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List of animals by number of neurons
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Brief comparisons of number of whole brain neurons (top) and cerebral cortex neurons (bottom) among five mammals.
This is a list of representative animals by the number of neurons in their whole nervous system and the number of neurons in their brain (for those with a brain). These numbers are estimates derived by multiplying the density of neurons in a particular animal by the average volume of the animal's brain.
The whole human brain contains 86 billion neurons and roughly 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Whole nervous system
3 Cerebral cortex
4 See also
5 References
Overview[edit]
Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether.
Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects.
The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior.
Whole nervous system[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona), and all numbers for synapses (except Ciona) are estimations.
Name
Neurons in the brain/whole nervous system
Synapses
Details
Image
Source
Sponge 5000000000000000000♠0
[3]
Trichoplax 5000000000000000000♠0
[4]
Ciona intestinalis larva (sea squirt) 7002231000000000000♠231 8617 (central nervous system only)
[5]
[6]
Asplanchna brightwellii (rotifer) 7002200000000000000♠about 200 Brain only [7]
Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm) 7002302000000000000♠302 7003750000000000000♠~7,500
[8]
Jellyfish 7003560000000000000♠5,600 Hydra vulgaris (H. attenuate)
[9]
Megaphragma mymaripenne 7003740000000000000♠7,400 [10]
Box jellyfish 7003870000000000000♠8,700–7004175000000000000♠17,500 adult Tripedalia cystophora (8 mm diameter) – does not include 1000 neurons in each of the four rhopalia
[11]
Medicinal leech 7004100000000000000♠10,000
[12]
Pond snail 7004110000000000000♠11,000
[13]
Sea slug 7004180000000000000♠18,000
[14]
Amphioxus 7004200000000000000♠20,000 central nervous system only
[15]
[16]
Fruit fly 7005250000000000000♠250,000 7007100000000000000♠< 1×10^7
[17]
[18]
Larval zebrafish 7005100000000000000♠100,000
[19]
Lobster 7005100000000000000♠100,000
[20]
Ant 7005250000000000000♠250,000 Varies per species
[21]
[22]
Honey bee 7005960000000000000♠960,000 7009100000000000000♠~1×10^9
[23]
Cockroach 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
[24]
Adult zebrafish 7007100000000000000♠~10,000,000 cells (neurons + other)
[25]
Frog 7007160000000000000♠16,000,000
[26]
Naked mole-rat 7007268800000000000♠26,880,000
[27]
Smoky shrew 7007360000000000000♠36,000,000 [28]
Short-tailed shrew 7007520000000000000♠52,000,000 [28]
Hottentot golden mole 7007650000000000000♠65,000,000 [29]
House mouse 7007710000000000000♠71,000,000 7012100000000000000♠~1×10^12
[30]
Nile crocodile 7007805000000000000♠80,500,000
[31]
Golden hamster 7007900000000000000♠90,000,000 [30]
Ansell's mole-rat 103,000,000 [32]
Mashona mole-rat 113,000,000 [32]
Hairy-tailed mole 7008124000000000000♠124,000,000 [29]
Eastern rock elephant shrew 7008129000000000000♠129,000,000 [29]
Star-nosed mole 7008131000000000000♠131,000,000
[28]
Zebra finch 7008131000000000000♠131,000,000 Brain only [33]
Silvery mole-rat 148,000,000 [32]
Four-toed elephant shrew 7008157000000000000♠157,000,000 [29]
Eurasian blackcap 7008157000000000000♠157,000,000
[33]
Goldcrest 7008164000000000000♠164,000,000
[33]
Cape mole-rat 170,000,000 [32]
Mechow's mole-rat 174,000,000 [32]
Damaraland mole-rat 178,000,000 [32]
Brown rat 7008200000000000000♠200,000,000 7011448000000000000♠~4.48×10^11
[34]
Guyenne spiny rat 7008202000000000000♠202,000,000 [29]
Eastern mole 7008204000000000000♠204,000,000
[28]
Red junglefowl 7008221000000000000♠221,000,000
[33]
Great tit 7008226000000000000♠226,000,000
[33]
Green-rumped parrotlet 7008227000000000000♠227,000,000
[33]
Guinea pig 7008240000000000000♠240,000,000
[30]
Gray mouse lemur 7008254710000000000♠254,710,000
[35]
Common treeshrew 7008261000000000000♠261,000,000 [36]
Pigeon 7008310000000000000♠310,000,000 Brain only
[33]
Budgerigar 7008322000000000000♠322,000,000
[33]
Cape dune mole-rat 361,000,000 [32]
Common blackbird 7008379000000000000♠379,000,000
[33]
Ferret 7008404000000000000♠404,000,000
[37]
Cockatiel 7008453000000000000♠453,000,000
[33]
Banded mongoose 7008454000000000000♠454,000,000
[37]
Gray squirrel 7008453660000000000♠453,660,000
[27]
Prairie dog 7008473940000000000♠473,940,000
[27]
Common starling 7008483000000000000♠483,000,000
[33]
European rabbit 7008494200000000000♠494,200,000
[27]
Octopus 7008500000000000000♠500,000,000
[38]
Western tree hyrax 7008505000000000000♠505,000,000 [29]
Common marmoset 7008636000000000000♠636,000,000 [36]
Eastern rosella 7008642000000000000♠642,000,000
[33]
Barn owl 7008690000000000000♠690,000,000
[33]
Monk parakeet 7008697000000000000♠697,000,000
[33]
Azure-winged magpie 7008741000000000000♠741,000,000
[33]
Rock hyrax 7008756000000000000♠756,000,000 [29]
Cat 7008760000000000000♠760,000,000 7013100000000000000♠~1×10^13
[39]
Black-rumped agouti 7008857000000000000♠857,000,000
[30]
Magpie 7008897000000000000♠897,000,000
[33]
Common hill myna 7008906000000000000♠906,000,000
[33]
Northern greater galago 7008936000000000000♠936,000,000 [36]
Western jackdaw 7008968000000000000♠968,000,000
[33]
Eurasian jay 7009108500000000000♠1,085,000,000
[33]
Alexandrine parakeet 7009109600000000000♠1,096,000,000
[33]
Tanimbar corella 7009116100000000000♠1,161,000,000
[33]
Emu 7009133500000000000♠1,335,000,000
[33]
Three-striped night monkey 7009146800000000000♠1,468,000,000 [36]
Rook 7009150900000000000♠1,509,000,000
[33]
Grey parrot 7009156600000000000♠1,566,000,000
[33]
Capybara 7009160000000000000♠1,600,000,000
[30]
Sulphur-crested cockatoo 7009212200000000000♠2,122,000,000
[33]
Raccoon 7009214800000000000♠2,148,000,000
[37]
Kea 7009214900000000000♠2,149,000,000
[33]
Raven 7009217100000000000♠2,171,000,000 Brain only
[33]
Domestic pig 7009222000000000000♠2,220,000,000
[40]
Dog 7009225300000000000♠2,253,000,000
[37]
Springbok 7009272000000000000♠2,720,000,000
[40]
Blesbok 7009306000000000000♠3,060,000,000
[40]
Blue-and-yellow macaw 7009313600000000000♠3,136,000,000 Brain only
[33]
Common squirrel monkey 7009324600000000000♠3,246,000,000
[36]
Crab-eating macaque 7009344000000000000♠3,440,000,000
[35]
Tufted capuchin 7009369100000000000♠3,691,000,000 [36]
Bonnet macaque 7009378000000000000♠3,780,000,000
[35]
Striped hyena 7009388500000000000♠3,885,000,000
[37]
Lion 7009466700000000000♠4,667,000,000
[37]
Greater kudu 7009491000000000000♠4,910,000,000
[40]
Rhesus macaque 7009637600000000000♠6,376,000,000
[36]
Brown bear 7009958600000000000♠9,586,000,000
[37]
Giraffe 7010107500000000000♠10,750,000,000
[40]
Yellow baboon 7010109500000000000♠10,950,000,000
[35]
Chimpanzee 7010280000000000000♠28,000,000,000
[41]
Orangutan 7010326000000000000♠32,600,000,000
[42]
Gorilla 7010334000000000000♠33,400,000,000
[42]
Human 7010860000000000000♠86,000,000,000 7014150000000000000♠~1.5×10^14 Synapses for average adult
[43][44][45]
African elephant 7011257000000000000♠257,000,000,000
[46][47]
Cerebral cortex[edit]
Non-mammals are included in this list because, although only mammals have a cerebral cortex, the pallium of reptiles and birds is functionally similar to the mammalian cortex and is therefore also frequently referred to as "cortex".
Name
Neurons in the cerebral cortex
Details
Image
Source
Naked mole-rat 6,150,000 H. glaber
[27]
Ansell's mole-rat 10,000,000 Fukomys anselli [32]
Smoky shrew 10,000,000 Sorex fumeus
[29]
Mashona mole-rat 12,000,000 Fukomys darlingi [32]
Northern short-tailed shrew 12,000,000 Blarina brevicauda
[29]
House mouse 14,000,000 Mus musculus
[29]
Hairy-tailed mole 16,000,000 Parascalops breweri
[29]
Star-nosed mole 17,000,000 Condylura cristata
[29]
Golden hamster 17,000,000 Mesocricetus auratus
[29]
Damaraland mole-rat 21,000,000 Fukomys damarensis [32]
Hottentot golden mole 22,000,000 Amblysomus hottentotus [29]
Gray mouse lemur 22,310,000 Microcebus murinus
[35]
Mechow's mole-rat 23,000,000 Fukomys mechowii [32]
Hedgehog 24,000,000 Subfamily Erinaceinae, unknown genus and species
[48]
Silvery mole-rat 25,000,000 heliophobius argenteocinereus [32]
Cape mole-rat 26,000,000 Georychus capensis [32]
Guyenne spiny rat 26,000,000 Proechimys cayennensis [29]
Eastern rock elephant shrew 26,000,000 Elephantulus myurus [29]
Eeastern mole 27,000,000 Scalopus aquaticus [29]
Opossum 27,000,000 Didelphis virginiana
[48]
Brown Rat 31,000,000 Rattus norvegicus
[29]
Four-toed elephant shrew 34,000,000 Petrodromus tetradactylus
[29]
Ferret 39,000,000 Mustela putorius furo
[37]
Cape dune mole-rat 43,000,000 Bathyergus suillus [32]
Guinea pig 43,510,000 Cavia porcellus
[27]
Eurasian blackcap 52,000,000 Sylvia atricapilla
[33]
Prairie dog 53,770,000 Cynomys sp.
[27]
Zebra finch 55,000,000 Taeniopygia guttata
[33]
Common treeshrew 60,000,000 Tupaia glis
[29]
Red junglefowl 61,000,000 Gallus gallus
[33]
Goldcrest 64,000,000 Regulus regulus
[33]
European rabbit 71,450,000 O. cuniculus
[27]
Rock dove 72,000,000 Columba livia
[33]
Eastern gray squirrel 77,330,000 S. carolinensis
[27]
Great tit 83,000,000 Parus major
[33]
Western tree hyrax 99,000,000 Dendrohyrax dorsalis
[29]
Green-rumped parrotlet 103,000,000 Forpus passerinus
[33]
Black-rumped agouti 113,000,000 Dasyprocta prymnolopha
[2]
Banded mongoose 116,000,000 Mungos mungo
[37]
Common blackbird 136,000,000 Turdus merula
[33]
Budgerigar 149,000,000 Melopsittacus undulatus
[33]
Rock hyrax 198,000,000 Procavia capensis
[29]
Northern greater galago 226,000,000 Otolemur garnettii
[29]
Common starling 226,000,000 Sturnus vulgaris
[33]
Common marmoset 245,000,000 Callithrix jacchus
[29]
Cat 250,000,000 Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus
[37]
Brown bear 251,000,000 Ursus arctos
[37]
Cockatiel 258,000,000 Nymphicus hollandicus
[33]
Capybara 306,500,000 Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
[27]
Tarsius 310,000,000 Genus Tarsius, unknown species
[49]
Eastern rosella 333,000,000 Platycercus eximius
[33]
Goeldi's marmoset 357,130,000 Callimico goeldii
[35]
Monk parakeet 396,000,000 Myiopsitta monachus
[33]
Springbok 396,900,000 Antidorcas marsupialis
[40]
Azure-winged magpie 400,000,000 Cyanopica cyanus
[33]
Common hill myna 410,000,000 Gracula religiosa
[33]
Domesticated pig 425,000,000 Sus scrofa
[50]
Barn owl 437,000,000 Tyto alba
[33]
Emu 439,000,000 Dromaius novaehollandiae
[33]
Three-striped night monkey 442,000,000 Aotus trivirgatus
[2]
Eurasian magpie 443,000,000 Pica pica
[33]
Raccoon 453,000,000 Procyon lotor
[51]
Western jackdaw 492,000,000 Coloeus monedula
[33]
Striped hyena 495,000,000 Hyaena hyaena
[37]
Eurasian jay 529,000,000 Garrulus glandarius
[33]
Dog 530,000,000 Canis lupus familiaris
[37]
Lion 545,000,000 Panthera leo
[37]
Blesbok 570,670,000 Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi
[40]
Alexandrine parakeet 575,000,000 Psittacula eupatria
[33]
Tanimbar corella 599,000,000 Cacatua goffiniana
[33]
Gracile capuchin monkey 650,000,000 Genus Cebus, unknown species
[52]
Greater kudu 762,570,000 Tragelaphus strepsiceros
[40]
Crab-eating macaque 800,960,000 Macaca fascicularis
[35]
Rook 820,000,000 Corvus frugilegus
[33]
Grey parrot 850,000,000 Psittacus erithacus
[33]
Tufted capuchin 1,100,000,000 Sapajus apella
[2]
Sulphur-crested cockatoo 1,135,000,000 Cacatua galerita
[33]
Horse 1,200,000,000 Equus ferus caballus
[28]
Raven 1,200,000,000 Corvus corax
[33]
Kea 1,281,000,000 Nestor notabilis
[33]
Common squirrel monkey 1,340,000,000 Saimiri sciureus
[29]
Bonnet macaque 1,660,000,000 Macaca radiata
[35]
Rhesus macaque 1,710,000,000 Macaca mulatta
[29]
Giraffe 1,730,000,000 Giraffa camelopardalis
[40]
Blue and yellow macaw 1,900,000,000 Ara ararauna
[33]
Guenon 2,500,000,000 Genus Cercopithecus, unknown species
[49]
Yellow baboon 2,880,000,000 Papio cynocephalus
[35]
African elephant 5,600,000,000 Loxodonta africana
[46]
Harp seal 6,100,000,000 Pagophilus groenlandicus
[53]
Chimpanzee 6,200,000,000 Pan troglodytes
[13]
Orangutan 8,900,000,000 Genus Pongo, unknown species
[42]
Gorilla 9,100,000,000 Genus Gorilla, unknown species
[42]
False killer whale 10,500,000,000 Pseudorca crassidens
[28]
Common minke whale 12,800,000,000 Balaenoptera acutorostrata
[54]
Harbor porpoise 14,900,000,000 Phocoena phocoena
[53]
Fin whale 15,000,000,000 Balaenoptera physalus
[55]
Human 16,000,000,000 Homo sapiens: (For average adult)
"The human cerebral cortex, with an average 1233 g and 16 billion neurons, is slightly below expectations for a primate brain of 1.5 kg, while the human cerebellum, at 154 g and 69 billion neurons, matches or even slightly exceeds the expected"
[43][2][56]
Long-finned pilot whale 37,200,000,000 Globicephala melas: "For the first time, we show that a species of dolphin has more neocortical neurons than any mammal studied to date including humans."
[57]
See also[edit]
Lists of animals
Brain size
Brain-to-body mass ratio
Connectome
Connectomics
Cranial capacity
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Herculano-Houzel, S. & Lent, R. (2005). "Isotropic fractionator: a simple, rapid method for the quantification of total cell and neuron numbers in the brain". J Neurosci. 25 (10): 2518–2521. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4526-04.2005. PMID 15758160.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Gabi, Mariana; Collins, Christine E.; Wong, Peiyan; Torres, Laila B.; Kaas, Jon H.; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2010). "Cellular Scaling Rules for the Brains of an Extended Number of Primate Species". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 76 (1): 32–44. doi:10.1159/000319872. ISSN 0006-8977. PMC 2980814  .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Herculano-Houzel S, Collins C, Wong P, Kaas J (2007). "Cellular scaling rules for primate brains". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104 (9): 3562–3567. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611396104. PMC 1805542  . PMID 17360682.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jardim-Messeder, Débora; Lambert, Kelly; Noctor, Stephen; Pestana, Fernanda M.; Leal, de Castro; E, Maria; Bertelsen, Mads F.; Alagaili, Abdulaziz N.; Mohammad, Osama B. (2017). "Dogs Have the Most Neurons, Though Not the Largest Brain: Trade-Off between Body Mass and Number of Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex of Large Carnivoran Species". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 11. doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00118. ISSN 1662-5129.
Jump up ^ "Brain Facts and Figures". Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Ananthanarayanan, Rajagopal; Esser, Steven K.; Simon, Horst D.; Modha, Dharmendra S. (2009). "The cat is out of the bag: cortical simulations with 109 neurons, 1013 synapses". Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis - SC '09. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1145/1654059.1654124. ISBN 978-1-60558-744-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Kazu, Rodrigo S.; Maldonado, José; Mota, Bruno; Manger, Paul R.; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2015). "Corrigendum: Cellular scaling rules for the brain of Artiodactyla include a highly folded cortex with few neurons". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 9. doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00039. ISSN 1662-5129.
Jump up ^ Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (June 2012). "The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Kaas, Jon (2011). "Gorilla and Orangutan Brains Conform to the Primate Cellular Scaling Rules: Implications for Human Evolution". Brain Behav Evol. 77 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1159/000322729. PMC 3064932  . PMID 21228547.
^ Jump up to: a b Azevedo, Frederico A.C.; Carvalho, Ludmila R.B.; Grinberg, Lea T.; Farfel, José Marcelo; Ferretti, Renata E.L.; Leite, Renata E.P.; Filho, Wilson Jacob; Lent, Roberto; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–541. doi:10.1002/cne.21974. PMID 19226510.
Jump up ^ Herculano-Houzel, S. (20 June 2012). "The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (Supplement_1): 10661–10668. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201895109. PMC 3386878  . PMID 22723358.
Jump up ^ TOWER DB. (1954). "Structural and functional organization of mammalian cerebral cortex; the correlation of neurone density with brain size; cortical neurone density in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus L.) with a note on the cortical neurone density in the Indian elephant". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 101 (1): 19–51. doi:10.1002/cne.901010103. PMID 13211853.
^ Jump up to: a b Herculano-Houzel, S; Avelino-de-Souza, K; Neves, K; Porfírio, J; Messeder, D; Mattos Feijó, L; Maldonado, J; Manger, PR (2014). "The Elephant Brain in Numbers". Front Neuroanat. 8: 46. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00046. PMC 4053853  . PMID 24971054.
Jump up ^ "Searching For The Elephant's Genius Inside the Largest Brain on Land". Scientificamerica. 26 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Fasolo, Aldo (30 November 2011). The Theory of Evolution and Its Impact. Springer. p. 182. ISBN 978-88-470-1973-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Quarton, Gardner C.; Melnechuk, Theodore; Schmitt, Francis O. (1967). The neurosciences. Rockefeller University Press. p. 732. GGKEY:DF21HXQKLNX.
Jump up ^ "LEARNING FROM PIG BRAINS". Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Lambert KG, Bardi M, Landis T, Hyer MM, Rzucidlo A, Gehrt S, Anchor C, Jardim Messeder D, Herculano-Houzel S (2014). "Behind the Mask: Neurobiological indicants of emotional resilience and cognitive function in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor)". Society for Neuroscienc.
Jump up ^ Hofman, Michel A.; Falk, Dean (2 March 2012). Evolution of the Primate Brain: From Neuron to Behavior. Elsevier. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-444-53867-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Walløe, Solveig; Eriksen, Nina; Dabelsteen, Torben; Pakkenberg, Bente (2010-12-01). "A neurological comparative study of the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) brain". Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J.: 2007). 293 (12): 2129–2135. doi:10.1002/ar.21295. ISSN 1932-8494. PMID 21077171.
Jump up ^ Eriksen, Nina; Pakkenberg, Bente (2007-01-01). "Total neocortical cell number in the mysticete brain". Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J.: 2007). 290 (1): 83–95. doi:10.1002/ar.20404. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 17441201.
Jump up ^ Mammals, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Working Party on Marine (1978-01-01). Mammals in the Seas: Report. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 9789251005132.
Jump up ^ Steven M. Platek; Julian Paul Keenan & Todd K. Shackelford (2009). "Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience" (PDF): 139.
Jump up ^ Mortensen HS, et al. (2014). "Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex". Front Neuroanat. 8: 132. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00132. PMC 4244864  . PMID 25505387.
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text:
Steel Magnolias
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Steel Magnolias (disambiguation).
Steel Magnolias
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Herbert Ross
Produced by
Ray Stark
Andrew Stone
Victoria White
Screenplay by
Robert Harling
Based on
Steel Magnolias
by Robert Harling
Starring
Sally Field
Dolly Parton
Shirley MacLaine
Daryl Hannah
Olympia Dukakis
Julia Roberts
Tom Skerritt
Dylan McDermott
Kevin J. O'Connor
Sam Shepard
Music by
Georges Delerue
Cinematography
John A. Alonzo
Edited by
Paul Hirsch
Production
company
Rastar
Distributed by
TriStar Pictures
Release date
November 15, 1989 (1989-11-15)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$95.9 million[2]
Steel Magnolias is a 1989 American comedy-drama film directed by Herbert Ross. It is the film adaptation of Robert Harling's 1987 play of the same name. The play and film are about the bond a group of women share in a small-town Southern community, and how they cope with the death of one of their own.
The story is based on Robert Harling's real life experience of the death of his sister, Susan Harling Robinson, in 1985 due to complications from Type 1 diabetes. He changed his sister's name in the story from Susan to Shelby Eatenton-Latcherie.
The title suggests the main female characters can be both as delicate as the magnolia flower, and as tough as steel.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Background
4 Production
5 Reception
6 Home media
7 Awards and nominations
8 Failed TV sequel pilot
9 Remake
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Plot[edit]
Annelle Dupuy (Daryl Hannah), a reserved beauty school graduate, is hired by Truvy Jones (Dolly Parton) to work in her home-based beauty salon in northwestern Louisiana. At the same time, in another part of the neighborhood, M'Lynn Eatenton (Sally Field), and her daughter, Shelby (Julia Roberts), are preparing for Shelby's wedding, which is taking place later that day. They arrive, along with Clairee Belcher (Olympia Dukakis), the cheerful widow of the former mayor, to have their hair done. Suddenly, Shelby, who has type 1 diabetes, falls into a hypoglycemic state, but recovers quickly with the help of her mother's quick thinking. Later that afternoon, short-tempered, grouchy, and sarcastic Louisa "Ouiser" Boudreaux (Shirley MacLaine) arrives in the salon and questions Annelle about where she has moved from, forcing Annelle to reveal that her husband has recently left her while fleeing the police, taking all their money and their car. Moved by Annelle's emotional confession, Shelby invites her to the wedding, where Annelle meets Sammy (Kevin J. O'Connor), who is tending bar.
Several months pass and Shelby returns to town to celebrate Christmas. During the festivities, she announces that she and her husband, Jackson Latcherie (Dylan McDermott), are expecting their first child. Shelby's father Drum (Tom Skerritt) is thrilled, but M'Lynn is too worried to share in the joy. Truvy, Annelle, and Clairee had originally thought that Shelby couldn't have children, but on the night of the big announcement, M'Lynn clarifies for them that the doctors said Shelby shouldn't have children because of her health. It becomes clear that Shelby could actually die due to pregnancy complications related to her diabetes. Unable to give her any words of wisdom, Truvy suggests they focus on the joy of the situation: Jackson and Shelby's first child, as well as Drum and M'Lynn's first grandchild, as well as their sons, Jonathan (Jonathan Ward) and Tommy's (Knowl Johnson), first niece or nephew. M'Lynn agrees, saying that nothing pleases Shelby more than proving her wrong.
Shelby successfully delivers a baby boy, Jackson Jr., but begins showing signs of kidney failure and starts dialysis around the time Jackson Jr. turns one. M'Lynn successfully donates a kidney and Shelby seemingly resumes a normal life. Clairee and Ouiser offer to make sure that M'Lynn's husband, Drum, Jonathan, and Tommy have enough food to last until M'Lynn returns home after the transplant. Later, on Halloween, Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and M'Lynn throw Annelle a surprise wedding shower, as she is now engaged to Sammy. Shelby is unavailable to attend due to a conflicting schedule with her nursing job, and is later found by Jackson unconscious on the porch of her house. Shelby is rushed to the hospital, where it is determined that her body rejected the new kidney, and she is now in a coma. The doctors inform the family that Shelby is likely to remain comatose indefinitely, and they all jointly decide to take her off life support. At the funeral, after the other mourners have left, M'Lynn breaks down in hysterics in front of Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and Annelle, but is comforted by them.
Later, at the wake, M'Lynn begins to accept her daughter's death and focuses her energy on helping Jackson raise Jackson Jr. Annelle, now married and pregnant, asks M'Lynn if she could name her own baby after Shelby, since Shelby was the reason Annelle and Sammy met. M'Lynn gives her blessings and assures Annelle that Shelby would've loved it. Months later, on Easter morning, Annelle goes into labor during an Easter egg hunt, is rushed to the hospital by Truvy and her husband Spud (Sam Shepard), and another life begins.
Cast[edit]
Actor
Character
Relationship
Sally Field Mary Lynn "M'Lynn" Eatenton Social Worker; Wife to Drum Eatenton; Mother to Shelby, Jonathan and Tommy; Jackson's mother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal grandmother
Dolly Parton Truvy Jones Beautician; Wife to Spud Jones; Mother to Louie; town gossip
Shirley MacLaine Louisa "Ouiser" Boudreaux Clairee Belcher's best friend and confidant; Eatenton Family's next-door neighbor; town curmudgeon, and Drum Eatenton's nemesis
Daryl Hannah Annelle Dupuy Desoto Newcomer to town; Apprentice Beautician hired by Truvy Jones; first married to Bunkie Dupuy; later marries Sammy Desoto
Olympia Dukakis Clairee Belcher Former town first lady; sister to Drew Marmillion, sister-in-law to Belle Marmillion; aunt to Marshall and Nancy Beth Marmillion; best friend and confidant of Ouiser Boudreaux; friend of the Eatentons and Joneses
Julia Roberts Shelby Eatenton Latcherie Eldest child and only daughter of Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton; sister to Jonathan and Tommy; marries Jackson Latcherie and gives birth to Jackson "Jack" Latcherie, Jr.; suffers from type one diabetes
Tom Skerritt Thomas Drummond "Drum" Eatenton Husband of M'Lynn Eatenton, Father to Shelby, Jonathan and Tommy; Jackson Latcherie's father-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal grandfather
Sam Shepard Spud Jones Sporadically employed laborer; Truvy Jones's husband and Louie's father
Dylan McDermott Jackson Latcherie Lawyer; Shelby Eatenton's husband; Jack Jr.'s father; Drum and M'Lynn's son-in-law and Jonathan and Tommy's brother-in-law
Kevin J. O'Connor Sammy Desoto Annelle Dupuy's eventual husband, who met her at Shelby and Jackson's wedding reception
Bill McCutcheon Owen Jenkins Ouiser Boudreaux's former boyfriend who has returned to town
Ann Wedgeworth Aunt Fern Thornton Jackson Latcherie's aunt; notorious for baking animal-shaped cakes
Knowl Johnson Tommy Eatenton Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's first-born son and middle child; Shelby and Jonathan's brother; Jackson's brother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal uncle
Jonathan Ward Jonathan Eatenton Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's second-born son and youngest child; Shelby and Tommy's brother; Jackson's brother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal uncle
Ronald Young Drew Marmillion Clairee Belcher's brother; Husband to Belle Marmillion; Father to Marshall and Nancy Beth
Bibi Besch Belle Marmillion Drew Marmillion's wife; Mother to Marshall and Nancy Beth; Clairee Belcher's sister-in-law
Janine Turner Nancy-Beth Marmillion Drew and Belle Marmillion's daughter; Marshall's sister; Clairee Belcher's niece; town's dethroned "Miss Merry Christmas"
James Wlcek Marshall Marmillion Drew and Belle Marmillion's son; Nancy Beth's brother; Clairee Belcher's nephew; announces to his parents he is gay
Tom Hodges Louie Jones Truvy and Spud Jones's rebellious son
C. Houser Jackson Latcherie, Jr. (1 year old) Jackson and Shelby Latcherie's son; Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's maternal grandson; Jonathan and Tommy Eatenton's maternal nephew
Daniel Camp Jackson Latcherie, Jr. (3 years old) Jackson and Shelby Latcherie's son; Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's maternal grandson; Jonathan and Tommy Eatenton's maternal nephew
Background[edit]
The original play described the experience of the family and friends of the play's author Harling following the 1985 death of his sister from diabetic complications after the birth of his namesake nephew and failure of a family member's donated kidney. A writer friend continuously encouraged him to write it down in order to come to terms with the experience. He did but originally as a short story for his nephew then later to get an understanding of the deceased mother. It evolved in ten days into the play.[4][5]
Production[edit]
Released by TriStar Pictures in the United States on November 15, 1989 and grossed more than $83.7 million at the box office. Harling's first produced screenplay, he adapted the original film script which was then heavily rewritten beyond the on-stage one-set scenario (which had taken place entirely in Truvy's beauty salon) of the stage production: the scenes increased and the sequence was more tightly linked with major holidays than the play; the increased characters beyond the original, all-female play cast caused dialogue changes between on-screen characters (among them, Harling playing the preacher and Truvy has one son instead of two). Natchitoches, Louisiana served as both the 1989 film location and scenario location[6] with historian Robert DeBlieux, a former Natchitoches mayor, as the local advisor.[7]
Reception[edit]
It received generally positive reviews from critics and has a score of 69% on Rotten Tomatoes.[8] An example of a less enthusiastic critic was Hal Hinson of The Washington Post, who said that it felt "more Hollywood than the South."[9] An example of a more enthusiastic critic was Roger Ebert, who said that the film was "willing to sacrifice its over-all impact for individual moments of humor, and while that leaves us without much to take home, you've got to hand it to them: The moments work."[10][11]
The movie received a limited release on November 15, 1989: entered the U.S. box office at No. 4 with an opening weekend gross of $5,425,440; by the time of wider release two days later it grossed $15,643,935; stayed in the top 10 for 16 weeks, gross $83,759,091 domestically with a further $12,145,000 with foreign markets giving a worldwide gross of $95,904,091.[12]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on VHS on June 19, 1990 and on DVD July 25, 2000, allowing the film to gross a further $40 million.[13][14] The movie's overall gross was $135,904,091. The film was released on Blu-ray through the boutique label Twilight Time, on September 11, 2012–it has since gone out of print.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
1990 Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress Julia Roberts Nominated
1990 American Comedy Awards Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Olympia Dukakis Nominated
1990 American Comedy Awards Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Shirley MacLaine Nominated
1990 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Supporting Actress Shirley MacLaine Nominated
1990 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Sally Field Nominated
1990 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Julia Roberts Won
1990 People's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture Steel Magnolias Won
1991 BAFTA Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Shirley MacLaine Nominated
Failed TV sequel pilot[edit]
CBS broadcast on August 17, 1990, a half-hour television pilot sitcom sans Shelby's character as the story line was post death. The cast included Cindy Williams as M'Lynn, Sally Kirkland as Truvy, Elaine Stritch as Ouiser, Polly Bergen as Clairee and Sheila McCarthy as Annelle.
Remake[edit]
Main article: Steel Magnolias (2012 film)
Lifetime Television Network announced (October 10, 2011) a planned remake under the direction of Kenny Leon, director of the ABC movie A Raisin in the Sun (2008), set in Louisiana[15] featuring lead role black actors: Queen Latifah (M'Lynn), Jill Scott (Truvy), Alfre Woodard (Ouiser), Phylicia Rashād (Clairee), Adepero Oduye (Annelle) and Condola Rashād (Shelby).[16][17] The New York Times had mixed reactions: applauded it on some points and on others as either schmaltz or less attentive than the 1989 film.[18]
See also[edit]
List of films featuring diabetes
Lists of films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lechuguilla (November 22, 1989). "Steel Magnolias (1989)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Steel Magnolias at Box Office Mojo". Retrieved September 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Scanlon, J. (2007) "If My Husband Calls I'm Not Here: The Beauty Parlor as Real and Representational Female Space". Feminist Studies, 33 (2)
Jump up ^ People Archives: Vol. 29, No. 3 (January 25, 1988), "Robert Harling, Author of a Hit Comedy Based on a Family Tragedy" by Kim Hubbard.
Jump up ^ "What's Up, Robert Harling? Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of Steel Magnolias, Kristin Chenoweth in a Soapdish Musical & More." Interviews by Kathy Henderson November 28, 2012
Jump up ^ Lechuguilla (November 22, 1989). "Steel Magnolias (1989)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Steel Magnolias". Bay St. Louis Little Theatre. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Steel Magnolias - Movie Reviews - Rotten Tomatoes".
Jump up ^ Hinson, Hal (November 17, 1989). "'Steel Magnolias' (PG)". The Washington Post. 1989 The Washington Post Company. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 17, 1989). "Review of Steel Magnolias". Chicago Sun-Times. rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Steel Magnolias (1989)". imdb.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Steel Magnolias (1989) - Box Office Mojo".
Jump up ^ Hunt, Dennis (August 2, 1990). "VIDEO RENTALS : 'Internal Affairs' Has Appeal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Steel Magnolias (1989) - Financial Information". the-numbers.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hilton, Perez. "Steel Magnolias To Be Remade With All-Black Cast". Retrieved October 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Queen Latifah, Jill Scott for New Take on 'Steel Magnolias'". Smooth Jazz Network. May 7, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.wtma.com/rssItem.asp?feedid=13&itemid=29851110[dead link]
Jump up ^ Hale, Mike (October 5, 2012). "'Steel Magnolias' on Lifetime, With Queen Latifah". The New York Times.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Steel Magnolias
Steel Magnolias on IMDb
Steel Magnolias at Rotten Tomatoes
Steel Magnolias at the TCM Movie Database
Diabetes in the Movies
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Herbert Ross
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969)
The Owl and the Pussycat (1970)
T.R. Baskin (1971)
Play It Again, Sam (1972)
The Last of Sheila (1973)
Funny Lady (1975)
The Sunshine Boys (1975)
The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
The Turning Point (1977)
The Goodbye Girl (1977)
California Suite (1978)
Nijinsky (1980)
Pennies from Heaven (1981)
I Ought to Be in Pictures (1982)
Max Dugan Returns (1983)
Footloose (1984)
Protocol (1984)
The Secret of My Success (1987)
Dancers (1987)
Steel Magnolias (1989)
My Blue Heaven (1990)
True Colors (1991)
Undercover Blues (1993)
Boys on the Side (1995)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steel_Magnolias&oldid=800689367"
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