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Disney's Animal Kingdom
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Disney's Animal Kingdom

The Tree of Life is the icon of Disney's Animal Kingdom.
Location
Walt Disney World Resort, Bay Lake, Florida, United States
Coordinates
28°21′29″N 81°35′24″W / 28.358°N 81.59°W / 28.358; -81.59Coordinates: 28°21′29″N 81°35′24″W / 28.358°N 81.59°W / 28.358; -81.59
Theme
Natural environment and animal conservation
Owner
The Walt Disney Company
Operated by
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Opened
April 22, 1998; 19 years ago (1998-04-22)[1]
Operating season
Year-round
Website
Official website
Walt Disney World
Theme parks
Magic Kingdom
Epcot
Disney's Hollywood Studios
Disney's Animal Kingdom
Other attractions
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Disney's Animal Kingdom is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division, it is the largest theme park in the world, covering 580 acres (230 ha).[2][3][4][5] The park opened on Earth Day, April 22, 1998, and was the fourth theme park built at the resort. The park is dedicated and themed entirely around the natural environment and animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney himself.[6]
Disney's Animal Kingdom is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, which indicates they have met or exceeded the standards in education, conservation, and research.[7]
The park's icon is the Tree of Life, a 145-foot-tall (44 m), 50-foot-wide (15 m) artificial baob tree.
In 2015, it had 10.9 million visitors, ranking it the fourth-most visited amusement park in the United States, behind the other three Walt Disney World parks, and seventh-most visited in the world.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Dedication
2 History
3 Areas
3.1 Oasis
3.2 Discovery Island
3.3 Africa
3.4 Rafiki's Planet Watch
3.5 Asia
3.6 DinoLand U.S.A.
3.7 Pandora – The World of Avatar
4 Former and unbuilt areas
4.1 Camp Minnie-Mickey
4.2 Beastly Kingdom
5 Restaurants and shops
6 Operations
7 Conservation efforts
8 Controversy
8.1 Incidents
9 Attendance
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Dedication[edit]
Welcome to a kingdom of animals... real, ancient and imagined: a kingdom ruled by lions, dinosaurs and dragons; a kingdom of balance, harmony and survival; a kingdom we enter to share in the wonder, gaze at the beauty, thrill at the drama, and learn.
—  Michael D. Eisner, April 22, 1998[9][10][11][12]
History[edit]
Construction for Disney's Animal Kingdom began in 1990, a year after the opening of the Disney MGM Studios. To create the theme park Disney Imagineers traveled to Africa and Asia to study the landscapes and wildlife and installed large numbers of plants once the exhibits were built, holding areas were confined and the park's animals were bought in. Some others were donated and different dark rides and animatronics were engineered.
Areas[edit]
Main article: List of Disney's Animal Kingdom attractions
Disney's Animal Kingdom is divided into seven themed areas.
Discovery Island
Pandora – The World of Avatar
Africa
Asia
DinoLand U.S.A.
Oasis[edit]
The Oasis is the park's "main street" and provides the transition from the parking lot and world of man to the park and the world of animals. The main paths feature animals and dense vegetation and trees lead deeper into the park and then onto Discovery Island.
A Rainforest Cafe is located at the entrance prior to entering Oasis and the park proper through the turnstiles.[13]
Discovery Island[edit]
Scarlet macaws at Discovery Island
For the island and now closed attraction with the same name also in Walt Disney World, see Discovery Island (Bay Lake). For other islands named Discovery Island, see Discovery Island.
Discovery Island is located at the center of the park, in the middle of the Discovery River waterway. It is the "central hub" connecting the other sections of the park, with the exception of Rafiki's Planet Watch. It was originally called Safari Village, as Discovery Island was the name for the small zoological park located in Walt Disney World's Bay Lake, but renamed after that area closed in 1999.
The Tree of Life, the park's sculpted, man-made Baobab tree, is located in this section and is surrounded by trails and animal enclosures. Beneath the Tree of Life lies It's Tough to Be a Bug!, a 4D film based on the 1998 Disney·Pixar film, A Bug's Life.
The park's largest gift shops and two of its major restaurants are on Discovery Island.[14]
Africa[edit]
Africa is one of the original areas of the park. Set in the fictional east African port village of Harambe, this area contains several animal exhibits.[14] The village is the namesake of the Harambe Wildlife Preserve, the fictional home of Africa's main attraction, Kilimanjaro Safaris. Guests climb aboard an open-sided safari vehicle for an expedition to see African species in savanna, rivers and rocky hills. The safari features giraffes, lions, cheetahs, African elephants, zebras, wildebeest, cape buffalo, Nile crocodiles, ostriches, several species of antelope, and flamingos. On the adjacent Pangani Forest Exploration Trail, visitors trek into the forest where animals such as black-and-white colobus monkeys, gerenuks, gorillas, hippos, Kenyan sand boas, kori bustards, meerkats, naked mole-rats, okapis, tarantulas, and yellow-backed duikers, as well as an aviary, are located. On the western side of Africa is the Harambe Theater, which is home to the Festival of the Lion King, a stage attraction based on the 1994 Disney animated film.
An actress performing in the Festival of the Lion King
Rafiki's Planet Watch[edit]
Rafiki's Planet Watch is the only section of the park not connected to Discovery Island; it connects only to Africa. Guests board the 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge Wildlife Express Train for the short trip to and from the area, which consists of three sub-areas. Guests first encounter Habitat Habit!, where they can see cotton-top tamarins and learn about the efforts to protect these endangered primates in their natural homes. Along the way, guests can also learn how to provide animal habitats in and around their own homes.
Conservation Station showcases the various conservation efforts supported by the Walt Disney Company. It also gives a behind-the-scenes glimpse into Disney's Animal Kingdom's animal care facilities, including a veterinary examination room complete with a two-way communications system so the veterinary staff can answer guest questions. Outside, Affection Section is a petting zoo featuring goats, sheep, and other domesticated animals.
Asia[edit]
Entrance sign
Komodo dragon in Asia
Asia, the first expansion area added to Disney's Animal Kingdom, first opened in 1999. This area is set in the fictional kingdom of Anandapur (which means "Place of many delights" in Sanskrit and is named after the Kendujhar district's Anandapur municipality in India). Anandapur comprises two villages: a riverside village that is also called Anandapur and Serka Zong (which is in the foothills of the Himalayas). Portraits of Anandapur's royal family (consisting of the maharaja and his wife) can be found in most of the businesses within the two villages, a map of the kingdom featuring both villages and their location relative to the mountains and river can be found on the wall of the Disney Vacation Club kiosk located there. Much like Harambe, Anandapur is now a center of animal research and tourism.
The visual focal point of Asia is Expedition Everest: Legend of the Forbidden Mountain, a roller coaster ride through the Forbidden Mountain of the Himalayas where passengers encounter a Yeti. Nearby is Kali River Rapids, a river rapids ride along the Chakranadi River through a rainforest, past an illegal logging operation and down a waterfall. The Maharajah Jungle Trek leads guests through the forests and ruins outside the village, which are home to species such as bantengs, bar-headed geese, Bengal tigers, blackbucks, Eld's deer, gibbons, Large flying foxes, Komodo dragons and over 50 bird species.[citation needed] Flights of Wonder, a live bird show where one of Anandapur's bird researchers educates a tour guide with a fear of birds about natural bird behaviors and the effects of habitat loss and conservation efforts on bird species, such as the black crowned crane and bald eagle.
In between Asia and DinoLand U.S.A. on the banks of the park's Discovery River is Rivers of Light, a nighttime show featuring mist screens, water fountains, floating lanterns, music, and lighting.[15][16]
DinoLand U.S.A.[edit]
DinoLand U.S.A. is themed around dinosaurs and other extinct prehistoric life. The area is anchored by the Dino Institute, a fictitious palaeontological facility which is home to Dinosaur, a dark thrill ride featuring a harrowing trip through time to the Late Cretaceous Period. Just outside the Institute is "Dino-Sue", a casting of a Tyrannosaurus rex fossil that is the most complete yet found. At the nearby Boneyard, there is a multi-leveled playground area with a Columbian mammoth fossil to be uncovered and a cast skeleton of a Brachiosaurus. Adjacent to the Institute and its surrounding facilities, is Chester and Hester's Dino-Rama, which recalls the many roadside attractions that were once scattered throughout the United States. The area features Primeval Whirl, a spinning roller coaster loosely inspired by the Dinosaur attraction, the TriceraTop Spin ride, carnival games and gift shops. At the eastern edge of DinoLand U.S.A. is the Theater in the Wild, which hosts Finding Nemo – The Musical, a live-action musical stage show based on the story of the 2003 Disney·Pixar feature film.
Like the other sections of Disney's Animal Kingdom, there are animals on display. The animals, such as the American crocodile, red legged seriemas, Abdim's stork and Asian brown tortoise, have evolutionary links to the age of the dinosaurs. They are animal species that have survived since the dinosaur era and can be found along the Cretaceous Trail along with a collection of Mesozoic plants. The area was sponsored by McDonald's until 2009.[17]
Pandora – The World of Avatar[edit]
Main article: Pandora – The World of Avatar
Pandora – The World of Avatar is themed to the fictional alien exoplanetary moon, Pandora, from James Cameron's Avatar series. The land's marquee attraction is Avatar Flight of Passage, a 3D augmented reality flight simulator that allows guests to fly on a banshee across the Pandoran landscape.[18] Another attraction, the Na'vi River Journey, places guests aboard a boat ride through Pandora's bioluminescent rainforests.[19][20] The area opened on May 27, 2017.[21][22]
Former and unbuilt areas[edit]
Camp Minnie-Mickey[edit]
Camp Minnie-Mickey was themed as a rustic summer camp, built as a placeholder on the location where Beastly Kingdom was intended to be built. It served as a meet-and-greet for Disney characters including Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Koda, and Thumper. The area's main attraction was the Festival of the Lion King, a live stage show featuring acrobatics and musical performances inspired by The Lion King. It currently plays in Africa's Harambe Theater. Pocahontas and Her Forest Friends, based on the 1995 animated film, was a live stage show that ran from April 22, 1998, to September 27, 2008. The area closed on January 5, 2014, and was replaced by Pandora–The World of Avatar.[23]
Beastly Kingdom[edit]
When conceived, Disney's Animal Kingdom was to focus on three broad classifications of animals: those that exist in today's reality; those that did exist but are now extinct (i.e., dinosaurs); and those that only exist in the realm of fantasy.[24] The original design for Animal Kingdom included a themed section called the Beastly Kingdom (possibly spelled as "Beastly Kingdomme"), devoted to creatures of legend and mythology. Camp Minnie-Mickey was built instead of Beastly Kingdom and was meant to serve as a temporary placeholder until Beastly Kingdom could be built.
Beastly Kingdom was to feature mythical animals such as unicorns, dragons, and sea monsters, featuring realms of both good and evil creatures:
The evil side was to be dominated by Dragon Tower, a ruined castle home to a greedy fire-breathing dragon who hoarded a fabulous treasure in the tower chamber. The castle was also inhabited by bats who planned to rob the dragon of his riches. They were to enlist the guests' help in their scheme and whisk them off on a thrilling suspended roller coaster ride through the castle ruins. The climax of the ride was to be an encounter with the evil dragon himself, resulting in a nearly barbecued train of guests.[25]
The good side was to be home to Quest of the Unicorn, an adventure that would send guests through a maze of medieval mythological creatures to seek the hidden grotto where the unicorn lives. Finally, the Fantasia Gardens attraction was to be a musical boat ride through animal scenes from Disney's animated classic, Fantasia. The ride was to feature both the crocodiles and hippos from "Dance of the Hours" and the Pegasus, fauns, and centaurs from Beethoven's "Pastoral."[24][26]
In 2000, Walt Disney Imagineer Joe Rohde said: "We had a vision and now it's become a placeholder. We have all kinds of ideas and not all of them fit with the theme of Beastly Kingdom. I'm not even convinced there will be a Beastly Kingdom."[27]
Restaurants and shops[edit]
Tusker House in Africa section.
Rainforest Cafe at Disney's Animal Kingdom.
The park contains four table service restaurants:
Rainforest Cafe, a themed restaurant chain operated by Landry's, located just outside the main entrance (also accessible from inside the park).
Yak & Yeti, an Asian-themed restaurant located in the park's Asia section (operated by Landry's Restaurants) that opened on November 14, 2007.
Tusker House, located in Africa and one of the park's original quick-service restaurants, was converted into a buffet restaurant and re-opened on November 17, 2007.
Tiffins, located on Discovery Island, was opened on May 27, 2016 and features the themed Nomad Lounge adjacent to it.
Tusker House hosts "Donald's Safari Breakfast" and "Donald's Dining Safari Lunch," a character-dining event where guests enjoy a buffet while meeting Donald Duck and other Disney characters.
There are seven quick-service restaurants located throughout the park:
Flame Tree Barbecue, on Discovery Island
Pizzafari, on Discovery Island
Satu'li Canteen, in Pandora – The World of Avatar
Restaurantosaurus, in DinoLand USA
Tamu Tamu Refreshments, in Africa
Harambe Market, in Africa
Yak & Yeti Local Foods Café, in Asia
As with other Walt Disney World theme parks, Disney's Animal Kingdom has other locations and carts that offer snacks and beverages.
Operations[edit]
Much concern was brought to the animals' well-being when the park originally opened.[28] The park typically closed earlier in the day than other parks in the Walt Disney World Resort; Animal Kingdom began to stay open through the evening on May 27, 2016.[29]
Disney does not allow plastic straws, lids, or balloons to be used in the park, unlike the rest of the Disney parks. This is so that plastic does not inadvertently enter an animal's habitat and hurt them. Instead, the park uses paper straws and offers lids for hot drinks only.[30]
Unlike the three other theme parks at Walt Disney World, the restrooms at Disney's Animal Kingdom all have doors at their entrances. This practice is in place for caution in the unlikely event of an animal ever escaping, this way guests will be able to keep themselves safe inside.[31]
Conservation efforts[edit]
As a zoological park, Disney's Animal Kingdom is engaged in research and conservation efforts involving its animal species. Since the park's opening in 1998, the resident elephant herd has produced seven calves, with births in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008,[32] 2010,[33] 2011 and 2016. In 2008, the park's giraffe herd produced four newborns, raising the total number of giraffe births since opening to eleven.[34]
In 1999, one of the park's white rhino gave birth to a female calf named Nande.[35] In 2006, Nande and Hasani, another of the park's rhinos, were transferred to Uganda's Ziwa animal sanctuary, in the first attempt to re-introduce white rhinos to the country. Due to civil strife, the white rhinoceros had become extinct in the area.[35] In June 2009, Nande gave birth to a male calf, the first such birth in Uganda in over 25 years.[35] By January 2010, eight white rhinos had been born at Animal Kingdom since the park's opening; the most recent was born to another Animal Kingdom-born mother.[36]
Controversy[edit]
Even in planning stages, various Florida-based animal rights groups and PETA did not like the idea of Disney creating a theme park where animals were held in captivity. The groups protested, and PETA tried to convince travel agents not to book trips to the park.[37] A few weeks before the park opened, a number of animals died due to accidents. The United States Department of Agriculture viewed most of the cases and found no violations of animal-welfare regulations.[38] On opening day, the Orange County Sheriff's office sent about 150 deputies; about two dozen protesters showed up. The protest lasted two hours, and there were no arrests.[39]
One year after the park opened, Animal Rights Foundation of Florida complained that a New Year's Eve fireworks show could upset the animals. A USDA inspector came to the park and found no problems with launching low-noise fireworks half a mile away.[40]
In January 2015, an animal rights group listed the park at number 10 on its 2014 "list of worst zoos for elephants."[41]
Incidents[edit]
In October 2014, a snake dropped out of a tree and bit a boy, precipitating the death of his great-grandmother who suffered cardiac arrest as a reaction to the attack. A lawsuit was threatened because of this incident but was never filed. The park confirmed that the snake that bit the boy was a non-venomous indigenous snake, and that it did not escape from an enclosure.[42]
Attendance[edit]
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Worldwide rank
9,540,000[43] 9,590,000[44] 9,686,000[45] 9,783,000[46] 9,998,000 [47] 10,198,000[48] 10,402,000 [49] 10,922,000[8] 10,844,000 [50] 7
See also[edit]
Disney's Animal Kingdom attraction and entertainment history
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
The Kingdom Keepers - The second book of this fiction series is set in the Animal Kingdom.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Rubin, Judith; Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Beth; Cheu, Linda; Elsea, Daniel; LaClair, Kathleen; Lock, Jodie; Linford, Sarah; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Pincus, Jeff; Robinett, John; Sands, Brian; Selby, Will; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris. "TEA/AECOM 2014 Theme Index & Museum Index: The Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). aecom.com. Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). Retrieved June 4, 2015.
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 315139366
LCCN: n98068863
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List of Solar System objects
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Solar System
Objects
by orbit
by size
by discovery date
Lists
Gravitationally-rounded
(equilibrium) objects
Possible dwarf planets
Moons (natural satellites)
Minor planets
Comets
Asteroids
Planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Solar System portal
Star portal
v
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Euler diagram showing the types of bodies orbiting the Sun
The following is a list of Solar System objects by orbit, ordered by increasing distance from the Sun. Most named objects in this list have a diameter of 500 km or more.
The Sun, a spectral class G2V main-sequence star
The inner Solar System and the terrestrial planets
Mercury
Mercury-crosser asteroids
Venus
Venus-crosser asteroids
2002 VE68, Venus's quasi-satellite
Earth
Moon
Near-Earth asteroids (including 99942 Apophis)
Earth trojan (2010 TK7)
Earth-crosser asteroids
Earth's quasi-satellites
Mars
Deimos
Phobos
Mars trojans
Mars-crosser asteroids
Asteroids in the asteroid belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
Ceres, a dwarf planet
Pallas
Vesta
Hygiea
Asteroids number in the hundreds of thousands. For longer lists, see list of notable asteroids, list of asteroids, or list of objects by mass.
Asteroid moons
A number of smaller groups distinct from the asteroid belt
The outer Solar System with the giant planets, their satellites, trojan asteroids and some minor planets
Jupiter
Rings of Jupiter
Complete list of Jupiter's natural satellites
Io
Europa
Ganymede
Callisto
Jupiter trojans
Jupiter-crossing minor planets
Saturn
Rings of Saturn
Complete list of Saturn's natural satellites
Mimas
Enceladus
Tethys (trojans: Telesto and Calypso)
Dione (trojans: Helene and Polydeuces)
Rhea
Rings of Rhea
Titan
Hyperion
Iapetus
Phoebe
Saturn-crossing minor planets
Uranus
Rings of Uranus
Complete list of Uranus's natural satellites
Miranda
Ariel
Umbriel
Titania
Oberon
Uranus trojan (2011 QF99)
Uranus-crossing minor planets
Neptune
Rings of Neptune
Complete list of Neptune's natural satellites
Proteus
Triton
Nereid
Neptune trojans
Neptune-crossing minor planets
Non-trojan minor planets
Centaurs
Damocloids
Trans-Neptunian objects (beyond the orbit of Neptune)
Kuiper-belt objects (KBOs)
Plutinos
Pluto, a dwarf planet
Complete list of Pluto's natural satellites
Charon
90482 Orcus
Vanth
Twotinos
Cubewanos (classical objects)
Haumea, a dwarf planet
Namaka
Hi'iaka
50000 Quaoar
Weywot
120347 Salacia
20000 Varuna
Makemake, a dwarf planet
Scattered-disc objects
Eris, a dwarf planet
Dysnomia
(225088) 2007 OR10
(84522) 2002 TC302
(87269) 2000 OO67
Detached objects
2004 XR190
90377 Sedna (possibly inner Oort cloud)
2012 VP113 (possibly inner Oort cloud)
Oort cloud (hypothetical)
Hills cloud/inner Oort cloud
Outer Oort cloud
The Solar System also contains:
Comets (icy bodies with eccentric orbits)
List of periodic comets
List of non-periodic comets
Small objects, including:
Meteoroids
Interplanetary dust
Helium focusing cone, around the Sun
Human-made objects orbiting the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Saturn, including active artificial satellites and space junk
Heliosphere, a bubble in space produced by the solar wind
Heliosheath
Heliopause
Hydrogen wall, a pile up of hydrogen from the interstellar medium
See also[edit]
List of moons
List of Solar System objects by size
List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun in 2015
Planetary rings
hide
v
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The Solar System
The Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Ceres
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Haumea
Makemake
Eris
Planets
Terrestrial planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Giant planets
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Dwarf planets
Ceres
Pluto
Haumea
Makemake
Eris
Rings
Jovian
Saturnian (Rhean)
Charikloan
Chironean
Uranian
Neptunian
Haumean
Moons
Terrestrial
Moon
other near-Earth objects
Martian
Phobos
Deimos
Jovian
Ganymede
Callisto
Io
Europa
all 69
Saturnian
Titan
Rhea
Iapetus
Dione
Tethys
Enceladus
Mimas
Hyperion
Phoebe
all 62
Uranian
Titania
Oberon
Umbriel
Ariel
Miranda
all 27
Neptunian
Triton
Proteus
Nereid
all 14
Plutonian
Charon
Nix
Hydra
Kerberos
Styx
Haumean
Hiʻiaka
Namaka
Makemakean
S/2015 (136472) 1
Eridian
Dysnomia
Lists
Solar System objects
By size
By discovery date
Minor planets
Gravitationally rounded objects
Possible dwarf planets
Natural satellites
Comets
Small Solar
System bodies
Meteoroids
Minor planets
moons
Comets
Damocloids
Mercury-crossers
Venus-crossers
Venus trojans
Near-Earth objects
Earth-crossers
Earth trojans
Mars-crossers
Mars trojans
Asteroid belt
Asteroids
first discovered: Ceres
Pallas
Juno
Vesta
Families
Notable asteroids
Kirkwood gap
Main-belt comets
Jupiter trojans
Jupiter-crossers
Centaurs
Saturn-crossers
Uranus trojans
Uranus-crossers
Neptune trojans
Cis-Neptunian objects
Trans-Neptunian objects
Neptune-crossers
Plutoids
Kuiper belt
Plutinos
Cubewanos
Scattered disc
Detached objects
Sednoids
Hills cloud
Oort cloud
Hypothetical
objects
Vulcan
Vulcanoids
Phaeton
Planet V
Theia
Fifth giant
Planets beyond Neptune
Tyche
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Exploration
(outline)
Discovery
Astronomy
Timeline
Spaceflight
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Outline of the Solar System
Portals
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Astronomy
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Cosmology
Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".
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Heliopause (astronomy)

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Brick (electronics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with early "brick" style mobile phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC, or the Canadian retailer The Brick which sells, among other things, electronics.
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Look up brick in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The word "brick", when used in reference to consumer electronics, describes an electronic device such as a smartphone, game console, router, or tablet computer that, due to a serious misconfiguration, corrupted firmware, or a hardware problem, can no longer function, hence, is as technologically useful as a brick.[1]
The term derives from the vaguely cuboid shape of many electronic devices (and their detachable power supplies) and the suggestion that the device can function only as a lifeless, square object, paperweight or doorstop.
This term is commonly used as a verb. For example, "I bricked my MP3 player when I tried to modify its firmware." It can also be used as a noun, for example, "If it's corrupted and you apply using fastboot, your device is a brick."
In the common usage of the term, "bricking" suggests that the damage is so serious as to have rendered the device permanently unusable.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cause and prevention
2 Types
2.1 Hard brick
2.2 Soft brick
3 Unbricking
4 Systems
5 Online and mobile services
6 References
Cause and prevention[edit]
Bricking a device is usually a result of interrupting an attempt to update the device. Many devices have an update procedure that must not be interrupted before completion; if interrupted by a power failure, user intervention, or any other reason, the existing firmware may be partially overwritten and unusable. The risk of corruption can be minimized by taking all possible precautions against interruption.
Installing firmware with errors or for a different revision of the hardware, or installing firmware incompetently patched such as DVD firmware that only plays DVDs sold in a particular region, can also cause bricking.
Devices can also be bricked by malware (malicious software)[3] and sometimes by running software not intentionally harmful but with errors that cause damage.
Some devices include two copies of firmware, one active and the other stored in fixed ROM or writable non-volatile memory and not normally accessible to processes that could corrupt it, as well as a way to copy the stored firmware over the active version, even if corrupt, so that if the active firmware is damaged, it can be replaced by the copy and the device will not be bricked. Other devices have minimal "bootloader" firmware, enabled usually by operating a switch or jumper, which does not enable the device to work normally but can reload the main firmware.
A personal computer can be bricked by a loss of power during a Windows Update process, or by installing a faulty device driver.
Types[edit]
Bricking is classified into two types, namely hard and soft, depending on the device's ability to function.[1]
Hard brick[edit]
Hard bricked devices generally show little to no signs of life. A hard bricked device doesn't power on or show any vendor logo, in essence, the screen remains turned off. Some of the major reasons for hard bricking are installing firmware not made for the device, interrupted flashing procedure or following a flashing procedure incorrectly.
Some other reasons include flashing a root file for a different file or using wrong commands. Some kernel bugs[4] have been known that affect the /data partition in the eMMC chip, which gets corrupted during certain operations such as wiping and flashing.
Recovering from a hard brick is generally considered difficult and requires the use of a more direct programming interface to the controller; such an interface exists as there must be a way to program the initial firmware on an unprogrammed device. However, additional tools or connections may be needed.
Apart from that, there are different stages of a bricked device. There are different steps to resolve this issue and this includes: Analyzing the problem, also needs some changes on your PC, analyzing the process, and at which stage your hard brick device is. [5]
Soft brick[edit]
A "soft bricked" device may show signs of life, but boots unsuccessfully or may display an error screen. Soft bricked devices can usually be fixed; for example, a soft bricked iOS device may display a screen instructing the user to plug it into a computer to perform an operating system recovery using iTunes software.[6]
Unbricking[edit]
Some devices that become "bricked" because the contents of their nonvolatile memory are incorrect can be "unbricked" using separate hardware (a debug board) that accesses this memory directly.[7] This is similar to the procedure for loading firmware into a new device when the memory is still empty. This kind of "bricking" and "unbricking" occasionally happens during firmware testing and development. In other cases software and hardware procedures, often complex, have been developed that have a good chance of unbricking the device. There is no general method; each device is different. There are also user-created modifier programs to use on bricked or partially bricked devices to make them functional. Examples include the Wiibrew program BootMii used to fix semi-bricked Nintendo Wiis, the Odin program used to flash firmware on Samsung android devices,[8] or the fastboot Android protocol which is capable of reflashing a device with no software installed.[8]
A soft bricked rooted Kindle Fire can be unbricked by using unrooting tools.
A personal computer may be unbricked by using System restore or backup.
Systems[edit]
In principle any device with rewritable firmware, or certain crucial settings stored into flash or EEPROM memory, can be bricked. Many, but not all, devices with user-updatable firmware have protection against bricking; devices intended to be updated only by official service personnel generally do not.
Amongst devices known to have bricking issues are: older PCs (more recent models often have dual BIOSes or some other form of protection), many mobile phones, handheld game consoles like the PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DS, video game consoles like the Nintendo Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, many SCSI devices and some lines of hard disk drives and routers.[citation needed]
At least some older consumer market router models can become unresponsive when the user tries to define a subnet mask that does not contain one contiguous run of 1s and then 0s. If even a single bit is set so that it breaks one of the runs, the router may become bricked, unresponsive to any standard troubleshooting or resolving procedures listed in the manual. Unbricking the router may require opening the case, shorting some jumper pins on the board, then connecting the router by the USB cable to an old PC with USB 1.1 hardware, running a special DOS level program supplied by the manufacturer, and powering the router up. This procedure will flash the router to factory settings and original firmware.[citation needed]
Electric cars such as the Tesla Roadster can brick if the battery is completely discharged.[9]
Sometimes an interrupted flash upgrade of a PC motherboard will brick the board, for example, due to a power outage (or user impatience) during the upgrade process. It is sometimes possible to unbrick such a motherboard, by scavenging a similar but otherwise broken board for a BIOS chip in the hopes that the BIOS will work even halfway, far enough to boot from floppy. Then it will be possible to retry the flash process. Sometimes it is possible to boot from a floppy, then swap the old presumably dead BIOS chip in and reflash it.[10] On some Gigabyte boards, it can also be possible to reflash the bricked main BIOS using a backup BIOS.[11]
Online and mobile services[edit]
Many newer systems capable of accessing online services (such as the Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and iPhone) have internal hardware-based unique identifiers, allowing individual systems to be tracked over a network and banned from accessing certain online services. Banned systems usually continue to operate for purposes unrelated to the online service, but they are often considered "bricked" by users of the online service.[citation needed]
Mobile telephones have a fixed identification code, the IMEI; a telephone reported stolen can have its IMEI blocked by networks—effectively bricked—although anyone with the necessary expertise and equipment can usually change the IMEI.[12]
In 2011, US Senator Chuck Schumer (D-NY) proposed that phones be "bricked" when reported stolen.[13] Some local police chiefs agreed.[14] However, in 2013, this was rejected by mobile carriers because "If created, this capability would be in every handset and the 'kill' message would be known to every operator and therefore could not be kept secret." Which could be an issue if it fell into the hands of someone with malicious intent.[15]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Big Android Dictionary: A Glossary of Terms You Should Know". WonderHowTo. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ CATB.ORG Jargon File
Jump up ^ "Is it possible to recover a bricked computer?". superuser.com. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Hard Brick Bug on Galaxy S II and Note Leaked ICS Kernels". xda-developers. 2012-05-18. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Unbricking a Hard Bricked Android Device". Dot Android.
Jump up ^ "If you can't update or restore your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch". Apple Support. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ Neo1973 Debug Board v2/Unbricking - Openmoko
^ Jump up to: a b Unbrick Android phones and tablets
Jump up ^ Tesla Motors' Devastating Design Problem
Jump up ^ "[motherboard] Bricked motherboard after bios update - Computer Hardware Help | DSLReports Forums". DSL Reports. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ "--GIGABYTE--DUAL BIOS WEB". www.gigabyte.com. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Thieves can now change IMEI number".
Jump up ^ Helmbreck, Valerie (2011-08-23). Senator wants stolen cellphones "bricked". Finance Tech News, 23 August 2011. Retrieved from http://www.financetechnews.com/senator-wants-stolen-cellphones-bricked/.
Jump up ^ Segraves, Mark (2012-02-10). MPD fights robbery surge, seeks new FCC rule to 'brick' stolen smart phones. WJLA-TV News, 10 February 2012. Retrieved from http://www.wjla.com/articles/2012/02/mpd-fights-robbery-surge-seeks-new-fcc-rule-72491.html.
Jump up ^ "Mobile carriers pull the plug on anti-theft 'kill switch' for smartphones". IT Pro Portal. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brick_(electronics)&oldid=800797165"
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Rhode Island Red
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Rhode Island White.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Rhode Island Red
Rhode Island Red rooster
Conservation status
Livestock Conservancy: watch[1]
Other names
Rhode Islands
Country of origin
United States
Use
Dual purpose layer breed
Traits
Weight
Male: 8.7 pounds (3.9 kg)
Female: 6.5 pounds (2.9 kg)
Skin color
Yellow
Egg color
Brown
Comb type
Single
Classification
APA
American
PCGB
soft feather: heavy[2]
Chicken
Gallus gallus domesticus
The Rhode Island Red is an American breed of domestic chicken. It was developed in the late nineteenth century in Massachusetts and Rhode Island by cross-breeding birds of Oriental origin such as the Malay with brown Leghorn birds from Italy. It was formerly a dual-purpose breed, raised both for meat and for eggs; modern strains have been bred for their egg-laying abilities. The traditional non-industrial strains of the Rhode Island Red are listed as "watch" by The Livestock Conservancy.[1]
The Rhode Island Red is the state bird of Rhode Island.[3][4] It is one of only three state birds that is not a species native to the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Characteristics
3 Use
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
History[edit]
Hen
Rooster
The Rhode Island Red were originally bred in Adamsville, a village located in the town of Little Compton, Rhode Island. Adamsville is adjacent to Westport, Massachusetts, where some of the original breeders lived. One of the foundation sires of the breed was a black-breasted red Malay cock which was imported from England. This cock is on display at the Smithsonian Institution as the father of the Rhode Island Red breed.[citation needed]
Developed in southeastern Rhode Island and the South Coast of Massachusetts, early flocks often had both single and rose combed individuals. It was from the Malay that the Rhode Island Red got its deep color, strong constitution, and relatively hard feathers.[5]
The name "Rhode Island Red" is ascribed to Isaac Champlin Wilbour (1831–1899) of Little Compton, Rhode Island at an unknown date, or to a Mr. Jenny of the Southern Massachusetts Poultry Association in 1879 or 1880. The poultry expert Nathaniel Borden Aldrich (1866–1908) of Fall River, Massachusetts suggested the name "Golden Buffs" around 1890, but by 1895 they were being exhibited under the name "Rhode Island Red." Before this they were known as "John Macomber fowls" or "Tripp fowls."[6]
In 1925, the Rhode Island Red Club of America donated funds for an elegant monument to the Rhode Island Red in Adamsville. (The monument is now on the National Register of Historic Places.) A competing monument to the Rhode Island Red, claiming its creation not for the poultry fanciers, but for the farmers who grew them commercially in great numbers in Little Compton, was erected by the state in 1988 a mile or so (about two kilometers) south of Adamsville.[clarification needed][7]
Characteristics[edit]
The bird's feathers are rust-colored, however darker shades are known, including maroon bordering on black. Rhode Island Reds have red-orange eyes, reddish-brown beaks, and yellow feet and legs, often with a bit of reddish hue on the toes and sides of the shanks. Chicks are a light red to tan color. The roosters usually weigh in at about 8.7 pounds (3.9 kg), the hens average slightly less at 6.5 pounds (2.9 kg).[5]
Use[edit]
The Rhode Island Red was developed as dual-purpose breed, to provide both meat and eggs. Since about 1940, it has been selectively bred predominantly for egg-laying qualities, and the modern industrial Rhode Island Red is a layer breed. Rhode Island Reds have been used in the creation of many modern hybrid breeds, mainly due to the prolific egg laying abilities of the Rhode Island Red.[citation needed]
The traditional dual-purpose "old-type" Rhode Island Red lays 200–300 brown eggs per year, and yields rich-flavored meat suitable for making chicken stew.[1][8] It is included in the Ark of Taste of the Slow Food Foundation.[8]
See also[edit]
Birds portal
Rhode Island portal
Blue Hen of Delaware
Delayed feathering in chickens
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Conservation Priority List. The Livestock Conservancy. Accessed February 2017.
Jump up ^ Breed Classification. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Accessed August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rhode Island State Bird - Rhode Island Red". 50states.com. 1954-05-03. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Rhode Island Red's Success". The Sydney Morning Herald. April 1, 1938. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Poultry Breeds - Rhode Island Red Chickens". Ansi.okstate.edu. 1997-06-26. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
Jump up ^ Hale, Dwight Edward. 1911. Standard-Bred Rhode Island Reds, Rose and Single Comb: Their Practical Qualities; the Standard Requirements; How to Judge Them; How to Mate and Breed for Best Results. Quincy, IL: Reliable Poultry Journal Publishing Company, p. 11.
Jump up ^ "Statues Honor Doughnuts, Chickens". Toledo Blade. Feb 25, 1666. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Old-Type" Rhode Island Red chicken. Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity. Accessed February 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Raymond, Francine (2001). The Big Book of Garden Hens. Kitchen Garden Books. ISBN 0-9532857-3-1. OCLC 650414762.
Damerow, Gail (1995). Storey's Guide to Raising Chickens. Pownal, Vt.: Storey Books. ISBN 978-1580173254 (paperback). OCLC 43913153.
Media related to Rhode Island Red at Wikimedia Commons
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