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List of Suits episodes
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Suits is an American television drama series created by Aaron Korsh, which premiered on June 23, 2011 on the USA Network. It revolves around Mike Ross (Patrick J. Adams) and Harvey Specter (Gabriel Macht), two lawyers at a high-profile New York corporate law firm. Harvey is one of the city's top attorneys. He chooses to take on Mike as his associate, although Mike never attended Harvard—the only school from which the firm hires—or indeed any law school at all. Ross relies on his photographic memory and intelligence to succeed.
The series was renewed for a 16-episode seventh season, which began on July 12, 2017.[1] As of April 25, 2018,[update] 108 episodes of Suits have aired, concluding the seventh season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2011)
2.2 Season 2 (2012–13)
2.3 Season 3 (2013–14)
2.4 Season 4 (2014–15)
2.5 Season 5 (2015–16)
2.6 Season 6 (2016–17)
2.7 Season 7 (2017–18)
2.8 Season 8
3 Ratings
4 Home video releases
5 References
6 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 12 June 23, 2011 (2011-06-23) September 8, 2011 (2011-09-08)
2 16 June 14, 2012 (2012-06-14) February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21)
3 16 July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16) April 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)
4 16 June 11, 2014 (2014-06-11) March 4, 2015 (2015-03-04)
5 16 June 24, 2015 (2015-06-24) March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)
6 16 July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13) March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01)
7 16 July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
8 16 July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18) TBA
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2011)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 1)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot" Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh June 23, 2011 (2011-06-23) 4.64[2]
2
2 "Errors and Omissions" John Scott Sean Jablonski June 30, 2011 (2011-06-30) 3.89[3]
3
3 "Inside Track" Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh July 7, 2011 (2011-07-07) 4.53[4]
4
4 "Dirty Little Secrets" Dennie Gordon Jon Cowan July 14, 2011 (2011-07-14) 4.38[5]
5
5 "Bail Out" Kate Woods Ethan Drogin July 21, 2011 (2011-07-21) 4.38[6]
6
6 "Tricks of the Trade" Terry McDonough Rick Muirragui July 28, 2011 (2011-07-28) 4.44[7]
7
7 "Play the Man" Tim Matheson Erica Lipez August 4, 2011 (2011-08-04) 4.03[8]
8
8 "Identity Crisis" Norberto Barba Ethan Drogin August 11, 2011 (2011-08-11) 3.96[9]
9
9 "Undefeated" Felix Alcala Rick Muirragui August 18, 2011 (2011-08-18) 4.45[10]
10
10 "Shelf Life" Jennifer Getzinger Sean Jablonski August 25, 2011 (2011-08-25) 3.82[11]
11
11 "Rules of the Game" Mike Smith Jon Cowan September 1, 2011 (2011-09-01) 3.96[12]
12
12 "Dog Fight" Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh September 8, 2011 (2011-09-08) 3.47[13]
Season 2 (2012–13)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 2)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
13
1 "She Knows" Michael Smith Aaron Korsh June 14, 2012 (2012-06-14) 3.47[14]
14
2 "The Choice" Kevin Bray Jon Cowan June 21, 2012 (2012-06-21) 3.80[15]
15
3 "Meet the New Boss" Michael Smith Erica Lipez June 28, 2012 (2012-06-28) 3.88[16]
16
4 "Discovery" Kevin Bray Daniel Arkin July 12, 2012 (2012-07-12) 3.70[17]
17
5 "Break Point" Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin July 19, 2012 (2012-07-19) 3.72[18]
18
6 "All In" John Scott Karla Nappi July 26, 2012 (2012-07-26) 3.89[19]
19
7 "Sucker Punch" Adam Davidson Genevieve Sparling August 2, 2012 (2012-08-02) 3.41[20]
20
8 "Rewind" Félix Alcalá Rick Muirragui August 9, 2012 (2012-08-09) 3.42[21]
21
9 "Asterisk" Jennifer Getzinger Justin Peacock August 16, 2012 (2012-08-16) 4.00[22]
22
10 "High Noon" Kevin Bray Erica Lipez August 23, 2012 (2012-08-23) 4.48[23]
23
11 "Blind-Sided" David Platt Ethan Drogin January 17, 2013 (2013-01-17) 3.57[24]
24
12 "Blood in the Water" Roger Kumble Genevieve Sparling January 24, 2013 (2013-01-24) 3.75[25]
25
13 "Zane vs. Zane" Nicole Kassell Rick Muirragui January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31) 3.36[26]
26
14 "He's Back" Kevin Bray Daniel Arkin February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07) 3.07[27]
27
15 "Normandy" Terry McDonough Jon Cowan February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14) 2.90[28]
28
16 "War" John Scott Aaron Korsh February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21) 3.20[29]
Season 3 (2013–14)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 3)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
29
1 "The Arrangement" Christopher Misiano Aaron Korsh July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16) 2.93[30]
30
2 "I Want You to Want Me" Roger Kumble Jon Cowan July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23) 2.88[31]
31
3 "Unfinished Business" Anton Cropper Ethan Drogin July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30) 2.47[32]
32
4 "Conflict of Interest" Michael Smith Daniel Arkin August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06) 2.99[33]
33
5 "Shadow of a Doubt" Félix Alcalá Genevieve Sparling August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13) 2.79[34]
34
6 "The Other Time" John Scott Rick Muirragui August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20) 2.76[35]
35
7 "She's Mine" Anton Cropper Paul Redford August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27) 2.79[36]
36
8 "Endgame" Michael Smith Justin Peacock September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03) 3.52[37]
37
9 "Bad Faith" Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10) 2.95[38]
38
10 "Stay" Kevin Bray Rick Muirragui September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17) 3.16[39]
39
11 "Buried Secrets" Cherie Nowlan Erica Lipez March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06) 2.27[40]
40
12 "Yesterday's Gone" Anton Cropper Genevieve Sparling March 13, 2014 (2014-03-13) 2.27[41]
41
13 "Moot Point" Kevin Bray Daniel Arkin March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20) 2.35[42]
42
14 "Heartburn" James Whitmore, Jr. Aaron Korsh & Erica Lipez March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27) 2.53[43]
43
15 "Know When to Fold 'Em" Anton Cropper Jon Cowan April 3, 2014 (2014-04-03) 2.50[44]
44
16 "No Way Out" Michael Smith Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin April 10, 2014 (2014-04-10) 2.40[45]
Season 4 (2014–15)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 4)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
45
1 "One-Two-Three Go..." Anton Cropper Aaron Korsh June 11, 2014 (2014-06-11) 2.50[46]
46
2 "Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner" Roger Kumble Genevieve Sparling June 18, 2014 (2014-06-18) 2.65[47]
47
3 "Two in the Knees" Anton Cropper Chris Downey June 25, 2014 (2014-06-25) 2.76[48]
48
4 "Leveraged" Kevin Bray Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman July 9, 2014 (2014-07-09) 2.42[49]
49
5 "Pound of Flesh" Christopher Misiano Daniel Arkin July 16, 2014 (2014-07-16) 2.33[50]
50
6 "Litt the Hell Up" Silver Tree Rick Muirragui July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23) 2.70[51]
51
7 "We're Done" Cherie Nowlan Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin & Genevieve Sparling July 30, 2014 (2014-07-30) 2.81[52]
52
8 "Exposure" John Scott Justin Peacock August 6, 2014 (2014-08-06) 2.59[53]
53
9 "Gone" James Whitmore, Jr. Kyle Long August 13, 2014 (2014-08-13) 2.59[54]
54
10 "This Is Rome" Roger Kumble Chris Downey August 20, 2014 (2014-08-20) 2.76[55]
55
11 "Enough Is Enough" Gabriel Macht Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman January 28, 2015 (2015-01-28) 1.87[56]
56
12 "Respect" Anton Cropper Genevieve Sparling February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04) 1.67[57]
57
13 "Fork in the Road" Michael Smith Rick Muirragui February 11, 2015 (2015-02-11) 1.46[58]
58
14 "Derailed" Patrick J. Adams Justin Peacock & Kyle Long February 18, 2015 (2015-02-18) 1.70[59]
59
15 "Intent" Silver Tree Daniel Arkin February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25) 1.80[60]
60
16 "Not Just a Pretty Face" Anton Cropper Aaron Korsh March 4, 2015 (2015-03-04) 1.55[61]
Season 5 (2015–16)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 5)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
61
1 "Denial" Anton Cropper Aaron Korsh June 24, 2015 (2015-06-24) 2.13[62]
62
2 "Compensation" Michael Smith Rick Muirragui July 1, 2015 (2015-07-01) 2.27[63]
63
3 "No Refills" Anton Cropper Chris Downey July 8, 2015 (2015-07-08) 2.16[64]
64
4 "No Puedo Hacerlo" Silver Tree Genevieve Sparling July 15, 2015 (2015-07-15) 2.38[65]
65
5 "Toe to Toe" Kevin Bray Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman July 22, 2015 (2015-07-22) 2.09[66]
66
6 "Privilege" Michael Smith Kyle Long July 29, 2015 (2015-07-29) 2.16[67]
67
7 "Hitting Home" Roger Kumble Sharyn Rothstein August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05) 2.08[68]
68
8 "Mea Culpa" Kate Dennis Daniel Arkin August 12, 2015 (2015-08-12) 2.31[69]
69
9 "Uninvited Guests" Silver Tree Chris Downey August 19, 2015 (2015-08-19) 2.30[70]
70
10 "Faith" Anton Cropper Genevieve Sparling August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26) 2.34[71]
71
11 "Blowback" Cherie Nowlan Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman January 27, 2016 (2016-01-27) 1.74[72]
72
12 "Live to Fight…" Rob Seidenglanz Sharyn Rothstein February 3, 2016 (2016-02-03) 1.51[73]
73
13 "God's Green Earth" Anton Cropper Genevieve Sparling & Sandra Silverstein February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10) 1.71[74]
74
14 "Self Defense" Patrick J. Adams Kyle Long February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17) 1.58[75]
75
15 "Tick Tock" Roger Kumble Daniel Arkin February 24, 2016 (2016-02-24) 1.73[76]
76
16 "25th Hour" Anton Cropper Aaron Korsh March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02) 1.71[77]
Season 6 (2016–17)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 6)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
77
1 "To Trouble" Silver Tree Aaron Korsh July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13) 1.85[78]
78
2 "Accounts Payable" Michael Smith Ethan Drogin July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20) 1.65[79]
79
3 "Back on the Map" Cherie Nowlan Rick Muirragui July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27) 1.78[80]
80
4 "Turn" Christopher Misiano Daniel Arkin August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03) 1.81[81]
81
5 "Trust" Kate Dennis Kyle Long August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10) 1.51[82]
82
6 "Spain" Silver Tree Genevieve Sparling August 17, 2016 (2016-08-17) 1.68[83]
83
7 "Shake the Trees" Anton Cropper Rick Muirragui & Sandra Silverstein August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24) 1.83[84]
84
8 "Borrowed Time" Gabriel Macht Sharyn Rothstein August 31, 2016 (2016-08-31) 1.88[85]
85
9 "The Hand That Feeds You" Roger Kumble Daniel Arkin September 7, 2016 (2016-09-07) 1.87[86]
86
10 "P.S.L." Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh & Genevieve Sparling September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14) 1.92[87]
87
11 "She's Gone" Patrick J. Adams Aaron Korsh & Rick Muirragui January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25) 1.37[88]
88
12 "The Painting" Gregor Jordan Sharyn Rothstein & Sandra Silverstein February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01) 1.53[89]
89
13 "Teeth, Nose, Teeth" Silver Tree Kyle Long February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08) 1.28[90]
90
14 "Admission of Guilt" Michael Smith Ethan Drogin February 15, 2017 (2017-02-15) 1.21[91]
91
15 "Quid Pro Quo" Maurice Marable Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22) 1.25[92]
92
16 "Character and Fitness" Roger Kumble Genevieve Sparling March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01) 1.13[93]
Season 7 (2017–18)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 7)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
93
1 "Skin in the Game" Silver Tree Aaron Korsh July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) 1.40[94]
94
2 "The Statue" Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19) 1.36[95]
95
3 "Mudmare" Maurice Marable Sharyn Rothstein July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26) 1.41[96]
96
4 "Divide and Conquer" Anton Cropper Daniel Arkin August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02) 1.41[97]
97
5 "Brooklyn Housing" Roger Kumble Marshall Knight & Rob LaMorgese August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09) 1.29[98]
98
6 "Home to Roost" Valerie Weiss Sandra Silverstein August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16) 1.47[99]
99
7 "Full Disclosure" Cherie Nowlan Ethan Drogin August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23) 1.35[100]
100
8 "100" Patrick J. Adams Rick Muirragui August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30) 1.51[101]
101
9 "Shame" Silver Tree Sharyn Rothstein September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06) 1.64[102]
102
10 "Donna" Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13) 1.68[103]
103
11 "Hard Truths" Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28) 1.18[104]
104
12 "Bad Man" Roger Kumble Rick Muirragui April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) 1.06[105]
105
13 "Inevitable" Christopher Misiano Genevieve Sparling April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11) 0.95[106]
106
14 "Pulling the Goalie" Emile Levisetti Aaron Korsh & Sharyn Rothstein April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18) 0.99[107]
107
15 "Tiny Violin" Christopher Misiano Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) 1.09[108]
108
16 "Good-Bye" Anton L. Cropper Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) 1.07[108]
Season 8[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 8)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
109
1 TBA TBA TBA July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)[109] TBD
Ratings[edit]
Suits : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
1
4.64 3.89 4.53 4.38 4.38 4.44 4.03 3.96 4.45 3.82 3.96 3.47 N/A
2
3.47 3.80 3.88 3.70 3.72 3.89 3.41 3.42 4.00 4.48 3.57 3.75 3.36 3.07 2.90 3.20
3
2.93 2.89 2.48 2.99 2.79 2.76 2.79 3.52 2.95 3.16 2.28 2.28 2.35 2.53 2.50 2.40
4
2.50 2.65 2.76 2.42 2.33 2.70 2.81 2.59 2.59 2.76 1.87 1.67 1.46 1.70 1.80 1.55
5
2.13 2.27 2.16 2.38 2.10 2.16 2.08 2.31 2.30 2.34 1.74 1.51 1.71 1.58 1.73 1.71
6
1.85 1.65 1.78 1.81 1.51 1.68 1.83 1.88 1.87 1.92 1.37 1.53 1.28 1.21 1.25 1.13
7
1.40 1.36 1.41 1.41 1.29 1.47 1.35 1.51 1.64 1.68 1.18 1.06 0.95 0.99 1.09 1.07
Source: Nielsen Media Research[110][111][112][113][114][115]
Home video releases[edit]
Season
Episodes
DVD release dates
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Discs
1 12 May 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)[116] April 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)[117] June 7, 2012 (2012-06-07)[118] 3
2 16 May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)[119] May 13, 2013 (2013-05-13)[120] February 13, 2014 (2014-02-13)[121] 4
3 16 May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27)[122] June 9, 2014 (2014-06-09)[123] October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)[124] 4
4 16 April 28, 2015 (2015-04-28)[125] June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)[126] August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05) 4
5 16 May 31, 2016 (2016-05-31)[127] N/A N/A 4
6 16 N/A N/A N/A
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nemetz, Dave (April 11, 2017). "Suits, Playing House, The Sinner Get Summer Premiere Dates at USA". TVLine. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (June 24, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: Burn Notice, Swamp People, Suits, NBA Draft, Wilfred top Night + Futurama, Louie & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 1, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: Pre-Holiday Slump for 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits' But 'Swamp People' Impervious + 'Wilfred,'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 8, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits' Rise, But 'Swamp People' Still Tops Night + 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 15, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice,' Rises, Defeats 'Swamp People' + 'Suits,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 22, 2011). "Updated: Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Rises and 'Burn Notice' Steady, But 'Swamp People' Back on Top + 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 29, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Tops Night in Demo + 'Burn Notice,' 'Project Runway,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 5, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Jersey Shore' Dominates + 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 12, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Jersey Shore' Down But Dominant + 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Jersey Shore' Rises & 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway' Rise Too + 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 26, 2011). "Thursday Cable: 'Jersey Shore' Gets Bigger + NFL, 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway' and the Weather Channel". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 2, 2011). "Thursday Cable: Even 'Jersey Shore' Repeats Can't Be Beaten; 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway' & Lots More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 9, 2011). "Thursday Cable: 'Jersey Shore' Takes A Hit, Still Dominates, 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama' Finales & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 15, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' Wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Suits', 'Men at Work', 'Mountain Men', 'Don't Be Tardy For The Wedding' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 22, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' + 'Suits', 'Burn Notice', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Mountain Men', 'Men at Work', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 29, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Anger Management' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Burn Notice', 'Wilfred', 'Awkward', 'Men at Work' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Anger Management', 'Burn Notice', 'Awkward', 'Wilfred' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. July 13, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice' Wins Night, + 'Mountain Men', 'Suits', 'Anger Management', 'Sullivan & Son' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. July 20, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 27, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice' Wins Night, + 'Suits', 'Anger Management', 'Sullivan & Son', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Awkward', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 3, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice' Tops 'Suits', + 'Sullivan & Son', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Awkward', 'Project Runway', 'Anger Management' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 10, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings:NFL Pre-Season Football wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Suits', 'Awkward', 'Anger Management','Project Runway' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 24, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Finale Wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Awkward', 'Project Runway', 'Anger Management', 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda. "Thursday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Wins Night + 'Buckwild', 'Suits', 'Oprah's Next Chapter', 'Archer' & More". Retrieved January 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara. "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Buckwild' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Archer', 'Beyond Scared Straight', 'King of the Nerds' & More". Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Buckwild' Wins Again, + 'Archer', 'Suits', 'The Daily Show', 'King of the Nerds' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings:'Buckwild' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Archer', 'Impractical Jokers', 'King of the Nerds' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 8, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Counting Cars' Wins Night + 'The Game', 'Deadliest Catch', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Catfish', 'Rizzoli & Isles' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. July 31, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 7, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Shark Week' Wins Night, 'The Game', 'Rizzoli & Isles', 'Pretty Little Liars', 'Suits', 'Catfish' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 14, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Rizzoli & Isles' & 'Amish Mafia' Win Night, 'Pretty Little Liars', 'The Game', 'Dance Moms', 'Covert Affairs' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 21, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Rizzoli & Isles', 'Catfish', 'The Game', & 'Amish Mafia' Tie for Top Spot + 'The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 28, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Pretty Little Liars' & 'Rizzoli & Isles' Tie for Top Spot + 'The Game', 'Amish Mafia', 'The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 5, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Game' Wins Night, 'Tosh.0', 'Suits', 'Rizolli & Isles', 'Catfish', 'Face Off', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 11, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Rides to First Place + 'Tosh.0', 'Rizzoli & Isles', World Cup Qualifiers, 'Amish Mafia' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 18, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, 'Tosh.0', 'Suits', 'Amish Mafia', 'Face Off' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 7, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Pawn Stars' Wins Night, 'Vikings', 'Suits', 'Here Comes Honey Boo Boo', 'Sirens' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 14, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Vikings' Tops Night + 'Pawn Stars', 'Here Comes Honey Boo Boo', 'Ridiculousness' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 21, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: NCAA Tournament & 'Pawn Stars' Win Night, 'Vikings', 'Suits', 'Ridiculousness' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: NCAA Basketball Coverage Leads Night + 'Pawn Stars', 'Vikings', 'Here Comes Honey Boo Boo' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 4, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Vikings' & 'Pawn Stars' Win Night, 'Suits', 'Ridiculousness, 'Sirens' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 11, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Vikings' & 'Pawn Stars' Lead Night + 'Greatest Event in TV History', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 12, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, Stanley Cup Finals, 'Catfish', 'Suits', 'Graceland' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 19, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer, 'Catfish', 'Suits', 'Melissa & Joey' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 26, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, World Cup Soccer, 'Catfish', 'Suits', 'Young & Hungry' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 10, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: World Cup Soccer Wins Night, 'Duck Dynasty', 'Catfish', 'Suits', 'The Bridge', 'Graceland' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 17, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Teen Mom', 'ESPY Awards', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2′ Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Bring It', 'Graceland', 'The Bridge' & More - Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. July 24, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 31, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Sharknado 2' Tops Night + 'Duck Dynasty', 'Teen Mom II' 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 7, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'Teen Mom 2', 'Suits', 'Young & Hunger', 'The Bridge' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 14, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Zombie Sharks', 'Spawn of Jaws', 'Teen Mom II' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 21, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' & Little League World Series Win Night, 'Suits', 'Franklin & Bash', 'Bring It!', 'The Bridge' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 29, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night +". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 5, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'Snooki & J Woww', 'Broad City', 'The Americans' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 12, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'The Game', 'Wahlburgers' NBA Basketball & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: College Basketball Wins Night, 'Workaholics', 'Dual Survivor', 'American Pickers', 'Little Women L.A.' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 26, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Catfish' Tops Night + 'Mob Wives', 'The Game', 'House Hunters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 5, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'The Game' & ' Dual Survival' Win Night, 'Catfish', 'Conan', Mob Wives' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 25, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'The Game', 'Mr. Robot', 'Baby Daddy' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 2, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + FIFA Women's World Cup, 'Suits', 'The Daily Show' 'Mr. Robot' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 9, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: Shark Week Tops Night + 'Duck Dynasty', 'Suits', 'The Game', & 'Mr Robot'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 16, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Suits', Copa Oro, 'Wahlburgers' 'The Game', 'Stephen Universe' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 23, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Sharknado 3' & 'Duck Dynasty' Win Night, 'Suits', 'The Game', 'Catfish' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 30, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'The Game', 'Catfish', 'American Pickers', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 6, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'The Game', 'Wahlburgers', 'Suits', 'Mr. Robot', 'Melissa & Joey' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 13, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Suits', 'Wahlburgers', 'Camp Cutthroat', 'Catfish' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 20, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Suits', 'Wahlburgers', 'Catfish', 'Key & Peele', 'Young & Hungry', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 27, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'House Hunters' Tops Night + 'Suits', Little League World Series, 'American Pickers' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (January 28, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: NBA scores high on ESPN, 'Duck Dynasty' falls". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 4, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' stays strong, 'The Challenge: Bloodlines' rises". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 11, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Mob Wives' rises, 'Duck Dynasty' stays steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 18, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: College basketball reigns supreme". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 25, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Broad City' falls, 'Mob Wives' stays steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Walch, Alex (March 3, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Mob Wives' falls, 'Broad City' stays steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 14, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Mr. Robot' returns, 'Greenleaf' dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 21, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Mr. Robot' dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 28, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Mr. Robot' and 'Greenleaf' hold steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 4, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Mr. Robot' falls". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 11, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: Rio Olympics land on top". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 18, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Greenleaf' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 25, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Real Housewives of New York' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (September 1, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Greenleaf' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Queen Sugar' dips, 'Harley and the Davidsons' stays high". ShowBuzzDaily. September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 15, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.14.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 25, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.25.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 3, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 2.1.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 9, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Legion' premiere brings in strong numbers, 'The Magician' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-feb-15-2017/
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 23, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Alaskan Bush People' ticks up, 'Legion' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (March 2, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Legion' takes a hit, 'Six' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 13, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.12.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 20, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.19.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 27, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.26.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 3, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.2.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 10, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.9.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 17, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.16.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 24, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.23.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 31, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.30.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 9.6.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 15, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 29, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.28.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 5, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.4.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (April 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference S8premiere was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. April 12, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. April 12, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Four Ratings". TV Series Finale. March 6, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Five Ratings". TV Series Finale. March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Six Ratings". TV Series Finale. March 2, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Seven Ratings". TV Series Finale. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (February 15, 2012). "Suits - Press Release Announcs 'Season 1' DVDs of the USA Network's New Series!". TVShowsOnDVD. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suits - Season 1 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season 1 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (March 28, 2013). "Suits - Date, Cost, Package Art for 'Season 2' on DVD!". TVShowsOnDVD. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Suits - Season 2 [DVD] [2012]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Series 2 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (March 4, 2014). "Suits - 'Season 3' Announced: Date, Cost, Package and More!". TVShowsOnDVD. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Suits - Season 3 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Series 3 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (February 3, 2015). "Suits - 'Season 4' DVD Set is Announced: Date, Pricing, & Extras!". TVShowsOnDVD. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Suits - Season 4 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (March 9, 2016). "Suits - Release Date, Cover Art Now Available for 'Season 5'". TVShowsOnDVD. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
External links[edit]
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First Persian invasion of Greece
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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First Persian invasion of Greece
Part of the Greco-Persian Wars

Map showing key sites during the Persian invasions of Greece
Date
492 – 490 BC.
Location
Thrace, Macedon, Cyclades, Euboea, Attica
Result
Persia re-subjugates Thrace and conquers Macedon, Naxos and the other Cycladic Islands.
Persian attempts to conquer Athens are unsuccessful.
Belligerents
Greek city states including Athens and Eretria Persian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Miltiades the Younger
Callimachus † Mardonius,
Datis,
Artaphernes
Strength
8,000-9,000 Athenians
1,000 Plataeans
Total: 9,000-10,000 10,000 Immortals
10,000 light infantry
5,000 archers
1,000-3,000 cavalry
600 triremes
Total: 26,000-28,000
Casualties and losses
192 Athenians
11 Plataeans
Eretria enslaved and burned
Naxos burnt 6,400 Persians killed
7 ships captured
[show]
v
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Greco-Persian Wars
Ionian Revolt
First Persian invasion
Second Persian invasion
Greek counterattack
Wars of the Delian League
[show]
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First Persian invasion
of Greece
Lindos
Naxos
Karystos
Eretria
Marathon
The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius I primarily in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. These cities had supported the cities of Ionia during their revolt against Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier.
The first campaign in 492 BC, led by Mardonius, re-subjugated Thrace and forced Macedon to become a fully subordinate client kingdom part of Persia, after being a vassal to Persia as early as the late 6th century BC.[1] However, further progress was prevented when Mardonius's fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Mount Athos. The following year, having demonstrated his intentions, Darius sent ambassadors to all parts of Greece, demanding their submission. He received it from almost all of them, except Athens and Sparta, both of whom executed the ambassadors. With Athens still defiant, and Sparta now effectively at war with him, Darius ordered a further military campaign for the following year.
The second Persian campaign, in 490 BC, was under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. The expedition headed first to the island Naxos, which it captured and burnt. It then island-hopped between the rest of the Cycladic Islands, annexing each into the Persian empire. Reaching Greece, the expedition landed at Eretria, which it besieged, and after a brief time, captured. Eretria was razed and its citizens enslaved. Finally, the task force headed to Attica, landing at Marathon, en route for Athens. There, it was met by a smaller Athenian army, which nevertheless proceeded to win a remarkable victory at the Battle of Marathon.
This defeat prevented the successful conclusion of the campaign, and the task force returned to Asia. Nevertheless, the expedition had fulfilled most of its aims, punishing Naxos and Eretria, and bringing much of the Aegean under Persian rule, as well as the full inclusion of Macedon. The unfinished business from this campaign led Darius to prepare for a much larger invasion of Greece, to firmly subjugate it, and to punish Athens and Sparta. However, internal strife within the empire delayed this expedition, and Darius then died of old age. It was thus left to his son Xerxes I to lead the second Persian invasion of Greece, beginning in 480 BC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources
2 Background
3 492 BC: Mardonius' campaign
4 491 BC: Diplomacy
5 490 BC: Datis and Artaphernes' campaign
5.1 Size of the Persian force
5.2 Lindos
5.3 Naxos
5.4 The Cyclades
5.5 Karystos
5.6 Siege of Eretria
5.7 Battle of Marathon
6 Aftermath
7 Significance
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
10.1 Ancient sources
10.2 Modern sources
11 External links
Sources[edit]
Main article: Herodotus
The main source for the Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus. Herodotus, who has been called the 'Father of History',[2] was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus, Asia Minor (then under Persian overlordship). He wrote his 'Enquiries' (Greek—Historia; English—(The) Histories) around 440–430 BC, trying to trace the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would still have been relatively recent history (the wars finally ending in 450 BC).[3] Herodotus's approach was entirely novel, and at least in Western society, he does seem to have invented 'history' as we know it.[3] As the British author Tom Holland has it: "For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally."[3]
Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides.[4][5] Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and therefore evidently felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting.[5] Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay "On The Malignity of Herodotus", describing Herodotus as "Philobarbaros" (barbarian-lover), for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed.[6] A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read.[7] However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events.[8] The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his Historia, but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism.[8] Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.[9]
The Sicilian historian Diodorus Siculus, writing in the 1st century BC in his Bibliotheca Historica, also provides an account of the Greco-Persian wars, partially derived from the earlier Greek historian Ephorus. This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus's.[10] The Greco-Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch, Ctesias of Cnidus, and are alluded by other authors, such as the playwright Aeschylus. Archaeological evidence, such as the Serpent Column, also supports some of Herodotus's specific claims.[11]
Background[edit]
Main articles: Greco-Persian Wars and Ionian Revolt
The first Persian invasion of Greece had its immediate roots in the Ionian Revolt, the earliest phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. However, it was also the result of the longer-term interaction between the Greeks and Persians. In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionist, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples.[12][13][14] Moreover, the Persian king Darius was a usurper, and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule.[12] Even before the Ionian Revolt, Darius had begun to expand the Empire into Europe, subjugating Thrace, expanding past the Danube river, conquering Paeonia,[15] and forcing Macedon to become a client kingdom to Persia; though the latter retaining an amount of autonomy up to 492 BC.[16] Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of Ancient Greece may have been inevitable.[13][17] However, the Ionian Revolt had directly threatened the integrity of the Persian empire, and the states of mainland Greece remained a potential menace to its future stability.[18] Darius thus resolved to subjugate and pacify Greece and the Aegean, and to punish those involved in the Ionian Revolt.[18][19]
The Ionian revolt had begun with an unsuccessful expedition against Naxos, a joint venture between the Persian satrap Artaphernes and the Miletus tyrant Aristagoras.[20] In the aftermath, Artaphernes decided to remove Aristagoras from power, but before he could do so, Aristagoras abdicated, and declared Miletus a democracy.[20] The other Ionian cities, ripe for rebellion, followed suit, ejecting their Persian-appointed tyrants, and declaring themselves democracies.[20][21] Aristagoras then appealed to the states of Mainland Greece for support, but only Athens and Eretria offered to send troops.[22]
The involvement of Athens in the Ionian Revolt arose from a complex set of circumstances, beginning with the establishment of the Athenian Democracy in the late 6th century BC[22] In 510 BC, with the aid of Cleomenes I, King of Sparta, the Athenian people had expelled Hippias, the tyrant ruler of Athens.[23] With Hippias's father Peisistratus, the family had ruled for 36 out of the previous 50 years and fully intended to continue Hippias's rule.[23] Hippias fled to Sardis to the court of the Persian satrap, Artaphernes and promised control of Athens to the Persians if they were to help restore him.[24] In the meantime, Cleomenes helped install a pro-Spartan tyranny under Isagoras in Athens, in opposition to Cleisthenes, the leader of the traditionally powerful Alcmaeonidae family, who considered themselves the natural heirs to the rule of Athens.[25] In a daring response, Cleisthenes proposed to the Athenian people that he would establish a 'democracy' in Athens, much to the horror of the rest of the aristocracy. Cleisthenes's reasons for suggesting such a radical course of action, which would remove much of his own family's power, are unclear; perhaps he perceived that days of aristocratic rule were coming to an end anyway; certainly he wished to prevent Athens becoming a puppet of Sparta by whatever means necessary.[25] However, as a result of this proposal, Cleisthenes and his family were exiled from Athens, in addition to other dissenting elements, by Isagoras. Having been promised democracy however, the Athenian people seized the moment and revolted, expelling Cleomenes and Isagoras.[26] Cleisthenes was thus restored to Athens (507 BC), and at breakneck speed began to establish democratic government. The establishment of democracy revolutionised Athens, which henceforth became one of the leading cities in Greece.[26] The new-found freedom and self-governance of the Athenians meant that they were thereafter exceptionally hostile to the return of the tyranny of Hippias, or any form of outside subjugation; by Sparta, Persia or anyone else.[26]
Darius I of Persia, as imagined by a Greek painter, 4th century BC
Cleomenes, unsurprisingly, was not pleased with events, and marched on Athens with the Spartan army.[27] Cleomenes's attempts to restore Isagoras to Athens ended in a debacle, but fearing the worst, the Athenians had by this point already sent an embassy to Artaphernes in Sardis, to request aid from the Persian Empire.[28] Artaphernes requested that the Athenians give him a 'earth and water', a traditional token of submission, which the Athenian ambassadors acquiesced to.[28] However, they were severely censured for this when they returned to Athens.[28] At some point later Cleomenes instigated a plot to restore Hippias to the rule of Athens. This failed and Hippias again fled to Sardis and tried to persuade the Persians to subjugate Athens.[29] The Athenians dispatched ambassadors to Artaphernes to dissuade him from taking action, but Artaphernes merely instructed the Athenians to take Hippias back as tyrant.[22] Needless to say, the Athenians balked at this, and resolved instead to be openly at war with Persia.[29] Having thus become the enemy of Persia, Athens was already in a position to support the Ionian cities when they began their revolt.[22] The fact that the Ionian democracies were inspired by the example of Athens no doubt further persuaded the Athenians to support the Ionian Revolt; especially since the cities of Ionia were (supposedly) originally Athenian colonies.[22]
The city of Eretria also sent assistance to the Ionians for reasons that are not completely clear. Possibly commercial reasons were a factor; Eretria was a mercantile city, whose trade was threatened by Persian dominance of the Aegean.[22] Herodotus suggests that the Eretrians supported the revolt in order to repay the support the Milesians had given Eretria in a past war against Chalcis.[30]
The Athenians and Eretrians sent a task force of 25 triremes to Asia Minor.[31] Whilst there, the Greek army surprised and outmaneuvered Artaphernes, marching to Sardis and there burning the lower city.[32] However, this was as much as the Greeks achieved, and they were then pursued back to the coast by Persian horsemen, losing many men in the process. Despite the fact their actions were ultimately fruitless, the Eretrians and in particular the Athenians had earned Darius's lasting enmity, and he vowed to punish both cities.[33] The Persian naval victory at the Battle of Lade (494 BC) all but ended the Ionian Revolt, and by 493 BC, the last hold-outs were vanquished by the Persian fleet.[34] The revolt was used as an opportunity by Darius to extend the empire's border to the islands of the East Aegean[35] and the Propontis, which had not been part of the Persian dominions before.[36] The completion of the pacification of Ionia allowed the Persians to begin planning their next moves; to extinguish the threat to the empire from Greece, and to punish Athens and Eretria.[37]
492 BC: Mardonius' campaign[edit]
Persian warriors, possibly Immortals, a frieze in Darius's palace at Susa. Siliceous glazed bricks, c. 510 BC, Louvre
In the spring of 492 BC an expeditionary force, to be commanded by Darius's son-in-law Mardonius, was assembled, consisting of a fleet and a land army.[38] Whilst the ultimate aim was to punish Athens and Eretria, the expedition also aimed to subdue as many of the Greek cities as possible.[38][39] Departing from Cilicia, Mardonius sent the army to march to the Hellespont, whilst he travelled with the fleet.[38] He sailed round the coast of Asia Minor to Ionia, where he spent a short time abolishing the tyrannies that ruled the cities of Ionia. Ironically, since the establishment of democracies had been a key factor in the Ionian Revolt, he replaced the tyrannies with democracies.[38]
Thence the fleet continued on to the Hellespont, and when all was ready, shipped the land forces across to Europe.[38] The army then marched through Thrace, re-subjugating it, since these lands had already been added to the Persian Empire in 512 BC, during Darius's campaign against the Scythians.[40] Upon reaching Macedon, the Persians forced it to become a fully subordinate part of the Persian Empire; they had been vassals of the Persians since the late 6th century BC, but retained their general autonomy.[16]
Meanwhile, the fleet crossed to Thasos, resulting in the Thasians submitting to the Persians.[39] The fleet then rounded the coastline as far as Acanthus in Chalcidice, before attempting to round the headland of Mount Athos.[39] However, they were caught in a violent storm, which drove them against the coastline of Athos, wrecking (according to Herodotus) 300 ships, with the loss of 20,000 men.[39]
Then, whilst the army was camped in Macedon, the Brygians, a local Thracian tribe, launched a night raid against the Persian camp, killing many of the Persians, and wounding Mardonius.[41] Despite his injury, Mardonius made sure that the Brygians were defeated and subjugated, before leading his army back to the Hellespont; the remnants of the navy also retreated to Asia.[41] Although this campaign ended ingloriously, the land approaches to Greece had been secured, and the Greeks had no doubt been made aware of Darius's intentions for them.[42]
491 BC: Diplomacy[edit]
Perhaps reasoning that the expedition of the previous year may have made his plans for Greece obvious, and weakened the resolve of the Greek cities, Darius turned to diplomacy in 491 BC. He sent ambassadors to all the Greek city states, asking for "earth and water", a traditional token of submission.[43] The vast majority of cities did as asked, fearing the wrath of Darius. In Athens, however, the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed; in Sparta, they were simply thrown down a well.[42] This firmly and finally drew the battle-lines for the coming conflict; Sparta and Athens, despite their recent enmity, would together fight the Persians.[42]
However, Sparta was then thrown into disarray by internal machinations. The citizens of Aegina had submitted to the Persian ambassadors, and the Athenians, troubled by the possibility of Persia using Aegina as a naval base, asked Sparta to intervene.[44] Cleomenes travelled to Aegina to confront the Aeginetans personally, but they appealed to Cleomenes's fellow king Demaratus, who supported their stance.[45] Cleomenes responded by having Demaratus declared illegitimate, with the help of the priests at Delphi (whom he bribed); Demaratus was replaced by his cousin Leotychides.[44] Now faced with two Spartan kings, the Aeginetans capitulated, and handed over hostages to the Athenians as a guarantee of their good behaviour.[46] However, in Sparta news emerged of the bribes Cleomenes had given at Delphi, and he was expelled from the city.[47] He then sought to rally the northern Peloponnesus to his cause, at which the Spartans relented, and invited him back to the city.[44] By 491 BC though, Cleomenes was widely considered insane and was sentenced to prison where he was found dead the following day.[44] Cleomenes was succeeded by his half-brother Leonidas I.[44]
490 BC: Datis and Artaphernes' campaign[edit]
Taking advantage of the chaos in Sparta, which effectively left Athens isolated, Darius decided to launch an amphibious expedition to finally punish Athens and Eretria.[48] An army was assembled in Susa, and marched into Cilicia, where a fleet had been gathered.[48] Command of the expedition was given to Datis the Mede and Artaphernes, son of the satrap Artaphernes.
Size of the Persian force[edit]
According to Herodotus, the fleet sent by Darius consisted of 600 triremes.[49] There is no indication in the historical sources of how many transport ships accompanied them, if any. Herodotus claimed that 3,000 transport ships accompanied 1,207 triremes during Xerxes's invasion in 480 BC.[50] Among modern historians, some have accepted this number of ships as reasonable; it has been suggested either that the number 600 represents the combined number of triremes and transport ships,[51][52] or that there were horse transports in addition to 600 triremes.[53]
Herodotus does not estimate the size of the Persian army, only saying that they formed a "large infantry that was well packed".[54] Among other ancient sources, the poet Simonides, a near-contemporary, says the campaign force numbered 200,000, while a later writer, the Roman Cornelius Nepos estimates 200,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry.[55] Plutarch and Pausanias both independently give 300,000, as does the Suda dictionary;[56][57][58] Plato and Lysias assert 500,000; and Justin 600,000.[59][60][61]
Modern historians generally dismiss these numbers as exaggerations.[53] One approach to estimate the number of troops is to calculate the number of marines carried by 600 triremes. Herodotus tells us that each trireme in the second invasion of Greece carried 30 extra marines, in addition to a probable 14 standard marines.[62] Thus, 600 triremes could easily have carried 18,000–26,000 infantry.[53][63] Numbers proposed for the Persian infantry are in the range 18,000–100,000.[51][52][64][65][66] However, the consensus is around 25,000.[53][65]
The Persian infantry used in the invasion was probably a heterogeneous group drawn from across the empire. However, according to Herodotus, there was at least a general conformity in the type of armour and style of fighting.[67] The troops were, generally speaking, armed with a bow, 'short spear' and sword, carried a wicker shield, and wore at most a leather jerkin.[67][68] The one exception to this may have been the ethnic Persian troops, who may have worn a corslet of scale armour.[67] Some contingents would have been armed somewhat differently;[67] for instance, the Saka were renowned axemen.[69] The 'elite' contingents of the Persian infantry seem to have been the ethnic Persians, Medians, Cissians and the Saka;[67] Herodotus specifically mentions the presence of Persians and Saka at Marathon.[70] The style of fighting used by the Persians was probably to stand off from an enemy, using their bows (or equivalent) to wear down the enemy before closing in to deliver the coup de grace with spear and sword.[67]
Estimates for the cavalry are usually in the 1,000–3,000 range.[53][71] The Persian cavalry was usually provided by the ethnic Persians, Bactrians, Medes, Cissians, and Saka; most of these probably fought as lightly armed missile cavalry.[67][72] The fleet must have had at least some proportion of transport ships, since the cavalry was carried by ship; whilst Herodotus claims the cavalry was carried in the triremes, this is improbable. Lazenby estimates 30–40 transport ships would be required to carry 1,000 cavalry.[53]
Lindos[edit]
Once assembled, the Persian force sailed from Cilicia firstly to the island of Rhodes. A Lindian Temple Chronicle records that Datis besieged the city of Lindos, but was unsuccessful.[73]
Naxos[edit]
The fleet then moved north along the Ionian coast towards Samos, before abruptly turning west into the Aegean Sea.[74] The fleet sailed next to Naxos, in order to punish the Naxians for their resistance to the failed expedition that the Persians had mounted there a decade earlier.[74] Many of the inhabitants fled to the mountains; those that the Persians caught were enslaved.[75] The Persians then burnt the city and temples of the Naxians.[75]
The Cyclades[edit]
Satellite image of the Cyclades. Delos is the small island directly to the bottom-left of Mykonos
Moving on, the Persian fleet approached Delos, whereupon the Delians also fled from their homes.[76] Having demonstrated Persian power at Naxos, Datis now intended to show clemency to the other islands, if they submitted to him.[74] He sent a herald to the Delians, proclaiming:
"Holy men, why have you fled away, and so misjudged my intent? It is my own desire, and the king's command to me, to do no harm to the land where the two gods were born, neither to the land itself nor to its inhabitants. So return now to your homes and dwell on your island."[76]
Datis then burned 300 talents of frankincense on the altar of Apollo on Delos, to show his respect for one of the gods of the island. The fleet then proceeded to island-hop across the rest of Aegean on its way to Eretria, taking hostages and troops from each island.[74]
Karystos[edit]
The Persians finally arrived off the southern tip of Euboea, at Karystos. The citizens of Karystos refused to give hostages to the Persians, so they were besieged, and their land ravaged, until they submitted to the Persians.[77]
Siege of Eretria[edit]
Main article: Siege of Eretria
The task force then sailed around Euboea to the first major target, Eretria.[78] According to Herodotus, the Eretrians were divided amongst themselves as to the best course of action; whether to flee to the highlands, or undergo a siege, or to submit to the Persians.[78] In the event, the majority decision was to remain in the city.[79] The Eretrians made no attempt to stop the Persians landing, or advancing, and thus allowed themselves to be besieged.[79] For six days the Persians attacked the walls, with losses on both sides;[79] however, on the seventh day two reputable Eretrians opened the gates and betrayed the city to the Persians.[79] The city was razed, and temples and shrines were looted and burned. Furthermore, according to Darius's commands, the Persians enslaved all the remaining townspeople.[79]
Battle of Marathon[edit]
Main article: Battle of Marathon
The Greek wings envelop the Persians
The Persian fleet next headed south down the coast of Attica, landing at the bay of Marathon, roughly 25 miles (40 km) from Athens, on the advice of Hippias, son of the former tyrant of Athens, Peisistratus.[80] The Athenians, joined by a small force from Plataea, marched to Marathon, and succeeded in blocking the two exits from the plain of Marathon.[81] At the same time, Athens' greatest runner, Pheidippides (or Philippides) was sent to Sparta to request that the Spartan army march to Athens' aid.[81] Pheidippides arrived during the festival of Carneia, a sacrosanct period of peace, and was informed that the Spartan army could not march to war until the full moon rose; Athens could not expect reinforcement for at least ten days.[82] They decided to hold out at Marathon for the time being, and they were reinforced by a contingent of hoplites from Plataea.[81]
Stalemate ensued for five days, before the Athenians (for reasons that are not completely clear) decided to attack the Persians.[83] Despite the numerical advantage of the Persians, the hoplites proved devastatingly effective, routing the Persians wings before turning in on the centre of the Persian line; the remnants of the Persian army left the battle and fled to their ships.[68] Herodotus records that 6,400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield;[84] the Athenians lost just 192 men[84] and the Plataeans 11.[85]
In the immediate aftermath of the battle, Herodotus says that the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sunium to attack Athens directly,[86] although some modern historians place this attempt just before the battle.[87] Either way, the Athenians evidently realised that their city was still under threat, and marched as quickly as possible back to Athens.[88] The Athenians arrived in time to prevent the Persians from securing a landing, and seeing that the opportunity was lost, the Persians turned about and returned to Asia.[88] On the next day, the Spartan army arrived, having covered the 220 kilometers (140 mi) in only three days. The Spartans toured the battlefield at Marathon, and agreed that the Athenians had won a great victory.[89]
Aftermath[edit]
Main articles: Greco-Persian Wars and Second Persian invasion of Greece
Greek hoplite and Persian warrior depicted fighting. 5th century BC
The defeat at Marathon ended for the time being the Persian invasion of Greece. However, Thrace and the Cycladic islands had been resubjugated into the Persian empire, and Macedon reduced to a subordinate kingdom part of the empire; since the late 6th century BC they had been vassals of the Persians, but remained having a broad scope of autonomy.[16] Darius was still fully intent on conquering Greece, to secure the western part of his empire.[90] Moreover, Athens remained unpunished for its role in the Ionian Revolt, and both Athens and Sparta were unpunished for their treatment of the Persian ambassadors.[91]
Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece; however, in 486 BC, his Egyptian subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition.[91] Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I.[92] Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt, and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece.[93] This expedition was finally ready by 480 BC, and the second Persian invasion of Greece thereby began, under the command of Xerxes himself.[94]
Significance[edit]
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For the Persians, the two expeditions to Greece had been largely successful; new territories had been added to their empire and Eretria had been punished.[91] It was only a minor setback that the invasion had met defeat at Marathon; that defeat barely dented the enormous resources of the Persian empire.[95] Yet, for the Greeks, it was an enormously significant victory. It was the first time that Greeks had beaten the Persians, and showed them that the Persians were not invincible, and that resistance, rather than subjugation, was possible.[96]
The victory at Marathon was a defining moment for the young Athenian democracy, showing what might be achieved through unity and self-belief; indeed, the battle effectively marks the start of a 'golden age' for Athens.[97] This was also applicable to Greece as a whole; "their victory endowed the Greeks with a faith in their destiny that was to endure for three centuries, during which western culture was born".[3][98] John Stuart Mill's famous opinion was that "the Battle of Marathon, even as an event in British history, is more important than the Battle of Hastings".[99]
Militarily, a major lesson for the Greeks was the potential of the hoplite phalanx. This style had developed during internecine warfare amongst the Greeks; since each city-state fought in the same way, the advantages and disadvantages of the hoplite phalanx had not been obvious.[100] Marathon was the first time a phalanx faced more lightly armed troops, and revealed how devastating the hoplites could be in battle.[100] The phalanx formation was still vulnerable to cavalry (the cause of much caution by the Greek forces at the Battle of Plataea), but used in the right circumstances, it was now shown to be a potentially devastating weapon.[101] The Persians seem to have more-or-less disregarded the military lessons of Marathon. The composition of infantry for the second invasion seems to have been the same as during the first, despite the availability of hoplites and other heavy infantry in Persian-ruled lands.[102] Having won battles against hoplites previously, the Persians may simply have regarded Marathon as an aberration.[102]
See also[edit]
Book: First Persian invasion of Greece
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Finley, p. 15.
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Jump up ^ David Pipes. "Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies". Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Holland, p. 377.
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^ Jump up to: a b Holland, p47–55
^ Jump up to: a b Holland, p58–62
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^ Jump up to: a b c Roisman & Worthington 2011, pp. 135-138, 342-345.
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^ Jump up to: a b Holland, 171–178
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^ Jump up to: a b c Holland, p154–157
Jump up ^ Herodotus V, 97
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Holland, p157–161
^ Jump up to: a b Herodotus V, 65
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^ Jump up to: a b Holland, pp131–132
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^ Jump up to: a b c Holland, p142
^ Jump up to: a b Herodotus V, 96
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Jump up ^ Holland, p168
Jump up ^ Holland, p176
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Herodotus VI, 43
^ Jump up to: a b c d Herodotus VI, 44
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^ Jump up to: a b Herodotus VI, 45
^ Jump up to: a b c Holland, pp178–179
Jump up ^ Herodotus VI 48
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Holland, pp179–181
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Jump up ^ Herodotus VI, 73
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^ Jump up to: a b Holland, pp195–197
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Holland, pp183–186
^ Jump up to: a b Herodotus VI, 96
^ Jump up to: a b Herodotus VI, 97
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^ Jump up to: a b Herodotus VI, 100
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Herodotus VI, 101
Jump up ^ Herodotus VI, 102
^ Jump up to: a b c Holland, pp187–190
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^ Jump up to: a b Herodotus VI, 117
Jump up ^ Siegel, Janice (August 2, 2005). "Dr. J's Illustrated Persian Wars". Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
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^ Jump up to: a b Lazenby, p28
Bibliography[edit]
Ancient sources[edit]
Herodotus, The Histories
Thucydides, History of The Peloponnesian Wars
Diodorus Siculus, Library
Lysias, Funeral Oration
Plato, Menexenus
Xenophon Anabasis
Cornelius Nepos Lives of the Eminent Commanders (Miltiades)
Plutarch Parallel Lives (Aristides, Themistocles), On the Malice of Herodotus
Pausanias, Description of Greece
Marcus Junianus Justinus Epitome of the Phillipic History of Pompeius Trogus
Photius, Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon: Epitome of Persica by Ctesias
Suda lexicon
Modern sources[edit]
Green, Peter (1996). The Greco-Persian Wars. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20313-5.
Holland, Tom (2006). Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West. Abacus. ISBN 0-385-51311-9.
Lazenby, JF. The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC. Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1993 (ISBN 0-85668-591-7)
Lloyd, Alan. Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy. Souvenir Press, 2004. (ISBN 0-285-63688-X)
Davis, Paul. 100 Decisive Battles. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 1-57607-075-1
Higbie, C. The Lindian Chronicle and the Greek Creation of their Past. Oxford University Press, 2003.
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Fehling, D. Herodotus and His "Sources": Citation, Invention, and Narrative Art. Translated by J.G. Howie. Leeds: Francis Cairns, 1989.
Finley, Moses (1972). "Introduction". Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by Rex Warner). Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044039-9.
Howe, Timothy; Reames, Jeanne (2008). Macedonian Legacies: Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza. Regina Books. ISBN 978-1-930-05356-4.
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Kampouris, M. (2000). Η Μάχη του Μαραθώνα, το λυκαυγές της κλασσικής Ελλάδος (The battle of Marathon, the dawn of classical Greece). Πόλεμος και ιστορία (War and History magazine), no. 26, January 2000, Communications Editions, Athens.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greco-Persian Wars.
The Persian Wars at History of Iran on Iran Chamber Society
Article in Greek about Salamis, includes Marathon and Xerxes' campaign
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