text:
Motorcycle safety
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
US Navy motorcycle training at Imperial Beach
Motorcycle safety concerns many aspects of vehicle and equipment design as well as operator skill and training that are unique to motorcycle riding.
Contents
[hide]
1 Accident rates
2 Research
2.1 Hurt Report
2.2 MAIDS report
2.3 Olsen Report
2.4 Inconclusive findings on conspicuity
3 Attitudes about risk
4 Motorcycle safety and society
4.1 Roadside safety
5 Controversy
6 Motorcycle deaths and military personnel
7 Consequences of accidents
8 Personal protective equipment
8.1 Functions of PPE
8.2 Items of PPE
9 Training
9.1 Countersteering
10 Motorcycle equipment
10.1 Rear View Mirrors
10.2 Turn Signal Indicators
10.3 Headlights
10.4 Crash bars
10.5 Anti-lock braking system
10.6 Airbag devices
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Accident rates[edit]
A CalTrans sign on the 91 eastbound in Anaheim, cautioning drivers to be on the lookout for motorcyclists who may be in their blind spots
* Source, NHTSA[1]
According to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in 2006, 13.10 cars out of 100,000 ended up in fatal crashes. The rate for motorcycles is 72.34 per 100,000 registered motorcycles.[2] Motorcycles also have a higher fatality rate per unit of distance travelled when compared with automobiles. Per vehicle mile traveled, motorcyclists' risk of a fatal crash is 35 times greater than a passenger car.[2] In 2004, figures from the UK Department for Transport indicated that motorcycles have 16 times the rate of serious injuries compared to cars.[3]
A national study by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATS) found that:
Motorcycle rider death rates increased among all rider age groups between 1998 and 2000
Motorcycle rider deaths were nearly 30 times more than drivers of other vehicles
Motorcycle riders aged below 40 are 36 times more likely to be killed than other vehicle operators of the same age.
Motorcycle riders aged 40 years and over are around 20 times more likely to be killed than other drivers of that same age.[4]
According to 2005 data from the NHTSA, 4,008 motorcycle riders were killed on United States roads in 2004, an 8% increase from 2003.[5]
During that same period, drivers of automobiles showed a 10% increase in fatalities, while cyclists showed an 8% increase in fatalities. Pedestrians also showed a 10% increase in fatalities. A total of 37,304 automobile occupants were killed on U.S. roads in 2004.[6]
In 1999 there were over four million motorcycles registered in the United States, comprising 2% of all registered vehicles in the US. In that year, 5% of all highway fatalities were motorcycle riders or passengers. One of the main reasons motorcyclists are killed in crashes is the motorcycle provides virtually no protection in a crash. Approximately 80% of reported motorcycle crashes result in injury or death; a comparable figure for automobiles is about 20 percent.[7]
Research[edit]
Two major scientific research studies into the causes of motorcycle accidents have been conducted in North America and Europe: the Hurt Report and the MAIDS report.
Hurt Report[edit]
Main article: Hurt Report
A major work done on this subject in the USA is the Hurt Report, published in 1981 with data collected in Los Angeles and the surrounding rural areas.[8] There have been longstanding calls for a new safety study in the US, and Congress has provided the seed money for such a project, but as yet the remainder of the funding has not all been pledged.[9]
The Hurt Report concluded with a list of 55 findings, as well as several major recommendations for law enforcement and legislation. Among these, 75% of motorcycle accidents involved a collision with another vehicle, usually a car. In the MAIDS report, the figure is 60%.
Other notable findings in the Hurt report (quoted below) were:[10]
75% of accidents were found to involve a motorcycle and a passenger vehicle, while the remaining 25% of accidents were single motorcycle accidents.
In the single vehicle accidents, motorcycle rider error was present as the accident precipitating factor in about two-thirds of the cases, with the typical error being a slide-out and fall due to overbraking or running wide on a curve due to excess speed or lack of side bite.
Almost half of the fatal accidents show alcohol involvement.
Injury severity increases with speed, alcohol involvement and motorcycle size.
In the multiple vehicle accidents, the driver of the other vehicle violated the motorcycle right-of-way and caused the accident in two-thirds of those accidents.
The report's additional findings show that wearing appropriate gear, specifically, a helmet and durable garments, mitigates crash injuries substantially.
Vehicle failure accounted for less than 3% of these motorcycle accidents, and most of those were single vehicle accidents where control was lost due to a puncture flat.
Weather is not a factor in 98% of motorcycle accidents.
The failure of motorists to detect and recognize motorcycles in traffic is the predominating cause of motorcycle accidents... Conspicuity of the motorcycle is a critical factor in the multiple vehicle accidents, and accident involvement is significantly reduced by the use of motorcycle headlamps-on In daylight and the wearing of high visibility yellow, orange or bright red jackets.
MAIDS report[edit]
Main article: MAIDS report
The most recent large-scale study of motorcycle accidents is the MAIDS report carried out in five European countries in 1999 to 2000, using the rigorous OECD standards, including a statistically significant sample size of over 900 crash incidents and over 900 control cases.
The MAIDS report tends to support most of the Hurt Report findings, for example that "69% of the OV [other vehicle] drivers attempted no collision avoidance manoeuvre," suggesting they did not see the motorcycle. And further that, "the largest number of PTW [powered two-wheeler] accidents is due to a perception failure on the part of the OV driver or the PTW rider." And "The data indicates that in 68.7% of all cases, the helmet was capable of preventing or reducing the head injury sustained by the rider (i.e., 33.2% + 35.5%). In 3.6% of all cases, the helmet was found to have no effect upon head injury" and "There were no reported cases in which the helmet was identified as the contact code for a serious or maximum neck injury."[11]
Olsen Report[edit]
A lesser-known study, known as the Olsen Report after the lead investigator in a 1979 University of Michigan study[citation needed], found that rider safety could be enhanced by wearing conspicuous clothing (especially yellow-green); using headlights in daytime, especially modulated headlights; and using running lights and wearing retro-reflective clothing at night.[12]:159–161
Inconclusive findings on conspicuity[edit]
A New Zealand study using data taken between 1993-96 in the city of Auckland, a "predominantly urban area" (Wells et al.[13] ) supported the Hurt Report's call for increased rider conspicuity, claiming that riders wearing white or light colored helmets, fluorescent or reflective clothing or using daytime headlights were under-represented when compared to a group of motorcycle accident victims. The accident victims were those who were killed, admitted or treated at hospital "with an injury severity score >5 within 24 hours of a motorcycle crash". Accidents that did not result in hospitalization or treatment for a critical injury, or a death, were not considered, nor was there any consideration of involvement of other road users, or culpability. The definition of reflective or fluorescent clothing was taken to include "clothing or other articles such as a jacket, vest, apron, sash, ankle or wrist band, or back pack including stripes, decals or strips". No assessment of the type (open or full-face) of helmet was undertaken. Most of the crashes took place in "urban 50 km/h (31 mph) speed limit zones (66%), during the day (64%) and in fine weather (72%)". No association was observed between risk of crash related injury and the frontal colour of the drivers' (sic) clothing or motorcycle.
The MAIDS report did not publish information on helmet color or the prevalence of reflective or fluorescent clothing in either the accident or control groups, or the use of lights in the control group, and therefore drew no statistical conclusions on their effectiveness, neither confirming nor refuting the claims of the Wells report. In each MAIDS case, the clothing worn by the rider was photographed and evaluated.
MAIDS found that motorcycles painted white were actually over-represented in the accident sample compared to the exposure data.[14] On clothing, MAIDS used a "purely subjective" determination of if and how the clothing worn probably affected conspicuity in the accident. The report concluded that "in 65.3% of all cases, the clothing made no contribution to the conspicuity of the rider or the PTW [powered two-wheeler, i.e. motorcycle]. There were very few cases found in which the bright clothing of the PTW rider enhanced the PTW’s overall conspicuity (46 cases). There were more cases in which the use of dark clothing decreased the conspicuity of the rider and the PTW (120 cases)." MAIDs concluded that in one case dark clothing actually increased conspicuity but reported none where bright clothing decreased it.[15]
Attitudes about risk[edit]
Some riders take few steps to mitigate the risks of motorcycling.
Transportation historian Jeremy Packer has suggested four categories to describe the different approaches to the risks of motorcycling. The first and fourth categories take opposite views of motorcycling, but share a fatalistic notion that to motorcycle is to tempt fate. The second and third categories differ in the degree of emphasis they place on measures to limit the risk of riding, but share the view that riders have some degree of control and are not victims of fate.[16]
Quit riding. Or ban motorcycling; this is the belief that motorcycling is too dangerous. Some former motorcyclists had an epiphany due to an accident involving themselves or a person they know, which permanently upends their view of motorcycling. Some are adamant in their opposition to motorcycling, unwilling to consider the merits or pleasures of riding due to their horror at the danger and physical carnage of motorcycle accidents. The late Agony aunt Claire Rayner, in her review of Melissa Holbrook Pierson's motorcycling book The Perfect Vehicle, admitted her prejudice, that nothing Pierson writes could change her attitude about motorcycling because, "I used to be hospital casualty nurse and spent so much time dealing with bikers who were scraped off the road like so much raspberry jam after accidents that I became an implacable hater of the machine... The danger to which bikers constantly put themselves, however well-wrapped in their urban armour of studded leather, and however horrendously helmeted, seems to me a reason for banning the infernal machines. ...a smell of blood and smashed muscle and bone mixed with engine oil. That is what motor cycle means to me. And, I'm afraid, always will."[17] Some safety experts have advocated banning motorcycling altogether as being untenably dangerous.[18][19]
Hyperreflective self-disciplinary. This attitude to risk consists of self-criticism, constant vigilance, perpetual training and practice, and continual upgrading of safety equipment. It is sometimes a reaction to an epiphany. There are many examples of riding advice which enumerate strategies for avoiding danger while riding, but they de-emphasize the rider accepting inherent risk as part of riding, instead emphasizing the rider's agency, based on his education and practice, in determining whether he will crash or not, and the utility of the correct safety gear in whether or not he will be injured in a crash.[16][20] David Edwards of Cycle World wrote, "Here's the thing: motorcycles are not dangerous," saying that if a rider has a license, attends riding schools, wears all the gear all the time (ATGATT), and develops an accident avoidance sixth sense, motorcycling can become safe; "... do all of these things, become really serious about your roadcraft, and you'll be so under-represented in accident statistics as to become almost bulletproof."[21] Kevin Cameron, also in Cycle World wrote, "[J]udgment improves with use. The longer you ride, the safer your operation tends to become. You learn to control your vehicle in a wider variety of situations, and you learn the value of playing three moves ahead of the four-wheeled traffic around you—as you must. In the process, you become a better automobile driver as well as a more skilled motorcyclist.".[22] An Oregon reporter interviewed professional riding instructors and highly trained motorcycle officers about their risk reduction strategy and found that "they constantly tweaked their habits to stay sharp. Many never ride with groups, which they consider a distraction. They stay home on holidays and wear the most reflective gear, not black. And increasingly they talk about driving impaired – not by drugs and alcohol – but by fatigue and exposure."[23]
Risk Valorization.[24] This is the acceptance that risk is unavoidable but can be embraced by making certain choices, whereby motorcyclists, "reappropriate risk and motorcycling as something which can't be measured only according to utility and efficiency... This discourse doesn't eschew safety in absolute terms, but neither does it maintain the validity of safety as the be-all and end-all for riding."[16] Motorcycling advocate and writer Wendy Moon said that one of the reasons she relaxed her insistence on always wearing a helmet while riding was that she no longer considered it worth "the mental effort required to maintain that protective attitude. I am not free to live in the now because I’m enslaved to the future 'what if.' ...So we gradually distance ourselves from experiencing a full and free life and we don’t even know it. As a society, we’re like kids so bundled up against the snow we cannot move at all.... Embracing that risk rejuvenates the soul and empowers one to live the rest of her life as she wants."[25]
Flaunting risk. Hunter S. Thompson's passages in his book Hell's Angels have been quoted by Packer and others as perhaps the best illustrations of the devil-may-care approach of a sizable group of motorcyclists: "They shun even the minimum safety measures that most cyclists take for granted. You will never see a Hell's Angel wearing a crash helmet. Nor do they wear Brando-Dylan-style 'silver-studded phantom' leather jackets," and "anything safe, they want no part of", and "The Angels don't want anybody to think they're hedging their bets."[26] In his essay Song of the Sausage Creature, Thompson wrote, "It is an atavistic mentality, a peculiar mix of low style, high speed, pure dumbness, and overweening commitment to the Cafe Life and all its dangerous pleasures."[27] Packer calls it, "a fate driven sensibility."[16]
Packer is a Michel Foucault-inspired historian who sees the approach to motorcycle safety found in mainstream sport and touring motorcycling media, supported by the MSF, and generally consistent with the advice of transport agencies, such as the US National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety,[28] as an ideology or "discourse", and places it as only one among multiple ideologies one may hold about motorcycling risk.[16] While giving respect to the first two discourses, Packer himself is sympathetic to the third approach and disdainful of the fourth. Packer's analysis of the second category, hyperreflective self-disciplinary, acknowledges that seriousness, sobriety, ongoing training, and wearing complete safety gear is not misguided, but also has concerns over its close alignment with the profit motives of the insurance industry, the motorcycle safety gear advertisers, and the public relations desires of motorcycle manufacturers, as well as governmental bureaucratic inertia and mission creep.[16] He sees motorcyclists who make non-utilitarian choices balancing risk and reward as being as respectable as other categories.[16]
BMW psychologist and researcher Bernt Spiegel has found that non-motorcyclists and novice motorcyclists usually share the fatalistic attitude described by Thompson, insofar as they think that high speed motorcycling is like a game of chicken or Russian roulette, where the rider tests his courage to see how close he can come to "the edge", or specifically the limit of traction while braking or cornering, without having any idea how close he is to exceeding that limit and crashing.[29] In Thompson's words in Hell's Angels it is, "The Edge... There is no honest way to explain it because the only people who really know where it is are the ones who have gone over. The others — the living — are those who pushed their luck as far as they felt they could handle it, and then pulled back, or slowed down, or did whatever they had to when it came time to choose between Now and Later."[26][30]
Spiegel disagrees that only those who have "gone over", that is, crashed or died, know the location of the boundary line. He says that if motorcycle racers, or even non-professional advanced riders who ride modern sport bikes near their performance limits, were approaching the limits of traction blindly, they would be like a group of blind men wandering around the top of a building, and most of them would wander off the edge and fall. In fact, Spiegel says, crashes among skilled high speed riders are so infrequent that it must be the case that they can feel where the limit of traction is as they approach the limit, before they lose traction. Spiegel's physiological and psychological experiments helped explore how it is possible for a good rider to extend his perception beyond the controls of his motorcycle out to the interface between the contact patches of his motorcycle and the road surface.[29]
Those subscribing to the first and fourth of Packer's risk categories are likely to believe no rider can sense when he is near the traction limit, while the second and third risk categories include those who share Spiegel's view that a rider need not lose traction and start to skid to know where the limit is. Motorcycle Consumer News Proficient Motorcycling columnist Ken Condon put it that, "The best riders are able to measure traction with a good amount of accuracy" even though that amount changes depending on the motorcycle, the tires and the tires' condition, and the varying qualities of the road surface.[31] But Condon says the rider feels the limit of traction through his hand and foot interface with the handelbars and footpegs, and the seat, rather than extending his perception out to the contact patch itself.[31]
Motorcycle safety and society[edit]
In many countries, incompatibility issues exist between motorcycle riders risk attitudes and nationwide road safety plans. Western democratic societies often rely upon fundamental utilitarian views to achieve its function, such as setting the limits to individual freedom to guarantee public safety. Vision Zero and other absolute political goals are fundamentally incongruent with the individualistic philosophy of risk acceptance and valorization. For years, in France, legislative measures have been taken to limit the output power of two wheeled vehicles. [32] Talks about mandatory speed limiting devices have been unpopular in the motorcycle communities in countries such as the UK and Sweden.[33] [34] However, rallies and motorcyclists’ right organizations have helped inform public officials about the negative impacts of such restrictions on their communities, with no reports of such devices being fitted having seen the day. Instead, collaboration with these groups are leading to increased focus on rider training and roadside safety measures.[34] Moreover, focus is shifted towards the statistically largest percentage of accidents, which are due to alcohol and drug use, non street-legal motorcycles, and riders not having a valid motorcycle license. [35]
Roadside safety[edit]
Roads are primarily designed for their main users, cars, and are seldom engineered with motorcycle specific safety in focus. The choice of roadside barriers and guardrails to prevent vehicles from crossing over a median or running off the road have proved to be dangerous for motorcyclists, as they are designed to dissipate braking energy for much heavier and structurally tougher cars and trucks. [36] Moreover, they are designed to be impacted on the sliding rail and not at their support poles, which act as swords to unprotected road users. [37] Statistical explanation for the automobile bias is found in use and fatality figures; motorcyclists are in numerical minority. [38]
Road surface can also contribute to a crash. A sudden change in the surface can be sufficient to cause a momentary loss of traction, destabilizing the motorcycle. The risk of skidding increases if the motorcyclist is braking or changing direction. This is due to the fact that most of the braking and steering control are through the front wheel, while power is delivered through the rear wheel. [39] During maintenance, the choice of material can be inadequate for motorcycles. For example, asphalt sealer is used to fill and repair cracks in asphalt paving, but this often creates a slick surface that can cause a motorcycle to lose traction. [40] Sometimes, steel plates are used as temporary covers over road trenches. The sliding nature of those, combined with an inappropriate installation can cause incidents. [39]
According to Victorian motorcycle advocate Rodney Brown, the nature and likely consequences of hazards differ significantly for motorcyclists compared to drivers of other vehicles. [41] For example, the current highway standards in the US permit pavement ridges of up to 1.5 inches (about 3.8 centimeters) without tapering, which pose a significant hazard to motorcycles. [40] Potholes and presence of debris pose a greater hazard for motorcyclists than drivers of larger vehicles, because the former can cause a loss of stability and control and the latter can deflect a motorcycle's wheel at impact. [41]
Controversy[edit]
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 2007, a report by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) claimed that "supersport" motorcycles were four times more likely to be involved in highway crashes than other types. When reprinting this press release as a news report, USA Today omitted the word "insurance" from the "Insurance Institute for Highway Safety", giving a false impression the IIHS is a governmental agency, not a private nonprofit organization.[42]
According to the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA), the IIHS report was an attempt to either ban entire categories of motorcycles, or a covert attempt to support legislative requirements for speed governors in all vehicles.[43] The IIHS report was not a new study, being an analysis of existing data from the national Fatal Accident Reporting System. The methodology consisted of a comparison of fatalities for different styles of motorcycles based on a rate per 10,000 registrations. The report did not incorporate key factors, such as the number of miles the bike was ridden, the traffic environment in which it was used, along with the age and experience of the rider, among others.[43]
In an attempt to sort through this confusion, the AMA requested a copy of the classification system the IIHS used in its analysis and found several significant anomalies. For instance, although the IIHS report focused on speed and acceleration as the factors that make its "supersport" category so dangerous, the two most powerful motorcycles that were available at the time in the United States, the Kawasaki ZX-14 and Suzuki Hayabusa, are placed in the Sport category, which are rated considerably less dangerous. And they share that category with the Honda ST1300 and Yamaha FJR1300, two sport-touring bikes.
The AMA thought the timing of the IIHS report was unusual. The National Transportation Safety Board specifically asked the Federal Highway Administration to work with states to develop uniform data-collection procedures that will result in better information about the number of miles traveled by motorcycles, one of the most important factors in evaluating crash statistics. As a result, this could be one of the final reports to use registration data exclusively, which is less accurate in reflecting actual motorcycle use.[43]
This new IIHS report is remarkably similar to a study the group financed twenty years ago that also purported to show higher fatality rates among sportbikes. At that time, the IIHS used its study as the springboard for a well-orchestrated campaign that included ready-made news footage it fed to TV news operations across the country. That campaign culminated in the introduction of a bill in the U.S. Senate to impose a horsepower limit on all motorcycles sold in the U.S.
In response to that previous attempt by the IIHS to ban sportbikes, the AMA conducted an analysis of the study and raised questions that the Association submitted to Harry Hurt, lead researcher on the most comprehensive study of motorcycle crashes ever conducted. Hurt reviewed the research and declared it "fatally flawed" for exactly the kind of methodology problems seen in the new IIHS report. The Association then coordinated a campaign among motorcyclists across the country that eventually led the senator to withdraw his proposed legislation.[43]
The new IIHS report came out just as the AMA and the motorcycling community was successful in getting federal funding for the first comprehensive motorcycle safety study since the Hurt Report.[43]
Motorcycle deaths and military personnel[edit]
See also: Motorcycle training § Armed forces off-duty riding
Data from the Iraq War era showed that United States military veterans returning from Southwest Asia combat areas were dying in motorcycle related fatalities. Between October 2007 and October 2008, 24 active-duty Marines died from motorcycle accidents. There were 4,810 deaths on motorcycles in the U.S. in 2006, an increase of 5 percent over the previous year, and more than double (2,161) over the decade before, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). In the Marine Corps, high-speed bikes accounted for the majority of fatalities. In 2007, 78 percent of motorcycle mishaps in the Marines occurred on a sport bike, compared to 38 percent nationally.[44] In a chapter of Coming and Going on Bikes, Iraq War veteran and author Jack Lewis observed combat veterans' disordered perception of risk, resulting in nearly suicidal behavior: "We already walked through the world's worst neighborhoods with bullseyes painted on our chests... the most at-risk riders in the military community are risk-tolerant, adrenaline-juicing combat professionals."[45]
Consequences of accidents[edit]
A motorcyclist unbuckles his chin strap in order to remove his helmet after sustaining a minor hand injury through losing control on a wet corner.
Once the collision has occurred, or the rider has lost control through some other mishap, several common types of injury occur when the bike falls:[46]
Collision with less forgiving protective barriers or roadside "furniture" (lampposts, signs, fences, etc...). Note that when one falls off a motorcycle in the middle of a curve, lamps and signs become impossible to negotiate around.
Concussion and brain damage, as the head violently contacts other vehicles or objects. Riders wearing an approved helmet reduce the risk of death by 37 percent.[47]
Breakage of joints (elbows, shoulders, hips, knees and wrists), fingers, spine and neck, for the same reason. The most common breakages are the shoulder and the pelvis.
Soft tissue (skin and muscle) damage (road rash) as the body slides across the surface. This can be prevented entirely with the proper use of motorcycle-specific protective apparel such as a leather jacket or reinforced denim and textile pants.
There is also a condition known as biker's arm, where the nerves in the upper arm are damaged during the fall, causing a permanent paralysis of arm movement.
Facial disfigurement, if in the absence of a full-face helmet, the unprotected face slides across the ground or smashes into an object. Thirty-five percent of all crashes show major impact on the chin-bar area.[48]
The Hurt Report also commented on injuries after an accident stating that the likelihood of injury is extremely high in these motorcycle accidents - 98% of the multiple vehicle collisions and 96% of the single vehicle accidents resulted in some kind of injury to the motorcycle rider; 45% resulted in more than a minor injury.[49]
Personal protective equipment[edit]
Main article: Motorcycle personal protective equipment
A motorcyclist wearing helmet, gloves, boots, and armored, reflective textile jacket and pants.
To address the risks of motorcycling, before and after a fall, motorcyclists use personal protective equipment (PPE, or more commonly "motorcycle gear"). Many developed countries now require certain articles of PPE, and manufacturers and governments recommend its extensive use.
Functions of PPE[edit]
Improved visibility — Although for decades the popular image of the motorcycle rider has been of someone clad head-to-toe in black leather, in the light of the Hurt Report findings, and the day-to-day experiences of motorcyclists themselves, many riders choose higher-visibility gear. Bright colors and retroreflective strips are common on quality equipment.
Abrasion resistance — Thick, tough leather provides the most abrasion resistance in a crash, but fabrics such as Cordura, Kevlar and ballistic nylon provide significant protection too. In addition, fabrics are generally cheaper, easier to maintain, waterproof, and more comfortable in hot weather. Thick leather, which affords the most abrasion resistance, can be uncomfortable in temperatures exceeding 29 °C (85 °F) and above 38 °C (100 °F) may cause heat stress & loss of control with insufficient fluid replacement. Some PPE may be constructed of fabrics made into a 'mesh' that provides cooling and a stable surface for the attachment of padding (see below).
Impact protection — Quality jackets and pants provide significant extra padding in the vulnerable joint regions described above. This can take the form of simple foam padding, or dual-density foam that stiffens when compressed, sometimes with plastic or carbon fiber outer-shells that distribute the impact across the pad. Integrated pieces can be found in some jackets. Another way to reduce impact is by wearing airbag protection.
Weather protection — One important aspect of PPE not mentioned above is protection from the elements. Extreme weather can make a long ride unbearable or dangerous. PPE provides protection from wind, rain and cold.
Items of PPE[edit]
A full-face helmet credited for saving its user.
Half helmets or "skid lids" meet minimum legal requirements in the USA.
Helmet — A full-face helmet provides the most protection. Thirty-five percent of all crashes show major impact on the chin-bar area.[48] However, 3/4- and 1/2-helmets also are available. Some motorcycle training sites[which?] have banned the use of half-helmets because of avoidable injuries sustained by riders wearing them.
Gloves — Commonly made of leather, cordura, or Kevlar, or some combination. Some include carbon fiber knuckle protection or other forms of rigid padding. Gloves designed specifically for motorcycle use have slightly curved fingers and the seams are on the outer surfaces to allow the motorcyclist to maintain his grip and control on the handlebars and clutch/brake levers. Some gloves also provide protection to the wrist.
Jackets — Generally made from leather, ballistic nylon, cordura, Kevlar or other synthetics. Most jackets include special padding on elbows, spine and shoulders. Competition-approved hard armor is superior to soft padding. Competition-approved back and chest protectors can be worn underneath jackets. Inflatable airbag jackets can offer an additional airbag for neck support.
Pants — Made of the same material as jackets, usually including special protection for the knees and hips.
Boots — Especially those for sport riding, include reinforcement and plastic caps on the ankles, and toe area. Boots designed for cruiser-style riders often have steel-reinforced toes (however this reduces sensitivity of the foot when changing gear). Boots should always have a rubber sole (as opposed to leather or other less flexible materials). Despite their toughness and protection, most boots are very lightweight. Some even include titanium plating.
Goggles or helmet visor — Eye protection is of utmost importance - an insect or a kicked-up pebble in the eye at speed has enough momentum to cause significant damage. Such an event could easily cause the rider to lose control and crash. Besides this danger, squinting into the wind is unpleasant at best and watering eyes are quite distracting.
Earplugs — Most riders experience substantial wind noise at speeds above 64 to 80 km/h (40 to 50 mph). Earplugs help protect against hearing damage, and reduce fatigue during long rides.
Vests — Made with high-visibility colors and retroreflective materials, vests can be worn over jackets to increase the chance of being seen and allow drivers to better judge the speed and position of riders, especially in adverse conditions of dark and wet.
Airbags – worn in jackets and vests can offer riders a neck brace and spine protection, as well as abdomen, chest, ribs, and hip/pelvic protection.
Other PPE — Dirt bike riders wear a range of plastic armor to protect against injury from falling and hitting other riders and bikes, running into track barriers, and being hit by flying debris kicked up by the tires of other riders' bikes. This type of armor typically covers the back, chest, and sometimes the extremities.
It is increasingly common for gloves, jackets, pants, and boots to be outfitted with hard plastics on probable contact areas in an effort to ensure that when a motorcyclist contacts the ground, his clothing will permit him to slide relatively easily as opposed to "crumpling", risking injury to body parts being stressed in abnormal directions.
Riders sometimes use the acronyms MOTGMOTT and ATGATT, which stand for "Most Of The Gear Most Of The Time" and "All The Gear All The Time", when describing their personal gear preferences.[50][51]
Training[edit]
Novice motorcyclists being trained in Gilbert, Arizona
Main article: Motorcycle training
In many developed countries riders are now either required or encouraged to attend safety classes in order to obtain a separate motorcycle driving license.
Training can help to bridge the gap between a novice and experienced rider as well as improving the skills of a more experienced rider. Skills training would seem to be the answer to reducing the KSI ("killed or seriously injured") rate among motorcycle riders. However, research shows that some who undergo advanced skills training are more likely to be at a higher risk while using the roads (Rutter & Quine, 1996).[52] This risk compensation effect was commented on in the findings of the evaluation of the “Bikesafe Scotland” scheme, where a number of those who undertook training said they rode faster in non-built-up areas after the course (Ormston et al., 2003).[53] This is not to say that training is not important, but that more advanced training should be tempered with psychological training (Broughton 2005).[54]
A literature review found that driver and rider education had little benefit, due to the failure of most programs to account for the age and inexperience of the highest risk drivers. After reviewing motorcycle rider education/training programs in three countries, Dan Mayhew of Canada's Traffic Injury Research Foundation said, "no compelling evidence that rider training is associated with reductions in collisions."[55]
David L. Hough has cited risk comparisons in the Hurt Report showing riders who did not receive professional or organized training, such as those who were self-taught or learned to ride from friends and family, to be two to three times higher than those who had rider training.[56] Hough also said that the increase in motorcycle fatalities in the US after the year 2000 coincides with a relaxation of national rider training requirements.[56]
A rider receives individual coaching from an MSF instructor in Madison, Wisconsin.
In the United States, the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) provides a standardized curriculum to the states that, in turn, provide low-cost safety training for new and current riders. Two states, Oregon and Idaho, eschew MSF's curriculum in favor of their own. With over 1,500 locations in USA, and over 120,000 annual students, MSF trains about 3% of the owners of 4,000,000 new motorcycles sold for highway use.[57] Motorcycle injuries and fatalities among U.S. military personnel have continually risen since the early 2000s.[58] Among other United States Department of Defense-initiated programs, the Air National Guard seeks to understand why national safety programs haven't sufficiently reduced mishaps, and how those programs might be modified to cause productive behavioral change.
In the United Kingdom, for example, organizations such as the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) and Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) offer advanced motorcycle rider training with the aim of reducing accident rates. There is often an added incentive to riders in the form of reduced insurance premiums.
In Canada, the Canada Safety Council (CSC), a non-profit organization, provides motorcycle safety training courses for beginner and novice riders through its Gearing Up training program. Again, as in the USA and UK, the focus is on improved rider skills to reduce accident rates. Insurance premiums may be reduced upon successful completion as this program is recognised and supported nationally by the Motorcycle and Moped Industry Council (MMIC).
Countersteering[edit]
Main article: Countersteering
Countersteering is used by motorcyclists, and any vehicle with two wheels that are in line (such as a bicycle or push scooter), to initiate a turn toward a given direction by momentarily steering counter to the desired direction ("steer left to turn right").[59]
The small amount of initial countersteering input required to get the bike to lean, which is only about 0.5 seconds in average curves, makes it difficult to perceive for many. Gentle turns might require only 0.125 seconds, while sharp turns might require a whole second of countersteering at corner entry.[60]
According to the Hurt Report, most motorcycle riders in the USA would over-brake and skid the rear wheel and under-brake the front when trying to avoid a collision. The ability to countersteer and swerve was essentially absent in many riders.[49]
Motorcycle equipment[edit]
Rear View Mirrors[edit]
Not all motorcycles have rear view mirrors. Off road cycles do not. Prior to the 1960s, most motorcycles, even roadsters, were not fitted with rear view mirrors. All road bikes now are factory fitted with rear view mirrors.[citation needed]
Turn Signal Indicators[edit]
Not all motorcycles have turn signal indicators, or "blinkers." Off road cycles do not. Prior to the 1970s, most motorcycles, even roadsters, were not fitted with turn signal indicators. All road bikes are now factory fitted with turn signals indicators.[citation needed]
Headlights[edit]
On most new motorcycles, the headlights turn on as soon as the bike is started as a legal requirement. Some bikes have modulated headlights. This is accomplished using headlight modulators. This is still a subjective issue in some European countries. The argument is that the forced use of the headlight will lose all safety benefits if cars are also required to have their lights "hardwired." There is also an argument that the forced use of the headlight is seen as "aggressive" by other road users and so reinforces negative stereotypes of bike riders held by some. Modulators are legal in the US and Canada.[61] It has been suggested that bright yellow front turn signals would be more practical and more effective than headlights in the daytime.[62]
Crash bars[edit]
Crash bars (also called "safety bars," or "roll bars") are common equipment on cruiser-type bikes. They are designed to protect a rider's legs (and the motor) from injury in a rollover and in a glancing contact with other vehicles. The Hurt Report concluded that crash bars are not an effective injury countermeasure; the reduction of injury to the ankle-foot is balanced by increase of injury to the thigh-upper leg, knee, and lower leg.[49]
Anti-lock braking system[edit]
Anti-lock braking system on a motorcycle was introduced by BMW in 1988 and was soon adapted by other brands. With ABS brakes, stopping the motorcycle is both easier and safer, allowing for a shorter stop range and reduced risk of skidding. The British IAM with support from the FIA has proposed that from 2015, ABS should be mandatory on all new motorcycles with a displacement larger than 125cc sold in the EU.[63]
Airbag devices[edit]
Fuel tank mounted airbags as well as wearable jacket airbag devices have been designed to moderate the risks involved with motorcycles.
The first motorcycle crash tests with an airbag were performed in 1973[64] and proved that airbag systems could be advantageous to a rider. These tests were followed up by tests in the 1990s that showed airbag devices could not fully restrain a rider when traveling more than 30 mph (48 km/h), but still reduced a rider's velocity and his or her trajectory. Honda has recently developed a fuel tank mounted airbag for the Goldwing model that takes just 0.15 seconds to deploy. Crash sensors in the front wheel send data to the airbag ECU (electronic control unit) which in turn activates the airbag inflator. The airbag then takes the force of the rider.
Fuel tank mounted airbags can aid in saving many lives. It has been proven with crash test dummies that this type of airbag technology is very beneficial during a frontal collision. This is important because statistically, 62% of motorcycle accidents in the U.S. are frontal collisions. Additional tests were performed to show that when a motorcycle rider impacts a car during a frontal collision, the fuel tank mounted airbag prevents the person from traveling into the vehicle. This significantly reduced the head trauma by 83% that otherwise would have occurred according to the data from the crash test dummy. A rider would have lived with an airbag, whereas the fatality rate would be higher without the airbag. It has also been pointed out that this can only work if the accident is at low speed and follows the same dynamics as a car accident.
The second airbag device which is now available is an inflatable airbag jacket. A rider can wear an airbag jacket that is tethered to the motorcycle, so if he or she is thrown from the bike during a collision, the jacket will automatically inflate for a 20 second period to provide a cushion for the rider. This will lessen the upper body and internal injuries to a rider that may often be fatal. Mugen Denko pioneered the development of airbag jackets in 1995 and conducted many tests,[65] although the idea of an airbag jacket / vest was invented by Tamás Straub who applied for Hungarian patent in 1976.[66]
See also[edit]
Bicycle safety
Congressional Motorcycle Safety Caucus (USA)
Driver visibility
Highsider
Lane splitting
List of motorcycle deaths in U.S. by year
Lowsider
References[edit]
Jump up ^ NHTSA National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2005 Data DOT HS 810 620, US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
^ Jump up to: a b NHTSA’s National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2007), NHTSA: Motorcycles Traffic Safety Fact Sheet (DOT-HS-810-990) (PDF), 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, retrieved 2011-04-18
Jump up ^ Clarke, David D.; Ward, Pat; Bartle, Craig; Truman, Wendy (November 2004). "In-Depth Study of Motorcycle Accidents" (PDF). Department for Transport, UK. Archived from the original (Adobe PDF) on 2011-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Motorcyclists - Crashes". Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATS).
Jump up ^ "Motorcycle Helmets Fact Sheet". Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation, Fatality Analysis Reporting System Encyclopedia 1994-2005 [1]
Jump up ^ Motorcycle Safety, NHTSA, October 1999, retrieved 2007-06-26
Jump up ^ Hough, David L. (2000). Proficient Motorcycling: The Ultimate Guide to Riding Well (2nd ed.). USA: BowTie Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781889540535.
Jump up ^ Carpenter, Susan (2009-03-01). "U.S. motorcycle crash study stalls: MAIDS 2.0 may have to suffice". Los Angeles Times Blogs. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. The long-awaited follow-up to the 1981 Hurt Study is short at least $2 million, and it's unclear whether that funding will come through any time soon. Or ever.
Jump up ^ H.H. Hurt, Jr., Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California: Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures Volume I: Technical Report Archived 2014-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Main findings of the MAIDS report on accident characteristics". Maids – In-Depth Investigation of Motorcycle Accidents. The Association of European Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM). 2009.
Jump up ^ David L. Hough (2013), The Good Rider, Seattle: Mixed Media, ISBN 0-9747420-3-1
Jump up ^ Susan Wells; et al. (April 10, 2004). "Motorcycle rider conspicuity and crash related injury: case-control study". BMJ. Retrieved 2007-06-26. Abstract, Quick summary
Jump up ^ "Table 5.5: Predominating PTW colour". MAIDS (Motorcycle Accidents In Depth Study) Final Report 2.0. ACEM, the European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers. April 2009. p. 47.
Jump up ^ "MAIDS (Motorcycle Accidents In Depth Study) Final Report 2.0". ACEM, the European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers. April 2009: 100.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Packer, Jeremy (2008), "Motorcycle Madness; The Insane, Profane, and Newly Tame", Mobility without mayhem: safety, cars, and citizenship, Duke University Press, pp. 127–159, ISBN 0-8223-3963-3
Jump up ^ Rayner, Claire (20 June 1997), "Sex and the Volvo", New Statesman, London, vol. 10 no. 458, p. 45
Jump up ^ Millward, David (21 February 2008), "Ban motorcycles, safety expert says", The Daily Telegraph
Jump up ^ Constantine, Peggy (16 July 1974), "Doctors Call Motorcycles Disaster Machines Geared to Kill", Sarasota Herald-Tribune, p. 4B
Jump up ^ "TWIST-Motorcycle lifestyle; The truth about safety, learning to ride, and making motorcycles part of your life.", Cycle World, April 2010, retrieved 2011-05-28
Jump up ^ Edwards, David (November 2001), "After the fall", Cycle World: 14
Jump up ^ Cameron, Kevin (June 1996), "New riders", Cycle World: 16
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Julie (September 28, 2010), "Older motorcyclists riding, dying on Oregon roadways; new state rules could help", The Oregonian
Jump up ^ Compare: Valorisation, from Marxist theory.
Jump up ^ Moon, Wendy (Spring 2011), "Riding Half-Naked (Or The Conversion of a Safety Nazi)", International Journal of Motorcycle Studies, 7 (1), retrieved 2011-05-28
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Hunter S. (1966), Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, New York: Ballantine Books, Random House, pp. 78, 262, ISBN 0-345-41008-4 1996 reprint |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Thompson, Hunter S. (March 1995), "Song of the Sausage Creature", Cycle World, ISSN 0011-4286
Jump up ^ National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, November 2000
^ Jump up to: a b Spiegel, Bernt (2009), The Upper Half of the Motorcycle: On the Unity of Rider and Machine, Meredith Hassall, translator, Whitehorse Press, ISBN 978-1-884313-75-2 Translated by Meredith Hassall from German: Die obere Hälfte des Motorrads vom Gebrauch der Werkzeuge als künstliche Organe (1999) ISBN 978-3-613-01922-5
Jump up ^ Hunter S. Thompson's Hell's Angels on Wikiquote
^ Jump up to: a b Condon, Ken (June 2011), "Proficient Motorcycling: Limits", Motorcycle Consumer News, Irvine, California: Aviation News Corp, vol. 42 no. 6, pp. 38–40, ISSN 1073-9408
Jump up ^ Loi Code de la route - Article R311-1 du 1 juin 2001 (in French)
Jump up ^ Cope, Ben (22 November 2012), French 100bhp limit to be revoked, Visordown, retrieved 13 May 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "Motorcyklisternas protester ger resultat" (in Swedish). Sveriges MotorCyklister. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Jump up ^ SMC Visionen 2.0 (Adobe PDF) (in Swedish), Sveriges MotorCyklister, Sweden, September 2004
Jump up ^ Gabler, Hampton Clay, The risk of fatality in motorcycle crashes with roadside barriers (Adobe PDF), Virginia Tech Wake Forest University, retrieved 13 May 2016
Jump up ^ Nordqvist, Maria; Fredriksson, Göran; Wenäll, Jan, Definition of a safe barrier for motorcyclists (Adobe PDF), European Union Road Federation, p. 1
Jump up ^ Motorcycle-Guardrail Crashes: How can the risk of severe injury and fatality be reduced?, World Highways, October 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Road Maintenance, Motorcycle council of NSW Inc.
^ Jump up to: a b Roadway Characteristics, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
^ Jump up to: a b Hinchliffe, Mark (2 November 2015), Road maintenance ‘critical for riders’, Motorbike Writer
Jump up ^ Thomas Frank, USA Today, "Study: 'Supersport' cycles step up risk," September 10, 2007 [2]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Conclusions Misleading In New IIHS Report, AMA Says". American Motorcyclist Association. 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Ability Magazine: Motorcycle Vets - Speeding Into the Danger Zone" (2008)". Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ Jack Lewis (2010). "What Kills Us: Calling in the Nine-Line". Coming and Going on Bikes: Essaying the Motorcycle. Litsam Inc. (Kindle edition). ASIN B0038YWRDI.
Jump up ^ Common injuries sustained in motorbike crashes, retrieved 16 July 2017
Jump up ^ Wald, Matthew (12 September 2007). "Rise in Motorcycle Deaths Renews Helmet Law Debate". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Otte, Dietmar. "COST 327 Motorcycle Safety Helmets". COST Transport Secretariat. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dr. Hugh H. Hurt, PhD. (January 1981). "Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures, Volume 1: Technical Report (Final Report), Hurt, H.H., Ouellet, J.V. and Thom, D.R., Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, Contract No. DOT HS-5-01160" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA.
Jump up ^ Hanson, Ralph (2006-06-19). "Motorcycles are just one of life's risks: ; Still, ATGATT is undoubtedly the best policy". Charleston Daily Mail. ProQuest. p. 4A. Retrieved June 6, 2009. ATGATT? That's All The Gear, All The Time - helmet, jacket, gloves and boots. And I could be badly injured riding my motorcycle tomorrow
Jump up ^ Keith, Condon (August 2009). "Gearing Up". Motorcycle Consumer News. Bowtie News. p. 41. Riders "in the know" wear "All The Gear, All The Time" (ATGATT). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Rutter, D. R.; Quine, L. (1996). "Age and experience in motorcycling safety". Accident Analysis & Prevention. 28 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(95)00037-2.
Jump up ^ Ormston, R., A. Dudleston, S. Pearson & S. Stradling. (2003) Evaluation of Bikesafe Scotland, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Social Research
Jump up ^ Broughton, P.S. (2005) Designing PTW training to match rider goals in Driver Behaviour and Training Vol II edited by L. Dorn.
Jump up ^ Mayhew1, DR; Simpson, HM, "The safety value of driver education an training", Injury Prevention, BMJ Publishing Group
^ Jump up to: a b Hough, David L. (2010), Proficient Motorcycling: The Ultimate Guide to Riding Well, i5 Publishing, p. 24, ISBN 9781935484677
Jump up ^ Motorcycle Safety Foundation, Safe Cycling, Summer 1998
Jump up ^ Carmen L. Gleason, DoD campaign to reduce negative motorcycle trend, American Forces Press Service, archived from the original on 2011-06-04
Jump up ^ Sheldon Brown. "Countersteering". Retrieved 2012-11-09. "Countersteering" refers to the momentary motion of the handlebars in the opposite direction of the desired turn.
Jump up ^ National Public Services Research Institute, "Photographic Analysis of Motorcycle Operator Control Responses", 1976 [3]
Jump up ^ "Motorcycle Headlight Modulator Regulations". webBikeWorld. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Daytime running lights for motorcycles" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "IAM want compulsory ABS by 2015".
Jump up ^ EU - Road safety - Motorcycles
Jump up ^ Thrush, Denny T. (May 2002). "Coming Soon?". American Motorcyclist. 56 (5). American Motorcyclist Assoc. p. 30. ISSN 0277-9358. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Documents of the invention". Retrieved 26 May 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Bayly, M., Regan, M., & Hosking, S. (2006). Intelligent transport systems and motorcycle safety. [Report No. 260]. Melbourne, Australia: Monash University, Accident Research Centre.
Berg, F. A., & Rucker, P. (2002). Airbag prototype for a mid-sized touring motorcycle. International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference. Stuttgart, Germany: DEKRA Automobil.
Blanchard, H. T.; Tabloski, P. A. (2006). "Motorcycle safety: Educating riders at the teachable moment". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 32 (4): 330–332. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2006.05.014.
Broughton, P.S. and Walker, L. (2009), Motorcycling and Leisure: Understanding the Recreational PTW Rider: Ashgate Publishing: Aldershot.
Elliott, M. A., Baughan, C. J., Broughton, J., Chinn, B., Grayson, G. B., Knowles, J., et al. (2003). Motorcycle safety: A scoping study. [Report No. TRL581]. Transport Research Laboratory.
Huang, B., & Preston, J. (2004). A literature review on motorcycle collisions: Final report. Oxford University, Transport Studies Unit.
Pierce, A. (2002). The personal airbag. Tech Directions, 61(7), 10.
US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (October 2001). "Fatal Single Vehicle Motorcycle Crashes".
"Casualty rates: by road user type and severity: 1994 to 2004" (PDF). Department of Transport, UK.
"In-Depth Study of Motorcycle Accidents". Department of Transport, UK. November 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05.
External links[edit]
US Dept of Transportation - Statistics on Motorcycle Fatalities
Daytime running lights for motorcycles Proceedings of 19th Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Washington 2005
MAIDS Motorcycle Accident Study: Lessons From 921 Crashes
Dant, Alastair; Fairfield, Hannah (March 31, 2014), "Fewer Helmets, More Deaths", New York Times
[hide]
v
t
e
Motorcycles and Motorcycling (outline)
General topics
Definition
History
Museums
Motorcycle occupations
Safety
Types
Street
Cruiser
Sport
Touring / Sport touring
Universal Japanese Motorcycle
Custom
Dual-sport
Off-road
Enduro
Motocross
Track racing
Trials
Design
Components
Accessories
Brakes
Chassis
Frame
Suspension
Fork
Engine
Transmission
Saddle
Tires
Wheels
Fairing
Testing and measurement
Manufacturers
Bajaj
BMW
Ducati
Harley-Davidson
Hero
KTM
Japanese Big Four
Honda
Kawasaki
Suzuki
Yamaha
Peugeot
Triumph
TVS
Media
Books
Biker films
Magazines
Touring
Motorcycle rally
List of long-distance motorcycle riders
Equipment
Armor
Boots
Helmet
Jacket
Sport
Motorcycle land-speed record
Production motorcycles (by speed / by acceleration)
Freestyle Motocross
Racing
Stunting
Trials
Organizations
Motorcycle club
List of motorcycle clubs
Motorcycle gang
Colors
List of outlaw motorcycle clubs
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorcycle_safety&oldid=825319744"
Categories:
Motorcycle safety
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Articles containing German-language text
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
Articles needing additional references from March 2009
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
NPOV disputes from May 2015
All NPOV disputes
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2009
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Pages with graphs
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Français
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 18:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach

values:
/wiki/Blind_spot_(vehicle)
mw-redirect
Blind spot (vehicle)

values: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

values: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Inconclusive findings on conspicuity

values:
/wiki/Injury_severity_score
mw-redirect
Injury severity score

values:
/wiki/Casualty_department
mw-redirect
Casualty department

values: Motorcycle personal protective equipment

values:
/wiki/Game_of_chicken
mw-redirect
Game of chicken

values: Edit section: Motorcycle safety and society

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

values:
/wiki/Kawasaki_ZX-14
mw-redirect
Kawasaki ZX-14

values: Edit section: Motorcycle deaths and military personnel

values:
/wiki/Risk_tolerance
mw-redirect
Risk tolerance

values: Edit section: Personal protective equipment

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2009)

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words

values:
/wiki/Driving_license
mw-redirect
Driving license

values: Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
/wiki/Motorcycle_Headlamp_Modulator
mw-redirect
Motorcycle Headlamp Modulator

values: Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

values:
/wiki/Honda_Goldwing
mw-redirect
Honda Goldwing

values:
/wiki/Driver_visibility
mw-redirect
Driver visibility

values: List of motorcycle deaths in U.S. by year

values:
nofollow
http://www.maids-study.eu/
external text

values:
/wiki/Marxist_theory
mw-redirect
Marxist theory

values: International Journal of Motorcycle Studies

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-4286

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1073-9408

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.amazon.com/dp/B0038YWRDI

values:
/wiki/American_Forces_Press_Service
mw-redirect
American Forces Press Service

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0277-9358

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jen.2006.05.014

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
/wiki/Motorcycle_brakes
mw-redirect
Motorcycle brakes

values:
/wiki/Motorcycle_tyres
mw-redirect
Motorcycle tyres

values:
/wiki/BMW_Motorcycles
mw-redirect
BMW Motorcycles

values: Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine

values:
/wiki/Motorcycle_jacket
mw-redirect
Motorcycle jacket

values: List of fastest production motorcycles by acceleration

values:
/wiki/Freestyle_Motocross
mw-redirect
Freestyle Motocross

values:
/wiki/Motorcycle_gang
mw-redirect
Motorcycle gang

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2009

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Motorcycle_safety
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 摩托車的安全問題 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Motorcycle_safety rootpage-Motorcycle_safety skin-vector action-view


text:
Tiffany Doggett
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Pennsatucky" redirects here. For the slang term, see Pennsyltucky.
Tiffany Doggett
Orange Is the New Black character
Taryn Manning as Tiffany Doggett
First appearance
"The Chickening"
Season 1, episode 5
July 11, 2013
Portrayed by
Taryn Manning
Oona Laurence (at age 10)
Information
Aliases
Pennsatucky
Occupation
Laundry (former), van driver (former), builder (present)
Significant other(s)
Nathan
Arlan
Charlie Coates (Correctional Officer)
Parents
Debbie Doggett (mother)
Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett is a fictional character in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black, portrayed by Taryn Manning. Manning was offered the role without needing to audition. The character of Doggett is based on a real life prisoner; a "young woman from western Pennsylvania who proudly called herself a redneck". She is originally from Waynesboro, Virginia. Prior to her imprisonment, she is shown to be exchanging sexual favors for soda or money. Doggett is also known to have had five abortions. She is charged with shooting an abortion doctor and decides to hire a Christian lawyer; the ensuing support she receives from Christian groups leads to Doggett's becoming a born-again Christian.
Doggett makes her first appearance in Season 1, episode 5 and is initially is the main antagonist but becomes a protagonist in later seasons. In her debut episode, she unsuccessfully attempts to hang up a cross in the prison chapel and expresses homophobic views. She conflicts with Alex Vause and Piper Chapman throughout the first season. In the second season, Doggett's storyline revolves around her friendships with Sam Healy and Carrie "Big Boo" Black. This friendship with Big Boo continues into the third season. Big Boo comforts Doggett when the latter is feeling remorse for her abortions and when she is raped by a correctional officer. The character Doggett has received mixed reviews from critics, though Manning's performance has received positive feedback.
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation and casting
2 Fictional background
3 Storylines
3.1 Season 1
3.2 Season 2
3.3 Season 3
3.4 Season 4
4 Critical commentary
5 See also
6 References
Creation and casting[edit]
Tiffany Doggett's nickname "Pennsatucky" is derived from Pennsyltucky; a slang term for the rural portions of Pennsylvania. The author, Piper Kerman, of the book, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison, which inspired Orange is the New Black describes the real life version of Pennsatucky as "a young woman from western Pennsylvania who proudly called herself a redneck". Kerman further describes her as someone addicted to crack cocaine and dealing with the loss of custody of her child.[1]
Taryn Manning, already an established actress, did not have to audition for the role of Doggett and was offered it.[2] Manning, when speaking about this to Joshua Rotter of Download.com, said that she immediately accepted the offer "I loved it and didn't need to look any further. I was sold."[3] To prepare for the role, Manning did some research on faith healing and evangelistic ceremonies.[4] She also states that her inspiration for Doggett at least partly comes from the White family in the 2009 documentary film The Wild and Wonderful Whites of West Virginia.[5] The only make-up that Manning wears for her role as Doggett, in the first season, is on her teeth to create the effect of receding gums and missing teeth.[4][6][7] From the second season onwards, however, Doggett has false teeth in place and so the teeth seen are Manning's own.[1][5]
Fictional background[edit]
Doggett is from Waynesboro, Virginia.[1][8] After Doggett has her first period, her mother gives her advice about sex: "go on and let them [referring to men] do their business." This leads to her, later in life, to have sex with men in exchange for soda or money.[9][10][11] Her perspective of sex changes when she meets Nathan. Jonathon Dornbush, of Entertainment Weekly writes "[Nathan] wants them both to enjoy the experience [of sex], and it opens Tiffany's perception of relationships."[9] Nathan and his family move away, causing their relationship to end, and, almost immediately afterwards, Doggett is raped by an ex-boyfriend.[9][11]
Doggett has had five abortions. After having her fifth abortion, which takes place at an abortion clinic in Fishersville, Virginia,[1] the nurse remarks "we should give you a punch card, get the sixth one free."[12] Doggett is so offended by this joke that she shoots the nurse with a shotgun.[13][14] She agrees to have a Christian lawyer as it was likely to lead to a lighter sentence and her legal bills being paid for. Since she shot an abortion nurse, she became a 'hero' of the pro-life movement.[13][14] Doggett regularly receives cards praising her for her claims of defending the unborn as well as generous cash donations to her commissary account by fans & supporters. Although her Christian faith was initially fake, at some point Doggett did become a Christian; this was confirmed by Manning in an interview.[12][15] Manning describes Doggett's faith as "a hybrid of Christianity, Baptism, Presbyterian".[7]
Storylines[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Doggett first appears in the fifth episode. She wishes to hang up a cross in Litchfield Penitentiary's chapel but is refused permission. She ignores this and hangs her cross up on a light fixture; this causes the entire fixture to fall down and hence damages the chapel's ceiling.[16][17] She also displays transphobia; calling the transgender woman Sophia Burset (played by Laverne Cox) an 'abomination' and 'it' and blaming her for the damage to the chapel.[18] Doggett has numerous clashes with Alex Vause (played by Laura Prepon); firstly Vause threatens to rape Doggett after growing tired of her complaining about Piper Chapman (played by Taylor Schilling);[19][20] Doggett locks Vause in a dryer while she is helping Chapman to fix it and,[21] lastly, Doggett snitches on Chapman and Vause for dancing provocatively with each other; resulting in Chapman being placed in solitary confinement.[22]
Chapman and Vause get revenge on Doggett and trick her into believing that she has faith healing powers, eventually culminating in her being sent to the psychiatric ward.[23] Although Chapman aids in Doggett's release from the psychiatric ward,[13] Doggett still bears a grudge against her.[24] Doggett's lawyer encourages her to evangelize to Chapman instead and this leads to Chapman 'converting' but then refusing to be baptized. Doggett sees this as disrespectful and expresses a wish to kill Chapman.[14] The two have a confrontation at the end of the season's final episode. Doggett attacks Chapman with a shiv made from a wooden cross; Chapman throws Doggett to the ground and hits her repeatedly.[25]
Season 2[edit]
It is revealed in the third episode that Suzanne Warren (played by Uzo Aduba) is also involved in the fight at the end of season one. She punches Chapman in the face twice and knocks her unconscious (Doggett is already unconscious at this stage).[26][27] This gives the impression that Doggett and Chapman were evenly matched and therefore equally responsible.[27][28] Following Doggett's return to full health, she finds that her previous best friends, Leanne Taylor (played by Emma Myles) and Angie Rice (played by Julie Lake), no longer want to be associated with her. This leaves Doggett seeking prison counsellor Sam Healy (played by Michael J. Harney) for comfort.[29][30]
DeLaria's character "Big Boo" starts a friendship with Doggett in Season 2 which develops further in Season 3.
Following her friendships with Taylor and Rice continuing to deteriorate, Doggett forms friendships with Healy and Carrie "Big Boo" Black (played by Lea DeLaria). Healy and Doggett unite to form "Safe Place", a therapy group where prisoners can share their feelings in a confidential and supportive environment.[31][32] "Safe Place" is short-lived, however, and Healy decides to cancel the group indefinitely after Doggett fails to attend one of the sessions; when he investigates her reason for non-attendance, he finds her getting a hair cut from Burset.[33] Doggett initially talks to Big Boo, an openly lesbian inmate, during a blackout in the prison as she believes that there is a secret 'gay agenda' and she believes that Big Boo will give her the answers that she is seeking.[34] Doggett's physical appearance also changes in this season; she has white false teeth, neater hair and her skin looks smoother.[1]
Season 3[edit]
In the first episode, Big Boo and Doggett's friendship continues to develop. Seeing that Doggett bears strong feelings of guilt relating to the six abortions that she has had, Big Boo makes reference to the book Freakonomics, which suggests that crime rates in the 1990s fell because of Roe v. Wade.[35][36] Following Lorna Morello (played by Yael Stone) being relieved of her duty of driving the prison van, the role is given to Doggett.[37] She comes into contact with one of the new correctional officers called Charlie Coates (played by James McMenamin). Coates is initially friendly towards Doggett.[38] Despite relationships between prison staff and prisoners being forbidden, Coates kisses Doggett, against her will, after feeding some ducks.[39] Following another outing, Coates gets in trouble with his boss Joe Caputo (played by Nick Sandow) for being late for count and is placed on probation.[9] Doggett apologises for having caused him trouble, and he rapes her in the back of the prison van.[40]
When Big Boo learns of the rape, she encourages Doggett to take revenge on Coates by making him unconscious and then raping him with a broomstick. Whilst they successfully drug Coates, neither of them are willing to violate him with the broomstick.[38][39] In order to end contact with Coates, Doggett fakes a seizure on her next outing with him and is declared unfit for driving a van.[41] She is replaced as prison van driver by another inmate, Maritza Ramos (played by Diane Guerrero).[42]
Season 4[edit]
Coates approaches Doggett in the fourth episode of season 4; Doggett responds in a manner that shows clearly that she is still affected by the rape. This is also the first time that Doggett openly refers to the incident as a 'rape'. Coates is seen to be visibly distressed by this.[43][44] Towards the middle of the season, it is shown that Coates finally apologizes to Doggett and she, clearly surprised and relieved, forgives him and goes on to tell Big Boo about what happened.[45] Big Boo, still furious about the rape, refuses to accept Doggett's decision, straining their friendship.[46] In the twelfth episode of the season, Doggett explains to Big Boo the reasons why she decided to forgive Coates; "Pain is always there... but suffering is a choice".[47] The two resume their friendship following this.[48]
In "Toast Can Never Be Bread Again", as Doggett and Big Boo are assigned to cover the cafeteria following the death of Poussey Washington (played by Samira Wiley), Coates is also there to watch over the body. Coates then tells Doggett that he needs to quit because he hates how awful the prison is becoming. She tells him she does not want him to go, since they are on good terms, and she likes talking to him, despite what happened.[49] She kisses him and Coates makes it clear that he wants to go further than this but chooses not to, reasoning "I don’t want to ruin where we are now".[50]
Critical commentary[edit]
Doggett was widely perceived to have been the series' main antagonist in its first season.[12][35][51] She was seen to be homophobic and racist; one Cosmopolitan critic described her as 'vile'.[52][53] A critic for TV Insider described the first season Doggett as "terrifying, manipulative and so entirely unlikable" but also "hypnotic to watch".[35] Horatia Harrod's review in the Daily Telegraph described Manning's portrayal of Doggett as "brilliantly unhinged".[54] Other critics have praised the character, especially in the final episode of season one; calling her "fantastic", a "solid character" and "one of the best characters on the show".[55][56] Some also felt that Manning's performance was worthy of an Emmy nomination.[57][58]
Manning was described by critic Horatia Harrod as "brilliantly unhinged" in her portrayal of Doggett.[54]
Following the release of the first season of Orange is the New Black, Doggett received some criticism from different media. Writing for The American Conservative, B. D. McClay claimed that Doggett was a poor and inaccurate representation of American Christians; "Pennsatucky is such an aggressively terrible character" and "her faith is neither well-understood nor well-drawn".[12] Laura Leonard of Christianity Today, supports Clay's view and goes further to say "it was frustrating to see this one painful narrative represent Christian faith on OITNB, a show that masters other aspects of the melting pot so well", speaking about Doggett's background story and conflict with Chapman.[59] Two critics for The A.V. Club also gave negative reviews of Doggett; Todd VanDerWerff says that "Pennsatucky never really comes together as a character in the same way as some of the others on the show" and Myles McNutt opted to criticize the storyline of the final episode of the first season specifically, saying that it "[treats] her like a cartoon villain instead of a real character".[60][61] Betsy Leondar-Wright accused the series' creators of classism and said that Doggett was an "outrageous Redneck stereotype".[62]
Doggett's rape storyline in the third season garnered much reaction, both positive and negative. Jada Yuan of Vulture described the rape scenes (both the one in the flashback and the one involving correctional officer Coates) as "heartbreaking" and praised episode director Jesse Peretz's decision to keep the camera focused on Manning during the scenes.[38] Megan Vick praised the 'transformation' of the character of Doggett, calling it "the season’s breakout storyline and performance".[63] McNutt, who had been critical of Doggett in the first season, spoke positively about the rape storyline.[10]
Marissa Higgins, writing for xoJane, contended that the show "didn't accomplish anything with their portrayal of sexual assault" and said that she disliked the way that the story ended with Doggett effectively quitting her job as van driver in order to avoid further contact with Coates.[64] Emma Eisenberg, of Salon, criticized the scenes depicting Doggett growing up in Waynesboro as being "riddled with excessive Appalachian clichés". She went further by calling Doggett's mother unrealistic in her attitude towards sex: "the mothers I met [near Waynesboro] wanted their daughters to understand sex and to make informed choices". Eisenberg claimed that, therefore, Doggett's mother's speech about sex − "it’s like a bee sting, in and out, over before you knew it was happening" − was not representative of people in Waynesboro at that time.[1] Chloe Stillwell completely disagreed with Eisenberg and insisted that the character of Doggett was realistic: "Eisenberg's argument completely misses the point that perhaps the show is trying to be as real as possible, and acknowledging that there are real life Pennsatuckies in this world isn't to disenfranchise Appalachia."[65]
See also[edit]
List of Orange Is the New Black characters
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Eisenberg, Emma (July 5, 2015). "We still don’t know how to talk about Pennsatucky: The reality of rural sexual assault and how class plays out in "Orange Is the New Black"". Salon. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jacobsen, Kevin (March 30, 2015). "'Orange Is the New Black' Season 3 Release: Taryn Manning Finds Playing Pennsatucky 'Morally Conflicting'? [VIDEO]". EnStars. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rotter, Joshua (June 6, 2014). "Star Apps: Taryn Manning from 'Orange Is the New Black'". Download.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Weber, Lindsey (July 29, 2013). "OITNB’s Taryn Manning on Being Typecast As a Crackhead, Playing a Meth Addict, and Those God-Awful Teeth". Vulture. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Marcus, Bennett (August 2014). "Taryn Manning Reveals What’s Hidden Beneath Orange Is the New Black Prison Garb". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Erin (September 1, 2013). "Orange is the New Black: Taryn Manning talks Pennsatucky's teeth & violent season finale fight". Access Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Ortiz, Jen (June 2, 2014). "The GQ+A: Taryn Manning Talks Meth Teeth And Teaches Us What's Actually Inside Meth". GQ. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 27, 2012). "Taryn Manning To Recur On ‘Orange Is The New Black’, Rich Kohnke On ‘Carrie Diaries’". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dornbush, Jonathon (June 17, 2015). "A Tittin' and a Hairin'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b McNutt, Myles (June 20, 2015). "Orange Is The New Black: "A Tittin’ And A Hairin’"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Hill, Libby (June 17, 2015). "‘Orange Is the New Black’ Season 3, Episode 10 Recap: Unlucky Pennsatucky". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McClay, B. D. (August 16, 2013). "How "Orange Is the New Black" Fails on Religion". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c McNutt, Myles (August 15, 2013). "Orange Is The New Black: "Tall Men With Feelings"/"Fool Me Once"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Henderson, Danielle (August 27, 2013). "Orange Is the New Black Episode 12 Recap: All Dried Up With the Puff Blown Off". Vulture. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Erin (September 7, 2013). "Orange is the New Black Q&A: Taryn Manning shares Pennsatucky secrets". Access Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pavlica, Carissa (November 30, 2013). "Orange is the New Black Review: Chasing the Chicken". TV Fanatic. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Danielle (August 2, 2013). "Orange Is the New Black Episode Five Recap: Definitely a Chicken". Vulture. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Laverne Cox: Transgender Actress On The Challenges Of Her 'New Black' Role". Valley Public Radio. August 7, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Danielle (August 9, 2013). "Orange Is the New Black Episode Seven Recap: My Kingdom for a Doughnut". Vulture. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Davis, Ali (July 17, 2013). ""Orange is the New Black" recap (1.7): Blood donut". After Ellen. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Davis, Ali (July 18, 2013). ""Orange is the New Black" recap (1.8): Moscow Mule". After Ellen. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Danielle (August 16, 2013). "Orange Is the New Black Episode Nine Recap: We Finally Experience the SHU". Vulture. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Danielle (August 20, 2013). "Orange Is the New Black Episode 10 Recap: Playing the Long Game". Vulture. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Davis, Ali (July 24, 2013). ""Orange is the New Black" recap (1.12): Fool Me Once". After Ellen. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Megan (June 3, 2014). "Orange Is The New Black Season 1 Recap: Everything To Know Before The Season 2 Premiere". International Business Times. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Houston, Shannon M. (June 11, 2014). "Orange is the New Black Review: "Hugs Can Be Deceiving"". Paste. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Zernike, Kate (June 12, 2014). "‘Orange Is the New Black’ Recap: The Prison of Stereotypes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (June 13, 2014). "Suzanne and Morello get the flashback treatment in stories that surprisingly parallel each other". HitFix. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles (June 17, 2014). "Orange Is The New Black: "Low Self Esteem City"/"You Also Have A Pizza"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Piccoli, Dana (June 23, 2014). ""Orange Is the New Black" recap (2.6): You Also Have a Pizza". After Ellen. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Orange is the New Black 2.11: Take a Break From Your Values". Fandom is in the Details. October 30, 2014. Archived from the original on December 6, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hinkson, Jake (July 12, 2014). "Orange Is the New Black 2.11: "Take a Break from Your Values"". Criminalelement.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Phoebe (July 11, 2014). "Orange Is the New Black, Season 2 Finale Recap: [SPOILER] Dies!". Glamour. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Piccoli, Dana (June 20, 2014). "The most Pennsatucky smile-worthy Season 2 moments from "Orange is the New Black"". After Ellen. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Semigran, Aly (July 15, 2015). "How Pennsatuckey Went From Villain to Fan Favorite on Orange Is The New Black". TV Insider. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Moylan, Brian (June 12, 2015). "Orange Is the New Black Season Three Premiere Recap: Mother, May I?". Vulture. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sprankles, Julie (June 13, 2015). "OITNB: Why 'Mother's Day' was the most important episode of Season 3". SheKnows Media. Archived from the original on July 16, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yuan, Jada (July 6, 2015). "‘Orange Is the New Black’ Is the Only TV Show That Understands Rape". Vulture. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Etkin, Jaimie (June 24, 2015). "Behind The Most Heartbreaking Backstory In "Orange Is The New Black" Season 3". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Le Vine, Lauren (June 12, 2015). "R29 Orange Is The New Black Binge Club: Season 3 Recaps". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (June 21, 2015). "Trust No Bitch". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cavanagh, Casey (June 27, 2015). "OITNB Season 3: 50 Lingering Questions We Still Have". College Candy. Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lange, Ariane (June 22, 2016). "The Groundbreaking Rapist Character On “Orange Is The New Black”". BuzzFeed. Retrieved April 4, 2017. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Framke, Caroline (June 21, 2016). "Orange Is the New Black season 4 is a smart, visceral take on how power can obliterate consent". Vox. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Sophie (June 19, 2016). "Orange Is the New Black: ‘Friends in Low Places’". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Power, Ed (June 18, 2016). "Orange is the New Black, season 4 episode 9 recap: 'If you were hungry before...'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Potts, Kimberly (July 2, 2016). "‘Orange Is the New Black’ Season 4, Episode 12 Recap: ‘Prison Wasn’t Built on Humanity’". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Viruet, Pilot (July 8, 2016). "‘Orange Is The New Black’ Season 4, Episode 12 Recap: The Animals". New York Post. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Power, Ed (June 20, 2016). "Orange is the New Black, season 4 episode 13 recap: 'The mother of all finales'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Butler, Bethonie (June 23, 2016). "Done with ‘Orange Is the New Black’ Season 4? Let’s talk about it.". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jacobsen, Kevin (August 27, 2014). "'Orange is the New Black' Season 3 Release: Moments In New Episodes Where Fans Will Want To 'Kill' Pennsatucky". EnStars. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Greco, Patti (June 23, 2015). ""OITNB" Star Taryn Manning on That Devastating Van Scene and Playing a Nicer Pennsatucky". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Arielle (June 20, 2015). "Pennsatucky’s redemption: How "Orange Is the New Black" pulled a reverse "Breaking Bad"". Salon. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Harrod, Horatia (June 6, 2014). "Orange is the New Black, episode one, review: 'a sparkling return to form'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Surette, Tim (August 21, 2013). "Orange Is the New Black "Fool Me Once" / "Can't Fix Crazy" Review: A Visit from the Xmas Tooth Fairy". TV.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ghahremani, Tanya (November 5, 2013). "Taryn Manning Talks Portraying Pennsatucky on "Orange Is the New Black"". Complex. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Surette, Tim (July 10, 2014). "Emmys 2014 Snubs, Stupidity, and Surprises: Oh, This S#*! Again". TV.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ West, Kelly; Venable, Nick. "2014 Emmy Nominations: 5 Major Snubs And 5 Much-Deserved Loves". Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Laura (July 21, 2014). "The Stereotypical Christians of 'Orange Is the New Black'". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd (July 16, 2013). "Orange Is The New Black: Orange Is The New Black". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNutt, Myles (August 22, 2013). "Orange Is The New Black: "Can’t Fix Crazy"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Leondar-Wright, Betsy (October 1, 2013). "Orange is the Newest Redneck Bashing". Class Action. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Vick, Megan (June 15, 2015). "'Orange Is the New Black' Season 3: Pennsatucky earns MVP award for tragic turn". Zap2it. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Higgins, Marissa (July 10, 2015). "Actually, "Orange is the New Black" is Doing a TERRIBLE Job of Portraying and Discussing Sexual Assault". xoJane. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stillwell, Chloe (July 8, 2015). "The Soapbox: On Pennsatucky & Poor, White, Rural Representation On "Orange Is The New Black"". The Frisky. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
Orange Is the New Black
Characters
Piper Chapman
Alex Vause
Crazy Eyes
Nicky Nichols
Tiffany Doggett
Lorna Morello
Miss Rosa
Seasons
1
"Lesbian Request Denied"
2
3
4
5
Related
Piper Kerman
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
"You've Got Time"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiffany_Doggett&oldid=802705866"
Categories:
Orange Is the New Black characters
Fictional characters introduced in 2013
Fictional criminals
Fictional methamphetamine users
Fictional murderers
Fictional prison escapees
Fictional characters based on real people
Fictional sexual assault victims
Fictional American people of English descent
Fictional characters from Virginia
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2017
Good articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 27 September 2017, at 22:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;

value: tr

value: i

value: td

attrs: href class

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values:
/wiki/Born-again_Christian
mw-redirect
Born-again Christian

values:
/wiki/Receding_gums
mw-redirect
Receding gums

values:
/wiki/Michael_J._Harney
mw-redirect
Michael J. Harney

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Daily_Telegraph
mw-redirect
Daily Telegraph

values:
/wiki/After_Ellen
mw-redirect
After Ellen

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Orange Is the New Black characters

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2013

values: Category:Fictional characters based on real people

values: Category:Fictional sexual assault victims

values: Category:Fictional American people of English descent

values: Category:Fictional characters from Virginia

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tiffany_Doggett
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tiffany_Doggett rootpage-Tiffany_Doggett vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view