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Free throw
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"Foul shot" redirects here. For the general concept in many team sports, see Penalty shot.
Vassilis Spanoulis taking a free throw
In basketball, free throws or foul shots are unopposed attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free throw line (informally known as the foul line or the charity stripe), a line situated at the end of the restricted area. Free throws are generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team. Each successful free throw is worth one point.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 When free throws are awarded
3 Procedure
4 Free throws awarded (NBA)
4.1 Historical
5 Strategy
6 Technique
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Description[edit]
Play media
Kobe Bryant practicing free throws.
Free throws can normally be shot at a high percentage by good players. In the NBA, most players make 70–80% of their attempts. The league's best shooters (such as Steve Nash, Rick Barry, Ray Allen, José Calderón, Stephen Curry, Reggie Miller, Kevin Durant, Stephen Curry, and Dirk Nowitzki) can make roughly 90% of their attempts over a season, while notoriously poor shooters (e.g. Dwight Howard, DeAndre Jordan, Wilt Chamberlain, Andre Drummond, Andris Biedrins, Chris Dudley, Ben Wallace, Shaquille O'Neal, and Dennis Rodman) may struggle to make 50% of them. During a foul shot, a player's foot must be completely behind the foul line. If a player lines up with part of his or her foot on the line, a violation is called and the shot does not count. Foul shots are worth one point.
When free throws are awarded[edit]
Players waiting on the side during a free throw at a Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets vs. Centenary Gentlemen college basketball game.
There are many situations when free throws can be awarded.
The first and most common is when a player is fouled while in the act of shooting. If the player misses the shot during the foul, the player receives either two or three free throws depending on whether the shot was taken in front of or behind the three-point line. If, despite the foul, the player still makes the attempted shot, the number of free throws is reduced to one, and the basket counts. This is known as a three-point or four-point play, depending on the value of the made basket.
The second is when the fouling team is in the team bonus (or foul penalty) situation. This happens when, in a single period, a team commits a set number of fouls whether or not in the act of shooting. In FIBA, (W)NBA and NCAA women's play, the limit is four fouls per quarter; in the NBA, starting with the fifth foul (fourth in overtime), or the second in the final 2 minutes if the team has less than 5 fouls (4 in OT), the opposing team gets two free throws. In the WNBA, the fouled player shoots two free throws starting with the opponent's fifth foul (4th in overtime), or second team foul in the final minute if that team has committed under 5 fouls in a period (4 in overtime). In FIBA and NCAA women's basketball, the fouled player also shoots two free throws starting with the opponent's fifth foul in a period, considering that team fouls accrue from the fourth period on, as all overtimes are extensions of it for purposes of accrued team fouls. In NCAA men's basketball, beginning with the seventh foul of the half, one free throw is awarded; if the player makes the free throw, another is given. This is called shooting a "one-and-one". Starting with the tenth foul of the half, two free throws are awarded. In addition, overtime is considered an extension of the second half for purposes of accumulated team fouls. Free throws are not awarded for offensive fouls (most often charging fouls), even if the team fouled is in the bonus. The number of fouls that triggers a penalty is higher in college men's basketball because the game is divided into two 20-minute halves, as opposed to quarters of 12 minutes in the NBA or 10 minutes in the WNBA, college women's basketball, or FIBA play (note that the college women's game was played in 20-minute halves before 2015–16). As in professional play, a foul in the act of shooting is a two- or three-shot foul, depending on the value of the shot attempt, with one free throw being awarded if the shot is good.
If a player is injured upon being fouled and cannot shoot free throws, the offensive team may designate any player from the bench to shoot in the place of the injured player in college; in the NBA, the opposing team designates the player to shoot, and the injured player can't return, unless the foul committed was a flagrant-2, in which case the player's own team also gets to pick the replacement shooter. If a player fouled takes exception to the foul, and starts or participates in a fight, and gets ejected, he or she is not allowed to take his or her free throws, and the opposing team will choose a replacement shooter. In all other circumstances, the fouled player must shoot his or her own foul shots.
If a player, coach, or team staff (e.g., doctor, statistician) shows poor sportsmanship, which may include arguing with a referee, that person may get charged with a more serious foul called a technical foul. In the NBA, a technical foul results in one free throw attempt for the other team. In FIBA play, technical fouls result in two free throws in all situations. Under NCAA rules, technical fouls are divided into "Class A" (violent or serious unsportsmanlike conduct) and "Class B" (less egregious violations such as hanging on the rim or delay of game). Class A technicals result in two free throws, and Class B technicals result in one. At all levels, the opposing team may choose any player who is currently on the court to shoot the free throws, and is then awarded possession of the ball after the free throws. Since there is no opportunity for a rebound, these free throws are shot with no players on the lane.
Finally, if a referee deems a foul extremely aggressive, or that it did not show an attempt to play the ball, the referee can call an even more severe foul, known as an "unsportsmanlike foul" in international play or a "flagrant foul" in the NBA and NCAA basketball. This foul is charged against the player (and depending on the severity of the offense, can even be ejected), and the opponent gets two free throws and possession of the ball afterwards. Unlike technical fouls, the player fouled must shoot the awarded free throws.
Fouls "away from the ball" (fouls that do not occur on the shooter or near the ball) are handled like the second case above in most situations. Many times defenders hold their opponent to prevent them from catching an in-bound pass or fight through screens and thus are called for fouls. These fouls are almost always treated as normal personal fouls. In the NBA, when there are only two minutes left on the clock of either half, off-ball fouls when the fouling team is over the limit are rewarded with one free throw and possession of the ball. It is therefore common for a losing team to deliberately single out its opponent's poor free throw shooters, regardless of their dominance in other aspects of the game (as in the cases of Ben Wallace and Shaquille O'Neal), as the targets of deliberate fouls until the two-minute mark, after which the losing team plays intense defense for the rest of the game; this strategy is known as the "Hack-a-Shaq". It is believed that this rule was instituted because of Wilt Chamberlain.[citation needed] Previously teams had been allowed to foul any player on the court regardless of whether that player had possession of the ball, with only two free throws awarded to the fouled player. This motivated teams to chase poor free throw shooters, such as Chamberlain, around the court in attempt to foul him in an effort to extend the game. To discourage this practice, the NBA changed the rule to award one free throw and possession of the ball to a player who is fouled away from the ball in the last two minutes of the fourth quarter. This rule does not apply in international or NCAA play and in fact plays a very vital strategic role in the NCAA Tournament.
Procedure[edit]
Fatimatou Sacko for her first free throw.
Free throws are organized in procession. The shooter takes his place behind the free throw line (5.8 m (19 ft) from the base line, 4.6 m (15 ft) from the basket). All other players must stand in their correct places until the ball leaves the shooter's hands: up to four people in the NCAA rules[1] and three people in the FIBA rules[2] from the defensive team and two people from the shooting team line up along the sides of the restricted area (keyhole, paint, lane). These players are usually the ones that rebound the ball. Three line up on each side. A defensive player always takes the place closest to the basket.
The remaining players must remain behind the three-point line and the "free throw line extended" (an imaginary line extended from the free throw line in both directions to the sidelines).
Leaving their designated places before the ball leaves the shooter's hands, or interfering with the ball, are violations. In addition, the shooter must release the ball within five seconds (ten seconds in the United States) and must not step on or over the free throw line until the ball touches the hoop. Players are, however, permitted to jump while attempting the free throw, provided they do not leave the designated area at any point.[3] A violation by the shooter cancels the free throw; a violation by the defensive team results in a substitute free throw if the shooter missed; a violation by the offensive team or a shot that completely misses the hoop results in the loss of possession to the defensive team (only if it is on the last free throw).
Under FIBA rules, if the shooter does not commit a violation, and the ball goes in the basket, the attempt is successful, regardless of violations committed by any non-shooter.
Lane violation
Offensive players (excluding shooter)
Both teams' players
Defensive players
Shooter
Made
Free throw is not counted (Not the last free throw)
Turnover (Last free throw) Free throw is counted Free throw is counted, and another is taken Turnover (FIBA)
Missed
Free throw is not counted (Not the last free throw)
Turnover (Last free throw) Jump ball (NBA, some leagues)
Possession arrow (FIBA) Free throw is retaken Turnover (FIBA)
Free throws awarded (NBA)[edit]
[4][5]
Foul
Technical
One free throw
Personal
Offensive
Loss of possession3
Loose ball
Defensive
Clear path
Two free throws and possession
Flagrant
Two free throws and possession
No penalty1
Loss of possession3
Penalty1
Two free throws
Shooting
Non-shooting
Shot made
One free throw
Shot missed
No penalty1
Inbounds pass2
Penalty1
Two-point attempt
Two free throws
Three-point attempt
Three free throws
Not last two minutes of game:
Two free throws
Last two minutes of game
Not away from play:
Two free throws
Away from play:
One free throw and possession

1 Penalty applies to fouls in excess of four in a regulation period or in excess of three in an overtime period. If a team has not committed its foul quota by the two minute mark of a period, it shall be allowed one foul before the penalty applies. Offensive fouls do not count toward this total.
2 Defensive fouls committed during an inbounds pass prior to the ball being released result in two free throws regardless of the penalty situation.
3 In the NBA, a team must have five players on the court at all times. If a team is down to five players because of injuries and players with six fouls, and a player commits his sixth foul, he remains in the game and a technical foul is charged. The technical foul penalty of one free throw and the ball applies.
Historical[edit]
Prior to the 1954–55 season, the NBA established the rule that a backcourt foul would result in a "three to make two" situation (up to three attempts to make two free throws) if the violating team was over the team foul limit.[6] By 1979, the rule had been extended to the penalty situation for flagrant fouls, fouls made in the act of shooting (resulting in a miss), and fouls due to the swinging of the elbows.[7] Prior to the 1981–82 season, this rule and the related "two to make one" rule were abolished.[6]
In 1956, in response to reports that Wilt Chamberlain was able to dunk free throws, the NCAA established a rule requiring that free throw shooters keep both feet behind the free throw line during an attempt.[8] The NBA later adopted this rule.[9]
Strategy[edit]
Play media
Free throwing at a Valencia Basket match.
As mentioned earlier, some players are notoriously bad free throw shooters. Historical examples of star players who were poor shooters include Wilt Chamberlain, Ben Wallace, and Shaquille O'Neal.[10] This allows a strategy where a team intentionally fouls this player, hoping that they will miss one or both shots and the defending team will re-gain possession of the ball. This strategy was dubbed Hack-a-Shaq when famously used on Shaquille O'Neal. Dwight Howard, DeAndre Jordan and Andre Drummond[11] has been subjected to this strategy as well,[12] as have other players.
It can be advantageous for a trailing team to intentionally foul late in a close game. While this allows the leading team to shoot free throws and increase their lead, it also stops the clock, similar to a time out in football (in basketball, a time out may only be called by a team with possession of the ball). As well, it allows the trailing team the chance to take possession if the second free throw is missed, and if it is made awards possession outright to the trailing team. Therefore, many teams substitute players with high free throw percentages when they are leading late in games to combat this strategy. It is seen as a last resort strategy with little chance of success, but if it is not employed the leading team may run out the clock and end the game.
As well, a defensive team leading by three may foul an offensive team intentionally late in the game, if the game clock is no greater than a couple of seconds. In such circumstances, the opposing team would most likely not have enough time for multiple possessions. Down three points, the opposing team's obvious strategy would be to attempt a three-pointer to try to send the game into overtime; however, the leading team may attempt to foul the trailing team before a shot is attempted, as this would lead to only two free throws which is not enough to tie the game. If the trailing team is placed into the situation of shooting two free throws, they must attempt to intentionally miss the second free throw in the hopes of securing the offensive rebound (which is harder than normal with free throws, as the defending team is automatically given position) and scoring before the game clock expires – if the first free throw is made, a two-pointer would tie the game, and a three-pointer would win the game; if the first free throw is missed, only a three-pointer would tie the game. Theoretically, adopting this strategy makes a leading team four times more likely to win the game than allowing the trailing team to attempt a three-pointer.[13]
Technique[edit]
The majority of adult professional players shoot free throws in the overhand style, despite both theoretical and practical demonstrations that the underhand style (aka "granny-style") usually produces better average results.[14][15] Famously, in the NBA, Rick Barry retired in 1980 while ranked first in NBA history at the time with his 0.900 free throw percentage.[16] There were only a few professional players who have utilized this technique, while the vast majority of them resisted adopting the technique for the fear of ridicule or for other similar reasons unrelated to performance.[14][15]
See also[edit]
50–40–90 Club, exclusive group of players with one criterion including shooting at least 90% of free throws
List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career free throw scoring leaders
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Rule No. 9-Free Throw". National Basketball Association. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Archived from the original on 2009-03-07.
Jump up ^ "NBA.com - RULE NO. 12-FOULS AND PENALTIES". www.nba.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "NBA.com - NBAs Misunderstood Rules". www.nba.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018. C1 control character in |title= at position 14 (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "NBA.com: NBA Rules History". Archived from the original on 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
Jump up ^ Winick, Matt (1979). Official 1979–80 National Basketball Association Guide. The Sporting News. p. Rules Index 31. ISBN 0-89204-049-1.
Jump up ^ "That Stilt, Wilt, Responsible For 2 Rule Changes; Kansas' Chamberlain Even Dunked His Foul Shots", Toledo Blade, November 28, 1956
Jump up ^ Silverman, Drew (2012). Kansas Jayhawks. Sportszone. p. 21. ISBN 978-1617832833.
Jump up ^ Fixler, Kevin (2012-12-13). "Shooting for Perfection". SB Nation. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Does Hack-a-Shaq actually work?". ESPN. April 28, 2016. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Landman, Seth. "'Hack-a-Howard' strategy in full effect". ESPN. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Lawhorn, Adrian. ""3-D": Late-Game Defensive Strategy with a 3-Point Lead". 82games.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rist, Curtis (2008-08-07). "Physics Proves It: Everyone Should Shoot Granny-Style". Discover. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Kilgore, Adam (2016-12-28). "'Granny' shot master Rick Barry is glad someone had the guts to bring it back to the NBA". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Rick Barry". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Free throw.
Official Basketball Rules, FIBA, 2008
NBA Rule Number 9: Free Throw
NBA Rule Number 12: Fouls and Penalties
Free Throws as the subject of an episode of the Podcast Surprisingly Awesome

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Population pyramid
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This distribution is named for the frequently pyramidal shape of its graph.
A population pyramid, also called an "age-sex pyramid", is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.[1] This tool can be used to visualize and age of a particular population.[2] It is also used in ecology to determine the overall age distribution of a population; an indication of the reproductive capabilities and likelihood of the continuation of a species.
Population pyramids often contain continuous stacked-histogram bars, making it a horizontal bar diagram. The population size is depicted on the x-axis (horizontal) while the age-groups are represented on the y-axis (vertical).[3] The size of the population can either be measured as a percentage of the total population or by raw number. Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right. Population pyramids are often viewed as the most effective way to graphically depict the age and distribution of a population, partly because of the very clear image these pyramids represent.[4]A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a population pyramid, and this can shed light on the extent of development and other aspects of the population.
The measures of central tendency, mean, median, and mode, should be considered when assessing a population pyramid. since the data is not completely accurate. For example, the average age could be used to determine the type of population in a particular region. A population with an average age of 15 would have a young population compared to a population that has an average age of 55, which would be considered an older population. It is also important to consider these measures because the collected data is not completely accurate. The mid-year population is often used in calculations to account for the number of births and deaths that occur.
A population pyramid gives a clear picture of how a country transitions from high fertility to low fertility rate. The broad base of the pyramid means the majority of population lies between ages 0–14, which tells us that the fertility rate of the country is high and above population sub-replacement fertility level. The older population is declining over time due to a shorter life expectancy of sixty years.[5] However, there are still more females than males in these ranges since women have a longer life expectancy. As reported by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, women tend to live longer than men because women do not partake in risky behaviors. Also, Weeks' Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues, considered that the sex ratio gap for the older ages will shrink due to women's health declining due to the effects of smoking, as suggested by the United Nations and U.S. Census Bureau. Moreover, it can also reveal the age-dependency ratio of a population. Populations with a big base, young population, or a big top, an older population, shows that there is a higher dependency ratio. The dependency ratio refers to how many people are dependent on the working class (ages 15-64). According to Weeks' Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues, population pyramids can be used to predict the future, known as a population forecast. Population momentum, when a population's birth rates continue to increase even after replacement level has been reached, can even be predicted if a population has a low mortality rate since the population will continue to grow. This then brings up the term doubling time, which is used to predict when the population will double in size. Lastly, a population pyramid can even give insight on the economic status of a country from the age stratification since the distribution of supplies are not evenly distributed through a population.
In the demographic transition model, the size and shape of population pyramids vary. In stage one of the demographic transition model, the pyramids have the most defined shape. They have the ideal big base and skinny top. In stage two, the pyramid looks similar, but starts to widen in the middle age groups. In stage three, the pyramids start to round out and look similar in shape to a tombstone. In stage four, there is a decrease in the younger age groups. This causes the base of the widened pyramid to narrow. Lastly, in stage five, the pyramid starts to take on the shape of a kite as the base continues to decrease. The shape of the population is dependent upon what the economy is like in the country. More developed countries can be found in stages three four and five while the least developed countries have a population represented by the pyramids in stages one and two.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Youth bulge phenomenon
2.1 Middle East and North Africa
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Types[edit]
Each country will have different or unique population pyramids. However, most population pyramids will be defined as the following: Stationary, expansive, or constrictive. These types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country.[6]
"Stationary" pyramid
A pyramid can be described as stationary if the percentages of population (age and sex) remains constant over time.[7] Stationary population is when a population contains equal birth rates and death rates[7]
"Expansive" pyramid
A population pyramid that is very wide at the younger ages, characteristic of countries with high birth rate and low life expectancy.[6] The population is said to be fast-growing, and the size of each birth cohort gets larger than the size of the previous year.[8]
"Constrictive" pyramid
A population pyramid that is narrowed at the bottom. The population is generally older on average, as the country has long life expectancy, a low death rate, but also a low birth rate.[6] However, the percentage of younger population are extremely low, this can cause issues with dependency ratio of the population.[8] This pyramid is more common when immigrants are factored out. This is a typical pattern for a very developed country, a high level of education, easy access to and incentive to use birth control, good health care, and few negative environmental factors.[9]
Youth bulge phenomenon[edit]
See also: Baby boom and List of countries by median age
Median age by country. A youth bulge is evident for Africa, and to a lesser extent for West Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Central America.
A world map showing countries by fertility rate, according to the CIA World Factbook's 2015 data.
7-8 Children
6-7 Children
5-6 Children
4-5 Children
3-4 Children
2-3 Children
1-2 Children
0-1 Children
Gary Fuller (1995) described Youth bulge as a type of expansive pyramid. Gunnar Heinsohn (2003) argues that an excess in especially young adult male population predictably leads to social unrest, war and terrorism, as the "third and fourth sons" that find no prestigious positions in their existing societies rationalize their impetus to compete by religion or political ideology.
Heinsohn claims that most historical periods of social unrest lacking external triggers (such as rapid climatic changes or other catastrophic changes of the environment) and most genocides can be readily explained as a result of a built-up youth bulge, including European colonialism, 20th-century fascism, rise of Communism during the Cold War, and ongoing conflicts such as that in Darfur and terrorism.[10] This factor has been also used to account for the Arab Spring events.[11] Economic recessions, such as the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Late 2000's recession, are also claimed to be explained in part due to a large youth population who cannot find jobs.[11] Youth bulge can be seen as one factor among many in explaining social unrest and uprisings in society.[12] A 2016 study finds that youth bulges increases the chances of non-ethnic civil wars, but not ethnic civil wars.[13]
A large population of adolescents entering the labor force and electorate strains at the seams of the economy and polity, which were designed for smaller populations. This creates unemployment and alienation unless new opportunities are created quickly enough – in which case a 'demographic dividend' accrues because productive workers outweigh young and elderly dependents. Yet the 16–30 age range is associated with risk-taking, especially among males. In general, youth bulges in developing countries are associated with higher unemployment and, as a result, a heightened risk of violence and political instability.[14][15] For Cincotta and Doces (2011), the transition to more mature age structures is almost a sine qua non for democratization.[16]
To reverse the effects of youth bulges, specific policies such as creating more jobs, improving family planning programs, and reducing over all infant mortality rates should be a priority.[17]
Population pyramid of Egypt in 2005. Many of those 30 and younger are educated citizens who are experiencing difficulty finding work.
Nearly half of Libya's 2011 population consists of children younger than age 20.
Middle East and North Africa[edit]
Further information: Demographic trap
The Middle East and North Africa are currently experiencing a prominent youth bulge. "Across the Middle East, countries have experienced a pronounced increase in the size of their youth populations over recent decades, both in total numbers and as a percentage of the total population. Today, the nearly 111 million individuals aging between 15 to 29 living across the region make up nearly 27 percent of the region’s population." [18] Structural changes in service provision, especially health care, beginning in the 1960s created the conditions for a demographic explosion, which has resulted in a population consisting primarily of younger people. It is estimated that around 65% of the regional population is under the age of 30.[19]
The Middle East has invested more in education, including religious education, than most other regions such that education is available to most children.[20] However, that education has not led to higher levels of employment, and youth unemployment is currently at 25%, the highest of any single region.[21] Of this 25%, over half are first time entrants into the job market.[22]
The youth bulge in the Middle East and North Africa has been favorably compared to that of East Asia, which harnessed this human capital and saw huge economic growth in recent decades.[23] The youth bulge has been referred to by the Middle East Youth Initiative as a demographic gift, which, if engaged, could fuel regional economic growth and development.[24] "While the growth of the youth population imposes supply pressures on education systems and labor markets, it also means that a growing share of the overall population is made up of those considered to be of working age; and thus not dependent on the economic activity of others. In turn, this declining dependency ratio can have a positive impact on overall economic growth, creating a demographic dividend. The ability of a particular economy to harness this dividend, however, is dependent on its ability to ensure the deployment of this growing working-age population towards productive economic activity, and to create the jobs necessary for the growing labor force." [18]
See also[edit]
Age class structure
Baby boom
Demographic analysis
Demographic transition
List of countries by median age
Middle East Youth Initiative
Overpopulation
Political demography
Population
Population growth
Sex ratio
Waithood
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". PopulationPyramid.net. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Weeks, John (2001). Population An introduction to concepts and issues. Wadsworth. p. 307.
Jump up ^ "population pyramid | sociology". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
Jump up ^ Department of Health Home Archived 2009-08-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "From Population Pyramids to Pillars". www.prb.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Population Pyramids - Oregon State University
^ Jump up to: a b Weeks, John (2011). Population An Introduction to concepts and issues. Wadsworth. p. 309. ISBN 978-1305094505.
^ Jump up to: a b Korenjak-Cˇ erne, Kejžar, Batagelj (2008). "Clustering of Population Pyramids". Informatica. 32. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Boucher, Lauren (10 March 2016). "What are the different types of population pyramids?". https://www.populationeducation.org/content/what-are-different-types-population-pyramids. Retrieved 29 March 2017. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Why a two-state solution doesn't guarantee peace in the Middle East". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Korotayev A. et al.A Trap At The Escape From The Trap? Demographic-Structural Factors of Political Instability in Modern Africa and West Asia. Cliodynamics 2/2 (2011): 1-28.
Jump up ^ "The Effects of 'Youth Bulge' on Civil Conflicts". Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Yair, Omer; Miodownik, Dan (2016-02-01). "Youth bulge and civil war: Why a country's share of young adults explains only non-ethnic wars". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 33 (1): 25–44. doi:10.1177/0738894214544613. ISSN 0738-8942.
Jump up ^ Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster
Jump up ^ Urdal, Henrik. 2006. "A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence." International Studies Quarterly 50:607-29 doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00416.x
Jump up ^ Cincotta, Richard, and John Doces. 2011. "The Age-structural Maturity Thesis: The Youth Bulge's Influence on the Advent and Stability of Liberal Democracy?" In Political Demography: identity, conflict and institutions ed. J. A. Goldstone, E. Kaufmann and M. Toft. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press
Jump up ^ "The Effects of 'Youth Bulge' on Civil Conflicts". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Hassan, Islam; Dyer, Paul (2017). "The State of Middle Eastern Youth" (PDF). The Muslim World. 107 (1): 3–12.
Jump up ^ "Middle East Youth Initiative". Middle East Youth Initiative. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Middle East Youth Initiative". Middle East Youth Initiative. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Middle East Youth Initiative". Middle East Youth Initiative. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Middle East Youth Initiative". Middle East Youth Initiative. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Youth – An Undervalued Asset: Towards a New Agenda in the Middle East and North Africa, Progress, Challenges and Way Forward," Middle East and North Africa Region Human Development Department (MNSHD), The World Bank, 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Middle East Youth Initiative: About: Why Shabab?". Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Gary Fuller, "The Youth Crisis in Middle Eastern Society" (2004) download
Gary Fuller, The Demographic Backdrop to Ethnic Conflict: A Geographic Overview, was born in 1989 and was produced by Edward Gewin: The Challenge of Ethnic Conflict to National and International Order in the 1990s, Washington: CIA (RTT 95-10039, October), 151-154.
Heinsohn, Gunnar (2003). Söhne und Weltmacht : Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen (in German). Zürich: Orell Füssli. ISBN 3-280-06008-7.
Navtej Dhillon, "Middle East Youth Bulge: Challenge or Opportunity?" (2008) The Brookings Institution
"From Oil Boom to Youth Boon: Tapping the Middle East Demographic Gift" (2008) The Brookings Institution
Graham Fuller, "The Youth Factor: The New Demographics of the Middle East and the Implications for U.S. Policy" (2003) The Brookings Institution
The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict after the Cold War
The "Youth Bulge" (zmag.org)
The Shape of Things to Come, Why Age Structure Matters To A Safer, More Equitable World
Political Demography: identity, conflict and institutions ed. J. A. Goldstone, E. Kaufmann and M. Toft. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Population pyramids.
World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision, Website of the United Nations Population Division with population pyramids for all countries
U.S. Census Bureau, International Statistical Agencies
U.S. Census Bureau, International Database (IDB)
United Nations Data Set Population pyramids from 1950 to 2050
Australian animated population pyramids, Australian Bureau of Statistics
Interactive population pyramids of metropolitan France 1901-2060 (INSEE)
China, Europe, USA: Population by Age and Sex, 1950-2050. Moving Age pyramids.
Population pyramids of all countries
A discussion on population pyramids as a data visualization tool
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Additional References:
US Census Bureau, Demographic Internet Staff. “International Programs, International Data Base.” Information Gateway - U.S. Census Bureau, 27 June 2011, www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/idb/informationGateway.php.
“Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100.” PopulationPyramid.net, www.populationpyramid.net/world/2016/.
DataFinder | U.S. and World Data by The Population Reference Bureau, www.prb.org/DataFinder.aspx.
“Databases.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/databases/index.html.
Boucher, Lauren. “What Are the Different Types of Population Pyramids?” Population Education, 11 Mar. 2018, populationeducation.org/what-are-different-types-population-pyramids.
Weeks, John Robert. Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Cengage Learning, 2016.
Zarulli, Virginia, et al. “Women Live Longer than Men Even during Severe Famines and Epidemics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, 3 Jan. 2018, www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/01/03/1701535115.
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values: هرم جمعیت – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
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values: पिरैमिड आरेख – Hindi

values: פירמידת גילאים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
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values: Жас-жыныстық пирамида – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
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values: 人口ピラミッド – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
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values: Возрастно-половая пирамида – Russian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values: พีระมิดประชากร – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
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values: Віково-статева піраміда – Ukrainian

values:
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values:
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