text:
You Make Me Feel So Young
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"You Make Me Feel So Young"
Song
Published
1946
Composer(s)
Josef Myrow
Lyricist(s)
Mack Gordon
"You Make Me Feel So Young" is a 1946 popular song composed by Josef Myrow, with lyrics written by Mack Gordon.[1] It was introduced in the 1946 musical film Three Little Girls in Blue, where it was sung by the characters performed by Vera-Ellen and Charles Smith (with voices dubbed by Carol Stewart and Del Porter).[2]
In 1951, "You Make Me Feel So Young" served as the title song for the social comedy As Young as You Feel, starring Monty Woolley, Thelma Ritter, David Wayne, Jean Peters, and Marilyn Monroe.[citation needed]
Notable recordings[edit]
Frank Sinatra – Songs for Swingin' Lovers (1956)
Chris Connor – Chris Connor (1956)
Jeri Southern – When Your Heart's on Fire (1957)
Chet Baker - (Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You (1958)
Ella Fitzgerald – Get Happy! (1959)
Perry Como – For the Young at Heart (1960)
The Four Freshmen – Voices in Fun (1961)
Michael Bublé – To Be Loved (2013)
Seth MacFarlane – singing in the voice of toddler character Stewie Griffin in Family Guy Series 2 Episode Dammit Janet (2000), shortened to 1 minute 20 seconds on the video clip whereas for example the Sinatra track lasts 2:55
Thomas Barbusca performed it as Peter Pan in a 2015 commercial for Geico.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whorf, Michael (2012). American Popular Song Composers: Oral Histories, 1920s–1950s. McFarland. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-0-7864-9062-2.
Jump up ^ Hischak, Thomas S. (2008). The Oxford Companion to the American Musical. Oxford University Press. p. 503. ISBN 978-0-19-533533-0.

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text:
In the Pines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see In the Pines (disambiguation).
"In the Pines"
Song
Published
1917
Songwriter(s)
Traditional
"In the Pines", also known as "Where Did You Sleep Last Night?" and "Black Girl", is a traditional American folk song originating from two songs, "In the Pines" and "The Longest Train", both of whose authorship is unknown and date back to at least the 1870s (though some contend an older, Irish history). The songs originated in the Southern Appalachian area of the United States in the contiguous areas of Eastern Tennessee and Kentucky, Western North Carolina and Northern Georgia.[1][2]
Versions of the song have been recorded by many artists in numerous genres, but it is most often associated with American bluegrass musician Bill Monroe and American Blues musician Lead Belly, both of whom recorded very different versions of the song in the 1940s and 1950s.[3]
A version of the song performed by The Four Pennies reached the UK top-twenty in 1964.[4] A live performance by the American grunge band Nirvana reinterpreted Lead Belly's version and was recorded during their MTV Unplugged performance in 1993.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
2 Influential versions
2.1 Bill Monroe
2.2 Lead Belly
2.3 Cajun versions
2.4 The Four Pennies
2.5 Mark Lanegan/Nirvana
2.6 Other versions
3 In popular culture
3.1 In Film
3.2 In Literature
3.3 In Television
3.4 In Games
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Early history[edit]
Like numerous other folk songs, "In the Pines" was passed on from one generation and locale to the next by word of mouth. The first printed version of the song, compiled by Cecil Sharp, appeared in 1917, and comprised just four lines and a melody. The lines are:
Black girl, black girl, don't lie to me
Where did you stay last night?
I stayed in the pines where the sun never shines
And shivered when the cold wind blows
In 1925, a version of the song was recorded onto phonograph cylinder by a folk collector. This was the first documentation of "The Longest Train" variant of the song, which includes a verse about "The longest train I ever saw". This verse probably began as a separate song that later merged into "In the Pines". Lyrics in some versions about "Joe Brown's coal mine" and "the Georgia line" may refer to Joseph E. Brown, a former Governor of Georgia, who famously leased convicts to operate coal mines in the 1870s. While early renditions which mention the head in the "driver's wheel" make clear that the decapitation was caused by the train, some later versions would omit the reference to the train and reattribute the cause. As music historian Norm Cohen pointed out in his 1981 book, Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong, the song came to consist of three frequent elements: a chorus about "in the pines", a verse about "the longest train" and a verse about a decapitation, but not all elements are present in all versions.[6][7]
Starting in 1926, commercial recordings of the song were made by various folk and bluegrass bands. In her 1970 Ph.D. dissertation, Judith McCulloh (1935-2014) found 160 permutations of the song.[8] As well as rearrangement of the three frequent elements, the person who goes into the pines, or who is decapitated, is described as a man, woman, adolescent, husband, wife, or parent, while the pines can be seen as representing sexuality, death, or loneliness. The train is described as killing a loved one, as taking one's beloved away, or as leaving an itinerant worker far from home.[6]
In variants in which the song describes a confrontation, the person being challenged is always a woman. The folk version by the Kossoy Sisters asks, "Little girl, little girl, where'd you stay last night? Not even your mother knows." The reply to the question, "Where did you get that dress/ And those shoes that are so fine?" from one version is, "From a man in the mines/Who sleeps in the pines."[6] The theme of a woman being caught doing something she should not is thus also common to many variants. One variant, performed in the early twentieth century by the Ellison clan (Ora Ellison, deceased) in Lookout Mountain, Georgia, tells of a young Georgia girl who flees to the pines after being raped. Her rapist, a male soldier, is later beheaded by the train.
Some versions of the song also reference the Great Depression, with the "black girl" being a hobo on the move from the police, who witnesses the murder of her father while train-jumping. She hides from this by sleeping in the pines, in the cold.
Influential versions[edit]
Bill Monroe[edit]
Bill Monroe's 1941 and 1952 recordings, both under the title "In the Pines", were highly influential on later bluegrass and country versions. Recorded with his Bluegrass Boys and featuring fiddles and yodelling, they represent the "longest train" variant of the song, and omit any reference to a decapitation. However, as Eric Weisbard writes in a 1994 article in The New York Times, "...the enigmatic train is almost as frightening, suggesting an eternal passage: 'I asked my captain for the time of day/He said he throwed his watch away.'"[6]
Lead Belly[edit]
Huddie Ledbetter, a.k.a. Lead Belly, recorded over half-a-dozen versions between 1944 and 1948, most often under the title, "Black Girl" or "Black Gal". His first rendition, for Musicraft Records in New York City in February 1944, is arguably his most familiar. Listed as "Where Did You Sleep Last Night", this version appears on a number of Lead Belly "best-of" compilations, such as Absolutely the Best (2000).
Another familiar version was recorded for Moses Asch, founder of Folkways Records, in New York City. Listed as "Black Girl" or "In the Pines", this version appears on compilations such as Where Did You Sleep Last Night – Lead Belly Legacy Vol. 1 (1996), and The Definitive Lead Belly (2008).
Lead Belly is often said to be the author of the song, e.g. by Nirvana on their MTV Unplugged album in 1994. However, Lead Belly didn't write the song, but reinterpreted it, as did other musicians before and after him. According to the American folklorist Alan Lomax, Lead Belly learned the song from someone's interpretation of the 1917 version compiled by Cecil Sharp, and by the 1925 phonograph recording.[6]
Cajun versions[edit]
"In the Pines", converted into the Cajun French language and sung under the titles "Pine Grove Blues" or "Ma Negresse", became one of the landmark songs of Cajun music. The song is most associated with Nathan Abshire, the Louisiana Cajun accordion player, for whom "Pine Grove Blues" was his biggest hit. His melody is a hard-driving blues, but the lyrics, when translated to English, are the familiar "Hey, my girl, where did you sleep last night?" The Cajun French word "negresse" and the masculine counterpart "negre" are terms of endearment without regard to race.[citation needed] He recorded it at least three times, from the 1940s onward. Since then, Abshire's version has been covered by a wide variety of Cajun and zydeco musicians, including the Pine Leaf Boys, the Lost Bayou Ramblers, Beau Jocque, and Cedric Watson.
The Four Pennies[edit]
The Four Pennies recorded and released the song as "Black Girl" in October 1964. Their version reached No. 20 in the UK,[4] but was not released by their label in the US.[9]
Mark Lanegan/Nirvana[edit]
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night"
Song by Nirvana
from the album MTV Unplugged in New York
Released
1 November 1994
Recorded
November 18, 1993 at Sony Music Studios in New York City
Length
5.08
Label
DGC Records
Songwriter(s)
Lead Belly
Producer(s)
Alex Coletti, Scott Litt, Nirvana
MTV Unplugged in New York track listing
show
13 tracks
"About a Girl"
"Come as You Are"
"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam"
"The Man Who Sold the World"
"Pennyroyal Tea"
"Dumb"
"Polly"
"On a Plain"
"Something in the Way"
"Plateau"
"Oh, Me"
"Lake of Fire"
"All Apologies"
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night"
Nirvana occasionally performed the song during the early 1990s. Singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain was introduced to the song by fellow Seattle musician Mark Lanegan, and played guitar on a version on Lanegan's 1990 album, The Winding Sheet. Like Lanegan, Cobain usually screamed its final verse.
It is likely that Cobain referenced Lead Belly's 1944 Musicraft version for his interpretation of the song; Lanegan owned an original 78 rpm record of this version,[6] and it is the one that Cobain's version most closely resembles in terms of lyrics, form and title. In a 2009 MTV article, Kurt Loder remembers discussing the song's title with Cobain, with Cobain insisting, "But the Leadbelly version is called 'Where Did You Sleep Last Night,'" and Loder preferring the "In the Pines" title used by Bill Monroe (as well as Lead Belly).[10]
Cobain earned critical acclaim for his acoustic performance of the song during Nirvana's MTV Unplugged appearance in 1993. Canadian musician Neil Young described Cobain's vocals during the final screamed verse as "Unearthly, like a werewolf, unbelievable."[11] This version was originally sanctioned to be released as a b-side to the band's "Pennyroyal Tea" single in 1994, but the single was cancelled following Cobain's death in April 1994. It was posthumously released on the band's MTV Unplugged in New York album in November 1994, and as a promotional single from the album.[12] In 2002 the song featured as a bonus track on Nirvana's "best of" compilation album Nirvana. A solo Cobain home demo, recorded in 1990, appears on the band's 2004 rarities box set, With the Lights Out.
Nirvana's chart positions
Chart (1995)
Position
French Airplay Chart[13] 62
Other versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dock Walsh recorded the first known commercial version April 17, 1926 (Columbia mastered W142031-1; released on 15094-D, September 20, 1926).
Darby and Tarlton recorded the song in 1927 as Lonesome In The Pines, and reworked it as Lonesome Railroad in 1928.
Roscoe Holcomb recorded a version, available on The High Lonesome Sound.
The Louvin Brothers' version appears on the 1956 album, Tragic Songs of Life.
Dave Van Ronk's version appears on The Folkway Years 1959–1961.
The New Christy Minstrels recorded a version for their 1961 Columbia Records debut album.
Joan Baez's version appears on Very Early Joan, which includes performances from 1961 and 1963.
Fred Gerlach's version, titled "Little Girl", appears on his album Twelve-String Guitar, released on Folkways Records in 1962.
Doc Watson often performed the song, and a live recording exists, dating from the 1960s.
Marianne Faithfull recorded a version of the song for her 1965 album Come My Way.
Jackson C. Frank recorded "In The Pines", which was released on the unreleased tracks and demos compilation Fixin' to Die.
Tiny Tim's version is the B-side of his single "April Showers", in 1966.
Norma Tanega's 1966 "Hey Girl" is derived from Lead Belly's version.
Grateful Dead recorded the song on July 17, 1966. It appears on their 2001 box set, The Golden Road.
Jerry Reed recorded a version on Jerry Reed Explores Guitar Country, released in 1969.
Long John Baldry's "Black Girl", a duet with Maggie Bell, appears on his 1971 album It Ain't Easy. A rendition also appears on Long John Baldry Trio-Live (1999).
Link Wray recorded two versions titled "Georgia Pines" and "In the Pines" on his 1973 folk rock release Beans and Fatback.
Gene Clark recorded the song for his 1977 album Two Sides to Every Story.
Charlie Feathers recorded a version in the 1980s in Memphis.
The Oak Ridge Boys recorded "In the Pines" on their 1983 album, Deliver.
Dolly Parton's version appears on her 1994 album Heartsongs: Live from Home.[6]
Odetta recorded the song for her 2001 Lead Belly tribute album, Looking for a Home – Thanks to Leadbelly.
Pete Seeger's version of "Black Girl" appears on the 2002 Smithsonian Folkways re-release of recordings from the 1950s and 1960s entitled American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 1.
Josh White's version of "Black Girl" appears on his 1955 album, 25th Anniversary: The Story of John Henry, A Musical Narrative. Another version appears on New York to London (2002).
R. Crumb performed the song in Hamburg, Germany in 2003. The only known release is on R. Crumb's Music Sampler, included with the R. Crumb Handbook.
(Smog)'s version appears on his 2005 album A River Ain't Too Much to Love.
Ralph Stanley and Jimmy Martin's version appears on their album First Time Together, released in 2005.
Jack Rose's version appears on his 2010 EP Ragged and Right.
Laura Gibson's version appears as a b-side on her single La Grande[14]
Kid Cudi and Dot da Genius, known collectively as WZRD, recorded a rendition on their eponymous 2012 album.
My Own Private Alaska on the album "Amen" (2010).
Joe Banfi "Where Did You Sleep Last Night?" on the EP "Iron" in 2012
Brad Paisley contributed a version of the song to the Orthophonic Joy collection released in 2015.
Loretta Lynn recorded a cover for her 2016 album Full Circle.
The Journeymen recorded a cover of this song, titled "Black Girl", for their eponymous album in 1961.
The Finnish rock group Lasten Hautausmaa recorded a cover of the song in Finnish with the name "Tyttöni" ("My Girl") to close their 2015 eponymous debut LP.[15]
Danny Farrant and Paul Rawson covered this song for the compilation album Dark Country II.
Forbidden Dimension a Calgary band, recorded a version for their album Sin Gallery (1993).
Fantastic Negrito recorded a version for his album "The Last Days of Oakland" in 2016.
Bob Dylan performed the song in concert at Carnegie Chapter Hall in New York City, November 4, 1961 (only available as a bootleg recording).
Marilyn Manson performed the song at two concerts in Manchester and Glasgow in November 2015.
In popular culture[edit]
In Film[edit]
A version of the song is sung during Elia Kazan's 1960 film, Wild River.
A few lines of the song are sung by Sissy Spacek in the Loretta Lynn biopic, Coal Miner's Daughter.
The song is briefly heard in the background in the film I Know What You Did Last Summer.
In Literature[edit]
Danzy Senna titled her memoir Where Did You Sleep Last Night? A Personal History after this song in memory of her paternal grandmother.
Karl Edward Wagner references the song lyrics and the title in his 1973 horror story "In the Pines".
In 2007, Czech-American writer-singer Natálie Kocábová used a strophe of "Where Did You Sleep Last Night" for the opening of her novella Růže: Cesta za světlem... ("Rose: A Way to the Light").[16]
In Television[edit]
A version of the song by Danny Farrant is used in the trailer for American Gods, and appears in the first episode of the series.
The song becomes an important plot point in the fourth series of Ripper Street.
A version of it appears in the opening scene of the Marvel's The Defenders seventh episode "Fish in the Jailhouse".
A version of the song is heard in the background on a scence in S1E9 of The Chi.
In Games[edit]
A rendition by Jared Emerson-Johnson and Janel Drewis is played during the closing credits of The Walking Dead: Season Two - Episode 2: A House Divided released in 2014.[17]
A version of the song, as of yet unidentified, can be found playing in certain parts of the Ubisoft video game Far Cry 5, released on March 27, 2018.[18]
See also[edit]
List of train songs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cohen, Norm (2000), Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folk Song. Chicago, University of Illinois Press, pp. 491-496. ISBN 0252068815. Accessed 2017-09-30.
Jump up ^ "In the Pines", Second Hand Songs. Accessed 2017-19-30.
Jump up ^ "Five Good Covers: In The Pines (Where Did You Sleep Last Night)", [www.covermesongs.com Cover Me]. Accessed 2017-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Seida, Linda. "The Four Pennies – Music Biography, Credits and Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ MTV Unplugged in New York (1993), DGC Records.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Weisbard, Eric (November 13, 1994). "A Simple Song That Lives Beyond Time". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Norm (2000). Long Steel Rail: The Railroad in American Folksong (2 ed.). p. 459. ISBN 978-0-252-06881-2.
Jump up ^ McCulloh, Judith Marie (1970), In the Pines: The Melodic-Textual Identity of an American Lyric Folksong Cluster (Ph.D. dissertation, Folklore)|format= requires |url= (help), Indiana University
Jump up ^ "The Four Pennies – Discover music, videos, concerts, stats, & pictures at". Last.fm. March 22, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kurt Loder (April 8, 2009). "Nirvana's Kurt Cobain: Still Missed". MTV.com. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nirvana's Tense, Brilliant Unplugged in New York, 20 Years Later". The Atlantic. December 12, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nirvana - Where Did You Sleep Last Night Discogs.com. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "InfoDisc : Accès direct à ces Artistes (The user must select "Nirvana" from the dropdown list)". Infodisc.fr. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Laura Gibson - La Grande b/w In the Pines". Discogs.
Jump up ^ "Lasten Hautausmaa - Lasten Hautausmaa". Discogs.
Jump up ^ Horáková, Hana (August 15, 2010). "Cesta Natálie Kocáb". VašeLiteratura (in Czech). VašeLiteratura. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Telltale Games". Telltale Games. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ubisoft Entertainment". Ubisoft. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Where Did You Sleep Last Night
Nirvana's version of the Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Dutch oven
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the cooking pot. For other uses, see Dutch oven (disambiguation).
An American Dutch oven, 1896
A Dutch oven is a thick-walled cooking pot with a tight-fitting lid. Dutch ovens are usually made of seasoned cast iron, however some Dutch ovens are instead made of cast aluminium, or are ceramic. Some metal varieties are enameled rather than being seasoned. Dutch ovens have been used as cooking vessels for hundreds of years. They are called casserole dishes in English speaking countries other than the United States ("casserole" means "pot" in French), and cocottes in French. They are similar to both the Japanese tetsunabe and the Sač, a traditional Balkan cast-iron oven, and are related to the South African Potjie and the Australian Bedourie oven.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early European history
1.2 American history
1.3 Dutch history
2 Types
2.1 Camping
2.2 Bedourie oven
2.3 Potjie
2.4 Chugun
3 Use in cooking
4 Seasoning and care
4.1 Bare cast iron
4.2 Enameled ovens
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
History[edit]
Early European history[edit]
During the 17th century, brass was the preferred metal for English cookware and domestic utensiles, and the Dutch produced it at the lowest cost, which, however, was still expensive.[1] In 1702, Abraham Darby was a partner in the Brass Works Company of Bristol, which made malt mills for breweries.[2] Apparently in 1704, Darby visited the Netherlands, where he studied the Dutch methods of working brass, including the casting of brass pots.[3] Darby learned that when making castings, the Dutch used molds made of sand rather than the traditional loam and clay, and this innovation produced a finer finish on their brassware.[4] In 1706 he started a new brass mill in the Baptist Mills section of Bristol.[5] There Darby realized that he could sell more kitchen wares if he could replace brass with a cheaper metal, namely, cast iron.[6] Initial experiments to cast iron in sand molds were unsuccessful, but with the aid of one of his workers, James Thomas, a Welshman, he succeeded in casting iron cookware.[7] In 1707 he obtained a patent for the process of casting iron in sand, which derived from the Dutch process.[8] Thus the term "Dutch oven" has endured for over 300 years, since at least 1710.[9][10]
American history[edit]
American Dutch ovens changed over time during the colonial era. These changes included a shallower pot, legs to hold the oven above the coals, and a lid flange to keep the coals on the lid and out of the food.[11] Paul Revere is credited with the design of the flat lid with a ridge for holding coals as well as the addition of legs to the pots.
Colonists and settlers valued cast-iron cookware because of its versatility and durability. Cooks used them to boil, bake, stew, fry, and roast. The ovens were so valuable that wills in the 18th and 19th centuries frequently spelled out the desired inheritor. For example, Mary Ball Washington (mother of President George Washington) specified in her will, dated 20 May 1788, that one-half of her "iron kitchen furniture" should go to her grandson, Fielding Lewis, and the other half to Betty Carter, a granddaughter. This bequest included several Dutch ovens.[12]
Westward bound settlers took Dutch ovens with them. A Dutch oven was among the gear Lewis and Clark carried when they explored the great American Northwest in 1804–1806. Mormon pioneers who settled the American West also took along their Dutch ovens. In fact, a statue raised to honor the Mormon handcart companies who entered Utah’s Salt Lake Valley in the 1850s proudly displays a Dutch oven hanging from the front of the handcart. The Dutch oven is also the official state cooking pot of Texas,[13] Utah and Arkansas.[14][15]
Mountain men exploring the great American frontier used Dutch ovens into the late 19th century. Chuck wagons accompanying western cattle drives also carried Dutch ovens from the mid-19th century into the early 20th century.[16]
Dutch history[edit]
A Dutch oven, or braadpan, as it is used in the Netherlands today.
In the Netherlands, a Dutch oven is called a braadpan, which literally translates to frying pan or roasting pan. The design most used today is a black (with blue inside) enameled steel pan, that is suitable for gas and induction heating. The model was introduced in 1891 by BK, a well known Dutch manufacturer of cookware. Cheaper and lighter in weight than cast iron, it proved to be a revolution in the kitchen.[17] A braadpan is mainly used for frying meat only, but it can also be used for making traditional stews such as hachée. Cast-iron models exist, but are used less frequently.
Types[edit]
Camping[edit]
A camping, cowboy, or chuckwagon Dutch oven has three legs, a wire bail handle, and a slightly concave, rimmed lid so that coals from the cooking fire can be placed on top as well as below. This provides more uniform internal heat and lets the inside act as an oven. These ovens are typically made of bare cast iron, although some are aluminum. Dutch ovens are often used in Scouting outdoor activities.
Bedourie oven[edit]
Main article: Bedourie oven
In Australia, a bedourie camp oven is a steel cookpot shaped and used like a Dutch oven. Named after Bedourie, Queensland, the Bedourie ovens were developed as a more robust (non-breakable) alternative to the more fragile cast-iron Dutch ovens.[18][19]
Potjie[edit]
Main article: Potjiekos
A cast-iron potjie on a fire
In South Africa, a potjie /pˈɔɪkiː/, directly translated "pottle or little pot"[20] from Afrikaans or Dutch, is unlike most other Dutch ovens, in that it is round bottomed. Traditionally, it is a single cast, cast-iron pot, reinforced with external double or triple circumscribing ribs, a bail handle for suspending the pot, and three short legs for resting the pot. It is similar in appearance to a cauldron. It has a matching handled lid, which is recessed, and convex to allow for hot coals to rest on top, providing additional heat from above. When the vessel is to be stored long term, care must be taken to avoid rust forming by seasoning. "Potjie" can also refer to the technique of cooking potjiekos. Among the recipes which require a potjie, there is one for a type of bread called "potbrood", which literally means "pot bread".
Among the South African indigenous peoples (specifically Zulus) these pots also became known as phutu pots, after a popular food prepared in it. The larger pots are normally used for large gatherings e.g. Funerals or weddings to prepare large quanties of food. Wooden spoons referred to as Kombe in the Tsonga language are used for mixing and stirring.
This tradition originated in the Netherlands during the Siege of Leiden and was brought to South Africa by Dutch immigrants.[21] It persisted over the years with the Voortrekkers and survives today as a traditional Afrikaner method of cooking.[20] It is still in common use by South African campers, both domestic and international.
Chugun[edit]
Chugun with a long handled tool and lifting roller
Chugun holding tool
In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a chugun is a cast-iron pot used in a modern oven or in a traditional Russian oven, hearth, or a campfire. A chugun is used in a variety of cooking methods including high temperature cooking, low-temperature cooking, thermal cooking, slow cooking, smothering, roasting, baking, braising, and stewing.
The shape of a chugun is similar to a traditional crock with a narrow top and bottom and wider in the middle. When used inside a traditional oven, a long handled holding tool is used with a roller that serves as a lever to lift a heavy chugun in and out of the oven. Since there are no handles, it's inconvenient to use a chugun on a stovetop.
A variety of chuguns are used to prepare an entire meal
Often several chuguns of different sizes are used in the oven at the same time to prepare the entire meal. Dishes usually cooked in a chugun are roast meat with vegetables called "zharkoye," holubtsi, potato babka, stuffed peppers, and baked milk.
Use in cooking[edit]
Dutch ovens are well suited for long, slow cooking, such as in making roasts, stews, and casseroles. Virtually any recipe that can be cooked in a conventional oven can be cooked in a Dutch oven.
When cooking over a campfire, it is possible to use old-style lipped cast-iron Dutch ovens as true baking ovens, to prepare biscuits, cakes, breads, pizzas, and even pies. A smaller baking pan can be placed inside the ovens, used and replaced with another as the first batch is completed. It is also possible to stack Dutch ovens on top of each other, conserving the heat that would normally rise from the hot coals on the top. These stacks can be as high as 5 or 6 pots.
Seasoning and care[edit]
Bare cast iron[edit]
Americans traditionally season their iron Dutch ovens like other cast-iron cookware.
After use Dutch ovens are typically cleaned like other cast-iron cookware: with boiling water and a brush, and no soap. After the oven has been dried, it should be given a thin coating of cooking oil to prevent rusting. Whether that should be a vegetable fat or an animal fat (such as lard) is hotly contested[citation needed]. Saturated fats are more stable than polyunsaturated fats, which tend to go rancid more quickly. Alas, if the oven is used regularly, this poses no issue. Mustard oil provides the highest temperature resistance, which would be conducive to cooking.
Where possible, a cleaned and freshly oiled Dutch oven should be stored in a clean, dry location with the lid ajar or off to promote air circulation and to avoid the smell and taste of rancid oil. If the Dutch oven must be stored with the lid on, a paper towel or piece of newspaper should be placed inside the oven to absorb any moisture.
With care, after much use the surfaces of the Dutch oven will become dark black, very smooth, shiny and non-stick. With proper care, a Dutch oven will provide long service.[22]
Enameled ovens[edit]
Enameled ovens do not need to be seasoned before use. However, they lose some of the other advantages of bare cast iron. For example, deep frying is usually not recommended in enameled ovens; the enamel coating is not able to withstand high heat, and is best suited for water-based cooking.
Enameled ovens can usually be cleaned like ordinary cookware, and some brands can be put in the dishwasher.
However, enamel is not as resistant to scratches as iron.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dutch ovens.
List of cooking techniques
List of cooking vessels
Outdoor cooking
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rosen, William, The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry, and Invention (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2010),p. 145.
Jump up ^ See:
(Rosen, 2010), p. 145.
(Burwood, 1999), p. 396.
Jump up ^ See:
(Rosen, 2010), p. 146.
(Burwood, 1999), p. 396.
(Ashton, 1924), p. 27.
Jump up ^ See:
(Rosen, 2010), p. 146.
(Burwood, 1999), p. 396.
Ashton, Thomas Southcliffe, Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1924), pp. 26–27.
Jump up ^ See:
(Percy, 1864), p. 887.
(Burwood, 1999), p. 396.
Jump up ^ See:
(Rosen, 2010), p. 146.
(Percy, 1864), p. 887.
Jump up ^ See:
(Ashton, 1924), p. 27.
Burwood, Stephen, "Abraham Darby" in: Magill, Frank N., ed., The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography, vol. 4 (Ipswich, Massachusetts: Salem Press, Inc., 1999), pp. 396–398 ; see p. 396.
Percy, John, Metallurgy: The Art of Extracting Metals from Their Ores and Adapting Them to Various Purposes of Manufacture (London, England: John Murray, 1864), p. 887.
Jump up ^ Darby, Abraham, "Casting iron bellied pots in sand only," British patent no. 380 (issued: 1707), in: Woodcroft, Bennet, ed., Appendix to Reference Index of Patents of Invention, Containing Abstracts from such of the Early Patents … (London, England: Great Seal Patent Office, 1855), p. 46.
Jump up ^ Dutch Ovens Chronicled 3–4
Jump up ^ The Merriam-Webster Dictionary states that the term "Dutch oven" first appeared in print in 1769. See: Merriam-Webster EtymologyOnLine also states that the first occurrence of the term "Dutch oven" was in 1769. See article: Dutch (adj.) Indeed, a "Dutch oven" is mentioned in the records of the Augusta county (Virginia) courthouse for October 20, 1769: Chalkley, Lyman, Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish settlement in Virginia … (Rosslyn, Virginia: Commonwealth Printing Co., 1912), vol. 1, p. 159. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Researching Food History agree that several very different cooking devices were called "Dutch ovens": a cast-iron pan with legs and a lid; a roughly rectangular box that was open on one side and that was used to roast meats; and a compartment in a brick hearth that was used for baking.
Jump up ^ Dutch Ovens Chronicled 11-14
Jump up ^ Dutch Ovens Chronicled 28
Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2005/04/22/4616266/texas-pays-tribute-to-the-dutch-oven
Jump up ^ "Utah Symbols — Dutch Oven". Pioneer.utah.gov. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Where Can I Find a List of Official State Cooking Vessels?". Retrieved 2012-08-16.
Jump up ^ Dutch Ovens Chronicled 33-54
Jump up ^ (in Dutch) A History of BK (De geschiedenis van BK) Archived 2013-10-02 at the Wayback Machine., Retrieved 15 September 2013
Jump up ^ Redden Illustration. "Camping and outdoor cookware, fish smoker, cookers and frypans". Southern Metal Spinners. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Camp Oven Cooking In Australia (Cocia) - Camp Oven Cooking". Aussiecampovencook.com. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Stan Engelbrecht; Tamsen de Beer; Ree Treweek (2005). African salad: A portrait of South Africans at Home. Day One Publishing. ISBN 0-620-35451-8.
Jump up ^ "Potjiekos". FOOD24. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
Jump up ^ "Lodge Cast Iron Cookware". Lodgemfg.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
Further reading[edit]
Look up dutch oven in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Wikibook Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Recreation has a page on the topic of: Dutch Oven Cooking
Ragsdale, John (2006). Dutch Oven Cooking (4th edition) (paperback). Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58979-352-1.
Stucki, Dick (2006). Dutch Oven Cookin'. Bonnevile Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-925838-00-1.
Mills, Sheila (2008). The Outdoor Dutch Oven Cookbook. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-154660-7.
Joan S. Larsen. Lovin' Dutch Ovens. 1991 LFS Publications.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_oven&oldid=804794308"
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text:
Ginny Weasley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ginny Weasley
Harry Potter character
First appearance
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Last appearance
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
Created by
J. K. Rowling
Portrayed by
Bonnie Wright (film series)
Poppy Miller (play)
House
Gryffindor
Information
Family
Arthur Weasley (father)
Molly Weasley (mother)
Bill Weasley (brother)
Charlie Weasley (brother)
Percy Weasley (brother)
Fred and George Weasley (brothers)
Ron Weasley (brother)
Spouse(s)
Harry Potter
Children
James Sirius Potter (son)
Albus Severus Potter (son)
Lily Luna Potter (daughter)
Ginevra Molly "Ginny" Weasley is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. Ginny is introduced in The Philosopher's Stone, in which she appears when Harry and four of her brothers leave for Hogwarts, and when she excitedly catches a glimpse of Harry upon his return at the end of the term.
Contents
1 Character development
2 Appearances
3 Characterization
3.1 Outward appearance
3.2 Personality
3.3 Magical abilities and skills
4 Portrayals
5 References
Character development[edit]
Ginny Weasley is a pureblood witch born on 11 August 1981.[1] She attended Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and was sorted into Gryffindor house, along with the rest of her family. According to J.K. Rowling, "the backstory with Ginny was, she was the first girl to arrive in the Weasley family in generations, but there's that old tradition of the seventh daughter of a seventh daughter and a seventh son of a seventh son, so that's why she's the seventh, because she is a gifted witch. I think you get hints of that, because she does some pretty impressive stuff here and there".[2][3] Over the course of the series, Ginny becomes a strong witch who shows herself to be independent and capable, fighting alongside Harry on more than one occasion as he battles against the Dark Arts.
In a joint interview with The Leaky Cauldron and Mugglenet, Rowling revealed that she "always knew" that Ginny and Harry "were going to come together and then part."[3] The author explained that, as the series progresses, Harry, and by extension the reader, discovers that Ginny is in fact the ideal girl for Harry. Rowling stated that Harry "needs to be with someone who can stand the demands of being with Harry Potter, because he's a scary boyfriend in a lot of ways."[3] By the later part of the series, Ginny and Harry "are total equals" and "worthy of each other." The author also commented that she enjoyed writing the "big emotional journey" that both characters go through, and that she really liked Ginny as a character.[3]
Appearances[edit]
Ginny first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, when Harry encounters the Weasley family at King's Cross station and they help him to reach Platform 9¾. After realizing Harry's identity, Ginny asks her mother if she can board the Hogwarts Express to see him.[4] Ginny is a first-year student in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, in which she develops a crush on Harry and is sorted into Gryffindor. During the climax of the story, it is revealed that she opened the Chamber of Secrets, and is attacking Muggle-born students while being possessed by Tom Riddle's old school diary. Lucius Malfoy had slipped the diary into Ginny's cauldron in Flourish and Blotts prior to the term. She has little involvement in Prisoner of Azkaban, though she is studying at Hogwarts throughout the book. In Goblet of Fire, her role was larger as she attends the Quidditch World Cup and the Yule Ball with Neville Longbottom and can be seen in background appearances.
In Order of the Phoenix, Ginny had "given up on Harry months ago"[5] (though this is merely a ruse as Hermione previously advised her to pretend to not be as interested in Harry and go out with a few other boys so Harry would eventually notice her),[6] and has a boyfriend, Michael Corner, whom she met at the Yule Ball. When Umbridge punishes Harry with a "lifetime" Quidditch ban, Ginny replaces him as Gryffindor Seeker. During the last part of the book, Ginny breaks up with Michael due to his sulking over Ravenclaw's defeat in the Quiddich Cup final, later replacing him with Dean Thomas. She joins Dumbledore's Army and is one of five members who accompany Harry in his attempt to rescue Sirius Black from the Department of Mysteries. Towards the end of this book Ginny participates in the battle inside the Ministry of Magic, but is forced to withdraw from the action due to a broken left ankle.[7]
In Half-Blood Prince, after she casts the Bat-Bogey Hex on Zacharias Smith, Professor Slughorn respects her magical abilities enough to invite her to join his "Slug Club". Ginny becomes a permanent member of the Gryffindor Quidditch team as Chaser, and substitutes for Harry as Seeker when Severus Snape puts him in detention during the Quidditch Cup final. After witnessing Ginny kissing Dean in an empty corridor, Harry has an angry internal reaction. This reaction surprises him and upon reflection, he realizes his attraction to Ginny.[8] Since Ginny's older brother Ron vocally objects to Dean going out with his sister, Harry fears his reaction would be the same with him. Ginny's relationship with Dean ends altogether in April following an accidental nudge from Harry under the effects of Felix Felicis, which Ginny interprets as Dean unnecessarily trying to help her through the portrait hole.[9] Ginny and Harry share their first kiss after Gryffindor again won the Quidditch Cup defeating Ravenclaw, thus initiating their relationship. This does not alter Harry's relationship with Ron as he had feared, and they are able to enjoy their relationship for a peaceful few months. After Dumbledore's death, however, Harry decides to end their relationship as he fears his love for Ginny would place her in danger.
Propelled by the revelation that Harry, Ron, and Hermione are leaving to seek the remaining Horcruxes in Deathly Hallows, Ginny kisses Harry in her bedroom, and they realize that they both still have intense feelings for each other. She returns to Hogwarts for her sixth year, where she works with Neville and Luna on reuniting Dumbledore's Army. As Ron is on the run with Harry and Hermione, Ginny is forced to go into hiding with her family. Though underage, she takes part in the Battle of Hogwarts despite her mother's and Harry's disapproval.[10] After Harry's supposed death, she, Hermione, and Luna take on Bellatrix Lestrange, who nearly strikes Ginny with a Killing Curse, infuriating Molly Weasley to the point of intervening and slaying Bellatrix herself.[11]
In the epilogue, set nineteen years after the events of Deathly Hallows, Harry and Ginny have three children: James, Albus and Lily. Though the epilogue does not explicitly say Ginny and Harry are married, news articles and other sources treat it as a fact.[12][13][14] Rowling elaborated on Ginny's future after the release of the book, saying that after leaving Hogwarts, she joined the Holyhead Harpies and, after spending a few years as a celebrated player, retired to become the senior Quidditch correspondent at the Daily Prophet, and to start a family with Harry.[15][16] In the sequel play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Ginny must help Harry reconcile with their wayward son Albus Severus Potter, and references to events in previous books are mentioned. Her job at The Daily Prophet is briefly mentioned when Draco accuses her of promoting suspicion against former Death Eaters, but she states that her articles are purely sport-related. [17]
Characterization[edit]
Outward appearance[edit]
Ginny is described as an extremely pretty girl.[citation needed] She has typical Weasley family traits: flaming red hair (which she wears in a long mane) and a freckled complexion. She is of petite stature, commented on by several characters, and has bright brown eyes like her mother. When she blushes (which was often around Harry Potter in the early years of their friendship), she goes a shade of red that matches her hair.[18] When in a highly emotional state she is known to acquire a "hard, blazing look".[8]
Personality[edit]
Ginny is forceful, independent and often speaks her mind. She has an energetic, lively personality; having feelings for Harry, however, during the first few years of their friendship, she became shy and withdrawn in his presence. According to Harry, growing up with six older brothers toughened her up.[19] Ginny is not afraid to stand up to anybody, friends and enemies alike. Notably, she stands up to Draco Malfoy on their first meeting in Flourish and Blotts when he insults Harry in Chamber of Secrets. She even stands up to Hermione, her close friend in defence of Harry's use of the Sectumsempra curse. When describing Ginny, J.K. Rowling notes she is "tough, not in an unpleasant way, but gutsy", also describing her as "warm and compassionate".[20] Ginny was very popular during her time at Hogwarts, and drew attraction by numerous boys. Ron in particular felt that Ginny was "too popular for her own good". Ginny is notably difficult to intimidate or frighten, as seen during her moments of standing up to Harry, particularly in Order of the Phoenix.[citation needed]
Magical abilities and skills[edit]
Ginny is a very talented and powerful witch. At the age of fourteen she was able to conjure a corporeal Patronus Charm — a very advanced piece of magic and proof that she possessed superior magical ability. According to Pottermore, Ginny's patronus is a horse.[21] She is also a gifted flier and Quidditch player, in particular having scored "seventeen goals" during a Quidditch practice. Ginny became known to use very adeptly the Bat-Bogey Hex, most notably on Draco Malfoy and Zacharias Smith.[citation needed]
Portrayals[edit]
Bonnie Wright played Ginny Weasley in all eight films of the Harry Potter film series. Wright voiced the character in the Order of Phoenix, Half-Blood Prince and Deathly Hallows: Part 1 video games. Wright has described the character of Ginny as "outgoing, friendly and confident."[22] In an interview with The Telegraph prior to the release of Order of the Phoenix, Wright revealed that she got the role because her brother had read the books and told her she reminded him of Ginny, and recommended that she audition for the part.[23][24]
Ginny was voiced by Victoire Robinson for the Chamber of Secrets game, and by Annabel Scholey in Deathly Hallows: Part 2. Bonnie Wright leant her voice to her character in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, and acted as a playable character in certain missions.[25][26] Poppy Miller was cast as the adult Ginny in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.[27]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling. "J.K. Rowling Official Site: Some Random Facts About The Weasley Family". Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2018. .
Jump up ^ "Women of Harry Potter: Ginny Weasley Is Not Impressed". Tor.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2005: Accio Quote!, the largest archive of J.K. Rowling interviews on the web". www.accio-quote.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
Jump up ^ J.K.Rowling (2014). Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-5565-2. , chapter 6
Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling (2004). Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-5100-6. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling (2004). Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-5100-6. |access-date= requires |url= (help) chapter 16
Jump up ^ J.K.Rowling (2014). Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-5569-0. , chapter 35
^ Jump up to: a b J.K. Rowling (2005). Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-8108-8. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling (2005). Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-8108-8. |access-date= requires |url= (help), chapter 22
Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling (2007). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-545-01022-5. |access-date= requires |url= (help), chapter 31
Jump up ^ "New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of "Deathly Hallows"". The Leaky Cauldron. 19 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Brown, Jen (26 July 2007). "Finished 'Potter'? Rowling tells what happens next". Today. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Toler, Lindsay (5 August 2007). "'Harry Potter' author ties up loose ends". The Arizona Republic. London. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ginevra "Ginny" Molly Weasley". The Harry Potter Lexicon. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Bloomsbury, By. "Harry Potter - Harry Potter books and resources - Bloomsbury". Archived from the original on 17 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Rowling Answers 10 Questions About Harry". Time. 2007. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Jump up ^ John Tiffany & Jack Thorne (2016). Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Scholastic Inc. ISBN 978-1-338-09913-3.
Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling (1997). "chapter 17". Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-3269-9. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter: 15 Things You Never Knew About Ginny Weasley". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sorry Haters, Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley were destined for each other". Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ginny Weasley". Pottermore. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Latino, Harry (14 July 2007). "New interview with Bonnie Wright". snitchseeker.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter Q&A". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ginny Weasley looks really different now and we are officially Stupefied". Metro. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Video Game 2009)". IMDb. 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) Xbox 360 credits - MobyGames". MobyGames. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cursed Child reveals first look at Harry, Ginny and Albus Potter in character". Pottermore. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
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