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Pride Toronto
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Pride Toronto
The official logo of Pride Toronto
Type
festival organization based in Toronto, Ontario
Legal status
active
Purpose
advocate and public voice, educator and network
Headquarters
Toronto
Region served
Toronto
Executive director
Olivia Nuamah
Website
Pride Toronto
Several Toronto City Councillors taking part in the 2006 Pride Parade.
Two men dressed in faux Royal Canadian Mounted Police costumes celebrate their wedding.
CANFAR float in the 2006 parade
Pride Toronto is an annual event held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in June each year. A celebration of the diversity of the LGBT community in the Greater Toronto Area. It is one of the largest organized gay pride festivals in the world, featuring several stages with live performers and DJs, several licensed venues, a large Dyke March, a Trans March and the Pride Parade. The centre of the festival is the city's Church and Wellesley village, while the parade and marches are primarily routed along the nearby Yonge Street, Gerrard Street and Bloor Street. In 2014, the event served as the fourth international WorldPride, and was much larger than standard Toronto Prides.
The event is organized by Pride Toronto, a non-profit organization. A small complement of seven staff support the work of 19 festival teams and six advisors; each team is responsible for an aspect of the festival. Each team is administered by two or three volunteer team leads. The long-term vision for, and strategic oversight of, the organization and the festival is managed by 12 volunteers on the board of directors.
For most of its history, Pride was a seven-to-ten day festival centred on the final week in June, with the parade falling on either the last weekend in June or the first weekend in July depending on the year's circumstances. As of 2016, Pride is now declared as the entire month of June, with a program of events throughout the month leading up to the parade.
The organization's current executive director is Olivia Nuamah.[1] She was appointed in February 2017 to succeed Mathieu Chantelois, who led the organisation from 2015 to 2016.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Festival overview
2 History
3 Controversy
3.1 Queers Against Israeli Apartheid
3.2 Black Lives Matter
4 Financial difficulties
4.1 2009
4.2 May 2010
4.3 July 2010
5 World Pride 2014
6 Awards
7 Third-party events
8 References
9 External links
Festival overview[edit]
Main events of Pride Week include the Dyke March and the Pride parade. Although a definitive count of attendees cannot be determined, estimates in recent years have ranged from 500,000 to over one million for the entire week, and about 100,000 for the parade itself. The festival is often touted as being one of the largest cultural festivals in North America and the 22 city blocks that make up the festival site is closed to vehicular traffic.
History[edit]
Toronto's Pride Week evolved out of the mass protests that followed the 1981 Toronto bathhouse raids, and celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2005. In the 2005 parade, newly appointed Toronto police chief Bill Blair became the first chief of police in the city's history to personally take part in the parade. He marched alongside politicians of all parties, including several federal and provincial cabinet ministers and Mayor David Miller.
A theme is selected for each Pride Week that reflects the current context of the queer community and helps shape the festivities. Previous themes included "Fearless" (2006), "Unstoppable!" (2007), "Unified" (2008), and "Can't Stop. Won't Stop." (2009).
Controversy[edit]
Toronto Pride Week has not been without controversy, as the growth of the event in recent years has led to allegations that it has become an overly commercial enterprise dependent on corporate sponsors and business interests, to the detriment of local community groups and political activism.[3] Although Pride officially defines itself as inclusive of all races, communities and gender identifications, many such groups within the LGBT community have alleged that their events and communities and issues are increasingly marginalized in favour of a commercialized agenda.[4] For example, many smaller community groups have indicated that they can no longer afford the increased fees required to place a marching contingent in the parade, which is increasingly dominated by corporate-sponsored advertising floats; and many LGBTQ-owned small businesses which historically depended on vendor booths at Pride Toronto for publicity have indicated that they can no longer afford the increased fees for inclusion in the vendor area.[5]
As early as 2010 the Blackness Yes! committee, which organizes an annual dance party called Blockorama for LGBTQ people of colour, was raising the alarm that their program was being involuntarily forced to move from its traditional space, the Wellesley Stage across from Wellesley subway station, to unsuitable spaces such as the smaller parking lot in front of the Church Street Beer Store, the unpaved and unsuitable-for-dancing George Hislop Park, or the far too small Alexander Street Parkette.[6] An appropriate space for Blockorama became one of the nine demands highlighted by Black Lives Matter in the 2016 incident discussed below.
In 2015, Pride Toronto was forced to withdraw applications to trademark the phrases "Dyke March" and "Trans Pride", both referring to events which are organized by outside groups on Pride weekend as a reaction to lesbian and transgender people's concerns that their issues and needs are not adequately addressed by Pride.[7]
Queers Against Israeli Apartheid[edit]
In 2010 there was a controversy over Pride Toronto's decisions regarding the participation of the group, Queers Against Israeli Apartheid (QuAIA). Initially, Pride Toronto agreed not to allow the phrase "Israeli Apartheid" as part of a deal with the City of Toronto (which had suggested that funding would be reviewed if the group was included). However, Pride Toronto subsequently reversed that decision June 23 (after it had received the funds from the city), allowing the group to participate. Several Pro-Israel groups also attended the event.[8][9]
Pride Week's decision to reverse the ban on QuAIA after it had received funding from the city (which was done on the condition that QuAIA not be allowed to participate) drew sharp criticism from several sources. Rob Ford, who was then a mayoral candidate (he was subsequently elected several months later), stated that: "I want to express my disappointment and disgust with Pride Toronto's decision to allow this hateful group to march." Giorgio Mammoliti, who was also running for mayor, announced that he would introduce a motion at the city council demanding that Pride return the $250,000 it had received from the city to reject all of Pride's future funding requests.[10] In an editorial, the National Post called for both the City of Toronto and corporate sponsors to halt all funding to Pride Week, arguing that: "Anti-Israel bigots are free to have their own parade – but not on the public dime. The City of Toronto, whose councilors already have explicitly denounced QuAIA’s “apartheid” propaganda, should prepare to cut funding. Corporate sponsors should do likewise."[11]
In March 2011, Toronto Mayor Rob Ford has said that he will not allow city funding for the 2011 Toronto Pride Parade if organizers allow QuAIA march again this year. “Taxpayers dollars should not go toward funding hate speech,” Ford said.[12] However, on April 13, 2011 the non-partisan Toronto city manager released a report for the city council's executive committee concluding that "the participation of QUAIA in the Pride Parade based solely on the phrase 'Israeli Apartheid' does not violate the City’s Anti-Discrimination Policy. The City also cannot therefore conclude that the use of term on signs or banners to identify QuAIA constitutes the promotion of hatred or seeks to incite discrimination contrary to the Code."[13] Ford indicated that he plans to defund the parade regardless of the City Manager report.[14] On April 15, 2011, QuAIA announced that it would withdraw from the 2011 Pride parade; however, councillor Giorgio Mammoliti responded that he would still introduce a motion to withdraw city funding from Pride Toronto if the committee did not explicitly ban the group from participating.[15]
In June 2012, the Toronto city council voted to condemn the phrase "Israeli apartheid," as part of a resolution recognizing the Pride parade as a “significant cultural event that strongly promotes the ideals of tolerance and diversity.” The resolution said it slams the term "Israeli apartheid" for undermining the values of Pride and diminishing “the suffering experienced by individuals during the apartheid regime in South Africa.”[16]
Black Lives Matter[edit]
At the 2016 parade, the Toronto chapter of Black Lives Matter, who had been selected by Pride as the honoured group, interrupted the parade for approximately half an hour to call attention to a number of demands addressing racism in the LGBTQ community.[17] The demands included Pride providing stable funding and space to events for LGBTQ people of colour such as Blockorama, Black Queer Youth and the South Asian stage,[18] which had seen funding cuts and repeated relocation to less convenient or suitable venues in recent years, as well as increasing diversity in the hiring of the organization's staff and board — however, media coverage focused primarily on one explosive demand: that Toronto Police officers be barred from participating in Pride while in uniform, in response to ongoing police harassment of people of colour and transgender people.[18]
Executive director Mathieu Chantelois signed BLM's statement of demand, but later asserted that he had signed it only to end the sit-in and get the parade moving, and had not agreed to honour the demands.[19] Following criticism of his handling of the incident, he resigned as executive director of Pride approximately six weeks later on August 11.[20]
Debate over the action focused primarily on the question of whether banning uniformed police from the parade represented an abdication of the organization's stated values of diversity and inclusivity,[21] largely without regard to the matter of whether not honouring the demand, thereby alienating racialized and transgender members of the community, would also be an abdication of those same values.[22] Some media analysts claimed that BLM was an outside group with no connection to LGBTQ issues at all, and thus should not have been invited to participate in the first place, even though the all of the demands related directly to Pride's handling of transgender and racial issues, and BLM leaders Janaya Khan and Syrus Marcus Ware are both queer-identified.[23] Pride staff have reaffirmed on more than one occasion that police were not barred from participating in the parade at all, but were simply being directed not to march in uniform.[24]
At Pride's general meeting in January 2017, the organization's members voted to affirm the motion that police not be permitted to march in uniform.[25] Some opponents of the motion have falsely claimed that the meeting, and the resulting discussion about the police motion, were conducted in secret even though the meeting was scheduled and advertised normally and widely publicized by the media.[26]
Following the meeting, Toronto Police chief Mark Saunders announced that the organization would voluntarily withdraw from any attempt to challenge the Pride membership's vote or participate in the parade.[27] He affirmed, however, that the police service would continue to hold its established annual Pride reception,[27] and would raise the rainbow flag at Toronto Police Headquarters.[28]
The decision led Toronto City Council to debate withdrawing its Pride funding for 2017.[29] The motion to withdraw funding, put forward by councillor John Campbell, failed on a vote of 27-17.[30] A small group of Toronto residents organized a competing event with the theme of "first responder unity", which was scheduled for the same time as the main Pride parade but was located in another part of downtown Toronto.[31] The First Responder Unity event made unauthorized use of Pride's logo on its website, as well as making deceptive marketing claims in an apparent attempt to portray itself as the "real" Pride event, calling itself one of the world's largest LGBTQ events and claiming a million attendees — Pride's usual attendance figures — months before the Unity event's actual attendance figures could possibly even be predicted.[32] On June 19, however, Saunders publicly indicated that Toronto Police officers who wished to attend that event were also not permitted to do so in uniform.[33]
Financial difficulties[edit]
2009[edit]
On June 15, 2009, before the 2009 Pride Week festival, it was announced through the office of then Minister of State Diane Ablonczy that Pride Toronto would receive a $400,000 federal grant under the Marquee Tourism program.[34] Shortly after this announcement, Charles McVety's Institute for Canadian Values issued a public statement titled "Conservatives Announce New Program to Fund Sex Parades," which condemned Stephen Harper's Conservative government for granting Pride Toronto the award and conflated the festival with sex abuse against children.[35] It was later revealed that the Conservative government stripped Ablonczy of responsibility for the Marquee Tourism program within days of the announced funding for Pride Week, with the Institute for Canadian Values statement and the ensuing uproar reportedly playing a role.[36] [37] Conservative MP Brad Trost was quoted as saying, "The pro-life and pro-family community should know and understand that the tourism funding money that went to the gay pride parade in Toronto was not government policy."[37]
May 2010[edit]
In May 2010 it was revealed that Pride Toronto would not receive further federal funding under the Marquee Tourism program,[38] despite having received a favorable review for its grant application.[39] Toronto City Councilor Kyle Rae commented on the announcement, saying "Reading the political tea leaves from last year, and Diane Ablonczy being shoved aside, I think all of us saw that this was going to happen."[38]
July 2010[edit]
In the late summer of 2010 it was reported that Pride Toronto was facing severe financial difficulties because of the withdrawal of future funding from corporations and the City of Toronto due to the decision to allow QuAIA(Queers Against Israel Apartheid) to participate in the parade. Pride Toronto executive director Tracey Sandilands stated in an interview that "the fact that we might not be able to count on city funding next year, and existing sponsors who have given us notice in writing to say that unless we resolve the issues to their satisfaction, they will no longer be sponsoring us next year. So next year looks very bleak at this point.”[40]
Audited financial statements released on January 25, 2011, indicated that Pride week had a $431,808 operating deficit for 2009/2010 (ending July 31, 2010), up from $138,605 in 2008/2009. Pride Week's bank indebtedness had increased significantly, from a surplus of $219,296 in 2009 to a deficit of $155,232 in 2010. In the 2009/2010 financial year, sponsorships, which were identified as the primary source of financial difficulties, increased by 17% over 2009 (from $1,225,044 to $1,469,027). However, the total value of the grants Pride Week received declined from $971,800 in 2009 to $709,025 in 2010.[41]
World Pride 2014[edit]
At the 28th annual conference of InterPride, held in October 2009 in St. Petersburg, Florida, the InterPride membership voted to accept the bid of Pride Toronto to host WorldPride 2014 for the first time in North America. In the first round of voting Toronto won 77 votes compared to Stockholm's 61. In the second and final round of voting Stockholm was eliminated and Toronto won 78% of the vote, fulfilling the 2/3 majority needed to finalize the selection process. WorldPride 2014 in Toronto included an opening ceremony with concerts at Nathan Phillips Square; an international human rights conference; a variety of networking and social events including Canada Day and Independence Day celebrations, and an exhibition commemorating the 45th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots.
Pride Toronto officials said that Pride Week 2009 drew an estimated one million people to Toronto and contributed C$136 million to the city's economy, and state that they expect WorldPride to be significantly bigger.[42]
Awards[edit]
The Pride Week event received the Top Choice Award for Top Event of the year 2007/2008.[43]
Third-party events[edit]
Like many successful Pride events worldwide, the official events are supplemented with non-official events, including the Prism Festival, now in its seventh year and featuring international DJs and all-night dance parties. As well, the Writers' Trust of Canada presents its annual Dayne Ogilvie Prize, Canada's only literary award for LGBT writers, during Pride Month.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pride Toronto hires its first black female executive director". The Globe and Mail, February 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mathieu Chantelois is Toronto Pride’s new ED". Xtra!, January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "LGBT Night March decries Pride’s corporate sponsorship". Toronto Star, June 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Critics call for fewer corporate sponsors in future Toronto Pride parades". Metro, August 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tonight's Night March seeks to put focus on LGBTQ issues over commercialism". 680 News, June 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Yet another Pride scandal: The marginalization of 'Blackness Yes!'". This Magazine, July 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "People Are Furious After Toronto Pride Tried To Trademark "Dyke March" And "Trans* Pride". Buzzfeed, July 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Free speech at Pride: All of our coverage in one place at Xtra.ca.
Jump up ^ Pride Toronto lays off staff, anticipates $250K loss by Marcus McCann, Xtra, July 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jewish groups decry Pride's Israeli decision, CBC.ca, Friday, June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ National Post editorial: Corporate sponsors should walk away from Toronto’s Pride parade by Jonathan Kay, National Post, June 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Toronto mayor lays down Pride parade law. Canadian Jewish News, March 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Report from the City Manager: Compliance with the City of Toronto's Anti-Discrimination Policy - Pride Toronto. City of Toronto.
Jump up ^ Phrase ‘Israeli apartheid’ not discriminatory: city manager. Toronto Star, April 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Councillor demands Pride promise to ban Queers Against Israeli Apartheid". Toronto Star, April 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Council votes to condemn use of term 'Israeli apartheid'. Toronto Sun, June 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Black Lives Matter versus Pride Toronto". Now, July 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Black Lives Matter protests at Toronto Pride Parade". BlogTO, July 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pride organizer says he has not agreed to exclude police floats from parade". CP24, July 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Executive director of Pride Toronto resigns". Toronto Star, August 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Toronto mayor speaks out for police inclusion after Pride protest". CBC News, July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "How did CBC Radio's Black Lives Matter versus Pride funding coverage go so wrong?". Now, June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Black Lives Matter Toronto co-founder responds to Pride action criticism". Now, July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pride Toronto says police welcome without ‘uniform, weapons or vehicles’". BreakfastTelevision, May 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pride Toronto AGM vote reaffirms Black Lives Matter request for no police floats at parade". CBC Toronto, January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Enough is enough:' Pride Toronto board member explains decision to ban police from parade". CBC News, January 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mayor John Tory ‘disappointed and frustrated’ after police say they won’t participate in Pride parade". Toronto Star, February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "In ‘historic’ first, Pride flag raised above Toronto police headquarters". Toronto Star, June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pride Toronto responds with 'disappointment' to councillors who want to deny it funding". CBC News, March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "City will fund Pride Toronto, even as uniformed officers blocked from parade". CBC News, May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Someone is creating a competitor to the Toronto Pride parade". BlogTO, June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "This group wants to throw a rival LGBT parade that includes cops on the same day as Toronto Pride". Daily Xtra, March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toronto police in uniform blocked from alternative Pride event despite marching in New York". CP24, June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Government of Canada Supports Pride Week Toronto
Jump up ^ Conservatives Announce New Program to Fund Sex Parades
Jump up ^ Kady O'Malley, Ablonczy/Pride: And in the second least surprising political news of the day …. Maclean's, September 13, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b David Akin, Tourism Minister loses funding program after grant to gay pride week. Canwest News Service, July 7, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Moloney and Vanessa Lu, Decision to nix Pride funding a ‘slap in the face’. Toronto Star, May 8, 2010
Jump up ^ Andrea Houston, Pride Toronto financial statements show big losses. Xtra!, January 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Kay, Pride Toronto cuts three positions, loses $250,000 — all thanks to anti-Israeli bigots. National Post, July 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pride Toronto Audited Financial Statements - Year ended July 31, 2010. Xtra!, January 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Toronto To Host World Pride In 2014". CityNews, October 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Top Choice Awards
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text:
Hall of Fame (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Hall of Fame"
Single by The Script featuring will.i.am
from the album #3
Released
20 August 2012
Format
CD single
digital download
Recorded
2012
Genre
Pop rock
hip hop
Length
3:22
Label
Epic
Phonogenic
Songwriter(s)
Danny O'Donoghue
Mark Sheehan
James Barry
Producer(s)
Danny O'Donoghue
Mark Sheehan
Jimbo Barry
The Script singles chronology
"Science & Faith"
(2011) "Hall of Fame"
(2012) "Six Degrees of Separation"
(2012)
"Science & Faith"
(2011) "Hall of Fame"
(2012) "Six Degrees of Separation"
(2012)
will.i.am singles chronology
"This Is Love"
(2012) This Is Love2012 "Hall of Fame"
(2012) Hall of Fame2012 "In My City"
(2012) In My City2012
Audio sample
file
help
"Hall of Fame" is a song by Irish pop rock band The Script. It is the lead single from their third studio album #3. The track features American hip-hop artist will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas. The track was given its first radio play on Capital on 23 July 2012.[1] Written and co-produced by the band, the song is about following dreams and making an impact on the world.[citation needed] The song has been licensed for use in various media since its release.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Lyrics and interpretation
3 Music video
4 Chart performance
5 Usage in media
6 Track listing
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 All-time charts
8 Certifications
9 References
Background[edit]
The Script frontman Danny O'Donoghue first met will.i.am while they were both judges for The Voice UK. O'Donoghue told: "I played Will a few demos backstage early on in The Voice. We got to Hall Of Fame and he immediately asked if he could have it for his new album, as it was exactly what he was looking for. I wasn’t having it, it was our lead single but I asked if he’d be on it. He agreed and we booked in time to record it. The problem is, he’s either late or completely flakes, so it took four attempts to get to record his part. Eventually we put it together in his hotel room in 15 minutes. It’s a classic duet, I do one line and he responds."[2] He added: "we went to the recording studio and an hour and a half later we had the song in its entirety. I thought he was going to produce it but he just gave it to me and Mark (Sheehan) and said 'you guys go and produce it'."[3] Of the collaboration O'Donoghue said: "We were trying to play it super cool - us with will.i.am! We heard him singing some of our lines, but we still didn't know what he was going to do. We were worried he might take some of our original song out. But he just sang our words."[4] The musical note structure interpolates I Hope You Dance by country singer Leann Womack.
Lyrics and interpretation[edit]
The lyrics of "Hall of Fame" has a story in it which focuses on never giving up on your dreams.[5] This lyrics was written by the lead singer Danny as reported in The Guardian "O'Donoghue's real metier is lyrics: he's a striking and emotional storyteller".[6] Billboard describes the song as "a swelling, piano-driven number with an uplifting, earworm of a chorus that soars, 'Standing in the hall of fame / And the world's gonna know your name / Cause you burn with the brightest flame.'"[7] The lead singer, Danny explains that this song was about the band as he tells "the title is mostly about us. As any geek fan of the band could tell you, we're all extremely different people, but magic happens when you mix us together. Well, magic or a car crash, which is how we describe the songs we scrap."[4] He also said: "We wanted to inspire people to stop trying to be famous for the sake of it."[3]
Music video[edit]
The music video of "Hall of Fame" was produced under Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited.[8] A lyric video for the track was released on 24 July 2012.[9] The music video was released on 19 August through the band’s official site. The accompanying music video sees the stars performing the track in a deserted warehouse, while other scenes feature an aspiring boxer and hearing-impaired ballet dancer in training.[10]
Chart performance[edit]
"Hall of Fame" debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number one. The song stayed at number 1 in Ireland for 4 weeks. This marks the band's second number-one single and fifth top-ten hit in Ireland. This song was voted as one of the top 11 Irish songs.[11]
The single debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, losing the top spot to Ne-Yo's "Let Me Love You (Until You Learn to Love Yourself)", before reaching number 1 a week later, marking The Script's first UK number-one single. It spent a second week at number one in the UK, blocking Example's "Say Nothing" from reaching the top spot. It has sold 529,000 copies in 2012, the 21st best-selling single of the year in the UK.[12] It also peaked at number 25 in the United States and was certified platinum there, and peaked at the same position in Canada. It reached 2 million in sales in the US by July 2013,[13] and as of April 2016, the song has sold 2,912,000 copies in the US.[14]
In Australia, "Hall of Fame" peaked at number 4 on the ARIA Singles Chart, becoming their second top five hit there. The song was certified 3x Platinum in Australia. It became their highest charting single in New Zealand, peaking at number 3 on RIANZ chart. It is the band's highest charting song worldwide.[citation needed]
Usage in media[edit]
"Hall of Fame" was used to advertise the return of serial dramas All My Children and One Life to Live.[15] The song was covered on the Glee episode "All or Nothing". Masterchef Australia: The Professionals used it as the theme song in the opening credits. The song was also published in the ads section for NBC's Primetime drama, Chicago Fire.[16] The song has also been used as the theme song for TNA Wrestling and WWE's Hall of Fame ceremonies. It has also been used at recent[when?] Arena Football League and National Football League Hall Of Fame Games. The song was used in a 2014 Omega SA commercial featuring professional golfer Rory McIlroy. In 2016, this song is used as the theme song on the Disney Princess series shorts "Dream Big, Princess" which airs on Disney Junior. The song was chosen as the theme song for "Life Without Limits" a short film about Cincinnati hosting the 37th Annual National Veterans Wheelchair Games.
Track listing[edit]
CD single[17] / Digital download[18]
"Hall of Fame" - 3:22
"Hall of Fame" (Jimbo Remix) - 3:02
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2012–13)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[19]
4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[20]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[21]
8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[22]
12
Brazil (ABPD)[23]
38
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[24]
25
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[25]
5
Denmark (Tracklisten)[26]
11
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[27]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[28]
2
France (SNEP)[29]
60
Germany (Official German Charts)[30]
2
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[31]
5
Ireland (IRMA)[32]
1
Israel (Media Forest)[33]
5
Italy (FIMI)[34]
5
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[35]
97
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[36]
2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[37]
17
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[38]
3
Norway (VG-lista)[39]
3
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [40]
3
Portugal (Billboard)[41]
6
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[42]
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[43]
4
Slovenia (SloTop50)[44]
32
South Korea (Gaon International Chart)[45]
12
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[46]
11
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[47]
3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[48]
3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[49]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[50]
25
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[51]
17
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[52]
13
US Rock Songs (Billboard)[53]
15
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2012)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[54]
20
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[55]
33
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[56]
21
Chart (2013)
Position
Germany (Media Control AG)[57]
14
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[58]
48
US Billboard Hot 100[59]
85
All-time charts[edit]
Chart
Position
UK Download Chart[60]
89
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[61]
6× Platinum 420,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[62]
Gold 15,000*
Belgium (BEA)[63]
Gold 15,000*
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[64]
Gold 15,000^
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[65]
Gold 5,525[65]
Italy (FIMI)[66]
2× Platinum 60,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[67]
2× Platinum 30,000*
Norway (IFPI Norway)[68]
6× Platinum 60,000*
Sweden (GLF)[69]
2× Platinum 80,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[70]
Platinum 600,000^
United States (RIAA)[71]
2× Platinum 2,912,000[14]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame hits RadioMonday 23rd". [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Smart, Gordon (21 July 2012). "Will.i.am a con-Script". The Sun. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Dean, Sarah (30 August 2012). "The Script's Danny O'Donoghue On Pouring His Heart Out And Working With 'Genius' Will.i.am For Album #3". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Wright, Jade (1 March 2013). "Writing their own Script". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "New music, as usual!". The Republica. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Caroline (6 September 2012). "The Script: #3 – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Blistein, Jon. "The Script Rocks The Tastemakers Roof: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Script - Hall of Fame ft. will.e.am". Youtube.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "The Script unveil new music video - watch". 23 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pitched off the airwaves: LIST OF 100 SONGS PLAYED MOST ON IRISH RADIO REVEALS LACK OF EXPOSURE FOR HOMEGROWN TALENT [Eire Region]". Sunday Times. 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2014-08-04. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ Dan Lane (2 January 2013). "The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2012 revealed!". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Paul Grein (17 July 2013). "Week Ending July 14, 2013. Songs: Seven For Jay-Z". Chart Watch. Yahoo.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nielsen SoundScan Charts". Nielsen. April 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (10 April 2013). "FIRST LOOK: One Life to Live Preview Of All-New Episodes!". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Multi-Platinum Dublin Rockers The Script Release Third Album Today; First Single "Hall of Fame" (featuring will.i.am) Inspires Global Audience: Headlining Tour Kicks Off Tonight at Radio City Music Hall". PR Newswire Association LLC. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame". 11 January 2013 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame (feat. will.i.am) - Single by The Script on Apple Music". 19 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Script Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201245 into search.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Euro Digital Songs: Septempre 29, 2012". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Script: Hall Of Fame (Feat will.i.am)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – The Script feat. will.i.am Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 36, 2012". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame Media Forest". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Chart Search Results - Japan Hot 100 Singles 2012-10-20". Billboard.biz. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Luxembourg Digital Songs: October 13, 2013". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Script feat. will.i.am" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall of Fame". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Portugal Digital Songs - Peak". Billboard. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201243 into search.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart" (in Slovenian). SloTop50. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Search: Gaon International Download Chart - Issue date: 2012.08.12 - 2012.08.18". Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "The Script Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "The Script Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "The Script Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Billboard News".
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2012". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2012 revealed!". The Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013" (in German). VIVA. Viacom International Media Networks. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013". Promuiscae.es. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2013 – Hot 100 Songs". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
Jump up ^ "The UK's Top 100 most downloaded tracks of all time revealed!".
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall of Fame" (in German). IFPI Austria. Enter The Script feat. will.i.am in the field Interpret. Enter Hall of Fame in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2013". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "Certificeringer" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Script" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall of Fame" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart > January 14, 2013". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Troféoversikt - 2013" (in Norwegian). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry of Norway. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 2, 11 januari 2013" (in Swedish). Hitlistan.se. Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Hall Of Fame in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Script feat. will.i.am – Hall Of Fame". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
[show]
v
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e
The Script
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Studio albums
The Script
Science & Faith
#3
No Sound Without Silence
Freedom Child
Singles
"We Cry"
"The Man Who Can't Be Moved"
"Breakeven"
"Talk You Down"
"Before the Worst"
"For the First Time"
"Nothing"
"If You Ever Come Back"
"Science & Faith"
"Hall of Fame"
"Six Degrees of Separation"
"If You Could See Me Now"
"Millionaires"
"Superheroes"
"No Good in Goodbye"
"Man on a Wire"
"Rain"
Other songs
"Live Like We're Dying"
Tours
Science & Faith Tour
3 World Tour
No Sound Without Silence Tour
Related articles
Discography
Mytown
[show]
v
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e
will.i.am
Discography
Production discography
Studio albums
Lost Change
Must B 21
Songs About Girls
#willpower
Singles
"I Got It from My Mama"
"The Girl Is Mine 2008"
"Heartbreaker"
"One More Chance"
"Check It Out"
"T.H.E. (The Hardest Ever)"
"Great Times"
"This Is Love"
"Scream & Shout"
"#thatPOWER"
"Fall Down"
"Bang Bang"
"Feelin' Myself"
"It's My Birthday"
"Boys & Girls"
Featured singles
"Beep"
"I Love My Bitch"
"Fergalicious"
"Hip Hop Is Dead"
"A Dream"
"Baby Love"
"Wait a Minute (Just a Touch)"
"Be OK"
"I Want You"
"In the Ayer"
"What's Your Name"
"All My Life (In the Ghetto)"
"Work Bitch"
"3 Words"
"I'm in the House"
"OMG"
"Wavin' Flag" (Celebration Mix)
"Forever"
"Free"
"Hall of Fame"
"In My City"
"Crazy Kids"
"Something Really Bad"
"Home"
"Ew!"
"I'm So Excited"
Promotional singles
"Here I Come"
"Yes We Can"
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Predicate (grammar)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Predicate (disambiguation).
There are two competing notions of the predicate in theories of grammar.[1] The competition between these two concepts has generated confusion concerning the use of the term predicate in theories of grammar. This article considers both of these notions.
The first concerns traditional grammar, which tends to view a predicate as one of two main parts of a sentence, the other part being the subject; the purpose of the predicate is to complete an idea about the subject, such as what it does or what it is like.
The second notion was derived from work in predicate calculus (predicate logic, first order logic) and is prominent in modern theories of syntax and grammar. In this approach, the predicate of a sentence mostly corresponds to the main verb and any auxiliaries that accompany the main verb; whereas the arguments of that predicate (e.g. the subject and object noun phrases) are outside the predicate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Predicates in traditional grammar
2 Predicates in modern theories of syntax and grammar
3 Predicators
4 Carlson classes
4.1 Stage-level predicates
4.2 Individual-level predicates
4.3 Kind-level predicates
4.4 Collective vs. distributive predicates
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Literature
8 External links
Predicates in traditional grammar[edit]
The predicate in traditional grammar is inspired by propositional logic of antiquity (as opposed to the more modern predicate logic).[2] A predicate is seen as a property that a subject has or is characterized by. A predicate is therefore an expression that can be true of something.[3] Thus, the expression "is moving" is true of anything that is moving. This classical understanding of predicates was adopted more or less directly into Latin and Greek grammars and from there it made its way into English grammars, where it is applied directly to the analysis of sentence structure. It is also the understanding of predicates in English-language dictionaries. The predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the subject, which the predicate modifies).[4] The predicate must contain a verb, and the verb requires or permits other elements to complete the predicate, or it precludes them from doing so. These elements are objects (direct, indirect, prepositional), predicatives, and adjuncts:
She dances. – verb-only predicate
Ben reads the book. – verb-plus-direct-object predicate
Ben's mother, Felicity, gave me a present. – verb-plus-indirect-object-plus-direct-object predicate
She listened to the radio. – verb-plus-prepositional-object predicate
They elected her president. – verb-plus-object-plus-predicative-noun predicate
She met him in the park. – verb-plus-object-plus-adjunct predicate
She is in the park. – verb-plus-predicative-prepositional-phrase predicate
The predicate provides information about the subject, such as what the subject is, what the subject is doing, or what the subject is like. The relation between a subject and its predicate is sometimes called a nexus. A predicative nominal is a noun phrase, such as in George III is the king of England, the king of England being the predicative nominal. The subject and predicative nominal must be connected by a linking verb, also called a copula. A predicative adjective is an adjective, such as in Ivano is attractive, attractive being the predicative adjective. The subject and predicative adjective must also be connected by a copula.
This traditional understanding of predicates has a concrete reflex in all phrase structure theories of syntax. These theories divide the generic declarative sentence (S) into a noun phrase (NP) and verb phrase (VP), e.g.[5]
The subject NP is shown in green, and the predicate VP in blue. This concept of sentence structure stands in stark contrast to dependency structure theories of grammar, which place the finite verb (= conjugated verb) as the root of all sentence structure and thus reject this binary NP-VP division.
Predicates in modern theories of syntax and grammar[edit]
Most modern theories of syntax and grammar take their inspiration for the theory of predicates from predicate calculus as associated with Gottlob Frege.[6] This understanding sees predicates as relations or functions over arguments. The predicate serves either to assign a property to a single argument or to relate two or more arguments to each other. Sentences consist of predicates and their arguments (and adjuncts) and are thus predicate-argument structures, whereby a given predicate is seen as linking its arguments into a greater structure.[7] This understanding of predicates sometimes renders a predicate and its arguments in the following manner:
Bob laughed. → laughed (Bob), or laughed = ƒ(Bob)
Sam helped you. → helped (Sam, you)
Jim gave Jill his dog. → gave (Jim, Jill, his dog)
Predicates are placed on the left outside of brackets, whereas the predicate's arguments are placed inside the brackets.[8] One acknowledges the valency of predicates, whereby a given predicate can be avalent (not shown), monovalent (laughed in the first sentence), divalent (helped in the second sentence), or trivalent (gave in the third sentence). These types of representations are analogous to formal semantic analyses, where one is concerned with the proper account of scope facts of quantifiers and logical operators. Concerning basic sentence structure, however, these representations suggest above all that verbs are predicates and the noun phrases that they appear with are their arguments. On this understanding of the sentence, the binary division of the clause into a subject NP and a predicate VP is hardly possible. Instead, the verb is the predicate, and the noun phrases are its arguments.
Other function words – e.g. auxiliary verbs, certain prepositions, phrasal particles, etc. – are viewed as part of the predicate.[9] The matrix predicates are in bold in the following examples:
Bill will have laughed.
Will Bill have laughed?
That is funny.
Has that been funny?
They had been satisfied.
Had they been satisfied, ...
The butter is in the drawer.
Fred took a picture of Sue.
Susan is pulling your leg.
Whom did Jim give his dog to?
You should give it up.
Note that not just verbs can be part of the matrix predicate, but also adjectives, nouns, prepositions, etc.[10] The understanding of predicates suggested by these examples sees the main predicate of a clause consisting of at least one verb and a variety of other possible words. The words of the predicate need not form a string nor a constituent,[11] but they can be interrupted by their arguments (or adjuncts). The approach to predicates illustrated with these sentences is widespread in Europe, particularly in Germany.[citation needed]
This modern understanding of predicates is compatible with the dependency grammar approach to sentence structure, which places the finite verb as the root of all structure, e.g.[12]
The matrix predicate is (again) marked in blue and its two arguments are in green. While the predicate cannot be construed as a constituent in the formal sense, it is a catena. Barring a discontinuity, predicates and their arguments are always catenae in dependency structures.
Predicators[edit]
Some theories of grammar seek to avoid the confusion generated by the competition between the two predicate notions by acknowledging predicators.[13] The term predicate is employed in the traditional sense of the binary division of the clause, whereas the term predicator is used to denote the more modern understanding of matrix predicates. On this approach, the periphrastic verb catenae briefly illustrated in the previous section are predicators. Further illustrations are provided next:
The predicators are in blue. These verb catenae generally contain a main verb and potentially one or more auxiliary verbs. The auxiliary verbs help express functional meaning of aspect and voice. Since the auxiliary verbs contribute functional information only, they do not qualify as separate predicators, but rather each time they form the matrix predicator with the main verb.
Carlson classes[edit]
The seminal work of Greg Carlson distinguishes between types of predicates.[14] Based on Carlson's work, predicates have been divided into the following sub-classes, which roughly pertain to how a predicate relates to its subject.
Stage-level predicates[edit]
A stage-level predicate is true of a temporal stage of its subject. For example, if John is "hungry", then he typically will eat some food. His state of being hungry therefore lasts a certain amount of time, and not his entire lifespan. Stage-level predicates can occur in a wide range of grammatical constructions and are probably the most versatile kind of predicate.
Individual-level predicates[edit]
An individual-level predicate is true throughout the existence of an individual. For example, if John is "smart", this is a property that he has, regardless of which particular point in time we consider. Individual-level predicates are more restricted than stage-level ones. Individual-level predicates cannot occur in presentational "there" sentences (a star in front of a sentence indicates that it is odd or ill-formed):
There are police available. - available is stage-level predicate
*There are firemen altruistic. - altruistic is an individual-level predicate
Stage-level predicates allow modification by manner adverbs and other adverbial modifiers. Individual-level predicates do not, e.g.
Tyrone spoke French loudly in the corridor. - speak French can be interpreted as a stage-level predicate
*Tyrone knew French silently in the corridor. - know French cannot be interpreted as a stage-level predicate
When an individual-level predicate occurs in past tense, it gives rise to what is called a lifetime effect: The subject must be assumed to be dead or otherwise out of existence.
John was available. - Stage-level predicate does NOT evoke the lifetime effect.
John was altruistic. - Individual-level predicate does evoke the lifetime effect.
Kind-level predicates[edit]
A kind-level predicate is true of a kind of thing, but cannot be applied to individual members of the kind. An example of this is the predicate are widespread. One cannot meaningfully say of a particular individual John that he is widespread. One may only say this of kinds, as in
Cats are widespread.
Certain types of noun phrases cannot be the subject of a kind-level predicate. We have just seen that a proper name cannot be. Singular indefinite noun phrases are also banned from this environment:
*A cat is widespread. - Compare: Nightmares are widespread.
Collective vs. distributive predicates[edit]
Predicates may also be collective or distributive. Collective predicates require their subjects to be somehow plural, while distributive ones do not. An example of a collective predicate is "formed a line". This predicate can only stand in a nexus with a plural subject:
The students formed a line. - Collective predicate appears with plural subject.
*The student formed a line. - Collective predicate cannot appear with singular subject.
Other examples of collective predicates include meet in the woods, surround the house, gather in the hallway and carry the piano together. Note that the last one (carry the piano together) can be made non-collective by removing the word together. Quantifiers differ with respect to whether or not they can be the subject of a collective predicate. For example, quantifiers formed with all the can, while ones formed with every or each cannot.
All the students formed a line. - Collective predicate possible with all the.
All the students gathered in the hallway. - Collective predicate possible with all the.
All the students carried a piano together. - Collective predicate possible with all the.
*Every student formed a line. - Collective predicate impossible with every.
*Each student gathered in the hallway. - Collective predicate impossible with each.
See also[edit]
Clause
Dependency grammar
Inflectional phrase
Meta-informative Centering Theory
Meaning-text theory
Phrase
Phrase structure grammar
Predicative (adjectival or nominal)
Secondary predicate
Topic–comment
Verb
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Carnie (2007:51).
Jump up ^ Concerning Aristotelian logic as the source for the binary subject-predicate division of the sentence, see Matthews (1981:102).
Jump up ^ See Kroeger (2005:53).
Jump up ^ See for instance The American Heritage College Dictionary (1993:1077) and The Miriam Webster's Dictionary (2004:566).
Jump up ^ Constituency trees like the one here, which divides the sentence into a subject NP and a predicate VP, can be found in most textbooks on syntax and grammar, e.g. Carnie (2007), although the trees of these textbooks will vary in important details.
Jump up ^ There are exceptions to this statement. For instance, Matthews (1981:85), Burton-Roberts (1986:28ff.), Thomas (1993:15) and van Riemsdijk and Williams (1986:326) continue to pursue the traditional stance whereby 'predicate' corresponds to the finite VP constituent.
Jump up ^ For examples of theories that pursue this understanding of predicates, see Langendoen (1970:96ff.), Cattell (1984), Harrocks (1987:49f.), McCawley (1988:187), Napoli (1989), Cowper (1992:54), Haegeman (1994:43ff.), Ackerman and Webelhuth (1998:39), Fromkin et al. (2000:117), Carnie (2007:51).
Jump up ^ For examples of this use of notation, see Allerton (1979:259), van Riemsdijk and Williams (1987:241), Bennet (1995:21f.).
Jump up ^ See for example Parisi and Antinucci (1976:17ff.), Brown and Miller (1992:63f.), Napoli (1989:14ff, 1993:98), Ackerman and Webelhuth (1998:39f.). While the analyses of these linguists vary, they agree insofar various types of function words are grouped together as part of the predicate, which means complex predicates are very possible.
Jump up ^ For examples of theories that extend the predicate to other word classes (beyond verbs), see Cattell (1984), Parisi and Antinucci (1976:34), Napoli (1986:30f.), Haegeman (1994:44ff.).
Jump up ^ That many predicates are not constituents is acknowledged by many, e.g. Cattell (1984:50), Napoli (1986:14f.).
Jump up ^ Dependency trees like the one here can be found in, for instance, Osborne et al. (2012).
Jump up ^ For examples of grammars that employ the term predicator, see for instance Matthews (1981:101), Huddleston (1988:9f.), Downing and Locke (1992:48), and Lockwood (2002:4f.).
Jump up ^ See Carlson (1977a, 1977b).
Literature[edit]
Allerton, D. 1979. Essentials of grammatical theory. Lo
ndon: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Ackerman, F. and G. Webelhuth. 1998. A theory of predicates. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Burton-Roberts, N. 2016. Analysing sentences: An introduction to English grammar. London: Longman.
The American Heritage College Dictionary, third edition. 1993 Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Bennet, P. 1995. A course in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. London: UCL Press Limited.
Brown, E.K. and J.E. Miller. 1991. Syntax: A linguistic introduction to sentence structure. London: Routledge.
Carlson, G. 1977a. A unified analysis of the English bare plural. Linguistics and Philosophy 1, 3, 413–58.
Carlson, G. 1977b. Reference to Kinds in English. New York: Garland. (Also distributed by Indiana University Linguistics Club and GLSA UMass/Amherst.)
Carnie, A. 2007. Syntax: A generative introduction, 2nd edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Cattell, R. 1984. Composite predicates in English. Syntax and Semantics 17. Sydney: Academic Press.
Chomsky, N. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cowper, E. 1992. A concise introduction to syntactic theory: The government-binding approach. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Culicover, P. 1997. Principles and Parameters: An introduction to syntactic theory. Oxford University Press.
Downing, A. and P. Locke. 1992. English grammar: A university course, second edition. London: Routledge.
Fromkin, V. et al. 2013. Linguistics: An introduction to linguistic theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Haegeman, L. 1994. Introduction to government and binding theory, 2nd edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Harrocks, G. 1987. Generative Grammar. London: Longman.
Huddleston, R. 1988. English grammar: An outline. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kroeger, P. 2005. Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Langendoen, T. 1970. the study of syntax: The generative-transformational approach to the study of English. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Lockwood, D. 2002. Syntactic analysis and description: A constructional approach. London: continuum.
Matthews, P. 1981. Syntax. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
McCawley, T. 1988. The syntactic phenomena of English, Vol. 1. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
The Merriam Webster Dictionary. 2004. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster.
Napoli, D. 1989. Predication theory: A case study for indexing theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Napoli, D. 1993. Syntax: Theory and problems. New York: Oxford University Press.
Osborne, T., M. Putnam, and T. Groß 2012. Catenae: Introducing a novel unit of syntactic analysis. Syntax 15, 4, 354-396.
Parisi, D. and F. Antinucci. 1976. Essentials of grammar. Translated by E. Bates. New York: Academic Press.
van Riemsdijk, H. and E. Williams. 1986. Introduction to the theory of grammar. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Thomas, L. 1993. Beginning syntax. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of predicate (grammar) at Wiktionary
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This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 20:46.
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Predicate (disambiguation)

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Predicate calculus

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Predicate logic

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Verb argument

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Nexus Grammar

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Predicate trees 3'

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Quantifiers (linguistics)

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Predicat – Catalan
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Predicado – Galician
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Predikat – Croatian
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Predikat – Indonesian
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Predicato – Italian
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Tarinys – Lithuanian
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Predikat – Norwegian
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Predikat – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Predicat – Romanian
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Povedek – Slovenian
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Predikat – Swedish
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Panaguri – Tagalog
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