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Time (magazine)
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"TIME" redirects here. For time as a measure of past, present, and future, see Time. For other uses, see Time (disambiguation).
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Time
Editor-in-Chief
Edward Felsenthal
Categories
News magazine
Frequency
Weekly
Total circulation
(2017)
3,028,013[1]
First issue
March 3, 1923; 95 years ago (1923-03-03)
Company
Meredith Corporation (2018–)
Time Inc. (1923–90; 2014–2017)
Time Warner (1990–2014)
Country
United States
Based in
New York City, New York, U.S.
Language
English
Website
time.com
ISSN
0040-781X
OCLC number
1311479
Time (styled TIME) is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and originally run by Henry Luce.
A European edition (Time Europe, formerly known as Time Atlantic) is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition (Time Asia) is based in Hong Kong. The South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition.[2]
Time has the world's largest circulation for a weekly news magazine. The print edition has a readership of 26 million, 20 million of which are based in the United States.
In mid-2016, its circulation was 3,032,581,[1] having fallen from 3.3 million in 2012.[3] In October 2017, it lowered its rate base to 2 million. [4]
Richard Stengel was the managing editor from May 2006 to October 2013, when he joined the U.S. State Department.[5][6] Nancy Gibbs was the managing editor from September 2013 until September 2017.[6] She was succeeded by Edward Felsenthal, who had been Time's digital editor.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Circulation
3 Style
4 Special editions
4.1 Person of the Year
4.2 Time 100
4.3 Red X covers
5 Time for Kids
6 Time LightBox
7 Staff
7.1 Editors
7.2 Managing editors
7.3 Notable contributors
7.4 Snapshot: 1940 editorial staff
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
History[edit]
The first issue of Time (March 3, 1923), featuring Speaker Joseph G. Cannon.
Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, making it the first weekly news magazine in the United States.[8] The two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts. They wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan "Take Time–It's Brief".[9] Hadden was considered carefree and liked to tease Luce. He saw Time as important but also fun, which accounted for its heavy coverage of celebrities (including politicians), the entertainment industry, and pop culture—criticized as too light for serious news.
It set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazine's cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated "People of the Year" issues which grew in popularity over the years. Notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3, 1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover; a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28, 1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazine's 15th anniversary.[10] The cover price was 15¢ (equivalent to $2.15 today) On Hadden's death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time and a major figure in the history of 20th-century media. According to Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1972–2004 by Robert Elson, "Roy Edward Larsen [...] was to play a role second only to Luce's in the development of Time Inc". In his book, The March of Time, 1935–1951, Raymond Fielding also noted that Larsen was "originally circulation manager and then general manager of Time, later publisher of Life, for many years president of Time Inc., and in the long history of the corporation the most influential and important figure after Luce".[citation needed]
Around the time they were raising $100,000 from wealthy Yale alumni like Henry P. Davison, partner of J.P. Morgan & Co., publicity man Martin Egan and J.P. Morgan & Co. banker Dwight Morrow, Henry Luce, and Briton Hadden hired Larsen in 1922 – although Larsen was a Harvard graduate and Luce and Hadden were Yale graduates. After Hadden died in 1929, Larsen purchased 550 shares of Time Inc., using money he obtained from selling RKO stock which he had inherited from his father, who was the head of the Benjamin Franklin Keith theatre chain in New England. However, after Briton Hadden's death, the largest Time stockholder was Henry Luce, who ruled the media conglomerate in an autocratic fashion, "at his right hand was Larsen", Time's second-largest stockholder, according to Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director and vice-president. J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co., and The New York Trust Company (Standard Oil).[citation needed]
The Time Inc. stock owned by Luce at the time of his death was worth about $109 million, and it had been yielding him a yearly dividend of more than $2.4 million, according to Curtis Prendergast's The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. The Larsen family's Time stock was worth around $80 million during the 1960s, and Roy Larsen was both a Time Inc. director and the chairman of its Executive Committee, later serving as Time's vice-chairman of the board until the middle of 1979. According to the September 10, 1979 issue of The New York Times, "Mr. Larsen was the only employee in the company's history given an exemption from its policy of mandatory retirement at age 65."[citation needed]
After Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U.S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U.S. political and corporate interests. According to The March of Time, as early as 1924, Larsen had brought Time into the infant radio business with the broadcast of a 15-minute sustaining quiz show entitled Pop Question which survived until 1925". Then, in 1928, Larsen "undertook the weekly broadcast of a 10-minute programme series of brief news summaries, drawn from current issues of Time magazine [...] which was originally broadcast over 33 stations throughout the United States".[citation needed]
Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6, 1931. Each week, the program presented a dramatisation of the week's news for its listeners, thus Time magazine itself was brought "to the attention of millions previously unaware of its existence", according to Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941, leading to an increased circulation of the magazine during the 1930s. Between 1931 and 1937, Larsen's The March of Time radio program was broadcast over CBS radio and between 1937 and 1945 it was broadcast over NBC radio – except for the 1939 to 1941 period when it was not aired. People Magazine was based on Time's People page.
In 1989, when Time, Inc. and Warner Communications merged, Time became part of Time Warner, along with Warner Bros. .
In 1988, Jason McManus succeeded Henry Grunwald as Editor-in-Chief and oversaw the transition before Norman Pearlstine succeeded him in 1995.
In 2000, Time magazine became part of AOL Time Warner, which reverted to the name Time Warner in 2003.
In 2007, Time moved from a Monday subscription/newsstand delivery to a schedule where the magazine goes on sale Fridays, and is delivered to subscribers on Saturday. The magazine actually began in 1923 with Friday publication.
During early 2007, the year's first issue was delayed for roughly a week due to "editorial changes", including the layoff of 49 employees.[11]
In 2009 Time announced that they were introducing a personalized print magazine, Mine, mixing content from a range of Time Warner publications based on the reader's preferences. The new magazine met with a poor reception, with criticism that its focus was too broad to be truly personal.[12]
The magazine has an online archive with the unformatted text for every article published. The articles are indexed and were converted from scanned images using optical character recognition technology. There are still minor errors in the text that are remnants of the conversion into digital format.
Time Inc. and Apple have come to an agreement wherein U.S. subscribers to Time will be able to read the iPad versions for free, at least until the two companies sort out a viable digital subscription model.[13]
In January 2013, Time Inc. announced that it would cut nearly 500 jobs – roughly 6% of its 8,000 staff worldwide.[14] Although Time magazine has maintained high sales, its ad pages have declined significantly over time.[15]
Also in January 2013, Time Inc. named Martha Nelson as the first female editor-in-chief of its magazine division.[16] In September 2013, Nancy Gibbs was named as the first female managing editor of Time magazine.[16]
In November 2017, Meredith Corporation announced it was acquiring the company.[17] Several months later it announced that Time was for sale.[18]
Circulation[edit]
Time magazine paid circulation by year[citation needed]
Year
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Circulation (millions)
4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.4
During the second half of 2009, the magazine saw a 34.9% decline in newsstand sales.[19] During the first half of 2010, there was another decline of at least one-third in Time magazine sales. In the second half of 2010, Time magazine newsstand sales declined by about 12% to just over 79,000 copies per week.[citation needed] As of 2012, it has a circulation of 3.3 million, making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States, and the second most circulated weekly behind People.[3] As of July 2017, its circulation is 3,028,013.[1]
Style[edit]
Time initially possessed a distinctive writing style, making regular use of inverted sentences. This was parodied in 1936 by Wolcott Gibbs in The New Yorker: "Backward ran sentences until reeled the mind [...] Where it all will end, knows God!"[20]
Until the mid-1970s, Time had a weekly section called "Listings", which contained capsule summaries and/or reviews of then-current significant films, plays, musicals, television programs, and literary bestsellers similar to The New Yorker's "Current Events" section.[21]
Time is also known for its signature red border, first introduced in 1927. The iconic red border was homaged or satirized by Seattle's The Stranger newspaper in 2010.[22]
The border has only been changed four times since 1927: The issue released shortly after the September 11 attacks on the United States featured a black border to symbolize mourning. However, this edition was a special "extra" edition published quickly for the breaking news of the event; the next regularly scheduled issue contained the red border. Additionally, the April 28, 2008 Earth Day issue, dedicated to environmental issues, contained a green border.[23] The next change in border was in the September 19, 2011 issue, commemorating the 10th anniversary of September 11 attacks with a metallic silver border. The most recent change (again with a silver border) was in the December 31, 2012 issue, noting Barack Obama's selection as Person of the Year.
In 2007, Time engineered a style overhaul of the magazine. Among other changes, the magazine reduced the red cover border in order to promote featured stories, enlarged column titles, reduced the number of featured stories, increased white space around articles, and accompanied opinion pieces with photographs of the writers. The changes have met both criticism and praise.[24][25][26]
Special editions[edit]
Person of the Year[edit]
Main article: Time Person of the Year
Time's most famous feature throughout its history has been the annual "Person of the Year" (formerly "Man of the Year") cover story, in which Time recognizes the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest impact on news headlines over the past 12 months. The distinction is supposed to go to the person who, for good or ill, has most affected the course of the year; it is therefore not necessarily an honor or a reward. In the past, such figures as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin have been Man of the Year.
In 2006, Person of the Year was designated as "You", a move that was met with split reviews. Some thought the concept was creative; others wanted an actual person of the year. Editors Pepper and Timmer reflected that, if it had been a mistake, "we're only going to make it once".[27]
In 2017, Time named The Silence Breakers, women and men who came forward with personal stories of sexual harassment, as Person of the Year. [28]
Time 100[edit]
Main article: Time 100
In recent years, Time has assembled an annual list of the 100 most influential people of the year. Originally, they had made a list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. These issues usually have the front cover filled with pictures of people from the list and devote a substantial amount of space within the magazine to the 100 articles about each person on the list. There have, in some cases, been over 100 people, when two people have made the list together, sharing one spot.
The magazine also compiled "All-TIME 100 best novels" and "All-TIME 100 best movies" lists in 2005,[29][30][31] "The 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME" in 2007,[32] and "All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons" in 2012.[33]
In February 2016, Time included the British and male author Evelyn Waugh on its "100 Most Read Female Writers in College Classes" list (he was 97th on the list) which created much media attention and concerns about the level of basic education among the magazine's staff.[34] Time later issued a retraction.[35] In a BBC interview with Justin Webb, Professor Valentine Cunningham of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, described the mistake as "a piece of profound ignorance on the part of Time magazine".[36]
Red X covers[edit]
Time red X covers: from left to right, Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and Osama bin Laden
During its history, for five non-consecutive occasions, Time has released a special issue with a cover showing an X scrawled over the face of a man or a national symbol. The first Time magazine with a red X cover was released on May 7, 1945, showing a red X over Adolf Hitler's face. The second X cover was released more than three months later on August 20, 1945, with a black X (to date, the magazine's only such use of a black X) covering the flag of Japan, representing the recent surrender of Japan and which signaled the end of World War II.
Fifty-eight years later, on April 21, 2003, Time released another issue with a red X over Saddam Hussein's face, two weeks after the invasion. On June 13, 2006, Time magazine printed a red X cover issue following the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in a U.S. airstrike in Iraq. The most recent red X cover issue of Time was published on May 2, 2011, after the death of Osama bin Laden.[37]
Time for Kids[edit]
Main article: Time for Kids
Time for Kids is a division magazine of Time that is especially published for children and is mainly distributed in classrooms. TFK contains some national news, a "Cartoon of the Week", and a variety of articles concerning popular culture. An annual issue concerning the environment is distributed near the end of the U.S. school term. The publication rarely exceeds ten pages front and back.
Time LightBox[edit]
Time LightBox is a photography blog created and curated by Time's photo department, that was launched in 2011.[38] In 2011 Life picked LightBox for its Photo Blog Awards.[39]
Staff[edit]
Editors[edit]
Briton Hadden (1923–1929)
Henry Luce (1929–1949)
T. S. Matthews (1949–1953)
Roy Alexander (1960-1966)
Managing editors[edit]
Managing Editor
Editor From
Editor To
T. S. Matthews 1943 1949
Roy Alexander 1949 1960
Otto Fuerbringer 1960 1968
Henry Grunwald 1968 1977
Ray Cave 1979 1985
Jason McManus 1985 1987
Henry Muller 1987 1993
James R. Gaines 1993 1995
Walter Isaacson 1996 2001
Jim Kelly 2001 2005
Richard Stengel 2006 2013
Nancy Gibbs 2013 2017
Edward Felsenthal 2017 present
Notable contributors[edit]
Aravind Adiga, Time correspondent for three years, winner of the 2008 Man Booker Prize for fiction
James Agee, book and movie editor for Time
Ann Blackman, deputy news chief in Washington[40]
Ian Bremmer, current Editor-at-Large
Margaret Carlson, the first female columnist for Time
Robert Cantwell, writer, editor 1936—1941
Whittaker Chambers, writer, senior editor 1939—1948
Richard Corliss, film critic for the magazine since 1980
Brad Darrach, film critic
Nigel Dennis, drama critic
John Gregory Dunne, reporter; later author and screenwriter
Peter Economy, author and editor
Alexander Eliot, art editor from 1945 to 1961, author of 18 books on art, mythology, and history, including Three Hundred Years of American Painting, published by Time-Life Books
Dean E. Fischer, reporter and editor, 1964–81
Nancy Gibbs, essayist and editor-at-large; has written more than 100 Time cover stories
Lev Grossman, wrote primarily about books and technology for the magazine
Deena Guzder, a human rights journalist and author
Jerry Bernard Hannifin, award-winning chief aerospace correspondent for four decades, as well as specialist on Latin America, and licensed pilot[41]
Wilder Hobson, reporter in 1930s and '40s
Robert Hughes, Time's long-tenured art critic
Pico Iyer, essayist and novelist, essayist for Time since 1986
Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., photo editor 1952–60; also a historian and Hollywood screenwriter
Weldon Kees, critic
Joe Klein, author (Primary Colors) and a Time columnist who wrote the "In the Arena" column
Louis Kronenberger, drama critic 1938–1961
Andre Laguerre, Paris bureau chief 1948–1956, London bureau chief 1951–1956, also wrote about sports for Time; later longtime managing editor of Sports Illustrated
Nathaniel Lande, author, filmmaker, and former creative director of Time
Will Lang Jr. 1936–1968, Time Life International
Marshall Loeb, writer and editor from 1956 through 1980
John Moody, Vatican and Rome correspondent 1986 through 1996
Jim Murray, West Coast correspondent 1948–1955
Lance Morrow, backpage essayist from 1976 through 2000
Richard Schickel, film critic from 1965 through 2010
Hugh Sidey, political reporter and columnist, beginning in 1957
Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, investigative reporters who won two National Magazine Awards while at Time
Joel Stein, columnist who wrote the Joel 100 just after Time Magazine's Most Influential issue in 2006
Calvin Trillin, food writer, was a reporter for Time from 1960 to 1963
David Von Drehle, current Editor-at-Large
Lasantha Wickrematunge, journalist
Robert Wright, contributing editor
Fareed Zakaria, current Editor-at-Large
Snapshot: 1940 editorial staff[edit]
In 1940, William Saroyan lists the full Time editorial department in the play, Love's Old Sweet Song.[42]
This 1940 snapshot includes:
Editor: Henry R. Luce
Managing Editors: Manfred Gottfried, Frank Norris, T.S. Matthews
Associate Editors: Carlton J. Balliett Jr., Robert Cantwell, Laird S. Goldsborough, David W. Hulburd Jr., John Stuart Martin, Fanny Saul, Walter Stockly, Dana Tasker, Charles Weretenbaker
Contributing Editors: Roy Alexander, John F. Allen, Robert W. Boyd Jr., Roger Butterfield, Whittaker Chambers, James G. Crowley, Robert Fitzgerald, Calvin Fixx, Walter Graebner, John Hersey, Sidney L. James, Eliot Janeway, Pearl Kroll, Louis Kronenberger, Thomas K. Krug, John T. McManus, Sherry Mangan, Peter Matthews, Robert Neville, Emeline Nollen, Duncan Norton-Taylor, Sidney Olsen, John Osborne, Content Peckham, Green Peyton, Williston C. Rich Jr., Winthrop Sargeant, Robert Sherrod, Lois Stover, Leon Svirsky, Felice Swados, Samuel G. Welles Jr., Warren Wilhelm, and Alfred Wright Jr.
Editorial Assistants: Ellen May Ach, Sheila Baker, Sonia Bigman, Elizabeth Budelrnan, Maria de Blasio, Hannah Durand, Jean Ford, Dorothy Gorrell, Helen Gwynn, Edith Hind, Lois Holsworth, Diana Jackson, Mary V. Johnson, Alice Lent, Kathrine Lowe, Carolyn Marx, Helen McCreery, Gertrude McCullough, Mary Louise Mickey, Anna North, Mary Palmer, Tabitha Petran, Elizabeth Sacartoff, Frances Stevenson, Helen Vind, Eleanor Welch, and Mary Welles.
See also[edit]
United States portal
Heroes of the Environment
List of people on the cover of Time magazine
"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", 1991 article about Scientology, by Richard Behar, which received the Gerald Loeb Award
Is God Dead?, one of Time's most famous covers
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Time Canada to close". Mastheadonline.com. December 10, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Byers, Dylan (August 7, 2012). "Time Magazine still on top in circulation". Politico.
Jump up ^ Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. (October 10, 2017). "For Time Inc.'s Magazines, Fewer Copies Is the Way Forward" – via www.wsj.com.
Jump up ^ Time Inc (July 30, 2012). "Richard Stengel". TIME Media Kit. Time Inc. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Maza, Erik (17 September 2013). "Nancy Gibbs Named Time's Managing Editor". WWD. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Time magazine names Edward Felsenthal as new editor-in-chief".
Jump up ^ "History of TIME". Time.
Jump up ^ Brinkley, The Publisher, pp 88–89
Jump up ^ "Instant History: Review of First Issue with Cover". Brycezabel.com. 1923-03-03. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Time Inc. Layoffs: Surveying the Wreckage". Gawker. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Time's foray into personal publishing". April 27, 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Adams, Russell (2011-05-02). "WSJ.com, Time Inc. in iPad Deal With Apple". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Time Inc. Cutting Staff", Wall Street Journal, January 30, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Time Inc to Shed 500 Jobs", Greenslade Blog, The Guardian, January 31, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Haughney, Christine (September 17, 2013). "Time Magazine Names Its First Female Managing Editor". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Meredith to buy Time with help from the Koch brothers, but says they won't have any influence".
Jump up ^ Gold, Brian Stelter, Hadas. "Meredith is putting Sports Illustrated and Time magazines on the block". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
Jump up ^ Clifford, Stephanie (February 8, 2010). "Magazines' Newsstand Sales Fall 9.1 Percent". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ The New Yorker - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
Jump up ^ "TIME Magazine archives". Time.
Jump up ^ Lin, Tao (September 21, 2010). "Great American Novelist". TheStranger.com. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ MSNBC-TV report by Andrea Mitchell, April 17, 2008, 1:45 pm .
Jump up ^ Joe Hagan (4 March 2007). "The Time of Their Lives". NYMag.com. New York Magazine. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Bruce Nussbaum (25 March 2007). "Does The Redesign of Time Magazine Mean It Has A New Business Model As Well?". Bloomberg Businessweek. BLOOMBERG L.P. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Will, George F. (December 21, 2006). "Full Esteem Ahead". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "The Time of Their Lives". Retrieved April 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Time's Person of the Year: 'Silence Breakers' speaking out against sexual harassment".
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard; Schickel, Richard (February 12, 2005). "All-TIME 100 Movies". Time.
Jump up ^ "Best Soundtracks". Time. February 12, 2005.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (June 2, 2005). "That Old Feeling: Secrets of the All-Time 100". Time. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James (September 6, 2007). "The 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME". Time.
Jump up ^ "All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons". Time. April 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Evelyn Waugh: 'Time' Names Male Writer In List Of '100 Most Read Female Authors'". February 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Evelyn Waugh: 'Time' Names Male Writer in List of "100 Most Read Female Writers" " by Jennifer Deutschman
Jump up ^ "Time magazine correction: Evelyn Waugh was not a woman". February 26, 2016 – via www.bbc.com.
Jump up ^ Gustini, Ray (May 2, 2011). "A Brief History of Time Magazine's 'X' Covers". The Wire.
Jump up ^ Laurent, Olivier (31 July 2013). "Changing Time: How LightBox has renewed Time's commitment to photography". British Journal of Photography. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Life.com's 2011 Photo Blog Awards", Life.com, as saved by the Wayback Machine on 6 January 2012. The citation reads:
Elegant and commanding, intimate and worldly, Time magazine's beautifully designed LightBox blog is an essential destination for those who appreciate contemporary photography. Much more than photojournalism, Lightbox (which, like LIFE.com, is owned by Time Inc.) explores today's new documentary and fine art photography from the perspective of the photo editors at Time -- arguably the strongest editors working in their field today. LightBox offers fascinating dispatches from every corner of the world...
Jump up ^ Blackman, Ann. "Ann Blackman – Off to Save the World: How JULIA TAFT Made a Difference". Promotional website. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kennedy Space Center--The Chroniclers". Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saroyan, William (1940). Love's Old Sweet Song: A Play in Three Acts. Samuel French. pp. 71–73. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Baughman, James L. "Henry R. Luce and the Business of Journalism." Business & Economic History On-Line 9 (2011). online
Baughman, James L. Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media (2001) excerpt
Brinkley, Alan. The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century, Alfred A. Knopf (2010) 531 p. "A Magazine Master Builder" Book review by Janet Maslin, The New York Times, April 19, 2010 (p. C1 of the NY ed. April 20, 2010). Retrieved 2010-04-20
Brinkley, Alan. What Would Henry Luce Make of the Digital Age?, TIME (April 19, 2010) excerpt and text search
Elson, Robert T. Time Inc: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923–1941 (1968); vol. 2: The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History, 1941–1960 (1973), official corporate history
Herzstein, Robert E. Henry R. Luce, Time, and the American Crusade in Asia (2006) excerpt and text search
Herzstein, Robert E. Henry R. Luce: A Political Portrait of the Man Who Created the American Century (1994).
Wilner, Isaiah. The Man Time Forgot: A Tale of Genius, Betrayal, and the Creation of Time Magazine, HarperCollins, New York, 2006
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Time (magazine)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Time Magazine.
Official website
Time Archive – archive of magazines and covers from 1923 through present
Time articles by Whittaker Chambers
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Parking Wars
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Parking Wars
Parking Wars opening animation
Genre
Reality
Directed by
Daniel Elias
Po Kutchins
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
7
No. of episodes
104 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Daniel Elias
David Houts
Producer(s)
Dan Flaherty
Po Kutchins
Andrew Dunn
Laurissa James
Evian Patterson
Kendall E Canner
Laura Fleury
Rob Sharenow
Jordana Hochman
Release
Original network
A&E
Picture format
16:9 HDTV
Original release
January 8, 2008 (2008-01-08) – December 22, 2012 (2012-12-22)
External links
Website
Parking Wars is a reality television series which aired on the A&E television network.[1] The program followed traffic enforcement employees as they ticket, "boot,", tow, and release cars back to their owners, as part of their parking enforcement duties.
The show began airing on January 8, 2008. The 7th and final season premiered on October 6, 2012. The final episode was aired on December 22, 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
2 Background
3 Production
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Supplemental articles
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episode(s)
Originally aired
Season premiere
Season finale
Pilot April 2001
1 16 January 8, 2008 March 4, 2008
2 17 October 15, 2008 December 17, 2008
3 13 October 6, 2009 November 17, 2009
4 13 October 12, 2010 November 23, 2010
5 13 April 16, 2011 June 18, 2011
6 13 February 11, 2012 May 12, 2012
7 19 October 6, 2012 December 22, 2012
Background[edit]
The series' original focus was on the employees of the Philadelphia Parking Authority (PPA) and their daily work: ticketing, booting (via wheel clamp), and towing cars, and dealing with the issues that arise with the public when they try to retrieve their vehicles from the impound lots. The show also includes footage of vehicle owners interacting with employees on the street when their vehicles are ticketed, booted, or towed.
Each episode consists of three segments, shown either in chronological order of a car entering the PPA violation system (ticket, boot/tow, impound) or reverse chronological order. Many of the "Booting" segments feature the favorite team of Steve (better known by his last name, "Garfield"), a longtime PPA employee and self-professed "gadget geek," and his partner Sherry, who has "the fastest fingers on the Eastern Seaboard" according to her partner, as they travel on their assigned beats to track down cars with three tickets or more, all at least six months old, and "boot" them so that the owner cannot continue to drive the car until they pay the outstanding fines. Booting a car usually requires the PPA employee to snap on a device, locking the mechanism of the front wheel so that it will not be able to move. Sometimes, attaching a boot to a car is difficult because of the size of the wheels. This is unnerving because it is a race against time before the owner of the vehicle returns.
One of the PPA tow truck drivers featured in the series, Martin, died shortly before the show's debut. The show's official page at aetv.com has a section dedicated to his memory.[2]
Production[edit]
The first five seasons of Parking Wars were filmed on location in Philadelphia. Beginning the third season, Detroit's MPD (Municipal Parking Department) was added as a location as well, in addition to the PPA.[3] Beginning in season 5, the parking enforcement unit of Providence, Rhode Island is featured. In season 6, the show added Staten Island and North Hempstead, New York, and Trenton, New Jersey to its list of filming locations.
The series was based on a 2001 documentary of the same name about the PPA, produced for A&E and Britain's Channel 5, about a day in the life of the PPA, from morning to late night, taped in April 2001. The documentary featured off-screen narration by Daniel Jenkins, as well as all elements of the PPA's operation—ticketing, booting, impounding, towing, adjudication and auctioning. When the series debuted seven years later in 2008, the narrator was dropped in favor of the employees telling the stories themselves, each episode had three separate segments, and the adjudication and auctioning aspects were no longer featured (with towing only featured very occasionally). Some of the staffers that appeared in the documentary, such as boot crew member Steve Garfield, would later be seen in the series. When this documentary was rebroadcast after the start of the series, it was listed in television listings as "The Lost Pilot".[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Parking Wars - A&E TV". A&E. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Tow Truck Squad". A&E. Archived from the original on 2009-10-03. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
Jump up ^ "TV's 'Parking Wars,' 'The Wannabes' to be shot in Metro area". Detroit News. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
Jump up ^ Per A&E listings at zap2it.com.
External links[edit]
Official website
Philadelphia Parking Authority
Detroit Municipal Parking Department
Parking Wars on IMDb
Parking Wars at TV.com
Supplemental articles[edit]
New York Times: "City Finds a Reality Show Hard to Watch", June 22, 2009.
New York Times: New York City Cracks Down on Tickets Left Unpaid, December 3, 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parking_Wars&oldid=829141147"
Categories:
A&E (TV channel) shows
2000s American television series
2008 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
2012 American television series endings
American reality television series
Television shows set in Philadelphia
Television shows set in Detroit
Television shows set in Rhode Island
Parking law
English-language television programs
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Cultural landscape
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sunrise Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe.
A cultural landscape, as defined by the World Heritage Committee, is the "cultural properties [that] represent the combined works of nature and of man."[1]
"a landscape designed and created intentionally by man"
an "organically evolved landscape" which may be a "relict (or fossil) landscape" or a "continuing landscape"
an "associative cultural landscape" which may be valued because of the "religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element."
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the concept
2 Examples
2.1 Tongariro National Park, New Zealand (1993)
2.2 Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Australia (1994)
2.3 Rice Terraces of Philippine Cordilleras (1995)
2.4 Cultural Landscape of Sintra Portugal (1995)
2.5 Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto), Italy (1997)
2.6 Hortobágy National Park, Hungary (1999)
2.7 Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe (2003)
2.8 Dresden Elbe Valley, Germany (2004)
2.9 Qhapaq Ñan (Andean Road System), Peru, Columbia, Equator, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile (2014)
2.10 West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou, China (2011)
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
History of the concept[edit]
The concept of 'cultural landscapes' can be found in the European tradition of landscape painting.[2] From the 16th century onwards, many European artists painted landscapes in favor of people, diminishing the people in their paintings to figures subsumed within broader, regionally specific landscapes.[3]
The word "landscape" itself combines 'land' with a verb of Germanic origin, "scapjan/ schaffen" to mean, literally, 'shaped lands'.[4] Lands were then considered shaped by natural forces, and the unique details of such landshaffen (shaped lands) became themselves the subject of 'landscape' paintings.[3]
The geographer Otto Schlüter is credited with having first formally used “cultural landscape” as an academic term in the early 20th century.[5] In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining geography as a Landschaftskunde (landscape science) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline.[5][6] He defined two forms of landscape: the Urlandschaft (transl. original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the Kulturlandschaft (transl. 'cultural landscape') a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes.
It was Carl O. Sauer, a human geographer, who was probably the most influential in promoting and developing the idea of cultural landscapes.[7] Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earth’s surface in delimited areas. Within his definition, the physical environment retains a central significance, as the medium with and through which human cultures act.[8] His classic definition of a 'cultural landscape' reads as follows:
“The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result"
Since Schlüter's first formal use of the term, and Sauer's effective promotion of the idea, the concept of 'cultural landscapes has been variously used, applied, debated, developed and refined within academia, when, in 1992, the World Heritage Committee elected to convene a meeting of the 'specialists' to advise and assist redraft the Committee's Operational Guidelines to include 'cultural landscapes' as an option for heritage listing properties that were neither purely natural nor purely cultural in form (i.e. 'mixed' heritage).[9]
The World Heritage Committee's adoption and use of the concept of 'cultural landscapes' has seen multiple specialists around the world, and many nations identifying 'cultural landscapes', assessing 'cultural landscapes', heritage listing 'cultural landscapes', managing 'cultural landscapes', and effectively making 'cultural landscapes' known and visible to the world, with very practical ramifications and challenges.[9]
A 2006 academic review of the combined efforts of the World Heritage Committee, multiple specialists around the world, and nations to apply the concept of 'cultural landscapes', observed and concluded that:
"Although the concept of landscape has been unhooked for some time from its original art associations ... there is still a dominant view of landscapes as an inscribed surface, akin to a map or a text, from which cultural meaning and social forms can simply be read."[10]
Within academia, any system of interaction between human activity and natural habitat is regarded as a cultural landscape. In a sense this understanding is broader than the definition applied within UNESCO, including, as it does, almost the whole of the world's occupied surface, plus almost all the uses, ecologies, interactions, practices, beliefs, concepts, and traditions of people living within cultural landscapes.[9] Following on this, geographer Xoán Paredes defines cultural landscape as:
"... the environment modified by the human being in the course of time, the long-term combination between anthropic action on this environment and the physical constraints limiting or conditioning human activity. It is a geographical area – including natural and cultural resources – associated to historical evolution, which gives way to a recognizable landscape for a particular human group, up to the point of being identifiable as such by others."[11][12]
Some Universities now offer specialist degrees in the study of cultural landscapes, including, for instance, the Universities of Naples, St.-Étienne, and Stuttgart who offer a Master of Cultural Landscapes diploma.
Examples[edit]
The World Heritage Committee has identified and listed a number of areas or properties as cultural landscapes of universal value to humankind, including the following:[13]
Tongariro National Park, New Zealand (1993)[edit]
Tongariro Mahuia River in the Tongariro National Park, New Zealand
"In 1993 Tongariro National Park, became the first property to be inscribed on the World Heritage List under the revised criteria describing cultural landscapes. The mountains at the heart of the park have cultural and religious significance for the Maori people and symbolize the spiritual links between this community and its environment. The park has active and extinct volcanoes, a diverse range of ecosystems and some spectacular landscapes."
Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Australia (1994)[edit]
"This park, formerly called Uluru (Ayers Rock – Mount Olga) National Park, features spectacular geological formations that dominate the vast red sandy plain of central Australia. Uluru, an immense monolith, and Kata Tjuta, the rock domes located west of Uluru, form part of the traditional belief system of one of the oldest human societies in the world. The traditional owners of Uluru-Kata Tjuta are the Anangu Aboriginal people."
Rice Terraces of Philippine Cordilleras (1995)[edit]
The Batad rice terraces, The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, the first site to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List cultural landscape category in 1995.[14]
"For 2,000 years, the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains. The fruit of knowledge handed down from one generation to the next, and the expression of sacred traditions and a delicate social balance, they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty that expresses the harmony between humankind and the environment."
Cultural Landscape of Sintra Portugal (1995)[edit]
"In the 19th century Sintra became the first centre of European Romantic architecture. Ferdinand II turned a ruined monastery into a castle where this new sensitivity was displayed in the use of Gothic, Egyptian, Moorish and Renaissance elements and in the creation of a park blending local and exotic species of trees. Other fine dwellings, built along the same lines in the surrounding serra, created a unique combination of parks and gardens which influenced the development of landscape architecture throughout Europe".
Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto), Italy (1997)[edit]
"The Ligurian coast between Cinque Terre and Portovenere is a cultural landscape of great scenic and cultural value. The layout and disposition of the small towns and the shaping of the surrounding landscape, overcoming the disadvantages of a steep, uneven terrain, encapsulate the continuous history of human settlement in this region over the past millennium."
Hortobágy National Park, Hungary (1999)[edit]
Hungarian Grey Cattle in Hortobágy National Park.
Hortobágy National Park is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe, which means that it was not formed as a result of deforestation or river control. The first Hungarian national park (established in 1973), it is the country's largest protected area (82 thousand hectares). A significant part of it is Biosphere Reserve and a quarter of its area enjoys international protection under the Ramsar Convention on the conservation of wetlands.[15]
Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe (2003)[edit]
The area exhibits a profusion of distinctive rock landforms rising above the granite shield that covers much of Zimbabwe. The large boulders provide abundant natural shelters and have been associated with human occupation from the early Stone Age right through to early historical times, and intermittently since. They also feature an outstanding collection of rock paintings. The Matopo Hills continue to provide a strong focus for the local community, which still uses shrines and sacred places closely linked to traditional, social and economic activities.
Dresden Elbe Valley, Germany (2004)[edit]
"The 18th- and 19th-century cultural landscape of Dresden Elbe Valley ... features low meadows, and is crowned by the Pillnitz Palace and the centre of Dresden with its numerous monuments and parks from the 16th to 20th centuries. The landscape also features 19th- and 20th-century suburban villas and gardens and valuable natural features."
This landscape was struck from the World Heritage list in 2009, due to the construction of a four lane highway across the Elbe.[16]
Qhapaq Ñan (Andean Road System), Peru, Columbia, Equator, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile (2014)[edit]
This site is an extensive Inca communication, trade and defence network of roads covering 30,000 km. Constructed by the Incas over several centuries and partly based on pre-Inca infrastructure, this extraordinary network through one of the world’s most extreme geographical terrains linked the snow-capped peaks of the Andes – at an altitude of more than 6,000 m – to the coast, running through hot rainforests, fertile valleys and absolute deserts. It reached its maximum expansion in the 15th century, when it spread across the length and breadth of the Andes. The Qhapac Ñan, Andean Road System includes 273 component sites spread over more than 6,000 km that were selected to highlight the social, political, architectural and engineering achievements of the network, along with its associated infrastructure for trade, accommodation and storage, as well as sites of religious significance. [16]
The West Lake of Hangzhou World Heritage Site. According to the UNESCO, it reflects "an idealized fusion between humans and nature."[17]
West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou, China (2011)[edit]
"The West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou, comprising the West Lake and the hills surrounding its three sides, has inspired famous poets, scholars and artists since the 9th century. It comprises numerous temples, pagodas, pavilions, gardens and ornamental trees, as well as causeways and artificial islands."
See also[edit]
Environment portal
Cultural region
Ecomuseum
Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS) — Heritage Documentation Program of the U.S. National Park Service, archived physically + online at the Library of Congress.
Landscape architecture
Lists of World Heritage Sites
Native American use of fire — North America.
Natural landscape
Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UNESCO (2012) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention [1]. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 14.
Jump up ^ PANNELL, S (2006) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context: Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University. Cairns, Australia. Page 62
^ Jump up to: a b GIBSON, W.S (1989) Mirror of the Earth: The World Landscape in Sixteenth-Century Flemish Painting. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
Jump up ^ HABER, W (1995) Concept, Origin, and Meaning of Landscape. UNESCO's Cultural Landscapes of Universal Value: Components of a Global Strategy. UNESCO, New York. Pages 38-42.
^ Jump up to: a b JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Sons. New York, p.177.
Jump up ^ ELKINS, T.H (1989) Human and Regional Geography in the German-speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century. ENTRIKEN, J. Nicholas & BRUNN, Stanley D (Eds) Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The nature of geography. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC. Page 27
Jump up ^ JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Page 321-324.
Jump up ^ SAUER, C (1925) The Morphology of Landscape. University of California Publications in Geography. Number 22. Pages 19-53
^ Jump up to: a b c FOWLER, P.J (2003) World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992 - 2002. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris, France.
Jump up ^ PANNELL, S (2006) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context: Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University, Cairns. Page 63
Jump up ^ PAREDES, X. (2015a) A utilidade do celtismo. Celticidade galaica no S.XXI. Proceedings of Jornadas das Letras Galego-Portuguesas 2012-2014, DTS and SAGA. Pages 175-190
Jump up ^ PAREDES, X. (2017) I can see my hillfort from here. Personal site (last access July 30, 2017).
Jump up ^ Cultural Landscape UNESCO. Accessed 9 January 2008
Jump up ^ Malig, Jojo (26 June 2012). "Philippine rice terraces no longer in danger". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Hungarian Tourism Plc., Hortobágy National Park
Jump up ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/522/
Jump up ^ Ancient Chinese cultural landscape, the West Lake of Hangzhou, inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
Bibliography[edit]
Conzen, M., 1993, 'The historical impulse in Geographical writing about the United States 1850 1990', in Conzen, M., Rumney, T. and Wynn, G., A Scholar's Guide to Geographical Writing on the American and Canadian Past, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 3 90.
Denevan William M., 1992, 'The Americas before and after 1492: Current Geographical Research', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 369–385.
Elkins, T. H., 1989, 'Human and Regional Geography in the German-speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century', in J. Nicholas Entrikin & Stanley D. Brunn (eds). Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The nature of geography, Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC. 17-34.
James, P. E. and Martin, G., 1981, All Possible Worlds: A history of geographical ideas, John Wiley & Sons, New York
Jones, M., 2003, 'The Concept of Cultural Landscape: Discourse and Narratives', in H. Palang & G. Fry (eds.), Landscape Interfaces. Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes, Dordrecht, 21-51
Sauer, C., 1925, The Morphology of Landscape, University of California Publications in Geography, 22:19-53.
Fedorov, R. Genesis of the cultural landscape of Urals and Siberia. // Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, P. 207–216
External links[edit]
UNESCO Webpage Article on 'Cultural Landscapes' identifying all listed cultural landscapes Accessed 9 January 2008
UNESCO World Heritage Committee's Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention Accessed 11 November 2007
UNESCO World Heritage Series publication entitled "World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992 - 2002 Accessed 9 January 2008
PANNELL, S (2006) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context: Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University, Cairns. Accessed 11 November 2007
International Federation of Landscape Architects Cultural Landscapes Committee Accessed 26 January 2009
Hungarian Tourism Plc., Hortobágy National Park Accessed 11 April 2012
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