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Characters of Malcolm in the Middle
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The cast of Malcolm in the Middle as of season 5, (from behind, left to right): Christopher Kennedy Masterson as Francis, Frankie Muniz as Malcolm, Erik Per Sullivan as Dewey, and Justin Berfield as Reese. (In front, left to right) Jane Kaczmarek as Lois and Bryan Cranston as Hal.
The following characters had significant roles in the American television comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, which was originally televised from 2000 to 2006 on the Fox Network.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characters
2 Character Appearances
3 The Family
3.1 Hal
3.2 Francis
3.3 Malcolm
3.4 Lois
3.5 Reese
3.6 Dewey
3.7 Jamie
4 Recurring characters
5 References
Characters[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)
Originally there were four brothers (although Malcolm's oldest brother attended a military school away from home, so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home). A fifth son was introduced in the show's fourth season, a boy named Jamie. The boys are, from eldest to youngest: Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. In the final episode, Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child. In the third season, Francis travels home (to celebrate his father's birthday) with an Alaskan girl named Piama, and reveals that they are married.
During the first season, the writers decided to keep the family's last name a mystery. In the fifth season episode "Reese Joins the Army (1)", Reese uses a fake ID by the name of "Jetson" to lie about his age. In the series finale, "Graduation", Francis' employee ID reads "Nolastname" (or "No Last Name", a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud). In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech, the speaker announces Malcolm's name, but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible, even though he does appear to mouth the phrase "No last name".[1]
In the pilot episode, the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy. In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe, the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode "Block Party". British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons, although this name was never spoken aloud in the series. In an early version of the pilot, Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate, who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm's family and asks him what his last name is. When Malcolm responds, "Wilkerson, why?" the friend replied with the punchline, "Oh...who are the 'Pariahs'?"
Out of the show's six leads, Cranston, Muniz, Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 episodes.
Character Appearances[edit]
Actor
Character
Season
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Main characters
Jane Kaczmarek Lois Main
Bryan Cranston Hal Main
Christopher Masterson Francis Main Recurring
Justin Berfield Reese Main
Erik Per Sullivan Dewey Main
Frankie Muniz Malcolm Main
James and Lukas Rodriguez Jamie Recurring Main
Catherine Lloyd Burns Caroline Miller Main Recurring
Recurring characters
Craig Lamar Traylor Stevie Kenarban Recurring
David Anthony Higgins Craig Feldspar Recurring
Gary Anthony Williams Abe Kenarban Recurring
Evan Matthew Cohen Lloyd Recurring
Kyle Sullivan Dabney Recurring
Daniel Von Bargen Edwin Spangler Recurring Flashback
Will Jennings Kyle Recurring Flashback
Drew Powell Drew Horton Recurring Flashback
Arjay Smith Ken Finley Recurring Flashback
Karim Prince Stanley Winn Recurring
Eric Nenninger Eric Hansen Guest Recurring Flashback
Merrin Dungey Kitty Kenarban Guest Recurring Guest Guest
Kasan Butcher Joe Guest Recurring Flashback
Tania Raymonde Cynthia Recurring Guest Guest
Cloris Leachman Ida Guest Recurring
Emy Coligado Piama Tananahaakna Recurring
Chris Eigeman Lionel Herkabe Recurring Guest Recurring
Victor Z. Isaac Kevin Recurring
Brenda Wehle Lavernia Recurring
Sandy Ward Pete Recurring
John Ennis Artie Recurring
Kenneth Mars Otto Mannkusser Recurring
Meagen Fay Gretchen Mannkusser Recurring
The Family[edit]
Hal[edit]
Hal, played by Bryan Cranston (all 151 episodes), is the father of the family. Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois, Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys' bad behavior. He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan (an action also shared by Victor and Ida). Hal has a hard time making good decisions, which he often deferred to Lois. Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family, Hal blends in well with them. He loves Lois more than she loves him, never even thinking about other women. He is also very scared of her, even more than the boys are, which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings. He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also enjoys unusual hobbies. Hal is also a sex addict, this was revealed in the episode "Forbidden Girlfriend" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week, it is mentioned again in the episode "Poker 2" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit. Hal's best friend is Abe Kenarban.
Francis[edit]
Francis, played by Christopher Masterson (119 episodes), is the oldest of the brothers, whom Malcolm often looks up to. It is revealed in the episodes "Sleepover" and "The Bots and the Bees" in season one that Francis was a breech birth, and in "Flashback" in season 2, that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal's wedding. A rebel from birth, showing signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder, he was exiled to Marlin Academy by Lois for his behavior before eventually emancipating himself to run away from the Academy to work in Alaska, incurring his mother's wrath. Upon moving to Alaska, he marries a local woman named Piama, who is about one year older than him, and had previously been married briefly, and whom Lois doesn't like. In the series finale, Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis, and Francis admits he likes sitting at a desk sorting computer data. However, he also admits that he has no intentions of telling Lois about the job and enjoys torturing her by telling her that he's still unemployed.
Malcolm[edit]
Malcolm, portrayed by Frankie Muniz (150 episodes), is the protagonist of the series. He is Five years younger than his oldest brother Francis, one year younger than his older brother Reese, Four years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. In the first episode of the series, he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the 'Krelboynes', a class for gifted students. Despite his high intelligence, he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers (in particular, Reese), although he becomes more self-absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty. Malcolm, like Reese, is not very popular. However, he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run. Even though he is very intelligent, Malcolm has a short temper, can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself. Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason, and does have a conscience, (for instance, despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode "Hal Grieves," when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he can't go through with it). In the series finale, it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life, knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office. Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future, after being unable to tell Lois he can't do it. In the series finale, Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University. Throughout the series, Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events.
Lois[edit]
Lois, played by Jane Kaczmarek (146 episodes), is Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie's angry and temperamental mother. She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings, revealed in "Mono". Unlike Malcolm, Lois isn't bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it. She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little, but toughened up. She is also always stubbornly right, to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong. It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children's bad behavior, and not her pure hate. At the series finale, Lois is revealed to be pregnant with a sixth child (actually twins). Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood, living with a tough mother and an uncaring father (both of whom favored her younger sister, Susan).
Reese[edit]
Reese, played by Justin Berfield (all 151 episodes), is the second oldest of the sons. He is two years younger than his older brother Francis, one year older than his younger brother Malcolm, six years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. It was revealed in the episode "Flashback", in season 2, that Reese has been vicious from the womb, so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor, she pushed him out by force. A complete moron from birth, Reese is the worst-behaved of the brothers. Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes. He is intimidated by certain students, including Ira, a dumb jock at school. Despite his violent, idiotic nature, Reese is a culinary prodigy, after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking. He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida, who taught him the importance of having patsies. In the series finale, Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High.
Dewey[edit]
Dewey, played by Erik Per Sullivan (all 151 episodes), is portrayed as being quieter and more inclined to the arts than his brothers. He soon finds he is a musical prodigy, and as the series goes on he becomes more caring and thoughtful especially in regards to his younger brother Jamie, whom he decides not to bully like he was by Malcolm and Reese. Lois remarks at one point that unlike Malcolm, who would have to work hard to achieve success, Dewey would have success handed to him. Dewey joins the Buseys, a class for the emotionally disturbed, by mistake and ends up becoming their unofficial teacher. He ended up caring for his fellow students so much that, when the mistake was uncovered, he feigned severe emotional problems so he could remain. In the final few seasons, Dewey becomes increasingly bitter towards his parents due to them overlooking him throughout his childhood and neglecting his interests. Because of this, he forces them to give Jamie the childhood he never had. In the last episode, he and Jamie (the only other remaining brother living at home) continued the tradition of causing havoc all over the house.
Jamie[edit]
Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez (35 episodes). The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game, bordering to attacking her (though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda). Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be intelligent, evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall.
Recurring characters[edit]
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (March 2014)
Stevie Kenarban, played by Craig Lamar Traylor (56 episodes), is Malcolm's best friend and classmate. He is wheelchair-bound and is missing a lung, requiring him to speak slowly and take deep breaths after saying a word. Though Malcolm is initially upset when Lois arranges a "playdate" for him and Stevie in the pilot episode, the boys immediately find common ground, particularly their love of comic books, and become friends. His parents are very overprotective of him, although Stevie displays in many episodes that he lives very comfortably with his disability and even has a dark sense of humor about it.
Craig Feldspar, portrayed by David Anthony Higgins (39 episodes), is Lois' co-worker at the Lucky Aide. He is a hopeless romantic, and has unrequited feelings for Lois. He is very childish and is a coward. He plays the ukulele and the banjo, and he sings in a countertenor voice. By the end of the series, Craig becomes Reese's roommate.
Piama Tananahaakna, played by Emy Coligado (29 episodes), is Francis' wife whom he met and married off-screen during his year in Alaska. Piama is about a year older than Francis, and before him, Piama had previously been married briefly. Primarily due to her being brought home under volatile circumstances, in which Francis (while still a minor, although emancipated) shocked the family with news of the marriage and thus disrupting Hal's birthday party, Lois disliked Piama from her introduction in the third season and into the fourth. However, after an embarrassing encounter with her wealthy in-law's, Lois has been much more respectful of Piama. She originally started off against having children, but by Graduation, Piama got over it after Reese's prank went awry ("We may as well go ahead and have kids now, I'm not afraid of changing diapers any more.")
Victor Welker and Ida Kenzel-Welker, played by Robert Loggia (1 episode) and Cloris Leachman (11 episodes) respectively, are Lois' parents of a Croatian background. Victor dies some time before the events of the season two episode "Christmas", in which Ida is widowed. Ida harbors a strong dislike for both Francis and Lois, evident for the way she has been treated by them. She favors Reese, which allows him to love her. Ida belittles Malcolm for being weak in not standing up against his mother and largely ignores Dewey (although she did, on one occasion, save him from being hit by a car, causing her to lose a leg). Ida harbored resentment towards Victor's secret other family for stealing what was rightfully hers, until Lois discovered that she isn't blood related to Victor (and possibly Susan as well) and abandoned Ida. Ida acknowledged that her life growing up in Croatia under the Ustaše was difficult, possibly due to the Ustaše's policies.
Abraham "Abe" Kenarban, played by Gary Anthony Williams (19 episodes), is Stevie's father and Kitty's husband, and a close family friend of both Lois and particularly Hal. Abe is initially depicted as cowardly and dependent on Kitty's guidance (which he attributes to his upbringing, having been raised by his grandmother and four spinster aunts). However he ultimately becomes more self-reliant after Kitty's departure. Despite this, Abe is more than willing to take Kitty back after her return, going as far as to harbor resentment towards Lois after she criticized Kitty's decision to leave.
Kitty Kenarban, played by Merrin Dungey (5 episodes), is Stevie's mother and Abe's wife. Because of actress Merrin Dungey's commitment to the ABC series Alias, Kitty remains unseen for much of the series before it is revealed that she abandoned her husband and son, briefly throwing Stevie into a deep depression. She returns briefly in the season six episode "Kitty's Back".
Caroline Miller, played by Catherine Lloyd Burns (15 episodes), is the primary teacher of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" class in the first two seasons. She is shown to be overly-earnest as well as to adore Malcolm, who might possibly have been her favorite student. In season 1, she is included as part of the main cast, but in season 2, is a recurring character. In season 2, she is shown to be pregnant until she gives birth to her baby in the parking lot. After her baby was born, she quit teaching. She was never seen or mentioned again after season 2.
Cynthia Sanders, played by Tania Raymonde (4 episodes), is one of Malcolm's classmates. She has a very extensive vocabulary, but has a difficult time making friends. Depicted as relatively cheerful, Cynthia becomes one of Malcolm's earliest crushes on the show, although a relationship never develops. Cynthia is last seen claiming to never have sex with Malcolm again (which never happened in the first place) to snap him out of a recent funk and keep him from pulling a prank meant to get him sent away like Francis.
Lloyd Jensen, played by Evan Matthew Cohen (25 episodes) is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout the series. He frequently worries about random small things, gets hurt, and falls victim to bullies. He also has an effeminate personality.
Dabney Hooper, played by Kyle Sullivan (24 episodes) is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout the series. Often depicted as the weakest and most cowardly of the group, Dabney's life is almost completely controlled by his overbearing mother, although in his last appearance his ability to release his anger towards his mom results in him immediately developing a tougher persona.
Flora Mayesh, played by Kristin Quick (15 episodes), is one of Malcolm's other "Krelboyne" classmates. Flora was mostly just a background character and rarely had dialogue and was therefore not in the credits for 12 of her episodes.
Eraserhead, played by Will Jennings (12 episodes), is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout early episodes of the series.
Kevin, played by Victor Z. Isaac (5 episodes)
Jessica, played by Hayden Panettiere (4 episodes), is a classmate of Malcolm and Reese's. In one instance, she babysat Malcolm and Reese despite being younger than them, embarrassing the brothers.
Mr. Herkabe (first name Lionel), played by Chris Eigeman (8 episodes), is introduced in Season 3 as the Krelboynes' teacher after Caroline leaves. A Krelboyne himself in middle school, he was forced into a teaching career after losing his millions in a failed dot-com company. He is portrayed as an evil and conniving man who thrives on psychological warfare and making children suffer. He is especially threatened by Malcolm and quickly becomes his nemesis at school, even blackmailing North High's principal, Block (before Hodges took over), into hiring him as vice principal when Malcolm enrolls there. For some reason Mr. Herkabe also intensely enjoys humiliating Reese to antagonize Malcolm more. However, Herkabe's arrogance in confessing that he had failed gym and lied about not taking the course, was brought to light that led to his GPA Award being revoked by Mr. Hodges. He was last seen being humiliated by Reese during dodgeball.
Commandant Edwin Spangler, played by Daniel von Bargen (16 episodes), is the military veteran in charge of the cadets at Marlin Academy. He has a contentious relationship with the rebellious Francis throughout his entire stay at the Academy, although the two were shown at times to have a deep sympathy for the other's emotional scarring. After Spangler is fired from Marlin Academy and arrives in Alaska, Francis gets him a job at the Snow Haven Retirement Home where he has free rein to bully the elderly.
Cadet Eric Hansen, played by Eric Nenninger (28 episodes), one of Francis' friends and classmates from Marlin Academy. Francis accompanies Eric in his plan to abandon the Academy to find well-paying labor work in Alaska. At the end of season three, Eric is seen for the final time being left by Francis to hitchhike home, possibly as revenge for even suggesting to find work in Alaska.
Lavernia, played by Brenda Wehle (10 episodes), is Francis and Eric's malevolent boss who owns the logging site in Alaska. She has a debt book and presumably knows every dirty secret about her workers. Lavernia has a personal grudge towards Piama, who blackmailed her to be nice to Francis by holding her pet parakeet hostage.
Otto Mankusser, played by Kenneth Mars (13 episodes), is Francis' friendly and cheerful boss at the dude ranch, albeit a bit naïve at times.
Ed, played by Paul Wilson (5 episodes), is one of the many neighbors who despises Hal and Lois, along with Reese. He has shown some favoritism towards Malcolm for helping him set up his new computer.
Ira Prescott, played by Jonny Acker (3 episodes), is a student of North High School. He is Billy's older brother and Reese's bully. Ira made his first appearance in "Forbidden Girlfriend" in which he owns a car which Reese ruins by using Dewey in pouring cement in it and letting Billy take the blame for the prank. With Dewey's help, Ira got his revenge on Reese for his prank and using Billy by simply beating him up. He returns briefly in Season 5's "Malcolm Films Reese" who is among the students in humiliation and in Reese's Apartment when Malcolm is tutoring Ira and help get him a passing grade in his classes so he can keep his spot on the North High School sports team(which is never specified). Unlike Reese, Ira has more respect for Malcolm.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Malcolm In The Middle, Fox, "Graduation", May 14, 2006, Production #722, Episode #151
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text:
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
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Jump to: navigation, search
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
"Ichabod Crane pursued by the Headless Horseman",
by F.O.C. Darley, 1849
Author
Washington Irving
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
The Sketch Book
Genre(s)
Gothic horror
Published in
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.
Media type
Hardback & Paperback
Publication date
1820
Published in English
1820
Preceded by
"The Angler"
Followed by
"L'Envoy"
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
The short story read by Chip from the LibriVox project.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a horror story by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.. Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" was first published in 1820. Along with Irving's companion piece "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity, especially during Halloween because of a character known as the Headless Horseman believed to be a Hessian soldier who lost his head to a cannonball in battle.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Background
3 Film and television variations
4 Stage and music adaptations
5 Audio adaptations
6 Geographic impact
6.1 Place names
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by name of Sleepy Hollow ... A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere.
—  Washington Irving, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
The story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (historical Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its ghosts and the haunting atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants and visitors. Some residents say this town was bewitched during the early days of the Dutch settlement. Other residents say an old Native American chief, the wizard of his tribe, held his powwows here before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson. The most infamous spectre in the Hollow is the Headless Horseman, said to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper that had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head".
The "Legend" relates the tale of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. Ichabod Crane, a Yankee and an outsider, sees marriage to Katrina as a means of procuring Van Tassel's extravagant wealth. Bones, the local hero, vies with Ichabod for Katrina's hand, playing a series of pranks on the jittery schoolmaster, and the fate of Sleepy Hollow's fortune weighs in the balance for some time. The tension among the three is soon brought to a head. On a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the Van Tassels' homestead. He dances, partakes in the feast, and listens to ghostly legends told by Brom and the locals, but his true aim is to propose to Katrina after the guests leave. His intentions, however, are ill-fated.
After having failed to secure Katrina's hand, Ichabod rides home "heavy-hearted and crestfallen" through the woods between Van Tassel's farmstead and the Sleepy Hollow settlement. As he passes several purportedly haunted spots, his active imagination is engorged by the ghost stories told at Baltus' harvest party. After nervously passing under a lightning-stricken tulip tree purportedly haunted by the ghost of British spy Major André, Ichabod encounters a cloaked rider at an intersection in a menacing swamp. Unsettled by his fellow traveler's eerie size and silence, the teacher is horrified to discover that his companion's head is not on his shoulders, but on his saddle. In a frenzied race to the bridge adjacent to the Old Dutch Burying Ground, where the Hessian is said to "vanish, according to rule, in a flash of fire and brimstone" upon crossing it, Ichabod rides for his life, desperately goading his temperamental plow horse down the Hollow. However, to Crane's horror, the ghoul clambers over the bridge, rears his horse, and hurls his severed head into Ichabod's terrified face.
The next morning, Ichabod has mysteriously disappeared from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was said "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related". Indeed, the only relics of the schoolmaster's flight are his wandering horse, trampled saddle, discarded hat, and a mysterious shattered pumpkin. Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, the story implies that the ghost was really Brom (an agile stunt rider) in disguise. Irving's narrator concludes, however, by stating that the old Dutch wives continue to promote the belief that Ichabod was "spirited away by supernatural means", and a legend develops around his disappearance and sightings of his melancholy spirit.
Background[edit]
The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane (1858) by John Quidor
Irving wrote The Sketch Book during a tour of Europe, and parts of the tale may also be traced to European origins. Headless horsemen were staples of Northern European storytelling, featuring in German, Irish (e.g., Dullahan), Scandinavian (e.g., the Wild Hunt), and English legends, and were included in Robert Burns's poem "Tam o' Shanter" (1790) and Bürger's Der wilde Jäger, translated as The Wild Huntsman (1796). Usually viewed as omens of ill-fortune for those who chose to disregard their apparitions, these specters found their victims in proud, scheming persons and characters with hubris and arrogance.[2] One particularly influential rendition of this folktale was recorded by the German folklorist Karl Musäus.[3]
During the height of the American Revolutionary War, Irving writes that the country surrounding Tarry Town "was one of those highly-favored places which abound with chronicle and great men. The British and American line had run near it during the war; it had, therefore, been the scene of marauding, and infested with refugees, cow-boys, and all kinds of border chivalry."
After the Battle of White Plains in October 1776, the country south of the Bronx River was abandoned by the Continental Army and occupied by the British. The Americans were fortified north of Peekskill, leaving Westchester County a 30-mile stretch of scorched and desolated no-man's land, vulnerable to outlaws, raiders, and vigilantes. Besides droves of Loyalist rangers and British light infantry, Hessian Jägers—renowned sharpshooters and horsemen—were among the raiders who often skirmished with Patriot militias.[4] The Headless Horseman, said to be a decapitated Hessian soldier, may have indeed been based loosely on the discovery of just such a Jäger's headless corpse found in Sleepy Hollow after a violent skirmish, and later buried by the Van Tassel family, in an unmarked grave in the Old Dutch Burying Ground.[5] The dénouement of the fictional tale is set at the bridge over the Pocantico River in the area of the Old Dutch Church and Burying Ground in Sleepy Hollow.
Irving, while he was an aide-de-camp to New York Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, met an army captain named Ichabod Crane in Sackets Harbor, New York during an inspection tour of fortifications in 1814. Irving may have patterned the character in "The Legend" after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809.[6] The inspiration for the character of Katrina Van Tassel is uncertain.
Ichabod Crane, Respectfully Dedicated to Washington Irving. William J. Wilgus (1819–53), artist Chromolithograph, c. 1856
The story was the longest one published as part of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (commonly referred to as The Sketch Book), which Irving issued serially throughout 1819 and 1820, using the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon".[7] With "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is one of Irving's most anthologized, studied, and adapted sketches. Both stories are often paired together in books and other representations, and both are included in surveys of early American literature and Romanticism.[8] Irving's depictions of regional culture and his themes of progress versus tradition, supernatural intervention in the commonplace, and the plight of the individual outsider in an homogeneous community permeate both stories and helped to develop a unique sense of American cultural and existential selfhood during the early 19th century.[9]
Film and television variations[edit]
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Will Rogers as Ichabod Crane in The Headless Horseman (1922)
Notable film and television variations include:
The Headless Horseman (1922), a silent film directed by Edward Venturini and starring Will Rogers as Ichabod Crane. It was filmed on location in New York's Hudson River Valley.
The Headless Horseman (1934), a ComiColor Cartoon short produced by Ub Iwerks.
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949), an animated adaptation of the story directed by James Algar, Clyde Geronimi, and Jack Kinney, produced by Walt Disney Productions, and narrated by Bing Crosby. (It is paired with a similar treatment of Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows (1908).) The climactic ride is more extended than in the original story, and the possibility is stressed that the visually impressive Horseman is in fact a ghost rather than a human in disguise. Later the Sleepy Hollow portion of the film was separated from the companion film and shown separately as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1958).
Tales of Washington Irving, a one-hour animated television special, original airdate November 1, 1970, presented adaptations of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip van Winkle. Produced by Air Programs International (API)
A short animated version produced in 1972, narrated by John Carradine and shown in theaters a year later with Charlotte's Web (1973).
"The Headless Horseman of Halloween" (1976), an episode of The Scooby-Doo Show.
A CBS special titled Once Upon A Midnight Dreary featured an adaptation of the story, narrated by Vincent Price, featuring René Auberjonois as Ichabod Crane, Guy Boyd as Brom Bones, Pamela Brown as Katrina Van Tassell, and Robert Foster as the Headless Horseman.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1980), a television film directed by Henning Schellerup and filmed in Utah, with Jeff Goldblum as Ichabod Crane, Meg Foster as Katrina, and Richard Butkus as Brahm Bones. Executive producer Charles Sellier was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the movie.[10] The film, not closely adapted from the original story, depicts Crane as a skeptic regarding ghosts and the supernatural, although it foreshadows Tim Burton's similar 1999 treatment.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1985), an episode of Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales and Legends, stars Ed Begley, Jr. as Ichabod Crane, Beverly D'Angelo as Katrina Van Tassel, Tim Thomerson as Brom, and Charles Durning as Doffue Van Tassel, who is also the narrator. It was produced and hosted by Shelley Duvall.
Murder, She Wrote Season 3, Episode 11 "The Night of Headless Horseman", was aired on 1/4/1987 about a shy lovelorn poet (Thom Bray) was run down by headless horseman.
In 1988, PBS and Rabbit Ears Productions produced a multi-award-winning animated adaptation and a subsequent book depicting the story. The production was illustrated, directed, and adapted by Robert Van Nutt, composed by Tim Story, and narrated by Glenn Close.
An episode of The Real Ghostbusters, which featured a descendant of Ichabod Crane's, cursed by a headless apparition on a motorcycle who viciously pursues men to whom she is attracted.
The "Chopper", an episode of Kolchak: The Night Stalker, starring Darren McGavin, which features a headless motorcycle rider who decapitates his victims, an allusion to the traditional Headless Horseman legend.
"The Tale of the Midnight Ride", a season 3 episode of the Nickelodeon horror anthology television series Are You Afraid of the Dark?, serves as a sequel to the classic story. In this episode a boy named Ian Matthews moves to Sleepy Hollow, New York, where he develops a crush on Katie. One night after the Halloween dance, they see the ghost of Ichabod Crane and send him over the bridge that the Headless Horseman cannot cross, unintentionally prompting the Headless Horseman to pursue them instead of Crane.
"Sugar-Frosted Frights", an episode of Rocko's Modern Life, parodies the character as the Hopping Hessian, who carries his right leg instead of his head.
In "Halloween Hound: The Legend of Creepy Collars" (1997), the second-season premiere of the PBS series Wishbone, Wishbone imagines himself as Ichabod Crane and re-enacts the Headless Horseman story in his imagination when his owner, Joe Talbot, goes on a Halloween night scavenger hunt along with his two schoolmates, David Barnes and Samantha Kepler. In Wishbone's imagination, he is scared off by the Headless Horseman. Like the original story, the episode strongly implies that Brom is the Headless Horseman when his horse's collar resembles the Horseman's horse collar.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1999), a Canadian-American television film starring Brent Carver and Rachelle Lefevre. It was filmed in Montreal and directed by Pierre Gang.
Sleepy Hollow (1999), a feature film adaption directed by Tim Burton which takes many liberties with the plot and characters, changing Crane from the local schoolmaster into a police constable sent from New York City to investigate recent murders, and the Horseman is used as a weapon against the local landowners. Johnny Depp stars as Ichabod Crane, Christopher Walken plays the Headless Horseman, Christina Ricci plays Katrina, and Casper Van Dien plays Brom.
The Night of the Headless Horseman (1999), an hour-long, computer animated special using motion capture.
Sleepy Hollow High (2000), a B-rated, direct to video VHS and DVD horror film, in which a group of teenagers is sent to Sleepy Hollow Park Grounds to clean up vandalism and graffiti. They soon realize that someone is taking the Legend of Sleepy Hollow too far.
The Haunted Pumpkin of Sleepy Hollow (2002), a 45-minute animated special from PorchLight Entertainment.
The Hollow (2004), a TV movie that premiered on the ABC Family Channel, starring Kevin Zegers and Kaley Cuoco that focuses on a teenage descendant of Ichabod Crane.
"The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell" (2004), an episode of the TV show Charmed, in which a headless horseman murders the teachers at Magic School by beheading them.
Sleepy Hollow (2013), a mystery series co-created by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, Phillip Iscove, and Len Wiseman. In the series, Ichabod Crane is reimagined as an English professor and turncoat during the American Revolutionary War, who awakens in the 21st century and encounters the Headless Horseman, a felled mercenary Crane had decapitated 250 years prior. Crane teams up with Abbie Mills, a lieutenant in the town of Sleepy Hollow's sheriff's department, and together they try to stop the murderous Horseman (who is purportedly Death), and uncover a conspiracy involving supernatural forces.[11]
Stage and music adaptations[edit]
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"Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (2002), a play in two acts by Christopher Cook,[12] which made its European premiere in 2014 in Kent, England.
In Sleepy Hollow (1913), a piano suite by Eastwood Lane
Sleepy Hollow (1948), a Broadway musical, with music by George Lessner and book and lyrics by Russell Maloney and Miriam Battista. It lasted 12 performances.[13]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow[14] (1989), a one-act stage adaptation by Kathryn Schultz Miller.[15]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow for Speaker & Orchestra (1999), a 15-minute composition by Robert Lichtenberger; it premiered October 2001 by Lincoln's Symphony Orchestra conducted by Tyler White.
"Ride Of The Headless Horseman" (from The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow), a tone poem for orchestra by Robert Wendel was premiered in 2001 by the Queensland Symphony Orchestra.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Concert[16] (2004), part musical theater, radio drama, and festival, an annual production with music by Steven J. Smith, Jr. and lyrics by Jensen Oler and Smith; it premiered in Lehi, Utah at Olympic Park on October 8, 2004.[17]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2009), an opera, with music and libretto by Robert Milne; available for production through Arts Ascending, Inc.[18]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2009), an opera, with music by William Withem and libretto by Melanie Helton; it premiered March 27, 2009, in the Concert Auditorium at Michigan State University.[19]
Sleepy Hollow (2009), a musical with book and lyrics by Jim Christian and music by Tom Edward Clark. It premiered at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah on October 30, 2009.[20][21] It received the 2009 Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival Musical Theatre Award.[22]
Irving's Legend (2010–present) a dramatic retelling by Jonathan Kruk is a one-person performance staged by Historic Hudson Valley at the story's setting, The Old Dutch Church, during weekends in October.
The Hollow (2011). Book by Hunter Foster, music & lyrics by Matt Conner, directed by Matt Gardiner; premiered at Signature Theatre in Washington, DC (Eric Schaeffer, Artistic Director).[23]
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, adapted by Darkstuff Productions at the Bierkeller Theatre Bristol, England Christmas 2012.[24]
Legend of Sleepy Hollows, a novelty Doo-Wop song, recorded by Monotones of Book of Love fame
Legend of the Headless Rider is a song by Mercyful Fate, fronted by King Diamond, on their In the Shadows album.
"Sleepy Hollow" a thriller. Written by Jason Newkirk premiered in 2007 in Columbus, IN. Again in September 2017 at Gateway Center for the Arts in Debary, FL. As an annual Halloween event.
Undead Ahead is a song by Motionless in White, and appears on their album Creatures.
Head over Hills, a song by Blitzkid
Tarrytown Tales, a play by Sean P. Harrington.[25]
Audio adaptations[edit]
Ed Begley was the narrator for a recording on both LP and audio cassette by Caedmon Records.
Boris Karloff narrated a version of the story on a 1977 LP Mr. Pickwick Records, with original songs and sound effects.
Ronald Colman was the host and narrator for a radio adaptation on NBC's Favorite Story on July 2, 1946 (requested by Walter Huston as that actor's favorite story).
An adaptation was broadcast on September 19, 1947 on NBC University of the Air: American Novels.[26]
Martin Donegan was the narrator for a recording on CMS Records.
Hurd Hatfield was the narrator for a recording on Spoken Arts Records in the 1960s.
George Guidall was the narrator for a 1999 unabridged recording on CD for Recorded Books.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1998) - An abridged version narrated by Winifred Phillips and produced for the Radio Tales series on National Public Radio. The program was released on audiocassette by Durkin Hayes Publishing Ltd in 1998 as a part of both its DH Audio catalog and its "Paperback Audio" line.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2005). Produced by The Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air and released by Blackstone Audio. Faithfully adapted from the book by Washington Irving, this production has an elaborate music score by Jeffrey Gage, sound effects, and a full cast. Originally released as a "Halloween Pick" by Barnes & Noble bookstores, the production went on to win the Ogle Award for "Best Fantasy Production of 2005." The cast includes Lincoln Clark as Ichabod Crane, Joseph Zamparelli Jr. as Brom Bones, and Diane Capen as Katrina Van Tassel. The book was dramatized, produced and directed by Jerry Robbins. On Halloween 2005, the production was broadcast coast to coast on XM Radio's Sonic Theater, and repeated the following year. It continues to be one of Colonial's most popular titles in release.
BBC Radio 7 (and later BBC Radio 4 Extra) has repeatedly broadcast a three-part reading of the story with Martin Jarvis as the narrator.
Historic Hudson Valley[27] produced with Platters, a dramatic reading of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (2008) with musical effects by Matt Noble. Parent's Choice gave it the Silver award in 2009, noting; "Here, master storyteller Jonathan Kruk delivers the story as an audio book, with colorful eloquence backed by orchestral radiance. While remaining true to Irving’s original text, Kruk boosts the story’s energy through his highly skilled reading."[28]
"Ichabod Crane, Master of the Occult"[29] (2012) is a sequel to the original story, written by D. K. Thompson and produced by Marshal Latham on the Journey Into podcast.
Tom Mison, who plays Ichabod Crane in the television series Sleepy Hollow, was the narrator for a 2014 recording for Audible Studios.
Geographic impact[edit]
U.S. postage stamp of Legend of Sleepy Hollow, issued October 1974
Annually since 1996, before Halloween, the nonprofit organization Historic Hudson Valley has held "Legend Weekend", an event at the Philipsburg Manor House in Sleepy Hollow, featuring a rider portraying the Headless Horseman and a storyteller, Jonathan Kruk, retelling "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" as an historic celebration attended by thousands.
In 1997, the village of North Tarrytown, New York (as the village had been called since the late 19th century), where many events of the story took place, officially changed its name to Sleepy Hollow. Its high school teams are named "the Horsemen".
In 2006, a large statue depicting the Headless Horseman chasing Ichabod Crane was placed along Route 9 in Sleepy Hollow/Tarrytown, New York.
Place names[edit]
Town and village names:
Sleepy Hollow, Illinois, many of the street names reflect characters from the tale, and the image of the Headless Horseman can be found on many of the city's landmarks and publications.
Sleepy Hollow, Marin County, California, has Irving Drive, Legend Road, Ichabod Court, Katrina Lane, Van Tassel Court, Baltus Lane, Crane Drive, and Van Winkle Drive.
Subdivision names:
Bethel, Connecticut, "Sleepy Hollow Estates", Ichabod Lane, Legend Drive, and Katrina Circle.
Roanoke, Virginia, and Longwood, Florida, "Sleepy Hollow", street names such as Ichabod and Horseman.
Pearland, Texas, "Sleepy Hollow", street names such as Washington Irving Drive, Sleepy Hollow Drive, Crane Drive, Tarrytown Lane, and Brom Bones Boulevard.
Port Jervis, New York, Sleepy Hollow Road
Falls Church, Virginia, Street names Sleepy Hollow Road, Crane Drive, Ichabod Place, and Horseman Lane. There is also a Sleepy Hollow Park and Sleepy Hollow Bath & Racquet Club.
Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Road
Breinigsville, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Lane
Spinnerstown, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Road
Hampden Township, Pennsylvania, "Sleepy Hollow", Ichabod Court, Brom Court, and Katrina Court.
State Parks:
Sleepy Hollow State Park, Laingsburg, Michigan
Schools:
The Ichabod Crane School District, Valatie, New York. The school's sports teams are called "The Riders" and a silhouette of Ichabod Crane on his horse is often representative of the home team while a silhouette of the Headless Horseman is representative of the opponent. The wings in the junior high school are also named for characters and places, such as Katrina Van Tassel and Sleepy Hollow.
The Ichabod Crane Schoolhouse, Kinderhook, New York .
Sleepy Hollow Elementary
Orinda, California, has Washington Lane, Sleepy Hollow Lane, Tarry Lane, Van Ripper Lane, Van Tassel Lane, Tappan Lane, and Crane Court.
Pinson, Alabama's Sleepy Hollow Subdivision has Sleepy Hollow Drive
Rest Stop:
Sleepy Hollow Rest area
On the Far North Coast of NSW lies the sleepy hollow rest stop. There is a stop located either side of the road so that North and South bound traffic is able to stop. The northbound stop is located 58 km north of Ballina, NSW and the southbound stop is located 32 km south of Tweed Heads.
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Ghost films
Ghost stories
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, founded in 1849, is adjacent to the Old Dutch Burying Ground. They are separately owned and administered.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew. "The Politics of Sleepy Hollow". NYTimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Haughton, Brian (2012). Famous Ghost Stories: Legends and Lore.
Jump up ^ "Musäus Folktale". Readprint.com. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
Jump up ^ Ward, Harry M. The War of Independence and the Transformation of American Society. ISBN 185728657X.
Jump up ^ Kruk, Jonathan. Legends and Lore of Sleepy Hollow & the Hudson Valley. ISBN 1596297980.
Jump up ^ A letter from Merwin Irving was endorsed in Irving's handwriting "From Jesse Merwin, the original of Ichabod Crane". Life and Letters of Washington Irving. 3. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son. 1869. pp. 185–186.
Jump up ^ Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. New York: Basic Books. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-465-00853-7.
Jump up ^ Puertas, Manuel Herrero (2012). "Pioneers for the Mind: Embodiment, Disability, and the De-hallucination of American Empire". Atlantis. 34.1.
Jump up ^ Martin, Terence (1953). "Rip, Ichabod, and the American Imagination". American Literature. 31.2.
Jump up ^ "Charles Sellier, creator of 'Grizzly Adams,' dies at 67". Variety. February 3, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Genzlinger, Neil (September 15, 2013). "An Ichabod Crane With Backbone (but Can He Use an iPad?)". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cook, Christopher (2008). Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (A play in two acts). Authorhouse.
Jump up ^ "Sleepy Hollow (1948)". Internet Broadway Database.
Jump up ^ The Legend of Sleepy Hollow – Washington Irving – Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Legend of Sleepy Hollow One Act Play for Schools and Theatres!". childrenstheatre.easystorecreator.com. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". Stories in Concert. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in Concert: Production History". Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the opera". Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ The Legend of Sleepy Hollow: An MSU Opera – YouTube. March 26, 2009. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sleepy Hollow Legend Lives on at Regional Competition". weber.edu. 28 December 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Erica (October 25, 2009). "WSU creates musical of 'Sleepy Hollow' tale". Deseret News. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Michael Kanin Playwriting Awards for Festival Year 2009". March 10, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "signature-theatre.org". signature-theatre.org. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Darkstuff Productions". Darkstuff Productions. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tarrytown Tales by Sean P. Harrington". Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ digitaldeliftp.com. "The Definitive American Novels Radio Log". digitaldeliftp.com. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "hudsonvalley.org". hudsonvalley.org. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Parents Choice".
Jump up ^ Into, Journey (November 11, 2012). "Journey Into...: Journey #50 – Ichabod Crane, Master of the Occult by D.K. Thompson". Journeyintopodcast.blogspot.com. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Thomas S. Wermuth (2001). Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5084-8.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow original text with human-read audio.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" from The Harvard Classics (1917), hosted online at Bartleby.com.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" at American Literature.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow public domain audiobook at LibriVox
"Sleepy Hollow", a non-fiction description of the story's locale written by Washington Irving in 1839.
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Founded in 1849, it is adjacent to but separate from the Old Dutch Burying Ground.
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad on IMDb
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow on IMDb
Sleepy Hollow on IMDb
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Kent, England

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Caedmon Records

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National Public Radio

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Sonic Theater

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BBC Radio 7

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Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania

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Hampden Township, Pennsylvania

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Ghost films

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http://www.sleepyhollowopera.com

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http://www.signature-theatre.org/
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http://www.darkstuffproductions.com

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http://www.bartleby.com/310/2/2.html

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http://www.sleepyhollowcemetery.org

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Astoria (novel)

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values: Headless Horseman (Legend of Sleepy Hollow)

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https://d-nb.info/gnd/4617184-8

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