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Labor Day
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This article is about the U.S. holiday. For the similarly named holiday in other countries, see Labour Day. For other uses, see Labor Day (disambiguation).
Labor Day
Labor Day Parade in New York's Union Square, 1882
Observed by
United States
Type
National
Celebrations
Parades, barbecues
Date
First Monday in September
2016 date
September 5 (2016-09-05)
2017 date
September 4 (2017-09-04)
2018 date
September 3 (2018-09-03)
2019 date
September 2 (2019-09-02)
Frequency
Annual
Related to
Labour Day
Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength, prosperity, laws and well-being of the country. It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer in the United States. It is recognized as a federal holiday.
Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor. "Labor Day" was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor, which organized the first parade in New York City. In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day.[1]
Canada's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September. More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers' Day on May 1 – the ancient European holiday of May Day – and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Celebrations
3 Unofficial end of summer
4 Labor Day sales
5 Dates
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor. In the United States a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the 1880s. An early history of the holiday dates the event's origins to a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882.[2] In conjunction with this clandestine Knights assembly a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York.[2] Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration.[3]
An alternative thesis is maintained that Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor put forward the first proposal in May 1882,[1] after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto, Canada.[4]
There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be. Many advocated for May 1st. However, President Cleveland was concerned that a labor holiday on May 1st would be a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair of May 1886,[5] as it eventually was under the name International Workers' Day.[6][7] In 1887, he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday.[5][better source needed]
In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day.[1]
Following the deaths of workers at the hands of United States Army and United States Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago, the United States Congress unanimously voted to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the end of the strike.[8] Cleveland supported the creation of the national holiday in an attempt to shore up support among trade unions following the Pullman Strike.[9] The date of May 1 (an ancient European holiday known as May Day) was an alternative date, celebrated then (and now) as International Workers' Day, but President Cleveland was concerned that observance of Labor Day on May 1 would encourage Haymarket-style protests and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that, though distinct from one another, had rallied to commemorate the Haymarket Affair on International Workers' Day.[9][10]
All U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the United States territories have made Labor Day a statutory holiday.
Celebrations[edit]
The form for the celebration of Labor Day was outlined in the first proposal for the holiday: A street parade to exhibit to the public "the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations",[3] followed by a festival for the workers and their friends and families. This became the pattern for Labor Day celebrations. Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the civil significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the Labor movement.[3]
Unofficial end of summer[edit]
Labor Day is called the "unofficial end of summer"[11] because it marks the end of the cultural summer season. Many take their two-week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend.[citation needed] Many fall activities, such as school and sports begin about this time.
In the United States, many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend (see First day of school). Most begin the week before, making Labor Day weekend the first three-day weekend of the school calendar, while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day, allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins. Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day.[12]
In the U.S. state of Virginia, the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day, in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state. The relevant statute has been nicknamed the "Kings Dominion law" after one such park.[13]
In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day. Under state law public schools normally do not begin under after the holiday. Allowing time for school children to show 4-H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing. [14]
In U.S. sports, Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League (NFL) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day. The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015. At Indianapolis Raceway Park, the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend. Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows, New York.
In fashion, Labor Day is (or was) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white[15] or seersucker.[16][17]
The "unofficial beginning of summer" in the U.S. is Memorial Day at the end of May.
Labor Day sales[edit]
To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop, Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States, especially for back-to-school sales. Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year, second only to the Christmas season's Black Friday.[18]
Dates[edit]
Year
Labor Day
1900 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 September 3
1901 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 September 2
1902 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 September 1
1903 1931 1959 1987 2015 2043 2071 2099 September 7
1904 1932 1960 1988 2016 2044 2072 [nb 1] September 5
1905 1933 1961 1989 2017 2045 2073 September 4
1906 1934 1962 1990 2018 2046 2074 September 3
1907 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 September 2
1908 1936 1964 1992 2020 2048 2076 September 7
1909 1937 1965 1993 2021 2049 2077 September 6
1910 1938 1966 1994 2022 2050 2078 September 5
1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 September 4
1912 1940 1968 1996 2024 2052 2080 September 2
1913 1941 1969 1997 2025 2053 2081 September 1
1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 September 7
1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 September 6
1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 September 4
1917 1945 1973 2001 2029 2057 2085 September 3
1918 1946 1974 2002 2030 2058 2086 September 2
1919 1947 1975 2003 2031 2059 2087 September 1
1920 1948 1976 2004 2032 2060 2088 2100 September 6
1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 September 5
1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 September 4
1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 September 3
1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 September 1
1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 September 7
1926 1954 1982 2010 2038 2066 2094 2106 September 6
1927 1955 1983 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 September 5
See also[edit]
United States labor law
Labor history of the United States
Labor unions in the United States
Workers' Memorial Day
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ The gap is caused by the fact that, under the Gregorian Calendar, the year 2100 is not a leap year, not being divisible by 400.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Bridgemen's magazine. International Association of Bridge. Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers. 1921. pp. 443–44. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Origin of Labor Day," Cincinnati Tribune, Sept. 1, 1895, Special Labor Day supplement, pg. 26.
^ Jump up to: a b c "United States Department of Labor: The History of Labor Day". Retrieved 2 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Canadian Encyclopedia: Origins of Labour Day". Retrieved 5 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Knights of Labor". Progressive Historians. 3 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "On May Day and Occupy in the USA". The Leading Light. Archived from the original on 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ Foner, Philip S. (1986). May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986. New York: International Publishers. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0-7178-0624-3.
Jump up ^ "Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day – September 2, 1996". PBS. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Brendan I. Koerner. "Why do we get Labor Day off". Slate Magazine.
Jump up ^ Sally Kohn (September 1, 2014). Why Labor Day was a political move. CNN. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Labor Day marks unofficial end of rainy summer". WBIR-TV10. September 2, 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Charles, C. M.; Senter, Gail W. (2008). Elementary classroom management. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-205-51071-9. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Freed, Benjamin (August 25, 2014). ""Kings Dominion Law" Still Reigns in Virginia". Washingtonian. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Minneapolis Public Schools Commonly asked questions
Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick (September 8, 2009). "Why We Can't Wear White After Labor Day". Time Magazine. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bell, Johnathan (May 9, 2011). "An Introduction to Seersucker for Men". Guy Style Guide. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Glenn. "Daytime wedding after Labor Day: Is it OK to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day?". GQ. The Style Guy. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning". Tri Parish Times. August 30, 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Green, James (2007). Death In the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America. Anchor. ISBN 1-4000-3322-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Day in the United States.
History of Labor Day, History of Artists and Writers Unions, Rare Labor Related Comic Books
Labor Day is May 1: Today is a boss’s holiday. Jacobin. September 7, 2015.
Today Belongs to Workers. Jacobin. September 5, 2016.
"Labor Day". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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Marriage in England and Wales
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Lining up for a traditional wedding photograph
Marriage in England and Wales is legally recognised in the forms of both civil, and religious marriage for opposite sex couples only, and same sex marriage in register offices or an approved venue. Same-sex marriages cannot be solemnised in the Church of England, due to the church's doctrine and views on marriage. Canon laws forbid such from taking place. Marriage laws in England and Wales have historically evolved separately from marriage laws in other jurisdictions in the United Kingdom. There is a distinction between religious marriages, conducted by an authorised religious celebrant, civil marriages, conducted by a state registrar and same sex marriages, also conducted by a state registrar. The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 (c. 30) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales. The legal minimum age to enter into a marriage in England and Wales is sixteen years, although this requires parental consent if a participant is under eighteen. Certain relatives are not allowed to marry.[1] For foreign nationals, there are also residency conditions that have to be met before people can be married. Same-sex marriage was introduced under the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act in March 2014.[2][3] Prior to this, civil partnerships had been made available to same-sex couples in the United Kingdom in 2005, granting rights and responsibilities virtually identical to civil marriage. Civil partnerships remain to be available to only same-sex couples, despite a call by Peter Tatchell for there to be an equal status regarding such civil unions. The Isle of Man is the only part of the British Isles where civil partnership are available to all irrespective of gender.
Contents
[hide]
1 Marriage procedures
1.1 Divorce
2 Benefits and consequences
2.1 Foreign citizens wishing to marry in the UK
3 History
3.1 Medieval period
3.2 17th to 19th centuries
3.3 20th century
3.4 21st century
3.5 Royal marriages
4 See also
5 References and sources
Marriage procedures[edit]
Wedding ceremonies can either be conducted by "authorised celebrants" (usually, but not always, a minister of religion) or by an "authorised registrar". To be legally binding, they must take place with at least two other competent people present as witnesses. The marriage register is signed by the couple, the celebrant and two witnesses. Civil and same-sex marriages may not take place in religious venues,[4] but since the Marriage Act 1994 may take place in other licensed venues.
Priests of the Church of England and the Church in Wales are legally required to marry people, providing one of them is from the local parish, regardless of whether the couple are practising. Special permission may be granted for out-of-parish weddings. Since the Church of England Marriage Measure 2008 and Marriage (Wales) Act 2010, the right to marry in a church was extended to churches that their parents or grandparents were married in or if they were baptised or confirmed in it.
For civil marriages, and same sex marriage, notices must be posted for 28 clear days, at the appropriate register office.[5] Church of England marriages require the banns to be read out three times at the appropriate church or churches unless a Special Licence has been obtained. In most cases, the appropriate churches will be the parish churches where the parties reside and the one where the ceremony is to take place.[6]
A marriage solemnized between persons either of whom is under the age of sixteen is void.[7] This disability may be referred to as "nonage".[8]
Parental permission (or, in the event of the prior death of the parents, consent from the legal guardians) is required for either party to a marriage who is less than 18 years old,[9] but as long as they are at least 16 years old, a lack of it does not necessarily[vague] invalidate the marriage.[10]
Divorce[edit]
Divorce is allowed on only one ground: the marriage has irretrievably broken down. This must be evidenced in one or more of the five possible facts as stated in the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973:
Adultery
Unreasonable behaviour
Desertion (two years)
Separation, agreed divorce (two years)
Separation, contested divorce (five years)
Civil remarriage is allowed. Religions and denominations differ on whether they permit religious remarriage.
Benefits and consequences[edit]
Main article: Legal consequences of marriage in the United Kingdom
Upon death of one's spouse, bequests to the other spouse do not incur inheritance tax. Intestate property by default will go to the spouse. Also, there is partial inheritance of pensions.
In courts, one spouse may not be compelled to testify against the other. Non-British spouses of British citizens may obtain residence permits if the British spouse meets a minimum income requirement of £18,600 per year. This rises to £22,400 for families with a child, and a further £2,400 for each further child. Spouses are considered to have a duty of care towards each other, and certain social security benefits are calculated differently from those for single people.
Foreign citizens wishing to marry in the UK[edit]
From 1 February 2005, visitors who wish to be married in the UK that are a citizen of a country that is not a member of the European Economic Area (EEA), must apply for a visa before they travel. Without the visa, the registrar will not be able to accept the notice of marriage and will not be able to perform the marriage ceremony.[11]
If one of the people wanting to marry is subject to immigration control, notice of marriage can only be done at a designated register office, which both parties must attend together. Marriage must be between two people neither of whom is in a Civil Partnership or separate marriage (foreign divorces are generally recognised; but an existing foreign marriage would prevent a marriage in the UK as this would be treated as bigamy).
History[edit]
Medieval period[edit]
An idealised medieval wedding imagined by Edmund Leighton (Call to Arms 1888)
In medieval Europe, marriage was governed by canon law, which recognised as valid only those marriages where the parties stated they took one another as husband and wife, regardless of the presence or absence of witnesses. It was not necessary, however, to be married by any official or cleric. The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) forbade clandestine marriage, and required marriages to be publicly announced in churches by priests.
From about the 12th to the 17th century, the practice of "handfasting" was widespread in England. It was a term for "engagement to be married", or a ceremony held on the occasion of such a contract, usually about a month prior to a church wedding, at which the marrying couple formally declared that each accepted the other as spouse.
Handfasting was legally binding: as soon as the couple made their vows to each other they were validly married. It was not a temporary arrangement. Just as with church weddings of the period, the union which handfasting created could only be dissolved by death. English legal authorities held that, even if not followed by intercourse, handfasting was as binding as any vow taken in church before a priest.[12]
During handfasting the man and woman in turn would take the other by the right hand and declare aloud that they there and then accepted each other as man and wife. The words might vary but traditionally consisted of a simple formula such as “I (Name) take thee (Name) to my wedded husband/wife, till death us depart, and thereto I plight thee my troth”.[12] Because of this, handfasting was also known in England as “troth-plight”.[12] Gifts were often exchanged, especially rings:[13][14] a gold coin broken in half between the couple was also common. Other tokens recorded include gloves, a crimson ribbon tied in a knot, and even a silver toothpick.[12] Handfasting might take place anywhere, indoors or out.[12] It was frequently in the home of the bride, but according to records handfastings also took place in taverns, in an orchard and even on horseback. The presence of a credible witness or witnesses was usual.[12]
For much of the relevant period church courts dealt with marital matters. Ecclesiastical law recognised two forms of handfasting, sponsalia per verba de praesenti and sponsalia per verba de futuro. In sponsalia de praesenti, the most usual form, the couple declared they there and then accepted each other as man and wife. The sponsalia de futuro form was less binding, as the couple took hands only to declare their intention to marry each other at some future date. The latter was closer to a modern engagement and could in theory be ended with the consent of both parties – but only providing intercourse had not occurred. If intercourse did take place, then the sponsalia de futuro "was automatically converted into de iure marriage".[12]
In the sixteenth century, the Council of Trent legislated more specific marriage requirements, such as the presence of a priest and two witnesses, as well as promulgation of the marriage announcement thirty days prior to the ceremony. These laws did not extend to the regions affected by the Protestant Reformation. Despite the validity of handfasting it was expected to be solemnised by a church wedding fairly soon afterwards. Penalties might follow for those who did not comply.[15] Ideally the couple were also supposed to refrain from intercourse until then.[12] Complaints by preachers suggest that they often did not wait,[12] but at least until the early 1600s the common attitude to this kind of anticipatory behaviour seems to have been lenient.[16] Handfasting remained an acceptable way of marrying in England throughout the Middle Ages but declined in the early modern period.[17] In some circumstances handfasting was open to abuse, with persons who had undergone "troth-plight" occasionally refusing to proceed to a church wedding, creating ambiguity about their former betrothed's marital status.[12]
Shakespeare negotiated and witnessed a handfasting in 1604, and was called as a witness in a suit about the dowry in 1612 and historians speculate that his own marriage to Anne Hathaway was so conducted when he was a young man in 1582, as the practice still had credence in Warwickshire at the time.[12][18]
17th to 19th centuries[edit]
Caricature of a clandestine Fleet Marriage, taking place in England before the Marriage Act 1753
William Hogarth's A Rake's Progress depicting a wedding in the 18th century
After the beginning of the 17th century, gradual changes in English law meant the presence of an officiating priest or magistrate became necessary for a marriage to be lawful.[19] Up until this point in England, clergy performed many clandestine marriages, such as so-called Fleet Marriage, which were held legally valid;[20] and in Scotland, unsolemnised common-law marriage was still valid.
The Marriage Duty Acts of 1694 and 1695 required that banns or marriage licences must be obtained. The 1753 Act also laid down rules for where marriages were allowed to take place, whom you were and were not allowed to marry, the requirement for at least two witnesses to be present at the marriage ceremony and set a minimum marriageable age. This led to the practice of couples who could not meet the conditions in England and Wales eloping to Scotland (see Gretna Green#Marriage).
Legal common-law marriage was, for practical purposes, abolished under the 1753 Marriage Act, also known as Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act. This was aimed at suppressing clandestine marriages by introducing more stringent conditions for validity, and thereafter only marriages conducted by the Church of England, Quakers, or under Jewish law, were recognised in England and Wales. This effectively ended earlier practices.[21] Any other form of marriage was abolished; children born into unions which were not valid under the Act would not automatically inherit the property or titles of their parents.[22] For historical reasons, the Act did not apply in Scotland.
The Marriage Act 1836 re-introduced civil marriage, and also allowed ministers of other faiths (Nonconformists and Roman Catholics) to act as registrars. This act was contemptuously referred to as the "Broomstick Marriage Act" (a phrase which referred to a custom in supposed "sham marriages") by those who felt that a marriage outside the Anglican church did not deserve legal recognition.[23]
The bill also proscribed certain affinities, such as the marriage of a man to his deceased wife's sister. Until this point, affinities had been largely formalised by those laid out in the "Table of kindred and affinity" in the Anglican (Church of England) Book of Common Prayer.
20th century[edit]
Church wedding at Oswestry, Wales in January 1954
The list of proscribed affinities was reduced in the early twentieth century by the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907, and by subsequent amendments (the Deceased Brother's Widow's Marriage Act 1921 and the Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Relationship Act 1931).
The Age of Marriage Act 1929 increased the age of marriage to sixteen with parental consent and 18 without that consent. It was passed in response to a campaign by the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship.[24] Until this point, at common law and by canon law a person who had attained the legal age of puberty could contract a valid marriage. A marriage contracted by persons either of whom was under the legal age of puberty was voidable. The legal age of puberty was fourteen years for males and twelve years for females. This section amended the law so that a marriage contracted by persons either of whom was under the age of sixteen years was void.[25]
The Marriage Act 1949 prohibited solemnizing marriages during evenings and at night; since the Marriage Act 1836 it had been forbidden to marry between the hours of six in the evening and eight in the morning. This prohibition was repealed[26] on 1 October 2012.[27][28]
The Marriage Act 1994 was originally introduced as a private member's bill by Gyles Brandreth and allowed marriages to be solemnized in certain "approved premises"; prior to the act, marriage ceremonies could only be conducted in churches and register offices.[29]
21st century[edit]
A same-sex marriage in Islington, London on 29 March 2014, the first day they were permitted in England and Wales.
In 2013, Parliament passed the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act, introducing same-sex marriage in England and Wales. Same-sex weddings began on 29 March 2014; however, the provisions of the Act came into force on 13 March 2014, meaning that existing same-sex marriages performed abroad were recognised from that date.[3][30] Prior to this, Civil partnerships had been made available to same-sex couples in the United Kingdom in 2005, granting rights and responsibilities virtually identical to civil marriage.
Royal marriages[edit]
Marriages of members of the royal family were formerly regulated by the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 (repealed 2015), which made it illegal for any member of the British royal family (defined as all descendants of King George II, excluding descendants of princesses who marry into "foreign families") under the age of 25 to marry without the consent of the ruling monarch. Any member of the Royal Family over the age of 25 who has been refused the sovereign's consent may marry one year after giving notice to the Privy Council of their intention to so marry, unless Parliament passes an act against the marriage in the interim. In 2005, the Queen consented formally to the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles.
The royal family was specifically excluded from the Marriage Act 1836, which instituted civil marriages in England. However, Prince Charles's civil marriage raised questions. Lord Falconer of Thoroton told the House of Lords that the 1836 Act had been repealed by the Marriage Act 1949, which had different wording, and that the British Government were satisfied that it was lawful for the couple to marry by a civil ceremony in accordance with Part III of the 1949 Act, and the Registrar General Len Cook determined that a civil marriage would in fact be valid. Any doubt as to the interpretation of the Marriage Act 1949 was put to rest[dubious – discuss] by the Human Rights Act 1998, which requires that legislation be interpreted in conformity with convention rights wherever possible (including the right to marry, without discrimination).[31]
See also[edit]
Civil Partnership
English Law
Fleet Marriage
History of marriage in Great Britain and Ireland
Marriage Certificate
Marriage in Northern Ireland
Marriage in Scotland
Melltith, a 200-year-old Welsh marriage custom.
References and sources[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ legislation.gov.uk http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/12-13-14/76/schedule/FIRST/part/I/crossheading/prohibited-degrees-of-relationship?timeline=true. Retrieved 9 September 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Department for Culture, Media & Sport, United Kingdom. "First Same Sex weddings to happen from 29 March 2014". HM Government. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-26555111
Jump up ^ Approval of premises for civil marriage and civil partnership (England and Wales)
Jump up ^ Giving notice of marriage or civil partnership, Liverpool.gov.uk
Jump up ^ Finding a church, Your Church Wedding
Jump up ^ The Marriage Act 1949, section 2. This replaces section 1 of the Age of Marriage Act 1929.
Jump up ^ J C Arnold. The Marriage Law of England. Staples Press. 1951. pp 13 & 62.
Jump up ^ The Marriage Act 1949, section 3
Jump up ^ The Marriage Act 1949, section 48(1)(b) (applicable to marriage by superintendent registrar's certificate); R v Birmingham (Inhabitants) (1828) 8 B & C 29 (applicable to marriage by common licence). As to marriage by publication of banns, see sections 3(3) and 25(c) of the Marriage Act 1949.
Jump up ^ Until May 2011, persons already in the UK and a citizen of a country that was not a member of the EEA, needed the approval of the Home Secretary to be married. This was provided in the form of a certificate of approval. That programme was discontinued on 9 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Charles Nicholl, The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street, London, Allen Lane, 2007 ISBN 978-0-713-99890-0 Chapter 27, pp. 251–258
Jump up ^ The rings might be plain – one was made on the spot out of a rush lying on the floor – or elaborate. They often had a posy engraved. One surviving example is a "gimmal" ring, a double ring which twists apart to become two rings interlinked. It is in the shape of two clasped hands and has the posy "As handes doe shut/so hart be knit". See [1][2]
Jump up ^ Some rings incorporated "memento mori" devices, to remind the wearer the marriage was till death. See Diana Scarisbrick, Tudor and Jacobean Jewellery, Tate Publishing, 1995. “(Thomas Gresham's) wedding-ring has a twin 'gimmal' hoop inscribed in Latin 'Let not man put asunder those whom God has joined together', and beneath the ruby and diamond bezel there are cavities enclosing an infant and a skeleton alluding to the vanity of riches."
Jump up ^ Anne Laurence, Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History, London, Phoenix Press, 1994. "A public church marriage was necessary to ensure the inheritance of property".
Jump up ^ In Shakespeare's 1604 comedy Measure for Measure a young man sleeps with his betrothed wife before his church wedding. Judged technically guilty of fornication, under puritanical laws he is condemned to die. The plot is driven by the need to rescue him, and audience sympathy is clearly expected to be on his side.
Jump up ^ Anne Laurence, Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History, London, Phoenix Press, 1994. "Between the mid-sixteenth century and the mid-seventeenth century the number of spousal actions in the church courts declined markedly, partly because of the increasing belief that the only proper form of marriage was one solemnized in church."
Jump up ^ Shakespeare's Wife, Germaine Greer, Harper Perennial, 2009, pg 108-110.
Jump up ^ Anne Laurence, Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History.
Jump up ^ In 1601 the poet John Donne married clandestinely in a private room where only he, his bride, his friend Christopher Brooke and Brooke's brother Samuel, a clergyman, were present. No banns were called and the bride's parents did not give consent; nevertheless, the bride's father did not later legally dispute the validity of the marriage. David Colclough, 'Donne, John (1572–1631)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011 accessed 23 April 2012
Jump up ^ Anne Laurence, Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History, London, Phoenix Press, 1994. "From 1754...Pre-contracts (promises to marry someone in the future) and oral spousals ceased to have any force...”
Jump up ^ The term "common law marriage" is frequently used to describe mere cohabitation, but such a "marriage" is extremely rarely recognised in law; cohabitation does not generally confer any of the rights or obligations associated with marriage on the parties. It survives only in a few highly exceptional circumstances, where people who want to marry are unable to do so any other way and can simply declare that they are taking each other as husband and wife in front of witnesses - British civilians interned by the Japanese during World War II who did so were later deemed to be legally married.
Jump up ^ Jackson’s Oxford Journal 12 September 1840, p. 1; Saint Valentine: or, Thoughts on the evil of Love in Mercantile Community: The Galanti Show (1843) 13 Bentley’s Miscellany 151
Jump up ^ The Law of Marriage, www.parliament.uk.
Jump up ^ Bromley and Lowe. Bromley's Family Law. Eighth Edition. Butterworths. 1992. p 35.
Jump up ^ The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012, section 114
Jump up ^ The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2012 (S.I. 2012/2234), article 3(m)
Jump up ^ "Night-time weddings to be allowed". BBC News Online. 12 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rock chick bride says 'aisle do'". BBC News Online. 13 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Department for Culture, Media & Sport, United Kingdom. "First Same Sex weddings to happen from 29 March 2014". HM Government. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Under the terms of the Human Rights Act 1998, an English judge is not permitted to overrule an Act of Parliament but may only issue a certificate of incompatibility. Thus, if the validity of Prince Charles' civil marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles had been challenged, a judicial proceeding likely would have been required, and Charles might not have been able to obtain relief except by an action in the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.
Sources
Rebecca Probert, Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century: A Reassessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009)
Anton, A. E. "'Handfasting' in Scotland." The Scottish Historical Review 37, no. 124 (October 1958): 89–102.
Gregory, D. History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland (1881).
Martin, Martin, A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland (1693) 1st Edition, (1716) 2nd Edition.
Nicholl, Charles, The Lodger:Shakespeare on Silver Street (2007) 1st edition; Chapter 27, "A handfasting".
Nicolson, Alexander History of Skye MacLean Press, 60 Aird Bhearnasdail, by Portree, Isle of Skye (1930) pp. 73, 86, and 120.
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navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Marriage_in_England_and_Wales rootpage-Marriage_in_England_and_Wales vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view