazon Instant Video, Crackle, Hulu Plus and Netflix. Microsoft had announced that the Xbox One was awarded for its multimedia capabilities at the 66th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards in early 2015, and the prize was given for the Xbox One's television-on-demand functions.[23]
Backward compatibility
See also: List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One and List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One
The Xbox One was not backward compatible with either the original Xbox or the Xbox 360 console at launch,[24] and Microsoft had admitted that attempts to use cloud streaming to allow Xbox 360 games to be played on Xbox One proved to be "problematic".[25] However, during its E3 press conference on June 15, 2015, Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility using the software method on the Xbox One.[26] Supported Xbox 360 games are supposed to run within a software emulator provided by the updated system software, implementing both the hardware and software of the Xbox 360. Xbox One recording and broadcasting features are supported along with Xbox 360 multiplayer, achievements and cloud save access.[27]
Unlike Xbox 360's emulation of the original Xbox, games do not have to be specifically patched but need to be repackaged in the Xbox One format.[28][29][30] Users' digitally-purchased games will automatically appear in their library for download once available.[26] Games on physical media will not be executed directly from disc; inserting the disc will initiate a download of a repackaged version. As with Xbox One titles,[31] the disc must be inserted during play for validation purposes.[26][28]
At least 100 Xbox 360 games are officially supported and available for the feature's public launch alongside the November 2015 "New Xbox One Experience" system update,[32] and Xbox One preview program members received early access with a limited number of titles upon the announcement.[33][34] Microsoft expects the number of supported games to increase significantly over time, but not all Xbox 360 games will be supported—this explicitly includes any games that require Kinect or access to USB peripherals.[35]
Xbox division head Phil Spencer has stated that the idea of possibly adding support for games from the original Xbox was not "silly", but that the Xbox division is focusing on Xbox 360 compatibility first.[36] On June 11, 2017, Microsoft announced that there will be backwards compatibility for the original Xbox.[37]
Development
At the 2016 Build conference, it was announced that all Xbox One consoles could be updated to include a development kit for universal Windows applications on Xbox One,[38] with official support for the platform and Cortana coming in summer 2016.[39]
History of updates
Along with introducing improvements and fixes for native console apps and software, the monthly updates to the Xbox One system software introduce major features that are voted on or requested by the community,[40] though some months have included more than one update. Starting in February 2014, beta releases of updates are tested[41] before going live to check for unwanted bugs and stability.[42]
On the day of the console's launch in 2013, a system update was released to remove the controversial always-online DRM announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013. This DRM would have required the Xbox One to connect to the Internet at least once every twenty-four hours, or else games would cease to function. After a wave of backlash from gamers and press alike, Microsoft was forced to reverse its policies regarding this, but early users had to go online at least once to receive this patch.[43][44]
The February 2014 update introduced the ability to see how much hard disk space is available. It also introduced support for USB keyboards, enabling users to plug a keyboard into their console, thus eliminating the need to use the on-screen keyboard.[45] Over a year later, in July 2015, Phil Spencer, head of the Xbox team, vowed that mouse support would be added sometime in the future as part of cross-platform gameplay between Windows 10 devices and the Xbox One console.[46]
The March 2014 update added support for video output at 50 frames per second rather than 60, allowing smoother video on 50 Hz displays common in Europe. In the United States, refresh rates on screens are higher (60 Hz) than in Europe.[47]
In June 2014, support was added for external hard drives of 256 gigabytes or more, allowing two to be connected to the console at a time via USB 3.0.[48]
As part of the July 2014 update, consoles could better understand voice commands spoken in different accents and dialects of English and German.[49] A month later, purchases from the official Xbox website and the SmartGlass app were enabled, allowing for easier content purchasing.[50]
In the October 2014 update, a media player app was added with support for many formats and codecs, including the Matroska container, as well as DLNA streaming from other networked devices.[51]
In March 2015, a new screenshot feature was added to the console along with tile transparency, allowing owners to share game screenshots online or use one as a menu background.[52]
In April 2015, due to criticisms of the power consumption needed for the Instant-On feature, a system update prompted users to select between Instant-On and an energy saving mode. Instant-On had been enabled by default in the U.S., drawing criticism from the Natural Resources Defense Council.[53]
During the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 in June, Microsoft discussed three major features that later came to Xbox One consoles in November 2015: Windows 10 streaming, Xbox 360 backward compatibility, and an interface redesign known as the New Xbox One Experience.[54] In advance of the public release of Windows 10, a July 2015 update let users stream games from their Xbox One to any device running Windows 10, a feature announced in January 2015.[55] The service streams only to one device at a time.[56]
In the February 2016 update, a slew of new features became available. For example, global leaderboards for each game and the ability to hide unused or expired beta games, and demos from a users game collection. The February 2016 update allowed users to rearrange their customized 'pins' via the controller, whereas previously users had to use the Xbox One SmartGlass application to use this feature.[57]
The March 2016 update builds on the features that were introduced in the February 2016 update. New features that were included in the March 2016 update was the ability to purchase Xbox 360 compatible games on the Xbox One, party chat while broadcasting Twitch streams, customizable DVR recording lengths, which means that owners can now record a clip for up to 5 minutes long. Other improvements included the ability to track achievement progress from the Xbox One guide, video playback from the Xbox One activity feed, the ability to have 16 people in a party chat, the ability to track Xbox 360 achievements on the Xbox One activity feed. Further improvements in the March 2016 update include the ability to launch web links and YouTube videos directly from the Game Hubs and the ability for a user to compare their avatars to their friends.[58] Additionally, the update also introduces the ability to factory reset the console without deleting installed games and applications.[59]
On June 6, 2016, the first preview update of the Windows 10 Anniversary update was made available to participants of the preview program. This included many new features and enhancements to the software. Build 14352 was one of the first builds to introduce Cortana. The main aim of this was to help users to undertake certain tasks, such as setting up a party using voice commands. Unlike the older Kinect voice commands, Cortana gives users audio feedback to the commands, similar to the PC and Windows Mobile versions. The update also included a refreshed design of the Xbox store, further cementing the relationship between Xbox One and Windows 10 PCs, as well as a redesigned 'My Games & Apps' interface, which includes a vertical design rather than the older horizontal design. The 'My Games & Apps' interface in build 14352 also gives the user more information when downloading games and apps such as the percentage completed, the current download size, total download size and the current download speed. The June 2016 update also includes a new 'Facebook Friend Finder', which allows users to find and add friends on Facebook on Xbox Live.[60] The final release to the public was published on July 30, 2016 to coincide with the release of the Windows 10 Anniversary Update, which was released a few days later on August 2, 2016. The final release introduced the newly redesigned universal store, as well as further integration of the Universal Windows Platform.
On March 29, 2017, an update was released to the public. Known as the Creators Update to coincide with the PC version, released a few weeks later on April 6, 2017. It was released to Xbox Insiders in late February 2017 for testing and evaluation. The Creators Update featured a number of updates, including a refreshed homepage design, new guide design, new video and screenshot capture controls as well as a new game streaming service called Beam. Accessibility was also improved by a new feature called Microsoft Co-Pilot that allows users with physical impairments to 'hook' up a second controller to allow a friend to assist them with controls.[61] Tapping the Xbox Guide button no longer takes the user back to their home screen, but instead opens the guide. This represents a significant design paradigm shift compared to older releases.
On October 16, 2017, the Fall Update was released. Major changes include a UI overhaul using Microsoft's Fluent Design System, a modular Home menu, a faster dashboard, a content transfer feature, support for USB webcams, a new Guide menu, improvements to the game DVR, and several other miscellaneous functionality and interface tweaks.[62]
On April 24, 2018, the April Xbox Update was released. Changes include new video features Auto Low-Latency Mode, support for variable refresh rate output to AMD Radeon FreeSync and FreeSync 2 compatible displays. In addition, Xbox One X and Xbox One S now support output at 2560 x 1440 (1440p) resolution for games and media, improvements to Mixer with Share Controller and the option to start Mixer broadcasts from anywhere on Xbox One, share captured screenshots and clips directly to Twitter, several audio improvements, Community tournaments are now available directly in Game Hubs for supported games and Club feeds have also gained new filters.[63]
On May 18. 2018, the May Xbox Update was released. Changes include support for a 120Hz refresh rate, a powerful new enhancement to Pins called “Groups” with Groups, you can create multiple collections of content made up of anything from within My games & apps, trim your recent game captures directly from the Guide, Improved Family Settings, Improvements to the Xbox Accessories App and several other changes to some of the button commands throughout the dashboard.[64]
Additionally, a forthcoming update will add captive portal support to the console, allowing users to connect to wireless networks requiring authentication, commonly used in colleges, hotels as well as wireless hotspots provided by internet service providers.[65]
Microsoft aims to release frequent updates to the Xbox One console, mainly containing new or improved features and faster installation and loading times for games and apps.[66] The largest of which was in November 2015, named the New Xbox Experience update.[67][68]
See also
List of Xbox One games
List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One
List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One
List of Xbox Live games on Windows 10
Other gaming platforms from Microsoft:
Xbox 360 system software
Windows 10 Gaming
DirectX 12
Other gaming platforms from this generation:
PlayStation 4 system software
Wii U system software
Nintendo 3DS system software
PlayStation Vita system software
Nintendo Switch system software
Other gaming platforms from the seventh generation:
PlayStation 3 system software
Wii system software
Nintendo DSi system software
PlayStation Portable system software
References
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony, Sebastian (May 23, 2013). "Xbox One: Hardware and software specs detailed and analyzed". ExtremeTech. Ziff Davis. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Xbox One Operating System Versions and System Updates". Xbox Official Site. Microsoft. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Set up your Xbox One console". Xbox Official Site. Microsoft. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "How to use the Offline System Update Diagnostic Tool on Xbox One". Xbox Official Site. Microsoft. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "About system updates on Xbox One". Xbox Official Site. Microsoft. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Spencer, Phil (May 13, 2014). "Delivering More Choices for Fans". Xbox Wire. Microsoft. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Xbox One's New Update Possibly Most Significant in Console History, Microsoft Says
Jump up ^ Xbox One Is "Literally a Windows Device"
Jump up ^ New Xbox One Update Will Make Some Functionality 50 Percent Faster
^ Jump up to: a b PHIL SPENCER IS OBLITERATING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN XBOX AND PC, AND HE'S JUST GETTING STARTED
Jump up ^ Windows 10 bringing universal Windows apps to Xbox One
Jump up ^ Nelson, Major. "Invitation to Preview the Next Xbox One Update". xbox.com. Microsoft. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Everything that's changed in the new Xbox One user interface". GamesRadar. Future. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Xbox One interface a clean slate inspired by Windows 8
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Jump up ^ PLAYSTATION 4 VS XBOX ONE: GAMING OR MULTIMEDIA?
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One". Ars Technica. Conde Nast Digital. June 15, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2015. If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live, they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost. If they own the game as a disc, they'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive, and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game
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Jump up ^ [%= data.comment.created_on %]. "Starting today, anyone can turn their Xbox One into a dev kit for free". Polygon. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rexly Peñaflorida. "Microsoft Transforms Retail Xbox One Into A Dev Kit, Adding Mods And Overlay To Windows 10 Gaming". Tomshardware.com. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (October 6, 2014). "Microsoft launches Xbox Feedback website, asks for your ideas". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Xbox One Preview program FAQ". Xbox Official Site. Microsoft. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
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