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Majuli
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Mājuli
Native name: মাজুলী
Doriya River of Majuli.
Mājuli
Geography
Location
Brahmaputra River
Coordinates
26°57′0″N 94°10′0″E / 26.95000°N 94.16667°E / 26.95000; 94.16667
Area
352 km2 (136 sq mi)
Highest elevation
84.5 m (277.2 ft)
Administration
India
State
Assam
District
Majuli (Formally Declared on 8 September 2016)
Demographics
Population
167,304 Approx (2011)
Pop. density
300 /km2 (800 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups
Mishing, Deori, Sonowal Kacharis, Ahom, Chutiya, Kalita, Brahmin
Additional information
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN
785102, 785104, 785105, 785110, 785106
Telephone code
03775
Vehicle registration
AS-03
Mājuli or Majoli (pron: ˈmʌʤʊlɪ) (Assamese: মাজুলী, Assamese pronunciation: [mazuli])[1] is a river island in the Brahmaputra River, Assam, India and the 1st island district of the country.[2] The island had a total area of 1,250 square kilometres (483 sq mi) at the beginning of the 20th century,[3] but having lost significantly to erosion it had an area of only 352 square kilometres (136 sq mi) in 2014.[4] Majuli has shrunk as the river surrounding it has grown.[5] However it is recognised by Guinness Book of World Records as World's Largest River Island.[6]
The island is formed by the Brahmaputra river in the south and the Kherkutia Xuti, an anabranch of the Brahmaputra, joined by the Subansiri River in the north. Mājuli island is accessible by ferries from the city of Jorhat. The island is about 300–400 kilometres (186–249 mi) east from the state's largest city —Guwahati. It was formed due to course changes by the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries, mainly the Lohit. Mājuli is the abode of the Assamese neo-Vaishnavite culture.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Economy
3 People
4 Culture
5 Neo-Vaishnavite Satras
6 Photo gallery
7 Ecosystem
8 Tourist interests
9 Birdwatching
10 Educational Institute
10.1 Colleges
10.2 Junior Colleges
11 Politics
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
Originally, the island was a long, narrow piece of land called Majoli (land in the middle of two parallel rivers) that had the Brahmaputra flowing in the north and the Burhidihing flowing in the south, till they met at Lakhu. Frequent earthquakes in the period 1661–1696 set the stage for a catastrophic flood in 1750 that continued for 15 days, which is mentioned in historical texts and reflected in folklore. As a result of this flood, the Brahmaputra split into two branches — one flowing along the original channel and the other flowing along the Burhidihing channel and the Mājuli island was formed.
The Burhidihing's point of confluence moved 190 km east and the southern channel which was the Burhidihing became the Burhi Xuti. The northern channel, which was previously the Brahmaputra, became the Luit Xuti. In due course, the flow in the Luit Xuti decreased, and it came to be known as the Kherkutia Xuti; and the Burhi Xuti expanded via erosion to become the main Brahmaputra River.
The locals speak in the Assamese, Mising languages mainly.Few of them speak in the Deori language as well.
Reference regarding the early existence of Majuli is found in Yogini Tranta that Chutiya king Ratnadhajpal founded his capital in Ratanpur. which is now in the east from kamalabari.[8] It was known as Ratnapur at that time.
Mājuli has been the cultural capital of Assamese civilisation since the 16th century; based on written records describing the visit of Srimanta Sankardeva — a 16th-century social reformer. Sankardeva, a pioneer of the medieval-age neo-Vaishnavite movement, preached a monotheist form of Hinduism called Vaishnavism and established monasteries and hermitages known as satra on the islet.
The island soon became the leading center of Vaishavinism with the establishment of these satras. After the arrival of the British, Majuli was under the rule of the British until India gained independence in 1947. It is one of world's biggest river islands.
Economy[edit]
The main industry is agriculture, with paddy being the chief crop. Mājuli has a rich and diverse agricultural tradition, with as many as 100 varieties of rice grown, all without pesticides or artificial fertilisers.[citation needed] Fishing is also among the main industry after agriculture. Among the fascinating arrays of rice produced are the Komal Saul, a unique type that can be eaten after immersing the grains in warm water for 15 minutes and usually eaten as a breakfast cereal; the bao dhan, that grows under water and is harvested after ten months; and the Bora saul, a sticky brown rice used to make the traditional cake with fish is known as pitha. Fishing, dairying, pottery, handloom and boat-making are other important economic activities.[9]
Handloom is a major occupation among the distaff population of the villages. Although largely a non-commercial occupation, it keeps many of the inhabitants occupied. Weaving is exquisite and intricate with the use of a variety of colours and textures of cotton and silk, especially Muga silk.
People[edit]
A village in Majuli
A Deori Community Women weaving Gamusa
The population of Majuli comprises of the tribals, non-tribals and the scheduled castes.The tribal communities include the Misings, the Deoris and the Sonowal Kacharis.The scheduled castes include the Kaivartas, the Brittial Banias etc.The non-tribal communities includes Koch, Kalitas, Ahoms, Chutiyas, Keot, Yogis etc.The Mising community has the largest population in the island who immigrated from Arunachal Pradesh to Majuli centuries ago . Languages spoken are Mising, Assamese, and Deori. The island has 144 villages with a population of over 150,000 and a density of 300 individuals per square km.
Ferry service which operates six times a day connects Majuli to Jorhat city. Night super buses ply between Guwahti to Majuli via Lakhimpur. Despite inherent drawbacks faced, modernism has touched this island, with the setting up of medical centers and educational institutions. Housing, too, has segued from traditional bamboo and mud construction to ones made of concrete.
The heart of all villages is the Namghar, where villagers episodically gather to sing and pray and to perform religious drama. It is the most important public place for the villagers. After the rituals are complete, villagers decide on issues concerning the village such as auctioning of fishing rights, what to do with money raised, and other topics of significance to the community as a whole.
The inhabitants are expert navigators by boat; their expertise is most visible during the monsoon season when they navigate the turbulent waters of the Brahmaputra.
Culture[edit]
Gayan Bayan in Majuli
Raas leela in Majuli
The festival of Ali aye ligang is celebrated during mid-February with great pomp and show. It is celebrated for five days starting from second Wednesday of February till the next week. Local dishes like purang apin (rice wrapped in special leaves), apong (rice beer) and dishes made of pork, fish and chickens are served. Traditional Mising dance Gumrag Soman is performed in every village worshiping the almighty Donyi polo (mother sun and father moon) asking for good year of harvest.
Other festivals like Christmas is celebrated by the majority Christians of Mising tribe in upper Majuli where Jengraimukh village is the epicentre of Christians. Majuli has been the cultural capital and the cradle of Assamese civilization for the past 500 years. The satras set up preserve antiques like weapons, utensils, jewellery and other items of cultural significance. Pottery is made in Mājuli from beaten clay and burnt in driftwood fired kilns in the same mode carried out by the peoples of the ancient Harrappan Civilisation. Sociologists have stressed the preservation of these unique peoples, whose culture and dance forms are untouched by modernism. The hand-loom work of these tribes is internationally famous.
Virtually every person on the island is involved in the three-day long raas festival, depicting the life of Krishna. People from hundreds of kilometers away come to celebrate this festival including a number of expatriate members of community. The satras have honed certain art and craft traditions, which can now be found only here. In Natun Samuguri Satra for example, one can still find the craft of mask-making; and in the Kamalabari Satra the finest boats are made.
Neo-Vaishnavite Satras[edit]
The island has been the hub of Assamese neo-Vaishnavite culture, initiated around 15th century by the revered Assamese saint Srimanta Sankardeva and his disciple Madhavdeva. Many Satras or monasteries constructed by the saint still survive and represent the colourful Assamese culture. The saint took refuge in Mājuli and spent a couple of months at Beloguri in West Mājuli, which was a place of grandeur for the historic and auspicious, 'Manikanchan Sanjog' between Shankardeva and Madhavdeva, this was the first satra in Mājuli. After the "Manikanchan Sanjog", sixty five satras were set up. However, today only twenty-two of the original sixty-five are operational. Sixty-five out of the six hundred and sixty-five original satras in Assam were situated in Mājuli. Mur nam Majuli The main surviving Satras (Satra) are:
During Rass Mahotsav, artists perform Bhawna wearing masks.
Dakhinpat Satra: Founded by Banamalidev, a supporter of Raasleela, which is now observed as one of the National Festivals of Assam.
Garamurh Satra: This "Satra" was founded by Lakshmikantadeva. During the end of autumn, the traditional the Raasleela is enacted with pomp and celebrations. Ancient weapons called "Bartop" or cannons are preserved here.
Auniati Satra: Founded by Niranjan Pathakdeva, the satra is famous for the "Paalnaam" and Apsara Dances and also its extensive assortment of ancient Assamese artefacts, utensils, jewellery and handicrafts. It also has a hundred and twenty five disciples and over seven hundred thousand followers worldwide.
Kamalabari Satra: The Kamalabari Satra, founded by Bedulapadma Ata, is a centre of art, cultural, literature and classical studies on the island. Its branch the Uttar Kamalabari Satra has performed cultural programmes of the Satria Art all around the country and abroad.
Narashingha Satra: ln the year of 1746 shri shri alengi narasingha satra was established by Ahom king Promottra singha.The founder person of the satra was NRISHING CHARAAN. The Narasingha satra is specially famous for sashi puthi, mask, THIO NAAM, ancient architec, Bor geet, satriya nritya, gupi nritya, sutradhar etc.
Benegenaati Satra: It is a reliquary of antiques of cultural importance and an advance centre of performing art. Muraridev, the grandson of Sankaradeva's stepmother was the founder of the Satra. The royal raiment belongs to the Ahom king Swargadeo Godadhar Singha, is made of gold. Also preserved is the royal umbrella made in gold.
Shamaguri Satra: The satra is famous for the mask making in India.
Bihimpur satra Satra: These satras are the treasure house of "Borgeet" Matiakhara, Satriya Dances (Jumora Dance, Chali Dance, Notua Dance, Nande Vringee, Sutradhar, Ozapali, Apsara Dance, Satria Krishna Dance and Dasavater Dance), all promulgated by Srimanta Sankardeva. It has become a center for shuddhi in the Northeast of India, due to the efforts of Pitambar Deva Goswami.
Photo gallery[edit]
Kamalabari Satra
Dakhinpat Satra
Pooja at Dakhinpat Satra
From one of the satras
Aauniati satra gate
Ecosystem[edit]
Majuli wetland
The island is shrinking due to erosion.
A wetland, Mājuli is a hotspot for flora and fauna, harbouring many rare and endangered avifauna species including migratory birds that arrive in the winter season. Among the birds seen here are the greater adjutant stork, pelican, Siberian crane and the whistling teal. After dark wild geese and ducks fly in flocks to distant destinations. The island is almost pollution free owing to the lack of polluting industries and factories and also the chronic rainfall.
The island is under threat due to the extensive soil erosion on its banks. The reason for this magnitude in erosion is the large embankments built in neighbouring towns upriver to prevent erosion during the monsoon season when the river distends its banks. The upshot is a backlash of the tempestuous Brahmaputra's fury on the islet, eroding most of the area. According to reports, in 1853, the total area of Mājuli was 1,150 km2 and about 33% of this landmass has been eroded in the latter half of 20th century. Since 1991, over 35 villages have been washed away. Surveys show that in 15–20 years from now, Mājuli would cease to exist.
To save the island, the Union Government of India has sanctioned ₹ 250 crores (US $55 million) for the protection of the island. The water resource department & The Brahmaputra Board are struggling to solve the erosion problem of this island for the last three decade but without much success. Recently it was suggested that a four-lane highway protected by concrete mat along the southern boundary of Majuli and excavation of river bed of the Brahmaputra River, only can solve the problem. The project also includes two flood gates for the Kherkatia suti which is a tributary of the Brahmaputra. The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project is yet to be implemented by the government. However, a nomination has been sent to the UNESCO for the declaration of Mājuli to be as a world heritage site.[10]
Local environmental activist Jadav Payeng has planted a 550 hectare forest, known as Molai Forest to combat erosion on the island. Much of the island was barren sandbars that were vulnerable to erosion, but thanks to Payeng's afforestation, has become a lush forest. The forest has become habitat for animals including elephants, tigers, deer, and vultures.[11]
Tourist interests[edit]
A view of Majuli
FALGU RATH YATRA (narasingha satra)
Mājuli is 20 km from Jorhat. One can take the bus or a hired taxi to the Nimati Steamer Ghat from where ferry services ply. The distance takes over three hours to cover, with three bus rides and two ferry rides.
On the north bank is the river Subansiri and on the south bank, the mighty Brahmaputra has excided the island from the main land. Lakhimpur town is to the north and Golaghat is to its southwest. The town of Sibsagar is on the southeast and Jorhat is to the south. On the extreme east is Dibrugarh District.
The Vaishnava Satras founded by Sankardeva
The colourful culture of the tribes
Migratory birds
The Ali-ai-ligang festival in Feb-March
Pottery making
Mask making
Paal Namm festival in the end of winter
Folgu utsaav(holi)
Madhya Majuli
Namoni Majuli
Ujoni Majuli
The sunset in winter
Exotic homespun masks crafts
the natural beauty.
Birdwatching[edit]
The southern part of the island is a bird lover's paradise. The best time to visit is between November to March as the weather and wildlife view is satisfactory. There are three locales for birdwatching:
The southeast of the island
The southwest of the island
The northern part
.Sakuli Beel, near Kamalabari. .Magurmari Beel, Dakhinpaat Satra. .Verki Beel, near Kamalabari.
Educational Institute[edit]
Main article: List of educational institutes in Majuli
Colleges[edit]
Majuli College, Kamalabari
Jengraimukh College, Jengraimukh
Ujoni Majuli Kherkotia Mahavidyalaya, N ayabazar
Rangachahi College, Rangachahi
Pub Majuli College, Bongoan
Garamur college, Garamur
Junior Colleges[edit]
Namoni Majuli Junior College
Pitambar Deva Goswami College
Majuli Janajati Jr. College.
Utar Majuli Janajati Jr. College
ISLAND ACADEMY, kamalabari
Ratanpur Higher secondary
Rangachahi TN HS school, Rangachahi
Alimur Bamun Goan LP School ===Schools===
Keshab Ram Borah High school
Milita Ratanpur Doloni LP School
Ratanpur Gabhorumelia LP school (Founder Mr Bishwajit Sarmah)
Ratanpur Highschool
Nikinikhowa LP school, Nikinikhowa
Mohkhuti Gereki L.P. School
Gereki Janajati M.E. School
Island academy
Jengraimukh High School
Jengraimuk Girl's High School
St. Paul's high School, majuli
Sri Lohit High School
Majuli Auniati Hem Chandra High School
Meragarh Narayan Dev Higher Secondary School
Chamaguri Satra Rawanapar [CSR] Model Higher Secondary School [estd.1962]
N. S. Greenwood English Medium High School
Mekheligaon Janata Girls' High School
Karatipar High School, established 1940
Milonjyoti High School, Totoya Gaon
Bapuji High school
RangachahiTanuram Nath high school
RangachahiTanuram Nath M.E. school
208 no Rangachahi Nimno Buniyadi Bidyaloy
Madhya Majuli Parijat Higher secondary School, Kakotibari gaon.
Jonaki Chamahiya Ati Higher Secondary School.
Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Majuli
Phulani High School
Phulani ME School
No. 1 Phulani LP school
Garamur Sri Sri Pitambor Dev High School
Chiram High school
Bhakatiduar Higher Secondary School
Ratanpur Miri High School
Chiram Banamalidev Higher Secondary School
Mudoibil Teliabari Senior basic School
Major Deori Tribal High School
Swarnasiri HS.
Rangachahi Rupjyoti LPS.
Jamudchuk Lahan HS
1 No.Kamalabari L.P
17 No.Bechamora L.P
2 No.Kamalabari L.P
68 No.Namkatoni L.P
Kamalabari Academy, Dariya
Kharjanpar Tribel High School
Jonaki Jatiya Bidyalaya
No.48 Kakotibari LP school, Kakotibari
136 No. Prachin Chamaguri Satra L.P. School
Alimur Bamun Goan LP School ===Schools===
Keshab Ram Borah High school
Milita Ratanpur Doloni LP School
Ratanpur Gabhorumelia LP school (Founder Mr Bishwajit Sarmah)
Ratanpur Highschool
Nikinikhowa LP school, Nikinikhowa
Mohkhuti Gereki L.P. School
Gereki Janajati M.E. School
Island academy
Jengraimukh High School
Jengraimuk Girl's High School
St. Paul's high School, majuli
Sri Lohit High School
Majuli Auniati Hem Chandra High School
Meragarh Narayan Dev Higher Secondary School
Chamaguri Satra Rawanapar [CSR] Model Higher Secondary School [estd.1962]
N. S. Greenwood English Medium High School
Mekheligaon Janata Girls' High School
Karatipar High School, established 1940
Milonjyoti High School, Totoya Gaon
Bapuji High school
RangachahiTanuram Nath high school
RangachahiTanuram Nath M.E. school
208 no Rangachahi Nimno Buniyadi Bidyaloy
Madhya Majuli Parijat Higher secondary School, Kakotibari gaon.
Jonaki Chamahiya Ati Higher Secondary School.
Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Majuli
Phulani High School
Phulani ME School
No. 1 Phulani LP school
Garamur Sri Sri Pitambor Dev High School
Chiram High school
Bhakatiduar Higher Secondary School
Ratanpur Miri High School
Chiram Banamalidev Higher Secondary School
Mudoibil Teliabari Senior basic School
Major Deori Tribal High School
Swarnasiri HS.
Rangachahi Rupjyoti LPS.
Jamudchuk Lahan HS
1 No.Kamalabari L.P
17 No.Bechamora L.P
2 No.Kamalabari L.P
68 No.Namkatoni L.P
Kamalabari Academy, Dariya
Kharjanpar Tribel High School
Jonaki Jatiya Bidyalaya
No.48 Kakotibari LP school, Kakotibari
136 No. Prachin Chamaguri Satra L.P. School
Politics[edit]
Majuli (Vidhan Sabha constituency) falls under the 99 constituency of legislative assembly of Assam. It is a reserved seat for the Scheduled tribes (ST). It is under jurisdiction of Mising Autonomous Council having three constituencies. Rajiv Lochan Pegu [2001-2006 & 2006-2011, 2011- 2016] was MLA (Member of legislative assembly) from Mājuli in Assam Assembly until 2016. He was bearing the portfolio of Minister of State (Ind.), Water Resources Dev., WPT & BC, in the Government of Assam. Sarbananda Sonowal won constituency in Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2016 and presently chief minister of assam.[12][3][2]
Mājuli is one of the 9 assembly segments of Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency. At present Sarbananda Sonowal (2014-) is the MP (Member of Parliament) from Bharatiya Janata Party. He is currently the Chief Minister of Assam.[13]
See also[edit]
Jadav Payeng
Molai forest
Tourism in Assam
List of villages in Majuli
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Official Website
^ Jump up to: a b Majuli, District (8 September 2016). "World's largest river island, Majuli, becomes India's first island district". FP India. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sarma, J. N.; Phukan, M. K. (2004-05-03). "Origin and some geomorphological changes of Majuli Island of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India". Geomorphology. 60 (1–2): 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.013.
Jump up ^ Manogya Loiwal (18 February 2014). "Majuli, world's largest river island is shrinking and sinking". India Today. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ 'A Capricious River, an Indian Island’s Lifeline, Now Eats Away at It', 14 April 2013, New York Times
Jump up ^ Majuli, River Island. "Largest river island". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ World Heritage Nominee, India-north-east.com
Jump up ^ http://majulilandscape.gov.in/history.php
Jump up ^ The Only Govt Jobs updates website open from Majuli Archived 1 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=93119
Jump up ^ Kalita, Jitu. "India Man Plants Forest Bigger Than Central Park to Save His Island". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ One more Govt Regn Computer education Centre at Majuli
Jump up ^ "List of Winning Candidates of Assam State in General Election 2014". Election Commission of India.
Nagchoudhury, Subrata (28 February 1997). "Majuli: Island On The Ebb". India Today. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
Ribhaba Bharali - Future of Brahmaputra & Majuli Published in Amar Assam a daily news paper in Nov2012. & Brahmaputra River Restoration Project Published in Assamese Pratidin & Amar Assam in October 2012 & Restoration of Majuli published on Assamese Pratidin in June 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Majuli.
Majuli travel guide from Wikivoyage
Majuli Conservation: Impact Tourism
Jadav Payeng's Majuli
majuli.org maintained by Majuli Island Protection & Development Council (MIPDC)
[1] Disaster Management plan for 2011-12 for Jorhat district
India Man Plants Forest Bigger Than Central Park to Save His Island National Geographic award-winning short film aboout one man's lifework planting a forest since 1979 to protect Majuli
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text:
List of awards and nominations received by Twenty One Pilots
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Twenty One Pilots awards and nominations

Twenty One Pilots in 2015
[show]Awards and nominations
Award
Wins Nominations
Alternative Press Music Awards
4 11
American Music Awards
2 3
ARIA Music Awards
0 1
Billboard Music Awards
7 21
Billboard Touring Awards
0 1
Brit Awards
0 1
Echo Awards
0 2
Grammy Awards
1 3
Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
0 1
iHeartRadio Music Awards
6 12
Kerrang! Awards
1 2
Kids' Choice Awards
1 4
LOS40 Music Awards
0 1
NME Awards
0 1
NRJ Music Awards
1 1
MTV Europe Music Awards
2 6
MTV Fandom Awards
0 1
MTV Italian Music Awards
0 1
MTV Millennial Awards
0 1
MTV Video Music Awards
2 3
mtvU Woodie Awards
0 2
Much Music Video Awards
0 2
People's Choice Awards
0 1
Radio Disney Music Awards
0 1
Teen Choice Awards
0 6
Telehit Awards
1 1
Totals
Awards won 28
Nominations 90
Twenty One Pilots is an American musical duo. The band has received 28 awards from 90 nominations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Alternative Press Music Awards
2 American Music Awards
3 ARIA Music Awards
4 Billboard Awards
4.1 Billboard Music Awards
4.2 Billboard Touring Awards
5 Brit Awards
6 Echo Awards
7 Grammy Awards
8 Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
9 iHeartRadio Music Awards
10 Kerrang! Awards
11 LOS40 Music Awards
12 MTV Awards
12.1 MTV Europe Music Awards
12.2 MTV Fandom Awards
12.3 MTV Italian Music Awards
12.4 MTV Millennial Awards
12.5 MTV Video Music Awards
12.6 mtvU Woodie Awards
13 Much Music Video Awards
14 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
15 NME Awards
16 NRJ Music Awards
17 People's Choice Awards
18 Radio Disney Music Awards
19 Teen Choice Awards
20 Telehit Awards
21 References
Alternative Press Music Awards[edit]
Main article: Alternative Press Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2014[1] Vessel Album of the Year Nominated
Twenty One Pilots Breakthrough Band Nominated
Best Live Band Nominated
2015 Twenty One Pilots Best Live Band Nominated
Most Dedicated Fans Won
Tumblr Fandom of the Year Nominated
2016[2] Artist of the Year Won
Blurryface Album of the Year Won
"Stressed Out" Best Music Video Nominated
2017 Twenty One Pilots Most Dedicated Fans Won
American Music Awards[edit]
Main article: American Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016[3] Twenty One Pilots Favorite Duo/Group - Pop/Rock Won
Favorite Artist - Alternative Rock Won
2017[4] Favorite Artist - Alternative Rock Nominated
ARIA Music Awards[edit]
Main article: ARIA Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016 Twenty One Pilots Best International Artist Nominated
Billboard Awards[edit]
Main article: Billboard Music Award
Billboard Music Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016[5] Twenty One Pilots Top Duo/Group Nominated
Top Rock Artist Won
Blurryface Top Rock Album Won
"Stressed Out" Top Rock Song Nominated
2017[6] Twenty One Pilots Artist of the Year Nominated
Chart Achievement Award Won
Top Duo/Group Won
Top Billboard 200 Artist Nominated
Top Hot 100 Artist Nominated
Top Song Sales Artist Nominated
Top Radio Songs Artist Won
Top Streaming Songs Artist Nominated
Top Rock Artist Won
Blurryface Top Billboard 200 Album Nominated
Top Rock Album Nominated
"Heathens" Top Hot 100 Song Nominated
Top Selling Song Nominated
Top Streaming Song (Video) Nominated
Top Rock Song Won
"Stressed Out" Nominated
"Ride" Nominated
Billboard Touring Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016[7] Twenty One Pilots Breakthrough Artist Nominated
Brit Awards[edit]
Main article: Brit Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 Twenty One Pilots International Group Nominated
Echo Awards[edit]
Main article: Echo Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 Twenty One Pilots Best International Rock/Pop Group Nominated
Twenty One Pilots Best International Newcomer Nominated
Grammy Awards[edit]
Main article: Grammy Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 "Stressed Out" Record of the Year Nominated
Best Pop Duo/Group Performance Won
"Heathens" Best Rock Performance Nominated
Note: "Heathens" was also nominated for Best Rock Song and Best Song Written for Visual Media in 2017, which are only presented to the songwriter of the song, Tyler Joseph.[8]
Guild of Music Supervisors Awards[edit]
Main article: Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 "Heathens" for Suicide Squad Best Song/Recording Created for a Film Nominated
iHeartRadio Music Awards[edit]
Main article: iHeartRadio Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016[9] Twenty One Pilots Alternative Rock Artist of the Year Won
"Stressed Out" Alternative Rock Song of the Year Won
2017[10] Song of the Year Nominated
Twenty One Pilots Best Duo/Group of the Year Won
Alternative Rock Artist of the Year Won
Best Fan Army Nominated
"Ride" Alternative Rock Song of the Year Nominated
"Heathens" Won
Best Song from a Movie Nominated
Best Lyrics Nominated
Best Music Video Nominated
Blurryface Alternative Rock Album of the Year Won
Kerrang! Awards[edit]
Main article: Kerrang! Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016[11] Twenty One Pilots Best Live Band Nominated
Best Fanbase Won
LOS40 Music Awards[edit]
Main article: LOS40 Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016[12] Twenty One Pilots International New Act of the Year Nominated
MTV Awards[edit]
MTV Europe Music Awards[edit]
Main article: MTV Europe Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2011 Twenty One Pilots Best Push Act Nominated
2013[13] Best Push Act Nominated
2015 Best Alternative Nominated
2016 Best Alternative Won
Best Live Act Won
Best US Act Nominated
MTV Fandom Awards[edit]
Main article: MTV Fandom Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016 Twenty One Pilots Bandom of the Year Nominated
MTV Italian Music Awards[edit]
Main article: MTV Italian Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 Twenty One Pilots Best International Band Nominated
MTV Millennial Awards[edit]
Main article: MTV Millennial Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 "Heathens" International Hit of the Year Nominated
MTV Video Music Awards[edit]
Main article: MTV Video Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2013[14] "Holding on to You" Artist to Watch Nominated
2016[15] "Heathens" Best Rock Video Won
2017 "Heavydirtysoul" Best Rock Won
mtvU Woodie Awards[edit]
Main articles: MTVU and mtvU Woodie Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2013 Twenty One Pilots breaking woodie Nominated
2017 Twenty One Pilots woodie of the year Nominated
Much Music Video Awards[edit]
Main article: Much Music Video Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016 Twenty One Pilots International Duo or Group Nominated
2017 Twenty One Pilots International Duo or Group Nominated
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards[edit]
Main article: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 Twenty One Pilots Favorite Music Group Nominated
"Heathens" Favorite Song Nominated
Twenty One Pilots Favorite New Artist Won
"Stressed Out" Favorite Music Video Nominated
NME Awards[edit]
Main article: NME Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 Twenty One Pilots Worst Band Nominated
NRJ Music Awards[edit]
Main article: NRJ Music Award
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016[16] Twenty One Pilots International Revelation of the Year Won
People's Choice Awards[edit]
Main article: People's Choice Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017[17] Twenty One Pilots Favorite Group Nominated
Radio Disney Music Awards[edit]
Main article: Radio Disney Music Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2017 Twenty One Pilots Best Group Nominated
Teen Choice Awards[edit]
Main article: Teen Choice Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2015[18] "Tear in My Heart" Choice Rock Song Nominated
2016[19] "Stressed Out" Choice Rock Song Nominated
2017 "Heathens" Choice Song: Group Nominated
Choice Rock Song
Twenty One Pilots Choice Music Group Nominated
Choice Rock Group Nominated
Telehit Awards[edit]
Main article: Telehit Awards
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
2016 Twenty One Pilots Best Rock Band Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The AP Music Awards – Alternative Press". Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Here are the nominees for the 2016 AP Music Awards! – APTV – Alternative Press". Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AMA 2016 Winners". American Music Awards. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "AMA 2017 Winners". American Music Awards. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Music Awards 2016: Complete Winners List". Billboard. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Here's Is The Complete List of Winners From the 2017 Billboard Music Awards". Billboard. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Touring Awards: Beyonce, Bruce Springsteen, and Coldplay Lead 2016 Finalists". Billboard. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "59th Annual GRAMMY® Awards: Final Nominations List" (PDF). The Recording Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "iHeartRadio Music Awards Announce 2016 Nominees, Performers & New Categories". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. February 9, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards: Complete List of Nominations". E! Online. January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kerrang.com
Jump up ^ "Ganadores de LOS40 Music Awards 2016". LOS40 (in Spanish). Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ MTV – Best Push – Vote; MTV
Jump up ^ MTV artist to watch: TWENTY ONE PILOTS with FIVE KNIVES and KALEIDO at the Crofoot Ballroom; The Croofoot, October 5, 2013
Jump up ^ "VMAs 2016: See the Full List of Winners". Retrieved August 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NRJ Awards 2016". NRJ.com. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 – Full List". Deadline. November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2015 Teen Choice Award Winners – Full List". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Jessica (July 31, 2016). "Teen Choice Awards 2016: See the full list of winners". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
[show]
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Twenty One Pilots
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Studio albums
Twenty One Pilots
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Blurryface
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"Stressed Out"
"Lane Boy"
"Ride"
"Heathens"
"Heavydirtysoul"
Promotional singles
"Cancer"
Tours
Blurryface Tour
Emotional Roadshow World Tour
Discography
Awards and nominations
List of songs recorded by Twenty One Pilots
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Twenty_One_Pilots&oldid=824774160"
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Septic drain field
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Septic tank and septic drain field
Septic drain fields, also called leach fields or leach drains, are subsurface wastewater disposal facilities used to remove contaminants and impurities from the liquid that emerges after anaerobic digestion in a septic tank.
A septic tank, the septic drain field, and the associated piping compose a septic system. The septic drain field is effective for disposal of organic materials readily catabolized by a microbial ecosystem. The drain field typically consists of an arrangement of trenches containing perforated pipes and porous material (often gravel) covered by a layer of soil to prevent animals (and surface runoff) from reaching the wastewater distributed within those trenches.[1] Primary design considerations are hydraulic for the volume of wastewater requiring disposal and catabolic for the long-term biochemical oxygen demand of that wastewater.
Sewage farms are similarly used to dispose of wastewater through a series of ditches and lagoons (often with little or no pre-treatment). These are more often found in arid countries as the waterflow on the surface allows for irrigation (and fertilization) of agricultural land.
Contents
1 Design
1.1 Catabolic design
1.2 Biofilter
2 Operation and maintenance
2.1 Dosing schedules or resting periods
2.2 Inappropriate wastes
3 See also
4 References
Design[edit]
Cross-section of weeping tile and leach field
Many health departments require a percolation test ("perc" test) to establish suitability of drain field soil to receive septic tank effluent. An engineer or licensed designer may be required to work with the local governing agency to design a system that conforms to these criteria.
The goal of percolation testing is to ensure the soil is permeable enough for septic tank effluent to percolate away from the drain field, but fine grained enough to filter out pathogenic bacteria and viruses before they travel far enough to reach a water well or surface water supply. Coarse soils – sand and gravel – can transmit wastewater away from the drain field before pathogens are destroyed. Silt and clay effectively filter out pathogens but allow very limited wastewater flow rates.[2] Percolation tests measure the rate at which clean water disperses through a disposal trench into the soil. Several factors may reduce observed percolation rates when the drain field receives anoxic septic tank effluent:[3]
Microbial colonies catabolizing soluble organic compounds from the septic tank effluent will adhere to soil particles and reduce the interstitial area available for water flow between soil particles. These colonies tend to form a low-permeability biofilm of gelatinous slime at the soil interface of the disposal trench.[4]
Insoluble particles small enough to be carried through the septic tank will accumulate at the soil interface of the disposal trench; non-biodegradable particles like synthetic fiber lint from laundry, mineral soil from washing, or bone and eggshell fragments from garbage disposals will remain to fill interstitial areas formerly available for water flow out of the trench.[5]
Cooking fats or petroleum products emulsified by detergents or dissolved by solvents can flow through prior to anaerobic liquifaction when septic tank volume is too small to offer adequate residence time, and may congeal as a hydrophobic layer on the soil interface of the disposal trench.[6]
Rising groundwater levels may reduce the available hydraulic head (or vertical distance) causing gravitational water flow away from the disposal trench. Effluent initially flowing downward from the disposal trench ultimately encounters groundwater or impermeable rock or clay requiring a directional shift to horizontal movement away from the drain field. A certain vertical distance is required between the effluent level in the disposal trench and the water level where the effluent is leaving the drain field for gravitational force to overcome viscous frictional forces resisting flow through porous soil. Effluent levels in the vicinity of the drain field will appear to rise toward the ground surface to preserve that vertical distance difference if groundwater levels surrounding the drain field approach the level of effluent in the disposal trench.[6]
Frozen ground may seasonally reduce the cross-sectional area available for flow or evaporation.
Catabolic design[edit]
Just as the septic tank is sized to support a community of anaerobic organisms capable of liquifying anticipated amounts of putresible materials in wastewater, the drain field should be sized to support a community of aerobic soil microorganisms capable of decomposing the anaerobic septic tank's effluent into aerobic water. Hydrogen sulfide odors or iron bacteria may be observed in nearby wells or surface waters when effluent has not been completely oxidized prior to reaching those areas.[6] The biofilm on the walls of the drain field trenches will use atmospheric oxygen in the trenches to catabolize organic compounds in septic tank effluent. Groundwater flow is laminar in the aquifer soils surrounding the drain field.[7] Septic tank effluent with soluble organic compounds passing through the biofilm forms a mounded lens atop groundwater underlying the drain field. Molecular diffusion controls mixing of soluble organic compounds into groundwater and transport of oxygen from underlying groundwater or the capillary fringe of the groundwater surface to micro-organisms capable of catabolizing dissolved organic compounds remaining in the effluent plume.[8]
Biofilter[edit]
When a septic tank is used in combination with a biofilter, the height and catabolic area of the drain field may be reduced. This technology may allow higher density residential construction, minimal site disturbance, more usable land for trees, swimming pools, or gardens. With adequate routine maintenance it may reduce the chances of the drain field plugging up. The biofilter will not reduce the volume of liquid that must percolate into soil, but it may reduce the oxygen demand of organic materials in that liquid.
Operation and maintenance[edit]
Dosing schedules or resting periods[edit]
A drain field may be designed to offer several separate disposal areas for effluent from a single septic tank. One area may be "rested" while effluent is routed to a different area. The nematode community in the resting drain field continues feeding on the accumulated biofilm and fats when the anaerobic septic tank effluent is no longer available. This natural cleansing process may reduce bioclogging to improve hydraulic capacity of the field by increasing available interstitial area of the soil as accumulated organic material is oxidized. The percolation rate after resting may approach, but is unlikely to match, the original clean water percolation rate of the site.
Inappropriate wastes[edit]
Septic drain field exposed by flood damage.
Septic tank and drain field microorganisms have very limited capability for catabolizing petroleum products and chlorinated solvents, and cannot remove dissolved metals; although some may sorb onto septic tank sludge or drain field soils, and concentrations may be diluted by other groundwater in the vicinity of the drain field. Cleaning formulations may reduce drain field efficiency. Laundry bleach may slow or stop microbial activity in the drain field, and sanitizing or deodorizing chemicals may have similar effects. Detergents, solvents and drain cleaners may transport emulsified, saponified or dissolved fats into the drain field before they can be catabolized to short-chain organic acids in the septic tank scum layer.[6]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Self-contained drainage system.
Blackwater (waste)
Cesspit
French drain
Groundwater pollution
Leachate
Reuse of excreta
Sewer
Sewage treatment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Steel, E.W. & McGhee, Terence J. "Water Supply and Sewerage"McGraw-Hill Book Company (1979) ISBN 0-07-060929-2 pp.576-577
Jump up ^ Alth, Max & Charlotte "Constructing and Maintaining your Well & Septic System" Tab Books (1984) ISBN 0-8306-0654-8 pp.166-167
Jump up ^ Alth, Max & Charlotte "Constructing and Maintaining your Well & Septic System" Tab Books (1984) ISBN 0-8306-0654-8 p.217
Jump up ^ Alth, Max & Charlotte "Constructing and Maintaining your Well & Septic System" Tab Books (1984) ISBN 0-8306-0654-8 pp.164-165&219
Jump up ^ Alth, Max & Charlotte "Constructing and Maintaining your Well & Septic System" Tab Books (1984) ISBN 0-8306-0654-8 p.219
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hammer, Mark J. "Water and Waste-water Technology" John Wiley & Sons (1975) ISBN 0-471-34726-4 pp.407-408
Jump up ^ Linsley, Ray K. & Franzini, Joseph B. "Water-Resources Engineering (2nd Ed.)" McGraw-Hill Book Company (1972) ISBN 978-0-07-037959-6, p.88
Jump up ^ Perry, Robert H., Chilton, Cecil H. & Kirkpatrick, Sidney D. "Chemical Engineers' Handbook (4th Ed.)" McGraw-Hill Book Company (1963) p.14-13
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