text:
The Bridge on the River Kwai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the film. For the novel, see The Bridge over the River Kwai.
The Bridge on the River Kwai
British theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Lean
Produced by
Sam Spiegel
Screenplay by
Carl Foreman
Michael Wilson
Based on
The Bridge over the River Kwai
by Pierre Boulle
Starring
William Holden
Jack Hawkins
Alec Guinness
Music by
Malcolm Arnold
Cinematography
Jack Hildyard
Edited by
Peter Taylor
Production
company
Horizon Pictures
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
2 October 1957 (1957-10-02) (United Kingdom)
14 December 1957 (1957-12-14) (United States)
Running time
161 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
United States[1]
Language
English
Budget
$2.8 million[2]
Box office
$30.6 million (initial release)[2]
The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 British-American epic war film directed by David Lean and based on the novel Le Pont de la Rivière Kwai (1952) by Pierre Boulle. The film is a work of fiction that uses the historical setting of the construction of the Burma Railway in 1942–1943. The cast included William Holden, Jack Hawkins, and Alec Guinness and Sessue Hayakawa.
It was initially scripted by screenwriter Carl Foreman, who was later replaced by Michael Wilson. Both writers had to work in secret, as they were on the Hollywood blacklist and had fled to England in order to continue working. As a result, Boulle, who did not speak English, was credited and received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay; many years later, Foreman and Wilson posthumously received the Academy Award.[3]
The film was widely praised, winning seven Academy Awards (including Best Picture) at the 30th Academy Awards. In 1997, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress. It has been included on the American Film Institute's list of best American films ever made.[4][5] In 1999, the British Film Institute voted The Bridge on the River Kwai the 11th greatest British film of the 20th Century.
Many historical inaccuracies in the film have often been noted by eyewitnesses to the building of the real Burma Railway and historians.[6][7][8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Screenplay
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music & soundtrack
4 Historical accuracy
5 Reception
5.1 Box office performance
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Public opinion
5.4 Film industry
6 First TV broadcast
7 Restorations
8 In popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Plot[edit]
In early 1943, British POWs arrive by train at a Japanese prison camp in Burma. The commandant, Colonel Saito, informs them that all prisoners, regardless of rank, are to work on the construction of a railway bridge over the River Kwai that will connect Bangkok and Rangoon. The senior British officer, Lieutenant Colonel Nicholson, informs Saito that the Geneva Conventions exempt officers from manual labour. He later informs his officers that he had no intention of attempting an escape and forbids them from doing so, not because it's supposedly impossible, as Saito claims, but because they had been ordered by headquarters to surrender and an escape attempt could be seen as a treasonous defiance of orders.
At the following morning's assembly, Nicholson orders his officers to remain behind when the enlisted men are sent off to work. Saito slaps him across the face with his copy of the conventions and threatens to have them shot, but Nicholson refuses to back down. When Major Clipton, the British medical officer, intervenes, telling Saito there are too many witnesses for him to get away with murdering the officers, Saito leaves the officers standing all day in the intense tropical heat. That evening, the officers are placed in a punishment hut, while Nicholson is locked in an iron box.
Meanwhile, three prisoners attempt to escape. Two are shot dead, but United States Navy Commander Shears gets away, although badly wounded. He stumbles into a village of natives who nurse him back to health and then help him leave by boat.
Nicholson refuses to compromise. Meanwhile, the prisoners are working as little as possible and sabotaging whatever they can. Should Saito fail to meet his deadline, he would be obliged to commit ritual suicide. Desperate, Saito uses the anniversary of Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War as an excuse to save face and announces a general amnesty, releasing Nicholson and his officers from manual labour.
Nicholson conducts an inspection and is shocked by the poor job being done by his men. Over the protests of some of his officers, he allows Captain Reeves and Major Hughes to design and build a proper bridge, despite its military value to the Japanese, for the sake of maintaining his men's morale. The Japanese engineers had chosen a poor site, so the original construction is abandoned and a new bridge is begun downstream.
Shears is enjoying his hospital stay in Ceylon with a beautiful nurse, when British Major Warden informs him that the U.S. Navy has transferred him over to the British to join a commando mission to destroy the bridge before it's completed. Shears is appalled at the idea of returning to a place from which he nearly died during escape. He confesses he is not an officer, but merely had appropriated an officer's uniform prior to his capture, expecting that this revelation will invalidate the transfer order. However, Warden responds he already knew the truth and tells Shears that the American Navy's desire to avoid dealing with the embarrassment of his actions is the very reason they agreed to his transfer. Assured that he will be allowed to retain the privileges of being an officer and accepting that he actually has no choice, Shears relents and "volunteers" for the mission. The commando team consists of four men.
Meanwhile, Nicholson drives his men hard to complete the bridge on time. For him, its completion will exemplify the ingenuity and hard work of the British Army for generations, long after the war's end. When he asks that their Japanese counterparts join in as well, a resigned Saito replies that he has already given the order.
The commandos parachute in, with one man killed on landing, leaving three to complete the mission. Later, Warden is wounded in an encounter with a Japanese patrol and has to be carried on a litter. He, Shears, and Canadian Lieutenant Joyce reach the river in time with the assistance of Siamese women bearers and their village chief, Khun Yai. Under cover of darkness, Shears and Joyce plant explosives on the bridge towers below the water line.
A train carrying soldiers and important dignitaries is scheduled to be the first use of the bridge the following day, so Warden waits to destroy both. However, at daybreak the commandos are horrified to see that the water level has dropped, exposing the wire connecting the explosives to the detonator. Making a final inspection, Nicholson spots the wire and brings it to Saito's attention. As the train is heard approaching, they hurry down to the riverbank to investigate. The commandos are shocked that their own man is about to uncover the plot.
Joyce, manning the detonator, breaks cover and stabs Saito to death. Aghast, Nicholson yells for help, while attempting to stop Joyce from reaching the detonator. As he wrestles with Nicholson, Joyce tells Nicholson that he is a British officer under orders to destroy the bridge. When Joyce is shot dead by Japanese fire, Shears swims across the river, but is fatally wounded as he reaches Nicholson. Recognising the dying Shears, Nicholson exclaims, "What have I done?" Warden fires his mortar, mortally wounding Nicholson. The dazed colonel stumbles towards the detonator and collapses on the plunger just in time to blow up the bridge and send the train hurtling into the river below. Witnessing the carnage, Clipton shakes his head muttering, "Madness! ... Madness!"
Cast[edit]
Chandran Rutnam and William Holden while shooting The Bridge on the River Kwai.
William Holden as Commander Shears
Alec Guinness as Lieutenant Colonel Nicholson
Jack Hawkins as Major Warden
Sessue Hayakawa as Colonel Saito
James Donald as Major Clipton
Geoffrey Horne as Lieutenant Joyce
André Morell as Colonel Green
Peter Williams as Captain Reeves
John Boxer as Major Hughes
Percy Herbert as Private Grogan
Harold Goodwin as Private Baker
Ann Sears as Nurse
Henry Okawa as Captain Kanematsu
K. Katsumoto as Lieutenant Miura
M.R.B. Chakrabandhu as Yai
Production[edit]
Screenplay[edit]
The screenwriters, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson, were on the Hollywood blacklist and, even though living in exile in England, could only work on the film in secret. The two did not collaborate on the script; Wilson took over after Lean was dissatisfied with Foreman's work. The official credit was given to Pierre Boulle (who did not speak English), and the resulting Oscar for Best Screenplay (Adaptation) was awarded to him. Only in 1984 did the Academy rectify the situation by retroactively awarding the Oscar to Foreman and Wilson, posthumously in both cases. Subsequent releases of the film finally gave them proper screen credit. David Lean himself also claimed that producer Sam Spiegel cheated him out of his rightful part in the credits since he had had a major hand in the script.[10]
The film was relatively faithful to the novel, with two major exceptions. Shears, who is a British commando officer like Warden in the novel, became an American sailor who escapes from the POW camp. Also, in the novel, the bridge is not destroyed: the train plummets into the river from a secondary charge placed by Warden, but Nicholson (never realising "what have I done?") does not fall onto the plunger, and the bridge suffers only minor damage. Boulle nonetheless enjoyed the film version though he disagreed with its climax.[11]
Casting[edit]
Laurence Olivier was offered the part of Colonel Nicholson but turned it down in order to direct The Prince and the Showgirl. He later said that it was a sensible decision to go off and do love scenes with Marilyn Monroe rather than duke it out with Lean in the jungles of Ceylon. Spiegel persuaded Spencer Tracy to play Nicholson, but Tracy, who was American like Spiegel and had read the book, emphatically told him that the part should be played by an Englishman.
Lean offered Charles Laughton the part of Nicholson, but Laughton later refused, deciding that he couldn't handle the heat of Ceylon and the somewhat warlike, militant nature of the story.[12] Ronald Colman, Ray Milland, Noël Coward and James Mason were among the actors that were considered to replace Laughton in the role.[13] Alec Guinness, who had worked with Lean on Oliver Twist, eventually got the role.
Spiegel approached Cary Grant for the part of Shears. Grant had read the book and was interested in playing Shears, but admitted having hemmed and hawed too much over script changes and the fact that he would have to go to Ceylon to shoot the film. Spiegel also approached Humphrey Bogart, who died before the film's release.[14] Rock Hudson was also considered, but he turned the down role to star in A Farewell to Arms.[15]
Montgomery Clift was considered for the role of either Shears or Joyce. Spiegel offered him a role in the film at a dinner which went horribly wrong, due to Clift's poor health condition on account of drug use.[16]
Filming[edit]
The bridge at Kitulgala, Sri Lanka, before the explosion seen in the film.
A photo of Kitulgala, Sri Lanka in 2004, where the bridge was made for the film.
Many directors were considered for the project, among them: John Ford, William Wyler, Howard Hawks, Fred Zinnemann, and Orson Welles (who was also offered a starring role).[17][18]
The film was an international co-production between companies in Britain and the United States.[19]
Director David Lean clashed with his cast members on multiple occasions, particularly Alec Guinness and James Donald, who thought the novel was anti-British. Lean had a lengthy row with Guinness over how to play the role of Nicholson; Guinness wanted to play the part with a sense of humour and sympathy, while Lean thought Nicholson should be "a bore." On another occasion, Lean and Guinness argued over the scene where Nicholson reflects on his career in the army. Lean filmed the scene from behind Guinness, and exploded in anger when Guinness asked him why he was doing this. After Guinness was done with the scene, Lean said "Now you can all fuck off and go home, you English actors. Thank God that I'm starting work tomorrow with an American actor (William Holden)."[20]
The film was made in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The bridge in the film was near Kitulgala.
Alec Guinness later said that he subconsciously based his walk while emerging from "the Oven" on that of his eleven-year-old son Matthew,[21] who was recovering from polio at the time, a disease that left him temporarily paralyzed from the waist down.[22] Guinness later reflected on the scene, calling it the "finest piece of work" he had ever done.[23]
Lean nearly drowned when he was swept away by the river current during a break from filming.[24]
The filming of the bridge explosion was to be done on 10 March 1957, in the presence of S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, then Prime Minister of Ceylon, and a team of government dignitaries. However, cameraman Freddy Ford was unable to get out of the way of the explosion in time, and Lean had to stop filming. The train crashed into a generator on the other side of the bridge and was wrecked. It was repaired in time to be blown up the next morning, with Bandaranaike and his entourage present.[24]
The producers nearly suffered a catastrophe following the filming of the bridge explosion. To ensure they captured the one-time event, multiple cameras from several angles were used. Ordinarily, the film would have been taken by boat to London, but due to the Suez crisis this was impossible; therefore the film was taken by air freight. When the shipment failed to arrive in London, a worldwide search was undertaken. To the producers' horror the film containers were found a week later on an airport tarmac in Cairo, sitting in the hot sun. Although it was not exposed to sunlight, the heat-sensitive colour film stock should have been hopelessly ruined; however, when processed the shots were perfect and appeared in the film.[25]
Music & soundtrack[edit]
The Bridge on the River Kwai (Original Soundtrack Recording)
First edition vinyl cover
Soundtrack album by Various
Released
1957
Recorded
October 21, 1957
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
44:49
Label
Columbia
Producer
Various
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [26]
Discogs [27]
British composer Malcolm Arnold recalled that he had "ten days to write around forty-five minutes worth of music" - much less time than he was used to. He described the music for The Bridge on the River Kwai as the "worst job I ever had in my life" from the point of view of time.[28]
A memorable feature of the film is the tune that is whistled by the POWs—the first strain of the march "Colonel Bogey"—when they enter the camp.[29] Gavin Young[30] recounts meeting Donald Wise, a former prisoner of the Japanese who worked on the Burma Railway. Young: "Donald, did anyone whistle Colonel Bogey ... as they did in the film?" Wise: "I never heard it in Thailand. We hadn't much breath left for whistling. But in Bangkok I was told that David Lean, the film's director, became mad at the extras who played the prisoners—us—because they couldn't march in time. Lean shouted at them, 'For God's sake, whistle a march to keep time to.' And a bloke called George Siegatz ... —an expert whistler—began to whistle Colonel Bogey, and a hit was born."
The march was written in 1914 by Kenneth J. Alford, a pseudonym of British Bandmaster Frederick J. Ricketts. The Colonel Bogey strain was accompanied by a counter-melody using the same chord progressions, then continued with film composer Malcolm Arnold's own composition, "The River Kwai March," played by the off-screen orchestra taking over from the whistlers, though Arnold's march was not heard in completion on the soundtrack. Mitch Miller had a hit with a recording of both marches.
In many tense, dramatic scenes, only the sounds of nature are used. An example of this is when commandos Warden and Joyce hunt a fleeing Japanese soldier through the jungle, desperate to prevent him from alerting other troops. Arnold won an Academy Award for the film's score.
The Bridge on the River Kwai (Original Soundtrack Recording)
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Overture" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 4:24
2. "Colonel Bogey March" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 2:52
3. "Shear's Escape" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 3:58
4. "Nicholson's Victory" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 4:45
5. "Sunset" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 3:54
6. "Working on the Bridge" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 2:58
7. "Trek to the Bridge" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 8:28
8. "Camp Concert Dance" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 2:36
9. "Finale" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 2:12
10. "River Kwai March" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 2:58
11. "I Give My Heart (To No One But You)" (feat. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 3:16
12. "Dance Music" Malcolm Arnold 4:54
13. "The River Kwai March/Colonel Bogey March" (feat. Mitch Miller & his orchestra) Malcolm Arnold 2:28
Historical accuracy[edit]
A picture of the railroad bridge over the River Kwai in April 2017. The curved-shaped truss spans are the originals on the bridge (constructed by the Japanese military during WWII) while the two trapezoidal-shaped bridge spans were provided by Japan as war reparations after the war ended in 1945 (to replace two curved-shaped truss spans that fell into the river after the bridge was attacked and bombed by Allied aircraft.)
The plot and characters of Boulle's novel and the screenplay were almost entirely fictional.[31]
The conditions to which POW and civilian labourers were subjected by the Japanese military on the historical Burma Railway were far worse than the film depicted.[32]According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission:
The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by Commonwealth, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project driven by the need for improved communications to support the large Japanese army in Burma. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. An estimated 80,000 to 100,000 civilians also died in the course of the project, chiefly forced labour brought from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, or conscripted in Siam (Thailand) and Burma. Two labour forces, one based in Siam and the other in Burma, worked from opposite ends of the line towards the centre.[33]
Lieutenant Colonel Philip Toosey of the British Army was the real senior Allied officer at the bridge in question. Toosey was very different from Nicholson and was certainly not a collaborator who felt obliged to work with the Japanese. Toosey in fact did as much as possible to delay the building of the bridge. While Nicholson disapproves of acts of sabotage and other deliberate attempts to delay progress, Toosey encouraged this: termites were collected in large numbers to eat the wooden structures, and the concrete was badly mixed.[7][8] Some consider the film to be an insulting parody of Toosey.[7] On a BBC Timewatch programme, a former prisoner at the camp states that it is unlikely that a man like the fictional Nicholson could have risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and, if he had, due to his collaboration he would have been "quietly eliminated" by the other prisoners. Julie Summers, in her book The Colonel of Tamarkan, writes that Boulle, who had been a prisoner of war in Thailand, created the fictional Nicholson character as an amalgam of his memories of collaborating French officers.[7] He strongly denied the claim that the book was anti-British, although many involved in the film itself (including Alec Guinness) felt otherwise.[34] Ernest Gordon, a survivor of the railway construction and POW camps described in the novel/film, stated in a 1962 book, Through the Valley of the Kwai: "In Pierre Boulle's book The Bridge over the River Kwai and the film which was based on it, the impression was given that British officers not only took part in building the bridge willingly, but finished in record time to demonstrate to the enemy their superior efficiency. This was an entertaining story. But I am writing a factual account, and in justice to these men—living and dead—who worked on that bridge, I must make it clear that we never did so willingly. We worked at bayonet point and under bamboo lash, taking any risk to sabotage the operation whenever the opportunity arose."[6]
A 1969 BBC-TV documentary, Return to the River Kwai, made by former POW John Coast,[9] sought to highlight the real history behind the film (partly through getting ex-POWs to question its factual basis, for example Dr Hugh de Wardener and Lt-Col Alfred Knights), which angered many former POWs. The documentary itself was described by one newspaper reviewer when it was shown on Boxing Day 1974 (The Bridge on the River Kwai had been shown on BBC1 on Christmas Day 1974) as "Following the movie, this is a rerun of the antidote."[35]
Some of the characters in the film use the names of real people who were involved in the Burma Railway. Their roles and characters, however, are fictionalised. For example, a Sergeant-Major Risaburo Saito was in real life second in command at the camp. In the film, a Colonel Saito is camp commandant. In reality, Risaburo Saito was respected by his prisoners for being comparatively merciful and fair towards them. Toosey later defended him in his war crimes trial after the war, and the two became friends.
The major railway bridge described in the novel and film didn't actually cross the river known at the time as the Kwai. However, in 1943 a railway bridge was built by Allied POWs over the Mae Klong river – renamed as a result of the film Khwae Yai in the 1960s – at Tha Ma Kham, five kilometres from Kanchanaburi, Thailand.[36] Boulle had never been to the bridge. He knew that the railway ran parallel to the Kwae for many miles, and he therefore assumed that it was the Kwae which it crossed just north of Kanchanaburi. This was an incorrect assumption. The destruction of the bridge as depicted in the film is also entirely fictional. In fact, two bridges were built: a temporary wooden bridge and a permanent steel/concrete bridge a few months later. Both bridges were used for two years, until they were destroyed by Allied bombing. The steel bridge was repaired and is still in use today.[36]
Japanese views of the novel & film
Japanese viewers disliked the film's "glorification" of a fictitious and indemonstrable "superiority of Western civilization". In particular, they resented the implication in the film that Japanese military engineers were less capable than their British counterparts. [37] [38] In fact, Japanese engineers had been surveying the route of the railway since 1937 and were highly organized.
The film contains a scene where Colonel Nicholson, while inspecting the bridge construction progress, refers to the Japanese overseeing them as "barbarians".[39] In the version of the movie releases on DVD in 2000, the reference is overdubbed with a water splash sound.[citation needed]
Reception[edit]
Box office performance[edit]
Variety reported that this film was the No. 1 moneymaker of 1958, with a US take of $18,000,000.[40] The second highest moneymaker of 1958 was Peyton Place at $12,000,000; in third place was Sayonara at $10,500,000.[40]
The film was re-released in 1964 and earned an estimated $2.6 million in North American rentals.[41]
Critical response[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)
The film initially received generally positive reviews, with Guinness being widely praised for his performance.
Public opinion[edit]
Channel 4 (UK) held a poll in 2005 to find the 100 Greatest War Movies: The Bridge on the River Kwai came in at #10, behind Black Hawk Down and in front of The Dam Busters.
Film industry[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Date of ceremony
Award / Film festival
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
March 26, 1958
Academy Awards
Best Picture Sam Spiegel Won
Best Director David Lean Won
Best Actor Alec Guinness Won
Best Actor in a Supporting Role Sessue Hayakawa Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay Michael Wilson, Carl Foreman, Pierre Boulle Won
Best Music, Scoring Malcolm Arnold Won
Best Film Editing Peter Taylor Won
Best Cinematography Jack Hildyard Won
1958
British Academy Film Awards
Best British Film David Lean and Sam Spiegel Won
Best Film from any Source David Lean and Sam Spiegel Won
Best British Actor Alec Guinness Won
1957
Directors Guild of America
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures David Lean, Assistants: Gus Agosti & Ted Sturgis Won
February 22, 1958
Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Drama David Lean and Sam Spiegel Won
Best Director David Lean Won
Best Actor – Drama Alec Guinness Won
Best Supporting Actor Sessue Hayakawa Nominated
May 4, 1959
Grammy Awards
Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album, Dramatic Picture Score or Original Cast Malcolm Arnold Won
1957
New York Film Critics Circle Awards
New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Film N/A Won
New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Director David Lean Won
New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Actor Alec Guinness Won
American Film Institute
1998 — AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies — #13
2001 — AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills — #58
2006 — AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers — #14
2007 — AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) — #36
The film has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
The British Film Institute placed The Bridge on the River Kwai as the 11th greatest British film.
First TV broadcast[edit]
The 167-minute film was first telecast, uncut, by ABC-TV in color on the evening of 25 September 1966, as a three hours-plus ABC Movie Special. The telecast of the film lasted more than three hours because of the commercial breaks. It was still highly unusual at that time for a television network to show such a long film in one evening; most films of that length were still generally split into two parts and shown over two evenings. But the unusual move paid off for ABC—the telecast drew huge ratings.[42] On the evenings of 28 and 29 January 1973, ABC broadcast another David Lean colour spectacular, Lawrence of Arabia, but that broadcast was split into two parts over two evenings, due to the film's nearly four-hour length.[43]
Restorations[edit]
The film was restored in 1992 by Columbia Pictures. The separate dialogue, music and effects were located and remixed with newly recorded "atmospheric" sound effects.[44] The image was restored by OCS, Freeze Frame, and Pixel Magic with George Hively editing.[45]
On 2 November 2010 Columbia Pictures released a newly restored The Bridge on the River Kwai for the first time on Blu-ray. According to Columbia Pictures, they followed an all-new 4K digital restoration from the original negative with newly restored 5.1 audio.[46] The original negative for the feature was scanned at 4k (roughly four times the resolution in High Definition), and the colour correction and digital restoration were also completed at 4k. The negative itself manifested many of the kinds of issues one would expect from a film of this vintage: torn frames, embedded emulsion dirt, scratches through every reel, colour fading. Unique to this film, in some ways, were other issues related to poorly made optical dissolves, the original camera lens and a malfunctioning camera. These problems resulted in a number of anomalies that were very difficult to correct, like a ghosting effect in many scenes that resembles colour mis-registration, and a tick-like effect with the image jumping or jerking side-to-side. These issues, running throughout the film, were addressed to a lesser extent on various previous DVD releases of the film and might not have been so obvious in standard definition.[47]
In popular culture[edit]
Balu Mahendra, the Tamil film director, saw the shooting of this film at Kitulgala, Sri Lanka during his school trip and was inspired to become a film director.[48]
In 1962, Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers, with Peter Cook and Jonathan Miller, released the LP record Bridge On the River Wye (Parlophone LP PMC 1190, PCS 3036 (November 1962)). This spoof of the film was based on the script for the 1957 Goon Show episode "An African Incident". Shortly before its release, for legal reasons, producer George Martin edited out the 'K' every time the word 'Kwai' was spoken.[49]
The comedy team of Wayne and Shuster performed a sketch titled "Kwai Me a River" on their 27 March 1967 TV show, in which an officer in the British Dental Corps is captured by the Japanese and, despite being comically unintimidated by any abuse the commander of the POW camp inflicts on him, is forced to build a (dental) "bridge on the river Kwai" for the commander and plans to include an explosive in the appliance to detonate in his mouth.[50]
See also[edit]
Film portal
BFI Top 100 British films
List of American films of 1957
List of historical drama films
List of historical drama films of Asia
To End All Wars (film)
Return from the River Kwai (1989 film)
Siam-Burma Death Railway (film)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheldon Hall, Epics, Spectacles, and Blockbusters: A Hollywood History Wayne State University Press, 2010 p 161
Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz (March 16, 1985). "Oscars Go to Writers of 'Kwai'". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ On the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies lists, in 1998 (#13) and 2007 (#36)
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert. "Great Movies: The First 100". Retrieved February 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon, Ernest (1962). Through the Valley of the Kwai. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Summer, Julie (2005). The Colonel of Tamarkan. Simon & Schuster Ltd. ISBN 0-7432-6350-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Peter N. (1991). The Man Behind the Bridge. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-485-11402-X.
^ Jump up to: a b A transcript of the interview and the documentary as a whole can be found in the new edition of John Coast's book Railroad of Death. Coast, John (2014). Railroad of Death. Myrmidon. ISBN 978-1-905802-93-7.
Jump up ^ The Guardian, April 17, 1991
Jump up ^ Joyaux, Georges. The Bridge over the River Kwai: From the Novel to the Movie, Literature/Film Quarterly, published in the Spring of 1974. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ Higham, Charles (1976). "Charles Laughton: an intimate biography". Doubleday. ISBN 9780385094030. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ A. Caton, Steven (1999). "Lawrence of Arabia: A Film's Anthropology". University of California Press. ISBN 9780520210820. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ A. Caton, Steven (1999). "Lawrence of Arabia: A Film's Anthropology". University of California Press. ISBN 9780520210820. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Roberts, Paul G. (2014). "Style Icons Vol 1 Golden Boys". Fashion Industry Broadcast. ISBN 9781627760225. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Eszterhas, Joe (2006). "The Devil's Guide to Hollywood: the screenwriter as God!". St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312359874. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Baer, William. "Film: The Bridge on the River Kwai", Crisis Magazine, published 09-01-2007. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ "Flashback: A look back at this day in film history (The Bridge on the River Kwai released)" Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine., www.focusfeatures.com, published 09-23-2015. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ Monaco, Paul (2010). A History of American Movies: A Film-by-film Look at the Art, Craft, and Business of Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. 349.
Jump up ^ (Piers Paul Read, Alec Guinness, 293)
Jump up ^ Jason, Gary. "Classic Problem, Classic Films", www.libertyunbound.com, published 09-19-2011. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ Reichardt, Rita. "How Father Brown Led Sir Alec Guinness to the Church", www.catholicculture.org, published May/June, 2005. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ Tollestrup, Jon. "The Bridge on the River Kwai - 1957", www.oscarwinningfilms.blogspot.co.uk, published 12-08-2013. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Bridge on the River Kwai(disasters on the film set)", Purbeck Film Festival, published 08-24-2014. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Carly. "The Bridge on the River Kwai review", www.fromthecouchblog.wordpress.com, published 09-10-2013. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ "The Bridge on the River Kwai soundtrack rating", www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ "Malcolm Arnold's The Bridge on the River Kwai soundtrack", www.discogs.com. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ Schafer, Murray. British Composers in Interview. XIII Malcolm Arnold. Faber and Faber, London, 1963, p150.
Jump up ^ The Colonel Bogey March MIDI file[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ In his 1981 book Slow Boats to China, chapter 39, ISBN 978-0571251032
Jump up ^ "Remembering the railway: The Bridge on the River Kwai, www.hellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ "links for research, Allied POWs under the Japanese". mansell.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Reading Room Manchester. "CWGC - Cemetery Details". cwgc.org. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Brownlow, Kevin (1996). David Lean: A Biography. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-14578-0. pp. 391 and 766n
Jump up ^ "Boxing Day [TV Listing]". The Guardian. London. 24 December 1974. p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Colonel of Tamarkan: Philip Toosey and the Bridge on the River Kwai", published by the National Army Museum on 03-04-2012. Retrieved 09-24-2015.
Jump up ^ Hirakawa Sukchiro, "Bridge on the River Kwai" http://www.fepow-community.org.uk/monthly_Revue/html/bridge_on_the_river_kwai.htm, accessed 6 Jan 2015
Jump up ^ Summers, Julie (2012), "The Colonel of Tamarkan: Philip Toosey and the Bridge on the River Kwai, p. 6 http://www.nam.ac.uk/whats-on/lunchtime-lectures/video-archive/colonel-tamarkan-philip-toosey-bridge-on-river-kwai, accessed 6 Jan 2015
Jump up ^ http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/b/bridge-on-the-river-kwai-script.html
^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Cobbett (1980). Film Facts. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 23. ISBN 0-87196-313-2. When a film is released late in a calendar year (October to December), its income is reported in the following year's compendium, unless the film made a particularly fast impact. Figures are domestic earnings (United States and Canada) as reported each year in Variety (p. 17).
Jump up ^ "Big Rental Pictures of 1964", Variety, 6 January 1965 p 39. This figure is rentals accruing to distributors, not total gross.
Jump up ^ Gowran, Clay (11 October 1966) Nielsen Ratings Are Dim on New Shows, Chicago Tribune (noting film received a 38.3 rating to lead the national Nielsen ratings)
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Top Ten, January 29th – February 4th, 1973 | Television Obscurities". Tvobscurities.com. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ "The Bridge on the River Kwai". DavidLean.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29.
Jump up ^ "The Bridge on the River Kwai Credits". BFI Film and TV Database.
Jump up ^ "Movies | Disc & Digital | Sony Pictures". Bridgeontheriverkwaibd.com. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived August 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Director Balu Mahendra Biography | Balu Mahendra Personal Profile | Balu Mahendra Biodata | Balu Mahendra Childhood | Balu Mahendra Awards". spicyonion.com. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ "The Goon Show Site - Facts and Trivia". Thegoonshow.net. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Wayne and Shuster Show, The Episode Guide (1954–1990) (series)". tvarchive.ca. Retrieved 2007-11-03.
Bibliography[edit]
Santas, Constantine (2012). The Epic Films of David Lean. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8210-2.
Ebert, Roger (8 May 2012). 33 Movies to Restore Your Faith in Humanity: Ebert's Essentials. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4494-2225-7.
Phillips, Gene (24 November 2006). Beyond the Epic: The Life and Films of David Lean. University Press of Kentucky. p. 255. ISBN 0-8131-7155-5.
Niemi, Robert (2006). History in the Media: Film and Television. ABC-CLIO. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-57607-952-2.
Roche, Mark William (1998). Tragedy and Comedy: A Systematic Study and a Critique of Hegel. SUNY Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7914-3546-5.
Margulies, Ivone (6 March 2003). Rites of Realism: Essays on Corporeal Cinema. Duke University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8223-8461-2.
Capua, Michelangelo (9 October 2009). William Holden: A Biography. McFarland. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7864-5550-8.
Larkin, Brian (10 March 2008). Signal and Noise: Media, Infrastructure, and Urban Culture in Nigeria. Duke University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8223-8931-2.
Ray, Robert Beverley (1985). A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema, 1930-1980. Princeton University Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-691-10174-4.
Grimes, Charles W. (1 January 2003). Trademark & Copyright Disputes: Litigation Forms and Analysis. Aspen Publishers Online. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7355-3515-2.
Monaco, Paul (2010). A History of American Movies: A Film-by-film Look at the Art, Craft, and Business of Cinema. Scarecrow Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-8108-7433-6.
Roberts, Jonny. How has the representation of World War II on film changed from 1939 to 2009. Jonny Roberts. p. 43. GGKEY:HTN6JK1YKP8.
Santas, Constantine (2002). Responding to Film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8304-1580-9.
Hall, Sheldon (15 April 2010). Epics, Spectacles, and Blockbusters: A Hollywood History. Wayne State University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-8143-3697-3.
Singh, Dr. Laxman Swaroop. The Obsidian Eye: Cat Journeys Through an Impossible Universe. PublishAmerica. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4512-2353-8.
Harris, Mark (14 February 2008). Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-101-20285-2.
Huda, Anwar (1 January 2004). The Art and Science of Cinema. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 154. ISBN 978-81-269-0348-1.
Braddock, Jeremy; Hock, Stephen (2001). Directed by Allen Smithee. U of Minnesota Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8166-3533-7.
Medavoy, Mike (7 January 2003). You're Only as Good as Your Next One: 100 Great Films, 100 Good Films, and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot. Simon and Schuster. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7434-0055-8.
Fuller, Karla Rae (16 August 2010). Hollywood Goes Oriental: CaucAsian Performance in American Film. Wayne State University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8143-3538-1.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Bridge on the River Kwai
The Bridge on the River Kwai on IMDb
The Bridge on the River Kwai at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
The Bridge on the River Kwai at AllMovie
The Bridge on the River Kwai at Box Office Mojo
The Bridge on the River Kwai at the TCM Movie Database
The Bridge on the River Kwai at Rotten Tomatoes
show
v
t
e
Films directed by David Lean
In Which We Serve (1942)
This Happy Breed (1944)
Blithe Spirit (1945)
Brief Encounter (1945)
Great Expectations (1946)
Oliver Twist (1948)
The Passionate Friends (1949)
Madeleine (1950)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
Hobson's Choice (1954)
Summertime (1955)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
Ryan's Daughter (1970)
Lost and Found: The Story of Cook's Anchor (1979)
A Passage to India (1984)
show
Awards for The Bridge on the River Kwai
show
v
t
e
Academy Award for Best Picture
1927/28–1950
Wings (1927/28)
The Broadway Melody (1928/29)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1929/30)
Cimarron (1930/31)
Grand Hotel (1931/32)
Cavalcade (1932/33)
It Happened One Night (1934)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
The Life of Emile Zola (1937)
You Can't Take It with You (1938)
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Rebecca (1940)
How Green Was My Valley (1941)
Mrs. Miniver (1942)
Casablanca (1943)
Going My Way (1944)
The Lost Weekend (1945)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)
Hamlet (1948)
All the King's Men (1949)
All About Eve (1950)
1951–1975
An American in Paris (1951)
The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
On the Waterfront (1954)
Marty (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Gigi (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
The Apartment (1960)
West Side Story (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
My Fair Lady (1964)
The Sound of Music (1965)
A Man for All Seasons (1966)
In the Heat of the Night (1967)
Oliver! (1968)
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
Patton (1970)
The French Connection (1971)
The Godfather (1972)
The Sting (1973)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
1976–2000
Rocky (1976)
Annie Hall (1977)
The Deer Hunter (1978)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Ordinary People (1980)
Chariots of Fire (1981)
Gandhi (1982)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
Amadeus (1984)
Out of Africa (1985)
Platoon (1986)
The Last Emperor (1987)
Rain Man (1988)
Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Unforgiven (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Braveheart (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
Titanic (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
2001–present
A Beautiful Mind (2001)
Chicago (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Million Dollar Baby (2004)
Crash (2005)
The Departed (2006)
No Country for Old Men (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
The King's Speech (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Birdman or: (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014)
Spotlight (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
The Shape of Water (2017)
show
v
t
e
BAFTA Award for Best Film
1940s
The Best Years of Our Lives (1947)
Hamlet (1948)
Bicycle Thieves (1949)
1950s
All About Eve (1950)
La Ronde (1951)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
Forbidden Games (1953)
The Wages of Fear (1954)
Richard III (1955)
Gervaise (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Room at the Top (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
1960s
The Apartment (1960)
Ballad of a Soldier (1961)
The Hustler (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)
My Fair Lady (1965)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
A Man for All Seasons (1967)
The Graduate (1968)
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
1970s
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1970)
Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971)
Cabaret (1972)
Day for Night (1973)
Lacombe, Lucien (1974)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1975)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1976)
Annie Hall (1977)
Julia (1978)
Manhattan (1979)
1980s
The Elephant Man (1980)
Chariots of Fire (1981)
Gandhi (1982)
Educating Rita (1983)
The Killing Fields (1984)
The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)
A Room with a View (1986)
Jean de Florette (1987)
The Last Emperor (1988)
Dead Poets Society (1989)
1990s
Goodfellas (1990)
The Commitments (1991)
Howards End (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)
Sense and Sensibility (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
The Full Monty (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
2000s
Gladiator (2000)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Pianist (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Aviator (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
The Queen (2006)
Atonement (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
2010s
The King's Speech (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
The Revenant (2015)
La La Land (2016)
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)
show
v
t
e
BAFTA Award for Best British Film
1947–1967
Odd Man Out (1947)
The Fallen Idol (1948)
The Third Man (1949)
The Blue Lamp (1950)
The Lavender Hill Mob (1951)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
Genevieve (1953)
Hobson's Choice (1954)
Richard III (1955)
Reach for the Sky (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Room at the Top (1958)
Sapphire (1959)
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960)
A Taste of Honey (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)
The Ipcress File (1965)
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1966)
A Man for All Seasons (1967)
1992–present
The Crying Game (1992)
Shadowlands (1993)
Shallow Grave (1994)
The Madness of King George (1995)
Secrets & Lies (1996)
Nil by Mouth (1997)
Elizabeth (1998)
East Is East (1999)
Billy Elliot (2000)
Gosford Park (2001)
The Warrior (2002)
Touching the Void (2003)
My Summer of Love (2004)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
The Last King of Scotland (2006)
This Is England (2007)
Man on Wire (2008)
Fish Tank (2009)
The King's Speech (2010)
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011)
Skyfall (2012)
Gravity (2013)
The Theory of Everything (2014)
Brooklyn (2015)
I, Daniel Blake (2016)
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)
show
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
The Song of Bernadette (1943)
Going My Way (1944)
The Lost Weekend (1945)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)
Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
All the King's Men (1949)
Sunset Boulevard (1950)
A Place in the Sun (1951)
The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
On the Waterfront (1954)
East of Eden (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
The Defiant Ones (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
Spartacus (1960)
The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
The Cardinal (1963)
Becket (1964)
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
A Man for All Seasons (1966)
In the Heat of the Night (1967)
The Lion in Winter (1968)
Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
Love Story (1970)
The French Connection (1971)
The Godfather (1972)
The Exorcist (1973)
Chinatown (1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
Rocky (1976)
The Turning Point (1977)
Midnight Express (1978)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Ordinary People (1980)
On Golden Pond (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
Amadeus (1984)
Out of Africa (1985)
Platoon (1986)
The Last Emperor (1987)
Rain Man (1988)
Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
Bugsy (1991)
Scent of a Woman (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Sense and Sensibility (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
Titanic (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
A Beautiful Mind (2001)
The Hours (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Aviator (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
Babel (2006)
Atonement (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
Avatar (2009)
The Social Network (2010)
The Descendants (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
The Revenant (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)
Authority control
GND: 7622859-9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai&oldid=846574329"
Categories:
1957 films
English-language films
British films
American films
1950s drama films
1950s war films
British war drama films
British epic films
CinemaScope films
American war drama films
American epic films
Anti-war films about World War II
Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners
Best Picture Academy Award winners
Columbia Pictures films
Films about bridges
Films based on military novels
Films directed by David Lean
Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in Thailand
Films set in jungles
Films set in the 1940s
Films shot in Sri Lanka
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe
Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award
Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Horizon Pictures films
Pacific War films
World War II prisoner of war films
Rail transport films
United States National Film Registry films
War epic films
Films based on French novels
Films produced by Sam Spiegel
Screenplays by Michael Wilson (writer)
Screenplays by Carl Foreman
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
Best British Film BAFTA Award winners
Films scored by Malcolm Arnold
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
Film articles using image size parameter
Articles with hAudio microformats
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Articles to be expanded from March 2018
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
43 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 June 2018, at 16:12 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: scope style

values: Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

values:
/wiki/International_co-production
mw-redirect
International co-production

values:
/wiki/Solomon_Bandaranaike
mw-redirect
Solomon Bandaranaike

values:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Ceylon

values:
/wiki/Suez_crisis
mw-redirect
Suez crisis

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

values:
/wiki/Vinyl_recording
mw-redirect
Vinyl recording

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;clear:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values:
/wiki/Colonel_Bogey
mw-redirect
Colonel Bogey

values:
tlheader mbox-text
4
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values:
/wiki/River_Kwai_March
mw-redirect
River Kwai March

values:
/wiki/Burma_Railway_veteran
mw-redirect
Burma Railway veteran

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role

values:
/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards
mw-redirect
Golden Globe Awards

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture

values:
/wiki/Grammy_Awards
mw-redirect
Grammy Awards

values: Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media

values:
/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Movies
mw-redirect
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies

values:
/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Thrills
mw-redirect
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills

values:
/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years..._100_Cheers
mw-redirect
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers

values:
/wiki/Bridge_On_the_River_Wye
mw-redirect
Bridge On the River Wye

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films
mw-redirect
List of historical drama films

values:
nofollow
external text
http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6a6698ca

values:
/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster_Ltd
mw-redirect
Simon & Schuster Ltd

values: Continuum International Publishing Group

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.libertyunbound.com/node/641

values:
nofollow
http://bridgeontheriverkwaibd.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thegoonshow.net/facts.asp

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: q:Special:Search/The Bridge on the River Kwai

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050212/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v7112

values: Lost and Found: The Story of Cook's Anchor

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:Academy Award Best Picture

values: All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)

values: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring

values: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #BDB76B;width:1%

values: Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (film)

values: The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)

values: Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit

values: Template:Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture Drama

values: Template talk:Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture Drama

values:
/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(1950_film)
mw-redirect
Sunset Boulevard (1950 film)

values:
/wiki/The_Defiant_Ones_(film)
mw-redirect
The Defiant Ones (film)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/7622859-9

values: Category:Anti-war films about World War II

values: Category:Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners

values: Category:Best Picture Academy Award winners

values: Category:Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance

values: Category:Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance

values: Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award

values: Category:Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award

values: Category:Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe

values: Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award

values: Category:Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award

values: Category:Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award

values: Category:World War II prisoner of war films

values: Category:United States National Film Registry films

values: Category:Screenplays by Michael Wilson (writer)

values: Category:Best British Film BAFTA Award winners

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2018

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Film articles using image size parameter

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2018

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: جسر على نهر كواي (فيلم) – Arabic

values: The Bridge on the River Kwai – Aragonese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: Kvay çayı üzərindən körpü (film, 1957) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: দ্য ব্রিজ অন দ্য রিভার কাওয়াই – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Мостът на река Куай – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: Η Γέφυρα του Ποταμού Κβάι – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: The Bridge on the River Kwai (filmo) – Esperanto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پل رودخانه کوای – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï (film) – French

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 콰이 강의 다리 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Կամուրջ Քվայ գետի վրայով – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values: The Bridge on the River Kwai – Indonesian

values: Il ponte sul fiume Kwai (film) – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: הגשר על הנהר קוואי – Hebrew

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values: Tiltas per Kvai upę (filmas) – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Мост на реката Квај – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ദി ബ്രിഡ്ജ് ഓൺ ദി റിവർ ക്വായി – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: 戦場にかける橋 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Мост через реку Квай – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: ද බ්‍රිජ් ඔන් ද රිවර් ක්වායි – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values: The Bridge on the River Kwai – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Мост на реци Квај (филм) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: The Bridge on the River Kwai – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: த பிரிட்ச் ஆன் த ரிவர் க்வாய் (திரைப்படம்) – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: เดอะบริดจ์ออนเดอะริเวอร์แคว – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Міст через річку Квай (фільм) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai rootpage-The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai skin-vector action-view


text:
Stations of the Cross
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Stations of the Cross (disambiguation).
The 12th Station of the Cross – Jesus dies on the Cross. St. Raphael's Cathedral, Dubuque, Iowa.
Part of a series on
Devotions to Jesus
in the Catholic Church
Jesus Christ in the Catacombs of Rome (4th century)
Devotions
Holy Wounds
Sacred Heart
Holy Face
Divine Mercy
Eucharistic adoration
Holy Name
Holy Hour
Acts of Reparation
Stations of the Cross
Precious Blood
Infant of Prague
Prayers
Anima Christi
Shoulder Wound
Morning offering
Sacred Heart prayer
Sacred Heart Consecration
You are Christ
Vianney's prayer
Perboyre's prayer
Montfort's prayer
Crucifix prayer
Catholicism portal
v
t
e
The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross, also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis, refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of his crucifixion and accompanying prayers. The stations grew out of imitations of Via Dolorosa in Jerusalem which is believed to be the actual path Jesus walked to Mount Calvary. The object of the stations is to help the Christians faithful to make a spiritual pilgrimage through contemplation of the Passion of Christ. It has become one of the most popular devotions and the stations can be found in many Western Christian churches, including Anglican,[1] Lutheran,[2] Methodist,[3] and Roman Catholic ones.
Commonly, a series of 14 images will be arranged in numbered order along a path and the faithful travel from image to image, in order, stopping at each station to say the selected prayers and reflections. This will be done individually or in a procession most commonly during Lent, especially on Good Friday, in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during his passion.[4][5]
The style, form, and placement of the stations vary widely. The typical stations are small plaques with reliefs or paintings placed around a church nave. Modern minimalist stations can be simple crosses with a numeral in the centre.[4][6] Occasionally the faithful might say the stations of the cross without there being any image, such as when the pope leads the stations of the cross around the Colosseum in Rome on Good Friday.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Stations
2.1 Scriptural form
3 Modern usage
4 Debates
4.1 Place of Christ's resurrection
5 Music
6 Literature
7 Via Dolorosa sites
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Three chapels of Verkiai Calvary
Station of the Cross in the Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima, in Portugal
Outdoor station in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou
Typical indoor placement along the nave (Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception)
The Stations of the Cross originated in pilgrimages to Jerusalem and a desire to reproduce Via Dolorosa. Imitating holy places was not a new concept. For example, the religious complex of Santo Stefano in Bologna, Italy, replicated the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other religious sites, including Mount of Olives and Valley of Josaphat.[8]
After the siege of 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslims. Forty years later Franciscans were allowed back into the Holy Land. Their founder, Saint Francis of Assisi, held the Passion of Christ in special veneration and was the first person to receive stigmata.[9] In 1217, St. Francis also founded the Custody of the Holy Land to guard and promote the devotion to holy places. Their efforts were recognized when Franciscans were officially proclaimed custodians of holy places by Pope Clement VI in 1342.[9] Although several travelers who visited the Holy Land during the 12–14th centuries (e.g. Riccoldo da Monte di Croce, Burchard of Mount Sion, James of Verona), mention a "Via Sacra", i.e. a settled route that pilgrims followed, there is nothing in their accounts to identify this with the Way of the Cross, as we understand it.[10] The earliest use of the word "stations", as applied to the accustomed halting-places in the Via Sacra at Jerusalem, occurs in the narrative of an English pilgrim, William Wey, who visited the Holy Land in the mid-15th century, and described pilgrims following the footsteps of Christ to the cross. In 1521, a book called Geystlich Strass (German: "spiritual road") was printed with illustrations of the stations in the Holy Land.[10]
During the 15th and 16th centuries the Franciscans began to build a series of outdoor shrines in Europe to duplicate their counterparts in the Holy Land. The number of stations varied between seven and thirty; seven was common. These were usually placed, often in small buildings, along the approach to a church, as in a set of 1490 by Adam Kraft, leading to the Johanneskirche in Nuremberg.[11] A number of rural examples were established as attractions in their own right, usually on attractive wooded hills. These include the Sacro Monte di Domodossola (1657) and Sacro Monte di Belmonte (1712), and form part of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy World Heritage Site, together with other examples on different devotional themes. In these the sculptures are often approaching life-size and very elaborate. Remnants of these are often referred to as calvary hills.
In 1686, in answer to their petition, Pope Innocent XI granted to the Franciscans the right to erect stations within their churches. In 1731, Pope Clement XII extended to all churches the right to have the stations, provided that a Franciscan father erected them, with the consent of the local bishop. At the same time the number was fixed at fourteen. In 1857, the bishops of England were allowed to erect the stations by themselves, without the intervention of a Franciscan priest, and in 1862 this right was extended to bishops throughout the church.[12]
Stations[edit]
A set of the traditional 14 scenes from Portuguese Church, Kolkata
A set of the traditional 14 scenes in Limoges enamel
Outdoor set at Camp Zimmerman, an ecumenical retreat center rooted in the Methodist and Moravian traditions (Gnadenhutten)
The 15th station (Resurrection of Jesus) in the Saint Mary Rawaseneng Prayer Garden, in the Monastery of Saint Mary Rawaseneng (id) complex, Temanggung, Indonesia
The early set of seven scenes was usually numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11 and 14 from the list below.[11] The standard set from the 17th to 20th centuries has consisted of 14 pictures or sculptures depicting the following scenes:
Pilate condemns Jesus to die
Jesus accepts his cross
Jesus falls for the first time
Jesus meets his mother, Mary
Simon of Cyrene helps carry the cross
Veronica wipes the face of Jesus
Jesus falls for the second time
Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem
Jesus falls for the third time
Jesus is stripped of his clothes
Jesus is nailed to the cross
Jesus dies on the cross
Jesus is taken down from the cross
Jesus is placed in the tomb
Although not traditionally part of the Stations, the Resurrection of Jesus is, in very rare instances, included as a fifteenth station.[13][14]
Scriptural form[edit]
Main article: Scriptural Way of the Cross
Out of the fourteen traditional Stations of the Cross, only eight have clear scriptural foundation. Stations 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 are not specifically attested to in the gospels (in particular, no evidence exists of station 6 ever being known before medieval times) and Station 13 (representing Jesus's body being taken down off the cross and laid in the arms of his mother Mary) seems to embellish the gospels' record, which states that Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus down from the cross and buried him. To provide a version of this devotion more closely aligned with the biblical accounts, Pope John Paul II introduced a new form of devotion, called the Scriptural Way of the Cross on Good Friday 1991. He celebrated that form many times but not exclusively at the Colosseum in Rome.[15][16]
In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI approved an overlapping but distinct set of stations for meditation and public celebration; they follow this sequence:[17][better source needed]
Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane;
Jesus is betrayed by Judas and arrested;
Jesus is condemned by the Sanhedrin;
Jesus is denied by Peter;
Jesus is judged by Pilate;
Jesus is scourged and crowned with thorns;
Jesus takes up his cross;
Jesus is helped by Simon of Cyrene to carry his cross;
Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem;
Jesus is crucified;
Jesus promises his kingdom to the repentant thief;
Jesus entrusts Mary and John to each other;
Jesus dies on the cross; and
Jesus is laid in the tomb.
Modern usage[edit]
Station 5: Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the Cross, Good Friday procession 2011 at Ulm, Germany
In the Roman Catholic Church, the devotion may be conducted personally by the faithful, making their way from one station to another and saying the prayers, or by having an officiating celebrant move from cross to cross while the faithful make the responses. The stations themselves must consist of, at the very least, fourteen wooden crosses, pictures alone do not suffice, and they must be blessed by someone with the authority to erect stations.[18]
Pope John Paul II led an annual public prayer of the Stations of the Cross at the Roman Colosseum on Good Friday. Originally, the pope himself carried the cross from station to station, but in his last years when age and infirmity limited his strength, John Paul presided over the celebration from a stage on the Palatine Hill, while others carried the cross. Just days prior to his death in 2005, Pope John Paul II observed the Stations of the Cross from his private chapel. Each year a different person is invited to write the meditation texts for the Stations. Past composers of the Papal Stations include several non-Catholics. The pope himself wrote the texts for the Great Jubilee in 2000 and used the traditional Stations.
The celebration of the Stations of the Cross is especially common on the Fridays of Lent, especially Good Friday. Community celebrations are usually accompanied by various songs and prayers. Particularly common as musical accompaniment is the Stabat Mater. At the end of each station the Adoramus Te is sometimes sung. The Alleluia is also sung, except during Lent.
Structurally, Mel Gibson's 2004 film, The Passion of the Christ, follows the Stations of the Cross.[19] The fourteenth and last station, the Burial, is not prominently depicted (compared to the other thirteen) but it is implied since the last shot before credit titles is Jesus resurrected and about to leave the tomb.
Debates[edit]
Place of Christ's resurrection[edit]
Some modern liturgists[20] say the traditional Stations of the Cross are incomplete without a final scene depicting the empty tomb and/or the resurrection of Jesus, because Jesus' rising from the dead was an integral part of his salvific work on Earth. Advocates of the traditional form of the Stations ending with the body of Jesus being placed in the tomb say the Stations are intended as a meditation on the atoning death of Jesus, and not as a complete picture of his life, death, and resurrection. Another point of contention, at least between some ranking liturgists vs. traditionalists, is (the use of) the "New Way of the Cross" being recited exclusively in the Philippines and by Filipinos abroad.
The Stations of the Resurrection (also known by the Latin name of Via Lucis, Way of Light) are used in some churches at Eastertide to meditate on the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ.
Music[edit]
Franz Liszt wrote a Via crucis for choir, soloists and piano or organ or harmonium in 1879. In 1931, French organist Marcel Dupré improvised and transcribed musical meditations based on fourteen poems by Paul Claudel, one for each station. Peter Maxwell Davies's Vesalii Icones (1969), for male dancer, solo cello and instrumental ensemble, brings together the Stations of the Cross and a series of drawings from the anatomical treatise De humani corporis fabrica (1543) by the Belgian physician Andreas van Wesel (Vesalius). In Davies's sequence, the final "station" represents the Resurrection, but of Antichrist, the composer's moral point being the need to distinguish what is false from what is real.[21] David Bowie regarded his 1976 song "Station to Station" as "very much concerned with the stations of the cross".[22] Michael Valenti (known primarily as a Broadway composer) wrote, with librettist Diane Seymour, an oratorio depicting the fourteen Stations of the Cross entitled "The Way". It was premiered in 1991. Paweł_Łukaszewski wrote Via Crucis in 2000 and it was premiered by the Wrocław_Opera on Good Friday March 30, 2018 and transmitted on TVP_Kultura. Stefano Vagnini's 2002 modular oratorio, Via Crucis,[23] a composition for organ, computer, choir, string orchestra and brass quartet, depicts the fourteen Stations of the Cross.
In 2009, U2 released Moment of Surrender, mentioning the Stations of the Cross.
As the Stations of the Cross are prayed during the season of Lent in Catholic churches, each station is traditionally followed by a verse of the Stabat Mater, composed in the 13th century by Franciscan Jacopone da Todi. James Matthew Wilson's poetic sequence, The Stations of the Cross, is written in the same meter as da Todi's poem.[24]
Literature[edit]
Dimitris Lyacos' third part of the Poena Damni trilogy, The First Death, is divided in fourteen sections in order to emphasise the "Via Dolorosa" of its marooned protagonist during his ascent on the mount of the island which constitutes the setting of the work.
Via Dolorosa sites[edit]
These fourteen sites along the Via Dolorosa are where the events of the Stations of the Cross happened, according to tradition. These 14 stops form a route ending at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher that pilgrims have walked for centuries and are the inspiration for the Stations of the Cross in many churches today.
1st Station, Jesus is condemned to death
2nd Station, Jesus carries his cross
3rd Station, Jesus falls for the first time
4th Station, Jesus meets his mother
5th Station, Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross
6th Station, Veronica wipes the face of Jesus
7th Station, Jesus falls for the second time
8th Station, Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem
9th Station, Jesus falls for the third time
10th Station, Jesus is stripped of his garments
11th Station, Crucifixion: Jesus is nailed to the cross
12th Station, Jesus dies on the cross
13th Station, Jesus is taken down from the cross
14th Station, Jesus is laid in the tomb
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stations of the Cross.
Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Sayings of Jesus on the cross
Seven Sorrows of Mary
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lent" (PDF). Church of England. 236. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stations of the Cross". Holy Trinity Lutheran Church. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stations of the Cross". Trinity UMC. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stations of the Cross". St. Michael's Episcopal Church. 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X
Jump up ^ Chryssides, George D.; Wilkins, Margaret Z. (11 September 2014). Christians in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-317-54557-6.
Jump up ^ "Frommer's Events – Event Guide: Good Friday Procession in Rome (Palatine Hill, Italy)". Frommer's. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Ousterhout, Robert G. (1981). "The Church of Santo Stefano: A "Jerusalem" in Bologna". Gesta. 2 (20): 311. doi:10.2307/766940. ISSN 0016-920X. JSTOR 766940.
^ Jump up to: a b Weitzel Gibbons, Mary (1995). Giambologna: Narrator of the Catholic Reformation. University of California Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 9780520082137.
^ Jump up to: a b Thurston, Herbert (1914). The Stations of the Cross: an account of their history and devotional purpose. London: Burns & Oates. pp. 20–21, 46. OCLC 843213.
^ Jump up to: a b Schiller, Gertrud, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II, p. 82, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 0-85331-324-5
Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia (1907). s.v. "The Way of the Cross".
Jump up ^ "The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2012-02-13. In some contemporary Stations of the Cross, a fifteenth station has been added to commemorate the Resurrection of the Lord.
Jump up ^ "Fr. William Saunders". Retrieved 2009-04-04. Because of the intrinsic relationship between the passion and death of our Lord with His resurrection, several of the devotional booklets now include a 15th station, which commemorates the Resurrection.
Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin, The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications, 1994, ISBN 0-89243-679-4
Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II, Meditation and Prayers for the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum, Good Friday, 2000
Jump up ^ Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff (April 6, 2007). "Way of the Cross at the Colosseum". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Way of the Cross". Newadvent.org. 1912-10-01. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
Jump up ^ Review Archived 2012-04-30 at the Wayback Machine., United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2004
Jump up ^ McBrien, Richard P.; Harold W. Attridge (1995). The HarperCollins encyclopedia of Catholicism. p. 1222. ISBN 978-0-06-065338-5.
Jump up ^ Composer's note in the published score (Boosey and Hawkes, B & H 20286).
Jump up ^ Cavanagh, David (February 1997). "ChangesFiftyBowie". Q magazine: 52–59.
Jump up ^ Falcon Valley Music Ed., Stefano Vagnini, Via Crucis, Rome, 2002.
Jump up ^ "The Stations of the Cross : Clarion Review". www.clarionreview.org. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
External links[edit]
"Way of the Cross" article from The Catholic Encyclopedia
A list of recent Via Crucis used by The Vatican on Good Fridays from the Official Vatican website.
Scriptural Stations of the Cross from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
hide
v
t
e
Prayers of the Catholic Church
Prayers of the Mass
Agnus Dei
Confiteor
Creeds
Apostles' Creed
Athanasian Creed
Nicene Creed
Gloria in excelsis Deo
Gloria Patri
Kyrie Eleison
Pater Noster
Sanctus
Signum Crucis
Marian prayers
Alma Redemptoris Mater
Angelus
Ave Maria
Ave Maris Stella
Ave Regina Caelorum
Fatima Prayer
Litany
Loreto
Magnificat
Maria Mater Gratiae
Memorare
Regina Coeli
Rosary
Salve Regina
Sub Tuum Praesidium
Three Hail Marys
Other prayers
Act of Contrition
Adoro te devote
Angele Dei
Anima Christi
Ave Verum Corpus
Benedictus
Chaplets
Come, Holy Spirit
Jesus Prayer
Mental prayer
Laudes Divinae
Litanies
Litany of the Saints
Morning offering
Novena
Nunc Dimittis
O Salutaris Hostia
Penitential Psalms
51: Miserere mei
130: De Profundis
Prayer before a Crucifix
Prayer of Saint Francis
Prayer to Saint Joseph
Prayer to Saint Michael
Requiem Aeternam
Spiritual Communion
Tantum Ergo
Te Deum
Thanksgiving after Communion
Veni Creator Spiritus
Veni Sancte Spiritus
Visit to the Blessed Sacrament
Way of the Cross
Note: For prayers listed in italics, indulgences are normally granted.
Catholicism portal
Category
hide
v
t
e
Liturgical year of the Catholic Church
Based on the General Roman Calendar (1969)
Advent
Advent Sunday
Immaculate Conception^
Gaudete Sunday
(O Antiphons)
Christmastide
Christmas (Nativity of Jesus)^
Holy Family
Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God^
Epiphany^
Baptism of the Lord
Ordinary Time I
Presentation of Jesus at the Temple (Candlemas)
Feast of the Annunciation
(Carnival)
Lent
Ash Wednesday
Saint Joseph's Day^
Laetare Sunday
Holy Week: Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday (Mass of the Chrism)
Paschal Triduum
Maundy Thursday (Mass of the Lord's Supper)
Good Friday
Liturgy of the Word, Adoration of the Cross, Holy Communion
Holy Saturday
Easter Vigil
Eastertide
Easter Sunday: Resurrection of Jesus
Octave of Easter (Divine Mercy Sunday)
Feast of the Ascension^
Pentecost
Ordinary Time II
Trinity Sunday
Corpus Christi^
Sacred Heart
Visitation of Mary
Saint John the Baptist
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul^
Transfiguration of Jesus
Assumption of Mary^
Nativity of Mary
Feast of the Cross
All Saints' Day^
All Souls' Day
Presentation of Mary
Feast of Christ the King
Legend
^ = Holy days of obligation (10)
Catholicism portal
See also: Computus
Liturgical colours
Solemnity
Older calendars: General Roman Calendar of 1960
General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950
General Roman Calendar of 1954
Tridentine Calendar
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stations_of_the_Cross&oldid=838894815"
Categories:
Stations of the Cross
Christian iconography
Christian terminology
Cross symbols
Crucifixion of Jesus in art
Franciscan spirituality
Roman Catholic Church art by subject
Roman Catholic devotions
Sorrowful Mysteries
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Webarchive template wayback links
Interlanguage link template link number
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Bikol Central
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
Français
Frysk
Galego
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Kaszëbsczi
Kiswahili
Latina
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Magyar
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Sardu
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
38 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 April 2018, at 23:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: tr

values: Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart

values: Act of Consecration to the Sacred Heart of Jesus

values: Prayer of St. John Gabriel Perboyre to Jesus

values: Saint Louis de Montfort's Prayer to Jesus

values: Template:Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church

values: Template talk:Devotions to Jesus in the Catholic Church

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Jesus Christ

values:
/wiki/Mount_Calvary
mw-redirect
Mount Calvary

values:
/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)
mw-redirect
Passion (Christianity)

values:
/wiki/Sacro_Monte_di_Domodossola
mw-redirect
Sacro Monte di Domodossola

values:
/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Rosary
mw-redirect
Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2017)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact

values:
/wiki/Pilate%27s_Court
mw-redirect
Pilate's Court

values:
/wiki/Adoramus_Te
mw-redirect
Adoramus Te

values: Edit section: Place of Christ's resurrection

values:
/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Ascension of Jesus Christ

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F766940

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-920X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/766940

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/843213

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia
mw-redirect
The Catholic Encyclopedia

values:
nofollow
http://www.vatican.va/
external text

values: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops

values: Template talk:Prayers of the Catholic Church

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic_prayer
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic prayer

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Fatima_Prayers
mw-redirect
Fatima Prayers

values:
/wiki/Eternal_Rest_(Prayer)
mw-redirect
Eternal Rest (Prayer)

values:
/wiki/Visit_to_the_Blessed_Sacrament
mw-redirect
Visit to the Blessed Sacrament

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church

values: Template talk:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church

values:
col
navbox-title
3
background-color: gold;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
3
background-color: gold;

values: background-color: gold;;width:1%;text-align: right;-moz-box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple; box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: background-color: gold;;width:1%;text-align: right;-moz-box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0FFFF; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0FFFF; box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0FFFF;

values: background-color: gold;;width:1%;text-align: right;-moz-box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green; box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;

values: background-color: gold;;width:1%;text-align: right;-moz-box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFD358; -webkit-box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFD358; box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFD358;

values: Category:Roman Catholic Church art by subject

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzweg
Kreuzweg – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: درب الصليب – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values: Кръстен път – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzweg
Kreuzweg – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacrucis
Viacrucis – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values: 십자가의 길 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruusweeg
Kruusweeg – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: കുരിശിന്റെ വഴി – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: 十字架の道行き – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Богослужение Крестного пути – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: சிலுவைப் பாதை – Tamil

values: มรรคาศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai

values: Хресна дорога – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Stations_of_the_Cross rootpage-Stations_of_the_Cross skin-vector action-view