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Mound Builders
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For other uses, see Mound builder (disambiguation).
Monks Mound, built c. 950–1100 CE and located at the Cahokia Mounds UNESCO World Heritage Site near Collinsville, Illinois, is the largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in America north of Mesoamerica.
The various cultures collectively termed Mound Builders were inhabitants of North America who, during a 5,000-year period, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious and ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes. These included the Pre-Columbian cultures of the Archaic period; Woodland period (Adena and Hopewell cultures); and Mississippian period; dating from roughly 3500 BCE (the construction of Watson Brake) to the 16th century CE, and living in regions of the Great Lakes, the Ohio River Valley, and the Mississippi River valley and its tributary waters.[1]
Since the 19th century, the prevailing scholarly consensus has been that the mounds were constructed by indigenous peoples of the Americas. Sixteenth-century Spanish explorers met natives living in a number of later Mississippian cities, described their cultures, and left artifacts.[2] Research and study of these cultures and peoples has been based mostly on archaeology and anthropology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Woodland culture
2 Archaeological surveys
3 Reports of early European explorers
4 Mound building cultures
4.1 Archaic era
4.2 Woodland period
4.3 Coles Creek culture
4.4 Mississippian cultures
4.5 Fort Ancient culture
4.6 Plaquemine culture
4.7 Archaeological culture maps
5 Alternative explanations
5.1 Effects of alternative explanations
6 Hoaxes
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Woodland culture[edit]
A mound diagram of the platform mound showing the multiple layers of mound construction, mound structures such as temples or mortuaries, ramps with log stairs, and prior structures under later layers, multiple terraces, and intrusive burials.
During the 16th through 19th centuries, Europeans and Americans generally thought that a people other than one related to the historic Native Americans had built the mounds.
The namesake cultural trait of the Mound Builders was the building of mounds and other earthworks. These burial and ceremonial structures were typically flat-topped pyramids or platform mounds, flat-topped or rounded cones, elongated ridges, and sometimes a variety of other forms. They were generally built as part of complex villages. The early earthworks built in Louisiana c. 3500 BCE are the only ones known to have been built by a hunter-gatherer culture.
The best-known flat-topped pyramidal structure, which at more than 100 feet (30 m) tall is the largest pre-Columbian earthwork north of Mexico, is Monks Mound at Cahokia in present-day Collinsville, Illinois. At its maximum about CE 1150, Cahokia was an urban settlement with 20,000–30,000 people; this population was not exceeded by North American European settlements until after 1800.
A depiction of the Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, as published in the magazine The Century, April 1890
Some effigy mounds were constructed in the shapes or outlines of culturally significant animals. The most famous effigy mound, Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, ranges from 1 to just over 3 feet tall (30–100 cm)., 20 feet (6 m) wide, more than 1,330 feet (405 m) long, and shaped as an undulating serpent.
Many different tribal groups and chiefdoms, involving an array of beliefs and unique cultures over thousands of years, built mounds as expressions of their cultures. The general term, "mound builder," covered their shared architectural practice of earthwork mound construction. This practice, believed to be associated with a cosmology that had a cross-cultural appeal, may indicate common cultural antecedents. The first mound building was an early marker of political and social complexity among the cultures in the Eastern United States. Watson Brake in Louisiana, constructed about 3500 BCE during the Middle Archaic period, is the oldest dated mound complex in North America. It is one of eleven mound complexes from this period found in the Lower Mississippi Valley.[3]
We can conclude that these mound builders were organized. Hundreds or even thousands of workers had to dig up tons of earth with the hand tools available, the dirt had to be moved long distances, and finally workers had to create the shape the builder had planned.
Archaeological surveys[edit]
A depiction of the Portsmouth Earthworks in Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
The most complete reference for these earthworks is Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, written by Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin H. Davis. It was published in 1848 by the Smithsonian Institution. Since many of the features which the authors documented have since been destroyed or diminished by farming and development, their surveys, sketches, and descriptions are still used by modern archaeologists. All of the sites which they identified as located in Kentucky came from the manuscripts of C. S. Rafinesque.
Reports of early European explorers[edit]
Illustration of the Parkin Site, thought to be the capital of the Province of Casqui visited by de Soto
Hernando de Soto, the Spanish conquistador who during 1540–1542 traversed what became the southeast United States, encountered many different mound-builder peoples, perhaps descendants of the great Mississippian culture. The mound-building tradition still existed in the southeast during the mid-sixteenth century. De Soto observed people living in fortified towns with lofty mounds and plazas, and surmised that many of the mounds served as foundations for priestly temples. Near present-day Augusta, Georgia, de Soto encountered a mound-building group ruled by a queen, Cofitachequi. She told him that the mounds within her territory served as the burial places for nobles.
Engraving after Jacques Le Moyne, showing the burial of a Timucua chief
The artist Jacques Le Moyne, who had accompanied French settlers to northeastern Florida during the 1560s, likewise noted many Native American groups using existing mounds and constructing others. He produced a series of watercolor paintings depicting scenes of native life. Although most of his paintings have been lost, some engravings were copied from the originals and published in 1591 by a Flemish company. Among these is a depiction of the burial of an aboriginal Floridian tribal chief, an occasion of great mourning and ceremony. The original caption reads:
“ Sometimes the deceased king of this province is buried with great solemnity, and his great cup from which he was accustomed to drink is placed on a tumulus with many arrows set about it. ”
— Jacques Le Moyne, 1560s
Maturin Le Petit, a Jesuit priest met the Natchez people as did Le Page du Pratz (1758), a French explorer. Both observed them in the area that later became Mississippi. The Natchez were devout worshippers of the sun. Having a population of some 4,000, they occupied at least nine villages and were presided over by a paramount chief, known as the Great Sun, who wielded absolute power. Both observers noted the high temple mounds which the Natchez had built so that the Great Sun could commune with God, the sun. His large residence was built atop the highest mound, from “which, every morning, he greeted the rising sun, invoking thanks and blowing tobacco smoke to the four cardinal directions.”[4][5][6]
Later explorers to the same regions, only a few decades after mound-building settlements had been reported, found the regions largely depopulated, the residents vanished, and the mounds untended. Since there had been little violent conflict with Europeans in that area during that period, the most plausible explanation is that infectious diseases from the Old World, such as smallpox and influenza, had decimated most of the Native Americans who had comprised the last mound-builder civilization.[7][8][9][10]
Mound building cultures[edit]
Archaic era[edit]
Main article: Archaic period in the Americas
Illustration of Watson Brake, the oldest mound complex in North America
Illustration of Poverty Point in West Carroll Parish, Louisiana
Radiocarbon dating has established the age of the earliest Archaic mound complex in southeastern Louisiana. One of the two Monte Sano Site mounds, excavated in 1967 before being destroyed for new construction at Baton Rouge, was dated at 6220 BP (plus or minus 140 years).[11] Researchers at the time thought that such societies were not organizationally capable of this type construction.[11] It has since been dated as about 6500 BP, or 4500 BCE,[12] although not all agree.[13]
Watson Brake is located in the floodplain of the Ouachita River near Monroe in northern Louisiana. Securely dated to about 5,400 years ago (approx. 3500 BCE), in the Middle Archaic period, it consists of a formation of 11 mounds from 3 to 25 feet (1-8m) tall, connected by ridges to form an oval nearly 900 feet (270m) across.[14] In the Americas, building of complex earthwork mounds started at an early date, well before the pyramids of Egypt were constructed. Watson Brake was being constructed nearly 2,000 years before the better-known Poverty Point, and building continued for 500 years.[14] Middle Archaic mound construction seems to have ceased about 2800 BC, and scholars have not ascertained the reason, but it may have been because of changes in river patterns or other environmental factors.[15]
With the 1990s dating of Watson Brake and similar complexes, scholars established that pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic American societies could organize to accomplish complex construction during extended periods of time, invalidating scholars' traditional ideas of Archaic society.[16] Watson Brake was built by a hunter-gatherer society the people of which occupied the area on only a seasonal basis, but where successive generations organized to build the complex mounds over a 500-year period. Their food consisted mostly of fish and deer, as well as available plants.
Poverty Point, built about 1500 BCE in what is now Louisiana, is a prominent example of Late Archaic mound-builder construction (c. 2500 BCE – 1000 BCE). It is a striking complex of more than one square mile, where six earthwork crescent ridges were built in concentric arrangement, interrupted by radial aisles. Three mounds are also part of the main complex, and evidence of residences extends for about 3 miles along the bank of Bayou Macon. It is the major site among 100 associated with the Poverty Point culture and is one of the best-known early examples of earthwork monumental architecture. Unlike the localized societies during the Middle Archaic, this culture showed evidence of a wide trading network outside its area, which is one of its distinguishing characteristics.
Woodland period[edit]
Grave Creek Mound, Moundsville, West Virginia, Adena culture
Main article: Woodland period
The Archaic period was followed by the Woodland period (c. 1000 BCE). Some well-understood examples are the Adena culture of Ohio, West Virginia, and parts of nearby states. The subsequent Hopewell culture built monuments from present-day Illinois to Ohio; it is renowned for its geometric earthworks. The Adena and Hopewell were not the only mound-building peoples during this time period. There were contemporaneous mound-building cultures throughout what is now the eastern United States, stretching as far south as Crystal River in western Florida. During this time period, in parts of present-day Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana, the Hopewellian Marksville culture degenerated and was succeeded by the Baytown culture.[17] Reasons for degeneration include attacks from other tribes or the impact of severe climatic changes undermining agriculture.
Coles Creek culture[edit]
Illustration of Kings Crossing Site in Warren County, Mississippi
Main article: Coles Creek culture
The Coles Creek culture is a Late Woodland culture (700-1200 CE) in the Lower Mississippi Valley in the southern United States that marks a significant change of the cultural history of the area. Population and cultural and political complexity increased, especially by the end of the Coles Creek period. Although many of the classic traits of chiefdom societies were not yet manifested, by CE 1000 the formation of simple elite polities had begun. Coles Creek sites are found in Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Mississippi and Texas. The Coles Creek culture is considered ancestral to the Plaquemine culture.[18][19]
Mississippian cultures[edit]
Illustration of Cahokia with the large Monks Mound in the central precinct, encircled by a palisade, surrounded by four plazas, notably the Grand Plaza to the south
Main article: Mississippian culture
Around 900–1450 CE, the Mississippian culture developed and spread through the eastern United States, primarily along the river valleys.[20] The largest regional center where the Mississippian culture is first definitely developed is located in Illinois near the River Mississippi and is referred to presently as Cahokia. It had several regional variants including the Middle Mississippian culture of Cahokia, the South Appalachian Mississippian variant at Moundville and Etowah, the Plaquemine Mississippian variant in south Louisiana and Mississippi,[21] and the Caddoan Mississippian culture of northwestern Louisiana, eastern Texas, and southwestern Arkansas.[22] Like the Mound Builders of the Ohio, these people built gigantic mounds as burial and ceremonial places.[23]
Fort Ancient culture[edit]
SunWatch Indian Village in Dayton, Ohio
Main article: Fort Ancient culture
Fort Ancient is the name for a Native American culture that flourished from 1000-1650 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited land along the Ohio River in areas of modern-day southern Ohio, northern Kentucky and western West Virginia. Scholars once thought this was an expansion of the Mississippian cultures, but they now believe the Fort Ancient culture was developed from the Hopewell culture.
Plaquemine culture[edit]
Illustration of the Holly Bluff Site in Yazoo County, Mississippi
Main article: Plaquemine culture
A continuation of the Coles Creek culture in the lower Mississippi River Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. Examples include the Medora Site in West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana; and the Anna and Emerald Mound sites in Mississippi. Sites inhabited by Plaquemine peopless continued to be used as vacant ceremonial centers without large village areas much as their Coles Creek ancestors had done; although their layout began to show influences from Middle Mississippian peoples to the north. The Winterville and Holly Bluff (Lake George) sites in western Mississippi are good examples that exemplify this change of layout but continuation of site usage.[24] During the Terminal Coles Creek period (CE 1150 to 1250) contact increased with Mississippian cultures centered upriver near St. Louis, Missouri. This resulted in the adaption of new pottery techniques, as well as new ceremonial objects and possibly new social patterns during the Plaquemine period.[25] As more Mississippian culture influences were absorbed the Plaquemine area as a distinct culture began to shrink after CE 1350. Eventually the last enclave of purely Plaquemine culture was the Natchez Bluffs area, while the Yazoo Basin and adjacent areas of Louisiana became a hybrid Plaquemine-Mississippian culture.[26] This division was recorded by Europeans when they first arrived in the area. In the Natchez Bluffs area, the Taensa and Natchez people had held out against Mississippian influence and continued to use the same sites as their ancestors, and the Plaquemine culture is considered directly ancestral to these historic period groups encountered by Europeans.[27] Groups who appear to have absorbed more Mississippian influence were identified as those tribes speaking the Tunican, Chitimachan, and Muskogean languages.[25]
Archaeological culture maps[edit]
Hopewell traditions
Adena culture
Troyville culture and Baytown culture
Coles Creek culture
Mississippian culture
Caddoan Mississippian culture
Fort Ancient culture
Plaquemine culture
Alternative explanations[edit]
Through the mid-nineteenth century, European Americans did not recognize that ancestors of the Native Americans had built the prehistoric mounds of the eastern U.S. They believed that the massive earthworks and large ceremonial complexes were built by a different people. A New York Times article from 1897 described a mound in Wisconsin in which a giant human skeleton measuring over nine feet in length was found.[28] From 1886, another New York Times article described water receding from a mound in Cartersville, Georgia which uncovered acres of skulls and bones, some of which were said to be gigantic. Two thigh bones were measured with the height of their owners estimated at 14 feet.[29] President Lincoln made reference to the giants whose bones fill the mounds of America.
"But still there is more. It calls up the indefinite past. When Columbus first sought this continent – when Christ suffered on the cross – when Moses led Israel through the Red-Sea – nay, even, when Adam first came from the hand of his Maker – then as now, Niagara was roaring here. The eyes of that species of extinct giants, whose bones fill the mounds of America, have gazed on Niagara, as ours do now. Co[n]temporary with the whole race of men, and older than the first man, Niagara is strong, and fresh to-day as ten thousand years ago. The Mammoth and Mastodon – now so long dead, that fragments of their monstrous bones, alone testify, that they ever lived, have gazed on Niagara. In that long – long time, never still for a single moment. Never dried, never froze, never slept, never rested."[30]
The antiquarian author William Pidgeon created fraudulent surveys of mound groups that did not exist possibly tainting this opinion which was replaced by others.[31][32][33]
A major factor in increasing public knowledge of the origins of the mounds was the 1894 report by Cyrus Thomas of the Bureau of American Ethnology. He concluded that the prehistoric earthworks of the eastern United States were the work of early cultures of Native Americans. A small number of people had earlier made similar conclusions: Thomas Jefferson, for example, excavated a mound and from the artifacts and burial practices, noted similarities between mound-builder funeral practices and those of Native Americans in his time. In addition, Theodore Lewis in 1886 had refuted Pidgeon's fraudulent claims of pre-Native American moundbuilders.[34]
Writers and scholars have proposed many alternative origins for the Mound Builders:
Vikings
In 1787, Benjamin Smith Barton proposed the theory that the Mound Builders were Vikings who came to North America and eventually disappeared.[35]
Ancient world immigrants
Other people believed that Greeks, Africans, Chinese or assorted Europeans built the mounds. Some Euro-Americans thought the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel had built the mounds.[35]
Book of Mormon inhabitants
See also: Archaeology and the Book of Mormon
During the 19th century a common belief was that the Jews, particularly the Lost Ten Tribes, were the ancestors of Native Americans and the Mound Builders.[36] The Book of Mormon (published first in 1830) provides a related belief, as its narrative describes two major immigrations to the Americas from Mesopotamia: the Jaredites (c. 3000–2000 BCE) and an Israelite group in 590 BCE (termed Nephites, Lamanites and Mulekites). While the Nephites, Lamanites, and Mulekites were all of Jewish origin coming from Israel around 590 BCE, the Jaradites were a non-Abrahamic people separate in all aspects, except in a belief in Jehovah, from the Nephites. The Book of Mormon depicts these settlers building magnificent cities, which were destroyed by warfare about CE 385.
Some Mormon scholars[who?] have considered The Book of Mormon narrative a description of the mound-building cultures; other Mormon apologists argue for a Mesoamerican or South American setting.[37] Theories about a Mesoamerican setting for the Book of Mormon did not develop until after Latter-day Saints were influenced by publicized findings about the Central American stone ruins. This occurred after the Book of Mormon was published.[38]
Black civilizations
During the 20th century, certain sects affiliated with the Black nationalist Moorish Science philosophy theorized an association with the Mound Builders.[39][40] They argue that the Mound Builders were an ancient advanced Black civilization that developed the legendary continents of Atlantis and Mu, as well as ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica. These black groups claim that the American Indians were too primitive to have developed the sophisticated societies and the technology believed necessary to build the mounds.[citation needed]
Divine creation
The Reverend Landon West claimed that Serpent Mound in Ohio was built by God, or by man inspired by him. He believed that God built the mound and placed it as a symbol of the story of the Garden of Eden.[41][42]
Mythical cultures
Some people attributed the mounds to mythical cultures: Lafcadio Hearn suggested that the mounds were built by people from the Lost Continent of Atlantis.[35][43]
Effects of alternative explanations[edit]
The mound builder explanations were often honest misinterpretations of real data from valid sources. Both scholars and laymen accepted some of these explanations. Reference to an alleged race appears in the poem "The Prairies" (1832) by William Cullen Bryant.[44]
Assumption that construction was too complex for Indians
One belief was that American Indians were too unsophisticated to have constructed such complex earthworks and artifacts. The associated stone, metal, and clay artifacts were thought to be too complex for the Indians to have made. In the American Southeast, and Midwest, numerous Indian cultures were sedentary and used agriculture. Numerous Indian towns had built surrounding stockades for defense. Capable of this type of construction, they and ancestors could have built mounds, but people who believed that the Indians did not build the earthworks did not analyze it in this manner. They thought the Native American nomadic cultures would not organize to build such monuments, for failure to devote the time and effort to construct such time-consuming projects.[35]
When most British colonists first arrived in America, they never witnessed the American Indians building mounds, and they found that few Indians knew of their history when asked. Yet earlier Europeans, especially the Spanish, had written numerous non-English-language accounts about the Indians' construction of mounds. Garcilaso de la Vega reported how the Indians built the mounds and placed temples on top of them. A few French expeditions reported staying with Indian societies who built mounds.[35]
Assumption construction older than Indians
People also claimed that the Indians were not the Mound Builders because the mounds and related artifacts were older than Indian cultures. Caleb Atwater's misunderstanding of stratigraphy caused him to believe that the Mound Builders were a much older civilization than the Indians. In his book, Antiquities Discovered in the Western States (1820), Atwater claimed that Indian remains were always found right beneath the surface of the earth. Since the artifacts associated with the Mound Builders were found fairly deep in the ground, Atwater argued that they must be from a different group of people. The discovery of metal artifacts further convinced people that the Mound Builders were not Native Americans. The Indians encountered by the Europeans and Americans were not thought to engage in metallurgy. Some artifacts that were found in relation to the mounds were inscribed with symbols. As the Europeans did not know of any Indian cultures that had a writing system, they assumed a different group had created them.[35]
Hoaxes[edit]
Panoramic view from within the Great Circle at the Newark Earthworks in Newark, Ohio (wall of which can be seen in the background)
Several hoaxes were associated with the Mound Builder cultures.
Newark Holy Stones
In 1860, David Wyrick discovered the "Keystone tablet", containing Hebrew language inscriptions written on it, in Newark, Ohio. Soon afterward, he found the "Newark Decalogue Stone" nearby, also claimed to be inscribed in Hebrew. The authenticity of the "Newark Holy Stones" and the circumstances of their discovery are disputed.[35]
Davenport tablets
Reverend Jacob Gass discovered what were called the Davenport tablets. These bore inscriptions that later were determined to be fake.[35]
Walam Olum hoax
The Walam Olum hoax had considerable influence on perceptions of the Mound Builders. In 1836 Constantine Samuel Rafinesque published his translation of a text he claimed had been written in pictographs on wooden tablets. This text explained that the Lenape Indians originated in Asia, told of their passage over the Bering Strait, and narrated their subsequent migration across the North American continent. This "Walam Olum" tells of battles with native peoples already in America before the Lenape arrived. People hearing of the account believed that the "original people" were the Mound Builders, and that the Lenape overthrew them and destroyed their culture. David Oestreicher later asserted that Rafinesque's account was a hoax. He argued that the Walam Olum glyphs were derived from Chinese, Egyptian, and Mayan alphabets. Meanwhile, the belief that the Native Americans destroyed the mound builder culture had gained widespread acceptance.[35]
Kinderhook plates
The Kinderhook plates, "discovered" in 1843, were another hoax, consisting of material planted by a contemporary in Native American mounds. This hoax was intended to discredit the account of the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith having translated an ancient book.[45][46]
See also[edit]
List of burial mounds in the United States
Petroforms
Serpent Mound
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Southwestern Moundbuilders, athletic teams of Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas
Tumulus, mounds (or barrows) of Europe and Asia
Tumulus culture
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Squier p. 1
Jump up ^ Constance E. Richards, "Contact and Conflict", American Archaeologist, Spring 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008
Jump up ^ Robert W. Preucel, Stephen A. Mrozowski, Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, p. 177
Jump up ^ Mallory O'Connor, Lost Cities of the Ancient Southeast (University Press of Florida, 1995).
Jump up ^ Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 1. Washington DC, 1848)
Jump up ^ Biloine Young and Melvin Fowler, Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis (University of Illinois Press, 2000).
Jump up ^ Davis Brose and N'omi Greber (eds.), Hopewell Archaeology (Kent State UP, 1979)
Jump up ^ Roger Kennedy, Hidden Cities: The Discovery and Loss of Ancient North American Civilization (Free Press, 1994)
Jump up ^ Robert Silverberg, "...And the Mound-Builders Vanished from the Earth", originally in the 1969 edition of American Heritage, collected in the anthology A Sense of History [Houghton-Mifflin, 1985]; available online here Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Gordon M. Sayre, "The Mound Builders and the Imagination of American Antiquity in Jefferson, Bartram, and Chateaubriand", Early American Literature 33 (1998): 225–249.
^ Jump up to: a b Rebecca Saunders, "The Case for Archaic Period Mounds in Southeastern Louisiana", Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 13, No. 2, Winter 1994, accessed 4 November 2011
Jump up ^ "Important new findings in Louisiana". Archaeo News. Stone Pages. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Joe W. Saunders, "Middle Archaic and Watson Brake", in Archaeology of Louisiana, edited by Mark A. Rees, Ian W. (FRW) Brown, LSU Press, 2010, p. 67
^ Jump up to: a b Saunders, in Rees and Brown (2010), Archaeology of Louisiana, pp. 69-76
Jump up ^ Saunders, in Rees and Brown (2010), Archaeology of Louisiana, pp. 73-74
Jump up ^ Saunders, in Rees and Brown (2010), Archaeology of Louisiana, p. 63
Jump up ^ "Southeastern Prehistory-Late Woodland Period". Retrieved 2008-09-23.
Jump up ^ Kidder, Tristram (1998). R. Barry Lewis, Charles Stout, eds. Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0947-0. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Troyville-Coles Creek". Louisiana prehistory. 2010-07-01. Archived from the original on 2012-01-10.
Jump up ^ Adam King (2002). "Mississippian Period: Overview". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period". Retrieved 2010-07-01.
Jump up ^ Peter N. Peregrine (1995). Archaeology of the Mississippian culture: a research guide. Garland Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-8153-0336-7.
Jump up ^ Nash, Gary B. Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America Los Angeles 2015. Chapter 1, p. 6
Jump up ^ "Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period". Retrieved 2016-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Plaquemine-Mississippian". Retrieved 2016-10-20.
Jump up ^ Guy E. Gibbon; Kenneth M. Ames (1998-08-01). Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 657–658. ISBN 978-0-8153-0725-9.
Jump up ^ "The Plaquemine Culture, A.D 1000". Retrieved 2008-09-08.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin Mound Opened: Skeleton Found of a Man Over Nine Feet High with an Enormous Skull". New York Times. December 20, 1897.
Jump up ^ "Monster Skulls and Bones". New York Times. April 5, 1886.
Jump up ^ Lincoln, Abraham (1953). "Fragment: Niagara Falls [c. September 25–30, 1848]". In Basler, Roy P. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. 2. pp. 10–11.
Jump up ^ Pidgeon, William (1858) Traditions of Dee-Coo-Dah and Antiquarian Researches. Horace Thayer, New York.
Jump up ^ Finney, Fred (2008) William Pidgeon and T.H. Lewis. Minnesota Archaeologist 67: 89–105
Jump up ^ Birmingham, Robert A. and Leslie E. Eisenberg (2000) Indian Mounds of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 24–27.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Theodore H. (1886) "The 'Monumental Tortoise' Mounds of 'Dee-Coo-Dah'" The American Journal of Archaeology 2(1):65–69.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Feder, Kenneth L. (2005). "The Myth of the Moundbuilders". Frauds, Myths, And Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology (PDF). Central Connecticut State Univ: McGraw Hill. pp. 151–155, 159–160, 164–166. ISBN 978-0-07-286948-4. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Jefferson. "Prehistoric American Indians in Tennessee". University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ Jon Daniels. "The Book of Mormon and Mesoamerican Archeology". Stanford University. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ See the anonymous newspaper article titled "Zarahemla", Mormon Times and Seasons, October 1842, excerpts from John Lloyd Stephens, Incident of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán (1841). Stephens' conclusion that the Central American stone ruins were not of any great antiquity was overlooked by excited LDS readers.
Jump up ^ "The Mound Builders of North America Part I". Federation : MSTA. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
Jump up ^ "The Black Washitaw Nation of America". Retrieved 2017-12-24.
Jump up ^ Ohio Historical Society. Ohio history, Volume 10. Retrieved 2011-07-25. The Garden of Eden, it seems, is now definitely located. The site is in Ohio, "Adams" county, to be more precise...The Rev. Landon West of Pleasant Hill, O., a prominent and widely known minister of the Baptist church... arrives at the conclusion that this great work was created either by God himself or by man inspired by Him to make an everlasting object lesson of man's disobedience, Satan's perfidy and the results of sin and death. In support of this startling claim the Rev. Mr. West quotes Scripture and refers to Job 16:13: "By His spirit. He hath garnished the heavens; His hand hath formed the crooked serpent."
Jump up ^ Brook Wilensky-Lanford (May 23, 2011). "Adam and Eve –and Reverend West – in Ohio". The Common. The Eden I found in a 1909 pamphlet by Reverend Landon West—the Serpent Mound earthwork that is now an Ohio state park—was still preserved for all to see, so I went...Details that fell outside of West's lifetime were hard to fit into the book: his son Dan West became the founder of the Heifer Project charity, and his accomplishments no doubt helped preserve the memory of his father's Garden of Eden.
Jump up ^ Hearn, Lafcadio (April 24, 1876). "The Mound Builders". The Commercial. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bryant, William Cullen, "The Prairies" (1832) Archived 2007-01-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Kimball, Stanley B. (Aug. 1981). "Kinderhook Plates Brought to Joseph Smith Appear to Be a Nineteenth-Century Hoax". Ensign (LDS Church). Retrieved May 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Evans, Glenn; Groat, Joel B. (2003). "Joseph Smith and the Kinderhook Plates: Overview and Current Perspectives". Mormons in Transition (IRR). Retrieved May 17, 2012.
References[edit]
Abrams, Elliot M.; Freter, AnnCorinne, eds. (2005). The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1609-9.
Thomas, Cyrus. Report on the mound explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. pp. 3–730. Twelfth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1890–91, by J. W. Powell, Director. XLVIII+742 pp., 42 pls., 344 figs. 1894.
Feder, Kenneth L. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006.
Squier, E.G.; Davis, E.H. (1847). Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Further reading[edit]
Gale, George (1867). Upper Mississippi: or, Historical Sketches of the Mound-builders, the Indian tribes and the Progress of Civilization in the North-west, from A.D. 1600 to the Present Time. Chicago: Clarke.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mound-builders.
Lost Race Myth
LenaweeHistory.com | Mound Builders section, The Western Historical Society 1909, reprint.
Artist Hideout, Art of the Ancients
Ancient Monuments Placemarks
The Mound Builders at Project Gutenberg
With Climate Swing, a Culture Bloomed in Americas (mound builders in Peru)
Science 19 September 1997 (a mound complex in Louisiana at 5400u–5000 years ago)
Bruce Smith video on the 1880s Smithsonian explorations to determine who built the ancient earthen mounds in eastern North America can be viewed as part of the series 19th Century Explorers and Anthropologists: Developing the Earliest Smithsonian Anthropology Collections
[show]
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Pre-Columbian North America
Periods
Lithic
Archaic
Formative
Classic
Post-Classic
Archaeological
cultures
Adena
Alachua
Ancient Beringian
Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi)
Baytown
Belle Glade
Buttermilk Creek Complex
Caborn-Welborn
Calf Creek
Caloosahatchee
Clovis
Coles Creek
Comondú
Deptford
Folsom
Fort Ancient
Fort Walton
Fremont
Glacial Kame
Glades
Hohokam
Hopewell
List of Hopewell sites
La Jolla
Las Palmas
Leon-Jefferson
Mississippian
List of Mississippian sites
Mogollon
Monongahela
Old Cordilleran
Oneota
Paleo-Arctic
Paleo-Indians
Patayan
Plano
Plaquemine
Poverty Point
Red Ocher
Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
St. Johns
Steed-Kisker
Tchefuncte
Tocobaga
Troyville
Archaeological
sites
Angel Mounds
Anzick Clovis burial
Bandelier National Monument
Blue Spring Shelter
The Bluff Point Stoneworks
Cahokia
Candelaria Cave
Casa Grande
Chaco Canyon
Coso Rock Art District
Crystal River Archaeological State Park
Cuarenta Casas
Cueva de la Olla
Eaker
El Fin del Mundo
El Vallecito
Effigy Mounds National Monument
Etowah Indian Mounds
Eva
Folsom Site
Fort Ancient
Fort Center
Fort Juelson
Four Mounds Site
Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument
Glenwood
Grimes Point
Holly Bluff Site
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
Huápoca
Kimball Village
Kincaid Mounds
Kolomoki Mounds
L'Anse aux Meadows
Marksville
Marmes Rockshelter
Meadowcroft Rockshelter
Mesa Verde
Moaning Cavern
Moorehead Circle
Morrison Mounds
Moundville
Mummy Cave
Nodena Site
Ocmulgee National Monument
Old Stone Fort
Orwell Site
Paquime
Parkin Park
Pinson Mounds
Portsmouth Earthworks
Poverty Point
Pueblo Bonito
Recapture Canyon
Rock Eagle
Rock Hawk
Russell Cave National Monument
Salmon Ruins
Serpent Mound
Sierra de San Francisco
Spiro Mounds
SunWatch
Taos Pueblo
Toltec Mounds
Town Creek Indian Mound
Turkey River Mounds
Upward Sun River site
West Oak Forest Earthlodge
Winterville
Wupatki National Monument
Human
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Anzick-1
Arlington Springs Man
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N.A.G.P.R.A.
Norse colonization of North America
Oasisamerica
Piasa
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Stickball
Three Sisters agriculture
Thunderbird
Underwater panther
Water glyphs
Related
Genetic history
Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America
Pre-Columbian era
[show]
v
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Adena Culture
List of Adena culture sites
Woodland period
Mound builder (people)
List of archaeological periods (North America)
Ohio sites
Adena
Austin Brown
Arledge
Beam Farm
Clemmons
Conrad
Coon Hunters
George Deffenbaugh
Enon
Fortner
Great Mound
Highbanks Metro Park
Hillside Haven
Hodgen's Cemetery
Horn
Hurley
Jackson
Karshner
Kinzer
Luthor List
McDaniel
Miamisburg
Mound Cemetery
Odd Fellows' Cemetery
Old Maid's Orchard
Orators
Carl Potter
Raleigh
Reeves
D.S. Rose
Ross Trails Circle
Short Woods Park
Shrum
Snead
Spruce Run
David Stitt
Story (Cincinnati)
Story (Chillicothe)
Williamson
Wolf Plains
Wright-Patterson
Zaleski
Kentucky sites
Biggs
Gaitskill
Mound Hill
Mount Horeb
Ramey
Round Hill
West Virginia sites
Criel
Grave Creek
Indiana sites
Mounds State Park
Related topics
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
burial mound
Eastern Agricultural Complex
Hopewell tradition
[show]
v
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Hopewellian peoples
Woodland period
List of Hopewell sites
Mound builder (people)
List of archaeological periods (North America)
Ohio Hopewell
Beam Farm
Benham Mound
Cary Village Site
Cedar-Bank Works
Dunns Pond Mound
Ellis Mounds
Ety Enclosure
Ety Habitation Site
Fort Ancient
Fortified Hill Works
Great Hopewell Road
High Banks Works
Hopeton Earthworks
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
Indian Mound Cemetery
Keiter Mound
Marietta Earthworks
Moorehead Circle
Mound of Pipes
Nettle Lake Mound Group
Newark Earthworks
Oak Mounds
Orators
Perin Village Site
Pollock Works
Portsmouth Earthworks
Rocky Fork Enclosures
Rocky Fork Mounds
Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District
Shawnee Lookout
Stubbs Earthworks
Tremper Mound and Works
Williamson Mound Archeological District
Crab Orchard culture
Carrier Mills Archaeological District
Cleiman Mound
Hubele Site
Mann Site
O'byams Fort site
Wilson Site
Yankeetown Site
Goodall Focus
Goodall Site
Norton Mound Group
Havana Hopewell culture
Albany Mounds State Historic Site
Dickson Mounds
Duncan Farm
Golden Eagle-Toppmeyer Site
Kamp Mound Site
Mound House site
Naples Archeological District
Naples Mound 8
Ogden-Fettie Site
Rockwell Mound
Sinnissippi Mounds
Toolesboro Mound Group
Kansas City Hopewell
Cloverdale archaeological site
Renner Village Archeological Site
Trowbridge Archeological Site
Marksville culture
Crooks Mound
Grand Gulf Mound
Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site
Mott Archaeological Preserve
Miller culture
Bynum Mound and Village Site
Ingomar Mound
Miller Site
Pharr Mounds
Pinson Mounds
Point Peninsula Complex
Lewiston Mound
Serpent Mounds Park
LeVescounte Mounds
Swift Creek culture
Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture
Crystal River Archaeological State Park
Etowah Indian Mounds
Leake Mounds
Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park
Miner's Creek site
Pierce Site
Swift Creek mound site
Third Gulf Breeze
Yearwood site
Yent Mound
Other Hopewellian peoples
Armstrong culture
Copena culture
Fourche Maline culture
Laurel Complex
Saugeen Complex
Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)
Exotic trade items
Copper
Galena
Mica
Fresh water pearls
Obsidian
Pipestone
Sea shells
Related topics
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
Black drink
burial mound
Ceremonial pipe
Effigy mound
Hopewell pottery
Horned Serpent
Eastern Agricultural Complex
Underwater panther
[show]
v
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Late Woodland cultures
Mound builder (people)
List of archaeological periods (North America)
Sites
Baum site
Beattie Park Mound Group
Book Site
Bowen Site (12 MA 61)
Brinsfield I Site
Brokaw Site
Clampitt Site (12-LR-329)
Fisher Site
Hoye Site
Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve
Man Mound
Memorial Park Site
Nottingham Site
Ormond Mound
St. Croix River Access Site
Sommerheim Park
University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound
Cultures
Alachua culture
Clemson Island culture
Manahoac
Monongahela culture
Oliver Phase
Springwells Phase
Weeden Island culture
Related topics
Steuben point
Belle Glade culture
Extreme weather events of 535–536
Fort Ancient culture
Mississippian culture
Oneota
St. Johns culture
[show]
v
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Coles Creek and Plum Bayou cultures
Late Woodland period
List of archaeological periods (North America)
Coles Creek sites
Aden Site
Balmoral Mounds
Boone's Mounds
Churupa Plantation Mound
Coles Creek Site
Crippen Point site
Cypress Grove Mound
DePrato Mounds
Greenhouse Site
Feltus Mound Site
Filhiol Mound Site
Fisher Site
Flowery Mound
Frogmore Mound Site
Ghost Site Mounds
Greenhouse Site
Insley Mounds
Kings Crossing Site
Lamarque Landing Mound
Marsden Mounds
Mazique Archeological Site
Mott Mounds
Mound Plantation
Peck Mounds
Raffman Site
Scott Place Mounds
Shackleford Church Mounds
Spanish Fort
Sundown Mounds
Transylvania Mounds
Troyville Earthworks
Venable Mound
Wade Landing Mound
Coastal Coles Creek sites
Atchafalaya Basin Mounds
Bayou Black Mound (16TR78)
Bayou Cypremont (16SMY7)
Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds
Bayou L’Ours Site
Bayou Portage Mounds
Bayou Sorrel Mounds (16IV4)
Clovelly Site (16LF64)
Cypress Point Site (16VM112)
Eagle Point Site (16IB123)
Gibson Mounds (16TR5)
Greenwood Cemetery Site (16SMY10)
Kleinpeter Mounds
Little Cheniere Site (16CM22)
Little Pecan Island Site
Jerry Haas Site (16SJ51)
Machias Lake (16SB2)
Morgan Mounds
Pecan Mounds (16SM37)
Pennison Mounds (16AS16)
Portage Mounds (16SM5)
Richeau Field Site (16TR82)
Schwing Place Mound (16IV13)
Sims Site
Southwest of Cut Off Lagoon (16SB50)
St. Gabriel Mounds (16IV128)
Temple Mounds Site (16LF4)
Plum Bayou sites
Baytown Site
Chandler Landing Site
Coy Site
Dogtown Site
Hayes site
Maberry Site
Roland Site
Toltec Mounds
Related topics
Eastern Agricultural Complex
Fourche Maline culture
Mississippian culture
Natchez
Plaquemine culture
Platform mound
Taensa
Troyville culture
[show]
v
t
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Mississippian and related cultures
List of Mississippian sites
Timeline of Mississippi valley
Middle Mississippian
American Bottom
and Upper Mississippi
Aztalan
Big Eddy
Cahokia
Monks Mound
Mound 34
Mound 72
Woodhenge
Cloverdale
Dickson Mounds
Emerald Acropolis
Emmons Cemetery
Horseshoe Lake
John Chapman
Kuhn Station
Larson
Lunsford-Pulcher
McCune
Mitchell
Orendorf
Sleeth
Steed-Kisker culture
Sugarloaf Mound
Lower Ohio River and
Confluence area
Adams
Dogtooth Bend
Kincaid Mounds
Marshall
Millstone Bluff
Orr-Herl
Rowlandton Mound
Towosahgy
Turk
Twin Mounds
Ware
Wickliffe Mounds
Middle Ohio River
Angel Mounds
Angel Phase
Annis Mound
Bone Bank
Caborn-Welborn culture
Ellerbusch
Hovey Lake-Klein
Hovey Lake District
Murphy
Prather
Slack Farm
Tolu
Welborn Village
Yankeetown
Tennessee and
Cumberland
Backusburg
Beasley Mounds
Brentwood Library
Brick Church
Castalian Springs
Dunbar Cave
Fewkes Group
Mound Bottom
Riverview
Sellars
Obion
Old Town
Swallow Bluff
Central and Lower
Mississippi
Belle Meade
Boone's
Boyd
Campbell
Carson
Chucalissa
Eaker
Janet's
Menard-Hodges
Murphy
Nodena
Nodena Phase
Owl Creek
Parkin
Tipton Phase
Tunica
Koroa
Yazoo
Walls Phase
South Appalachian
Mississippian
Adamson
Avery
Beaverdam Creek
Bell Field Mound
Bessemer
Bussell Island
Chauga
Chiaha
Chota
Citico
Coosa
Dallas Phase
Dyar
Etowah
Garden Creek
Hoojah Branch
Irene
Jere Shine
Joara
Joe Bell
King
Lamar
Lamar Phase
Liddell
Little Egypt
Long Swamp
Mabila
Mandeville
McMahan
Moccasin Bend
Moundville
Mouse Creek Phase
Mulberry
Muscogee (Creek)
Nacoochee
Nikwasi
Ocmulgee
Park Mound
Pisgah Phase
Punk Rock Shelter
Rembert
Roods Landing
Rucker's Bottom
Savannah
Shiloh
Sixtoe
Summerour
Tomotley
Toqua
Town Creek
Waddells Mill Pond
Wilbanks
Fort Walton culture
Anhaica
Apalachee
Apalachee Province
Cayson
Corbin-Tucker
Fort Walton Mound
Lake Jackson
Leon-Jefferson Culture
Letchworth
Velda
Yon
Pensacola culture
Bottle Creek
Dauphin Island
Fort Walton
Hickory Ridge Cemetery
Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
Pensacola people
Plaquemine
Mississippian
Anna
Atchafalaya Basin
Emerald
Fitzhugh
Flowery
Fosters
Ghost
Glass
Grand Village of the Natchez
Holly Bluff
Jaketown
Jordan
Julice
Mangum
Mazique
Medora
Mott
Natchez
Taensa
Pocahontas
Routh
Scott Place
Sims
Transylvania
Venable
Winterville
Caddoan
Mississippian
Battle
Belcher
Blue Spring Shelter
Bluffton
Caddo
Caddoan Mounds
Gahagan
Hughes
Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
Keller
Spiro
Upper Mississippian
cultures
Oneota
Beattie Park Mound Group
Blood Run
Hartley Fort State Preserve
Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
Fort Ancient culture
Alligator Effigy Mound
Clover
Dodge
Leo Petroglyph
Serpent Mound
SunWatch Indian Village
Culture
Agriculture
Beans
Chenopodium
Little barley
Maize
Marshelder
Pumpkin
Squash
Sunflower
Three Sisters
Tobacco
Artwork
Emmons mask
Copper plates
Rogan plates
Spiro plates
Wulfing cache
Long-nosed god maskette
Mill Creek chert
Pottery
Shell gorget
Stone statuary
Languages
Caddoan
Central Algonquian
Cherokee
Mobilian Jargon
Muskogean
Natchez
Taensa
Siouan
Timucuan
Tunican
Yuchi
Religion
Ballgame (Southeastern)
Northern
Black drink
Burial mound
Ceremonial pipe
Chanunpa
Chunkey
Earth/fertility cult
Green Corn Ceremony
Horned Serpent
Platform mound
Red Horn
Sacred bundle
Village bundle
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Stone box grave
Thunderbird
Underwater panther
Related topics
Chevron bead
Clarksdale bell
Mound Builder
de Soto Expedition
[show]
v
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Fort Ancient culture
List of archaeological periods (North America)
Mound builder (people)
Anderson Focus
Fort Ancient Site
Hine Site
Kemp Site
State Line Site
SunWatch Indian Village
Baum Focus
Alligator Effigy Mound
Baldwin Site
Baum Site
Gartner Site
Serpent Mound
Feurt Focus
Buffalo Indian Village Site
Feurt Mounds and Village Site
Hardin Village Site
Leo Petroglyph
Hobson Site
Madisonville Focus
Buckner Site
Clay Mound
Cleek-McCabe Site
Clover Site
Fox Farm Site
Hahns Field Site
Larkin Site
Lower Shawneetown
Madisonville Site
Ronald Watson Gravel Site
Sand Ridge Site
Turpin Site
Related topics
Bone Stone Graves
Bone Mound II
Cole culture
Mississippian culture
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Owasco culture
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List of most-followed Instagram accounts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram, with over 138 million followers.
This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of July 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 241 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 138 million followers.[2] Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site.
Contents
[hide]
1 Top accounts
1.1 All-time
1.2 By country
2 See also
3 References
Top accounts
All-time
The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.[1]
Rank
Chg
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country
1. @instagram Instagram 242 Social media platform USA
2. @selenagomez Selena Gomez 139 Musician and actress USA
3. @cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 133 Footballer POR
4. @arianagrande Ariana Grande 123 Musician and actress USA
5. @beyonce Beyoncé 116 Musician and actress USA
6. @kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 114 Reality TV personality USA
7. @kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 111 Reality TV personality USA
8. @taylorswift Taylor Swift 110 Musician and actress USA
9. @therock Dwayne Johnson 109 Actor and professional wrestler USA
10. @justinbieber Justin Bieber 101 Musician CAN
11. @neymarjr Neymar 98 Footballer BRA
12. @leomessi Lionel Messi 96 Footballer ARG
13. @kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 92 Model USA
14. @natgeo National Geographic 89 Magazine USA
15. @nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 88 Musician TRI
16. @nike Nike 79 Sportswear multinational corporation USA
17. @khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 77 Reality TV personality USA
18. @jlo Jennifer Lopez 77 Musician and actress USA
19. @mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 76 Musician and actress USA
20. @katyperry Katy Perry 71 Musician USA
21. @ddlovato Demi Lovato 69 Musician and actress USA
22. @kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 65 Reality TV personality USA
23. @badgalriri Rihanna 64 Musician BAR
24. @realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 60 Football club ESP
25. @victoriassecret Victoria's Secret 60 Lingerie retailer USA
As of July 5, 2018[update]
By country
The following table lists the top 15 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user.[1]
Rank
Chg
Country
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
1. United States @instagram Instagram 241 Social media platform
2. Portugal @cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 132 Footballer
3. Canada @justinbieber Justin Bieber 101 Musician
4. Brazil @neymarjr Neymar 97 Footballer
5. Argentina @leomessi Lionel Messi 95 Footballer
6. Trinidad and Tobago @nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 88 Musician
7. Barbados @badgalriri Rihanna 64 Musician
8. Spain @realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 60 Football club
9. Colombia @shakira Shakira 49 Musician
10. United Kingdom @davidbeckham David Beckham 48 Footballer
11. Hong Kong @9gag 9GAG 45 Social media platform
12. Sweden @iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 33 Footballer
13. France @chanelofficial Chanel 29 Clothing retailer
14. Uruguay @luissuarez9 Luis Suárez 28 Footballer
15. Germany @adidasoriginals Adidas Originals 27 Clothing line
As of June 26, 2018[update]
See also
List of most-liked Instagram pictures
List of most-followed Twitter accounts
List of most-subscribed YouTube channels
List of most-viewed YouTube videos
List of most streamed artists on Spotify
List of most streamed songs on Spotify
References
^ Jump up to: a b c "Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers- Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics". Socialblade. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lenker, Maureen Lee (November 29, 2017). "Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
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Open source
Apache Cassandra
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