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Near-field communication
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Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of each other.[1]
NFC devices are used in contactless payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards and allow mobile payment to replace/supplement these systems. This is sometimes referred to as NFC/CTLS (Contactless) or CTLS NFC. NFC is used for social networking, for sharing contacts, photos, videos or files.[2] NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards.[3] NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections.[3]
The Secure Element chip. This is an NFC chip that contains data such as the SEID (Secure Element Identifier) for secure transactions. This chip is commonly found in smartphones and other NFC enabled devices
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Design
4 Vulnerabilities
5 Standards
5.1 ISO / IEC
5.2 GSMA
5.3 StoLPaN
5.4 NFC Forum
5.5 Other standardization bodies
6 Applications
6.1 Commerce
6.2 Bootstrapping other connections
6.3 Social networking
6.4 Identity and access tokens
6.5 Smartphone automation and NFC tags
6.6 Gaming
6.7 Sports
7 Bluetooth comparison
8 Devices
9 Deployments
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Overview[edit]
Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially, outpaced by technologies such as barcodes and UHF RFID tags. NFC protocols established a generally supported standard. When one of the connected devices has Internet connectivity, the other can exchange data with online services.
NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with application software, for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC-compliant apparatus. Earlier close-range communication used technology that was proprietary to the manufacturer, for applications such as stock ticket, access control and payment readers.
Like other "proximity card" technologies, NFC employs electromagnetic induction between two loop antennas when NFC-enabled devices—for example a smartphone and a printer—exchange information, operating within the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface at rates ranging from 106 to 424 kbit/s.
Each full NFC device can work in three modes:
NFC card emulation
Enables NFC-enabled devices such as smartphones to act like smart cards, allowing users to perform transactions such as payment or ticketing.
NFC reader/writer
Enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters.
NFC peer-to-peer
Enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information in an adhoc fashion.
NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read, and under some circumstances written to, by an NFC device. They typically contain data (as of 2015[update] between 96 and 8,192 bytes) and are read-only in normal use, but may be rewritable. Applications include secure personal data storage (e.g. debit or credit card information, loyalty program data, personal identification numbers (PINs), contacts). NFC tags can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use the industry specifications.
The standards were provided by the NFC Forum.[4] The forum was responsible for promoting the technology and setting standards and certifies device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms as is done for credit cards[5] and if they fit the criteria for being considered a personal area network.[citation needed]
NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa.[6] The standards include ISO/IEC 18092[7] and those defined by the NFC Forum. In addition to the NFC Forum, the GSMA group defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards[8] within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include Trusted Services Manager,[9] Single Wire Protocol, testing/certification and secure element.[10]
A patent licensing program for NFC is under deployment by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories, and was terminated in May 2012.[citation needed] A platform-independent free and open source NFC library, libnfc, is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License.[11][12]
Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi.[13]
History[edit]
NFC is rooted in radio-frequency identification technology (known as RFID) which allows compatible hardware to both supply power to and communicate with an otherwise unpowered and passive electronic tag using radio waves. This is used for identification, authentication and tracking.
1983 The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation "RFID" was granted to Charles Walton.[14]
1997 Early form patented and first used in Star Wars character toys for Hasbro. The patent was originally held by Andrew White and Marc Borrett at Innovision Research and Technology (Patent WO9723060). The device allowed data communication between two units in close proximity.[15]
2002 Sony and Philips agreed to establish a technology specification and created a technical outline on March 25, 2002.[16]
2003 NFC was approved as an ISO/IEC standard on December 8, and later as an ECMA standard.
2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the NFC Forum[17]
2006 Initial specifications for NFC Tags[18]
2006 Specification for "SmartPoster" records[19]
2007 Innovision’s NFC tags used in the first consumer trial in the UK, in the Nokia 6131 handset.[20]
2009 In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contacts, URLs, initiate Bluetooth, etc.[21]
2010 Innovision released a suite of designs and patents for low cost, mass-market mobile phones and other devices.[22]
2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone shown[23][24]
2010 Nice, France launches the "Nice City of contactless mobile" project, providing inhabitants with NFC mobile phones and bank cards, and a "bouquet of services" covering transportation, tourism and student's services
2011 Tapit Media launches in Sydney, Australia as the first specialized NFC marketing company
2011 Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app or video.[25]
2011 NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile operating system with the release of Symbian Anna version.[26]
2011 Research In Motion devices are the first ones certified by MasterCard Worldwide for their PayPass service[27]
2012 UK restaurant chain EAT. and Everything Everywhere (Orange Mobile Network Operator), partner on the UK's first nationwide NFC-enabled smartposter campaign. A specially created mobile phone app is triggered when the NFC-enabled mobile phone comes into contact with the smartposter.[28]
2012 Sony introduced NFC "Smart Tags" to change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range, included with the Sony Xperia P Smartphone released the same year.[29]
2013 Samsung and VISA announce their partnership to develop mobile payments.
2013 IBM scientists, in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches, develop an NFC-based mobile authentication security technology. This technology works on similar principles to dual-factor authentication security.[30]
2014 AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile released Softcard (formally ISIS mobile wallet). It runs on NFC-enabled Android phones and iPhone 4 and iPhone 5 when an external NFC case is attached. The technology was purchased by Google and the service ended on March 31, 2015.
2014 Apple introduced Apple Pay for NFC-enabled mobile payment on iPhone 6 and 6 Plus,[31] and the Apple Watch, which was released on April 24, 2015.
In November 2015, Swatch and Visa Inc. announced a partnership to enable NFC financial transactions using the "Swatch Bellamy" wristwatch. The system is currently online in Asia thanks to a partnership with China UnionPay and Bank of Communications. The partnership will bring the technology to the US, Brazil, and Switzerland.[32]
November 2015, Google’s Android Pay function was launched, a direct rival to Apple Pay, and it started rolling out across the US.[33]
Design[edit]
Computer network types
by spatial scope
Nanoscale
Near-field (NFC)
Body (BAN)
Personal (PAN)
Near-me (NAN)
Local (LAN)
Home (HAN)
Storage (SAN)
Wireless (WLAN)
Campus (CAN)
Backbone
Metropolitan (MAN)
Wide (WAN)
Cloud (IAN)
Internet
Interplanetary Internet
v
t
e
NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a separation of 10 cm or less. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as unpowered tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered.[34]
NFC tags contain data and are typically read-only, but may be writeable. They can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use NFC Forum specifications. The tags can securely store personal data such as debit and credit card information, loyalty program data, PINs and networking contacts, among other information. The NFC Forum defines four types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. Tags currently offer between 96 and 4,096 bytes of memory.
As with proximity card technology, near-field communication uses electromagnetic induction between two loop antennas located within each other's near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed ±7 kHz bandwidth range, but the spectral mask for the main lobe is as wide as 1.8 MHz.[35]
Theoretical working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm (practical working distance of about 10 cm). Note because the pickup antenna may be quenched by nearby metallic surfaces, the tags may need to be spaced slightly away from the surface.[citation needed]
Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s (the bit rate 848 kbit/s is not compliant with the standard ISO/IEC 18092)
The two modes are:
Passive
The initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating the existing field. In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator-provided electromagnetic field, thus making the target device a transponder.
Active
Both initiator and target device communicate by alternately generating their own fields. A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In this mode, both devices typically have power supplies.
Speed (kbit/s)
Active device
Passive device
424
Man, 10% ASK Man, 10% ASK
212
Man, 10% ASK Man, 10% ASK
106
Modified Miller, 100% ASK Man, 10% ASK
NFC employs two different codings to transfer data. If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit/s, a modified Miller coding with 100% modulation is used. In all other cases Manchester coding is used with a modulation ratio of 10%.
NFC devices are full-duplex—they are able to receive and transmit data at the same time. Thus, they can check for potential collisions if the received signal frequency does not match the transmitted signal's frequency.
Vulnerabilities[edit]
Although the range of NFC is limited to a few centimeters, plain NFC does not ensure secure communications. In 2006, Ernst Haselsteiner and Klemens Breitfuß described possible attacks and detailed how to leverage NFC's resistance to man-in-the-middle attacks to establish a specific key.[36] As this technique is not part of the ISO standard, NFC offers no protection against eavesdropping and can be vulnerable to data modifications. Applications may use higher-layer cryptographic protocols (e.g. SSL) to establish a secure channel.
The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with antennas. The distance from which an attacker is able to eavesdrop the RF signal depends on multiple parameters, but is typically less than 10 meters.[37] Also, eavesdropping is highly affected by the communication mode. A passive device that doesn't generate its own RF field is much harder to eavesdrop on than an active device. An attacker can typically eavesdrop within 10 m and 1 m for active devices and passive devices, respectively.[36]
Because NFC devices usually include ISO/IEC 14443 protocols, relay attacks are feasible.[38][39][page needed] For this attack the adversary forwards the request of the reader to the victim and relays its answer to the reader in real time, pretending to be the owner of the victim's smart card. This is similar to a man-in-the-middle attack.[40] One libnfc code example demonstrates a relay attack using two stock commercial NFC devices. This attack can be implemented using only two NFC-enabled mobile phones.[41]
Standards[edit]
NFC Protocol stack overview
NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing RFID standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa.[6] The standards include ISO/IEC 18092[7] and those defined by the NFC Forum.
ISO / IEC[edit]
NFC is standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization for both passive and active NFC modes. They also define the transport protocol, including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. The air interface for NFC is standardized in:
ISO/IEC 18092 / ECMA-340—Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-1 (NFCIP-1)[42]
ISO/IEC 21481 / ECMA-352—Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2)[43]
NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 Type A and Type B, and FeliCa. NFC-enabled phones work at a basic level with existing readers. In "card emulation mode" an NFC device should transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to a reader. In addition, NFC Forum defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) that can store and transport items ranging from any MIME-typed object to ultra-short RTD-documents,[44] such as URLs. The NFC Forum added the Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol (SNEP) to the spec that allows sending and receiving messages between two NFC devices.[45]
GSMA[edit]
The GSM Association (GSMA) is a trade association representing nearly 800 mobile telephony operators and more than 200 product and service companies across 219 countries. Many of its members have led NFC trials and are preparing services for commercial launch.[46]
GSM is involved with several initiatives:
Standards: GSMA is developing certification and testing standards to ensure global interoperability of NFC services.[46]
Pay-Buy-Mobile initiative: Seeks to define a common global approach to using NFC technology to link mobile devices with payment and contactless systems.[47][48]
On November 17, 2010, after two years of discussions, AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile launched a joint venture to develop a platform through which point of sale payments could be made using NFC in cell phones. Initially known as Isis Mobile Wallet and later as Softcard, the venture was designed to usher in broad deployment of NFC technology, allowing their customers' NFC-enabled cell phones to function similarly to credit cards throughout the US. Following an agreement with—and IP purchase by—Google, the Softcard payment system was shuttered in March, 2015, with an endorsement for its earlier rival, Google Wallet.[49]
StoLPaN[edit]
StoLPaN (Store Logistics and Payment with NFC) is a pan-European consortium supported by the European Commission's Information Society Technologies program. StoLPaN will examine the potential for NFC local wireless mobile communication.[citation needed]
NFC Forum[edit]
NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association formed on March 18, 2004, by NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. Standards include the four distinct tag types that provide different communication speeds and capabilities covering flexibility, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services. As of June 2013, the NFC Forum had over 190 member companies.[50]
NFC Forum promotes NFC and certifies device compliance[5] and whether it fits in a personal area network.[citation needed]
Other standardization bodies[edit]
GSMA defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards[8] within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include,[51] Single Wire Protocol, testing and certification and secure element.[10] The GSMA standards surrounding the deployment of NFC protocols (governed by NFC Forum) on mobile handsets are neither exclusive nor universally accepted. For example, Google's deployment of Host Card Emulation on Android KitKat provides for software control of a universal radio. In this HCE Deployment[52] the NFC protocol is leveraged without the GSMA standards.
Other standardization bodies involved in NFC include:
ETSI / SCP (Smart Card Platform) to specify the interface between the SIM card and the NFC chipset.
GlobalPlatform to specify a multi-application architecture of the secure element.
EMVCo for the impacts on the EMV payment applications
Applications[edit]
N-Mark Logo for NFC-enabled devices
NFC allows one- and two-way communication between endpoints, suitable for many applications.
Commerce[edit]
NFC devices can be used in contactless payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards and allow mobile payment to replace/supplement these systems.
In Android 4.4, Google introduced platform support for secure NFC-based transactions through Host Card Emulation (HCE), for payments, loyalty programs, card access, transit passes and other custom services. HCE allows any Android 4.4 app to emulate an NFC smart card, letting users initiate transactions with their device. Apps can use a new Reader Mode to act as readers for HCE cards and other NFC-based transactions.
On September 9, 2014, Apple announced support for NFC-powered transactions as part of Apple Pay.[53] With the introduction of iOS 11, Apple devices allow third-party developers to read data from NFC tags.[54]
Bootstrapping other connections[edit]
NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections.[3] For example, Android Beam software uses NFC to enable pairing and establish a Bluetooth connection when doing a file transfer and then disabling Bluetooth on both devices upon completion.[55] Nokia, Samsung, BlackBerry and Sony[56] have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets, media players and speakers with one tap.[citation needed] The same principle can be applied to the configuration of Wi-Fi networks. Samsung Galaxy devices have a feature named S-Beam—an extension of Android Beam that uses NFC (to share MAC Address and IP addresses) and then uses Wi-Fi Direct to share files and documents. The advantage of using Wi-Fi Direct over Bluetooth is that it permits much faster data transfers, running up to 300Mbit/s.[34]
Social networking[edit]
NFC can be used for social networking, for sharing contacts, photos, videos or files[2] and entering multiplayer mobile games.[57]
Identity and access tokens[edit]
NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards.[3] NFC's short range and encryption support make it more suitable than less private RFID systems.
Smartphone automation and NFC tags[edit]
NFC-equipped smartphones can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers that can be programmed by NFC apps. These programs can allow a change of phone settings, texting, app launching, or command execution.
Such apps do not rely on a company or manufacturer, but can be utilized immediately with an NFC-equipped smartphone and an NFC tag.[58]
The NFC Forum published the Signature Record Type Definition (RTD) 2.0 in 2015 to add integrity and authenticity for NFC Tags. This specification allows an NFC device to verify tag data and identify the tag author.[59]
Gaming[edit]
See also: List of gaming NFC platforms
NFC was used in video games starting with Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure.[citation needed] With it you buy figurines that are customizable and contain personal data with each figure, so no two figures are exactly alike. The Wii U was the first system to include NFC technology out of the box via the GamePad. It was later included in the Nintendo 3DS range (being built into the New Nintendo 3DS/XL and in a separately sold reader which uses Infrared to communicate to the system). The Amiibo range of accessories utilizes NFC technology to unlock features.
Sports[edit]
This section is incomplete. (July 2018)
Adidas Telstar 18 is a soccer ball that contains an NFC chip within.[60] The chip enables users to interact with the ball using a smartphone.[61]
Bluetooth comparison[edit]
Aspect
NFC
Bluetooth
Bluetooth Low Energy
Tag requires power
No Yes Yes
Cost of tag
US$0.10 US$5.00 US$5.00
RFID compatible
ISO 18000-3 Active Active
Standardisation body
ISO/IEC Bluetooth SIG Bluetooth SIG
Network standard
ISO 13157 etc. IEEE 802.15.1 (no longer maintained) IEEE 802.15.1 (no longer maintained)
Network type
Point-to-point WPAN WPAN
Cryptography
Not with RFID Available Available
Range
< 20 cm ≈100 m (class 1) ≈50 m
Frequency
13.56 MHz 2.4–2.5 GHz 2.4–2.5 GHz
Bit rate
424 kbit/s 2.1 Mbit/s 1 Mbit/s
Set-up time
< 0.1 s < 6 s < 0.006 s
Current consumption
< 15mA (read) Varies with class < 15 mA (read and transmit)
NFC and Bluetooth are both relatively short-range communication technologies available on mobile phones. NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth and has a much shorter range, but consumes far less power and doesn't require pairing.[62]
NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has a lower transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy. With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices, the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established in less than .1 second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s).
NFC's maximum working distance of less than 20 cm reduces the likelihood of unwanted interception, making it particularly suitable for crowded areas that complicate correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device (and by extension, its user).[citation needed]
NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures. It requires comparatively low power, similar to the Bluetooth V4.0 low-energy protocol. When NFC works with an unpowered device (e.g. on a phone that may be turned off, a contactless smart credit card, a smart poster), however, the NFC power consumption is greater than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy, since illuminating the passive tag needs extra power.[62]
Devices[edit]
Main article: List of NFC-enabled mobile devices
In 2011, handset vendors released more than 40 NFC-enabled handsets with the Android mobile operating system. The iPhone 6 line is the first set of handsets from Apple to support NFC.[63] BlackBerry devices support NFC using BlackBerry Tag on devices running BlackBerry OS 7.0 and greater.[64]
MasterCard added further NFC support for PayPass for the Android and BlackBerry platforms, enabling PayPass users to make payments using their Android or BlackBerry smartphones.[65] A partnership between Samsung and Visa added a 'payWave' application on the Galaxy S4 smartphone.[66]
Microsoft added native NFC functionality in their mobile OS with Windows Phone 8, as well as the Windows 8 operating system. Microsoft provides the "Wallet hub" in Windows Phone 8 for NFC payment, and can integrate multiple NFC payment services within a single application.[67]
Deployments[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2016)
Main article: List of applications of near-field communication
As of April 2011[update], hundreds of NFC trials had been conducted. Some firms moved to full-scale service deployments, spanning one or more countries. Multi-country deployments include Orange's rollout of NFC technology to banks, retailers, transport, and service providers in multiple European countries,[68] and Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologies deploying to 15 countries throughout Africa.[69]
China telecom (China's 3rd largest mobile operator) made its NFC rollout in November 2013. The company signed up multiple banks to make their payment apps available on its SIM Cards. China telecom stated that the wallet would support coupons, membership cards, fuel cards and boarding passes. The company planned to achieve targets of rolling out 40 NFC phone models and 30 Mn NFC SIMs by 2014.
Softcard (formerly Isis Mobile Wallet), a joint venture from Verizon Wireless, AT&T and T-Mobile, focuses on in-store payments making use of NFC technology. After doing pilots in some regions, they launched across the US.
Vodafone launched the NFC-based Vodafone SmartPass mobile payment service in Spain in partnership with Visa. It enables consumers with an NFC-enabled mobile device to make contactless payments via their SmartPass credit balance at any POS.
OTI, an Israeli company that designs and develops contactless microprocessor-based smart card technology, contracted to supply NFC-readers to one of its channel partners in the US. The partner was required to buy $10MM worth of OTI NFC readers over 3 years.
Rogers Communications launched virtual wallet Suretap to enable users to make payments with their phone in Canada in April 2014. Suretap users can load up gift cards and pre-paid MasterCards from national retailers.[70]
Sri Lanka's first workforce smartcard uses NFC.
As of December 13, 2013 Tim Hortons TimmyME BlackBerry 10 Application allowed users to link their prepaid Tim Card to the app, allowing payment by tapping the NFC-enabled device to a standard contactless terminal.[71]
Google Wallet allows consumers to store credit card and store loyalty card information in a virtual wallet and then use an NFC-enabled device at terminals that also accept MasterCard PayPass transactions.[72]
Germany,[73] Austria,[74] Finland,[75] New Zealand,[76] Italy,[77] Iran,[78] Turkey[79] and Greece[80] trialed NFC ticketing systems for public transport. The Lithuanian capital of Vilnius fully replaced paper tickets for public transportation with ISO/IEC 14443 Type A cards on July 1, 2013.[81]
NFC sticker-based payments in Australia's Bankmecu and card issuer Cuscal completed an NFC payment sticker trial, enabling consumers to make contactless payments at Visa payWave terminals using a smart sticker stuck to their phone.
India was implementing NFC-based transactions in box offices for ticketing purposes.[82]
A partnership of Google and Equity Bank in Kenya introduced NFC payment systems for public transport in the Capital city Nairobi under the branding "Beba Pay".
See also[edit]
Bluetooth Low Energy
CIPURSE
Device-to-device
EZ-link
Smart keychain
Mobile phone accessories
BebaPay
Near and far field
New Nintendo 3DS
NTAG
Object hyperlinking
Poken
RuBee
TecTiles
TransferJet
UICC configuration
Wii U GamePad
Notes[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Pelly, Nick; Hamilton, Jeff (10 May 2011). "How to NFC". Google I/O 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "NFC as Technology Enabler". NFC Forum. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2011. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Home - NFC Forum". NFC Forum. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "About the Forum". NFC Forum. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Technical Specifications". NFC Forum. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "ISO/IEC 18092:2004 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Near Field Communication -- Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)". ISO. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "GSMA NFC Standards".
Jump up ^ "The Role of the Trusted Service Manager in Mobile Commerce" (PDF). Digital Commerce (white paper). GSM Association. December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mobile NFC Infrastructure" (PDF). Digital Commerce. GSM Association. 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Public platform independent Near Field Communication (NFC) library". 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "libnfc download page (current version)". Retrieved 30 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is NFC?". NFC Forum. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Charles A. Walton "Portable radio frequency emitting identifier" U.S. Patent 4,384,288 issue date May 17, 1983.
Jump up ^ "APPARATUS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL DATA AND UNIDIRECTIONAL POWER TRANSMISSION BETWEEN MASTER AND SLAVE UNITS USING INDUCTIVE COUPLING". 26 June 1997. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "PHILIPS AND SONY ANNOUNCE STRATEGIC COOPERATION TO DEFINE NEXT GENERATION NEAR FIELD RADIO-FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS". Sony Global. 5 September 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum". NFC Forum. 18 March 2004. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "NFC Forum Unveils Technology Architecture And Announces Initial Specifications And Mandatory Tag Format Support". 5 June 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "NFC Forum Publishes Specification For "SmartPoster" Records". 5 October 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nokia 6131 NFC". 28 November 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "NFC Forum Announces Two New Specifications to Foster Device Interoperability and Peer-to-Peer Device Communication". 19 May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Sarah Clark (4 June 2010). "InnovisionNFC". www.nfcworld.com. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Video: Google CEO talks Android, Gingerbread, and Chrome OS". Computerworld. 16 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Gingerbread feature: Near Field Communication". Android Central. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Pelly, Nick (10 May 2011). "How to NFC". Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Clark, Sarah (18 August 2011). "Nokia releases Symbian Anna NFC update". Retrieved 31 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Penfold, Andy (27 October 2011). "RIM Scores MasterCard NFC Certification". Mobile Marketing. London: Dot Media. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Orange—Quick Tap Treats". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Note: images from the site did not archive properly.
Jump up ^ Sony's SmartTags could change phone habits | Crave - CNET. News.cnet.com (2012-01-16). Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Two-factor security for mobile transactions". IBM. 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Chang, Hsuan-hua (October 2014). EverydayNFC: Near Field Communication Explained (Second ed.). ISBN 978-0982434024.
Jump up ^ John Biggs, TechCrunch. “Swatch Is Teaming With Visa To Offer Payments From Your Wrist.” November 30, 2015
Jump up ^ Chinavasion blog page. “Google Launches Android Pay App.”
^ Jump up to: a b Nosowitz, Dan (1 March 2011). "Everything You Need to Know About Near Field Communication". Pop. Sci.
Jump up ^ Patauner, C.; Witschnig, H.; Rinner, D.; Maire, A.; Merlin, E.; Leitgeb, E. (24 September 2007). High Speed RFID/NFC at the Frequency of 13.56 MHz (PDF). RFID 2007. Vienna, Austria.
^ Jump up to: a b Haselsteiner, Ernst; Breitfuß, Klemens. "Security in near field communication (NFC)]" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Hancke, Gerhard P (July 2008). "Eavesdropping Attacks on High-Frequency RFID Tokens" (PDF). 4th Workshop on RFID Security (RFIDsec'08).
Jump up ^ Gerhard P. Hancke:A practical relay attack on ISO/IEC 14443 proximity cards, February 2005.
Jump up ^ Timo Kasper et al. 2007
Jump up ^ Gerhard P. Hancke, et al.:Confidence in Smart Token Proximity: Relay Attacks Revisited
Jump up ^ Lishoy Francis, et al.:Practical Relay Attack on Contactless Transactions by Using NFC Mobile Phones
Jump up ^ Ecma International: Standard ECMA-340, Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1), December 2004
Jump up ^ Ecma International: Standard ECMA-352, Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol–2 (NFCIP-2), December 2003
Jump up ^ "NFC-forum.org". NFC Forum. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Electronista Article: New NFC spec lets two phones swap messages, October 2011
^ Jump up to: a b "World's leading mobile operators announce commitment to NFC technology" (Press release). www.gsmworld.com. February 21, 2011. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ GSM Association Aims For Global Point Of Sale Purchases by Mobile Phone, GSM Association, 13 February 2007
Jump up ^ Momentum Builds Around GSMA's Pay-Buy Mobile Project Archived 2007-08-28 at the Wayback Machine., GSM Association, 25 April 2007
Jump up ^ Welch, Chris (2015-03-05). "Softcard is shutting down on March 31st, and Google Wallet will replace it". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Page Not Found". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04.
Jump up ^ "Trusted Services Manager" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "HCE Deployment".
Jump up ^ "Apple Pay". apple.com. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Alex Hern (7 June 2017). "The 10 biggest changes Apple didn't announce on stage at WWDC". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Android 4.1 APIs". Android Developer Network. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sony Australia One Touch". sony.com.au. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "NFC will catch on 'like wildfire' says Sundance festival game creator". Near Field Communications World. 20 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Wrye, Eric. "NFC Tag Ideas and Video Demos".
Jump up ^ "NFC Forum Brings Advanced Security to NFC Tags with Signature RTD 2.0 Technical Specification - NFC Forum".
Jump up ^ "Revealed: The Chip Inside The 2018 World Cup Ball is a Completely Unnecessary Gimmick". Footy Headlines. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Stella, Rick (11 June 2018). "NFC tech in official World Cup match ball draws fans even more into the games". Digital Trends. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Near Field Communication Versus Bluetooth". Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ COOK, JAMES. "In Challenge To Android, Apple Has Banned Apps From Using The iPhone 6's NFC Payment Chip". businessinsider. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
Jump up ^ BlackBerry - BlackBerry 7 OS - BB7 - BB 7 OS - New BlackBerry 7 for the new Torch, Curve, & Bold - Canada. Ca.blackberry.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ MasterCard Bets On NFC: Releases PayPass Developer Toolkit For Android, BlackBerry Platforms. TechCrunch (2012-09-17). Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ Murph, Darren. (2013-02-25) Visa and Samsung ink worldwide NFC deal, practically guarantees payWave on your Galaxy S IV. Engadget.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ Fingas, Jon. (2012-06-20) Windows Phone 8 to support multi-core CPUs, HD resolutions, SD cards and NFC. Engadget.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ "Orange to roll out NFC services across Europe in 2011". NFC World. December 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Airtel Africa to launch NFC services in 15 African countries". NFC World. February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Redirect to the right page". Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Rian Boden (13 December 2013). "Tim Hortons launches NFC payments service using Host Card Emulation". NFC World+. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Google Wallet — where it works". Google. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Germany: Transit Officials Enable Users to Tap or Scan in New Trial". NFC Times. February 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Austria: 'Rollout' Uses NFC Reader Mode To Sell Tickets and Snacks". NFC Times. March 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1593157203.
Jump up ^ "Telecom New Zealand and Westpac test NFC with Auckland Transport". NFC World. April 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Italy: Telecom Italia and ATM to launch NFC ticketing service in Milan". NFC World. April 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Irancell demonstrates NFC payments and ticketing". NFC World. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Turkcell Wallet Transport". NFC. April 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Athens Transport Tickets and Cards". Athens Transport (in Greek). 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
Jump up ^ Vilniaus miesto viešojo transporto ELEKTRONINIS BILIETAS - Dažniausiai užduodami klausimai apie pokyčius viešojo transporto bilietų sistemoje. Vilnieciokortele.lt. Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
Jump up ^ Nikita Upadhyay (June 2012). "India: NFC used for ticketing". Financialexpress.
References[edit]
Ortiz, C. Enrique (June 2006). "An Introduction to Near-Field Communication and the Contactless Communication API". Retrieved 2017-05-11.
Kasper, Timo; Dario Carluccio; Christof Paar (May 2007). "An embedded system for practical security analysis of contactless smartcards" (PDF). Springer LNCS. Workshop in Information Security Theory and Practices 2007, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. 4462: 150–60. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Near-field communication.
A summary video of near-field communication
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text:
RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars
Season 3
Broadcast from
January 25 (2018-01-25) – March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
Judges
RuPaul
Michelle Visage
Carson Kressley
Ross Mathews
Host(s)
RuPaul
Broadcaster
VH1
Competitors
10
Winner
Trixie Mattel
Origin
Los Angeles, California
Runner-up
Kennedy Davenport
Chronology
◀
Season 3
The third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars began airing on January 25, 2018. The season was announced in August 2017, and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled "Exclusive Queen Ruveal," which aired on October 20, 2017.[1][2][3] This season featured ten All Star contestants, selected from the show's first season through to its ninth season, who competed to be inducted into the "Drag Race Hall of Fame".
As in the previous season, the top two queens in the challenge compete in a "Lip Sync for Your Legacy," with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which of the bottom queens gets eliminated. A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode. The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists, from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated. The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000.
The winner of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel, with Kennedy Davenport being the runner-up.
Contents
[hide]
1 Contestants
2 Contestant progress
3 Lip syncs
4 Guest judges
4.1 Special guests
5 Episodes
6 Leak
7 Ratings
8 Reception
9 References
10 External Links
Contestants
The drag queens that competed are:[4]
(Ages and names stated are at time of contest.)
Contestant
Real name
Age
Hometown
Original season
Original placement
Outcome
Trixie Mattel Brian Firkus 28 Los Angeles, California Season 7 06 !6th Place Winner
Kennedy Davenport Reuben Asberry Jr.[5] 35 Dallas, Texas Season 7 04 !4th Place Runner-up
BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 36 Minneapolis, Minnesota Season 1 01 !Winner 3rd/4th Place
Shangela D.J. Pierce 35 Los Angeles, California Season 2 12 !12th Place
Season 3 05 !6th Place
Morgan McMichaels Thomas White 36 Los Angeles, California Season 2 08 !8th Place 5th Place[a]
BenDeLaCreme Benjamin Putnam 35 Seattle, Washington Season 6 05 !5th Place[b] 6th Place[c]
Aja Jay Rivera[6] 23 Brooklyn, New York Season 9 09 !9th Place 7th Place
Chi Chi DeVayne Zavion Davenport[7] 32 Shreveport, Louisiana Season 8 04 !4th Place 8th Place
Milk Dan Donigan[8] 29 New York, New York Season 6 09 !9th Place 9th Place
Thorgy Thor Shane Galligan[9][10] 33 Brooklyn, New York Season 8 06 !6th Place 10th Place
Jump up ^ Morgan McMichaels originally placed 10th before being chosen to return to the competition.
Jump up ^ This contestant was voted Miss Congeniality during her original season.
Jump up ^ This contestant eliminated herself.
Contestant progress
Contestant
1[11]
2[12]
3[13]
4[14]
5[15]
6[16]
7[17]
8[18]
Trixie Mattel SAFE SAFE HIGH BTM3 WIN BTM3 WIN Winner
Kennedy Davenport SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM3 SAFE BTM3 BTM3 Runner-up
BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN WIN BTM3 Eliminated
Shangela HIGH WIN SAFE WIN BTM2 BTM3 WIN Eliminated
Morgan McMichaels ELIM IN ELIM Guest
BenDeLaCreme WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE ELIM Guest
Aja WIN SAFE BTM3 SAFE ELIM OUT Guest
Chi Chi DeVayne BTM2 LOW BTM3 ELIM OUT Guest
Milk SAFE SAFE ELIM OUT Guest
Thorgy Thor SAFE ELIM OUT Guest
The contestant won RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars.
The contestant was the runner-up.
The contestant was eliminated by jury vote without lip-syncing entirely.
The contestant won the challenge and won the "Lip Sync for Your Legacy."
The contestant won the challenge but lost the "Lip Sync for Your Legacy."
The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition and was chosen to return.
The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition but was not chosen to return.
The contestant received positive judges' critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant received judges' critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant received negative judges' critiques but was ultimately declared safe.
The contestant won the challenge and won the "Lip Sync for Your Legacy" but chose to eliminate herself.
The contestant was in the bottom and eligible for elimination.
The contestant was eliminated.
The contestant returned as a juror for the final episode to vote for the Top 2
Lip syncs
Episode
Contestants
(Pick for Elimination)
Song
Winner
Up for Elimination
Eliminated
1 Aja
(Chi Chi DeVayne) vs. BenDeLaCreme
(Morgan McMichaels) "Anaconda"
(Nicki Minaj) BenDeLaCreme Chi Chi DeVayne
Morgan McMichaels
Morgan McMichaels
2 BenDeLaCreme
(Thorgy Thor) vs. Shangela
(Thorgy Thor) "Jump (For My Love)"
(The Pointer Sisters) Shangela Kennedy Davenport
Thorgy Thor
Thorgy Thor
3 BenDeLaCreme
(Chi Chi DeVayne) vs. Kennedy Davenport
(Milk) "Green Light"
(Lorde) Kennedy Davenport Aja
Chi Chi DeVayne
Milk
Milk
4 BenDeLaCreme
(Chi Chi DeVayne) vs. Shangela
(Chi Chi DeVayne) "I Kissed a Girl"
(Katy Perry) BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Chi Chi DeVayne
Kennedy Davenport
Trixie Mattel
Chi Chi DeVayne
5 BeBe Zahara Benet
(Aja) vs. Trixie Mattel
(Aja) "The Boss"
(Diana Ross) BeBe Zahara Benet Aja
Shangela Aja
6 BeBe Zahara Benet[a] vs. BenDeLaCreme
(BenDeLaCreme)
[Morgan McMichaels][b] "Nobody's Supposed to Be Here
(Hex Hector Dance Mix)"
(Deborah Cox) BenDeLaCreme Kennedy Davenport
Shangela
Trixie Mattel BenDeLaCreme
7 Shangela
(Morgan McMichaels) vs. Trixie Mattel
(Morgan McMichaels) "Freaky Money"
(RuPaul ft. Big Freedia) Shangela BeBe Zahara Benet
Kennedy Davenport
Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels
8 Kennedy Davenport vs. Trixie Mattel "Wrecking Ball"
(Miley Cyrus) Trixie Mattel None Kennedy Davenport
The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom.
The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom.
The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom.
The contestant self-eliminated without being in the bottom.
The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync.
Jump up ^ In episode 7, BeBe Zahara Benet chose not to show who she selected to return to the competition and who she selected to eliminate if she had won the lip sync.
Jump up ^ In episode 6, the contestants in the lip sync were asked to choose an eliminated contestant to return to the competition in addition to picking someone to eliminate.
Guest judges
Guest judges[19] for this season include (in order of appearance):
Vanessa Hudgens, actress and singer
Todrick Hall, actor and singer
Vanessa Williams, actress and singer
Constance Zimmer, actress
Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman, actor and model
Nicole Byer, comedian and actress
Kristin Chenoweth, actress and singer
Tituss Burgess, actor and singer
Shay Mitchell, actress and model
Adam Lambert, singer and actor
Emma Bunton, singer and actress
Chris Colfer, actor and singer
Garcelle Beauvais, actress and model
Special guests
Guests who appeared in episodes but did not judge on the main stage (in order of appearance):
Chad Michaels, runner-up from season four and winner of season one of All Stars
Alaska, runner-up from season five and winner of season two of All Stars
Marc Jacobs, fashion designer
Nancy Pelosi, House Democratic leader and representative for California's 12th congressional district
Episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
16
1 "All-Star Variety Show" January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
Nine formerly eliminated queens from past seasons of RuPaul's Drag Race enter the workroom to win a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame, and also to win a cash prize of $100,000. Upon entering the room, RuPaul introduces the final 10th queen, season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet, stating that he wants to showcase the contestant to a new generation of fans.[11] For the episode's maxi-challenge, each queen is to prepare a live talent presentation for the second All Star Variety Show.[11] Upon judgement, BeBe Zahara Benet, Milk, and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe. During the critiques, Aja and BenDeLaCreme are selected as the top two all stars of the week. Contestants Shangela and Thorgy Thor receive positive reviews from the judges. Chi Chi DeVayne and Morgan McMichaels are placed in the bottom for their performances. Aja and BenDeLaCreme lip-sync against each other to Nicki Minaj's "Anaconda"; BenDeLaCreme wins the lip sync and eliminates Morgan McMichaels.[11]
Guest Judge: Vanessa Hudgens
Mini-challenge: Reading is Fundamental
Mini-challenge Winner: BenDeLaCreme
Mini-challenge Prize: $3,000 shopping spree to L.A. Eyeworks
Main Challenge: Perform a talent in front of the judges, a live audience, and other competitors.
Challenge Winners: Aja & BenDeLaCreme
Main Challenge Prize: Five-night stay at the Grand Resort Hotel and Spa in Fort Lauderdale, air fare included
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: BenDeLaCreme
Lip Sync Song: "Anaconda" by Nicki Minaj
Bottom Two: Chi Chi DeVayne & Morgan McMichaels
Eliminated: Morgan McMichaels
Farewell Message: "I love you girls! Keep rocking and stay FABULOUS!"
17
2 "Divas Lip Sync Live" February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
In episode two, the nine remaining queens are assigned female musicians to embody in the Divas Lip Sync Live battle, a tribute act in the form of a live medley of RuPaul songs. Aja performs as Amy Winehouse, BeBe Zahara Benet as Diana Ross, BenDeLaCreme as Julie Andrews, Chi Chi DeVayne as Patti LaBelle, Kennedy Davenport as Janet Jackson, Milk as Celine Dion, Shangela as Mariah Carey, Trixie Mattel as Dolly Parton, and Thorgy Thor as Stevie Nicks.[12] The runway theme on the main stage is "RuDemption," a theme for which each contestant recreates a look from their original season.[12] Upon judgement, Aja, Milk, and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe. During the critiques, BeBe Zahara Benet, BenDaLeCreme, and Shangela receive positive feedback on their performances and runway looks, with the latter two winning the challenge. Chi Chi DeVayne, Kennedy Davenport and Thorgy Thor are all criticized for their performances, while their runway looks receive praise. DeVayne is declared safe from the bottom two. Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip-sync against each other to The Pointer Sisters' "Jump (For My Love)." Shangela wins the lip sync and eliminates Thorgy Thor.[12]
Guest Judges: Todrick Hall & Vanessa Williams
Alternating Judge: Carson Kressley
Main Challenge: Perform in a lip-syncing dance number inspired by VH1 Divas.
Runway Theme: RuDemption Runway
Challenge Winners: BenDeLaCreme & Shangela
Main Challenge Prize: $1000 gift card from Sparkles Rhinestones and a $1000 gift card from Fierce Queen Heels
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Shangela
Lip Sync Song: "Jump (For My Love)" by The Pointer Sisters
Bottom Two: Kennedy Davenport & Thorgy Thor
Eliminated: Thorgy Thor
Farewell Message: "Wooo! Drag is fun. Suck it ShangeLLA!" [Drawing of an ejaculating penis]
18
3 "The B*tchelor" February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
The eight remaining queens are each assigned a personality by RuPaul for The Bitchelor, a satire based on the show The Bachelor. Aja plays the Needy Girl, BeBe Zahara Benet the Shy Virgin, BenDeLaCreme the Cougar, Chi Chi DeVayne and Shangela a polyamorous couple, Kennedy Davenport the Party Girl, Milk the Stalker, and Trixie Mattel the Fake Bitch.[13] Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman participates as the main love interest of the show. The main-stage runway theme is "Wigs on Wigs on Wigs".[13] Upon judgement, Benet and Shangela are both deemed safe. BenDeLaCreme, Davenport and Mattel are praised for their performances and looks, with the former two contestants winning the challenge. Aja, Chi Chi DeVayne, and Milk are placed in the bottom three. Davenport and BenDeLaCreme lip-sync against each other to Lorde's "Green Light." Davenport wins the lip sync and eliminates Milk.[13]
Guest Judges: Constance Zimmer & Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman
Alternating Judge: Ross Mathews
Main Challenge: Improvise in an unscripted dating show inspired by The Bachelor.
Runway Theme: Wigs on Wigs on Wigs
Challenge Winners: BenDeLaCreme & Kennedy Davenport
Main Challenge Prize: A jewelry pack from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $1000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Kennedy Davenport
Lip Sync Song: "Green Light" by Lorde
Bottom Three: Aja, Chi Chi DeVayne, & Milk
Eliminated: Milk
Farewell Message: "Love u girls but ya'll know this is bogus! Stay amazing ❤ Milk"
19
4 "All Stars Snatch Game" February 15, 2018 (2018-02-15)
The seven remaining queens prepare for the Snatch Game, where each contestant picks a celebrity to impersonate. Aja appears as Crystal LaBeija, BeBe Zahara Benet as Grace Jones, BenDeLaCreme as Paul Lynde, Chi Chi DeVayne as Maya Angelou, Kennedy Davenport as Phaedra Parks, Shangela as Jenifer Lewis and Trixie Mattel as RuPaul.[14] Guest judge Kristin Chenoweth partakes in the challenge, playing herself.[14] The runway theme on the main stage is "Flower Power."[14] Upon judgement, BenDeLaCreme and Shangela are deemed the winners of the challenge. Aja and Benet receive positive remarks for their runway looks, though reviews are divided on Benet's Snatch Game performance. Both are ultimately declared safe. DeVayne, Davenport and Mattel are placed in the bottom three. Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip-sync against each other to Katy Perry's "I Kissed a Girl." The lip sync is declared a tie, and both contestants eliminate DeVayne.[14]
Guest Judges: Kristin Chenoweth & Nicole Byer
Alternating Judge: Carson Kressley
Main Challenge: Impersonate celebrities in the Snatch Game.
Runway Theme: Flower Power
Challenge Winners: BenDeLaCreme & Shangela
Main Challenge Prize: A wig wardrobe courtesy of Rockstar Wigs and a $1000 gift card from Coolhaus Ice Cream
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: BenDeLaCreme & Shangela
Lip Sync Song: "I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry
Bottom Three: Chi Chi DeVayne, Kennedy Davenport, & Trixie Mattel
Eliminated: Chi Chi DeVayne
Farewell Message: "LOVE All of you gals, Remember to Keep it fair. Chi Chi 💋"
20
5 "Pop Art Ball[20]" February 22, 2018 (2018-02-22)[21]
The six remaining queens participate in a mini-challenge where they dress up in "Quick Drag" and model in an Andy Warhol-inspired photoshoot. Aja wins the challenge, receiving a year's supply of burgers from Hamburger Mary's and a cash tip of $2,000. For the main challenge, each contestant is asked to prepare two runway looks for the Pop Art Ball: one inspired by Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans and a second inspired by Studio 54. Additionally, each contestant has to record a voice-over narrative to be played during her runway presentation. During the judges' critiques, Aja and Shangela are criticized for both of their runway looks, and they fall into the bottom two. BeBe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel are both commended for their runway looks, winning the challenge. BenDeLaCreme and Kennedy Davenport attract mixed commentary but are ultimately declared safe. Benet and Mattel lip-sync against each other to Diana Ross's "The Boss". Benet wins the lip sync and eliminates Aja.[15] At the end of the episode, RuPaul brings previous winners Chad Michaels and Alaska back onto the main stage, and they reveal three queens in cloaks that will be returning for the next episode.[15]
Guest Judges: Tituss Burgess & Shay Mitchell
Alternating Judge: Ross Mathews
Mini-challenge: Pose for a pop art-style portrait
Mini-challenge Winner: Aja
Mini-challenge Prize: A year's supply of hamburgers from Hamburger Mary's and $2,000
Main Challenge: Design wearable soup cans inspired by Andy Warhol as well as a Studio 54 disco look.
Challenge Winners: BeBe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel
Main Challenge Prize: Two-night escape for 2 at the W Hotel in Fort Lauderdale
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: BeBe Zahara Benet
Lip Sync Song: The Boss by Diana Ross
Bottom Two: Aja & Shangela
Eliminated: Aja
Farewell Message: "I love u bitches❤ Honestly, thank you from the bottom of my heart! Y'all inspire me! -Aja"
21
6 "Handmaids to Kitty Girls[25]" March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)[21]
RuPaul reintroduces all the eliminated queens to the competition. Everyone is tasked with writing and performing original lyrics to audition for RuPaul's new all-star supergroup, The Kitty Girls. The queens are split equally into two teams: the eliminated queens on one team, and the remaining queens on the other.[16] Each member creates a character to perform: Benet appears as Jungle Kitty, BenDeLaCreme as Goth Kitty, Davenport as Diva Kitty, Shangela as Sparkle Kitty, and Mattel as IQ Kitty. On the opposite team, Aja appears as Lil' Banjee, DeVayne as Cajun Kitty, Milk as Milky Kitty, McMichaels as Bimbo Kitty, and Thor as Cardio Kitty.[16]
During the judges' critiques, Benet and BenDeLaCreme are praised for their performances, and they are deemed the top two contestants. Davenport, Shangela and Mattel are placed in the bottom three. Benet and BenDeLaCreme are instructed to eliminate one of the bottom queens and to select an eliminated contestant to return to the competition.[16] Benet and BenDeLaCreme lip-sync against each other to Deborah Cox's "Nobody's Supposed To Be Here," and the latter wins.[16] BenDeLaCreme chooses McMichaels to return to the competition and subsequently eliminates herself, making her the second queen to leave the competition voluntarily.[16] Upon the episode's premiere, critics deemed her move one of the most controversial and "unthinkable" moments on the show.[22][23][24]
Guest Judges: Adam Lambert & Emma Bunton
Alternating Judge: Carson Kressley
Main Challenge: Audition for RuPaul's new all star super group called "The Kitty Girls."
Challenge Winners: BeBe Zahara Benet & BenDeLaCreme
Main Challenge Prize: $1,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo and a $1,000 gift card to MuLondon
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: BenDeLaCreme
Lip Sync Song: "Nobody's Supposed to Be Here (Hex Hector Dance Mix)" by Deborah Cox
Bottom Three: Kennedy Davenport, Shangela, & Trixie Mattel
Returned: Morgan McMichaels
Eliminated: BenDeLaCreme
Farewell Message: "Dear new top 5, thank you so much for this incredible journey. Stay fierce. You all deserve a crown. Your friendship and respect is the best win I can imagine. XO BDLC"
22
7 "My Best Squirrelfriend's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip[26]" March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)[26]
The five remaining queens are asked to act in a trailer for a movie titled My Best Squirrelfriend's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip, comedically portraying Academy Award-winning female characters. Morgan McMichaels is tasked with handing out roles to each contestant: Bebe Zahara Benet plays The Queen (The Queen), Kennedy Davenport plays La La (La La Land), McMichaels plays Beige Swan (Black Swan), Shangela plays Actavia (The Help/Hidden Figures), and Trixie Mattel plays Sharon Frokovich (Erin Brockovich). The runway theme for the episode is "Red for Filth."[17] During critiques, Shangela's and Mattel's performances and looks are praised, and they are chosen as the top two contestants. Although Benet, Davenport and McMichaels receive compliments for their runway looks, all three are placed in the bottom three. Shangela and Mattel lip-sync against each other to RuPaul's "Freaky Money." Shangela wins the lip sync and chooses to eliminate McMichaels.[17]
Guest Judges: Chris Colfer & Garcelle Beauvais
Alternating Judge: Ross Mathews
Main Challenge: Star in a raunchy girl comedy blockbuster.
Runway Theme: "Red for Filth"
Challenge Winners: Shangela & Trixie Mattel
Main Challenge Prize: $1,000 gift card to Elea's Closet and a luggage set from Radden Luggage
Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner: Shangela
Lip Sync Song: "Freaky Money" by RuPaul ft. Big Freedia
Bottom Three: BeBe Zahara Benet, Kennedy Davenport & Morgan McMichaels
Eliminated: Morgan McMichaels
Farewell Message: "Let no one dim your light. I love you all totally! SISTERS FOREVER! 💋"
23
8 "A Jury of Their Queers[26]" March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)[26]
The final four queens were asked to write, sing and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul's song "Kitty Girl."[18] Choreographer Todrick Hall accompanied the girls choreography, but also revealed that the entire music video would be shot in one-take throughout the backstage of RuPaul's Drag Race, including the runway The music video opens with Kennedy Davenport, and follows with Shangela, Bebe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel; the judges, and eliminated contestants, all appeared as cameo to the video.[18] During the critiques, all four queens were given positive comments about their performances and runway looks. RuPaul reveals that each eliminated queen gets to vote two contestants to enter the top two spots, whereas each remaining contestant got the chance to plead why they deserved to be in the top positions. Subsequently, the four remaining queens were asked to change costumes for the lip-sync to Miley Cyrus's "Wrecking Ball". After deliberation, eliminated contestant Morgan McMichaels announces Davenport and Mattel as the top two All-Stars, effectively eliminating both Benet and Shangela. After the lip-sync, RuPaul announces Mattel as the season three winner, and earns a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame.[18]
Main Challenge: Write, sing, and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul's song "Kitty Girl."
Eliminated: BeBe Zahara Benet & Shangela
Final Two: Kennedy Davenport & Trixie Mattel
Lip Sync Song: "Wrecking Ball" by Miley Cyrus
Runner-up: Kennedy Davenport
Winner of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Season Three: Trixie Mattel
Leak
On February 15, 2018, the series production company World of Wonder filed a lawsuit against an anonymous leaker using the alias RealityTVLeaks.[27] According to the lawsuit, RealityTVLeaks posted several visuals from the season on various social media websites such as Reddit, Twitter, and Instagram before each episode's airing—including runway themes, challenges, episode titles, and eliminated queens.[27] Additionally, a producer from the show stated that the leaker removed "information identifying [World of Wonder] as the copyright owner and author" before adding "misleading copyright management information falsely identifying [the defendants] as the copyright owners and authors."[27] World of Wonder launched the suit because of the defendant's "unlawful theft and public dissemination of episodes of the popular and critically-acclaimed reality television show," and the production company confirmed it is seeking damages of $300,000, including $150,000 for each infringed episode and $25,000 per violation of "actual damages" and defendants' profits.[27]
Ratings
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "All-Star Variety Show" January 25, 2018 0.46[28] 0.895[28]
2 "Divas Lip Sync Live" February 1, 2018 0.40[29] 0.777[29]
3 "The B*tchelor" February 8, 2018 0.39[30] 0.738[30]
4 "All Stars Snatch Game" February 15, 2018 0.34[31] 0.713[31]
5 "Pop Art Ball" February 22, 2018 0.38[32] 0.732[32]
6 "Handmaids to Kitty Girls" March 1, 2018 0.49[33] 0.883[33]
7 "My Best Squirrelfriend's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip" March 8, 2018 0.31[34] 0.658[34]
8 "A Jury of Their Queers" March 15, 2018 0.27[35] 0.589[35]
Reception
Although a ratings success, the season was not critically well received, following the high bar set by All Stars 2. Vulture, in writing a summation review, described the season as "truly one of the roughest seasons of the show ever. After a stellar, jaw-unhingingly good All Stars 2, this season felt more like an embarrassing cousin you brought to gay happy hour who wears double polos".[36] The A.V. Club similarly described the season as disappointing; in their final review of the season, they wrote, "I should be celebrating the crowning of a new queen in the Drag Race hall of fame, but Drag Race All Stars season three has left me feeling totally underwhelmed and wondering, What’s the point?"[37]
Vulture did however make the point that although the season did not live up to expectations, "even at its worst, it’s still one of one the best, if not the best goddamn reality competition show on television".[38]
References
Jump up ^ "RuPaul to Reveal 'All Stars' Season 3 Cast on Upcoming VH1 Special: 'Prepare to Be Gagged'". Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' season 3 cast to be revealed during TV special". Entertainment Weekly. October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Matt (October 14, 2017). "TV News Roundup: 'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' to Launch Season 3 with Hour Special". Variety. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars' season 3 queens announced: See an exclusive cast photo". Entertainment Weekly. 2017-10-21. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
Jump up ^ Avery, Dan. "Shangela, Latrice Royale, Kasha Davis Raise The Roof To Save Kennedy Davenport's Home". LOGO News. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Patricio, Edana (March 9, 2017). "'RuPaul's Drag Race' season 9 episode 1: Lady Gaga, the Queens and spoilers". International Business Times. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Weigle, Lauren (March 7, 2016). "RuPaul's Drag Race' Season 8 Cast". Heavy.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Avery, Dan (January 19, 2017). "Milk Out Of Drag—And Out Of His Clothes". Logo. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "All Stars: The Changing Face of Drag official website". Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hegedus, Eric (March 7, 2016). "RuPaul still reigns supreme as 'Drag Race' hits 100 episodes". New York Post. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "All-Star Variety Show". RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Season 3. Episode 1. January 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Divas Lip-Sync Live". RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Season 3. Episode 2. February 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The B*itchelor". RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Season 3. Episode 3. February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "All Stars Snatch Game". RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Season 3. Episode 4. February 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "All Stars Snatch Game". RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Season 3. Episode 5. February 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Handmaid to Kitty Girls". RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Season 3. Episode 6. March 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "My Best Squirrelfriend's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip". RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Season 3. Episode 7. March 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "A Jury of their Queers". RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars. Season 3. Episode 8. March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Kevin (January 18, 2018). "'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 3' Reveals Guest Judges, Releases New Sneak Peek". IntoMore. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "TV Schedule for RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars". www.vh1.com. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Futon Clinic". The Futon Critic. January 12, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sava, Oliver (March 2, 2018). "Everything changes for Drag Race All Stars with a shocking elimination". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Munzenrieder, Kyle (March 2, 2018). "The Night Bendelacreme Became a Goddess". W Magazine. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mulkerin, Tim (March 2, 2018). "undamental Reading: On 'RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars 3' episode 6, the girls got their revenge". Mic.com. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ru Paul Copyright". www.scribd.com. February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "All Stars Season 3 Episode Guide". www.tvguide.com. March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Moore, Matt (February 17, 2018). "RuPaul's Drag Race producers are suing an anonymous leaker for $300,000". Gay Times. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch. "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.25.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch. "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.1.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch. "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.8.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch. "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.15.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch. "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.22.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch. "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.1.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch. "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.8.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch. "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.15.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html
Jump up ^ https://www.avclub.com/a-mediocre-season-of-rupaul-s-drag-race-all-stars-ends-1823821936
Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html
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RuPaul's Drag Race
Seasons
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3
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8
9
10
All Stars
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3
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Original
BeBe Zahara Benet
Tyra Sanchez
Raja
Sharon Needles
Jinkx Monsoon
Bianca Del Rio
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Bob the Drag Queen
Sasha Velour
All Stars
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Alaska
Trixie Mattel
Other contestants
Adore Delano
Aja
Alexis Mateo
Alyssa Edwards
Asia O'Hara
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Carmen Carrera
Charlie Hides
Chi Chi DeVayne
Coco Montrese
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Delta Work
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Peppermint
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Shea Couleé
Tammie Brown
Thorgy Thor
Vanessa Vanjie Mateo
Venus D-Lite
Victoria "Porkchop" Parker
Willam
Yara Sofia
Related articles
RuPaul's Drag U
episodes
Drag Race Thailand
Natalia Pliacam
The Switch Drag Race
Book
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