text:
Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus
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Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus
by George Duffield, Jr.
Genre
Hymn
Written
1858
Based on
Ephesians 6:14
Meter
7.6.7.6 D
Melody
"Webb" by George James Webb, "Geibel" by Adam Geibel (lesser-used)
"Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus" is an American Christian hymn. It was written by George Duffield, Jr. in 1858 and is based on the dying words of Dudley Atkins Tyng. The traditional tune "Webb" was composed by George James Webb, and the lesser-used tune "Geibel" was composed by Adam Geibel.
Contents
1 History
2 Tune
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
In 1858, Presbyterian minister George Duffield, Jr. was an associate of Dudley Atkins Tyng who had recently been removed from his local Episcopalian community for speaking against slavery. Duffield assisted Tyng in supporting a revival of evangelicalism in Pennsylvania.[1][2][3] In March 1858, Tyng gave a sermon at a YMCA meeting of over 5,000 men on Exodus 10:11, "Go now ye that are men, and serve the Lord", converting over 1,000 men listening in the crowd.[3][4] The following month, Tyng was maimed in a farming accident. Before he died a few days after the accident he told his father "Tell my brethren of the ministry, wherever you meet them, to stand up for Jesus."[2][4] Duffield then wrote the hymn based on those words, and also incorporated the phrase "Ye that are men now serve Him" from Tyng's memorable sermon the month before he died.[3] At a memorial service for Tyng, Duffield gave a sermon based on Ephesians 6:14, "Stand firm, wearing the whole armour of God", and ended it by reciting the new hymn he had written as a tribute.[4] The hymn was first brought into public knowledge through leaflets printed by the superintendent of the local Christian school containing the words of the hymn. One of these leaflets ended up being published in a Baptist newspaper,[2][5] and "Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus" was published in The Church Psalmist in 1859.[6][7]
After first publication, the hymn was popular and was sung by both the Union and Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War.[1][2] The hymn also became popular among British revivalists,[8] and within public schools in England.[1] As a result of the images of Christian militarism in the hymn, some people object to the hymn, and some people do not stand to sing it.[9][10][11] The hymn was excluded from a more politically correct volume of The Presbyterian Hymnal published in June 1990, in order not to offend handicapped people.[12]
Tune[edit]
Several melodies have been written for "Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus". The one used most often now was written by George James Webb, who had originally composed it in 1837 for "Tis Dawn, the Lark is Singing", a song in a secular musical show performed on a ship travelling across the Atlantic Ocean.[1][7][13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Christiansen, Rupert (2007-09-25). "The story behind the hymn". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Francis, Russell E. (January 1946). "The Religious Revival of 1858 in Philadelphia". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 70 (1): 52–77. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Morris, John D. (1999). How Firm a Foundation. New Leaf Publishing Group. ISBN 9781614583004.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bence, Evelyn (1997). Spiritual Moments with the Great Hymns: Devotional Readings That Strengthen the Heart. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 135. ISBN 9780310208402.
Jump up ^ Gaffney, R. Mark (2010). "Crane". Where the Birds Make Their Nests: A Study of the Birds of the Bible. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1453531874. [self-published source]
Jump up ^ Studwell, William Emmett (1996). The National and Religious Song Reader: Patriotic, Traditional, and Sacred Songs from Around the World. Psychology Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780789000996.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus". Hymnary.org. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
Jump up ^ Scott, Jamie S. (1996). And the Birds Began to Sing: Religion and Literature in Post-colonial Cultures. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. xix. ISBN 9789051839845.
Jump up ^ "Methodist Church Faces Decisions on Changes : Committee Finishes Revision of Songbook After 3 Years of Debate, Research, Prayer". Los Angeles Times. AP. October 17, 1987. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andrew, Elizabeth (2009). On the Threshold: Home, Hardwood, and Holiness. Basic Books. p. 148. ISBN 0786739126.
Jump up ^ Wenham, Gordon J. (2012). Psalms as Torah: Reading Biblical Song Ethically. Grand Rapids: Baker Books. p. 4. ISBN 9781441236388.
Jump up ^ McClain, Kathleen (August 1, 1989). "New Presbyterian hymnal curbs sexism and shuns militarism". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Osbeck, Kenneth W. (1982). 101 Hymn Stories. Kregel Publications. p. 86. ISBN 9780825493270.
External links[edit]
Stand up, Stand up for Jesus
George James Webb
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text:
Rain of animals
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A rain of fish was recorded in Singapore in 1861, when during three days of torrential rain numerous fish were found in puddles
Raining snakes, 1680.
Raining animals is a rare meteorological phenomenon in which flightless animals fall from the sky. Such occurrences have been reported in many countries throughout history.[1] One hypothesis is that tornadic waterspouts sometimes pick up creatures such as fish or frogs, and carry them for up to several miles.[1][2] However, this aspect of the phenomenon has never been witnessed by scientists.[3]
Contents
1 History
2 Explanations
3 Occurrences
3.1 Fish
3.2 Spiders
3.3 Frogs and toads
3.4 Others
4 "Raining cats and dogs"
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Rain of flightless animals and things has been reported throughout history.[1] In the first century AD, Roman naturalist Pliny The Elder documented storms of frogs and fish.[4] In 1794, French soldiers saw toads fall from the sky during heavy rain at Lalain, near the French city of Lille.[5] Rural inhabitants in Yoro, Honduras, claim 'fish rain' happens there every summer, a phenomenon they call Lluvia de Peces.[6]
Explanations[edit]
Tornadoes and waterspouts may lift up animals into the air and deposit them miles away
French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775 – 1836) was among the first scientists to take seriously accounts of raining animals. Addressing the Society of Natural Sciences,[when?] Ampère suggested that at times frogs and toads roam the countryside in large numbers, and that violent winds could pick them up and carry them great distances.[3]
After a reported rain of fish in Singapore in 1861, French naturalist Francis de Laporte de Castelnau speculated that a migration of walking catfish had taken place, dragging themselves over land from one puddle to another, following the rain.[7]
Sometimes the animals survive the fall, suggesting the animals are dropped shortly after extraction. Several witnesses of raining frogs describe the animals as startled but healthy, and exhibiting relatively normal behavior shortly after the event. In some incidents, the animals are frozen to death or even completely encased in ice. There are examples where the product of the rain is not intact animals, but shredded body parts.
A current scientific hypothesis involves tornadic waterspouts: a tornado that forms over the water.[1][8][9][10] Under this hypothesis, a tornadic waterspout transports animals to relatively high altitudes, carrying them over large distances. This hypothesis appears supported by the type of animals in these rains: small and light, usually aquatic,[11] and by the suggestion that the rain of animals is often preceded by a storm. However, the theory does not account for how all the animals involved in each individual incident would be from only one species, and not a group of similarly-sized animals from a single area.[12]
Doppler Image from Texas showing the collision of a thunderstorm with a group of bats in flight. The color red indicates the animals flying into the storm.
In the case of birds, storms may overcome a flock in flight, especially in times of migration. The image to the right shows an example wherein a group of bats is overtaken by a thunderstorm.[13] In the image, the bats are in the red zone, which corresponds to winds moving away from the radar station, and enter into a mesocyclone associated with a tornado (in green). These events may occur easily with birds, which can get killed in flight, or stunned and then fall (unlike flightless creatures, which first have to be lifted into the air by an outside force). Sometimes this happens in large groups, for instance, the blackbirds falling from the sky in Beebe, Arkansas, United States on December 31, 2010.[14] It is common for birds to become disoriented (for example, because of bad weather or fireworks) and collide with objects such as trees or buildings, killing them or stunning them into falling to their death. The number of blackbirds killed in Beebe is not spectacular considering the size of their congregations, which can be in the millions.[15] The event in Beebe, however, captured the imagination and led to more reports in the media of birds falling from the sky across the globe, such as in Sweden and Italy,[16] though many scientists claim such mass deaths are common occurrences but usually go unnoticed.[17] In contrast, it is harder to find a plausible explanation for rains of terrestrial animals.
Occurrences[edit]
The following list is a selection of examples.
Fish[edit]
Main article: Waterspout § Threat to marine animals
1555 engraving of rain of fish
Singapore, February 22, 1861[18]
Madhesh, Nepal, May 15, 1900[19]
Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 1, 1903[20]
Marksville, Louisiana, October 23, 1947[21]
Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria, May 19 1993
Knighton, Powys, Wales, 18 August 2004.[22]
Kerala State, India, February 12, 2008[23]
Bhanwad, Jamnagar, India, Oct 24, 2009[24]
Lajamanu, Northern Territory, Australia, February 25 and 26, 2010,[25]
Loreto, Agusan del Sur, Philippines, January 13, 2012[26][27]
IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Sep 12, 2013[28]
The yearly Lluvia de Peces in Yoro, Honduras
Chilaw, Sri Lanka, 6 May 2014[29]
Nandigama, Andhra Pradesh India, 19 June 2015,[30]
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh India, 16 August 2015[31]
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 20 January 2016[32]
Pathapatnam, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, 19 May 2016[33]
Mexico, Tamaulipas, Tampico, 26 September 2017[34]
Oroville, California, 16 May 2017[35]
Jaffna, Sri Lanka, 7 November 2017[36]
Golpayegan, Iran, 3 April 2018[37]
Spiders[edit]
Albury, Australia, 1974[38]
San Bernardo Mountain, Salta Province, Argentina, 2007[39]
Santo Antônio da Platina, Brazil, February 3, 2013[40]
Goulburn, Australia, 15 May 2015[38]
Frogs and toads[edit]
Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, June 2009 (occurrences reported throughout the month)[41]
Rákóczifalva, Hungary, 18–20 June 2010 (twice)[42]
Cabo Polonio, Uruguay, Since 2011 (twice)[43]
Others[edit]
Jellyfish: Bath, England, 1894[44]
Worms: Jennings, Louisiana, July 11, 2007[45]
Various marine animals, including octopuses, seashells and starfish: Qingdao, Shandong Province, China, June 13, 2018[46][47]
"Raining cats and dogs"[edit]
A 19th-century cartoon by English artist George Cruikshank illustrating the phrase "raining cats and dogs" (and "pitchforks")
The English idiom "it is raining cats and dogs", used to describe an especially heavy rain, is of unknown etymology, and is not necessarily related to the "raining animals" phenomenon.[48] The phrase (with "polecats" instead of "cats") was used at least since the 17th century.[49][50] A number of possible etymologies have been put forward to explain the phrase, for example:[51]
Drainage systems on buildings in 17th-century Europe were poor, and may have disgorged their contents during heavy showers, including the corpses of any animals that had accumulated in them. This occurrence is documented in Jonathan Swift's 1710 poem 'Description of a City Shower', in which he describes "Drowned puppies, stinking sprats, all drenched in mud,/Dead cats and turnip-tops come tumbling down the flood."[52]
"Cats and dogs" may be a corruption of the Greek word Katadoupoi, referring to the waterfalls on the Nile,[48] possibly through the old French word catadupe ("waterfall").
The Greek phrase "kata doksa", which means "contrary to expectation" is often applied to heavy rain, but there is no evidence to support the theory that it was borrowed by English speakers.[48]
In addition to at least one folk etymology:
An "explanation" widely circulated by email claimed that in 16th-century Europe when peasant homes were commonly thatched, animals could crawl into the thatch to find shelter from the elements, and would fall out during heavy rain. However, there seems to be no evidence in support of either assertion.[53]

There may not be a logical explanation; the phrase may have been used just for its nonsensical humor value, like other equivalent English expressions ("it is raining pitchforks", "hammer handles", etc.).
Other languages have equally bizarre expressions for heavy rain:[54][55]
Afan Oromo: Waaqatu baqaqe ("the sky got torned")
Afrikaans: ou vrouens met knopkieries reën ("old women with clubs")
Bengali: মুষলধারে বৃষ্টি পড়ছে musholdhare brishṭi poṛchhe ("rain is falling like pestles")
Bosnian: padaju ćuskije ("crowbars")
Bosnian: lije ko iz kabla ("it's pouring like from a bucket")
Cantonese: "落狗屎" ("dog poo")
Chinese: "倾盆大雨" ("its pouring out of basins")
Catalan: Ploure a bots i barrals ("boats and barrels")
Croatian: padaju sjekire ("axes dropping")
Czech: padají trakaře ("wheelbarrows")
Czech: leje jako z konve ("like from a watering can")
Danish: det regner skomagerdrenge ("shoemakers' apprentices")
Dutch: het regent pijpenstelen ("pipe stems or stair rods")
Dutch (Flemish): het regent oude wijven ("old women")
Dutch (Flemish): het regent kattenjongen ("kittens")
Estonian: sajab nagu oavarrest ("It's raining like from a beanstalk")
Finnish: Sataa kuin Esterin perseestä ("It's raining like from Esteri's ass")
Finnish: Sataa kuin saavista kaatamalla ("It's raining like poured from a bucket")
French: il pleut comme vache qui pisse ("it is raining like a peeing cow")
French: il pleut des seaux ("it's raining buckets")
French: il pleut des hallebardes ("it is raining halberds"), clous ("nails"), or cordes ("ropes")
German: Es regnet junge Hunde ("young dogs") or Es schüttet wie aus Eimern ("like poured from buckets")
Greek: βρέχει καρεκλοπόδαρα ("chair legs")
Hindi: मुसलधार बारिश (musaldhār bārish) ("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]")
Hungarian: mintha dézsából öntenék ("like poured from a vat")
Icelandic: Það rignir eins og hellt sé úr fötu ("like poured from a bucket")
Kannada:ಮುಸಲಧಾರೆ, ಕುಂಭದ್ರೋಣ ಮಳೆ ("a stream of mallets")
Italian: piove a catinelle ("poured from a basin")
Latvian: līst kā no spaiņiem ("it's raining like from buckets")
Lithuanian: pila kaip iš kibiro ("it's pouring like from a bucket")
Malayalam: പേമാരി pemari ("mad rain")
Marathi: मुसळधार पाउस("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]")
Nepali: मुसलधारे झरी ("rain like a pestle [onto a mortar]")
Norwegian: det regner trollkjerringer ("she-trolls")
Polish: leje jak z cebra ("like from a bucket")
Portuguese: chovem or está chovendo/a chover canivetes ("penknives")
Portuguese: chove a potes/baldes ("it is raining by the pot/bucket load")
Portuguese: chove a cântaros/canecos ("it is raining by the jug load")
Portuguese (Brazil): chovem cobras e lagartos ("snakes and lizards")
Portuguese (Brazil): está caindo um pau-d'água ("a stick of water is falling")
Portuguese (Brazil): está caindo um pé-d'água ("a foot of water is falling")
Romanian: plouă cu broaşte ("raining frogs")
Romanian: plouă cu găleata ("from a bucket")
Russian: льет как из ведра ("from a bucket")
Sinhalese: නාකපන්න වහිනවා ("it's raining cats and dogs")
Spanish: están lloviendo chuzos de punta ("shortpikes/icicles point first" - not only is it raining a lot, but it's so cold and windy that being hit by the drops hurts)
Spanish: está lloviendo a cántaros ("by the clay pot-full")
Spanish: llueven sapos y culebras ("toads and snakes")
Spanish (Argentina): caen soretes de punta ("pieces of dung head-first")
Spanish (Venezuela): está cayendo un palo de agua ("a stick of water is falling")
Spanish (Colombia): estan lloviendo maridos ("it's raining husbands")
Serbian: padaju sekire ("axes")
Swedish: Det regnar smådjävlar ("It is raining little devils")
Swedish: Det regnar småspik ("It is raining small nails")
Swedish: regnet står som spön i backen ("the rain stands like canes hitting the ground")
Tamil: பேய் மழை pei mazhi ("ghost rain")
Telugu: కుండపోత వర్షం kundapotha varsham ("torrential rain")
Turkish: bardaktan boşanırcasına ("like poured from a cup")
Urdu: musladhār bārish ("rain like a pestle [on a mortar]")
Welsh: mae hi'n bwrw hen wragedd a ffyn ("old ladies and sticks")
See also[edit]
Blood rain
Flying fish
Lluvia de Peces, (Honduras, "Fish rain")
Magnolia
Red rain in Kerala
Star jelly
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Can it rain frogs, fish or other objects". Library of Congress. August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ How can it rain fish? BBC News 20 August 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b When It Rains Animals: The Science of True Weather Weirdness. Alasdair Wilkins. March 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How can it rain fish?", by Edward Green, BBC
Jump up ^ Hasler, Joe. "Weird Stories of Objects Falling From the Sky - Explained". www.popularmechanics.com. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Rivas, Orsy Campos (November 7, 2004). "Lo que la lluvia regala a Yoro (discusses a rain of fishes that occurs annually in Honduras)". Hablemos.
Jump up ^ Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences. 52. 1861. pp. 880–81.
Jump up ^ Strange Rain: Why Fish, Frogs and Golf Balls Fall From the Skies. Sarah Zielinski, Smithsonian Magazine. 8 September 2015.
Jump up ^ What is animal rain phenomenon and how is it explained?. World Weather Online. 19 August 2014.
Jump up ^ When It Rains Animals: The Science of True Weather Weirdness. Alasdair Wilkins, iO9. 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Angwin, Richard (July 15, 2003). "Wiltshire weather". BBC.
Jump up ^ When Animals Rain From The Sky. Scribol.
Jump up ^ "Bat-eating Supercell". National Weather Service. March 19, 2006.
Jump up ^ "More than 1,000 blackbirds fall out of Arkansas sky". BBC News. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Why Are Birds Falling From the Sky?". National Geographic. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Now It's Dead Doves Falling From Sky in Italy". "AOL". 7 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "FACT CHECK: Mass bird, fish deaths occur regularly". "Associated Press". 7 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
Jump up ^ McAtee, Waldo L. (May 1917). "Showers of Organic Matter" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 45 (5): 223. Bibcode:1917MWRv...45..217M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1917)45<217:soom>2.0.co;2. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Rained Fish", AP report in the Lowell (Mass.) Sun, May 16, 1900, p4
Jump up ^ "Canada Day weather through the years", reported in The Weather Network : [1] Archived 2012-06-30 at the Wayback Machine., June 27, 2012
Jump up ^ Greg Forbes. Spooky Weather. The Weather Channel. Posted: October 27, 2005 Archived December 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/features/halloween/raining_fish.shtml
Jump up ^ Fish Rain in Kerala, India
Jump up ^ "Fish Rain", reported in the India : [2], Oct 24, 2009
Jump up ^ "It's raining fish in Northern Territory", reported in news.com.au : [3], February 28, 2010
Jump up ^ Lani Nami Buan (January 15, 2012). "It's raining fish! It's normal". GMA News. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jereco O. Paloma (January 15, 2012). "Agusan's 'rain of fish' natural although unusual". SunStar Davao. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fish Rain", reported in the India : [4], Sep 12, 2013
Jump up ^ "Fish rain down on Sri Lanka village, reported in https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia : [5], 6 May 2014
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=So3c2GSXYs0
Jump up ^ Villagers wake up to find fish in fields!, The Times of India, August 17, 2015
Jump up ^ "Fish rain in diredawa Ethiopia.", http://mereja.com/news/1080799
Jump up ^ "Fish rain in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh". , One India Telugu, May 20, 2016
Jump up ^ "llovieron peces en Mexico, Tampico Tamaulipas".
Jump up ^ http://www.ktvu.com/news/how-100-fish-rained-down-on-an-oroville-school-remains-a-mystery
Jump up ^ https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/07/fish-rain-falls-on-sri-lankan-village/
Jump up ^ [6], بارش ماهی از آسمان گلپایگان+فیلم
^ Jump up to: a b Spiders Rain From Skies In Australian Town Of Goulburn, Huffington Post UK
Jump up ^ "It's Raining Spiders!".
Jump up ^ "Designer registra 'chuva de aranhas' em cidade do interior do Paraná". Globo.com. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Demetriou, Danielle (2009-06-10). "Sky 'rains tadpoles' over Japan". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Szemtanúk szerint békaeső hullott a településre". szoljon.hu. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
Jump up ^ "Cómo fue que viví una lluvia de ranas y sapos" [How it was that I experienced a rain of frogs and toads] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ Fort, Charles (1919). "Ch. 4". The Book of the Damned. sacred-texts.com. p. 48.
Jump up ^ "Worms Fall from the Sky in Jennings". WAFB Channel 9. 7 July 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "青岛下"海鲜"？真实情况并不好笑". 时讯网. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
Jump up ^ It's raining octopus! Sea creatures fall from the sky after being 'sucked from the ocean by a waterspout and carried into coastal city' during powerful storm in China, dailymail.co.uk, 15 June 2018
^ Jump up to: a b c Raining Cats and Dogs, Anatoly Liberman
Jump up ^ Richard Brome (1652), The City Witt: "It shall rain dogs and polecats."
Jump up ^ Robert Laurence, Raining Cats And Dogs Archived 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed on 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ Raining cats and dogs at The Phrase Finder site. Accessed on 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ "The meaning and origin of the expression: Raining cats and dogs". 2017.
Jump up ^ "Life in the 1500s". Snopes.com. 2007.
Jump up ^ WordReference.com Language Forums, accessed on 2009-07-28.
Jump up ^ It's raining cats and dogs at Omniglot.com. Accessed through Google's cache on 2009-07-28.
Further reading[edit]
Bajkov, A.D. Do fish fall from the sky? Science, v. 109, April 22, 1949: 402.
Bourchier, Daniel. “It’s raining fish…no really.” Sunday Territorian, Australia, Feb. 28, 2010.
Branley, Franklyn M. It’s raining cats and dogs: all kinds of weather and why we have it. Illustrated by True Kelley. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1987. 112 p. (Juvenile)
Cerveny, Randall S. Freaks of the storm: from flying cows to stealing thunder, the world’s strangest true weather stories. New York, Thunder’s Mouth Press, c2006. 371 p.
Chandler, Barb. Froggy weather. Weatherwise, v. 57, Jan./Feb. 2004: 42.
Christian, Spencer and Antonia Felix. Can it really rain frogs?: the world’s strangest weather events. New York, Wiley, 1997. 121 p. (Juvenile).
Corliss, William. Tornados, dark days, anomalous precipitation, and related weather phenomena: a catalog of geophysical anomalies. Glen Arm, MD: Sourcebook Project, c1983. 196 p.
Dennis, Jerry. It’s raining frogs and fishes: four seasons of natural phenomena and oddities of the sky. New York, HarperCollins, c1992. 323 p.
Englebert, Phillis. The complete weather resource. Detroit, UXL, c1997-2000. 4 v.
“Frogs fall from the sky.” Herald Sun, Melbourne, Australia, June 8, 2005. p. 2.
Gray, J. E. The shower of fishes. Zoologist; a monthly journal of natural history, v. 17, 1859: 6540-41
Gudger, E. W. Do fish fall from the sky with rain? Scientific Monthly, v. 29, Dec. 1929: 523-527.
McAtee, Waldo L. Showers of organic matter. Monthly Weather Review, v. 45, May 1917: 217-224. [7] (PDF).
Posey, Carl A. The living earth book of wind and weather. Pleasantville, NY, Reader’s Digest Association, c1994. 224 p.
Waterspouts. In McGraw-Hill concise encyclopedia of science and technology. 5th edition. New York, McGraw-Hill, c2005. p. 2369-2370.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raining animals.
Raining cats and dogs
Mysterious Falls from the Sky. A review on the American perspective.
10 Craziest Things To Fall From the Sky
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2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 August 2018.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
Tournament details
Dates
12 March 2015 – 15 November 2017
Teams
210 (from 6 confederations)
Tournament statistics
Matches played
872
Goals scored
2,454 (2.81 per match)
Attendance
18,720,691 (21,469 per match)
Top scorer(s)
Robert Lewandowski
Mohammad Al-Sahlawi
Ahmed Khalil
(16 goals each)
← 2014
2022 →
The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which would play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup, with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts. All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the qualifying process, and for the first time in World Cup history, all eligible national teams registered for the preliminary competition,[1] but Zimbabwe and Indonesia were disqualified before playing their first matches.[2][3] Bhutan, South Sudan, Gibraltar and Kosovo made their FIFA World Cup qualification debuts.[4][5][6][7][8] Myanmar, having successfully appealed against a ban from the competition for crowd trouble during a 2014 World Cup qualifying tie against Oman, were obliged to play all their home matches outside the country.[9]
While the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, on 25 July 2015,[10][11] qualification matches were played before that.[12] The first, between Timor-Leste and Mongolia, began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC's qualification,[13] with East Timorese player Chiquito do Carmo scoring the first goal in qualification. Matches were also played in CONCACAF prior to the main draw.
Contents
1 Qualified teams
2 Qualification process
2.1 Proposal for expansion
2.2 Summary of qualification
3 Format
3.1 Tiebreakers
4 Confederation qualification
4.1 AFC
4.1.1 Final positions (third round)
4.1.2 Play-off for 5th place (fourth round)
4.2 CAF
4.2.1 Final positions (third round)
4.3 CONCACAF
4.3.1 Final positions (fifth round)
4.4 CONMEBOL
4.4.1 Final positions
4.5 OFC
4.5.1 Final positions (third round)
4.6 UEFA
4.6.1 Final positions (first round)
4.6.2 Play-offs (second round)
5 Inter-confederation play-offs
5.1 CONCACAF v AFC
5.2 OFC v CONMEBOL
6 Top goalscorers
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Qualified teams[edit]
Teams qualified for World Cup
Teams failed to qualify for World Cup
Teams expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match
Countries were not FIFA members
Team
Method of
qualification
Date of
qualification
Finals
appearance
Last
appearance
Consecutive
finals
appearances
Previous best
performance
Russia Hosts 2 December 2010 11th1 2014 2 Fourth place (1966)2
Brazil CONMEBOL Round Robin winners 28 March 2017 21st 2014 21 Winners (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002)
Iran AFC Third Round Group A winners 12 June 2017 5th 2014 2 Group stage (1978, 1998, 2006, 2014)
Japan AFC Third Round Group B winners 31 August 2017 6th 2014 6 Round of 16 (2002, 2010)
Mexico CONCACAF Fifth Round winners 1 September 2017 16th 2014 7 Quarter-finals (1970, 1986)
Belgium UEFA Group H winners 3 September 2017 13th 2014 2 Fourth place (1986)
South Korea AFC Third Round Group A runners-up 5 September 2017 10th 2014 9 Fourth place (2002)
Saudi Arabia AFC Third Round Group B runners-up 5 September 2017 5th 2006 1 Round of 16 (1994)
Germany UEFA Group C winners 5 October 2017 19th3 2014 17 Winners (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014)
England UEFA Group F winners 5 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners (1966)
Spain UEFA Group G winners 6 October 2017 15th 2014 11 Winners (2010)
Nigeria CAF Third Round Group B winners 7 October 2017 6th 2014 3 Round of 16 (1994, 1998, 2014)
Costa Rica CONCACAF Fifth Round runners-up 7 October 2017 5th 2014 2 Quarter-finals (2014)
Poland UEFA Group E winners 8 October 2017 8th 2006 1 Third place (1974, 1982)
Egypt CAF Third Round Group E winners 8 October 2017 3rd 1990 1 First round (1934), Group stage (1990)
Iceland UEFA Group I winners 9 October 2017 1st – 1 –
Serbia UEFA Group D winners 9 October 2017 12th4 2010 1 Fourth place (1930, 1962)5
Portugal UEFA Group B winners 10 October 2017 7th 2014 5 Third place (1966)
France UEFA Group A winners 10 October 2017 15th 2014 6 Winners (1998)
Uruguay CONMEBOL Round Robin runners-up 10 October 2017 13th 2014 3 Winners (1930, 1950)
Argentina CONMEBOL Round Robin third place 10 October 2017 17th 2014 12 Winners (1978, 1986)
Colombia CONMEBOL Round Robin fourth place 10 October 2017 6th 2014 2 Quarter-finals (2014)
Panama CONCACAF Fifth Round third place 10 October 2017 1st – 1 –
Senegal CAF Third Round Group D winners 10 November 2017 2nd 2002 1 Quarter-finals (2002)
Morocco CAF Third Round Group C winners 11 November 2017 5th 1998 1 Round of 16 (1986)
Tunisia CAF Third Round Group A winners 11 November 2017 5th 2006 1 Group stage (1978, 1998, 2002, 2006)
Switzerland UEFA Second Round winners 12 November 2017 11th 2014 4 Quarter-finals (1934, 1938, 1954)
Croatia UEFA Second Round winners 12 November 2017 5th 2014 2 Third place (1998)
Sweden UEFA Second Round winners 13 November 2017 12th 2006 1 Runners-up (1958)
Denmark UEFA Second Round winners 14 November 2017 5th 2010 1 Quarter-finals (1998)
Australia CONCACAF v AFC play-off winners 15 November 2017 5th 2014 4 Round of 16 (2006)
Peru OFC v CONMEBOL play-off winners 15 November 2017 5th 1982 1 Quarter-finals (1970), Second round (1978)6
Notes
1: This is the 4th appearance of Russia at the FIFA World Cup; however, FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who themselves qualified on 7 occasions.
2: Russia's best result is group stage in 1994, 2002 and 2014; however, FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the Soviet Union who achieved this result.
3: Germany between 1951 and 1990 is often referred to as "West Germany", as a separate East German state and team existed then.
4: This is the 2nd appearance of Serbia at the FIFA World Cup. However, FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro national teams, who between them qualified on 10 occasions.
5: No official third place match took place in 1930 and no official third place was awarded at the time; both United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals. However, FIFA lists the teams as third and fourth respectively using the overall records of the teams in the tournament.
6: In 1978, the second round was another group stage which involved 8 teams qualified from the first round.
Qualification process[edit]
The number of teams participating in the final tournament was 32. Even though the qualification process began in March 2015, the allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress.[14] It was decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments.[15]
Proposal for expansion[edit]
In October 2013, UEFA President Michel Platini proposed that the World Cup finals should be expanded from 32 to 40 teams starting from 2018. The format would have been the same, but in groups of five instead of four.[16] This was in response to FIFA President Sepp Blatter's comments that Africa and Asia deserved more spots in the World Cup finals at the expense of European and South American teams.[17] However, FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said that expansion in 2018 would be "unlikely", while Russian sports minister Vitaly Mutko said that the country was "preparing on the basis that 32 teams will be taking part."[18][19] Expansion was ultimately delayed until 10 January 2017, when the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to 48 teams starting in the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[20]
Summary of qualification[edit]
While all FIFA members entered the tournament, not all competed. Zimbabwe were expelled from the competition on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee and Indonesia were excluded from the qualifying competition following the suspension of their football association by FIFA on 30 May 2015.[3] Kuwait had a number of their qualifiers cancelled for a similar suspension that began while their campaign was underway,[21] which eventually resulted in their elimination. Brazil were the first team to achieve qualification for the tournament following their 3–0 victory over Paraguay and Uruguay's loss to Peru on 28 March 2017.[22] Peru became the 32nd and final team to qualify when, 233 days after Brazil secured their place, they beat New Zealand 2–0 on aggregate in the OFC-CONMEBOL play-off.[23]
Confederation
Available slots in finals
Teams started
Teams eliminated
Teams qualified
Qualifying start date
Qualifying end date
AFC 4.5 46 41 5 12 March 2015 15 November 2017
CAF 5 54 49 5 7 October 2015 14 November 2017
CONCACAF 3.5 35 32 3 22 March 2015 15 November 2017
CONMEBOL 4.5 10 5 5 8 October 2015 15 November 2017
OFC 0.5 11 11 0 31 August 2015 15 November 2017
UEFA 13+1 54+1 41 13+1 4 September 2016 14 November 2017
Total
31+1
210+1
179
31+1
12 March 2015
15 November 2017
Note: One team each from AFC, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, and OFC played in the inter-confederation play-offs, between 10–15 November 2017 (CONCACAF v AFC and OFC v CONMEBOL).
Note: UEFA total includes +1 for Russia as hosts.
Format[edit]
The formats of the qualifying competitions depended on each confederation (see below). Each round might be played in either of the following formats:[24]
League format, where more than two teams formed groups to play home-and-away round-robin matches, or in exceptions permitted by the FIFA Organizing Committee, single round-robin matches hosted by one of the participating teams or on neutral territory.
Knockout format, where two teams played home-and-away two-legged matches.
Tiebreakers[edit]
In league format, the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria (regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7):[24]
Points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss)
Overall goal difference
Overall goals scored
Points in matches between tied teams
Goal difference in matches between tied teams
Goals scored in matches between tied teams
Away goals scored in matches between tied teams (if the tie is only between two teams in home-and-away league format)
Fair play points
first yellow card: minus 1 point
indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points
direct red card: minus 4 points
yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points
Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee
In cases where teams finishing in the same position across different groups are compared for determining which teams advance to the next stage, the criteria is decided by the confederation and require the approval of FIFA (regulations Article 20.8).[24]
In knockout format, the team that has the higher aggregate score over the two legs progresses to the next round. In the event that aggregate scores finish level, the away goals rule is applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs progresses. If away goals are also equal, then thirty minutes of extra time are played, divided into two fifteen-minutes halves. The away goals rule is again applied after extra time, i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level, the visiting team qualifies by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals are scored during extra time, the tie is decided by penalty shoot-out (regulations Article 20.9).[24]
Confederation qualification[edit]
AFC[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)
The AFC Executive Committee meeting on 16 April 2014 approved the proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds of the FIFA World Cup and the AFC Asian Cup, which will be expanded to 24 teams starting in 2019:[25]
First round: 12 teams (ranked 35–46) played home-and-away over two legs. The six winners advanced to the second round.
Second round: 40 teams (teams ranked 1–34 and six first round winners) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The eight group winners and the four best group runners-up advanced to the third round of FIFA World Cup qualification as well as qualified for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup finals.
Third round: The 12 teams (an increase from 10 for 2014) which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of six teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the two third-placed teams advanced to the fourth round.
Fourth round: The two third-placed teams of each group from the third round played home-and-away over two legs. The winners advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs, playing the fourth-placed CONCACAF team.
Final positions (third round)[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round
The draw for the third round was held on 12 April 2016 at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[26]
Group A
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Iran 10 22
2
South Korea 10 15
3
Syria 10 13
4
Uzbekistan 10 13
5
China PR 10 12
6
Qatar 10 7
Source: FIFA
Group B
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Japan 10 20
2
Saudi Arabia 10 19
3
Australia 10 19
4
United Arab Emirates 10 13
5
Iraq 10 11
6
Thailand 10 2
Source: FIFA
Play-off for 5th place (fourth round)[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Fourth Round
The third-placed teams from each group in the third round played against each other home-and-away over two legs to determine which team advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Syria 2–3 Australia 1–1 1–2 (a.e.t.)
CAF[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF)
The CAF Executive Committee approved the format for the qualifiers of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 14 January 2015.[27] However, on 9 July 2015 FIFA officially announced that only three rounds would be played instead of four.[28]
First round: 26 teams (ranked 28–53) played home-and-away over two legs. The 13 winners advanced to the second round.
Second round: 40 teams (teams ranked 1–27 and 13 first round winners) played home-and-away over two legs. The 20 winners advanced to the third round.
Third round: The 20 teams which had advanced from the second round were divided into five groups of four teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Zimbabwe, even though they entered the competition, were expelled on 12 March 2015 for their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee.[2] Therefore, only 53 African teams were involved in the draw.
Final positions (third round)[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Third Round
The draw for the third round was held on 24 June 2016 at the CAF headquarters in Cairo, Egypt.[29]
Group A
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Tunisia 6 14
2
DR Congo 6 13
3
Libya 6 4
4
Guinea 6 3
Source: FIFA
Group B
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Nigeria 6 13
2
Zambia 6 8
3
Cameroon 6 7
4
Algeria 6 4
Source: FIFA
Group C
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Morocco 6 12
2
Ivory Coast 6 8
3
Gabon 6 6
4
Mali 6 4
Source: FIFA
Group D
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Senegal 6 14
2
Burkina Faso 6 9
3
Cape Verde 6 6
4
South Africa 6 4
Source: FIFA
Group E
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Egypt 6 13
2
Uganda 6 9
3
Ghana 6 7
4
Congo 6 2
Source: FIFA
CONCACAF[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)
An amendment to the qualification process for this tournament had been suggested,[30] which would see the first three rounds played as knockout rounds, with both the fourth round and the final round (referred to as 'The Hex') played as group stages. The first round would be played during the FIFA international dates of 23–31 March 2015.[31] CONCACAF announced the full details on 12 January 2015:[32][33]
First round: 14 teams (teams ranked 22–35) played home-and-away over two legs. The seven winners advanced to the second round.
Second round: 20 teams (teams ranked 9–21 and seven first round winners) played home-and-away over two legs. The ten winners advanced to the third round.
Third round: 12 teams (teams ranked 7–8 and ten second round winners) played home-and-away over two legs. The six winners advanced to the fourth round.
Fourth round: 12 teams (teams ranked 1–6 and six third round winners) were divided into three groups of four teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The top two teams of each group advanced to the fifth round.
Fifth round: The six teams which advanced from the fourth round played home-and-away round-robin matches in one single group. The top three teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the fourth-placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs, playing the winners of the Asian Football Confederation play-off.
Final positions (fifth round)[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Fifth Round
The draw for the fifth round (to decide the fixtures) was held on 8 July 2016 at the CONCACAF headquarters in Miami Beach, United States.[34]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Mexico 10 21
2
Costa Rica 10 16
3
Panama 10 13
4
Honduras 10 13
5
United States 10 12
6
Trinidad and Tobago 10 6
Source: FIFA
CONMEBOL[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)
The qualification structure was the same as the previous five editions. The ten teams played in a league of home-and-away round-robin matches. The top four teams qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the fifth-placed team advanced to the inter-confederation play-offs, playing the winners of the Oceania Football Confederation qualifying competition.
Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined, the fixtures were decided by a draw held on 25 July 2015, at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[35]
Final positions[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Brazil 18 41
2
Uruguay 18 31
3
Argentina 18 28
4
Colombia 18 27
5
Peru 18 26
6
Chile 18 26
7
Paraguay 18 24
8
Ecuador 18 20
9
Bolivia 18 14
10
Venezuela 18 12
Source: FIFA
OFC[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)
The qualification structure was as follows:[36][28]
First round: American Samoa, Cook Islands, Samoa, and Tonga played a round-robin tournament at a single country. The winners advanced to the second round.
Second round (OFC Nations Cup): A total of eight teams (Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tahiti, Vanuatu, and the first round winner) played the tournament at a single country. For the group stage, they were divided into two groups of four teams. The top three teams of each group advanced to the third round of World Cup qualifying. The top two teams of each group also advanced to the knockout stage (semi-finals and final) to decide the 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners which would play in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.
Third round: The six teams which advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of three teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The two group winners met in a two-legged match with the winners advancing to the inter-confederation play-offs, playing the fifth-placed CONMEBOL team.
The OFC had considered different proposals of the qualifying tournament.[37] A previous proposal adopted by the OFC in October 2014 would have the eight teams divided into two groups of four teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches in the second round, followed by the top two teams of each group advancing to the third round to play in a single group of home-and-away round-robin matches to decide the winners of the 2016 OFC Nations Cup which would qualify to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and advance to the inter-confederation play-offs.[38] However, it was later reported in April 2015 that the OFC had reversed its decision, and the 2016 OFC Nations Cup was played as a one-off tournament similar to the 2012 OFC Nations Cup.[39]
Final positions (third round)[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC Third Round
The draw for the third round was held on 8 July 2016 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland, New Zealand.[40]
Group A
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
New Zealand 4 10
2
New Caledonia 4 5
3
Fiji 4 1
Source: FIFA
Group B
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Solomon Islands 4 9
2
Tahiti 4 6
3
Papua New Guinea 4 3
Source: FIFA
Final
The draw for the final (which decided the order of legs) was held on 15 June 2017 at the OFC headquarters in Auckland, New Zealand.[41] The winners of the final advanced to inter-confederation play-offs.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
New Zealand 8–3 Solomon Islands 6–1 2–2
UEFA[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)
Russia qualified automatically as hosts. The qualifying format for the remaining FIFA-affiliated UEFA teams was confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee meeting on 22–23 March 2015 in Vienna.[42][43]
First round (group stage): The 52 UEFA teams affiliated with FIFA at the time of the draw were divided into nine groups (seven groups of six teams and two groups of five teams) to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the eight best runners-up advanced to the second round (play-offs). With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016, both national teams were eligible to make their debuts in World Cup qualifying.[6] With initially two groups in the first round having only five teams, Kosovo was assigned to Group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons, and Gibraltar was then added to Group H,[7][8] so that each of the nine groups then had six teams.
Second round (play-offs): The eight best runners-up from the first round played one other team over two legs, home and away. The four winners qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Final positions (first round)[edit]
The draw for the first round was held on 25 July 2015, at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[28]
Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup
Advance to Second round (play-offs)
Group A
Group B
Group C
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
France 10 23
2
Sweden 10 19
3
Netherlands 10 19
4
Bulgaria 10 13
5
Luxembourg 10 6
6
Belarus 10 5
Source: FIFA
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Portugal 10 27
2
Switzerland 10 27
3
Hungary 10 13
4
Faroe Islands 10 9
5
Latvia 10 7
6
Andorra 10 4
Source: FIFA
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Germany 10 30
2
Northern Ireland 10 19
3
Czech Republic 10 15
4
Norway 10 13
5
Azerbaijan 10 10
6
San Marino 10 0
Source: FIFA
Group D
Group E
Group F
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Serbia 10 21
2
Republic of Ireland 10 19
3
Wales 10 17
4
Austria 10 15
5
Georgia 10 5
6
Moldova 10 2
Source: FIFA
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Poland 10 25
2
Denmark 10 20
3
Montenegro 10 16
4
Romania 10 13
5
Armenia 10 7
6
Kazakhstan 10 3
Source: FIFA
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
England 10 26
2
Slovakia 10 18
3
Scotland 10 18
4
Slovenia 10 15
5
Lithuania 10 6
6
Malta 10 1
Source: FIFA
Group G
Group H
Group I
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Spain 10 28
2
Italy 10 23
3
Albania 10 13
4
Israel 10 12
5
Macedonia 10 11
6
Liechtenstein 10 0
Source: FIFA
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Belgium 10 28
2
Greece 10 19
3
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 17
4
Estonia 10 11
5
Cyprus 10 10
6
Gibraltar 10 0
Source: FIFA
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
Pts
1
Iceland 10 22
2
Croatia 10 20
3
Ukraine 10 17
4
Turkey 10 15
5
Finland 10 9
6
Kosovo 10 1
Source: FIFA
Ranking of runners-up
In deciding the eight best runners-up, the matches against the sixth-placed team in each group were discarded.[44]
Pos
Grp
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
B Switzerland 8 7 0 1 18 6 +12 21 Advance to second round (play-offs)
2
G Italy 8 5 2 1 12 8 +4 17
3
E Denmark 8 4 2 2 13 6 +7 14
4
I Croatia 8 4 2 2 8 4 +4 14
5
A Sweden 8 4 1 3 18 9 +9 13
6
C Northern Ireland 8 4 1 3 10 6 +4 13
7
H Greece 8 3 4 1 9 5 +4 13
8
D Republic of Ireland 8 3 4 1 7 5 +2 13
9
F Slovakia 8 4 0 4 11 6 +5 12
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fifth in the group, 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Fair play points; 5) Drawing of lots.[45][46]
Play-offs (second round)[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round
The draw for the second round (play-offs) was held on 17 October 2017 at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich, Switzerland.[47] The winners of each tie qualified for the World Cup.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Northern Ireland 0–1 Switzerland 0–1 0–0
Croatia 4–1 Greece 4–1 0–0
Denmark 5–1 Republic of Ireland 0–0 5–1
Sweden 1–0 Italy 1–0 0–0
Inter-confederation play-offs[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (inter-confederation play-offs)
There were two inter-confederation playoffs to determine the final two qualification spots for the finals. The first legs were played on 10 and 11 November 2017, and the second legs were played on 15 November 2017.[48][49]
The matchups were decided at the preliminary draw which was held on 25 July 2015, at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[28]
CONCACAF v AFC[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF–AFC play-off)
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Honduras 1–3 Australia 0–0 1–3
OFC v CONMEBOL[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC–CONMEBOL play-off)
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
New Zealand 0–2 Peru 0–0 0–2
Top goalscorers[edit]
16 goals
Robert Lewandowski
Mohammad Al-Sahlawi[A]
Ahmed Khalil
15 goals
Cristiano Ronaldo
11 goals
Tim Cahill
Romelu Lukaku
Christian Eriksen
Sardar Azmoun[A]
10 goals
Mile Jedinak
Omar Kharbin
Edinson Cavani
9 goals
Carlos Ruiz
André Silva
Hassan Al-Haydos
Ali Mabkhout
8 goals
Yang Xu
Mehdi Taremi[A]
Chris Wood
Marcus Berg
Jozy Altidore
For each confederation and inter-confederation play-offs, see sections in each article:
AFC
CAF
CONCACAF
CONMEBOL
OFC
UEFA
Inter-confederation play-offs
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c This player's goal tally includes one or more goals which the player scored in matches that were subsequently forfeited, but which FIFA continues to count in its statistics.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Road to Russia with new milestone". FIFA.com. 15 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia". FIFA.com. 12 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Indonesia disqualified from 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia and AFC Asian Cup 2019 qualifiers". FIFA.com. 3 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Modest Bhutan begin World Cup adventure". FIFA.com. 11 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Sudan's World Cup debut ended early by rain". bbc.co.uk. 7 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA Congress drives football forward, first female secretary general appointed". FIFA.com. 13 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers". uefa.org. Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). 9 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). 9 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Myanmar appeal partially upheld". FIFA. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022". FIFA.com. 19 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup". FIFA.com. 10 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethics: Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process". FIFA.com. 19 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Long road to Russia begins in Dili". FIFA.com. 11 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November/December". FIFA.com. 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained". FIFA.com. 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA chief Platini calls for 40 team World Cup". Reuters. 28 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Blatter wants more Africa slots for World Cup". Confederation of African Football. 26 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Michel Platini's World Cup expansion plan unlikely – Fifa". BBC Sport. 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "2018 World Cup expansion 'unlikely', says Valcke". Soccerway. 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup to 48 teams from 2026". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suspension of the Kuwait Football Association". FIFA.com. 16 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brazil qualify for 2018 World Cup after Coutinho and Neymar down Paraguay". The Guardian. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Peru beat New Zealand 2-0 to secure final place". BBC Sport. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Regulations – 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" (PDF). FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ "ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals". AFC. 16 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "2018 FIFA World Cup: Asian Qualifying Round 3 line up complete". Asian Football Confederation. 30 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "FORMAT OF 2017 AFCON QUALIFIERS AND 2018 WORLD CUP". CAFonline.com. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Preliminary Draw procedures outlined". fifa.com. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "June draw for third round of African Zone qualifiers". FIFA.com. 20 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Concacaf estrenará formato de eliminatoria; sigue el Hexagonal" [New format for Concacaf qualification - Hexagonal retained] (in Spanish). ESPN Mexico. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canada begins 2018 World Cup qualification in June". Sportsnet. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "CONCACAF to Hold Preliminary FIFA World Cup Qualifying Draw in Miami on January 15". CONCACAF. 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "USMNT to start 2018 World Cup qualifying in November of 2015". Sports Illustrated. 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Draw Scheduled for the Final Round of CONCACAF Qualifying for FIFA World Cup Russia 2018". CONCACAF.com. 1 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "A unanimous decision: A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments". CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Preliminary competition format outlined". Oceania Football Confederation. 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "OFC Executive Committee decisions". OFC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "OFC Executive Committee outcomes". Oceania Football Confederation. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Football: Heat goes on NZ after switch". New Zealand Herald. 12 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stage 3 draw complete". Oceania Football Confederation. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand at home first in OFC play-off". FIFA. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Executive Committee date in Vienna". UEFA.org. 21 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "New distribution concept for club competitions approved". UEFA.org. 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Focus switches to World Cup qualifying". UEFA.com. 22 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Competition format - FIFA World Cup - News - UEFA.com". uefa.com. UEFA. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "As it stands: ranking of second-placed teams". UEFA.com. 3 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup European play-off draw to take place on 17 October". FIFA.com. 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dates set for Socceroos-Honduras World Cup qualifier". SBS the World Game. 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "All Whites to play first leg against Peru on Saturday afternoon". nzherald.co.nz. The New Zealand Herald. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
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values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC Third Round Group A table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC Third Round Group A table

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC Third Round Group B table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC Third Round Group B table

values: Edit section: Final positions (first round)

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values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A table

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group B table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group B table

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C table

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D table

values: Republic of Ireland national football team

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E table

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F table

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G table

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H table

values: Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group I table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group I table

values: Template:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Runners-up table

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Runners-up table

values: Edit section: Inter-confederation play-offs

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values: commons:Category:FIFA World Cup 2018 qualifying

values: Template talk:2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers

values: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC First Round

values: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Second Round

values: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF First Round

values: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF First Round

values: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Second Round

values: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Third Round

values: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF Fourth Round

values: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – OFC First Round

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values: List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies

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2030 FIFA World Cup bids

values: National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup

values: North, Central American and Caribbean nations at the FIFA World Cup

values: South American nations at the FIFA World Cup

values: List of national teams with no FIFA World Cup appearances

values: List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers

values: List of FIFA World Cup penalty shoot-outs

values: List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World Cups

values: List of FIFA World Cup official match balls

values: Category:2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

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values: تصفيات كأس العالم 2018 – Arabic

values: Clasificación pa la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018 – Asturian

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values: 2018 FİFA Dünya Kubokunun təsnifat mərhələsi – Azerbaijani

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values: ২০১৮ ফিফা বিশ্বকাপ বাছাইপর্ব – Bangla

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values: Квалификации за Световното първенство по футбол 2018 – Bulgarian

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values: Kvalifikacije za Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2018. – Bosnian

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values: Classificació de la Copa del Món de futbol 2018 – Catalan

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values: Kvalifikace na Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 2018 – Czech

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values: Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2018/Qualifikation – German

values: Προκριματικά Παγκοσμίου Κυπέλλου Ποδοσφαίρου 2018 – Greek

values: Clasificación para la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018 – Spanish

values: مرحله مقدماتی جام جهانی فوتبال ۲۰۱۸ – Persian

values: Éliminatoires de la Coupe du monde de football 2018 – French

values: Babhtaí cáilithe do Chorn FIFA an Domhain 2018 – Irish

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values: Kvalifikacije za Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 2018. – Croatian

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values: Kualifikasi Piala Dunia FIFA 2018 – Indonesian

values: Qualificazioni al campionato mondiale di calcio 2018 – Italian

values: מוקדמות מונדיאל 2018 – Hebrew

values: Футболдан әлем чемпионаты 2018 (іріктеу турнирі) – Kazakh

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values: 2018. gada FIFA Pasaules kausa kvalifikācija – Latvian

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values: 2018-as labdarúgó-világbajnokság-selejtező – Hungarian

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values: Квалификации за Светско првенство во фудбал 2018 – Macedonian

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values: Wereldkampioenschap voetbal 2018 (kwalificatie) – Dutch

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values: २०१८ फिफा विश्वकप छनौट – Nepali

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values: Kvalifisering til VM i fotball 2018 – Norwegian

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values: Mistrzostwa Świata w Piłce Nożnej 2018 (eliminacje) – Polish

values: Eliminatórias da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2018 – Portuguese

values: Calificările pentru Campionatul Mondial FIFA 2018 – Romanian

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values: Чемпионат мира по футболу 2018 (отборочный турнир) – Russian

values: Svetovno prvenstvo v nogometu 2018 - kvalifikacije – Slovenian

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values: Квалификације за Светско првенство у фудбалу 2018. – Serbian

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values: Vuoden 2018 jalkapallon maailmanmestaruuskilpailujen karsinnat – Finnish

values: Kvalspelet till världsmästerskapet i fotboll 2018 – Swedish

values: ฟุตบอลโลก 2018 รอบคัดเลือก – Thai

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values: 2018 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemeleri – Turkish

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values: Чемпіонат світу з футболу 2018 (кваліфікаційний раунд) – Ukrainian

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values: Vòng loại Giải vô địch bóng đá thế giới 2018 – Vietnamese

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values: 2018年國際足協世界盃外圍賽 – Chinese

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