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Lightning McQueen
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Lightning McQueen
Cars character
First appearance
Cars (2006)
Last appearance
Cars 3 (2017)
Created by
John Lasseter
Voiced by
Owen Wilson (Cars, Mater and the Ghostlight, Cars: The Video Game, Cars 2, Cars Toons: Tales from Radiator Springs, and Cars 3)
Keith Ferguson (Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales, Cars Mater-National Championship, Cars Race-O-Rama, Cars 2: The Video Game, and Cars Toons: Tales from Radiator Springs)
Information
Full name
Lightning McQueen
Nickname(s)
Stickers (by Sally Carrera), Buddy (by Mater)
Species
Stock car
Gender
Male
Occupation
Piston Cup Racer (in Cars and in Cars 3), World Grand Prix racer (in Cars 2), Mater's best friend and Cruz Ramirez's crew chief
Significant other(s)
Sally Carrera (girlfriend)
Nationality
American
Lightning McQueen, typically referred to by his surname McQueen, is an anthropomorphic stock car in the animated Pixar film Cars (2006), its sequels Cars 2 (2011), Cars 3 (2017), and TV shorts known as Cars Toons. The character is not named after actor and race driver Steve McQueen, but actually Pixar animator Glenn McQueen, who died from Melanoma in 2002. His design is inspired by a stock car and "a more curvaceous Le Mans endurance racer," with "some Lola and some Ford GT40."[1] During the scene where he helps restore Radiator Springs to its 1950s heyday, he is painted much like a 1950's Chevrolet Corvette C1, once again hinting at his Corvette lineage. His number was originally set to be 57, Lasseter's birth year, but was changed to 95, the release year of Pixar's first film Toy Story.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characterization
2 Cars (2006)
3 Cars: The Video Game (2006)
4 Cars 2 (2011)
5 Cars 3 (2017)
6 References
7 External links
Characterization[edit]
During the initial research for the first film, John Lasseter met with General Motors designers to discuss the new Corvette design[2] but subsequent changes to the storyline left both Lightning McQueen and rivals Chick Hicks (Cars) and Bobby Swift, Brick Yardley, Cal Weathers and Jackson Storm (Cars 3) as generic.
“He’s the new rookie/veteran, he’s sexy, he’s fast, he’s different. So he’s invented. We took the best of our favourite things, from GT40s to Chargers… just sketching them out, we came up with what McQueen looks like.”
— Bob Pauley, one of two Cars production designers[3]
In order to create a cocky but likable character for McQueen, Pixar looked at sports figures like boxer Muhammad Ali, basketball player Charles Barkley, and football quarterback Joe Namath, as well as rap and rock singer Kid Rock.[3]
“For the other race cars, we looked at how race cars drive. For McQueen, we looked at surfers and snowboarders and Michael Jordan, these truly great athletes and the beauty of how they move. You watch Jordan in his heyday against every other player, he’s playing a different game. We wanted to have that same type of feeling, so that when they’re talking about ‘the rookie/veteran sensation,’ you’re seeing that he is really gifted.”
— James Ford Murphy, Cars directing animator.[3]
The end result is a character which, despite the usually-meticulous approach to "truth to material" in which each car's animation is mechanically consistent with its respective model's capabilities, can occasionally bend the rules to move more like an athlete than a motorcar.[3]
He is voiced by actor Owen Wilson in Cars, Cars 2, Cars 3, Mater and the Ghostlight, the Cars video game, the Cars Toon The Radiator Springs 500 ½, and the upcoming Cars toon To Protect and Serve as well as Keith Ferguson in most of the Cars Toons, Cars Mater-National Championship, and Cars Race-O-Rama.[citation needed]
In the original film, Lightning is one of the three contestants in a Piston Cup tiebreaker race before an audience of "more than two hundred thousand cars" in Los Angeles, California. By the start of Cars 2, he has won four Piston Cup championships.[4]
Lightning appears in Kinect Rush: A Disney/Pixar Adventure.[5]
Cars (2006)[edit]
Lightning McQueen is a racer participating in the Piston Cup. Lightning is sponsored by Rust-eze Medicated Bumper Ointment, which uses the catchphrase, "With Just a Little Rust-eze, you can look like Lightning McQueen!" However, he secretly disdains Rust-eze and hopes to be chosen for sponsorship by the much more glamorous and successful Dinoco oil company. He is certain Dinoco will offer to sponsor him if he wins the prized Piston Cup.
At the beginning of the film, Lightning is portrayed as being ungrateful, obnoxious, selfish, and sarcastic. It is noted that he previously fired three crew chiefs. During a pit stop, he foolishly refuses the advice of his pit crew to replace his tires because he wants to remain in the lead. As a result, both rear tires blow out on the last lap. He narrowly avoids losing the race when he sticks his tongue out, leading to a three-way tie with Strip "The King" Weathers and Chick Hicks. He subsequently insults his pit crew, leading them to furiously and suddenly resign.
Preparing to leave for California for a tie-breaker race, McQueen begins to realize he has no true friends. On route, he selfishly forces his transport truck, Mack, to drive through the night so they can reach California before their competitors. McQueen quickly falls asleep, breaking his promise to stay awake with Mack. In turn, Mack falls asleep while driving. After an unfortunate encounter with a quartet of tuner cars, McQueen becomes separated from Mack and ends up in Radiator Springs, a forgotten town along U.S. Route 66, where he is soon arrested and impounded.
In Radiator Springs, McQueen initially resumes his ungrateful, obnoxious, selfish, and sarcastic ways. He is sentenced by bitter local judge Doc Hudson to repair a road that he damaged, but instead he attempts escape. He is quickly recaptured and eventually fixes the road in order to regain his freedom. He doesn't do it properly at first, but to take a break, he tries to accept help from Doc, but blows him off. In the process, McQueen learns about the history of Radiator Springs and begins to relate to its inhabitants. A tow truck named Mater befriends him and he falls in love with a sports car named Sally Carrera. He also learns old racing moves from Doc, who is revealed to be a former Piston Cup champion whose racing career was cut short by a serious crash. After fixing the road, and staying there, McQueen is free to leave Radiator Springs and resume his journey to California. However, he selflessly delays his departure to show appreciation for his new friends by performing good deeds. During his time at Radiator Springs, McQueen's personality slowly begins to change. He begins to care about others rather than just himself and no longer disrespects them. He also isn't as cocky as he once was while on the race track.
During the tie-breaker race in California, McQueen is unable to stop thinking of Radiator Springs and his new friends, causing him to lose focus. Soon, he is surprised to see that Doc Hudson and some of his friends have followed him and taken on the role of his pit crew. Inspired by words of encouragement from Doc, McQueen races with renewed confidence. When Hicks attempts to knock him off course, he recovers by proudly performing moves he learned from Doc and Mater back in Radiator Springs.
During the final lap, the Piston Cup is clearly within McQueen's grasp. Hicks, realizing he is about to finish in last place, forces Weathers to crash. On the track's Jumbotron, McQueen witnesses the crash behind him, which is reminiscent of the crash that ended Doc's career 52 years before. In order to help Weathers, McQueen stops before reaching the finish line, essentially forfeiting the win. McQueen is praised for his selfless sportsmanship, so much so that Dinoco Race Team owner Tex offers to hire him to succeed Weathers. McQueen declines, realizing that he should stay with his Rust-eze sponsors in appreciation for managing to get him where he was. Tex respects his decision and instead offers to do him a favor. McQueen uses the favor to gain a ride on the Dinoco helicopter for Mater, fulfilling Mater's dream.
McQueen returns to Radiator Springs to establish his racing headquarters, putting the town back on the map and bringing success to all his friends. He resumes his relationship with Sally and becomes Hudson's pupil.
Cars: The Video Game (2006)[edit]
In Cars: The Video Game, written by Pixar and considered a continuation to the story started in the movie, Lightning McQueen finds himself at the start of the next Piston Cup season. With the help of the citizens of Radiator Springs, McQueen readies to start his quest for the Piston Cup, taking lessons in powersliding from Doc, boosting from Fillmore, and racing backwards from Mater. With his new skills, Lightning once again makes a championship run in the Piston Cup, much to the irritation of Chick Hicks.
Fearing his title is in jeopardy, Chick enlists the assistance of The Delinquent Road Hazards - DJ, Boost, Wingo, and Snot Rod — the same rowdy cars who detoured McQueen to Radiator Springs, to hijack McQueen's racing gear from Mack on Interstate 40. Lightning is able to retrieve his equipment and bring the delinquents to justice before winning the next race, which sends Chick into a frenzy. Lightning challenges Chick to a Grand Prix in Radiator Springs, followed by one more Piston Cup race in L.A.. Lightning wins these events, taking the Piston Cup in his sophomore season.
At the end, Lightning, Mater, and Sally decide to take a celebratory trip across the country. When asked if he brought his trophy, Lightning notes he did not, but left it in a good place, revealed to be at Doc Hudson's clinic next to the racing legend's own three Piston Cups.
Though Lightning McQueen is still sponsored by Rust-eze, players are able to unlock McQueen with a Dinoco paint job while playing as him in Story Mode, Arcade Mode, and VS. Mode.
Cars 2 (2011)[edit]
Main article: Cars 2
Ice sculpture of Lightning McQueen.
Lightning McQueen Front (die-cast)
Lightning McQueen Side (die-cast)
Five years after the events of the first film in 2006- in 2011, Lightning McQueen, now a four-time Piston Cup champion, returns to Radiator Springs after a successful racing season. He is pleased to renew his friendship with Mater. McQueen's respite is interrupted when he is recruited to participate in the first ever World Grand Prix, sponsored by former oil tycoon Miles Axelrod to promote his new biofuel, Allinol. McQueen initially declines but is publicly taunted by Formula One race car Francesco Bernoulli. Mater intervenes to defend McQueen, leading him to reconsider and join the race. Mater hopes to tag along on the tour and, despite concerns about Mater's meddling behavior, McQueen reluctantly agrees.
In Tokyo at a pre-race party, Lightning is embarrassed by Mater's antics and he begins to regret bringing him along. Soon after, Mater unwittingly gets caught up in a spy mission with Finn McMissile and Holley Shiftwell. This leads to more antics during the first race, which Lightning initially dominates. However, a miscommunication by Mater ultimately costs him the race. Angered, McQueen confronts Mater and tells him that he doesn't need his help and ends their friendship.
Feeling hurt, Mater decides to head back home, leaving a heart-felt apology for McQueen, leaving McQueen feeling bad for being too harsh. On the way home, Mater ends up involved in the spy mission once again. Meanwhile, the World Grand Prix moves on to Italy, however, McQueen is too depressed to enjoy it since his fight with Mater. There, McQueen comes to understand even the best of friends will argue every now and then, and he is inspired to patch up his friendship with Mater.
McQueen wins the second race in Porto Corsa, Italy, though many cars end up damaged. Through his spy mission, Mater learns an unidentified criminal mastermind is sabotaging the cars. An unknowing public begins to question whether Allinol is to blame, since the fuel is one common thing being used by all of the cars. In response, Axelrod decides to remove Allinol from the final race, allowing the cars to choose their own fuel. McQueen elects to continue with Allinol based on advice from his friend and pit crew member Fillmore. (Unbeknownst to McQueen, his fuel had already been replaced with Fillmore's bio-fuel.) The mastermind orders Professor Zündapp (Professor Z) to seize the opportunity and have McQueen killed so that Allinol will be blamed. Mater overhears the order and tries to warn McQueen, but is unable to do so before being captured and rendered unconscious.
During the third and final race in London, Mater escapes and resumes his attempt to warn McQueen. At McQueen's pit, Mater learns the mastermind planted a bomb in his engine compartment while he was unconscious and it will be detonated when McQueen comes near, killing them both. McQueen sees Mater and approaches him, hoping to deliver his apology. Mater speeds away in order to avoid killing McQueen. McQueen pursues him, thinking that Mater is fleeing out of guilt. Soon they are out of range of the detonator's remote control. After stopping, McQueen finally realizes the spy mission was real after Shiftwell and McMissile appear with a captured Zündapp. Zündapp reveals that only the mastermind can deactivate Mater's bomb. Mater alone pieces together the final clues and identifies the mastermind as Miles Axelrod. This makes sense to no one else until Mater explains that Axelrod wanted to give alternative energy a bad name because he owns the largest untapped oil reserves in the world. Mater managed to prove this by personally forcing Axelrod to disarm the bomb in person, which made McQueen and the others realize that Axelrod was indeed the true mastermind all the time.
Following the arrest of Axelrod and his cohorts, it was revealed that Allinol was actually gasoline engineered by Axelrod as part of his plan to discredit alternative energy just as Mater suspected, and that McQueen's Allinol supply was switched with Fillmore's organic fuel by Sarge, which would explain how McQueen managed to avoid being struck by the radiation. Being so amazed to see that Mater actually foiled a world criminal conspiracy with his own wits, McQueen happily declares that Mater can come to all races from now on if he likes, much to Mater's delight. McQueen also witnessed Mater's knighting by the Queen in honor for his actions.
Back in Radiator Springs, the competitors assemble in a show of sportsmanship for a race with nothing at stake. The film ends with Lightning taking first place during the Radiator Springs Grand Prix, joined by Mater thanks to new rocket boosters he was given by Finn and Holley.
Lightning's paint scheme is nearly the same as it was in the first movie (his large lightning bolt is repainted dark red, and a smaller bolt is threaded through his number, and has only three sponsor stickers on either side), though it is modified for the World Grand Prix with green-tinted flames on the end of his large bolt and a Piston Cup logo on the hood instead of his usual Rust-Eze sponsor. His reflective lightning decals are removed, he has a different spoiler, and his sticker headlights and taillights are replaced with actual working lights.
Cars 3 (2017)[edit]
Main article: Cars 3
Six years after the second film in 2011- in 2017, the story starts out with Lightning McQueen, now a seven-time Piston Cup winner and racing legend, racing in the Piston Cup while pitted against his old racing friends, Cal Weathers and Bobby Swift all who pull pranks on each other after each race. On the final lap of one race, Jackson Storm, a high-tech racer, appears out of nowhere on the track, roaring past McQueen to win. Storm continues to win race after race throughout the season and many veteran racers are prompted to retire or are fired by their sponsors to make room for the next generation - including Cal and Bobby. Then on the final race of the season in Los Angeles, Lightning pushes himself too hard while trying to catch up to Storm and gets himself into a serious crash with Sally, Mater, Sarge, Fillmore, Luigi and Guido all watching in horror. The film's premise revolves around Lightning recovering from the crash that happened earlier and being trained by Cruz Ramirez, a technician and lifelong fan of Lightning, during the off season in hopes of returning to his racing career. His main motivation to return to racing is to be able to enter the Florida 500 race and defeat Storm, after being given an ultimatum by new sponsor Sterling to permanently retire to a life as a paid spokesperson if he loses his next race. Sterling was planning for him to retire anyway so that he could make money out of McQueen's retirement merchandises, but he hid his nature and pretended to be a fan.
After several unsuccessful attempts at training, including damaging Sterling's simulator and participating in a demolition derby, Lightning decides to seek out Doc's old pit boss Smokey, ultimately tracking him down at the Thomasville Motor Speedway in Doc's old hometown in what appears to be the Great Smoky Mountains. Trained on smarts as well as speed, Lightning runs the first half of the Florida 500, with Smokey as his crew chief, before pulling out and giving Cruz a shot at stardom, with him as the crew chief. Cruz and Lightning share the victory due to Lightning starting the race, and ultimately a sponsorship under the merged Dinoco-Rust-eze brand, thus he wins the bet with Sterling and decides to keep racing, and Cruz becomes his pupil. Lightning ends the film with a race with Cruz at Radiator Springs, now a mentor of young talent while running the occasional Piston Cup race.
He reverts to the body type he had back in the first film, but the paint job features a cross between the lightning bolts seen in the first film and the flames seen in the second film, said bolts are solid colored instead of halftone, the Rust-Eze logos were enlarged, and has fewer sponsor stickers than he had in the first film. He also sports a second paint scheme prior to his crash (With a slightly desaturated red paintwork, a more modernized version of the Rust-Eze logo and different lightning bolts), a third "training" paint job in which he is darker red with metallic yellow accents, and a fourth "demolition derby" paint job in which he is all mud brown and numbered 15. At the end of the film, McQueen is decked in a blue "Fabulous Lightning McQueen" paint job reminiscent of Doc Hudson's. He also keeps his working lights.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Neil, Dan (June 4, 2006). "A grease geek will guide you: `Cars' decoded". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ann Job (May 7, 2006). "New movie rekindles love affair with cars". Retrieved July 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pete Lyons (May 29, 2006). "CARS' Guys: Here are some fans who made the film". AutoWeek.
Jump up ^ Cars. Dir. John Lasseter and Joe Ranft. By John Lasseter and Joe Ranft. Prod. Darla K. Anderson. Perf. Owen Wilson, Paul Newman and Bonnie Hunt. Buena Vista Pictures, 2006, Movie.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Gerald (March 30, 2012). "REVIEW: Kinect Rush: A Disney Pixar Adventure (Xbox 360)". Tech Digest. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lightning McQueen Character Page
Lightning McQueen on IMDb
Lightning McQueen's pages on the Internet Movie Cars Database.
Lightning McQueen Photo of "real life" car on tour in Monaco
Lightning McQueen 1:55 Diecasts Overview
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Confraternities in Nigeria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Confraternities in Nigeria are secret-society like student groups within higher education. The exact death toll of confraternity activities is unclear. One estimate in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed in campus cult-related murders in the previous decade,[1] while the Exam Ethics Project lobby group estimated that 115 students and teachers had been killed between 1993 and 2003.[2]
A poster warning against confraternities in Nigeria. Note the depiction in the lower center of President Olusegun Obasanjo backed up by Jesus Christ.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Schism
1.3 Expansion from the universities
1.4 Obafemi Awolowo University murders
2 Current situation
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
Main article: Pyrate Confraternity
In 1952, future-Nobel Prize winning author Wole Soyinka and a group of six friends formed the Pyrate Confraternity at the elite University College, Ibadan, then part of the University of London.[3] According to the Pyrates, the "Magnificent Seven", as they called themselves, observed that the university was populated with wealthy students associated with the colonial powers and a few poorer students striving in manner and dress to be accepted by the more advantaged students, while social life was dictated by tribal affiliation.[4]
Soyinka would later note that the Pyrates wanted to differentiate themselves from "stodgy establishment and its pretentious products in a new educational institution different from a culture of hypocritical and affluent middleclass, different from alienated colonial aristocrats".[5] The organization adopted the motto "Against all conventions", the skull and crossbones as their logo, while members adopted confraternity names such as "Cap'n Blood" and "Long John Silver".[6]
When fellow students protested a proposal to build a railroad across the road leading to the university, fearing that easier transportation would make the university less exclusive, the Pyrates successfully ridiculed the argument as elitist. Roughly analogous to the fraternities and sororities of North America, the Pyrates Confraternity proved popular among students, even after the original members moved on. Membership was open to any promising male student, regardless of tribe or race, but selection was stringent and most applicants were denied. For almost 20 years, the Pyrates were the only confraternity on Nigerian campuses.[6]
Schism[edit]
In the late 1960s, campuses were roiled by the Nigerian Civil War. Details are contested, but it appears that in 1972 Bolaji Carew and several others were expelled from the Pyrates for failing to meet expected standards. In reaction to this and other events, the Pyrates registered themselves under the name National Association of Seadogs (NAS) and, at least one source states, pulled the confraternity out of the universities. Carew went on to found the Buccaneers Confraternity (also called the National Associations of Sea Lords), largely copying the Seadogs' structure, symbols and ceremonies.[6]
A major impetus for the creation of new confraternities was the fact that members of the new groups simply did not meet the high academic and intellectual standards set by the Seadogs, and thus considered the original organization to be elitist.[7] However, Soyinka would later point to individuals who became accustomed to exerting power in the rigidly hierarchical confraternity, and were unwilling to give it up, as to blame for the initial schism.[8] As new groups formed, inter-group tensions led to fighting, though these were initially limited to fistfights.[1]
The Supreme Eiye Confraternity (also known as the National Association of Air Lords) was formed in the University of Ibadan in 1965.In the 1980s confraternities spread throughout the over 300 institutions of higher education in the country. The Neo-Black Movement of Africa (also called Black Axe) emerged from the University of Benin in Edo State. In 1983 students at the University of Calabar in Cross River State founded the Eternal Fraternal Order of the Legion Consortium (the Klan Konfraternity), the Supreme Vikings Confraternity (the Adventurers) the following year.[6]
This time period saw a drastic change in the role of the confraternities. The coup of Ibrahim Babangida in 1983 caused a large degree of political tension. Military leaders, beginning in the 1980s, began to see the confraternities as a check on the student unions and university staff, who were the only organized groups opposing military rule. The confraternities were thus provided payment and weapons to use against student activists, though the weapons were often used in deadly inter-confraternity rivalries.[2]
Sociologist Emeka Akudi noted that some university vice-chancellors protected confraternities which were known to be violent and used them to attack students deemed troublesome.[1] During this period the confraternities introduced a new tradition of carrying out traditional religious practices, including Vodun, before any other activity.[6] Perhaps in reaction to the changes, in 1984 Wole Soyinka declared that the Seadogs should not operate on any university campuses.[1]
Expansion from the universities[edit]
In the early 1990s, confraternity activities expanded dramatically in the Niger Delta as confraternities engaged in a bloody struggle for supremacy. The Family Confraternity (the Campus Mafia or the Mafia), which modeled itself after the Italian Mafia emerged. Shortly after their arrival, several students were expelled from Abia State University for cheating and "cultism", a reference to the voodoo-practicing confraternities, which marked the beginning of a shift of confraternity activities from the university to off campus.[6]
The consolidation of confraternity activities outside Nigerian University campuses was boosted by the nationwide renouncement of cultism by university students and the breakdown of traditional campus cults all over the country as a result of amnesty granted to all renounced cultists at the onset of the present democratic government. This led to migration of cultists from the campuses to residential neighbourhoods and streets as campuses were no more safe haven for them.[6]
Incompetence of government officials and inadequate facilities to police campuses by University Authorities led to the resurgence of cultism in the campuses as renounced cultists who could not be protected by the Law, went back to their cult groups to seek protection from rival groups who had discerned their identity as a result of the renouncement ceremony. This resulted in a situation where cult groups were now well established in- and outside the campuses.[6]
The Brotherhood of the Blood (also known as Two-Two (Black Beret)), another notorious confraternity, was founded at Enugu State University of Science and Technology. Another cult, the Victor Charlie Boys, was established by Augustine Ahiazu when he was vice-chancellor of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology. The cults established in the early 1990s are legion; they include Second Son of Satan (SSS), Night Cadet, Sonmen, Mgba Mgba Brothers, Temple of Eden, Trojan Horse, Jurists, White Bishops, Gentlemen Clubs, Fame, Executioners, Dreaded Friend of Friends, Eagle Club, Black Scorpion, Red Sea Horse and Fraternity of Friends.[6]
The Klansmen Konfraternity expanded its influence by creating a "street and creek" wing, Deebam, to fight for and control territory outside of the universities through violence and crime. In response, the Supreme Vikings Confraternity (SVC) established its own street and creek group, Deewell. When Dewell was unable to match Deebam, the SVC created a second confraternity wing, the Icelanders (German), which would eventually be led by militia leader Ateke Tom. The Outlaws, another well-known street and creek confraternity, began as a splinter group of the Icelanders (German).[6]
In the late 1990s, all-female confraternities began to be formed. These include the Black Brazier (Bra Bra), the Viqueens, Daughters of Jezebel, and the Damsel. Female confraternities have supplied spies for allied male confraternities as well as acting as prostitution syndicates.[6]
Obafemi Awolowo University murders[edit]
Main article: Obafemi Awolowo University massacre
On July 10, 1999, one of the most notable single attacks occurred at Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) in Ife. OAU had been considered one of the safest universities in the country, largely due to student-organized resistance to the confraternities. After one cult member was shot and killed during an attempted kidnapping in 1991, the confraternities appeared to stay away from the university. In February 1999, student leaders organized a campus-wide search, which found eight secret cult members who were stockpiling machine guns and other weapons in their dorm room. This enraged the Black Axe confraternity, who organized a murder squad that hacked the student union secretary-general to death in his bed and targeted other student leaders.[9][10]
In a student assembly called the following day, the president of the Student's Union, who had escaped the killers by leaping from his window, demanded the resignation of Vice-Chancellor Wole Omole, who was seen as obstructing efforts to fight confraternities, such as by refusing to expel the eight cultists who had been found stockpiling weapons. A bounty of 10,000 naira (US$30) was offered for his capture and one vigilante group reportedly abducted Omole's wife as ransom for his surrender. Students also manned checkpoints and carried out searches for cult members still on campus, arresting suspects. In one case, students worried about police leniency stormed a police station to re-seize a suspect they had previously turned over.[9]
Nigerian Education Minister Tunde Adeniran later dismissed Omole and ordered university administrators to eradicate confraternities from their campuses by September 1999.[9] In response, hundreds of cult members publicly renounced their confraternity and cult-associated violence temporarily subsided.[1]
Current situation[edit]
During the first weeks of the school year, confraternity alumni and members swarm campuses recruiting new members. Initiation ceremonies normally involve severe beatings, in order to test their endurance, as well as ingestion of a liquid mixed with blood. Male initiates may sometimes be required to pass an additional hurdle before becoming full members, including raping a popular female student or a female member of the university staff. Among the all-female Jezebels or Amazons, prospective members may be required to undergo six rounds of rough sexual intercourse or fight with against a group of women or against a much stronger man.[11] Cults also charge annual membership fees of between 10,000 (US$80) and 30,000 naira.[2]
Frequent criminal activity for cults include intimidating professors into giving high grades, including by burning their cars or briefly abducting their children.[2] Since the 1980s, confraternities have murdered people who are thought to have 'stolen' a member's girlfriend, or "sugar daddy" in the case of female groups. Female groups began operating as prostitution rings relatively early.[12] The majority of confraternities, as of 2005, were engaged in a variety of money-making criminal activities, ranging from cybercrime to armed robbery and kidnapping.[6] Cult members may also get money from political figures, who wish to intimidate their opponents.[2]
The exact death toll of confraternity activities is unclear. One estimate in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed in campus cult-related murders in the previous decade,[1] while the Exam Ethics Project lobby group estimated that 115 students and teachers had been killed between 1993 and 2003.[2] However those figures pale into insignificance when compared with recent cult activities in Benin city, the Edo state capital in 2008 and 2009, with over 40 cult related deaths recorded monthly.[citation needed]
In the Niger River delta, confraternities are deeply enmeshed in the conflict in the oil-rich delta. Most of the campus cults have been accused of kidnapping foreign oil workers for ransom, while many of the militant groups, such as the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), employ confraternity members as combatants; Soboma George, head of street and creek confraternity The Outlaws, is also a MEND commander.[6]
Campus cults also offer opportunities to members after graduation. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members.[2]
See also[edit]
Obafemi Awolowo University massacre
Operation Wetie
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "NIGERIA: Focus on the menace of student cults", IRIN, 1 August 2002
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Cults of violence", The Economist, 31 July 2008
Jump up ^ Rotimi, p. 81
Jump up ^ [1] Archived February 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rotimi, pp. 81-82
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Nigeria's Cults and their Role in the Niger Delta Insurgency" by Bestman Wellington, The Jamestown Foundation, 6 July 2007
Jump up ^ Rotimi, p. 82
Jump up ^ "Conversation with Wole Soyinka" by Dulue Mbachu, The New Gong, undated, accessed 4 August 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c "When Things Fall Apart" by Hank Hyena, Salon.com, August 2, 1999
Jump up ^ See also "Student Union activists killed in Nigeria by neo-fascist death squad: Eyewitness Account", purported first person account hosted by newyouth.com
Jump up ^ Rotimi, p. 84
Jump up ^ Rotimi, p. 85
"How to recognize cult groups in Nigeria". ,
Rotimi, Adewale. "Violence in the Citadel: The Menace of Secret Cults in the Nigerian Universities" (PDF). , Nordic Journal of African Studies 14(1): 79–98 (2005)
External links[edit]
nbmarena.org, official website
Archived news articles on Nigerian campus cults religionnewsblog.com
Discussion board on Nigerian death fraternities
Video of documentary on Nigerian campus cults by Wole Soyinka
Story of a former cult member
Cult War I
Cult War II
Campus Cults I
Campus Cults II
Campus Cults III
UNHCR about NBM
Movie about Nigerian Cults on YouTube
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Who's on First?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Blackford Oakes novel, see Who's on First (novel).
Abbott and Costello performing "Who's on First?"
"Who's on First?" is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello. The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello, but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello's questions. For example, the first baseman is named "Who"; thus, the utterance "Who's on first" is ambiguous between the question ("Which person is the first baseman?") and the answer ("The name of the first baseman is 'Who'").
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Sketch
3 Writing credit
4 Notable performances and derivatives
5 Real-life parallels
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
"Who's on First?" is descended from turn-of-the-century burlesque sketches that used plays on words and names. Examples are "The Baker Scene" (the shop is located on Watt Street) and "Who Dyed" (the owner is named "Who"). In the 1930 movie Cracked Nuts, comedians Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey examine a map of a mythical kingdom with dialogue like this: "What is next to Which." "What is the name of the town next to Which?" "Yes." In British music halls, comedian Will Hay performed a routine in the early 1930s (and possibly earlier) as a schoolmaster interviewing a schoolboy named Howe who came from Ware but now lives in Wye. By the early 1930s, a "Baseball Routine" had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the United States. Abbott's wife recalled him performing the routine with another comedian before teaming with Costello.[1]
Bud Abbott stated that it was taken from an older routine called "Who's The Boss?", a performance of which can be heard in an episode of the radio comedy program It Pays to Be Ignorant from the 1940s.[2] After they formally teamed up in burlesque in 1936, he and Costello continued to hone the sketch. It was a big hit in 1937, when they performed the routine in a touring vaudeville revue called "Hollywood Bandwagon".[1]
In February 1938, Abbott and Costello joined the cast of The Kate Smith Hour radio program, and the sketch was first performed for a national radio audience that March.[1] The routine may have been further polished before this broadcast by burlesque producer John Grant, who became the team's writer, and Will Glickman, a staff writer on the radio show.[3] Glickman may have added the nicknames of then-contemporary baseball players like Dizzy and Daffy Dean to set up the routine's premise. This version, with extensive wordplay based on the fact that most of the fictional baseball team's players had "strange nicknames" that seemed to be questions, became known as "Who's on First?" Some versions continue with references to Enos Slaughter, which Costello misunderstands as "He knows" Slaughter. By 1944, Abbott and Costello had the routine copyrighted.
Abbott and Costello performed "Who's on First?" numerous times in their careers, rarely performing it exactly the same way twice. They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times. An abridged version was featured in the team's 1940 film debut, One Night in the Tropics. The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties, and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition.[a] They also performed "Who's on First?" numerous times on radio and television (notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode "The Actor's Home", widely considered the definitive version).
In 1956, a gold record of "Who's on First?" was placed in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. A video (taken from The Naughty Nineties) now plays continuously on screens at the Hall.
In the 1970s, Selchow and Righter published a "Who's on First?" board game.
In 1999, Time named the routine Best Comedy Sketch of the 20th century.[4]
An early radio recording was placed in the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry in 2003.
In 2005, the line "Who's on First?" was included on the American Film Institute's list of 100 memorable movie quotations.
Sketch[edit]
The names given in the routine for the players at each position are:
Position
Player
First base Who
Second base What
Third base I Don't Know
Left field Why
Center field Because
Pitcher Tomorrow
Catcher Today
Shortstop I Don't Give a Darn
The name of the shortstop is not given until the very end of the routine, and the right fielder is never identified. In the Selchow and Righter board game, the right fielder's name is "Nobody".[5]
At one point in the routine, Costello thinks that the first baseman is named Naturally:
Abbott: You throw the ball to first base.
Costello: Then who gets it?
Abbott: Naturally.
Costello: Naturally.
Abbott: Now you've got it.
Costello: I throw the ball to Naturally.
Abbott: You don't! You throw it to Who!
Costello: Naturally.
Abbott: Well, that's it—say it that way.
Costello: That's what I said.
Abbott: You did not.
Costello: I said I throw the ball to Naturally.
Abbott: You don't! You throw it to Who!
Costello: Naturally.
Abbott's explanations leave Costello hopelessly confused and infuriated, until the end of the routine when Costello finally appears to catch on.
Costello: Now I throw the ball to first base, whoever it is drops the ball, so the guy runs to second.
Who picks up the ball and throws it to What. What throws it to I Don't Know. I Don't Know throws it back to Tomorrow—a triple play.
Abbott: Yeah, it could be.
Costello: Another guy gets up and it's a long fly ball to Because. Why? I don't know. He's on third, and I don't give a darn!
Abbott: What was that?
Costello: I said, I DON'T GIVE A DARN!
Abbott: Oh, that's our shortstop!
That is the most commonly heard ending. "I Don't Care" and "I Don't Give a Damn" have also turned up on occasion, depending on the perceived sensibilities of the audience.
The skit was usually performed on the team's radio series at the start of the baseball season. In one instance it serves as a climax for a broadcast which begins with Costello receiving a telegram from Joe DiMaggio asking Costello to take over for him due to his injury.[6] (In this case, the unidentified right fielder would have been Costello himself. While Joe DiMaggio was best known as a center fielder, when Abbott and Costello honed the sketch in 1936-7, Joe DiMaggio had played a number of games at right field (20 in 1936).[7])
Writing credit[edit]
Numerous people over the years have claimed credit for writing the sketch, but such claims typically lack reasonable corroboration. For example, in a 1993 obituary of comedy sketch writer Michael J. Musto, it stated that shortly after Abbott and Costello teamed up, they paid Musto $15 to write the script.[8] Furthermore, several 1996 obituaries of songwriter Irving Gordon mention that he had written the sketch.[9][10]
Notable performances and derivatives[edit]
The sketch has been reprised, updated, alluded to, and parodied innumerable times over the decades in all forms of media. Some notable examples include:
The comedy troupe The Credibility Gap did a rock group variation on this routine involving a promoter, played by Harry Shearer, and a newspaper advertising salesman, played by David L. Lander, confusing the night's acts as proper nouns. The acts were The Who, The Guess Who and Yes.[11]
Johnny Carson did a variation of the routine involving the then president Ronald Reagan preparing for a press briefing.[12]
In the 1988 film Rain Man, one of the film's main characters played by actor Dustin Hoffman begins to nervously repeat the skit when his brother Charlie, played by actor Tom Cruise makes him anxious by meddling with his personal effects.[13]
Eugene Levy and Tony Rosato performed a variation on this theme on the TV series SCTV, with the rock groups The Band, The Who, and Yes. The final punchline changed to "This is for the birds (The Byrds)!" "Ah, they broke up long ago!"[14]
In an episode of Animaniacs, Slappy and Skippy Squirrel attend the 1969 Woodstock Festival, where they pay homage to the routine. Similar to the SCTV version, Slappy confuses The Who, The Band, and Yes for proper nouns.[15][16]
In an episode of The Simpsons, Superintendent Chalmers and Principal Skinner attempt to perform the routine, but Chalmers gives up after Skinner says his first line: "Not the pronoun, but rather a player with the unlikely name of 'Who' is on first."[17]
In 2002 playwright Jim Sherman wrote a variation called "Hu's on First" featuring George W. Bush being confused when Condoleezza Rice tells him that the new leader of China is named Hu, pronounced similarly to the word "Who". Bush also misunderstands Rice's references to Yassir Arafat ("yes, sir") and Kofi Annan ("coffee").[18]
The biography of Lou Costello written by his daughter Chris is titled Lou's on First.[19]
Comedy duo Slovin & Allen performed a version of the routine updated to substitute the actual names of the mid-1990s NY Yankees for "who", "what", etc.
The video game Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes contains a puzzle based on and named after Who's on First, where the two players must communicate verbally to describe the contents and layout of a screen, using words and homophones of words a person would normally use in that situation.
A variant of unknown origin, called "Abbot and Costello do Hebrew," is popular in the Jewish American community. Its humor draws from the homophonic similarity of a number of words in English — who, he, me, ma (mother), and dog are homophones of the hebrew words for he, she, who, what, and fish respectively.[1]
The skit is an easter egg on the Google Assistant. When asking "OK Google, Who's on first?" she will reply with "Yes, he is." or "Exactly."[20]
Real-life parallels[edit]
On October 3, 1920, Allie Watt played one game at second base for the Washington Senators[21] so that, for a brief time, 'What's on second'.[22]
In September 2007, Los Angeles Dodgers shortstop Chin-Lung Hu, a late-season callup from Albuquerque, got his first major league hit against the Arizona Diamondbacks; upon stopping at first base, Dodgers announcer Vin Scully proclaimed "Shades of Abbott and Costello, I can finally say Hu is on first base".[23]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Propositional attitude
Four Candles, a sketch from the British sketch comedy program The Two Ronnies with a similar premise involving misinterpreted phrases.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ On the recording, one can hear muffled laughter in the background coming from the film crew, who are trying, but failing, not to crack up during the taping. After several takes, director Jean Yarbrough decided that it was a hopeless task to get them to stop laughing, so on the last take he left the laughter in.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Furmanek, Bob; Palumbo, Ron (1991). Abbott and Costello in Hollywood. New York: Perigee. ISBN 0-399-51605-0. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "What did the baggy pants-leg say to the other?". It Pays To Be Ignorant. Retrieved September 21, 2011 – via Archive.org.
Jump up ^ This claim is made by Glickman's son. Glickman's obituary in Variety (March 23, 1983) does not list the sketch among his credits.
Jump up ^ "Best of the Century". Time. December 26, 1999.
Jump up ^ "FAQ". Abbott & Costello Fan Club. Retrieved Sep 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Abbott and Costello - Whos On First Original 30 Min Live" (Radio). Abbot & Costello. Old Time Radio (OTR). #94 – via Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ "Joe DiMaggio". Baseball Reference. Statistics and History.
Jump up ^ Neill, Brian (November 1, 1993). "Michael Musto, 76, writer, filmmaker Series". Obituaries. St. Petersburg Times. p. 5B – via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ "Irving Gordon". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Myrna (December 3, 1996). "Irving Gordon: Composer of 'Unforgettable'". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Lloyd, Robert (November 10, 1999). "Sketch Artists". LA Weekly. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Carson as Reagan, a "Who's On First" spoof". YouTube.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095953/quotes
Jump up ^ "SCTV: Midnight Express Special: Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards". Allmovie.com. September 8, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ragamuffins / Woodstock Slappy". Animaniacs. Episode 59. March 1, 1994.
Jump up ^ Mendoza, N.F. (August 14, 1994). "Shows for Youngsters and Their Parents Too: 'Animaniacs' Get on the Peace Train; Disney's 'Red' Gets a Court Trial". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Marge Simpson in 'Screaming Yellow Honkers' (1999): Quotes". IMDb.com.
Jump up ^ "Hey George, Hu is the new leader of China". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Costello, Chris (1982). Lou's on First. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312499140.
Jump up ^ "Google Assistant 101: 70 Easter Eggs & Interesting Voice Commands". WonderHowTo. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Allie Watt Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC.
Jump up ^ Golda, Gregory J. "Who's on First". Integrative Arts 10: The Popular Arts. Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Monstovich, B.J. "Hu's on 1B !". Retrieved July 8, 2014 – via YouTube.
External links[edit]
"Who's on First?" by Abbott and Costello - on Baseball Almanac - accessed 2008-08-28
Who's on First? at BoardGameGeek
An Abbott and Costello FAQ which mentions the game
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