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Greek tragedy
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For the 1989 British play, see Greek Tragedy (play).
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Greek tragedy is a form of theatre from Ancient Greece and Asia Minor. It reached its most significant form in Athens in the 5th century BC, the works of which are sometimes called Attic tragedy. Greek tragedy is widely believed to be an extension of the ancient rites carried out in honor of Dionysus, and it heavily influenced the theatre of Ancient Rome and the Renaissance. Tragic plots were most often based upon myths from the oral traditions of archaic epics. In tragic theatre, however, these narratives were presented by actors. The most acclaimed Greek tragedians are Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
1.1 Aristotelian hypothesis
1.2 Alexandrian hypothesis
1.3 Other hypotheses
2 The evolution of tragedy
2.1 Origin of tragedy
2.2 From dithyramb to drama
2.3 The first tragedies
2.4 Aeschylus: the codification
2.5 The reforms of Sophocles
2.6 The realism of Euripides
3 Structure
4 Language
5 Greek tragedy in dramatic theory
5.1 Mimesis and catharsis
5.2 The three unities
5.3 Apollonian and Dionysian: the analysis of Nietzsche
6 The tragic theatre as a mass phenomenon
7 The surviving tragedies
7.1 Aeschylus
7.2 Sophocles
7.3 Euripides
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
Etymology[edit]
Aristotelian hypothesis[edit]
The origin of the word tragedy has been a matter of discussion from ancient times. The primary source of knowledge on the question is the Poetics of Aristotle. Aristotle was able to gather first-hand documentation from theater performance in Attica, which is inaccessible to scholars today. His work is therefore invaluable for the study of ancient tragedy, even if his testimony is open to doubt on some points.
According to Aristotle, tragedy evolved from the satyr dithyramb, an Ancient Greek hymn, which was sung along with dancing in honor of Dionysus. The term τραγῳδία, derived from τράγος "goat" and ᾠδή "song", means "song of the goats," referring to the chorus of satyrs. Others suggest that the term came into being when the legendary Thespis (the root for our word thespian) competed in the first tragic competition for the prize of a goat (hence tragedy).[1]
Mask of Dionysus stored at the Louvre.
Alexandrian hypothesis[edit]
Alexandrian grammarians understood the term τραγῳδία as a "song for the sacrifice of the goat" or "song for the goat", believing the animal was a prize in a race, as attested by Horace's Ars Poetica:
"The poet, who first tried his skill in tragic verse for the paltry prize of a goat, soon after exposed to view wild satyrs naked, and attempted raillery with severity, still preserving the gravity of tragedy."
—  Horace, Ars Poetica 220 (Smart & Buckley translation).
Other hypotheses[edit]
Maenads dancing, bringing a sacrificial lamb or kid
There are other suggested etymologies for the word tragedy. The Oxford English Dictionary adds to the standard reference to "goat song", that:
As to the reason of the name, many theories have been offered, some even disputing the connection with ‘goat’.[2]
J. Winkler proposed that "tragedy" could be derived from the rare word tragizein (τραγίζειν), which refers to "adolescent voice-change" referring to the original singers as "representative of those undergoing social puberty". [3] D'Amico, on the other hand, suggests that tragoidía does not mean simply "song of the goats", but the characters that made up the satyr chorus of the first Dionysian rites.[4]
Other hypotheses have included an etymology that would define the tragedy as an ode to beer. Jane Ellen Harrison pointed out that Dionysus, god of wine (a drink of the wealthy classes) was actually preceded by Dionysus, god of beer (a drink of the working classes). Athenian beer was obtained from the fermentation of barley, which is tragos in Greek. Thus, it is likely that the term was originally meant to be "odes to spelt," and later on, it was extended to other meanings of the same name. She writes: "Tragedy I believe to be not the 'goat-song', but the 'harvest-song' of the cereal tragos, the form of spelt known as 'the goat'." [5]
The evolution of tragedy[edit]
Origin of tragedy[edit]
The origin of Greek tragedy is one of the unsolved problems of classical scholarship. Ruth Scodel notes that, due to lack of evidence and doubtful reliability of sources, we know nearly nothing about tragedy's origin.[6] Still, R.P. Winnington-Ingram points out that we can easily trace various influences from other genres.[7] The stories that tragedy deals with stem from epic and lyric poetry, its meter — the iambic trimeter — owed much to the political rhetoric of Solon, and the choral songs' dialect, meter and vocabulary seem to originate in choral lyric. How these have come to be associated with one another remains a mystery however.
Speculating on the problem, Scodel writes that:
"Three innovations must have taken place for tragedy as we know it to exist. First, somebody created a new kind of performance by combining a speaker with a chorus and putting both speaker and chorus in disguise as characters in a story from legend or history. Second, this performance was made part of the City Dionysia at Athens. Third, regulations defined how it was to be managed and paid for. It is theoretically possible that all these were simultaneous, but it is not likely."[6]
From dithyramb to drama[edit]
Dionysus surrounded by satyrs
Aristotle writes in the Poetics that, in the beginning, tragedy was an improvisation "by those who led off the dithyramb",[8] which was a hymn in honor of Dionysus. This was brief and burlesque in tone because it contained elements of the Satyr play. Gradually, the language became more serious and the meter changed from trochaic tetrameter to the more prosaic iambic trimeter. In Herodotus Histories[9] and later sources,[10] the lyric poet Arion of Methymna is said to be the inventor of the dithyramb. The dithyramb was originally improvised, but later written down before performance. The Greek chorus of up to 50 men and boys danced and sang in a circle, probably accompanied by an aulos, relating to some event in the life of Dionysus.[11]
Scholars have made a number of suggestions about the way the dithyramb changed into tragedy. "Somebody, presumably Thespis, decided to combine spoken verse with choral song. ... As tragedy developed, the actors began to interact more with each other, and the role of the chorus became smaller.[6]" Scodell notes that:
The Greek word for “actor” is hypocrites, which means “answerer” or “interpreter,” but the word cannot tell us anything about tragedy’s origins, since we do not know when it came into use.[6]
Also, Easterling says:
There is .. much to be said for the view that hypokrites means 'answerer'. He answers the questions of the chorus and so evokes their songs. He answers with a long speech about his own situation or, when he enters as messenger, with a narrative of disastrous events ... Naturally, the transformation of the leader into an actor entailed a dramatization of the chorus.[11]
The first tragedies[edit]
Tradition attributes Thespis as the first person to represent a character in a play. This took place in 534 BC during the Dionysia established by Peisistratus.[12] Of his tragedies we know little except that the choir was still formed by Satyrs and that, according to Aristotle, he was the first to win a dramatic contest, and the first (ὑποκριτής) who portrayed a character rather than speaking as himself. Moreover, Themistius, a writer of the 4th century AD, reports that Thespis invented the prologue as well as the spoken part (ῥῆσις). Other playwrights of the time were Choerilus, author of probably one hundred and sixty tragedies (with thirteen victories), and Pratinas of Phlius, author of fifty works, of which thirty-two are satyr plays.[13] We have little record of these works except their titles. At this time, satyr plays were presented alongside tragedies. Pratinas definitely competed with Aeschylus and worked from 499 BC.
Another playwright was Phrynichus.[14] Aristophanes sings his praises in his plays: for example, The Wasps presents him as a radical democrat close to Themistocles. Besides introducing dialogues in iambic trimeter and including female characters for the first time, Phrynichus also introduced historical content to the genre of tragedy (e.g. in the Capture of Miletus). His first victory in a contest was in 510 BC. At this time, the organization of plays into trilogies began.
Aeschylus: the codification[edit]
Main article: Aeschylus
Aeschylus was to establish the basic rules of tragic drama.[15] He is credited with inventing the trilogy, a series of three tragedies that tell one long story, and introduced the second actor, making the dramatization of a conflict possible. Trilogies were performed in sequence over a full day, sunrise to sunset. At the end of the last play, a satyr play was staged to revive the spirits of the public, possibly depressed by the events of the tragedy.[note 1]
In the work of Aeschylus, comparing the first tragedies with those of subsequent years, there is an evolution and enrichment of the proper elements of tragic drama: dialogue, contrasts, and theatrical effects.[16] This is due to the competition in which the older Aeschylus was with other playwrights, especially the young Sophocles, who introduced a third actor, increased plot complexity and developed more human characters, with which the audience could identify.[citation needed]
Aeschylus was at least partially receptive to Sophocles' innovations, but remained faithful to a very strict morality and a very intense religiosity. So, for instance, in Aeschylus, Zeus always has the role of ethical thinking and action.[note 2] Musically Aeschylus remains tied to the nomoi, rhythmic and melodic structures developed in the Archaic period.[citation needed]
The reforms of Sophocles[edit]
Main article: Sophocles
Plutarch, in the Life of Cimon, recounts the first triumph of the young talented Sophocles against the famous and hitherto unchallenged Aeschylus.[17] This competition ended in an unusual manner, without the usual draw for the referees, and caused the voluntary exile of Aeschylus to Sicily. Many innovations were introduced by Sophocles, and earned him at least twenty triumphs.[18] He introduced a third actor, increased the number of chorus members to fifteen; he also introduced scenery and the use of scenes.
Compared to Aeschylus, the chorus became less important in explaining the plot and there was a greater emphasis on character development and conflict. In Oedipus at Colonus, the chorus repeats "not to be born is best." The events that overwhelm the lives of the heroes are in no way explained or justified, and in this we see the beginning of a painful reflection on the human condition, still current in the contemporary world.[citation needed]
The realism of Euripides[edit]
Main article: Euripides
Votive relief that probably celebrates the triumph of the Bacchae
The peculiarities that distinguish the Euripidean tragedies from those of the other two playwrights are the search for technical experimentation, and increased attention for feelings, as a mechanism to elaborate the unfolding of tragic events.[19]
The experimentation carried out by Euripides in his tragedies can be observed mainly in three aspects that characterize his theater: he turned the prologue into a monologue informing the spectators of the story's background, introduced the deus ex machina and gradually diminished the choir's prominence from the dramatic point of view in favor of a monody sung by the characters.
Another novelty of Euripidean drama is represented by the realism with which the playwright portrays his characters' psychological dynamics. The hero described in his tragedies is no longer the resolute character as he appears in the works of Aeschylus and Sophocles, but often an insecure person, troubled by internal conflict.[citation needed]
He uses female protagonists of the plays, such as Andromache, Phaedra and Medea, to portray the tormented sensitivity and irrational impulses that collide with the world of reason.[20]
Structure[edit]
The structure of Greek tragedy is characterized by a set of conventions. The tragedy usually begins with a prologue, (from pro and logos, "preliminary speech") in which one or more characters introduce the drama and explain the background of the ensuing story. The prologue is followed by the parodos(entry of the characters/group) (πάροδος), after which the story unfolds through three or more episodes (ἐπεισόδια, epeisodia). The episodes are interspersed by stasima (στάσιμoν, stasimon), choral interludes explaining or commenting on the situation developing in the play. The tragedy ends with the exodus (ἔξοδος), concluding the story. Some plays do not adhere to this conventional structure. Aeschylus' "The Persians" and "Seven Against Thebes" for example, have no prologue.
Language[edit]
The Greek dialects used are the Attic dialect for the parts spoken or recited, and a literary Doric dialect for the vocals. For the metre, the spoken parts mainly use the iambic (iambic trimeter), described as the most natural by Aristotle,[8] while the choral parts rely on a variety of meters. Anapaests were typically used as the chorus or a character moved on or off the stage, and lyric metres were used for the choral odes. These included Dactylo-epitrites and various Aeolic metres, sometimes interspersed with iambics. Dochmiacs often appear in passages of extreme emotion.[21]
Greek tragedy in dramatic theory[edit]
Mimesis and catharsis[edit]
Main articles: Mimesis and Catharsis
As already mentioned, Aristotle wrote the first critical study of the tragedy: the Poetics. He uses the concepts of mimesis (μίμησις, "imitation"), and catharsis or katharsis (κάθαρσις, "cleansing") to explain the function of tragedy. He writes: "Tragedy is, therefore, an imitation (mimēsis) of a noble and complete action [...] which through compassion and fear produces purification of the passions."[22] Whereas mimēsis implies an imitation of human affairs, catharsis means a certain emotional cleansing of the spectator. What exactly is meant by "emotional cleansing" (κάθαρσις των παθήματων) however, remains unclear throughout the work. Although many scholars have attempted to define this element vital to the understanding of Aristotle's Poetics, they remain divided on the subject.[23]
Gregory, for instance, argues that there is "a close relationship between tragic katharsis and the transformation of pity and fear [...] into essentially pleasurable emotions in the theater".
Katharsis, on this reading, will denote the overall ethical benefit that accrues from such an intense yet fulfillingly integrated experience. Exempt from the stresses that accompany pity and fear in social life, the audience of tragedy can allow these emotions an uninhibited flow that ... is satisfyingly attuned to its contemplation of the rich human significance of a well-plotted play. A katharsis of this kind is not reducible to either ‘‘purgation’’ or ‘‘purification.’’ [24]
Lear[23] promotes as "the most sophisticated view of katharsis", the idea that it "provides an education for the emotions." "Tragedy ... provides us with the appropriate objects towards which to feel pity or fear."
The three unities[edit]
The three Aristotelian unities of drama are the unities of time, place and action.
Unity of action: a play should have one main action that it follows, with no or few subplots.
Unity of place: a play should cover a single physical space and should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent more than one place.
Unity of time: the action in a play should take place over no more than 24 hours.
Aristotle asserted that a play must be complete and whole, in other words, it must have unity, i.e. a beginning, a middle and an end. The philosopher also asserted that the action of epic poetry and tragedy differ in length, "because in tragedy every effort is made for it to take place in one revolution of the sun, while the epic is unlimited in time."
These unities were considered key elements of the theatre until a few centuries ago, although they were not always observed (such as by authors like Shakespeare, Calderón de la Barca and Moliere).
Apollonian and Dionysian: the analysis of Nietzsche[edit]
Main article: The Birth of Tragedy
Friedrich Nietzsche at the end of the 19th century highlighted the contrast between the two main elements of tragedy: firstly, the Dionysian (the passion that overwhelms the character) and the Apollonian (the purely pictorial imagery of the theatrical spectacle).[25]
Contrasted with that is nemesis, the divine punishment that determines the fall or death of the character.
In ancient Greek culture, says Nietzsche, "there is a conflict between the plastic arts, namely the Apollonian, and non-plastic art of music, the Dionysian."
"Both drives, so different from each other, go side by side, mostly in open discord and opposition, always provoking each other to new, stronger births, in order to perpetuate in themselves the struggle of opposites which is only apparently bridged over by the common word 'art'; until, finally, by a wonderful act of Hellenic 'will,' they seem to pair up and in this pairing, at last, produce Attic Tragedy, which is as much a Dionysian as an Apollonian artwork."[26]
The tragic theatre as a mass phenomenon[edit]
The theatre of Dionysus in Athens
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The ancient tragedy as we understand it today, was not merely a show, but rather a collective ritual of the polis.[note 3] It took place in a sacred, consecrated space (the altar of the god stood at the center of the theatre).
A spectator of a Greek dramatic performance in the latter half of the fifth century B.C. would find himself seated in the theatron, or koilon,a semi-circular, curved bank of seats, resembling in some respects the closed end of a horseshoe stadium. ... Below him, in the best location in the theatre, is the throne of the priest of Dionysus who presides in a sense over the whole performance. The theatron is large-in fact, the one in Athens, in the Theatre of Dionysus, with its seats banked up on the south slope of the Acropolis, seated approximately 17,000 persons.
The spectator sees before him a level circular area called the orchestra, which means literally the "dancing place". ... In the centre of the orchestra stands an altar. A part of the dramatic action will take place in the orchestra, as well as the manoeuvres and dance figures performed by the Chorus as they present their odes. To the right and left of the theatron are the paradoi, which are used not only by the spectators for entering and leaving the theatre, but also for the entrances and exits of actors and the Chorus. Directly beyond the circular orchestra lies the skene or scene building. ... In most plays the skene represents the facade of a house, a palace, or a temple. The skene normally had three doors which served as additional entrances and exits for the actors. Immediately in front of the scene-building was a level platform, in the fifth century B.C. in all probability only a single step above the level of the orchestra. This was called the proskenion or logeion where much of the dramatic action of the plays takes place. Flanking the proskenion were two projecting wings, the so-called paraskenia. It must be remembered that the skene, since at first it was only a wooden structure, was flexible in its form, and was probably modified frequently.[27]
The theatre voiced ideas and problems from the democratic, political and cultural life of Athens. Tragedies can discuss use the Greek mythical past as a metaphor for the deep problems of current Athenian society.[28] In such plays, "the poet alludes directly to fifth-century events or developments, but moves them back into the mythological past. In this category [can be placed] Aeschylus’ Persians and Oresteia."[29]
In the case of Aeschylus' tragedy The Persians, it was performed in 472 BC in Athens, eight years after the battle of Salamis, when the war with Persia was still in progress. It tells the story of the Persian fleet's defeat at Salamis and how the ghost of former Persian King Darius accuses his son Xerxes of hubris against the Greeks for waging war on them.
"The possibility that a reflection of Athens is to be seen in Aeschylus’ Persian mirror could explain why the poet asks his audience to look at Salamis through Persian eyes and elicits great sympathy for the Persians, including Xerxes."[30]
Other tragedies avoid references or allusions to 5th century BC events, but "also draw the mythological past into the present."
The bulk of the plays in this category are by Euripides. Strains of fifth-century Athenian rhetoric, sketches of political types, and reflections of Athens’ institutions and society lend plays of this category a distinctly fifth-century Athenian flavor. The emphasis in Euripides’ Orestes on political factions, for example, is directly relevant to the Athens of 408 BCE.[30]
The performances of the tragedies took place in Athens on the occasion of the Great Dionysia, feasts in honor of Dionysus celebrated in the month of Elaphebolion, towards the end of March.[note 4] It was organized by the State and the eponymous archon, who picked three of the richest citizens to pay for the drama's expenses. In the Athenian democracy wealthy citizens were required to fund public services, a practice known as liturgy.
During the Dionysia a contest took place between three plays, chosen by the archon eponymous. This procedure might have been based on a provisional script, each of which had to submit a tetralogy consisting of three tragedies and a satyr play. Each tetralogy was recited in one day, so that the recitation of tragedies lasted three days. The fourth day was dedicated to the staging of five comedies.[note 5] At the end of these three days a jury of ten people chosen by lot from the body of citizens chose the best choir, best actor and best author. At the end of the performances, the judges placed a tablet inscribed with the name of their choice inside an urn, after which five tablets were randomly selected. The person who received the highest amount of votes won. The winning author, actor and choir were thus selected not purely by lot, but chance did play a part.
The passion of the Greeks for the tragedy was overwhelming: Athens, said the critics, spent more on theatre than on the fleet. When the cost for the shows became a sensitive subject, an admission fee was instated, alongside the so-called theorikon, a special fund to pay for festival's expenses.[31]
The surviving tragedies[edit]
Of the many tragedies known to have been written, full-length texts by only three authors, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, survive.
Aeschylus[edit]
Aeschylus
Seventy-nine titles of Aeschylus' works are known (out of about ninety works),[32] both tragedies and satyr plays. Seven of these have survived, including the only complete trilogy which has come down from antiquity, the Oresteia, and some papyrus fragments:[33]
The Persians (Πέρσαι / Persai), 472 BC;
Seven Against Thebes (Ἑπτὰ ἐπὶ Θήβας / Hepta epi Thebas), 467 BC;
Suppliants (Ἱκέτιδες / Hiketides), probably 463 BC;
The trilogy Oresteia (Ὀρέστεια / Oresteia), 458 BC, consisting of:
Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων / Agamemnon);
Choephoroi (Χοηφόροι / Choefοroi);
Furies (Εὐμενίδες / Eumenides);
Prometheus Bound (Προμηθεὺς δεσμώτης / Prometheus desmotes) of uncertain date and considered spurious by some scholars.[note 6]
Sophocles[edit]
Sophocles
According to Aristophanes of Byzantium, Sophocles wrote 130 plays, 17 of which are spurious; the Suda lexicon counted 123.[34][note 7] Of all Sophocles's tragedies, only seven remain intact:
Ajax (Αἴας / Aias) around 445 BC;
Antigone (Ἀντιγόνη / Antigone), 442 BC;
Women of Trachis (Tραχίνιαι / Trachiniai), date unknown;
Oedipus Rex (Οἰδίπoυς τύραννoς / Oidipous Tyrannos) around 430 BC;
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα / Elektra), date unknown;
Philoctetes (Φιλοκτήτης / Philoktētēs), 409 BC;
Oedipus at Colonus (Oἰδίπoυς ἐπὶ Κολωνῷ / Oidipous epi Kolōnōi), 406 BC.
Apart from the plays that have survived in their entirety, we also possess a large part of the satyr play Ἰχνευταί or Trackers, which was found at the beginning of the 20th century on a papyrus containing three-quarters of this work.[35]
Euripides[edit]
Euripides
According to the Suda, Euripides wrote either 75 or 92 plays, of which survive eighteen tragedies and the only complete surviving satyr play, the Cyclops.[36]
His extant works are:[37]
Alcestis (Ἄλκηστις / Alkestis), 438 BC;
Medea (Μήδεια / Medeia), 431 BC;
Heracleidae (Ἡρακλεῖδαι / Herakleìdai), c. 430 BC;
Hippolytus (Ἱππόλυτος στεφανοφόρος / Ippolytos stephanoforos), 428 BC;
The Trojan Women (Τρώαδες / Troades), 415 BC;
Andromache (Ἀνδρομάχη / Andromache), date unknown;
Hecuba (Ἑκάβη / Hekabe), 423 BC;
Suppliants (Ἱκέτιδες / Hiketides), 414 BC;
Ion (Ἴων / Ion);
Iphigenia in Tauris (Ἰφιγένεια ἡ ἐν Ταύροις / Iphighèneia he en Taurois);
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα / Elektra);
Helen (Ἑλένη / Helene), 412 BC;
Heracles (Ἡρακλῆς μαινόμενος / Herakles mainomenos);
The Phoenician Women (Φοινίσσαι / Phoinissai) circa 408 BC;
Orestes (Ὀρέστης / Orestes), 408 BC;
Iphigenia in Aulis (Ἰφιγένεια ἡ ἐν Αὐλίδι / Iphighèneia h en Aulìdi), 410 BC;
The Bacchae (Βάκχαι / Bakchai), 406 BC;
Cyclops (Κύκλωψ / Kuklops) (satyr);
Rhesus (Ῥῆσος / Resos) (possibly spurious).
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Some discussion exists on the function of satyr plays, however. See: Griffith (2002).
Jump up ^ An exception is Prometheus Bound, in which Zeus strikes tyrannical attitudes.
Jump up ^ Paul Judges Emilio assumed that it was for this reason that the construction of the theatre needed a certain size to hold all the free citizens of Athens. See his History of Theatre in Italy p. 18.
Jump up ^ The Dionysia was also called Great Dionysia, to distinguish them from rural areas, plays a minor that took place in winter in countries around Athens.
Jump up ^ During the Peloponnesian War the number of comedies was reduced to three, to be performed once a day, at the end of the tetralogies. It has been argued, the Athenians took this decision due to their financial situation at the time.
Jump up ^ The presence of attacks on Zeus casts doubt onto the authorship of Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound.
Jump up ^ Some scholars equate the two sources, assuming an error of Aristophanes, of 17 instead of 7. Cf. Rossi & Nicolai (2006) 93.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hart (2010) 9.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, entry for tragedy
Jump up ^ Winkler & Zeitlin (1992) 60.
Jump up ^ D 'Amico (1960).
Jump up ^ Harrison (1922) 420.)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Scodel (2011) 33.
Jump up ^ Easterling e.a. (1989) 1-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Aristotle, Poetics, 1449a.
Jump up ^ Herodotus Histories I.23.
Jump up ^ Suda "Arion" (α.3886 Adler); Joannes Diaconus Commentaria in Hermogenem ed. H. Rabe Rheinisches Museum 63 (1908) 150.
^ Jump up to: a b Harvey (1955); Easterling e.a. (1989) 4.
Jump up ^ Easterling (1989) 2; Sinisi & Innamorati (2003) 3. Cf. Horace Ars Poetica 275ff.
Jump up ^ Easterling e.a. (1989) 3, 5.
Jump up ^ Easterling e.a. (1989) 5f.
Jump up ^ For Aeschylus' innovation of Tragedy, see: Easterling (1989) 29–42.
Jump up ^ Italica.rai.it Aeschylus.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Plutarch Life of Cimon 8.7f.
Jump up ^ For Sophoclean theatrical inventions, see: Easterling (1989) 43-63; Sinisi & Innamorati (2003) 3.
Jump up ^ For the character of Euripidean Tragedy, see: Easterling (1989) 64-86.
Jump up ^ Michelini (2006).
Jump up ^ For a detailed study of the metric, see: Brunet (1997) 140–146.
Jump up ^ Aristotle Poetics 1449b 24-28.
^ Jump up to: a b For a discussion of different views on katharsis, see: Lear (1992).
Jump up ^ Gregory (2005) 405.
Jump up ^ "The Apollonian…belongs to Schopenhauer’s world of representation. Metaphysically, it stands for the false, the illusory, for 'mere appearance.' Epistemologically, the Apollonian indicates a dreamlike state in which all knowledge is knowledge of surfaces. Aesthetically, the Apollonian is the beautiful, the world experienced as intelligible, as conforming to the capacities of the representing intellect." (Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes, editors, Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, Chapter 8, "Nietzsche," "Art and Metaphysics," p. 78.)
Jump up ^ The Birth of Tragedy, § 1
Jump up ^ Oates & O'Neil (1938) xiv–xvii.
Jump up ^ Sinisi & Innamorati (2003) 3.
Jump up ^ Gregory (2005) 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Gregory (2005) 8.
Jump up ^ Plutarch Life of Pericles 9.1.
Jump up ^ According to the Byzantine lexicon Suda, Aeschylus wrote ninety plays. See: Suda "Aeschylus" (αι.357 Adler).
Jump up ^ Rossi & Nicolai (2006) 27-28.
Jump up ^ Suda "Sophocles" (σ.815 Adler).
Jump up ^ Privitera & Pretagostini (2006) 276.
Jump up ^ Suda "Euripides" (ε.3695 Adler).
Jump up ^ Rossi & Nicolai (2006) 184.
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Gregory, J. (2005) A Companion to Greek Tragedy (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing).
Griffith, M. (2002) ‘Slaves of Dionysos: satyrs, audience, and the ends of the Oresteia' in: Classical Antiquity 21: 195–258.
Harrison, J.E. (1922) Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Hart, M.L. (2010) The art of ancient Greek theatre (Los Angeles: Getty Publications).
Harvey, A. E. (1955) "The Classification of Greek Lyric Poetry" in: Classical Quarterly 5.
Lear, J. (1992) 'Katharsis' in: A.O. Rorty (ed.) Essays on Aristotle's Poetics (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Ley, G. (2015) 'Acting Greek Tragedy' (Exeter: University of Exeter Press).
Michelini, A.N. (2006) Euripides and the Tragic Tradition (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press) ISBN 0299107647.
Nietzsche, F. (1962) 'La nascita della tragedia' in: Opere scelte L. Scalero (trans.) (Milan: Longanesi).
Oates, W. & O'Neil, E. (1938) The Complete Greek Drama (New York: Random House).
Privitera, G.A & Pretagostini, R. (1997) Storia e forme della letteratura greca. Età arcaica ed età classica (Einaudi Scuola: Milan) ISBN 88-286-0352-6.
Rossi, L.E. & Nicolai, R. (2006) Corso integrato di letteratura greca. L'età classica (Grassina: Le Monnier) ISBN 978-88-00-20328-9.
Scodel, R. (2011) An Introduction to Greek Tragedy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
Sinisi, S. & Innamorati, I. (2003) Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico dai greci alle avanguardie storiche (Bruno Mondadori: Milan).
Winkler, J.J. & Zeitlin, F. (eds.) (1992) Nothing to Do With Dionysus?: Athenian Drama in Its Social Context (Princeton: Princeton University Press) 60.
Further reading[edit]
Hall, Edith (2010). Greek Tragedy: Suffering Under the Sun. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199232512. Further reading section includes extensive references to commentaries and interpretations for all extant ancient Greek tragedies.
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Judges of the International Court of Justice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice, the main judicial organ of the United Nations, first chronologically and then by seat. The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Contents
[hide]
1 Permanent judges
2 Succession of seats
3 Judges sitting ad hoc
4 See also
Permanent judges[edit]
Judges of the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)
State
Judge
Terms start
Term end
President
Vice-President
El Salvador El Salvador Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero 1946 1958 1946–1949 1949–1955
France France Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant 1946 1964 1949–1952 1946–1949
Chile Chile Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez 1946 1955
Mexico Mexico Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela 1946 1952
USA United States Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth 1946 1961 1955–1958
Poland Poland Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski 1946 1967 1961–1964
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Zoricic Milovan Zoričić 1946 1958
Belgium Belgium de Visscher Charles De Visscher 1946 1952
UK United Kingdom McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair 1946 1955 1952–1955
Norway Norway Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad 1946 1961 1958–1961
Egypt Egypt Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha 1946 1965 1955–1958
USSR Soviet Union Krylov Sergei Krylov 1946 1952
Canada Canada Read John Read 1946 1958
China Republic of China Hsu Hsu Mo 1946 1956
Brazil Brazil Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo 1946 1951
Brazil Brazil Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt) 1951 1955
India India Rau, Sir Benegal NarsingSir Benegal Narsing Rau 1952 1953
Uruguay Uruguay Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl) 1952 1961
USSR Soviet Union Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru) 1952 1953
USSR Soviet Union Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov 1953 1961
Pakistan Pakistan Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan 1954
1964 1961
1973 1970–1973 1958–1961
UK United Kingdom Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht 1955 1960
Argentina Argentina Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl) 1955 1964
Mexico Mexico Cordova Roberto Córdova 1955 1964
China Republic of China Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo 1957 1967 1964–1967
Greece Greece Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos 1958 1967
Australia Australia Spender Sir Percy Spender 1958 1967 1964–1967
Panama Panama Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro 1959 1964 1961–1964
UK United Kingdom Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1960 1973
USSR Soviet Union Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru) 1961 1970 1967–1970
Japan Japan Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka 1961 1970
Peru Peru Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero 1961 1970 1967–1970
USA United States Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup 1961 1970
Italy Italy Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it) 1961 1970
Mexico Mexico Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo 1964 1973
Senegal Senegal Forster Isaac Forster (nl) 1964 1982
France France Gros André Gros (nl) 1964 1982
Lebanon Lebanon AmmounFouad Ammoun (de) 1965 1976 1970–1976
Philippines Philippines Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon 1967 1976
Sweden Sweden Petrén Sture Petrén (sv) 1967 1976
Poland Poland Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs 1967 1993 1973–1976
Nigeria Nigeria Onyeama Charles Onyeama 1967 1976
USA United States Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard 1970 1979
Dahomey Benin Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto 1970 1979
Spain Spain de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro 1970 1979
USSR Soviet Union Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl) 1970 1985
Uruguay Uruguay Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga 1970 1979 1976–1979
UK United Kingdom Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock 1973 1981 1979–1981
India India Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh 1973 1988 1985–1988 1976–1979
Argentina Argentina Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda 1973 1991 1988–1991
West Germany West Germany Mosler Hermann Mosler (de) 1976 1985
Nigeria Nigeria Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias 1976 1991 1982–1985 1979–1982
Syria Syria Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl) 1976 1980
Japan Japan Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda 1976 2003 1991–1994
Italy Italy Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago 1979 1995
Egypt Egypt El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian 1979 1981
Brazil Brazil Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt) 1979 1988 1982–1985
USA United States Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter 1979 1980
Syria Syria El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl) 1981 1985
USA United States Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel 1981 2000 1997–2000 1994–1997
UK United Kingdom Jennings Sir Robert Jennings 1982 1995 1991–1994
France France de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl) 1982 1987 1985–1987
Senegal Senegal Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye 1982 1991 1987–1991
Algeria Algeria Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui 1982 2001 1994–1997
China China Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh) 1985 1994
Norway Norway Evensen, JensJens Evensen 1985 1994
USSR/Russia Soviet Union/Russia Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru) 1985 1994
France France Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr) 1987 2005 2000–2003
Guyana Guyana Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen 1988 1997
India India Pathak, Raghunandan SwarupRaghunandan Swarup Pathak 1989 1991
Venezuela Venezuela Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl) 1991 1995
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry 1991 2000 1997–2000
Madagascar Madagascar Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva 1991 2009 2003–2006
Nigeria Nigeria Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola 1991 1994
Hungary Hungary Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu) 1993 2003
China China Shi Shi Jiuyong 1994 2010 2003–2006 2000–2003
Germany Germany Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer 1994 2003
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma 1994 2012
Russia Russia Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl) 1994 2006
Italy Italy Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo 1995 1997
UK United Kingdom Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins 1995 2009 2006–2009
Venezuela Venezuela Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren 1996 2009
Netherlands Netherlands Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans 1997 2006
Brazil Brazil Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek 1997 2006
Jordan Jordan Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh 2000 2011 2006–2009
USA United States Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal 2000 2010
Egypt Egypt El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby 2001 2006
Japan Japan Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada 2003 2009–2012
Germany Germany Simma, BrunoBruno Simma 2003 2012
Slovakia Slovakia Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka 2003 2012–2015 2009–2012
France France Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham 2005 2014 2015–
New Zealand New Zealand Sir Kenneth Keith 2006 2015
Mexico Mexico Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 2012–2015
Morocco Morocco Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna 2006 2024
Russia Russia Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov 2006 2015
Brazil Brazil Trindade, Antônio Augusto CançadoAntônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018
Somalia Somalia Yusuf, Abdulqawi AhmedAbdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 2009 2018 2015–
UK United Kingdom Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood 2009 2018
China China Xue Xue Hanqin 2010 2012
USA United States Donoghue, Joan E.Joan E. Donoghue 2010
Italy Italy Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja 2012
Uganda Uganda Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde 2012
India India Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari 2012
Australia Australia Crawford James Crawford 2015
Russia Russia Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian 2015
Jamaica Jamaica Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson 2015
Succession of seats[edit]
The Court comprises 15 seats. When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946, they drew lots to determine which five would have 3-year initial terms, which five would have 6-year initial terms, and which five would have 9-year initial terms. From then onwards, all terms have been nine years, with five seats being up for election every three years. The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat.
There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats, other than that no two may be nationals of the same state. In practice, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court, except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge. The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council. Since 1970, the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific, three seats to Africa, two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean, two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others.
Seat 1 (Asia)
Initial term of nine years
Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero El Salvador El Salvador 1946–1958
Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro Panama Panama 1959-1964
Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1964-1973
Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh India India 1973-1988
Pathak, RaghunandanRaghunandan Pathak India India 1989-1991
Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1991-2000
Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh Jordan Jordan 2000-2011
Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari India India 2012-
Seat 2 (WE&O)
Initial term of nine years
Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant France France 1946-1964
Gros André Gros (nl) France France 1964-1982
de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl) France France 1982-1987
Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr) France France 1987-2005
Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham France France 2005-
Seat 3 (Africa)
Initial term of nine years
Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez Chile Chile 1946-1955
Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl) Argentina Argentina 1955-1964
Forster Isaac Forster (nl) Senegal Senegal 1964-1982
Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal 1982-1991
Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva Madagascar Madagascar 1991-2009
Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Somalia Somalia 2009-
Seat 4 (WE&O)
Initial term of nine years
McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair UK UK 1946-1955
Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht UK UK 1955-1960
Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice UK UK 1960-1973
Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock UK UK 1973-1981
Jennings Sir Robert Jennings UK UK 1981-1995
Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins UK UK 1995-2009
Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood UK UK 2009-
Seat 5 (LA&C)
Initial term of nine years
Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo Brazil Brazil 1946-1951
Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt) Brazil Brazil 1951-1955
Cordova Roberto Córdova Mexico Mexico 1955-1964
Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo Mexico Mexico 1964-1973
Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda Argentina Argentina 1973-1991
Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl) Venezuela Venezuela 1991-1995
Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren Venezuela Venezuela 1996-2009
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Brazil 2009-
Seat 6 (LA&C)
Initial term of six years
Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela Mexico Mexico 1946-1952
Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl) Uruguay Uruguay 1952-1961
Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero Peru Peru 1961-1970
Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Uruguay 1970-1979
Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt) Brazil Brazil 1979-1988
Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Guyana 1988-1997
Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek Brazil Brazil 1997-2006
Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico 2006-2015
Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson Jamaica Jamaica 2015-
Seat 7 (WE&O)
Initial term of six years
Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth USA USA 1946-1961
Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup USA USA 1961-1970
Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard USA USA 1970-1979
Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter USA USA 1979-1980
Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel USA USA 1981-2000
Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal USA USA 2000-2010
Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue USA USA 2010-
Seat 8 (Africa)
Initial term of six years
de Visscher Charles De Visscher Belgium Belgium 1946-1952
Rau, Benegal NarsingBenegal Narsing Rau India India 1952-1953
Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1954-1961
Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka Japan Japan 1961-1970
Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto Dahomey Benin 1970-1979
El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian Egypt Egypt 1979-1981
Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Algeria 1982-2001
El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby Egypt Egypt 2001-2006
Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna Morocco Morocco 2006-
Seat 9 (WE&O)
Initial term of six years
Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad Norway Norway 1946-1961
Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it) Italy Italy 1961-1970
de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro Spain Spain 1970-1979
Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago Italy Italy 1979-1995
Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo Italy Italy 1995-1997
Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans Netherlands Netherlands 1997-2006
Keith Sir Kenneth Keith New Zealand New Zealand 2006-2015
Crawford James Crawford Australia Australia 2015-
Seat 10 (Eastern Europe)
Initial term of six years
Krylov Sergei Krylov USSR USSR 1946-1952
Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru) USSR USSR 1952-1953
Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov USSR USSR 1953-1961
Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru) USSR USSR 1961-1970
Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl) USSR USSR 1970-1985
Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru) USSR/Russia USSR/Russia 1985-1994
Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl) Russia Russia 1994-2006
Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov Russia Russia 2006-2015
Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian Russia Russia 2015-
Seat 11 (Eastern Europe)
Initial term of three years
Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski Poland Poland 1946-1967
Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs Poland Poland 1967-1993
Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu) Hungary Hungary 1993-2003
Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka Slovakia Slovakia 2003-
Seat 12 (WE&O)
Initial term of three years
Zoricic Milovan Zoričić Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 1946-1958
Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos Greece Greece 1958-1967
Petrén Sture Petrén (sv) Sweden Sweden 1967-1976
Mosler Hermann Mosler (de) West Germany West Germany 1976-1985
Evensen, JensJens Evensen Norway Norway 1985-1994
Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer Germany Germany 1994-2003
Simma, BrunoBruno Simma Germany Germany 2003-2012
Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja Italy Italy 2012-
Seat 13 (Asia)
Initial term of three years
Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha Egypt Egypt 1946-1965
AmmounFouad Ammoun (de) Lebanon Lebanon 1965-1976
Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl) Syria Syria 1976-1980
El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl) Syria Syria 1981-1985
Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh) China China 1985-1994
Shi Shi Jiuyong China China 1994-2010
Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin China China 2010-
Seat 14 (Africa)
Initial term of three years
Read John Read Canada Canada 1946-1958
Spender, PercyPercy Spender Australia Australia 1958-1967
Onyeama Charles Onyeama Nigeria Nigeria 1967-1976
Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias Nigeria Nigeria 1976-1991
Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria 1991-1994
Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1994-2012
Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde Uganda Uganda 2012-
Seat 15 (Asia)
Initial term of three years
Hsu Hsu Mo China China 1946-1956
Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo China China 1957-1967
Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon Philippines Philippines 1967-1976
Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda Japan Japan 1976-2003
Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada Japan Japan 2003-
Judges sitting ad hoc[edit]
Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)
Judge
Nationality
Appointing State
Case(s) including parties years and of initiation to deposition
Georges Abi-Saab Egypt Mali Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986
Adetobunboh Ademola Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Mohsen Aghahosseini Iran Iran Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1989–1996
Roberto Ago Italy Honduras Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960
Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002
Nigeria Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999
Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán Peru Peru Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950
Peru Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Peru Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951
Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh Jordan Nicaragua Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present
Louise Arbour Canada Chile Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present
Enrique Armand-Ugón Uruguay Spain Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Antonio de Arruda Ferrer-Correia Portugal Portugal East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Garfield Barwick Australia Australia Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) 1973–1974
New Zealand Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) 1973–1974
Suzanne Bastid France Tunisia Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985
Philémon Beb à Don Cameroon Cameroon Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom) 1961–1963
Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Niger Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) 2014–present
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. Pakistan) 2014–present
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom) 2014–present
Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Benin Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005
Franklin Berman United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Alphonse Boni Ivory Coast Morocco Western Sahara 1974–1975
Bengt Broms Finland Finland Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992
Charles Brower United States Colombia Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Ian Brownlie United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Andreas Bucher Switzerland Switzerland Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011
Sayeman Bula-Bula Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002
José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla Colombia Colombia Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950
Colombia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Colombia Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951
Ian Callinan Australia Australia Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Costa Rica Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009
Jean-Yves de Cara France Republic of the Congo Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010
Paul Carry Switzerland Switzerland Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America) 1957–1959
Jorge Castañeda Mexico Malta Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
Federico de Castro Spain Spain Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961
Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla India India Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960
Hilary Charlesworth Australia Australia Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) 2010–2014
Joseph Chesson Liberia Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Maxwell Cohen Canada Canada Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 1981–1984
Claude-Albert Colliard France Nicaragua Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 1984–1986
Jean-Pierre Cot France Colombia Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Romania Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009
Colombia Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013
Thailand Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present
Timor-Leste Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015
Yves Daudet France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013
Bolivia Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present
Nicaragua Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Igor Daxner Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949
Vojin Dimitrijević Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Christopher Dugard South Africa Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Malaysia Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008
Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present
Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present
Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger Belgium Belgium Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004
Bohuslav Ečer Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949
Ahmed Sadek El-Kosheri Egypt Libya Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) 1992–2003
Jens Evensen Norway Tunisia Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982
Manuel Fernandes Portugal Portugal Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960
Paul-Henning Fischer Denmark Denmark Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) 1988–1993
Denmark Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992
Carl-August Fleischhauer Germany Germany Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Yves Fortier Canada Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Thomas Franck United States Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004
Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1997–2007
Italy Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) 2008–2012
Walter Ganshof van der Meersch Belgium Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961
Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Carlos Garcia Bauer Guatemala Guatemala Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955
David Goitein Israel Israel Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959
Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos Spain Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007
Paul Guggenheim Switzerland Liechtenstein Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955
Gilbert Guillaume France France Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010
Nicaragua Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009
France Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008
Peru Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014
Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present
Cambodia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present
Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present
Sead Hodžić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Robert Yewdall Jennings United Kingdom United Kingdom Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) 1992–2003
Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Libya Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982
Libya Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
Libya Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985
Philippe Kirsch Belgium Belgium Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012
Milenko Kreća Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) 1999–2004
FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) 1999–2004
FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) 1999
Serbia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015
Marc Lalonde Canada Canada Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998
Canada Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004
Elihu Lauterpacht United Kingdom Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007
François Luchaire France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986
Ahmed Mahiou Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007
Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Niger Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013
Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Jean-Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi-Ngom Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Louis Mbanefo Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991
Cameroon Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002
Cameroon Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999
Thomas Mensah Ghana Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Gaetano Morelli Italy Italy Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) 1953–1954
Hermann Mosler West Germany West Germany North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) 1967–1969
Nagendra Singh India India Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) 1971–1972
Johannes Offerhaus Netherlands Netherlands Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958
Francisco Orrego Vicuña Chile Chile Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014
Bernard Oxman United States Ukraine Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009
Geoffrey Palmer New Zealand New Zealand Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case 1995
Felipe Paolillo Uruguay El Salvador Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003
Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada Pakistan Pakistan Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000
Fausto Pocar Italy Belgium Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011
Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao India Singapore Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008
B. P. Jeevan Reddy India India Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000
François Rigaux Belgium Iran Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1992–2003
Willem Riphagen Netherlands Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Emmanuel Roucounas Greece Greece Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011
José María Ruda Argentina Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Jean Salmon Belgium Burundi Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001
Karim Sandjabi Iran Iran Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1951–1952
Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) 2003–2004
José Sette-Camara Brazil Libya Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) 1990–1994
Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
Bruno Simma Germany Costa Rica Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present
Leonid Skotnikov Russia Nicaragua Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Krysztof Skubiszewski Poland Portugal East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Slovakia Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1997–present
Max Sørensen Denmark Netherlands North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (1967–1969)
Denmark North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) (1967–1969)
Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece Ambatielos (Greece v. United Kingdom) 1951–1953
Michel Stassinopoulos Greece Greece Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) 1976–1978
Ninian Stephen Australia Australia East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel Sweden Sweden Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958
Serge Sur France Senegal Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012
Hubert Thierry France Guinea-Bissau Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991
Santiago Torres Bernárdez Spain Honduras Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Spain Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998
Spain Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007
Honduras Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003
Uruguay Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010
Francisco Urrutia Holguin Colombia Nicaragua Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960
Nicolas Valticos Greece Malta Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
El Salvador Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Joe Verhoeven Belgium Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) 1999–present
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Raúl Emilio Vinuesa Argentina Argentina Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010
Ecuador Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013
Michel Virally France Honduras Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Budislav Vukas Croatia Croatia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015
Macedonia Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011
Christopher Gregory Weeramantry Sri Lanka Malaysia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
J.T. van Wyk South Africa South Africa South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
South Africa South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Chris van den Wyngaert Belgium Belgium Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002
Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Abdulqawi Yusuf Somalia Djibouti Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008
Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Jaroslav Žourek Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959
Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (United States of America v. Bulgaria) 1957–1960
All Judges ad hoc: http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en
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values: Liste der Richter am Internationalen Gerichtshof – German

values: Liste des juges à la Cour internationale de justice – French

values: अन्तरराष्ट्रीय न्यायालय के न्यायाधीश – Hindi

values: Lijst van permanente rechters van het Internationale Gerechtshof – Dutch

values: Sędziowie Międzynarodowego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości – Polish

values: 国际法院法官列表 – Chinese

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