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Callie Torres
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Callie Torres
Grey's Anatomy character
The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres
First appearance
"What Have I Done to Deserve This?"
2x19, February 26, 2006
(as recurring cast)
"Time Has Come Today"
3x01, September 21, 2006
(as main cast)
Last appearance
"Family Affair"
12x24, May 19, 2016
(as main cast)
Created by
Shonda Rhimes
Portrayed by
Sara Ramirez
Information
Full name
Calliope Iphegenia Torres
Nickname(s)
Callie
Torres
Ortho Goddess
Aliases
Calliope Plantain [1]
Callie O'Malley (married name)
Occupation
Attending orthopedic surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital
Title
Chief of Orthopedic Surgery
Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital
M.D.
Family
Carlos Torres (father)
Lucia Torres (mother)
Aria Torres (sister)
Spouse(s)
George O'Malley (divorced, deceased)
Arizona Robbins (divorced)
Significant other(s)
Mark Sloan (deceased)
Erica Hahn
Alex Karev
Penelope Blake
Children
Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres
Religion
Catholicism
Calliope Iphegenia "Callie" Torres, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the ABC in the United States. The character was created by series' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez. She was introduced in season two, as a senior orthopedic resident, as a love interest for intern George O'Malley (T.R. Knight). Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon, the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis, but received star billing in the third season.
Torres was initially conceived as a love interest, and eventual wife, for O'Malley, and was created to be disliked by her colleagues. Further storylines include relationships between her and plastic surgeon, Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith), as well as a marriage to pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw). The character's bisexual storyline with Hahn and Robbins, and her development later in the series has garnered much acclaim.
Ramirez's portrayal of Torres has been widely praised by television critics and the character gained significant popularity as the series progressed. Ramirez was nominated for several awards for her portrayal of Torres, including the Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series. The character was ranked at no. 7 by AfterEllen.com in the list of "Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters." At the end of the show's twelfth season, Ramirez departed the show after ten years, desiring to take a break.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
2 Development
2.1 Casting and creation
2.2 Characterization
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Storylines[edit]
Callie Torres is introduced as an orthopedic surgery resident with a crush on intern George O'Malley (T.R. Knight). The two start a relationship and Torres moves into Meredith's house (Meredith and Izzie Stevens lived there as well). Uneased at the way their relationship is progressing, O'Malley confronts her, which results in her moving into a hotel. In the aftermath of the breakup, she meets and has a one-night stand with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), who becomes her friend. Torres and O'Malley subsequently reconcile, and the two marry in Las Vegas on the spur of the moment. Confused, O'Malley confides to fellow intern Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), about his relationship woes over alcohol, leading to a drunken sexual encounter between the two. Torres remains unaware of his sexual encounter, but becomes increasingly suspicious, and announces her desire to conceive a child. Shortly thereafter, however, she discovers that O'Malley has been unfaithful, ending their marriage. Though her personal life is troubled, Torres thrives professionally when she is appointed as the hospital's Chief Resident. However, she soon begins struggling to cope in the role, and is demoted soon thereafter.
Torres forms a friendship with Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith), the hospital's new chief of cardiothoracic surgery. The two embark on a relationship when Hahn jokingly kisses Torres in an elevator to tease Sloan. Neither has been with another woman before, and Torres struggles with her bisexuality, and cheats on her with Sloan. She is initially forgiven, but after an argument about work, Hahn resigns from Seattle Grace, ending their relationship. New pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) kisses her, and they begin dating. Their relationship is tested when Torres comes out to her father, Carlos, who disowns her, cutting her off both financially and emotionally. When she is not granted a position as an attending, she publicly berates the chief, Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), and resigns from her post. She begins working at the neighboring Mercy West hospital, and when the two hospitals merge, she is promoted to an attending surgeon. Torres' father returns yet again, to condemn her, but ultimately accepts her sexuality. When Torres explains her desire to bear children, Robbins expresses disappointment, and their differing stances on the matter lead them to break up. Soon thereafter, a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital, and, relieved to have survived, Torres and Robbins reconcile, with Robbins agreeing that they should have children together.
When Robbins wins a prestigious grant to help treat children in Malawi, a disgruntled Torres agrees to move there with her, as the position will last for three years; however, her lack of enthusiasm causes Robbins to end their relationship and go without her. A heartbroken Torres moves in with Sloan, and they have a one-night stand. Robbins returns for Torres, apologizing and hoping for forgiveness, but Torres initially rebuffs her, and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan's baby. Robbins agrees to raise the child with her, but dislikes that Sloan will be a permanent part of their lives. En route a weekend getaway, Robbins proposes to Torres, but before Torres can reply, the two are in a head-on collision with a truck, leaving Torres severely injured. In an attempt to save her life, obstetrician-gynecologist Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh), delivers Torres's premature baby. Torres survives, and agrees to marry Robbins. After twelve weeks of recovery, both Torres and baby Sofia are discharged and allowed to leave the hospital. Torres recovers from her surgery, but deals with the backlash from her mother (Gina Gallego)'s attitude toward the wedding and her granddaughter. Torres and Robbins marry in a garden after the minister's wife falls ill, with general surgeon Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson), officiating the ceremony.
In the aftermath of a plane accident that killed Sloan and Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Torres is forced to make the decision to have Alex Karev amputate Robbins's left leg to keep her alive, which puts strains on their relationship. The hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence. Each victim, including Robbins, Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), and Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) must receive $15 million of compensation, which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurances refuse to pay. These doctors and Torres buy the hospital with the help of the Harper-Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing, and each become members of the new directing board. Everything seems to go well for Arizona and Callie, until a big storm hits the hospital now named after Mark Sloan and Lexie Grey. In the last episode of the ninth season, Arizona cheats on Callie with Dr. Lauren Boswell (Hilarie Burton). Callie soon discovers Arizona's infidelity by seeing her wedding ring pinned to Dr. Boswell's scrub top. In the aftermath of discovery, both Callie and Arizona share their feelings and it is revealed that Arizona does not forgive Callie for making the call to amputate her leg. Callie is heartbroken and Arizona states that Callie lost nothing in the crash, to which Callie responds that she, apparently, lost Arizona.
Callie takes Sofia to live with Meredith and Derek, Zola, and Baby Bailey for a while before kicking Arizona out of their apartment and celebrates by dancing in her underwear. Callie also left Arizona at therapy, telling her that she was the only one that needed to go. After being hit by a lawsuit, her father, Carlos, visits and tells Callie that he cheated on her mother but she took him back and Callie wouldn't be here if her mother didn't give Carlos a second chance. Callie goes to Arizona's apartment and invites her to come back home. Callie finds out during surgery that Arizona was sleeping with Leah, a second year resident, while separated. Although angry at Arizona, Callie still agrees to work things out.
After April's failed wedding to Matthew, Callie and Arizona bought a house together, a fresh start, away from the memories of their apartment. They later decided to try again for a second child. However, a trip to the OB/GYN led to the discovery that Callie had developed adhesions in her uterus in the years since Sofia's birth, meaning she could not carry any more babies. After talking about it, the couple agreed to postpone their dream to have another baby until they're on more solid footing as a couple.
At the beginning of the eleventh season, Callie and Arizona gave therapy another chance in order to help mend their marriage. They were made to go 30 days living separate lives in the same house with no sexual activity with others or each other. They come close to breaking that rule and had to start over and before the 30 days was up they eventually gave in and connected sexually again. At the end of the 30 days at the final therapy session Arizona realized she couldn't live without Callie; however Callie didn't feel the same and stated she felt suffocated and eventually walked out of therapy, ending their marriage.
Callie then goes on to date Penny, who was the resident in charge of Derek Shepard's case. She comes to a dinner party hosted by Meredith, who recognizes her. It is then discovered that Penny is going to be working at Grey Sloan Memorial. When everyone, including Callie, finds out who Penny actually is, they protest and try to get her off of the Grey Sloan Memorial residency line. She manages to stay on the line despite all the other's pleads and wishes.
After Callie discloses her desire to move to New York with Penny and take her and Arizona's daughter, Sofia, with her, Arizona takes Callie to court for sole parental custody. Callie loses custody of her daughter to Arizona and Penny moves to New York. After Arizona decides that both Sofia's moms deserve to be happy, Arizona presents Callie with plane tickets and offers a custody agreement that keeps Sofia in Seattle for the summer and then sharing her every other school year and Christmas.
Development[edit]
Casting and creation[edit]
"As a Latin person, I was really proud to see the ethnic people on the show. I thought, Wow, there are no color limits. Nobody's making comments about how there are African-Americans on the show and an Asian on the show. However, I did think, Where's the Latin person?"
Ramirez on Grey's Anatomy[2]
Ramirez was seen by ABC executives, in her Broadway performance of Spamalot, which garnered their attention. Due to their admiration, the network offered Ramirez a role on any ABC television series, of her choice, and she chose Grey's Anatomy.[3] Ramirez further explained that at her initial audition, the producers liked her, and had intentions to add her to the show, but did not know who to cast her as.[2] She also said she was in awe of how the executives said, "Pick a show, any show", explaining that it is rare.[4] Shonda Rhimes said: "I was looking for a girlfriend for George, but it was in the infancy stages, so I had no idea what I was looking for." Rhimes built the character around Ramirez after she met her.[5] Ramirez's character was initially given recurring status in the second season and received star billing in the third season, alongside fellow cast member Dane, who portrayed Mark Sloan.[6] Ramirez discusses maintaining relationships with co-stars:
“ The weird thing about working in television is that you only see the people that you're in scenes with. It's not like you're all running around the set together. So if you're going to hang out together, you kind of have to make an effort. And I think people have families, people have lives.[2] ”
Characterization[edit]
While we are disheartened that the burgeoning relationship between Callie and Erica has come to an end, the character of Callie, who has now been identified as a lesbian by show creator Shonda Rhimes, remains and her journey continues.
Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation on Torres' bisexual storyline[7]
The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) characterized Torres as "driven", "determined", and "outgoing", while also noting her weaknesses: "defensive" and "impulsive".[8] Ramirez described her character as someone who "appears to be a certain way, but has some very complex issues going on behind the scenes. She seems to be a very strong personality, someone who really believes in herself and has worked very hard to get where she is. She's very competitive but does have a sense of self, so she doesn't need to win all the time."[9] At Torres' initial appearance on the show, she was disliked by fans, due to her getting in the way of O'Malley and Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s relationship. When asked of this, Ramirez said: "You do run across a lot of people who are extremely invested in that story line. Obviously, I've heard some negative stuff."[2] The end of the show's fourth season saw Torres grow closer to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn, in a relationship referred to by the portmanteau "Eri-Cal"[10] and later "Callica" by Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly.[11] Rhimes stated that: "Callie and Erica have an undeniable chemistry, and watching the story unfold is something the writers are looking forward to. I wanted to illuminate their relationship in the same way we do all relationships on the show — it will be funny, sweet, honest, and a little bit dirty."[10]
Torres served as the primary vocalist in the show's musical episode, "Song Beneath the Song", being described as "amazing" by fellow cast member, Kevin McKidd.[12]
She explained that in developing the relationship between the two: "we wanted it to be real – not some stunt to get people talking. We wanted to see what would happen if a woman suddenly had feelings for another woman."[13] The two characters shared a kiss at the end of the season four finale, with which D. Williams of After Ellen noted: "Callie and Erica became the only regular lesbian/bisexual female characters currently on network television. This is also the first time that two regular characters on a network show have begun a lesbian romance, as opposed to one becoming involved with a new lesbian character introduced expressly for that relationship."[14] Before continuing with the storyline, the show's producers consulted with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to ensure they maintained realism throughout.[14] Trish Doolan, star of April's Shower was invited to consult in the workshop sessions which took place, and surmised that; "They were really wanting to be truthful to the two characters they're focusing on in the woman-woman relationship",[14] with Nikki Weiss, who also consulted, adding: "they didn't want to stereotype anything either, and write from a place where they didn't understand it. [...] I don't think they did it as a stunt to get people back to watching after the strike. I really think that they wanted to develop these two characters, and that you could see a closeness with them way before they ever decided any kind of — I think they just have a chemistry together, as actresses, too. You could tell that in the room. They definitely have a chemistry."[14]
In the show's fifth season, Torres embarked on a relationship with Arizona Robbins (Capshaw). The relationship between the two is referred to by the portmanteau "Calzona".[15] Rhimes praised the chemistry between Arizona and Callie in contrast, comparing it to that between the show's primary couple Grey and Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey),[16] and stating: "They have that little thing that makes you want to watch them."[17] In "An Honest Mistake", Torres was initially rejected by Robbins, with Robbins citing Torres' "inexperience" as a factor. Series writer Peter Nowalk offered the insight:
“ I totally understand why Arizona wouldn't want to date a newborn. It's like getting a Freshman as your Physics lab partner even though you're a Senior who not only knows the Laws of Motion but has mastered them in ways that would rock that Freshman's world. Which is not to say the Freshman won't grow to be really good at Physics, or that Callie won't catch up to Arizona on the lesbian front, it's simply that Arizona might not have the patience to wait that long. ”
The couple ultimately decided to begin a relationship, however, the two experience difficulties, but eventually reunite. Rhimes commented on their reconciliation: "I love [Callie] with Arizona. [...] I like that they make me feel hopeful about love."[18] Rhimes has mentioned of their relationship in the sixth season: "I would like to see Callie happily in a long-term relationship. We have so much to explore with them, because we barely know anything about [Arizona]."[19]
Callie and Arizona have a five year relationship, ultimately marrying in the seventh season and divorcing in the eleventh season. Callie starts a new relationship with Penny Blake and leaves to go to New York with her in the twelfth season finale. Shonda Rhimes spoke on Ramirez's abrupt departure, saying, "This one was different because it wasn’t a big planned thing. I had a different plan going and when Sara came in and said, ‘I really need to take this break,’ I was lucky that we’d shot the end of the season with her going to New York.”[20]
Reception[edit]
"What was truly revolutionary about Callie is that she was never defined by any single aspect of herself. She was curvy, Latina, and bisexual, and she was also a funny, frustrating, and lovable doctor with an amazing career and strong friendships. Callie was never expected to be perfect. She was allowed to be as messy as every other character on Grey's Anatomy, and, for everyone who identified with her as a whole or in part, it was a huge relief to see this woman who represented so many perspectives be allowed to just be awesome." —Sabienna Bowmna of Bustle[21]
Maureen Ryan from the Chicago Tribune was critical about the character's initial development. Reviewing the third season's premiere, she wrote the writers should give up on Callie explaining they have made her "far too obviously the “weird girl,” but there’s nothing underneath her brusque persona."[22] Her marriage to O'Malley was well received; Staci Krause of IGN wrote: "Their relationship has been a roller coaster and it was nice to see this turn of events, as she really is a perfect contrast to George."[23] Discussing the character in terms of her relationship with Hahn, Williams was largely positive, assessing that: "The story line offered both the drama Grey's is known for and a truthfulness network television has rarely achieved when it comes to lesbian relationships."[14] Trish Doolan and Nikki Weiss, invited by GLAAD to consult with Grey's Anatomy producers on the storyline, praised the effort put into researching the issue by the writers and actors involved, though were more negative on the scene which saw Hahn kiss Callie in an elevator in front of Mark Sloan. Weiss commented: "I just felt like, if they really cared about each other, I don't think they would do that as a stunt. That seemed a little, I don't know, forced. [...] [It] was more like a conquest, like he could have [Hahn] too or something."[14] LGBT website AfterEllen.com agreed with this view, criticizing the way the scene was edited so as to keep cutting to Sloan's point of view, as though "privileging the male gaze."[14] AfterEllen.com included Torres in their list of the Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters, ranking her at No. 6[24] and in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.[25] The character was also listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest TV Doctors on TV".[26]
Commenting on Hahn's abrupt departure from the show, Dorothy Snarker, writing for AfterEllen.com, observed of Torres and Robbins' relationship: "I [...] can't help but be wary of how the Grey's writers will handle this relationship. Jessica has proven lovely and likable in her brief screen time so far. But it's not how the romance starts, but what happens next that really matters."[15] Speaking of the musical episode, Nicole Golden of TV Fanatic called Ramirez's rendition of "Chasing Cars" "amazing" and referred to her performance in Kate Havnevik's "Grace" as "beautiful".[27] Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres' friendship in the first half of the ninth season, calling it "the one bright spot": "They joke, they tease each other, they offer sage love advice to one another, now that they're both on their second marriages."[28] Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series at the Alma Awards, in 2007 and 2008.[29] Also in 2007, at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards, Ramirez and the cast of Grey's Anatomy, were the recipients of the Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.[30] She and the cast were nominated for the same award, in 2008.[31] In 2011, at the 42nd NAACP Image Awards, Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[32] She was ranked at no. 7 in AfterEllen.com's list of "Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters"[33]
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2013/02/07/greys-anatomy-recap-season-9-matthew-april-kiss/
^ Jump up to: a b c d Yuan, Jada (September 18, 2006). "Belle Curves: Sara Ramirez". Bustle. New York Media, LLC. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ De Leon, Kris (September 25, 2006). "Sara Ramirez". BuddyTV. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sara Ramirez, Kate Walsh, Chandra Wilson, Oprah Winfrey (April 5, 2008). Sara Ramirez Chandra Wilson Kate Walsh OP. Los Angeles, California: Oprah Winfrey.
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Paula (May 6, 2009). "Casting chemistry keeps 'Grey's' fresh". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew (November 16, 2005). "Spamalot's Ramirez Lands Role on TV's "Grey's Anatomy"". Playbill. Philip S Birsh. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gay Groups Praise 'Grey's Anatomy'". StarPulse. World Entertainment News Network. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Callie Torres (Sarah Ramirez) Bio". Grey's Anatomy. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Crook, John (April 30, 2006). "Sara Ramirez". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rice, Lynette (May 23, 2008). "'Grey's Anatomy': Shonda Rhimes on her plans for Erica and Callie". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 3, 2008). "Grey's Anatomy Discharges Erica Hahn". Entertainment Weekly. Time, Inc. Archived from the original on November 6, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ Huver, Scott (March 30, 2011). "Sara Ramirez Is 'Amazing' in Grey's Musical Episode, Says Costar". People. Time, Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda (May 22, 2008). "The End of the Beginning...". Grey Matter. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g D. Williams (15 June 2008). "Behind the Lesbian Story Line on "Grey's Anatomy"". AfterEllen.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Snarker, Dorothy (February 11, 2009). ""Grey's Anatomy" processes the Calzona kiss". AfterEllen.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 15, 2009). "Exclusive: 'Grey's' boss on finale's Izzie-George shocker, Mer-Der 'wedding,' and more!". Entertainment Weekly. Time, Inc. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (April 30, 2009). "TV is a 'journey' for 'Grey's' creator Shonda Rhimes". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rhimes, Shonda (May 8, 2009). "Shonda Rhimes on "What a Difference a Day Makes"...". Grey Matter. ABC. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 31, 2009). "What's Next for 'Grey's'?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hautman, Nicholas (May 23, 2016). "Shonda Rhimes Didn’t Know Sara Ramirez Was Leaving ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ Until After They Finished the Season Finale". US Weekly. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bowman, Sabienna (21 May 2016). "'Grey's Anatomy's Callie Torres Was The Show's Most Progressive Character". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (September 22, 2006). "'Grey's' is back, baby!". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Krause, Staci (February 7, 2007). "Grey's Anatomy: "Wishin' and Hopin'"". IGN. News Corporation. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters". AfterEllen.com. March 15, 2010. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters". AfterEllen.com. February 27, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (December 31, 2012). "The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV". Wetpaint. The Cambio Network. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Golden, Nicole (March 31, 2011). "Grey's Anatomy Review: The Musical Episode". TV Fanatic. SheKnows Entertainment. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (January 23, 2013). "Now That Private Practice Is Over, Addison Should Go Back to Grey’s Anatomy". New York. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Past ALMA Recipients". AlmaAwards.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 42nd NAACP Image Awards". NAACP Image Awards. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "AfterEllen.com’s Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters". AfterEllen.com. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
General
"Grey's Anatomy: Episode Recap Guide". ABC. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
External links[edit]
Grey's Anatomy portal
Fictional characters portal
Callie Torres at ABC.com
Callie Torres on IMDb
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Guy's Grocery Games
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Guy's Grocery Games
Genre
Reality
Cooking
Game show
Starring
Guy Fieri
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
14
No. of episodes
176 (as of September 17, 2017[update]) (list of episodes)
Production
Running time
60 Minutes
Production company(s)
Relativity Media
Release
Original network
Food Network
Original release
October 20, 2013 (2013-10-20) – present
External links
Official Website
Guy's Grocery Games (often nicknamed Triple G) is an American reality-based cooking television game show hosted by Guy Fieri on Food Network. Each episode features four chefs competing in a three-round elimination contest, cooking food with ingredients found in a supermarket grocery store ("Flavortown Market") as Fieri poses unusual challenges to them. The winning chef can collect up to $20,000 in a shopping spree bonus round. The show is a sequel to Diners, Drive-Ins, and Dives.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
2 Challenges
3 Special challenges and episodes
4 Notable Contestants
5 Set
6 Episodes
7 References
8 External links
Format[edit]
In each round, Guy assigns a dish and issues a challenge to the chefs. Then they have 30 minutes to shop for ingredients from the market, prepare, and plate their dishes. The chefs must cook their dishes and complete four platings (one for each member of a three-judge panel, plus an additional "beauty plate") before time runs out. At the end of each round, the judges taste and evaluate the dishes and select one chef to be "checked out" - eliminated from the game with no winnings. The judges sit at one table while the chefs are shopping and cooking, then move to a second table for the tasting.
The winning chef advances to the bonus round, "Guy's Shopping Spree," in which he/she has two minutes to find one specific item in each of the market's 10 aisles and put it in his/her cart. The chef may pass on an item and return to that aisle later if time allows. Each item found is worth $2,000, for a potential top prize of $20,000. In later seasons, the format changed to a set of five questions whose answers were items that awarded $4,000 each when found and placed in the cart.
Chefs must be 18 years or older to appear on the show.[citation needed] However, in the episode "GGG Superfans" (S14:E10), a 9th grader was one of the competing chefs. However, this may be an exception.
Challenges[edit]
A wide variety of challenges and games are used in the show with new games added as the series progresses (and some games tweaked or changed a little). Some of the following games have been played once or twice while others have become familiar game staples.
123 Game: Chefs must prepare a specified ingredient in two different ways and may only shop in three aisles.
ABC Game: All ingredients must begin with the same randomly chosen letter of the alphabet.
Aisle Down: Not announced until the contestants begin shopping; the aisle containing one or more key ingredients for their dish is blocked off by police tape so the chefs must quickly find an alternative.
Budget Battle: The contestants are given a set amount of money to shop for ingredients, and may take advantage of coupons or price specials throughout the market.
Cart/Station Swap: Used mainly in the final round, the chefs must trade shopping carts or cooking stations thus being forced to use each other's ingredients.
Can Can: Contestants are only allowed to use canned food items in their dish.
The Claw: Announced mid-round, contestants have to play a claw game and grab a little plastic ball with an ingredient label on it. Inside is an undesirable version of that ingredient, which must be used in the dish. (E.g. a ball labeled "corn" might contain candy corn.)
Closing Time: Mid-shopping, an announcement is made that the store is closing, limiting the time the chefs can spend in the aisles. Sometimes called Speed Shop or [blank]-Minute Shop, in which the chefs are told at the outset how much shopping time they will have.
Express Lane: Chefs may use no more than a specified number of ingredients.
Flip This Dish: Contestants must use ingredients for one type of dish to create a totally different type, such as dessert ingredients being used in a savory dish.
Food Pyramid: Like the game "Plinko", a ball is dropped down a peg-covered pyramid to determine what ingredients, on three levels, must be featured in a dish.
Food Wheel: One or two wheels are spun to determine the game restriction like mandatory ingredients, which aisles to use, and/or food budget. The most common variation is the High/Low Food Wheel, in which Fieri spins one wheel consisting of expensive ingredients and a second one of low-end items; the chefs must use both items in their dishes.
Frozen Food Feud: The chefs are only allowed to use frozen items in their dishes.
Grocery Bowl: Chefs roll melons toward soda bottles labeled with ingredients or aisle numbers, and must use whatever they leave standing or knock down, depending on Fieri's instructions.
Grocery List: Each chef is given a list of items that must be incorporated into that round's dish (a mix of specific food items and more generic suggestions such as "something from aisle 6" or "something under $1.99"). A variation of this game is Emoji List, where the ingredients are represented by emojis.
Jackpot Luck: Contestants pull a lever on a special slot machine and must use the three random ingredients that appear when the machine stops.
Keep It Sample: The chefs must incorporate at least two ingredients from four different sample tables located throughout the store in their dish.
Kiddie Carts: The chefs must use child-size shopping carts to collect their ingredients in one trip through the market.
Let It Roll: The chefs roll a set of dice to determine the constraints for the assigned dish such as required ingredients and equipment, budget, and shopping time.
Meals From The Middle: Contestants can only use groceries from the middle aisles, composed of everything except for fresh produce and frozen food.
Menu Magnet Madness: From three rows of refrigerator magnets, the contestants must each pick a flavor (sweet, sour, smoky etc.), a protein (chicken, tofu, fish etc.), and/or a style of dish (salad, stew, stir-fry etc.). Variations of this game include a player choosing a combination for their competitor, players secretly choosing one magnet each and then revealing them to form a theme that all of them must follow, or Fieri choosing the last magnet himself (usually something that clashes with the other chosen items).
Musical Carts: A song plays during the shopping phase; when it stops, the chefs must abandon their own carts and find another one (usually an opponent's cart). Variations on this game include switching to abandoned carts with some undesirable ingredients.
No Carts Allowed: Contestants may only use the ingredients they can collect in one trip, without using a cart. They are allowed to use large items as carrying vessels for smaller ones.
Odd or Even: Based on a coin toss, the chefs may only shop in either the odd or even-numbered aisles. A variation is Over/Under, in which the toss determines whether the chefs must only use items higher or lower than a randomly chosen price.
One Ingredient at a Time: Chefs may only get one ingredient per trip through the market, but may make as many trips as needed.
One Ingredient Per Aisle: Contestants must use one ingredient from each of the store's 10 aisles beginning with Aisle 10 and ending with Aisle 1.
Order Up Mash-Up: Played in the final round; contestants separately choose one of several dishes (presented on diner order tickets) and must combine them into a single dish.
Out of Sight: Chefs are blindfolded and must choose an item from a large clearance cart that they will have to incorporate into their dish.
Price Check: All ingredients used by the chefs must have prices that start (or sometimes end) with a number randomly chosen by Fieri.
Red Light Special: During the round, one item in the store is marked with a sign and a flashing red light, and the chefs must get that item and incorporate it into their dish. The item is typically not associated with the assigned dish, such as beef jerky for a dessert.
Scavenger Hunt: Contestants are given a clue and must find the item that corresponds to it. That item has a clue which will lead them to another one in turn. They must collect a total of four items in this manner and use all of them.
Single Aisle Showdown: The chefs are only allowed to shop in one aisle for the whole round.
Sliders: A version of shuffleboard where contestants push a disk with a long stick and must use the ingredient corresponding to where it lands
Special Delivery: A mid-round game in which the chefs receive an unusual ingredient that they must use in their dishes.
Spreeball: A version of the arcade game skee ball. Each chef rolls an orange toward a target board to determine a constraint such as a required ingredient or spending limit. More desirable results correspond to the higher, harder-to-reach targets.
Think Small: The chefs may use only the ingredients they can fit in a small shopping bag during one trip through the market.
Time-Out: Used mid-round when pairs of chefs are competing. One chef in each pair must leave the station and write instructions for the other on a chalkboard, without speaking.
Top Shelf/Bottom Shelf: The flip of a coin determines whether contestants can get things from the top shelf or the bottom shelf.
Un-gredient List: After being given their dish theme, the chefs get a list of four typical ingredients used in the dish and are then forbidden to use them, forcing them to find substitutes.
Watch Your Weight: The chefs are given a weight limit for their combined ingredients and must weigh their choices on a produce scale in order to verify that they do not exceed it.
Wild Card: Each contestant draws a card at random to determine an ingredient they must use.
World Fusion: Picking two flags out of a hollow globe, the contestants must combine two international cuisines into one cohesive dish.
Special challenges and episodes[edit]
In "Holly, Jolly Meals", a special box could be picked up in the bonus round for an additional $5,000, bringing the top prize to $25,000.
"Moms Know Best" was a Mother's Day challenge in which four mothers competed and Fieri's wife made a guest appearance.
"Grocery Grillin'" was a special episode (dubbed Guy's Grocery Grilling Games or Quadruple G) for Food Network's Grilling Week where the contestants had to make grilled dishes.
In "Food Network Stars Take Over Flavortown", former Food Network Star winners Jeff Mauro, Aaron McCargo Jr., Melissa d'Arabian, and Justin Warner competed for charities of their choice. Aaron won with $20,000 and the runners-up' charities each got $3,500.
"Food Network All-Stars Take to the Aisles" has Chopped judges Marc Murphy and Alex Guarnaschelli, Iron Chef Cat Cora, and TV Host Marcel Vigneron competing. The winner was Alex with $18,000 and the runners-up each got $5,000 for their charities.
In "Grandma's Grocery Games", Guy's mother appeared on the show alongside the four Grandmas. The winner Celinda was able to take home $18,000 to her grandkids. Food Network employee and former Nickelodeon host Marc Summers served as a guest judge in this episode.
From November 30 to December 27, 2015, a 5-part "Tournament Of Champions" took place featuring 16 returning champions. Like most tournaments on Chopped and Cutthroat Kitchen, the 16 chefs compete 4 at a time in 4 heats. The winner of each heat won a $20,000 Shopping Spree and returned for the finals for a chance to win a trophy and another $20,000 Shopping Spree for a total grand prize of up to $40,000.
Starting January 3, 2016, and continuing for 4 more episodes is a "Diners, Drive-Ins And Dives Tournament" featuring 16 chefs who have appeared with Guy Fieri on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives. Like the Tournament Of Champions, 4 chefs played over 4 heats, with the winner of each heat earning a $20,000 Shopping Spree and returning for the finals for a chance at a trophy and another $20,000 Shopping Spree for a grand prize of up to $40,000.
Beginning April 3, 2016, and continuing for 4 more episodes is a "Redemption Tournament" featuring 16 former losing chefs seeking redemption and competing to win both a trophy and a grand prize of up to $40,000. Round 1 of heat 2 marked the 1st instance on the show where a chef's food was inadmissible from blood. To compensate, Guy gave the other 3 chefs the option to either eliminate the affected chef, or allow all 4 chefs to advance, resulting in a double-elimination for round 2. The chefs chose the 2nd option.
Notable Contestants[edit]
Lenny McNab, the winner of Season 10 of Food Network Star was in the Episode "The Ol' Switcheroo". Bill Travers was on MasterChef (U.S. season 7), but was eliminated in episode 1 and was on "Guilty Pleasures".
Set[edit]
Season 1 was shot inside of an actual grocery store, Field's Market in West Hills, California.[1][citation needed] For Season 2, the market was built in a 15,500 square foot warehouse in Santa Rosa, CA. It was built over two weeks and stocked with over $700,000 of food.[1] After each episode, the perishable items were donated to local food banks and local farmers; non-perishable items are being kept in the event Food Network ordered another season beyond Season 3.[2]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Guy's Grocery Games episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Network
1 12 October 20, 2013 (2013-10-20) January 19, 2014 (2014-01-19) Food Network
2 11 May 11, 2014 (2014-05-11) July 20, 2014 (2014-07-20)
3 15 July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27) December 14, 2014 (2014-12-14)
4 16 January 4, 2015 (2015-01-04) April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26)
5 10 May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03) July 5, 2015 (2015-07-05)
6 12 July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12) September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
7 14 October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04) December 27, 2015 (2015-12-27)
8 11 January 3, 2016 (2016-01-03) March 13, 2016 (2016-03-13)
9 12 March 20, 2016 (2016-03-20) June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
10 12 July 3, 2016 (2016-07-03) July 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)
11 15 October 2, 2016 (2016-10-02) December 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)
12 15 January 2, 2017 (2017-01-02) April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)
13 11 April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23) July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
14 10 July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23) October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
15 11 October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)
16 15 January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14) March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
17 12 February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28) ()
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Flavortown Market Built from Scratch: Guy's Grocery Games". Food Network. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Food Network original programming
Current
Barefoot Contessa (since 2002)
Beat Bobby Flay (since 2014)
Brunch @ Bobby's (since 2010)
Cake Wars (since 2015)
Chopped (since 2009)
Chopped After Hours (since 2015)
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Clash of the Grandmas (since 2015)
Cupcake Wars (since 2009)
Cutthroat Kitchen (since 2013)
Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives (since 2006)
Food Network Star (since 2005)
Food Network Star Kids (since 2016)
The Great Food Truck Race (since 2010)
Guilty Pleasures (since 2015)
Guy's Big Bite (since 2006)
Guy's Grocery Games (since 2013)
Halloween Baking Championship (since 2015)
Halloween Wars (since 2011)
Holiday Baking Championship (since 2014)
Kids Baking Championship (since 2015)
The Kitchen (since 2014)
Kitchen Sink (since 2016)
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Top 5 Restaurants (since 2015)
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Ask Aida (2008–2009)
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Big Daddy's House (2008–2011)
Chocolate with Jacques Torres (2002–2004)
Dinner: Impossible (2007–2010)
Everyday Italian (2003–2008)
Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin (2009–2010)
Feasting on Asphalt (2006–2008)
Food 911 (2000–2006)
Food Network Challenge (2007–2011)
Giada at Home (2008–2015)
Giada's Weekend Getaways (2007–2008)
Glutton for Punishment (2007–2011)
Good Deal with Dave Lieberman (2005–2007)
Ham on the Street (2006)
How'd That Get on My Plate? (2008)
Iron Chef America (2005–2014)
The Next Iron Chef (2007–2012)
Party Line with the Hearty Boys (2005–2006)
Paula's Best Dishes 2008–2013
Paula's Home Cooking 2002–2012
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Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels (2005–2009)
Road Tasted (2006–2008)
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Ten Dollar Dinners (2009–2012)
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America's Best Cook (2014)
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Buddy's Family Vacation (2016)
Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell (2012–2013)
Duff Till Dawn (2015)
Heat Seekers (2011–2012)
Kid in a Candy Store (2010–2011)
Kitchen Casino (2014)
Mystery Diners (2012–2016)
Patricia Heaton Parties (2015–2016)
Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off (2012–2014)
Restaurant Express (2013)
Restaurant: Impossible (2011–2016)
Restaurant Stakeout (2012–2014)
Rewrapped (2014)
Southern at Heart (2013–2016)
Sweet Genius (2011–2013)
See also: Food Network pilots and specials
[show]
v
t
e
Food Network Canada programming
Current
Bake with Anna Olson (since 2012)
The Baker Sisters (since 2017)
Barefoot Contessa (since 2002)
Beat Bobby Flay (since 2014)
Brunch @ Bobby's (since 2016)
Cake Hunters (since 2016)
Cake Wars: Christmas (since 2015)
Cake Wars (since 2015)
Carnival Eats (since 2014)
Chopped (since 2009)
Chopped Canada (since 2014)
Chopped Junior (since 2015)
Cooks vs. Cons (since 2016)
Clash of the Grandmas (since 2015)
Cupcake Wars (since 2009)
David Rocco's Dolce Vita (since 2010)
Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives (since 2006)
Donut Showdown (since 2013)
Food Factory (since 2012)
Food Network Star (since 2005)
Food Network Star Kids (since 2016)
The Great Food Truck Race (since 2010)
Giada Entertains (since 2016)
Giada in Italy (since 2015)
Ginormous Food (since 2017)
Guy's Family Road Trip (since 2017)
Guy's Grocery Games (since 2013)
Halloween Baking Championship (since 2015)
Halloween Wars (since 2011)
Holiday Baking Championship (since 2014)
I Hart Food (since 2017)
Kids Baking Championship (since 2015)
Patricia Heaton Parties (since 2015)
The Pioneer Woman (since 2011)
Valerie's Home Cooking (since 2015)
Worst Bakers in America (since 2016)
Worst Cooks in America (since 2010)
You Gotta Eat Here! (since 2012)
Former
1990s debuts
Cooking Live (1997–2003)
Door Knock Dinners (1999–2002)
East Meets West (1998–2003)
Emeril Live (1997–2010)
Essence of Emeril (1994–2007)
Good Eats (1999–2012)
Hot Off the Grill With Bobby Flay (1999–2003)
Molto Mario (1996–2010)
Nigella Bites (1999–2001)
2000s debuts
The 100 Mile Challenge (2009)
30 Minute Meals (2001–2012)
$40 a Day (2002–2005)
5 Ingredient Fix (2009–2011)
A Cook's Tour (2002–2003)
Ace of Cakes (2006–2011)
At the Table With... (2007–2009)
Ask Aida (2008–2009)
Behind the Bash (2006)
The Best Thing I Ever Ate (2009–2011)
The Best Thing I Ever Made (2009–unknown)
BBQ with Bobby Flay (2004–2007)
Big Daddy's House (2008–2011)
Boy Meets Grill (2002–2011)
Calling All Cooks (2000–2002)
Canadian Living Cooks (unknown–2005)
Chef Abroad (2007 or 2008–2009)
Chef at Home (2004–2009)
Chef at Large (2000–unknown)
Chef vs. City (2009–2010)
Chef Academy (2009–2010)
Chef School (2008–2009)
Christine Cushing Live (2004–2007)
Christine Cushing: Cook with Me (2005–2006)
Chuck's Day Off (2009–2011)
Cooking for Real (2008–2011)
Cook Like a Chef (2001–2004)
Crash My Kitchen (2005)
Dinner: Impossible (2007–2010)
Easy Entertaining with Michael Chiarello (2003–2010)
Eat, Shrink, and Be Merry (since 2007–2011)
Everyday Exotic (since 2008–2009)
Everyday Italian (2003–2008)
Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin (2009–2010)
The F Word (2008–2011)
The Family Restaurant (2005–2009)
Feasting on Asphalt (2006–2008)
Food 911 (2000–2006)
Food Hunter (2002–2004)
Food Jammers (2006–2010)
Food Network Challenge (2007–2011)
French Food at Home (2007–2010)
Fresh with Anna Olson (2008–2010)
Giada at Home (2008–2015)
Giada's Weekend Getaways (2007–2008)
Glutton for Punishment (2007–2011)
Good Deal with Dave Lieberman (since 2005–2007)
Guy's Big Bite (2006–unknown)
Ham on the Street (2006)
The Heat with Mark McEwan (2008–2010)
Honey, We're Killing the Kids (2005–unknown)
How'd That Get On My Plate? (2008)
I Do, Let's Eat (2005–2007)
In Search of Perfection (2006–2007)
Iron Chef America (2005–2014)
Jamie at Home (2008)
Jamie's Great Italian Escape (2005)
Jamie's Kitchen Australia (2008)
Just One Bite (2005–2008)
Kitchen Crimes (2005–2006)
Kitchen Nightmares (2007–2014)
Kitchen Equipped (2005–2007)
Kylie Kwong: Simply Magic (2006)
Licence to Grill (2003–2007)
Made to Order (2004–2006)
Man-Made Food (2004–unknown)
The Manic Organic (2003–2004)
Martin Yan's Chinatown (2002)
New Classics With Chef Rob Feenie (2000–2004)
The Next Iron Chef (2007–2012)
Nigella Express (2007–2008)
Nigella Feasts (2006)
Opening Soon (2001–2006)
Party Dish (2004–2005)
Paula's Best Dishes (2008–2013)
Paula's Home Cooking (2002–2012)
Private Chefs of Beverly Hills (2009–2011)
Quick Fix Meals with Robin Miller (2005–2008)
Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels (2005–2009)
Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares (2004–2014)
Restaurant Makeover (2005–2009)
Return to Tuscany (2006–2007)
Ricardo and Friends (2006–2009)
River Cottage Treatment (2006)
Road Grill (2008–2009)
Road Tasted (2006–2008)
Sara's Secrets (2002–2007)
The Secret Life of... (2002–2008)
Simply Delicioso (2007–2009)
Sugar (2002–2007)
Summer's Best (2003–2005)
The Supersizers Go... (2008–2009)
Surfing the Menu (2003–2011)
The Surreal Gourmet (2002–2006)
Ten Dollar Dinners (2009–2012)
Throwdown! with Bobby Flay (2006–2010)
The Thirsty Traveler (2002–2006)
Top Chef Masters (2009–2013)
Tyler's Ultimate (2003–2010)
Ultimate Recipe Showdown (2008–2010)
Unwrapped (2001–2011)
What Would Brian Boitano Make? (2009–2010)
Will Work for Food (2009)
2010s debuts
24 Hour Restaurant Battle (2010–2011)
Around the World in 80 Plates (2012)
Buddy's Family Vacation (2016)
CheF*OFF (2010)
Chef in Your Ear (2015–2016)
The Delinquent Gourmet (2011)
Dinner Party Wars (2010–2013)
Duff Till Dawn (2015)
Eat St. (2011–2015)
Family Cook Off (2012)
Food's Greatest Hits (2016)
Food Fighters (2014–2015)
From Spain with Love with Annie Sibonney (2011)
Gordon Ramsay's Ultimate Home Cooking (2015)
Heat Seekers (2011–2012)
Ice Cold Cash (2012)
The Incredible Food Race (2015)
Jamie's 30-Minute Meals (2010–2011)
Jamie's Comfort Food (2014)
Jamie's Super Food (2015–2016)
Kid in a Candy Store (2010–2011)
Mexican Made Easy (2010–2012)
Mystery Diners (2012–2016)
Nadia G's Bitchin' Kitchen (2010–2013)
The Opener (2010–2011)
Outrageous Food (2010–2011)
Pitchin' In (2010–2014)
Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off (2012–2014)
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Long run and short run
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Long run" redirects here. For other uses, see Longrun (disambiguation).
In microeconomics, the long run is the conceptual time period in which there are no fixed factors of production, so that there are no constraints preventing changing the output level by changing the capital stock or by entering or leaving an industry. The long run contrasts with the short run, in which some factors are variable and others are fixed, constraining entry or exit from an industry. In macroeconomics, the long run is the period when the general price level, contractual wage rates, and expectations adjust fully to the state of the economy, in contrast to the short run when these variables may not fully adjust.[1][2]
Contents
1 Long run
2 Short run
3 Transition from short run to long run
4 Macroeconomic usages
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 References
Long run[edit]
In the long run, firms change production levels in response to (expected) economic profits or losses, and the land, labour, capital goods and entrepreneurship vary to reach the minimum level of long-run average cost. In the simplified case of plant capacity as the only fixed factor, a generic firm can make these changes in the long run:
enter an industry in response to (expected) profits
leave an industry in response to losses
increase its plant in response to profits
decrease its plant in response to losses
The long run is associated with the long-run average cost (LRAC) curve in microeconomic models along which a firm would minimize its average cost (cost per unit) for each respective long-run quantity of output. Long-run marginal cost (LRMC) is the added cost of providing an additional unit of service or commodity from changing capacity level to reach the lowest cost associated with that extra output. LRMC equalling price is efficient as to resource allocation in the long run. The concept of long-run cost is also used in determining whether the long-run expected to induce the firm to remain in the industry or shut down production there. In long-run equilibrium of an industry in which perfect competition prevails, the LRMC = LRAC at the minimum LRAC and associated output. The shape of the long-run marginal and average costs curves is determined by returns to scale.
The long run is a planning and implementation stage.[3][4] Here a firm may decide that it needs to produce on a larger scale by building a new plant or adding a production line. The firm may decide that new technology should be incorporated into its production process. The firm thus considers all its long-run production options and selects the optimal combination of inputs and technology for its long-run purposes.[5] The optimal combination of inputs is the least-cost combination of inputs for desired level of output when all inputs are variable.[4] Once the decisions are made and implemented and production begins, the firm is operating in the short run with fixed and variable inputs.[4][6]
Short run[edit]
All production in real time occurs in the short run. In the short run, a profit-maximizing firm will:
increase production if marginal cost is less than marginal revenue (added revenue per additional unit of output);
decrease production if marginal cost is greater than marginal revenue;
continue producing if average variable cost is less than price per unit, even if average total cost is greater than price;
shut down if average variable cost is greater than price at each level of outputs
Transition from short run to long run[edit]
The transition from the short run to the long run may be done by considering some short-run equilibrium that is also a long-run equilibrium as to supply and demand, then comparing that state against a new short-run and long-run equilibrium state from a change that disturbs equilibrium, say in the sales-tax rate, tracing out the short-run adjustment first, then the long-run adjustment. Each is an example of comparative statics. Alfred Marshall (1890) pioneered in comparative-static period analysis.[7] He distinguished between the temporary or market period (with output fixed), the short period, and the long period. "Classic" contemporary graphical and formal treatments include those of Jacob Viner (1931),[8] John Hicks (1939),[9] and Paul Samuelson (1947).[10][11] The law is related to a positive slope of the short-run marginal-cost curve.[12]
Macroeconomic usages[edit]
The usage of long run and short run in macroeconomics differs somewhat from the above microeconomic usage. John Maynard Keynes in 1936 emphasized fundamental factors of a market economy that might result in prolonged periods away from full-employment.[13][14] In later macroeconomic usage, the long run is the period in which the price level for the overall economy is completely flexible as to shifts in aggregate demand and aggregate supply. In addition there is full mobility of labor and capital between sectors of the economy and full capital mobility between nations. In the short run none of these conditions need fully hold. The price level is sticky or fixed in response to changes in aggregate demand or supply, capital is not fully mobile between sectors, and capital is not fully mobile across countries due to interest rate differences among countries and fixed exchange rates.[15]
A famous critique of neglecting short-run analysis was by Keynes, who wrote that "In the long run, we are all dead", referring to the long-run proposition of the quantity theory of money, for example, a doubling of the money supply doubling the price level.[16]
See also[edit]
Cost curve (including long-run and short-run cost curves)
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus (2004). Economics, 18th ed., [end] Glossary of Terms, "Long run" and "Short run."
Jump up ^ Arleen J. Hoag; John H. Hoag (2006). Introductory Economics. World Scientific. pp. 119+. ISBN 978-981-256-891-5.
Jump up ^ Melvin & Boyes, 2002. Microeconomics, 5th ed., p. 185. Houghton Mifflin.
^ Jump up to: a b c Boyes, W., 2004. The New Managerial Economics, p. 107. Houghton Mifflin.
Jump up ^ Melvin & Boyes, 2002. Microeconomics, 5th ed., p. 185. Houghton Mifflin.
Jump up ^ Perloff, J, 2008. Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus, p. 230. Pearson .
Jump up ^ • John K. Whitaker, 2008. "Marshall, Alfred (1842–1924)," Price determination and period analysis, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.
• Alfred Marshall, [1890] 1890. Principles of Economics, Macmillan.
Jump up ^ Jacob Viner, 1931. "Costs Curves and Supply Curves," Zeitschrift für Nationalölkonomie (Journal of Economics), 3, pp. 23-46. Reprinted in R. B. Emmett, ed. 2002, The Chicago Tradition in Economics, 1892-1945, Routledge, v. 6, pp. 192- 215.
Jump up ^ J.R. Hicks, 1939. Value and Capital: An Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory, Oxford.
Jump up ^ Paul A. Samuelson, 1947. Foundations of Economic Analysis, Harvard University Press.
Jump up ^ The law of diminishing marginal r', 5th ed., p. 185. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-019673-8
Jump up ^ While the law does not directly apply in the long run it is not irrelevant. The long run is the planning phase. A manager deciding which of several plants to build would want to know the shape of the SR cost curves associated with each of these plants. Marginal diminishing returns are related to the shape of the short-run marginal and average cost curves. Thus the law indirectly effects long-run decision making per R. Pindyck & D. Rubinfeld, 2001, Microeconomics, 5th ed., pp. 185-86. Prentice-Hall.
Jump up ^ Carlo Panico and Fabio Petri, 2008. "long run and short run," Short- and long-period in Keynes, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes, 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ N. Gregory Mankiw, 2002. Macroeconomics, 5th ed. pp. 240, 120, and 327–329.
Jump up ^ J. M. Keynes, 1923. A Tract on Monetary Reform, p. 65. Macmillan.
References[edit]
Armen, Alchian, 1959. "Costs and Outputs," in M. Abramovitz, ed., The Allocation of Economic Resources, ch. 2, pp. 23-40. Stanford University Press. Abstract.
Hirshleifer, Jack, 1962. "The Firm's Cost Function: A Successful Reconstruction?" Journal of Business, 35(3), pp. 235-255.
Boyes, W., 2004. The New Managerial Economics, Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-82835-X
Melvin & Boyes, 2002. Microeconomics, 5th ed. Houghton Mifflin.
Panico, Carlo, and Fabio Petri, 2008. "long run and short run," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
Perloff, J, 2008. Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-27794-7
Pindyck, R., & D. Rubinfeld, 2001. Microeconomics, 5th ed. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-019673-8
Viner, Jacob, 1940. "The Short View and the Long in Economic Policy," American Economic Review, 30(1), Part 1, pp. 1-15. Reprinted in Viner, 1958, and R. B. Emmett, ed. 2002, The Chicago Tradition in Economics, 1892-1945, Routledge, v. 6, pp. 327- 41. Review extract.
Viner, Jacob, 1958. The Long View and the Short: Studies in Economic Theory and Policy. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
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