text:
List of solar deities
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Solar Apollo with the radiant halo of Helios in a floor mosaic, El Djem, Tunisia, late 2nd century.
A solar deity is a god or goddess who represents the Sun, or an aspect of it, usually by its perceived power and strength. Solar deities and sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. The following is a list of solar deities:
Contents
[hide]
1 African mythology
2 Australian Aboriginal mythology
3 Ainu mythology
4 Arabian mythology
5 Aztec mythology
6 Baltic mythology
7 Basque mythology
8 Brazilian mythology
9 Buddhist mythology
10 Canaanite mythology
11 Celtic mythology
12 Chinese mythology
13 Egyptian mythology
14 Etruscan mythology
15 Germanic mythology
16 Greek mythology
17 Hindu mythology
18 Hittite mythology
19 Incan mythology
20 Inuit mythology
21 Japanese mythology
22 Lusitanian mythology
23 Māori mythology
24 Maya mythology
25 Mesopotamian mythology
26 Minoan mythology
27 Muisca mythology
28 Native American mythology
29 Norse mythology
30 Persian mythology
31 Polynesian mythology
32 Roman mythology
33 Sami mythology
34 Slavic mythology
35 Turkic mythology
36 Zoroastrianism
37 Zunism
38 References
African mythology[edit]
Anyanwu, Igbo god believed to dwell in the sun
Magec, Tenerife god of the sun and light
Mawu, Dahomey goddess associated with the sun and the moon
Ngai, Kamba, Kikuyu and Maasai god of the sun
Australian Aboriginal mythology[edit]
Bila, cannibal sun goddess of the Adnyamathanha
Gnowee, solar goddess who searches daily for her lost son; the light of her torch is the sun
Wala, solar goddess
Wuriupranili, solar goddess whose torch is the sun
Yhi, Karraur goddess of the sun, light and creation
Ainu mythology[edit]
Chup Kamui, a lunar goddess who switched places with her brother to become goddess of the sun
Arabian mythology[edit]
Malakbel, god of the sun
Shams/Shamsun, a solar goddess exalted in Himyar and by the Sabaeans.[1][2][3][4]
Aztec mythology[edit]
Huitzilopochtli, god of the sun and war
Nanahuatzin, god of the sun
Teoyaomicqui, god of lost souls, the sun and the sixth hour of the day
Tonatiuh, god of the sun and ruler of the heavens
Xiuhtecuhtli, god of fire, day and heat
Baltic mythology[edit]
Saulė, goddess of the sun and fertility
Basque mythology[edit]
Ekhi, goddess of the sun and protector of humanity
Brazilian mythology[edit]
Meri, folk hero and god of the sun
Buddhist mythology[edit]
Marici, goddess of the heavens, sun and light
Surya, the deity of the sun (Suriya Pariththa, Suthra Pitaka, Pali canon, Theravada Buddhism)
Canaanite mythology[edit]
Shapash, goddess of the sun
Celtic mythology[edit]
Áine, Irish goddess of love, summer, wealth and sovereignty, associated with the sun and midsummer
Alaunus, Gaulish god of the sun, healing and prophecy
Belenos, Gaulish god of the sun
Gronw Pebr, Welsh figure occasionally constructed as a god of light.
Étaín, Irish sun goddess
Epona, horse deity occasionally linked with Étaín.
Grannus, god associated with spas, healing thermal and mineral springs, and the sun
Olwen, female figure often constructed as originally the Welsh sun goddess.
Sulis, British deity whose name is related to the common Proto-Indo-European word for "sun" (and thus cognate with Helios, Sól, Sol, Usil and Surya) and who retains solar imagery, as well as a domain over healing and thermal springs. Probably the de facto solar deity of the celts.
Chinese mythology[edit]
Statue of the goddess Xihe charioteering the sun, being pulled by a dragon, in Hangzhou
Doumu, sun goddess sometimes conflated with Marici.
Yuyi, the sun god
Xu Kai, the god of the sun-star
Xihe, sun goddess and mother of the ten suns
Zhulong, dragon deity of daylight.
Egyptian mythology[edit]
Bast, cat goddess associated with the sun
Horus, god of the sky whose right eye was considered to be the sun and his left the moon
Amun, creator deity sometimes identified as a sun god
Atum, the "finisher of the world" who represents the sun as it sets
Aten, god of the sun, the visible disc of the sun
Khepri, god of rebirth and the sunrise
Nefertem, god of healing and beauty, who represents the first sunlight
Ra, god of the sun
Sekhmet, goddess of war and of the sun, and sometimes plagues and creator of the desert
Sopdu, god of war and the scorching heat of the summer sun
Ptah, god of craftsmanship, the arts and fertility, sometimes said to represent the sun at night
Khnum, god of sunset
Etruscan mythology[edit]
Albina, goddess of the dawn and protector of ill-fated lovers
Thesan, goddess of the dawn, associated with new life
Usil, etruscan equivalent of Helios
Germanic mythology[edit]
Sól (Sunna)
Greek mythology[edit]
Alectrona, goddess of the morning and man's waking sense
Athena, goddess of wisdom and crafts, with solar deity characteristics
Apollo, Olympian god of light, the sun, prophecy, healing, plague, archery, music and poetry
Eos, Titan goddess of the dawn
Helios, Titan god of the sun
Hyperion, Titan god of light
Neaera, goddess of the rising sun
Phanes, protogenoi of light and life, described with "golden wings", surrounded by the signs of the Zodiac and equated with Mithras
Theia, a titan goddess associated with the sun
Zeus, the king of the gods, which is equated with Helios and has solar characteristics in some regional cults
Hindu mythology[edit]
Surya
Agni, god of fire, associated with the sun
Aryaman, god of the sun
Mitra, god of honesty, friendship, contracts, meetings and the morning sun
Ravi, god of the sun
Saranyu, goddess of the dawn
Savitr, god of the sun at sunrise and sunset
Surya, god of the sun
Ushas, the goddess of light and dawn
Hittite mythology[edit]
Arinna, goddess of the sun
Istanu, god of the sun and judgment
Incan mythology[edit]
Inti, god of the sun and patron deity of the Inca Empire
Ch'aska ("Venus") or Ch'aska Quyllur ("Venus star") was the goddess of dawn and twilight, the planet
Inuit mythology[edit]
Akycha, solar deity worshipped in Alaska
Malina, goddess of the sun found most commonly in the legends of Greenland
Japanese mythology[edit]
Amaterasu emerging out of a cave, bringing sunlight back to the universe
Amaterasu, goddess of the sun
Lusitanian mythology[edit]
Endovelicus, god of health and safety. Worshipped both as a solar deity and a chthonic one.
Neto, claimed to be both a solar and war deity.
Māori mythology[edit]
Ao, personification of daylight
Tama-nui-te-rā, personification of the sun
Maya mythology[edit]
Ah Kin, god of the sun, bringer of doubt and protector against the evils associated with darkness
Kinich Ahau, god of the sun
Hunahpu, one of the Maya Hero Twins; he transformed into the sun while his brother transformed into the moon
Tohil, god associated with thunder, lightning and sunrise
Mesopotamian mythology[edit]
Shamash, Akkadian god of the sun and justice
Utu, Sumerian god of the sun and justice
Minoan mythology[edit]
A solar goddess of some sort, possibly the Snake Goddess.[5][6]
Muisca mythology[edit]
Sué, Muisca god of the Sun and husband of Chía; the Moon
Native American mythology[edit]
Wi, Lakota god of the sun
Norse mythology[edit]
Baldr, god associated with light, beauty, love and happiness
Dagr, personification of the daytime
Freyr, god of fertility, sexuality, peace and sunlight
Sól, de facto solar goddess.
Persian mythology[edit]
Nahundi, god of the sun and law
Polynesian mythology[edit]
Atanua, Marquesan goddess of the dawn
Atarapa, goddess of the dawn
Roman mythology[edit]
Apollo, the Greco-Roman god of light, music, knowledge, and the sun
Aurora, goddess of dawn
Sol
Sami mythology[edit]
Beiwe, goddess of the sun, spring, fertility and sanity
Slavic mythology[edit]
Belobog, reconstructed deity of light and the sun who may or may not have been worshipped by pagan Slavs
Dažbog, god of the sun
Hors, god of the sun
Radegast, god of hospitality, fertility and crops, associated with war and the sun, who may or may not have been worshipped by pagan Slavs
Zorya, two daughters of Dažbog
Zorya Utrennyaya, the morning star, who opens the palace gates each dawn for the sun-chariot's departure
Zorya Vechernyaya, the evening star, who closes the palace gates each night after the sun-chariot's return
Turkic mythology[edit]
Gun Ana, Turkic solar goddess.
Koyash, god of the sun
Zoroastrianism[edit]
Hvare-khshaeta, the sun yazata.
Zunism[edit]
The Zunbil dynasty and the subjects of Zabulistan worshipped the sun, which they called Zun. They believed that the sun was the god of justice, the force of good in the world and, consequently, the being that drove out the darkness and allowed man to live another day.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ J. F. Breton (Trans. Albert LaFarge), Arabia Felix From The Time Of The Queen Of Sheba, Eighth Century B.C. To First Century A.D., 1998, University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame (IN), pp. 119-120.
Jump up ^ Julian Baldick (1998). Black God. Syracuse University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0815605226.
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, 1999 - 1181 páginas
Jump up ^ J. Ryckmans, "South Arabia, Religion Of", in D. N. Freedman (Editor-in-Chief), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992, Volume 6, op. cit., p. 172
Jump up ^ Evidence of Minoan Astronomy and Calendrical Practises
Jump up ^ Marinatos, Nanno. Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine (2013).
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Bell pepper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bell pepper
Red, yellow and green bell peppers
Species
Capsicum annuum
Heat
Mild
Scoville scale
0-25 SHU
The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper or pepper in the United Kingdom, Canada and Ireland, and capsicum /ˈkæpsɪkəm/[1] in Australia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore and New Zealand) is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum.[2] Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow, orange, green, chocolate/brown, vanilla/white, and purple. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as "sweet peppers". The whitish ribs and seeds inside bell peppers may be consumed, but some people find the taste to be bitter.[3]
Peppers are native to Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Pepper seeds were imported to Spain in 1493, and from there spread to other European, African, and Asian countries. Today, China is the world's largest pepper producer, followed by Mexico and Indonesia.
Ideal growing conditions for bell peppers include warm soil, ideally 21 to 29 °C (70 to 84 °F), that is kept moist but not waterlogged.[4] Bell peppers are sensitive to an abundance of moisture and extreme temperatures.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Colors
3 Nutritional value
4 Production
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
Nomenclature[edit]
The misleading name "pepper" was given by Europeans when Christopher Columbus brought the plant back to Europe.[5] At that time, black pepper (peppercorns), from the unrelated plant Piper nigrum originating from India, was a highly prized condiment; the name "pepper" was at that time applied in Europe to all known spices with a hot and pungent taste and was therefore naturally extended to the newly discovered Capsicum genus. The most commonly used alternative name of the plant family, "chile", is of Mexican origin, from the Nahuatl word chilli. Botanically speaking, bell peppers are fruits; however, they are correctly considered vegetables in culinary contexts.
The bell pepper is the only member of the Capsicum genus that does not produce capsaicin,[6] a lipophilic chemical that can cause a strong burning sensation when it comes in contact with mucous membranes. The lack of capsaicin in bell peppers is due to a recessive form of a gene that eliminates capsaicin and, consequently, the "hot" taste usually associated with the rest of the Capsicum genus.[7] This recessive gene is overwritten in the Mexibelle pepper, a hybrid variety of bell pepper that produces small amounts of capsaicin (and is thus mildly pungent). Sweet pepper cultivars produce non pungent capsaicinoids,[8] with many physiological effects similar to the more pungent sister compound capsaican.[9]
The terms "bell pepper" (US), "pepper" (UK), and "capsicum" (Pakistan, India, Australia, and New Zealand) are often used for any of the large bell shaped vegetables, regardless of their color. In British and Canadian English, the vegetable is simply referred to as a "pepper", or additionally by color (as in the term "green pepper", for example), whereas in the United States and Malaysia, they are usually referred to as "bell peppers". In parts of the U.S. Midwest, bell peppers are called "mangoes."[10] Canadian English uses both "bell pepper" and "pepper" interchangeably.
In some languages, the term "paprika", which has its roots in the word for pepper, is used for both the spice and the fruit – sometimes referred to by their color (e.g., "groene paprika", "gele paprika", in Dutch, which are green and yellow, respectively). The bell pepper is called "パプリカ" (papurika) or "ピーマン" (piiman, from Portuguese pimentão) in Japan.[11] In Switzerland, the fruit is mostly called "peperone", which is the Italian name of the fruit. In France, it is called "poivron", with the same root as "poivre" (meaning "pepper") or "piment". In Spain it is called "pimiento", which would be the masculine form of the traditional spice, "pimienta". In South Korea, the word "피망" (pimang from the Japanese "ピーマン" (piiman)) refers to green bell peppers, whereas "파프리카" (papeurika from paprika) refers to bell peppers of other colors. In Sri Lanka, (only) the fruit used as a vegetable is called "maalu miris".
Colors[edit]
Peppers in five colors (Banana peppers are second from the left)
The most common colors of bell peppers are green, yellow, orange and red. More rarely, brown, white, lavender, and dark purple peppers can be seen, depending on the variety. Most typically, unripe fruits are green or, less commonly, pale yellow or purple. Red bell peppers are simply ripened green peppers,[12] although the Permagreen variety maintains its green color even when fully ripe. Green peppers are less sweet and slightly more bitter than yellow or orange peppers, with red bell peppers being the sweetest. The taste of ripe peppers can also vary with growing conditions and post-harvest storage treatment; the sweetest fruits are allowed to ripen fully on the plant in full sunshine, while fruit harvested green and after-ripened in storage is less sweet.[citation needed]
Nutritional value[edit]
Peppers, sweet, green, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
84 kJ (20 kcal)
Carbohydrates
4.64 g
Sugars
2.4 g
Dietary fiber
1.8 g
Fat
0.17 g
Protein
0.86 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein zeaxanthin
(2%)
18 μg
(2%)
208 μg
341 μg
Thiamine (B1)
(5%)
0.057 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
(2%)
0.028 mg
Niacin (B3)
(3%)
0.48 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
(2%)
0.099 mg
Vitamin B6
(17%)
0.224 mg
Folate (B9)
(3%)
10 μg
Vitamin C
(97%)
80.4 mg
Vitamin E
(2%)
0.37 mg
Vitamin K
(7%)
7.4 μg
Minerals
Calcium
(1%)
10 mg
Iron
(3%)
0.34 mg
Magnesium
(3%)
10 mg
Manganese
(6%)
0.122 mg
Phosphorus
(3%)
20 mg
Potassium
(4%)
175 mg
Sodium
(0%)
3 mg
Zinc
(1%)
0.13 mg
Other constituents
Fluoride
2 µg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Capsicum peppers are rich sources of antioxidants and vitamin C. The level of carotene, like lycopene, is nine times higher in red peppers. Red peppers have twice the vitamin C content of green peppers.[13]
Red and green bell peppers are high in para-coumaric acid.
The characteristic aroma of green peppers is caused by 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP). Its detection threshold in water is estimated to be 2 ng/L.[14] The same chemical is responsible for characteristic Cabernet Sauvignon green note.
Production[edit]
Bell and Chili pepper production (metric tons)[15]
Country
2004
2005
2006
2007
China 12,031,031 12,530,180 13,031,000 14,033,000
Mexico 1,431,258 1,617,264 1,681,277 1,690,000
Indonesia 1,100,514 1,058,023 1,100,000 1,100,000
Turkey 1,700,000 1,829,000 1,842,175 1,090,921
Spain 1,077,025 1,063,501 1,074,100 1,065,000
United States 978,890 959,070 998,210 855,870
Nigeria 720,000 721,000 721,500 723,000
Egypt 467,433 460,000 470,000 475,000
South Korea 410,281 395,293 352,966 345,000
Netherlands 318,000 345,000 318,000 340,000
Romania 237,240 203,751 279,126 280,000
Ghana 270,000 270,000 277,000 279,000
Italy 362,430 362,994 345,152 252,194
Tunisia 255,000 256,000 256,000 250,000
Algeria 265,307 248,614 275,888 233,000
Hungary 126,133 113,371 206,419 207,000
Morocco 182,340 190,480 235,570 192,000
Serbia* 159,741 167,477 177,255 150,257
Japan 153,400 154,000 146,900 150,000
Israel 129,100 134,700 150,677 136,000
World 24,587,124 25,261,259 26,252,907 26,056,900
Note: Serbia before 2006 included Montenegro
Gallery[edit]
Orange bell pepper
A variety of colored bell peppers
A whole and halved red bell pepper
A whole purple pepper
Red bell peppers
Japanese green pepper
Green, yellow and red peppers
Quadrato d'Asti Giallo bell pepper flower
Secondary fruit growing inside a capsicum annuum
Red bell pepper as decoration
Yellow bell pepper plant
Green bell pepper plant
Bell Pepper with Cyclamen Mite damage
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bell pepper.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Bell Pepper
List of Capsicum cultivars
Paprika
Scoville scale
Stuffed peppers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, p. 123, ISBN 9781405881180
Jump up ^ Pharmacognosy and Health Benefits of Capsicum Peppers (Bell Peppers)
Jump up ^ http://www.livestrong.com/article/447429-should-i-eat-a-raw-bell-pepper/
Jump up ^ "Growing Peppers: The Important Facts". GardenersGardening.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Medicinal Plants of the Southwest". medplant.nmsu.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.chiliwonders.com/chili.scoville.htm
Jump up ^ "The World's Healthiest Foods". Archived from the original on 8 February 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Macho, Antonio; Lucena, Concepción; Sancho, Rocio; Daddario, Nives; Minassi, Alberto; Muñoz, Eduardo; Appendino, Giovanni (2003-02-01). "Non-pungent capsaicinoids from sweet pepper". European Journal of Nutrition. 42 (1): 2–9. doi:10.1007/s00394-003-0394-6. ISSN 1436-6207.
Jump up ^ Josse, Andrea R; Sherriffs, Scott S; Holwerda, Andrew M; Andrews, Richard; Staples, Aaron W; Phillips, Stuart M (2010-08-03). "Effects of capsinoid ingestion on energy expenditure and lipid oxidation at rest and during exercise". Nutrition & Metabolism. 7: 65. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-65. ISSN 1743-7075. PMC 2922296  . PMID 20682072.
Jump up ^ "Dictionary of American Regional English". Retrieved 10 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Azhar Ali Farooqi; B. S. Sreeramu; K. N. Srinivasappa (2005). Cultivation of Spice Crops. Universities Press. pp. 336–. ISBN 978-81-7371-521-1. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vegetable of the Month: Bell Pepper". CDC Fruit & Vegetable of the Month. Archived from the original on 3 January 2003. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ University of the District of Columbia. "Peppers" (PDF). Center for Nutrition, Diet and Health. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Dominique Roujou de Boubee, School of Oenology, University of Bordeaux II. "Research on 2-methoxy-3-isoButylpyrazine in Grapes and Wine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Table 64—World bell and chili peppers: Production 1990–2007". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
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Divergent boundary
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Continental-continental divergent/constructive boundary
In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts which eventually become rift valleys. Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges. Divergent boundaries also form volcanic islands which occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which molten lava rises to fill.
Current research indicates that complex convection within the Earth's mantle allows material to rise to the base of the lithosphere beneath each divergent plate boundary.[1] This supplies the area with vast amounts of heat and a reduction in pressure that melts rock from the asthenosphere (or upper mantle) beneath the rift area forming large flood basalt or lava flows. Each eruption occurs in only a part of the plate boundary at any one time, but when it does occur, it fills in the opening gap as the two opposing plates move away from each other.
Over millions of years, tectonic plates may move many hundreds of kilometers away from both sides of a divergent plate boundary. Because of this, rocks closest to a boundary are younger than rocks further away on the same plate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Examples
3 Other plate boundary types
4 See also
5 References
Description[edit]
Bridge across the Álfagjá rift valley in southwest Iceland, that is part of the boundary between the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates.
At divergent boundaries, two plates move away from each other and the space that this creates is filled with new crustal material sourced from molten magma that forms below. The origin of new divergent boundaries at triple junctions is sometimes thought to be associated with the phenomenon known as hotspots. Here, exceedingly large convective cells bring very large quantities of hot asthenospheric material near the surface and the kinetic energy is thought to be sufficient to break apart the lithosphere. The hot spot which may have initiated the Mid-Atlantic Ridge system currently underlies Iceland which is widening at a rate of a few centimeters per year.
Divergent boundaries are typified in the oceanic lithosphere by the rifts of the oceanic ridge system, including the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise, and in the continental lithosphere by rift valleys such as the famous East African Great Rift Valley. Divergent boundaries can create massive fault zones in the oceanic ridge system. Spreading is generally not uniform, so where spreading rates of adjacent ridge blocks are different, massive transform faults occur. These are the fracture zones, many bearing names, that are a major source of submarine earthquakes. A sea floor map will show a rather strange pattern of blocky structures that are separated by linear features perpendicular to the ridge axis. If one views the sea floor between the fracture zones as conveyor belts carrying the ridge on each side of the rift away from the spreading center the action becomes clear. Crest depths of the old ridges, parallel to the current spreading center, will be older and deeper... (from thermal contraction and subsidence).[citation needed]
It is at mid-ocean ridges that one of the key pieces of evidence forcing acceptance of the seafloor spreading hypothesis was found. Airborne geomagnetic surveys showed a strange pattern of symmetrical magnetic reversals on opposite sides of ridge centers. The pattern was far too regular to be coincidental as the widths of the opposing bands were too closely matched. Scientists had been studying polar reversals and the link was made by Lawrence W. Morley, Frederick John Vine and Drummond Hoyle Matthews in the Morley–Vine–Matthews hypothesis. The magnetic banding directly corresponds with the Earth's polar reversals. This was confirmed by measuring the ages of the rocks within each band. The banding furnishes a map in time and space of both spreading rate and polar reversals.
Examples[edit]
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Red Sea Rift
Baikal Rift Zone
East African Rift
East Pacific Rise
Gakkel Ridge
Galapagos Rise
Explorer Ridge
Juan de Fuca Ridge
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
West Antarctic Rift
Great Rift Valley
Other plate boundary types[edit]
Convergent boundary
Transform boundary
See also[edit]
Seafloor spreading
Continental drift
Subduction zone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Toshiro Tanimoto, Thorne Lay (November 7, 2000). "Mantle dynamics and seismic tomography". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (23): 12409–10. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712409T. doi:10.1073/pnas.210382197. PMC 34063  . PMID 11035784.
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text:
Love Yourself: Tear
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Love Yourself 轉 'Tear'
Studio album by BTS
Released
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)[1]
Genre
Hip hop[2]
alt-R&B[2]
EDM[2]
pop[2]
K-pop[3]
Length
43:59
Language
Korean
Label
Big Hit Entertainment
IRIVER[4]
Producer
Pdogg
BTS chronology
Face Yourself
(2018) Love Yourself 轉 'Tear'
(2018) Love Yourself: Answer
(2018)
Y.O.U.R versions
Physical album artwork
Top row: Versions "Y" and "O"
Bottom row: Versions "U" and "R"
Singles from Love Yourself: Tear
"Fake Love"
Released: May 18, 2018
Love Yourself 轉 'Tear' (stylized as LOVE YOURSELF 轉 'Tear') is the third Korean studio album (sixth overall) by South Korean boy band BTS. The album was released on May 18, 2018 by Big Hit Entertainment. It is available in four versions and contains eleven tracks, with "Fake Love" as its lead single. The concept album explores themes relating to the pains and sorrows of separation.[5] It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, becoming BTS' highest-charting album in a Western market, as well as the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart and the highest-charting album by an Asian act.[6]
Contents
1 Background and release
2 Promotion
3 Critical reception
4 Commercial performance
5 Track listing
6 Charts
7 Certifications
8 Release history
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background and release[edit]
Love Yourself: Tear was first announced on April 16, 2018, following the release of a nine-minute short film entitled "Euphoria: Theme of Love Yourself 起 Wonder" on April 5.[7] The video included a new single, also named "Euphoria", recorded as a solo by member Jungkook. The song was produced by DJ Swivel, Candace Nicole Sosa, Melanie Fontana, Bang Si-hyuk, Supreme Boi, Adora, and BTS' leader RM, and was complimented for its synth-pop style and tropical house elements.[8] Tear was designed as a follow-up to BTS' 2017 EP Love Yourself: Her, with "Euphoria" serving to connect the two releases.[9][10]
On May 6, the trailer for the album, featuring a new song entitled "Singularity", was released.[11] The neo-soul solo was performed by member V, and serves as the intro track for the album.[12] "Singularity" was produced by British composer Charlie J. Perry, with lyrics also provided by RM.[13] The trailer was commended for its sensual, dream-like atmosphere, use of symbolism and contrast, and charismatic performance by V.[14][13] The song itself received compliments for its haunting tune, jazz elements, and themes of desperation,[15] with V garnering praise for his rich, expressive voice and quiet, confident delivery.[16] Promotional concept photos presenting four different themes were released on May 8, for the "O" and "R" versions,[17][18] and May 10 for the "Y" and "U" versions.[19] The official track list of eleven songs was released on May 13, revealing a second collaboration with Steve Aoki, as well as a track titled "Airplane pt.2", said to be an extension of J-Hope's song "Airplane" from his mixtape Hope World.[20][21]
On May 14, the first video teaser for what was revealed to be the first single, "Fake Love", was released via Big Hit's official YouTube channel.[22] The song has been described as "an emo, hip hop genre track with a grunge rock guitar sound & groovy trap beat that creates an odd gloominess", and lyrics that "clearly represent the theme of the album by realizing that a love that was thought to be fated was actually a lie".[23] The Billboard Music Awards released a short, sneak peek clip from the music video on May 15, which showed part of the new choreography and teased a line from the song's chorus, "I'm so sick of this fake love".[24][25] Big Hit released the second and final video teaser on May 16.[26] On May 18, the album was released, along with the music video for "Fake Love".[27]
Promotion[edit]
On May 18, 2018, two hours prior to the album's release, a "Comeback Preview Show" was broadcast live from Los Angeles on Naver's V LIVE broadcasting site featuring BTS discussing the new music. It garnered over 3.3 million viewers.[28] "Fake Love" made its worldwide television debut on May 20, when BTS performed it live at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards.[29] This marked the first time that a Korean music act performed at the award show.[30]
As was previously done for Love Yourself: Her, a special "BTS Comeback Show", hosted by Mnet, was broadcast live worldwide on May 24, featuring performances of "Fake Love" and several B-side songs from the album. The group revealed behind the scenes images of comeback preparations and presented a special video specifically for their fans. The show was broadcast simultaneously online via Mnet Japan, YouTube, Facebook and Joox.[31][32] BTS also performed "Fake Love" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on May 25, marking their second appearance on the program.[33][34]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 74/100[35]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [36]
The Guardian [37]
IZM [38]
Pitchfork 7.1/10[39]
Rolling Stone [40]
Spin 8/10[41]
The 405 7/10[42]
Love Yourself: Tear received positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 74, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[43] Neil Z. Yeung from AllMusic gave the album four stars out of five stating that "stylish and yearning, Love Yourself: Tear is BTS at a polished and focused peak, cohesive enough to feel like it was conceived in one particular period rather than cobbled together like some of their previous releases".[44] Blanca Méndez of Spin stated that "whereas the first installment of the series seemed uneasy and disjointed in its span of styles, Love Yourself: Tear's genre-hopping sounds like the group is simply having a good time".[45] Sheldon Pearce of Pitchfork wrote that the album "formula is a slick, loosely thematic album about love and loss, with a stronger focus on rapping than ever before" and that "Tear aims for cohesion and produces fun, prismatic songs in the process."[46] Jess Lau of The 405 noted that "Love Yourself: Tear shows off each individual member's qualities fairly and acts as a well-structured introduction to a wider global audience that is all too eager to pick out negatives".[47] Elias Leight from Rolling Stone stated that "BTS' Love Yourself: Tear is K-Pop with genre-hopping panache" and noted that "throughout it all, the members of BTS affect melodic sincerity, singing with intensity and melisma, rapping in tones that show their effort and strain, as if caring never went out of style".[40] Caitlin Kelley from Billboard described the album as "one of their most thematically cohesive yet sonically varied albums, with maximalist production erupting against lyrics about emptiness".[48]
Crystal Tai of the South China Morning Post said, "On Love Yourself: Tear, the band also known as the Bangtan Boys, reveal that they are boys no longer, instead embracing a mature sound that is as dark as it is real".[49] Jeff Benjamin from Fuse TV pointed out that "while the lead-up to the album release saw BTS shifting expectations for Korean-pop acts, the music itself positions them away from any dismissive boy band or pop star labels".[50] Hong Dam-young of The Korea Herald revealed "BTS' focus has always been on connecting with listeners and using its members' own stories as leverage. And the group has not deviated from that in its new album Love Yourself: Tear" describing, "Musically, the fully packed 11-track album is admirable, as it seamlessly shifts between genres ranging from emo hip hop and Latin pop to pop ballads. Unlike the group’s previous socially conscious hip-hop works, Love Yourself: Tear is overtaken by dark tunes and complexed feelings of love" adding that, "The key factor behind the album's explosive success doesn't lie solely on its musical versatility and extravagance, but also in its overarching message: What truly matters is to deliver messages that can truly touch a listener's heart".[51]
Alexis Petridis of The Guardian, however, gave the album a mixed review, writing that "on the plus side, they're very good at ballads, performing them with a breathy intensity that's genuinely affecting and powerful..." but "there is also stuff that you struggle to recall the second it finishes: in one ear and out the other it goes, leaving no recognisable trace. It's not that it's overly saccharine, which is the charge regularly levelled at K-pop; it's just commonplace". Petridis pointed out that "the phenomenon of BTS seems more interesting than the music at its centre, although Love Yourself: Tear is certainly good enough to keep the phenomenon moving smoothly".[52]
Commercial performance[edit]
Between April 18 and 25, 2018, the first six days of the pre-order period for Love Yourself: Tear, IRIVER reported that the album had sold more than 1.44 million copies domestically,[53] surpassing its predecessor Love Yourself: Her as the most pre-ordered album in Korea, and making BTS the first K-pop group to have two consecutive albums exceed one million pre-orders.[54] On May 24, news media revealed updated numbers showing that pre-orders had actually crossed 1.5 million copies.[55] This record was eventually suprassed in July 2018 by BTS' own album Love Yourself: Answer, with a difference of about 62,000 copies.[56] After its release, Love Yourself Tear sold over one million copies during its first week, around 250,000 copies more than Love Yourself: Her, with BTS becoming the first K-pop artist to achieve this on the Hanteo chart since its inception in 1993, and making them true "double million sellers" (pure, without repackage).[57]
On May 27, 2018, the album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, earning 135,000 album-equivalent units (including 100,000 pure album sales), becoming BTS' highest-charting album in the US, as well as the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart, and the highest-charting album by an Asian act.[58][59] It is also the highest sales week for both BTS and a Korean act in the United States, and the first album primarily in a non-English language to top the Billboard 200 since Il Divo with Ancora in 2006.[60] As of July 2018, according to Nielsen Music's Mid-Year Report, Love Yourself: Tear is the ninth best-selling album of 2018 in the United States.[61]
In South Korea, the album sold 1,664,041 copies in its first two weeks, making it the highest monthly sales for an album since the Gaon Chart's inception.[62] The record was previously held by BTS' own EP Love Yourself: Her.[63]
The album has sold over 100,000 copies since its Japanese release, becoming the first of BTS' Korean-language discography to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan in August 2018.[64]
Track listing[edit]
Credits adapted from the Korean Broadcasting System's approval for public broadcasting and the liner notes of the physical album.[65][66]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Intro: Singularity"
Charlie J. Perry
RM
Charlie J. Perry
3:14
2. "Fake Love"
Pdogg
"hitman" bang
RM
Pdogg
4:02
3. "전하지 못한 진심" (featuring Steve Aoki) (Jeonhaji mot-han jinsim / The Truth Untold)
Steve Aoki
Roland Spreckley
Jake Torrey
Noah Conrad
Annika Wells
RM
Slow Rabbit
Steve Aoki 4:02
4. "134340"
Pdogg
ADORA
Bobby Chung
RM
Martin Luke Brown
Orla Gartland
SUGA
j-hope
Pdogg
3:49
5. "낙원" (Nagwon / Paradise)
lophiile
MNEK
RM
Song Jae-kyung
SUGA
j-hope
lophiile
3:30
6. "Love Maze"
Pdogg
DJ Swivel
Candace Nicole Sosa
RM
SUGA
j-hope
Bobby Chung
ADORA
Pdogg 3:40
7. "Magic Shop"
Jungkook
Hiss noise
RM
DJ Swivel
Candace Nicole Sosa
ADORA
j-hope
SUGA
Jungkook
Hiss noise
ADORA
4:36
8. "Airplane pt. 2"
Pdogg
RM
Ali Tamposi
Liza Owens
Roman Campolo
"hitman" bang
SUGA
j-hope
Pdogg 3:39
9. "Anpanman"
Pdogg
Supreme Boi
"hitman" bang
RM
SUGA
Jinbo
Pdogg 3:54
10. "So What"
Pdogg
"hitman" bang
ADORA
RM
SUGA
j-hope
Pdogg 4:44
11. "Outro: Tear"
DOCSKIM
Shin Myung-soo
SUGA
RM
j-hope
DOCSKIM 4:45
Total length: 43:59
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[67]
6
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[68]
5
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[69]
6
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[70]
18
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[71]
2
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[72]
16
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[73]
6
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[74]
4
French Albums (SNEP)[75]
45
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[76]
17
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[77]
23
Irish Albums (IRMA)[78]
8
Italian Albums (FIMI)[79]
34
Japan Hot Albums (Billboard)[80]
1
Japan (Oricon Albums Chart)[81]
3
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[82]
7
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[83]
5
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[84]
2
Scottish Albums (OCC)[85]
11
Slovak Albums (ČNS IFPI)[86]
32
South Korean Albums (Gaon)[87]
1
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[88]
18
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[89]
6
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[90]
8
UK Albums (OCC)[91]
8
US Billboard 200[60]
1
US Independent Albums (Billboard)[92]
1
US World Albums (Billboard)[93]
1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
South Korea (KMCA)[94]
Million 1,000,000^
Japan (RIAJ)[95]
Gold 100,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
South Korea
May 18, 2018
CD
digital download
Big Hit Entertainment
IRIVER[4]
United States
Japan
Big Hit Entertainment
IRIVER
Universal Music Japan[96]
Worldwide
Digital download Big Hit Entertainment
See also[edit]
List of best-selling albums in South Korea
List of K-pop songs on the Billboard charts
List of K-pop albums on the Billboard charts
List of Gaon Album Chart number ones of 2018
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hicap, Jonah (April 20, 2018). "BTS' new album Love Yourself: Tear tops Amazon's pre-orders". Metro. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Herweck, Nate (May 18, 2018). "BTS Drop "Fake Love" Video With New Album 'Love Yourself: Tear'". Grammys. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Leight, Elias (May 18, 2018). "Review: BTS' 'Love Yourself: Tear' Is K-Pop With Genre-Hopping Panache". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "방탄소년단 - LOVE YOURSELF 轉 'TEAR' (Y.O.U.R 4종 중 랜덤 발송)". Synnara (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "K-pop act BTS to drop 3rd studio album next month: agency". Yonhap News Agency. April 16, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Rebecca (May 27, 2018). "BTS become first K-Pop band to ever reach number one on Billboard 200". Metro UK. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herweck, Nate (April 17, 2018). "BTS Announce New Album 'Love Yourself: Tear' Out in May". Grammys. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (April 5, 2018). "BTS Tease Next Album In 'Love Yourself' Series With 'Euphoria' Theme Video". Billboard. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Samarosa, Val (April 17, 2018). "BTS Reveal New Album "Love Yourself: Tear" Will Be Released in May". iHeartRadio. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (April 16, 2018). "BTS Announce New Full-Length Album 'Love Yourself: Tear' To Be Released in May". Billboard. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ BTS (방탄소년단) LOVE YOURSELF 轉 Tear 'Singularity' Comeback Trailer (Video) (in Korean). YouTube: Big Hit Entertainment. May 6, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hyeonmin, Hong (April 7, 2018). ""컴백 초읽기"…방탄소년단 뷔, 컴백 트레일러 주인공 [공식]". 일간스포츠 (in Korean). Retrieved April 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Min-ki (May 7, 2018). "방탄소년단 컴백 트레일러, 뷔의 몽환적 매력" [BTS comeback trailer, dreamy charm of V]. Newsen (in Korean). Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hyeonmin, Hong (April 7, 2018). "방탄소년단(BTS), 새 앨범 인트로는 뷔? 'Singularity' 컴백 트레일러 기습공개 '몽환+섹시'" [BTS, new album intro by V? 'Singularity' comeback trailer show off 'dreamy + sexy']. Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (April 6, 2018). "BTS' V Reveals Haunting New Song 'Singularity' Ahead of 'Love Yourself: Tear' Album Release: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "BTS 'Love Yourself: Tear' Review". Spin. May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Park, So Young (May 9, 2018). "[Oh!쎈 컷] 방탄소년단 is 뭔들..청청 or 흑백 新 콘셉트 포토". Osen (in Korean). Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (May 8, 2018). "BTS Release 'Love Yourself: Tear' Album Promo Images". Billboard. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kim, Mi Ji (May 9, 2018). "'컴백 D-7' 방탄소년단, 콘셉트포토 Y-U 버전 공개" [BTS 'D-7 Comeback', Y-U Version Concept Photo Released]. xsportsnews (in Korean). Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "방탄소년단, 정규 3집 트랙리스트 전격 공개..11곡 수록" [BTS unveiled the 3rd album's tracklist.. 11 tracks]. Osen (in Korean). May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Iasimone, Ashley (May 13, 2018). "BTS Reveal 'Love Yourself: Tear' Track List". Billboard. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (May 14, 2018). "BTS Confirm 'Fake Love' Single With New Teaser Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jung, Da-hoon (May 14, 2018). "컴백 D-3 방탄소년단, 정규 3집 타이틀곡 'FAKE LOVE' 드디어 베일 벗다" [Comeback D-3 BTS, The title track of the third full album, 'FAKE LOVE', is finally unveiled]. SEDaily (in Korean). Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gemmill, Allie (May 16, 2018). "BTS Released a Sneak Peek of New Music Video "Fake Love" Ahead of Billboard Music Awards". Teen Vogue. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hwang, Ji Young (May 16, 2018). "[뮤직IS] "아련한 안무" 방탄소년단, 빌보드 시상식 리허설 포착" [[Music IS] "Sleek Choreography" BTS, Billboard Awards Ceremony, Rehearsal Capture]. Daily Sports (in Korean). Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (May 16, 2018). "BTS Share Second 'Fake Love' Teaser Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Herman, Tamar (May 18, 2018). "BTS Release Captivating 'Fake Love' Music Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Emma (May 18, 2018). "BTS explain what Love Yourself: Tear is all about in comeback preview show". Metro. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lealos, Shawn S (April 28, 2018). "Complete list of 2018 Billboard Music Awards performers: BTS, Shawn Mendes, Dua Lipa and more". AXS. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cirisano, Tatiana (May 20, 2018). "BTS Wins Top Social Artist Award at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards". Billboard. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "[공식입장] 방탄소년단, 24일 엠넷 '컴백쇼' 확정..전세계 동시 생중계" [[OFFICIAL STATEMENT] BTS confirms Mnet "Comeback show" on May 24th..Live worldwide]. Osen (in Korean). May 9, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jeong, GaYoung (May 9, 2018). "방탄소년단, 24일 엠넷 '컴백쇼' 확정…전세계 동시 생중계" [BTS, Confirmed May 24th 'Comeback Show'... Simultaneous live broadcasting worldwide]. sportsworldi (in Korean). Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bitran, Tara (May 1, 2018). "NSYNC, BTS, U2's Bono and The Edge Heading to 'Ellen'". Variety. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (May 25, 2018). "BTS Drive the Studio Audience Crazy Performing 'Fake Love' & 'Airplane Pt. 2' on 'Ellen': Watch". Billboard. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Love Yourself: Tear By BTS Reviews And Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Yeung, Neil Z. "Love Yourself: Tear – BTS | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petridis, Alex (May 18, 2018). "BTS: Love Yourself: Tear review – K-pop's biggest band keep ploughing on". The Guardian. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "방탄소년단 (BTS) – Love Yourself 轉 'Tear': Album Review". IZM (in Korean). Retrieved May 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pearce, Sheldon (May 24, 2018). "BTS: Love Yourself 轉 'Tear', Album Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Leight, Elias (May 18, 2018). "Review: BTS' 'Love Yourself: Tear' Is K-Pop With Genre-Hopping Panache". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Méndez, Blanca (May 18, 2018). "BTS 'Love Yourself:Tear' Review". Spin. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lau, Jess (May 29, 2018). "Review: K-pop boy band leaders BTS remain consistent on Love Yourself: Tear Review". The 405. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Love Yourself: Tear". Metacritic. May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Yeung, Neil. "Love Yourself: Tear - BTS | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Méndez, Blanca (May 18, 2018). "BTS' Love Yourself: Tear Finds the Harmony in Genre-Hopping". Spin. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pearce, Sheldon (May 24, 2018). "BTS: Love Yourself 轉 'Tear' Album Review | Pitchfork". Pitchfork. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lau, Jess (May 29, 2018). "Review: K-pop boy band leaders BTS remain consistent on Love Yourself: Tear". The 405. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The 50 Best Albums of 2018 (So Far): Critics' Picks". Billboard. June 5, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tai, Crystal (May 21, 2018). "BTS album review- K-pop giants' sound matures and darkens on Love Yourself: Tear". South China Morning Post. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benjamin, Jeff (May 18, 2018). "BTS Get Global, Darker With 'Love Yourself: Tear' Album Release". Fuse.TV. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hong, Dam-young (May 23, 2018). "[Album review] BTS' new album shows what truly matters". The Korea Herald. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petridis, Alexis (May 18, 2018). "BTS: Love Yourself: Tear review – K-pop's biggest band keep ploughing on". The Guardian. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lee, Eun-jin (April 26, 2018). "방탄소년단, 새 앨범 선주문 144만장 돌파... '역대 최고' 기록 갱신" [Bts Tops 1.44 Million Copies of Their New Album... 'Best in History']. TenAsia (in Korean). Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "방탄소년단, 새 앨범 선주문 144만장 돌파..더블 밀리언셀러" [BTS, 1.44 Million Copies of New Album Pre-Ordered.. Double Million Seller]. Osen (in Korean). April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Yu, Byung-cheol (May 25, 2018). "'독보적 음반킹' 방탄소년단, LOVE YOURSELF 轉 'Tear' 초동 100만장 돌파" [‘Unrivalled album king’ BTS, LOVE YOURSELF 轉 ‘Tear’]. Korea Economy TV (in Korean). Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chyung, Eun-ju (July 25, 2018). "Preorders for BTS' new album top 1.5m in Korea". The Korea Herald. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Yu, Byung-cheol (May 24, 2018). "[단독] 방탄소년단, 새 앨범 초동 판매량으로 밀리언셀러 '기염'" [BTS new album LOVE YOURSELF TEAR 轉 surpass 1 million sales during the 1st week]. CBS Uncut News (in Korean). Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ McIntyre, Hugh (May 27, 2018). "BTS Debut New Album 'Love Yourself: Tear' At No.1, Becoming The First K-Pop Act To Do So". Forbes. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Leight, Elias (May 27, 2018). "On the Charts: BTS Become First K-Pop Act To Reach Number One". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Caulfield, Keith (May 27, 2018). "BTS Earns First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Love Yourself: Tear'". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rolli, Bryan (July 16, 2018). "BTS Announce New Album 'Love Yourself: Answer' For August Release". Forbes. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kim, Ji-ji (June 8, 2018). "방탄소년단, 166만 장 판매로 5월 가온앨범차트 1위" [BTS sold 1.66 million copies in May]. Xportsnews (in Korean). Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cho, Yoo-sun (June 8, 2018). "역시 방탄소년단!…14일 만에 166만장 돌파 '大기록'" [Also BTS!… 16.6 million in 14 days Breakthrough 'Great record']. Sports Chosun (in Korean). Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sung, Ji-eun (August 11, 2018). "BTS' 'Love Yourself: Tear' goes gold in Japan". Korea JoonAng Daily. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Music Info". kbs.ko.kr. Korean Broadcasting System. May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Love Yourself: Tear (CD booklet). BTS. South Korea: Big Hit Entertainment. 2018.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2336681%3B 'Tear'". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2336681%3B 'Tear'" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2336681%3B 'Tear'" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2336681%3B 'Tear'" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "BTS Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 201821 on the field besides the word "Zobrazit", and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2336681%3B 'Tear'" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "BTS: Love Yourself: Tear" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums – SNEP (Week 21, 2018)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – BTS – Love Yourself 轉 'Tear'" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 2018. 21. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Irish Albums Chart: 25 May 2018". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Album – Classifica settimanale WK 21 (dal 2018-05-18 al 2018-05-24)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Japan Hot Albums Charts". Billboard JAPAN (in Japanese). Retrieved May 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Oricon Albums Chart – June 11, 2018". Oricon (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Album - Semanal (del 22 al 28 de junio 2018)" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. May 28, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Topp 40 Album uke 21, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SK Albums Top 100" (in Czech). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gaon Album Chart – Week 20, 2018". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albumes – Semana 25: del 15.6.2018 al 21.6.2018" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 25, 2018. Click on "Veckans albumlista".
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – BTS – Love Yourself %26%2336681%3B 'Tear'". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "BTS Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (May 27, 2018). "BTS' 'Love Yourself: Tear' Becomes First K-Pop Album to Hit No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "가온 인증 (Gaon Certification)" (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Japanese album certifications – BTS – LOVE YOURSELF 轉 'Tear'" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "LOVE YOURSELF 轉 'Tear'【CD】BTS UNIVERSAL MUSIC STORE". store.universal-music.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved August 11, 2018.
External links[edit]
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