text:
Printing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the process of reproducing text and images. For the handwriting method, see block letters. For other uses, see Print (disambiguation).
From top to bottom, left to right: cylinder seal of a scene, block used for woodblock printing, Korean movable type, printing press, lithograph press, offset press used for modern lithographic printing, linotype machine for hot metal typesetting, digital printer, 3D printer in action.
Part of a series on the
History of printing
Woodblock printing
200
Movable type
1040
Printing press
c. 1440
Etching
c. 1515
Mezzotint
1642
Aquatint
1772
Lithography
1796
Chromolithography
1837
Rotary press
1843
Hectograph
1869
Offset printing
1875
Hot metal typesetting
1884
Mimeograph
1886
Photostat and rectigraph
1907
Screen printing
1911
Spirit duplicator
1923
Dot matrix printing
1925
Xerography
1938
Phototypesetting
1949
Inkjet printing
1951
Dye-sublimation
1957
Laser printing
1969
Thermal printing
c. 1972
3D printing
1981
Solid Ink printing
1986
Digital printing
1991
v
t
e
Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing, which appeared in China before 220 A.D.[1] Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD[2] and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the scientific revolution, and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Woodblock printing
1.1.1 In East Asia
1.1.2 In the Middle East
1.1.3 In Europe
1.2 Movable-type printing
1.3 The printing press
1.4 Rotary printing press
1.5 Printing capacity
2 Conventional printing technology
2.1 Letterpress
2.2 Offset
2.3 Gravure
2.4 Other printing techniques
3 Impact of German movable type printing press
3.1 Quantitative aspects
3.2 Religious impact
3.3 Social impact
3.4 Educational Impact
3.4.1 The language of Scholarship
3.4.2 University Libraries
3.4.3 Curriculum
4 Comparison of printing methods
5 Digital printing
6 3D printing
7 Gang run printing
8 Printed electronics
9 Printing terminologies
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of printing
Woodblock printing[edit]
Main article: Woodblock printing
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used widely throughout East Asia. It originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 A.D.
In East Asia[edit]
The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang-dynasty China, 868 A.D. (British Library)
Main article: History of printing in East Asia
The earliest surviving woodblock printed fragments are from China. They are of silk printed with flowers in three colours from the Han Dynasty (before 220 A.D.). They are the earliest example of woodblock printing on paper appeared in the mid-seventh century in China.
By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, and the first extant complete printed book containing its date is the Diamond Sutra (British Library) of 868.[4] By the tenth century, 400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day.[5]
Printing spread early to Korea and Japan, which also used Chinese logograms, but the technique was also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia.[6] This technique was transmitted to Europe via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards.[7] However, Arabs never used this to print the Quran because of the limits imposed by Islamic doctrine.[6]
In the Middle East[edit]
Block printing, called tarsh in Arabic, developed in Arabic Egypt during the ninth and tenth centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. There is some evidence to suggest that these print blocks made from non-wood materials, possibly tin, lead, or clay. The techniques employed are uncertain, however, and they appear to have had very little influence outside of the Muslim world. Though Europe adopted woodblock printing from the Muslim world, initially for fabric, the technique of metal block printing remained unknown in Europe. Block printing later went out of use in Islamic Central Asia after movable type printing was introduced from China.[8]
In Europe[edit]
The earliest known woodcut, 1423, Buxheim, with hand-colouring
Block printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper. These prints produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onward.
Around the mid-fifteenth-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with movable type. These were all short heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: the Ars moriendi and the Biblia pauperum were the most common. There is still some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, the majority view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the range of estimated dates being between about 1440 and 1460.[9]
Movable-type printing[edit]
Copperplate of 1215–1216 5000 cash paper money with ten bronze movable types
Jikji, "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters" from Korea, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
Main article: Movable type
See also: History of Western typography
Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing.
Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by Bi Sheng out of porcelain.[2] Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing (xylography), which "proved to be cheaper and more efficient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters".[10]
Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale printing of paper money issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the Goryeo dynasty.
Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The Jikji, published in 1377, is the earliest known metal printed book. Type-casting was used, adapted from the method of casting coins. The character was cut in beech wood, which was then pressed into a soft clay to form a mould, and bronze poured into the mould, and finally the type was polished.[11] The Korean form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's".[12] Cast metal movable type was spread to Europe between the late 14th century and the early 15th century.[6][13][14][15][16]
A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick
The printing press[edit]
Main article: Printing press
Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced the first movable type printing system in Europe. He advanced innovations in casting type based on a matrix and hand mould, adaptations to the screw-press, the use of an oil-based ink, and the creation of a softer and more absorbent paper.[17] Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin, antimony, copper and bismuth – the same components still used today.[18] Johannes Gutenberg started work on his printing press around 1436, in partnership with Andreas Dritzehen – whom he had previously instructed in gem-cutting – and Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill.[13]
Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page setting and printing using a press was faster and more durable. Also, the metal type pieces were sturdier and the lettering more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type for Western languages. The printing press rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world.
Page-setting room - c. 1920
Gutenberg's innovations in movable type printing have been called the most important invention of the second millennium.[19]
Rotary printing press[edit]
Main article: Rotary printing press
The rotary printing press was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1843. It uses impressions curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Rotary drum printing was later significantly improved by William Bullock.
Printing capacity[edit]
The table lists the maximum number of pages which various press designs could print per hour.
Hand-operated presses
Steam-powered presses
Gutenberg-style
ca. 1600
Stanhope press
ca. 1800
Koenig press
1812
Koenig press
1813
Koenig press
1814
Koenig press
1818
Impressions per hour 200 [20] 480 [21] 800 [22] 1,100 [23] 2,000 [24] 2,400 [24]
Conventional printing technology[edit]
All printing process are concerned with two kinds of areas on the final output:
Image Area (printing areas)
Non-image Area (non-printing areas)
After the information has been prepared for production (the prepress step), each printing process has definitive means of separating the image from the non-image areas.
Conventional printing has four types of process:
Planographics, in which the printing and non-printing areas are on the same plane surface and the difference between them is maintained chemically or by physical properties, the examples are: offset lithography, collotype, and screenless printing.
Relief, in which the printing areas are on a plane surface and the non printing areas are below the surface, examples: flexography and letterpress.
Intaglio, in which the non-printing areas are on a plane surface and the printing area are etched or engraved below the surface, examples: steel die engraving, gravure
Porous, in which the printing areas are on fine mesh screens through which ink can penetrate, and the non-printing areas are a stencil over the screen to block the flow of ink in those areas, examples: screen printing, stencil duplicator.
Letterpress[edit]
Miehle press printing Le Samedi journal. Montreal, 1939.
Main article: Letterpress printing
Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing. A worker composes and locks movable type into the bed of a press, inks it, and presses paper against it to transfer the ink from the type which creates an impression on the paper.
Letterpress printing was the normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and remained in wide use for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century, when offset printing was developed. More recently, letterpress printing has seen a revival in an artisanal form.
Offset[edit]
Main article: Offset press
Offset printing is a widely used printing technique. Offset printing is where the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket. An offset transfer moves the image to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, a process based on the repulsion of oil and water; the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier. So, the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.
Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of offset lithography.
Gravure[edit]
Main article: Rotogravure
Gravure printing is an intaglio printing technique, where the image being printed is made up of small depressions in the surface of the printing plate. The cells are filled with ink, and the excess is scraped off the surface with a doctor blade. Then a rubber-covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells. The printing cylinders are usually made from copper plated steel, which is subsequently chromed, and may be produced by diamond engraving; etching, or laser ablation.
Gravure printing is used for long, high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging and printing onto fabric and wallpaper. It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates, such as kitchen worktops.
Other printing techniques[edit]
The other significant printing techniques include:
Flexography, used for packaging, labels, newspapers
Dye-sublimation printer
Inkjet, used typically to print a small number of books or packaging, and also to print a variety of materials: from high quality papers simulating offset printing, to floor tiles. Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mail pieces
Laser printing (toner printing) mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons.
Pad printing, popular for its unusual ability to print on complex three-dimensional surfaces
Relief print, mainly used for catalogues
Screen-printing for a variety of applications ranging from T-shirts to floor tiles, and on uneven surfaces
Intaglio, used mainly for high value documents such as currencies.
Thermal printing, popular in the 1990s for fax printing. Used today for printing labels such as airline baggage tags and individual price labels in supermarket deli counters.
Impact of German movable type printing press[edit]
Quantitative aspects[edit]
European output of books printed by movable type from ca. 1450 to 1800[25]
Main article: History of printing
It is estimated that following the innovation of Gutenberg's printing press, the European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries.[25]
Religious impact[edit]
Samuel Hartlib, who was exiled in Britain and enthusiastic about social and cultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art of printing will so spread knowledge that the common people, knowing their own rights and liberties, will not be governed by way of oppression".[26]
Replica of the Gutenberg press at the International Printing Museum in Carson, California
In the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic scripts, was strongly opposed throughout the early modern period, though sometimes printing in Hebrew or Armenian script was permitted. Thus the first movable type printing in the Ottoman Empire was in Hebrew in 1493.[27] According to an imperial ambassador to Istanbul in the middle of the sixteenth century, it was a sin for the Turks to print religious books. In 1515, Sultan Selim I issued a decree under which the practice of printing would be punishable by death. At the end of the sixteenth century, Sultan Murad III permitted the sale of non-religious printed books in Arabic characters, yet the majority were imported from Italy. Ibrahim Muteferrika established the first press for printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from the calligraphers and parts of the Ulama. It operated until 1742, producing altogether seventeen works, all of which were concerned with non-religious, utilitarian matters. Printing did not become common in the Islamic world until the 19th century.[28]
Jews were banned from German printing guilds; as a result Hebrew printing sprang up in Italy, beginning in 1470 in Rome, then spreading to other cities including Bari, Pisa, Livorno, and Mantua. Local rulers had the authority to grant or revoke licenses to publish Hebrew books,[29] and many of those printed during this period carry the words 'con licenza de superiori' (indicating their printing having been licensed by the censor) on their title pages.
It was thought that the introduction of the printing medium 'would strengthen religion and enhance the power of monarchs.'[30] The majority of books were of a religious nature, with the church and crown regulating the content. The consequences of printing 'wrong' material were extreme. Meyrowitz[30] used the example of William Carter who in 1584 printed a pro-Catholic pamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequence of his action was hanging.
Social impact[edit]
Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build directly on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones without the changes arising within verbal traditions. Print, according to Acton in his lecture On the Study of History (1895), gave "assurance that the work of the Renaissance would last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultation of knowledge and ideas as had depressed the Middle Ages would never recur, that not an idea would be lost".[26]
Bookprinting in the 16th century
Print was instrumental in changing the nature of reading within society.
Elizabeth Eisenstein identifies two long-term effects of the invention of printing. She claims that print created a sustained and uniform reference for knowledge as well as allowing for comparison between incompatible views.[31]
Asa Briggs and Peter Burke identify five kinds of reading that developed in relation to the introduction of print:
Critical reading: due to the fact that texts finally became accessible to the general population, critical reading emerged because people were given the option to form their own opinions on texts
Dangerous Reading: reading was seen as a dangerous pursuit because it was considered rebellious and unsociable especially in the case of women, because reading could stir up dangerous emotions such as love and that if women could read, they could read love notes
Creative reading: printing allowed people to read texts and interpret them creatively, often in very different ways than the author intended
Extensive Reading: print allowed for a wide range of texts to become available, thus, previous methods of intensive reading of texts from start to finish, began to change and with texts being readily available, people began reading on particular topics or chapters, allowing for much more extensive reading on a wider range of topics
Private reading: became linked to the rise of individualism because before print, reading was often a group event, where one person would read to a group of people and with print, literacy rose as did availability of texts, thus reading became a solitary pursuit
The invention of printing also changed the occupational structure of European cities. Printers emerged as a new group of artisans for whom literacy was essential, although the much more labour-intensive occupation of the scribe naturally declined. Proof-correcting arose as a new occupation, while a rise in the amount of booksellers and librarians naturally followed the explosion in the numbers of books.
Educational Impact[edit]
Gutenberg's printing press had profound impacts on universities as well. Universities were influenced in their "language of scholarship, libraries, curriculum, [and] pedagogy" [32]
The language of Scholarship[edit]
Before the invention of the printing press, most written material was in Latin. However, after the invention of printing the number of books printed expanded as well as the vernacular. Latin was not replaced completely, but remained an international language until the eighteenth century.[32]
University Libraries[edit]
At this time, universities began establishing accompanying libraries. "Cambridge made the chaplain responsible for the library in the fifteenth century but this position was abolished in 1570 and in 1577 Cambridge established the new office of university librarian. Although, the University of Leuven did not see a need for a university library based on the idea that professor were the library. Libraries also began receiving so many books from gifts and purchases that they began to run out of room. This issue was solved, however, by a man named Merton (1589) who decided books should be stacked horizontally on shelves.[32]
Curriculum[edit]
The printed press changed university libraries in many ways. Professors were finally able to compare the opinions of different authors rather than being forced to look at only one or two specific authors. Textbooks themselves were also being printed in different levels of difficulty, rather than just one introductory text being made available.[32]
Comparison of printing methods[edit]
Comparison of printing methods[33]
Printing process
Transfer method
Pressure applied
Drop size
Dynamic viscosity
Ink thickness on substrate
Notes
Cost-effective run length
Offset printing rollers 1 MPa 40–100 Pa·s 0.5–1.5 µm high print quality >5,000 (A3 trim size, sheet-fed)[34]
>30,000 (A3 trim size, web-fed)[34]
Rotogravure rollers 3 MPa 50-200 mPa·s 0.8–8 µm thick ink layers possible,
excellent image reproduction,
edges of letters and lines are jagged[35] >500,000[35]
Flexography rollers 0.3 MPa 50–500 mPa·s 0.8–2.5 µm high quality (now HD)
Letterpress printing platen 10 MPa 50–150 Pa·s 0.5–1.5 µm slow drying
Screen-printing pressing ink through holes in screen <12 µm versatile method,
low quality
Electrophotography electrostatics 5–10 µm thick ink
Liquid Electrophotography image formation by Electrostatics and transfer while fixing High PQ, excellent image reproduction, wide range of media, very thin image,
Inkjet printer thermal 5–30 picolitres (pl) 1–5 Pa·s[citation needed] <0.5 µm special paper required to reduce bleeding <350 (A3 trim size)[34]
Inkjet printer piezoelectric 4–30 pl 5–20 mPa s <0.5 µm special paper required to reduce bleeding <350 (A3 trim size)[34]
Inkjet printer continuous 5–100 pl 1–5 mPa·s <0.5 µm special paper required to reduce bleeding <350 (A3 trim size)[34]
Transfer-print thermal transfer film or water release decal mass-production method of applying an image to a curved or uneven surface
Digital printing[edit]
By 2005, Digital printing accounts for approximately 9% of the 45 trillion pages printed annually around the world.[36]
Printing at home, an office, or an engineering environment is subdivided into:
small format (up to ledger size paper sheets), as used in business offices and libraries
wide format (up to 3' or 914mm wide rolls of paper), as used in drafting and design establishments.
Some of the more common printing technologies are:
blueprint – and related chemical technologies
daisy wheel – where pre-formed characters are applied individually
dot-matrix – which produces arbitrary patterns of dots with an array of printing studs
line printing – where formed characters are applied to the paper by lines
heat transfer – such as early fax machines or modern receipt printers that apply heat to special paper, which turns black to form the printed image
inkjet – including bubble-jet, where ink is sprayed onto the paper to create the desired image
electrophotography – where toner is attracted to a charged image and then developed
laser – a type of xerography where the charged image is written pixel by pixel using a laser
solid ink printer – where cubes of ink are melted to make ink or liquid toner
Vendors typically stress the total cost to operate the equipment, involving complex calculations that include all cost factors involved in the operation as well as the capital equipment costs, amortization, etc. For the most part, toner systems are more economical than inkjet in the long run, even though inkjets are less expensive in the initial purchase price.
Professional digital printing (using toner) primarily uses an electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substrate onto which it is printed. Digital print quality has steadily improved from early color and black and white copiers to sophisticated colour digital presses such as the Xerox iGen3, the Kodak Nexpress, the HP Indigo Digital Press series, and the InfoPrint 5000. The iGen3 and Nexpress use toner particles and the Indigo uses liquid ink. The InfoPrint 5000 is a full-color, continuous forms inkjet drop-on-demand printing system. All handle variable data, and rival offset in quality. Digital offset presses are also called direct imaging presses, although these presses can receive computer files and automatically turn them into print-ready plates, they cannot insert variable data.
Small press and fanzines generally use digital printing. Prior to the introduction of cheap photocopying the use of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, and mimeograph was common.
3D printing[edit]
3D printing is a form of manufacturing technology where physical objects are created from three-dimensional digital models using 3D printers. The objects are created by laying down or building up many thin layers of material in succession. The technique is also known as additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, or fabricating.[citation needed]
Gang run printing[edit]
Gang run printing is a method in which multiple printing projects are placed on a common paper sheet in an effort to reduce printing costs and paper waste. Gang runs are generally used with sheet-fed printing presses and CMYK process color jobs, which require four separate plates that are hung on the plate cylinder of the press. Printers use the term "gang run" or "gang" to describe the practice of placing many print projects on the same oversized sheet. Basically, instead of running one postcard that is 4 x 6 as an individual job the printer would place 15 different postcards on 20 x 18 sheet therefore using the same amount of press time the printer will get 15 jobs done in the roughly the same amount of time as one job.
Printed electronics[edit]
Printed electronics is the manufacturing of electronic devices using standard printing processes. Printed electronics technology can be produced on cheap materials such as paper or flexible film, which makes it an extremely cost-effective method of production. Since early 2010, the printable electronics industry has been gaining momentum and several large companies, including Bemis Company and Illinois Tool Works have made investments in printed electronics and industry associations including OE-A and FlexTech Alliance are contributing heavily to the advancement of the printed electronics industry.[37][38]
Printing terminologies[edit]
Printing terminologies are the specific terms used in printing industry. Following is the list of printing terminologies.
Airshaft
Anilox
Basis weight
Ben-Day dots
Bleed (printing)
Broadsheet
California Job Case
Camera-ready
Card stock
Catchword
CcMmYK color model
CMYK color model
Colophon (publishing)
Color bleeding (printing)
Composing stick
Computer to film
Computer to plate
Continuous tone
Contone (printing)
Die (philately)
Dot gain
Dots per centimeter
Dots per inch
Double truck
Dry transfer
Dultgen
Duotone
Duplex printing
Edition (printmaking)
Error diffusion
Flong
Foil stamping
Folio (printing)
For position only
Frisket
Galley proof
Gang run printing
Grammage
Grey component replacement
Halftone
Hand mould
Hellbox
Hexachrome
Hot stamping
Imposition
Inkometer
Iris printer
Iron-on
Job Definition Format
Key plate
Keyline
Kodak Proofing Software
Mezzotint
Nanotransfer printing
Non-photo blue
Overprinting
Pagination
Paste up
Pre-flight (printing)
Prepress
Prepress proofing
Press check (printing)
Registration black
Rich black
Set-off (printing)
Spot color
Stochastic screening
Transfer-print
Trap (printing)
Under color removal
See also[edit]
Color printing
Cloud printing
Converters (industry)
Electrotyping
Flexography
Foil stamping
Hot metal typesetting
In-mould decoration
In-mould labelling
Intaglio (printmaking)
Jang Yeong-sil
Letterpress printing
Movable type
Offset printing
Pad printing
Print on demand
Printmaking
Printed T-shirt
Security printing
Typography
Wang Zhen
Waterless printing
Laurens Janszoon Coster
Printing press check
Jikji
Printed electronics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications, ISBN 0-7141-1447-2
^ Jump up to: a b "Great Chinese Inventions". Minnesota-china.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Rees, Fran. Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press
Jump up ^ "Oneline Gallery: Sacred Texts". British Library. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Tsuen-Hsuin, Tsien; Needham, Joseph (1985). Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 158, 201.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas Franklin Carter, The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward, The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–178
Jump up ^ Mayor, A Hyatt. Prints and People. 5–18. Princeton: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-691-00326-2.
Jump up ^ Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing". Journal of the American Oriental Society 107 (3), p. 427-438.
Jump up ^ Master E.S., Alan Shestack, Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1967
Jump up ^ Beckwith, Christopher I., Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-15034-5
Jump up ^ Tsien 1985, p. 330
Jump up ^ Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.
^ Jump up to: a b Polenz, Peter von. (1991). Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit (in German). New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH.
Jump up ^ Christensen, Thomas (2007). "Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance?". Arts of Asia Magazine (to appear). Retrieved 2006-10-18.
Jump up ^ Mendoza, Juan González de (1585). Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China (in Spanish).
Jump up ^ Stavrianos, L. S. (1998) [1970]. A Global History: From Prehistory to the 21st Century (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-923897-0.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, S. H. (1974). Five Hundred Years of Printing (3rd ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. ISBN 0140203435.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 27, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD – entry "printing"
Jump up ^ In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention to be the most important of the second millennium. In 1999, the A&E Network voted Johannes Gutenberg "Man of the Millennium". See also 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. which was composed by four prominent US journalists in 1998.
Jump up ^ Pollak, Michael (1972). "The performance of the wooden printing press". The library quarterly. 42 (2): 218–264. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Bolza 1967, p. 80
Jump up ^ Bolza 1967, p. 83
Jump up ^ Bolza 1967, p. 87
^ Jump up to: a b Bolza 1967, p. 88
^ Jump up to: a b Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (417, table 2)
^ Jump up to: a b Ref: Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp.15–23, 61–73.
Jump up ^ or soon after; Naim A. Güleryüz, Bizans'tan 20. Yüzyıla - Türk Yahudileri, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., İstanbul, January 2012, p.90 ISBN 978-9944-994-54-5
Jump up ^ Watson, William J., "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1968, volume 88, issue 3, page 436
Jump up ^ "A Lifetime's Collection of Texts in Hebrew, at Sotheby's", Edward Rothstein, New York Times, February 11, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Meyrowitz: "Mediating Communication: What Happens?" in "Questioning the Media", p. 41.
Jump up ^ Eisenstein in Briggs and Burke, 2002: p21
^ Jump up to: a b c d Modie, G (2014). "Gutenberg's Effects on Universities". History of Education. 43(4): 17.
Jump up ^ Kipphan, Helmut (2001). Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods (Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 130–144. ISBN 3-540-67326-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kipphan, Helmut (2001). Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods (Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 976–979. ISBN 3-540-67326-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Kipphan, Helmut (2001). Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods (Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 48–52. ISBN 3-540-67326-1.
Jump up ^ "When 2% Leads to a Major Industry Shift Archived February 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine." Patrick Scaglia, August 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Recent Announcements Show Gains Being Made by PE Industry". Printed Electronics Now.
Jump up ^ "Printable transistors usher in 'internet of things'". The Register. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Saunders, Gill; Miles, Rosie (May 1, 2006). Prints Now: Directions and Definitions. Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN 1-85177-480-7.
Lafontaine, Gerard S. (1958). Dictionary of Terms Used in the Paper, Printing, and Allied Industries. Toronto: H. Smith Paper Mills. 110 p.
Nesbitt, Alexander (1957). The History and Technique of Lettering. Dover Books.
Steinberg, S.H. (1996). Five Hundred Years of Printing. London and Newcastle: The British Library and Oak Knoll Press.
Gaskell, Philip (1995). A New Introduction to Bibliography. Winchester and Newcastle: St Paul's Bibliographies and Oak Knoll Press.
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, Cambridge University Press, September 1980, Paperback, 832 pages, ISBN 0-521-29955-1
Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962) Univ. of Toronto Press (1st ed.); reissued by Routledge & Kegan Paul ISBN 0-7100-1818-5
Tam, Pui-Wing The New Paper Trail, The Wall Street Journal Online, February 13, 2006 Pg.R8
Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). "Paper and Printing". Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press
Woong-Jin-Wee-In-Jun-Gi No. 11 Jang Young Sil by Baek Sauk Gi. Copyright 1987 Woongjin Publishing Co., Ltd. Pg. 61.
On the effects of Gutenberg's printing
Early printers manuals The classic manual of early hand-press technology is
Moxon, Joseph (1962) [1683–1684]. Herbert, Davies; Carter, Harry, eds. "Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing" (reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
A somewhat later one, showing 18th century developments is
Stower, Caleb (1965) [1808]. "The Printer's Grammar" (reprint ed.). London: Gregg Press.
External links[edit]
Look up printing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Printing
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing.
"Printing". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
"Printing". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)
Centre for the History of the Book
Children of the Code – Online Video: The DNA of Science, The Alphabet and Printing
Planet Typography – history of printing – selection of international sites dedicated to the history of printing
Printing Industries of the Americas – national trade association for printers and companies in the graphic arts
Printwiki
The development of book and printing. English website of the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany)
BPSnet British Printing Society
Taiwan Culture Portal: Ri Xing Type Foundry－ preserving the true character of Chinese type
A collection of printing materials from the 19th Century – Documents printed by R. Mathison Jr., The Job Printer, in Vancouver, B.C. - UBC Library Digital Collections
International Printing Museum, Carson, CA, Web site
Museum of Printing, Andover, MA, Web site
[show]
v
t
e
The book publishing process
Copy preparation
Submission
author or literary agent
Publisher's reader
Contract negotiation
intellectual property rights
royalty rates, format, etc
Editing
Prepress
Literary editor • Commissioning editor • Developmental editor • Authors' editor • Book editor
Design
Typesetting
Proof-reading
List of Proofreader's Marks
Book production
Printing
Folding
Binding
Trimming
[show]
v
t
e
Packaging
General topics
Active packaging
Child-resistant packaging
Contract packager
Disposable food packaging
Food packaging
Luxury packaging
Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
Package pilferage
Package testing
Packaging engineering
Pharmaceutical packaging
Reusable packaging
Shelf life
Sustainable packaging
Tamper-evident
Tamper resistance
Wrap rage
Containers
Aerosol Container
Aluminium bottle
Aluminum can
Ampoule
Antistatic bag
Bag-in-box
Bags and flexible containers
Barrel
Beer bottle
Biodegradable bag
Blister pack
Boil-in-Bag
Bottle
Box
Bulk box
Cage
Case
Carboy
Carton
Chub
Clamshell
Corrugated box design
Crate
Disposable cup
Drum
Envelope
Flexible intermediate bulk container
Foam food container
Folding carton
Glass bottle
Growler
Insulated shipping container
Intermediate bulk container
Jar
Jerrycan
Jug
Juicebox
Keg
Multi-pack
Oyster pail
Packet (container)
Padded mailer
Pail
Paper bag
Paper sack
Plastic bag
Plastic bottle
Popcorn bag
Retort pouch
Sachet
Security bag
Self-heating can
Self-heating food packaging
Shipping container
Skin pack
Spray bottle
Tin can
Tub (container)
Tube
Unit load
Vial
Wooden box
Materials and
components
Adhesive
Aluminium foil
Bioplastic
Biodegradable plastic
BoPET
Bubble wrap
Bung
Cellophane
Closure
Coated paper
Coating
Corrugated fiberboard
Corrugated plastic
Cushioning
Desiccant
Double seam
Foam peanut
Glass
Hot-melt adhesive
Kraft paper
Label
Lid
Linear low-density polyethylene
Liquid packaging board
Low-density polyethylene
Metallised film
Modified atmosphere
Molded pulp
Nonwoven fabric
Overwrap
Oxygen scavenger
Packaging gas
Pallet
Paper
Paper pallet
Paperboard
Plastic film
Plastic pallet
Plastic wrap
Polyester
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Pressure-sensitive tape
Screw cap
Screw cap (wine)
Security printing
Security tape
Shock detector
Shock and vibration data logger
Shrink wrap
Slip sheet
Staple (fastener)
Strapping
Stretch wrap
Susceptor
Tamper-evident band
Tear tape
Temperature data logger
Time temperature indicator
Tinplate
Velostat
Processes
Aseptic processing
Authentication
Automatic identification and data capture
Blow fill seal
Blow molding
Calendering
Canning
Coating
Containerization
Curtain Coating
Die cutting
Die forming (plastics)
Electronic article surveillance
Extrusion
Extrusion coating
Glass production
Graphic design
HACCP
Hermetic seal
Induction sealing
Injection molding
Laminating
Laser cutting
Molding
Papermaking
Plastic welding
Plastics extrusion
Printing
Quality assurance
Radio-frequency identification
Roll slitting
Shearing (manufacturing)
Thermoforming
Track and trace
Vacuum forming
Ultrasonic welding
Vacuum packaging
Verification and validation
Machinery
Barcode printer
Barcode reader
Bottling line
Calender
Can seamer
Cartoning machine
Case sealer
Check weigher
Conveyor system
Extended core stretch wrapper
Filler
Heat gun
Heat sealer
Industrial robot
Injection molding machine
Label printer applicator
Lineshaft roller conveyor
Logistics automation
Material handling equipment
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
Multihead weigher
Orbital stretch wrapping
Palletizer
Rotary wheel blow molding systems
Shrink tunnel
Staple gun
Tape dispenser
Turntable stretch wrapper
Vertical form fill sealing machine
Environment,
post-use
Biodegradation
Environmental engineering
Glass recycling
Industrial ecology
Life-cycle assessment
Litter
Paper recycling
Plastic recycling
Recycling
Reusable packaging
Reverse logistics
Source reduction
Sustainable packaging
Waste management
‹ The template below (Technology) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
[show]
v
t
e
Technology
Outline of technology
Outline of applied science
Fields
Agriculture
Agricultural engineering
Aquaculture
Fisheries science
Food chemistry
Food engineering
Food microbiology
Food technology
GURT
ICT
Nutrition
Biomedical
Bioinformatics
Biological engineering
Biomechatronics
Biomedical engineering
Biotechnology
Cheminformatics
Genetic engineering
Healthcare science
Medical research
Medical technology
Nanomedicine
Neuroscience
Neurotechnology
Pharmacology
Reproductive technology
Tissue engineering
Buildings and
construction
Acoustical engineering
Architectural engineering
Building services engineering
Civil engineering
Construction engineering
Domestic technology
Facade engineering
Fire protection engineering
Safety engineering
Sanitary engineering
Structural engineering
Educational
Educational software
Digital technologies in education
ICT in education
Impact
Multimedia learning
Virtual campus
Virtual education
Energy
Nuclear engineering
Nuclear technology
Petroleum engineering
Soft energy technology
Environmental
Clean technology
Clean coal technology
Ecological design
Ecological engineering
Ecotechnology
Environmental engineering
Environmental engineering science
Green building
Green nanotechnology
Landscape engineering
Renewable energy
Sustainable design
Sustainable engineering
Industrial
Automation
Business informatics
Engineering management
Enterprise engineering
Financial engineering
Industrial biotechnology
Industrial engineering
Metallurgy
Mining engineering
Productivity improving technologies
Research and development
Tribology
IT and
communications
Artificial intelligence
Broadcast engineering
Computer engineering
Computer science
Financial technology
Information technology
Music technology
Ontology engineering
RF engineering
Software engineering
Telecommunications engineering
Visual technology
Web engineering
Military
Army engineering maintenance
Electronic warfare
Military communications
Military engineering
Stealth technology
Transport
Aerospace engineering
Automotive engineering
Naval architecture
Space technology
Traffic engineering
Transport engineering
Others
Applied
science
Cryogenics
Electro-optics
Electronics
Engineering geology
Engineering physics
Hydraulics
Materials science
Microfabrication
Nanoengineering
Engineering
(list)
Audio
Biochemical
Ceramic
Chemical
Polymer
Control
Electrical
Electronic
Entertainment
Geotechnical
Hydraulic
Mechanical
Mechatronics
Optical
Protein
Quantum
Robotics
Animatronics
Systems
Components
Infrastructure
Invention
Timeline
Knowledge
Machine
Skill
Craft
Tool
Gadget
Scales
Femtotechnology
Picotechnology
Nanotechnology
Microtechnology
Macro-engineering
Megascale engineering
History
Prehistoric technology
Neolithic Revolution
Ancient technology
Medieval technology
Renaissance technology
Industrial Revolution
Second
Atomic Age
Jet Age
Space Age
Digital Revolution
Information Age
Theories and
concepts
Appropriate technology
Collingridge dilemma
Critique of technology
Diffusion of innovations
Disruptive innovation
Dual-use technology
Ephemeralization
High tech
Hype cycle
Low-technology
Mature technology
Strategy of Technology
Technicism
Techno-progressivism
Technocapitalism
Technocentrism
Technocracy
Technocriticism
Technoculture
Technoethics
Technoetic
Technogaianism
Technoliberalism
Technolibertarianism
Technological alliance
Technological apartheid
Technological change
Technological convergence
Technological determinism
Technological escalation
Technological evolution
Technological fix
Technological innovation system
Technological momentum
Technological nationalism
Technological paradigm
Technological rationality
Technological revival
Technological revolution
Technological self-efficacy
Technological singularity
Singularitarianism
Technological somnambulism
Technological transitions
Technological unemployment
Technological utopianism
Technology lifecycle
Technology acceptance model
Technology adoption lifecycle
Technomancy
Technopaganism
Technorealism
Technoromanticism
Technoscience
feminist
Transhumanism
Other
Emerging technologies
List
Fictional technology
High-technology business districts
Kardashev scale
List of technologies
Philosophy of technology
Ethics of technology
Science, technology and society
Technology dynamics
Science and technology by country
STEM fields
Pre-STEM
women
STEAM fields
Technology alignment
Technology assessment
Technology brokering
Technology companies
Technology demonstration
Technology education
Technical universities and colleges
Technology evangelist
Technology fusion
Technology governance
Technology integration
Technology journalism
Technology management
Technology museum
Technology policy
Technology shock
Technology strategy
Technology and society
Technology transfer
Technophilia
Technophobia
Technoself
Technosexual
Technosignature
Technostress
Terotechnology
Book
Category
Portal
Authority control
LCCN: sh85106751
GND: 4008598-3
NDL: 00564152
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing&oldid=808929390"
Categories:
Printing
Documents
Textual scholarship
History of printing
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from April 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Буряад
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Magyar
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Patois
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Walon
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 02:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Print_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Print (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Solid_Ink_printing
mw-redirect
Solid Ink printing

values: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/History_of_Arab_Egypt
mw-redirect
History of Arab Egypt

values:
/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)
mw-redirect
Wang Zhen (official)

values:
/wiki/Spread_of_the_printing_press
mw-redirect
Spread of the printing press

values:
wikitable
margin:1px; border:1px solid #cccccc;

values: Edit section: Conventional printing technology

values:
/wiki/Offset_press
mw-redirect
Offset press

values:
/wiki/Intaglio_printing
mw-redirect
Intaglio printing

values:
/wiki/Relief_print
mw-redirect
Relief print

values:
/wiki/Mail-order_catalog
mw-redirect
Mail-order catalog

values: Edit section: Impact of German movable type printing press

values:
/wiki/Armenian_script
mw-redirect
Armenian script

values:
/wiki/Printer_(publisher)
mw-redirect
Printer (publisher)

values: Edit section: The language of Scholarship

values: Edit section: Comparison of printing methods

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Dynamic_viscosity
mw-redirect
Dynamic viscosity

values:
/wiki/Inkjet_printer
mw-redirect
Inkjet printer

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Daisy_wheel
mw-redirect
Daisy wheel

values:
/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer
mw-redirect
Dot matrix printer

values:
/wiki/Thermal_printer
mw-redirect
Thermal printer

values:
/wiki/Indigo_Digital_Press
mw-redirect
Indigo Digital Press

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)

values:
/wiki/Basis_weight_of_paper
mw-redirect
Basis weight of paper

values:
/wiki/California_Job_Case
mw-redirect
California Job Case

values:
/wiki/Dots_per_centimeter
mw-redirect
Dots per centimeter

values:
/wiki/Folio_(printing)
mw-redirect
Folio (printing)

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values:
/wiki/Printing_press_check
mw-redirect
Printing press check

values:
/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-Hsuin
mw-redirect
Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Franklin_Carter
mw-redirect
Thomas Franklin Carter

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4306163

values: Journal of the American Oriental Society

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Eisenstein
mw-redirect
Elizabeth L. Eisenstein

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: s:The New International Encyclopædia/Printing

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gain.net

values:
nofollow
http://printwiki.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bpsnet.org.uk

values:
nofollow
http://www.printmuseum.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.museumofprinting.org/
external text

values:
/wiki/Developmental_editor
mw-redirect
Developmental editor

values:
/wiki/Authors%27_editor
mw-redirect
Authors' editor

values:
/wiki/Book_editor
mw-redirect
Book editor

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging

values:
/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging
mw-redirect
Pharmaceutical packaging

values:
/wiki/Aerosol_Container
mw-redirect
Aerosol Container

values:
/wiki/Cage_(enclosure)
mw-redirect
Cage (enclosure)

values:
/wiki/Jug_(container)
mw-redirect
Jug (container)

values:
/wiki/Plastic_pallet
mw-redirect
Plastic pallet

values: Automatic identification and data capture

values:
/wiki/Curtain_Coating
mw-redirect
Curtain Coating

values: Hazard analysis and critical control points

values:
/wiki/Injection_molding
mw-redirect
Injection molding

values:
/wiki/Vacuum_packaging
mw-redirect
Vacuum packaging

values:
/wiki/Material_handling_equipment
mw-redirect
Material handling equipment

values: Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2017 November 4

values: background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size:x-small; color:#000000; text-align: center; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;

values:
/wiki/ICT_in_agriculture
mw-redirect
ICT in agriculture

values:
/wiki/Healthcare_science
mw-redirect
Healthcare science

values:
/wiki/Medical_technology
mw-redirect
Medical technology

values:
/wiki/Digital_technologies_in_education
mw-redirect
Digital technologies in education

values: Information and communication technologies in education

values: Impact of technology on the educational system

values:
/wiki/Multimedia_learning
mw-redirect
Multimedia learning

values:
/wiki/Virtual_education
mw-redirect
Virtual education

values:
/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology
mw-redirect
Industrial biotechnology

values: Productivity improving technologies (historical)

values: Information and communications technology

values:
/wiki/RF_engineering
mw-redirect
RF engineering

values:
/wiki/Space_technology
mw-redirect
Space technology

values:
/wiki/Transport_engineering
mw-redirect
Transport engineering

values:
/wiki/Audio_engineering
mw-redirect
Audio engineering

values:
/wiki/Technology_lifecycle
mw-redirect
Technology lifecycle

values:
/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle
mw-redirect
Technology adoption lifecycle

values: Category:Science and technology by country

values:
/wiki/STEM_fields
mw-redirect
STEM fields

values: Category:Technical universities and colleges

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Technology padding:3px

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008598-3

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Printing
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: طباعة – Arabic

values: মুদ্রণ – Bangla

values: Китап баҫыу – Bashkir

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Друк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Печатарство – Bulgarian

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druck
Druck – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisk
Tisk – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argraffu
Argraffu – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogtryk
Bogtryk – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchdruck
Buchdruck – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Τυπογραφία – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presarto
Presarto – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: Գրատպություն – Armenian

values: मुद्रण – Hindi

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentun
Prentun – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa
Stampa – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಮುದ್ರಣ – Kannada

values: Кітап басу ісі – Kazakh

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchapaji
Uchapaji – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressio
Impressio – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spauda
Spauda – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa
Stampa – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values: मुद्रण – Marathi

values: ပုံနှိပ်ခြင်း – Burmese

values: ध्वायेज्या – Newari

values: Книгашна зорба тохар – Chechen

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trykking
Trykking – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trykking
Trykking – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printin
Printin – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk
Druk – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Друкарство – Rusyn

values: Книгопечатание – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentin
Prentin – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtypi
Shtypi – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values: මුද්‍රණය – Sinhala

values: ڇپائي – Sindhi

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisk
Tisk – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Штампарство – Serbian

values: அச்சிடல் – Tamil

values: Матбагачылык – Tatar

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: ముద్రణ – Telugu

values: การพิมพ์ – Thai

values: Друкарство – Ukrainian

values: طباعت – Urdu

values: דרוקעריי – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Printing rootpage-Printing vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view