text:
North–South divide (England)
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The three Northern England government regions shown within England, without regional boundaries. Other cultural definitions of the North vary.
In England, the term North–South divide refers to the cultural, economic, and social differences between:
Southern England: the South-East and South-West, including Greater London and the East of England
Northern England: the North-East, Yorkshire and the Humber and the North-West including Merseyside and Greater Manchester.
The status of the Midlands is often disputed; geographically, most areas of the Midlands are Northern.[clarification needed] A grouping of Central England based on UK EU parliamentary constituency boundaries combines the Midlands and East Anglia.
In political terms, the South, and particularly the South-East (outside Greater London) and East Anglia, is largely centre-right, and supportive of the Conservative Party, while Northern England (particularly the towns and cities) is generally more supportive of the Labour Party.
An article in The Economist (15–21 September 2012) argued that the gap between the north and south in life expectancy, political inclinations and economics trends was growing to the extent that they were almost separate countries.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Existence
2 Identities and differences
2.1 Culture
2.2 Politics
2.3 Language and dialect
2.4 Religion
3 Explanation
4 The Midlands
5 Closing the gap
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Bibliography
Existence[edit]
The North–South divide is not an exact line, but one that can involve many stereotypes, presumptions and other impressions of the surrounding region relative to other regions. The existence of the North–South divide is fiercely contested. Some sources claim that not only does it exist, but that it is expanding. For example, a Cambridge Econometrics report of March 2006 found that economic growth above the UK average was occurring only in the South and South East England, whilst North East England showed the slowest growth.[2][3] The same data has been interpreted otherwise to indicate only a very small difference.[4] Indeed, results are highly dependent on the categories chosen for evaluation. As a generalisation, the following tend to indicate that there is some sort of north-south divide:
Health conditions, which are generally seen as being worse in the north,[5][6] though spending on health care is higher.[7]
House prices, which are higher in the south, particularly the south-east.[8]
Average earnings, which are significantly higher in the south and east.[9]
Government expenditure, which is higher relative to tax revenues in the North,[10] but higher in key areas such as infrastructure investment in the South.[11]
Political influence.[12]
However, when factors such as the cost of living[13] or urban poverty are included,[14][15] the divisions are sometimes less clear.
Furthermore, many middle class/Upper middle class and affluent areas are located near Leeds and Manchester. Yorkshire and Cheshire, geographically part of the North, include prosperous towns and suburbs such as Harrogate, Ilkley and Alwoodley in Yorkshire and Alderley Edge, Wilmslow and Chester in Cheshire. On the other hand, geographically southern areas such as the Isle of Thanet in Kent have struggled with the same industrial decline as parts of the north. Cornwall, many London boroughs such as Hackney and Haringey and southern towns like Luton are other anomalies to the North-South divide with poor health and education.
This has led some commentators to suggest that other divisions, such as class[16] or ethnicity might be more important.[17]
The Economist claims that one of the main causes of the divide was the migration of young professionals from the north to work in London, whereas it is much less common for young professionals from the south to move to a northern city.[1]
Identities and differences[edit]
Culture[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
There is also a perceived cultural divide in England between the north and the south. The It's Grim Up North BBC television series and subsequent book attempted to tease out some of these divisions.[18] Those in the north complained of having fewer cultural opportunities, the book also provided a view of southern life as faceless and bland.[18]
When the commercial broadcaster Granada Television began transmission in 1956, it was primarily based in Manchester. Granada's strapline before both networked and regional programming was originally "From The North, Granada Presents...". A large arrow pointing Upward (North) was part of this caption. Granada Television's 1960s updated arrow (a G with an upwards arrow) was prominent on local idents and production endcaps until Granada's identity was divided between the ITV Granada and Granada Productions (later ITV Studios) brands as part of the creation of ITV plc in 2004.
Counterbalancing the image of the rich South/poor North divide are television programmes like Cold Feet, which feature Yuppie-esque, rich or upper-class Northerners, a deviation from the stereotypical North. Meanwhile, Only Fools and Horses is based around working-class life in Peckham.
During regional television and radio broadcasts, mainly South-Eastern Standard English accents are heard and there are very few regional or typically "Northern accents".[citation needed] Northern accents are often regarded as humorous;[citation needed] celebrities like comedians Peter Kay and Johnny Vegas both have prominent Northern accents. However, this is starting to change, with national stations such as BBC Radio 1Xtra employing northern DJs such as DJ Q, from Huddersfield with a distinctive Northern accent, taking into account the current trend of Black music emerging from the north, such as Bassline House.
Some statistics suggest that the consumption of fast-food appears to be higher in the North of England, with the UK's fourteen "fattest cities" to the north or west of the dividing lines detailed above.[19]
Politics[edit]
In 2013, two articles in The Economist argued that the divide between the left-leaning North and the right-leaning South could not be explained by economic fortunes alone.[20] For example, the affluent suburban constituency of Wirral South was held by Labour, whereas deprived seaside towns in Thanet were represented by the Conservatives. One of the articles compared England's North–South divide to the divide between Northern and Southern Italy.[21] It argued that Italy had a stronger economic divide, whereas England had a stronger divide in voter behaviour. The latter divide has been made starker by the first past the post voting system, which has caused Labour's representation in the South and the Conservatives' representation in the North to both be far weaker than their actual levels of support.
The journalist Kelvin MacKenzie has suggested that the South of England needs a political party to campaign for its interests, including "home rule" for the region.[22] City AM editor Allister Heath had made a similar suggestion in April 2012, and opined that increased powers for the London region might be obtained when the constitutional status of Scotland is debated.[23]
The north-south divide has also been observed in the Brexit referendum of 2016, with the North leaning Brexit and the South favouring Remain.[24][25][26]
Language and dialect[edit]
Although younger generations may be less likely to use speech that is specific to a particular town, there is still a clear difference between north and south; young Northerners are more resistant to sounding as if they are Southern than sounding as if they are from a different Northern town.[27]
The division is sometimes used for comedy, but has its serious side as well. The London media are sometimes claimed to look down upon those with northern English accents. For example, Ken Livingstone (a Londoner) suggested that the press's unsympathetic treatment of John Prescott was partly because he is one to "speak like ordinary people".[28]
North-South divide between the Provinces of Canterbury and York
Some linguistic research has concluded that many people in the North of England have a dislike of the /ɑː/ vowel in BATH words. AF Gupta wrote, "Many of the northerners were noticeably hostile to /ɡrɑːs/, describing it as 'comical', 'snobbish', 'pompous' or even 'for morons'."[29] On the subject, KM Petyt wrote that several respondents "positively said that they did not prefer the long-vowel form or that they really detested it or even that it was incorrect"[30] Mark Newbrook has assigned this phenomenon the name "conscious rejection", and has cited the BATH vowel as "the main instance of conscious rejection of RP" in his research in the West Wirral.[31]
Religion[edit]
Within the Church of England, a North–South divide appeared in England with the Province of York in the north and the Province of Canterbury in the south. This drew rough lines for a North–South divide. The North was also a stronghold of religious Nonconformism during its industrial heyday.
Explanation[edit]
Industrial decline is most usually given as an explanation for the North-South divide.[32] During the Industrial Revolution, many northern cities underwent a process of intense industrialisation, as raw materials such as coal and iron ore could be found in these areas.[33] This led to comparatively high wealth; Shaw, Greater Manchester reportedly had the highest concentration of millionaires in the country at the time.[34] It also led to over reliance on a few key industries and, as heavy industry began to leave the UK for developing countries under the 'New international division of Labour',[35] these areas declined rapidly. Events like the UK miners' strike (1984–85) polarised public opinion and led to an increase in the divide.
The Economist proposed in a 2017 article [36] that the origins of the North-South divide could be traced back to the Norman Conquest, and the Harrying of the North in which William the Conqueror laid waste to many towns and estates in the North. This significantly reduced the wealth of the northern half of the country, laying the foundations for centuries of economic disadvantage.
The Midlands[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
In this image, Northern England is shown as blue, The Midlands as green, and Southern England as yellow.
Many Midlands towns and cities appear, at least historically, to have more in common with their northern counterparts than with those in the south.[citation needed] This is mainly because they have a history of concentrated industrialisation and post-industrial economic depression,[citation needed] especially in the West Midlands metropolitan county and Stoke-on-Trent. They also share the dry ironic humour which is borne out of this. The film Once Upon a Time in the Midlands (2004), starring Ricky Tomlinson, was made very-much in the character of the straight-talking and dry humoured northern comedies. The non-industrialised service centre and county towns and cities of southern England are perceived to be dominated by London and exist essentially to service the capital.[citation needed]
However, during the 1930s while the North suffered badly from the Great Depression,[37] the Midlands shared the fortunes of the South as these two areas of the country both prospered, with a booming Midlands motor car industry matching the Southern growth in the manufacture of electrical goods.[38] This not only placed the Midlands socially on the same side as the South during a crucial defining period in Northern working class cultural identity, but also has had still-visible matching effects on the landscape of both Midlands and South, as both experienced a property boom in the middle years of the decade.[37] resulted in the proliferation of the 1930s-style semi-detached houses in Midland areas such as Birmingham's south suburbs to match a similar manifestation in areas of the South such as West London.[37]
As in the North, many Midlands towns and cities have experienced redevelopment, including a second Birmingham Bullring complex which replaced a postwar development, including a branch of the upmarket Selfridges department store, and The Mailbox redevelopment which houses a branch of Harvey Nichols. Solihull metropolitan borough is one of the most affluent in the country.[39]
Closing the gap[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
Many Northern post-industrial cities and towns are now experiencing renaissance. Examples include Manchester, Kingston upon Hull,[40] Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne, Sheffield and the Midlands cities of Birmingham, Derby and Nottingham. The Bank of England retain their only offices outside London in Leeds, which also hosts BT and Royal Mail's secondary communication centres for the UK. A strong gaming industry in Leeds has produced global titles such as Grand Theft Auto and L.A. Noire. Some of the world's service industries and banks are also relocating to northern cities, examples include the opening of Bank of New York, Google and RBS offices in Manchester, as well as the decentralisation of many BBC departments from London to Salford Quays in Greater Manchester.
Typically Southern upmarket department stores and shops have located new stores in the north; these include Harvey Nichols (opening first in Leeds, then Manchester, followed by Birmingham) and Selfridges in the Trafford Centre in 1998, Manchester in 2002 and Birmingham in 2003. Exclusive shopping destinations such as Leeds' Victoria Quarter have led to the city being dubbed 'The Knightsbridge of the North'.[41] Bradford based supermarket Morrisons, which mainly operated in the North of England acquired 479 stores when it bought Safeway in 2004, the majority of these new supermarkets were in the south of England.[42] Other Northern founded supermarkets such as Asda, Co-op Food and Marks & Spencer are also popular in the south of England.
Writer and journalist Stuart Maconie argues that "there is no south of England... There's a bottom half of England... but there isn't a south in the same way that there's a north".[43] He goes on to state that "there's no conception of the south comparable to the north. Good or bad, 'the north' means something to all English people wherever they hail from... [to southerns] it means desolation, arctic temperatures, mushy peas, a cultural wasteland with limited shopping opportunities and populated by aggressive trolls. To northerners it means home, truth, beauty, valour, romance, warm and characterful people, real beer and decent chip shops. And in this we are undoubtedly biased, of course". This suggests that all people in England have biased views regarding the North-South divide.[44] Maconie says regarding on where the North starts that "Crewe is surely the gateway to the North", suggesting that Crewe is the most southern part of the north of England.[45]
See also[edit]
England portal
Culture portal
North–South divide
North–South divide in the United Kingdom
North Britain and South Britain
North–South divide (Wales)
Lloegyr
River Trent
Stereotype
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The north of England: the great divide, The Economist, 15–21 September 2012, volume 404, number 8802
Jump up ^ "The North-South Divide Widened in the Last Economic Cycle" (PDF). Cambridge Econometrics. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Is there a north-south divide in social class inequalities in health in Great Britain? Cross sectional study using data from the 2001 census". Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Bland, J Martin (3 July 2004). "North-south divide in social inequalities in Great Britain". British Medical Journal. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Carvel, John (11 November 2005). "Wide life expectancy gap between rich and poor". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Meikle, James (6 July 2005). "Cancer atlas reveals north-south divide". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Public sector finances: views from the inside". June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "UK House Prices". BBC News. 8 May 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Carvel, John (10 November 2005). "North-south, east-west wealth divides in survey". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Doughty, Steve (12 October 2007). "The REAL north-south divide How South East bankrolling Britain". London: The Daily Mail.
Jump up ^ "Press Release: nearly half of UK transport investment spent in London & South East". London: Press Release, Yes to High Speed Rail. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Larry (5 July 2004). "The United Kingdom of London". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Wainwright, Martin (8 December 2005). "North just as prosperous as the south, survey finds". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Seager, Ashley (28 October 2005). "London revealed as Britain's worst employment blackspot". The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Asthana, Anushka (27 June 2004). "Rise of the new north has its price". London: The Observer. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Ahmed, Kamal (10 November 2002). "Britain's class divide starts even before nursery school". London: The Observer. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Making a difference: Tackling poverty - a progress report" (PDF). Department for Work and Pensions. March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Holder, Judith (2005-09-01). It's (Not) Grim Up North. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-52281-X.
Jump up ^ "Bradford named UK's fattest city". London: The Guardian. 1 February 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ "The politics of North and South". The Economist. 20 April 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "England's two nations". The Economist. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Kelvin MacKenzie (2 December 2012). "Kelvin MacKenzie: overtaxed South needs its own party". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Allister Heath (5 April 2012). "Boris is right to want to transform London into a city-state". City AM. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Rachael Pells (2016-12-01). "Brexit vote linked to resentment over north-south education divide, warns Ofsted boss". The Independent.
Jump up ^ Ed Cox (2016-06-24). "Leaving the North behind led to Brexit. Here's what has to happen next". New Statesman.
Jump up ^ Sarah Davidson (2016-12-13). "Brexit vote fallout exposes North-South divide". Construction News.
Jump up ^ By 'eck! Bratford-speak is dyin' out Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ White, Michael (2006-05-30). "Prescott's survival hopes recede as MPs speak out". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Baths and Becks, AF Gupta in English Today, page 25, Cambridge University Press, 2005
Jump up ^ KM Petyt, Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire, page 286, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985
Jump up ^ West Wirral: norms, self-reports and usage, page 101, Urban Voices, edited by Paul Foulkes & Gerard Docherty, Arnold, London, 1999
Jump up ^ Lupton, Ruth; Power, Anne (July 2004). "The Growth and Decline of Cities and Regions" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ Population growth in Victorian Manchester: "Work, Health, Housing and Working People in the City of Manchester". Manchester UK. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Shaw and Royton area plan" (PDF). Oldham Metropolitan Borough. January 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2006.
Jump up ^ von Mises, Ludwig (1938). "The Disintegration of the International Division of Labour". Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
Jump up ^ "How Normal Rule Reshaped England" (HMTL). The Economist. 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2017-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c What's Left? by Nick Cohen, Harper Perennial 2007, pp220-221
Jump up ^ Constantine, Stephen (1983) Social Conditions in Britain 1918-1939 ISBN 0-416-36010-6
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2014. National Statistics Neighbourhood Profile Summary showing indicators of prosperity
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Hull Citybuild". Hull Citybuild. Hull Citybuild. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
Jump up ^ "City is 'Knightsbridge of North'". BBC News Online. BBC. 24 May 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Morrisons seals Safeway takeover". BBC NEWS. 8 March 2004. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Maconie (2007), p. 1.
Jump up ^ Maconie (2007), p. 2.
Jump up ^ Maconie (2007), p. 35.
Bibliography[edit]
Jewell, Helen M. (1994). The North-South Divide: the origins of Northern consciousness In England. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3803-0.
Maconie, Stuart (2007). Pies and Prejudice: In Search of the North. Reading: Ebury Press/ Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-09-191023-5.
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text:
Steven Universe: Save the Light
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Steven Universe: Save the Light!
Developer(s)
Grumpyface Studios
Publisher(s)
Cartoon Network Games
Director(s)
Chris Graham [1]
Writer(s)
Rebecca Sugar
Platform(s)
PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Release
PlayStation 4
WW: October 31, 2017
Xbox One
WW: November 3, 2017
Genre(s)
Action-adventure, role-playing
Steven Universe: Save the Light is an action-adventure role-playing video game developed by Grumpyface Studios and published by Cartoon Network Games. Based on the television series Steven Universe, it is a sequel to the 2015 mobile game Steven Universe: Attack the Light!. It was released digitally on October 31, 2017 for PlayStation 4, and on November 3, 2017 for Xbox One.[2] The game was first announced at PAX East in March 2017.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Development
3 Reception
4 References
Gameplay[edit]
After the events of Attack of the Light!, Steven, the Gems and their friends go on a quest to retrieve the Light Prism when it is stolen by a mysterious new enemy, a Homeworld Gem known as Hessonite.[4]
Save the Light features seven playable characters from the series, Steven, Garnet, Amethyst, Pearl, Connie, Greg and Peridot, with an eighth character to be added in a future content update; four characters can be equipped to a party at a time.[5][6] The game has a "blend of real-time and turn-based combat", and more of a focus on exploration and puzzle-solving more than its predecessor.[2] Players are able to explore Beach City and surrounding areas, and engage in battles with enemies. During battle, the players' actions, which include attacking and defending, will build up the star meter which allows the characters to pull off more powerful moves. A new feature allows characters to build up a relationship-based meter during battles and dialogue interactions; when filled, characters are able to fuse, such as Steven and Connie into Stevonnie.[7]
Development[edit]
Grumpyface Studios is collaborating on the story with series creator Rebecca Sugar. The increased gameplay complexity compared to Attack the Light! was a reason for the switch to consoles.[2]
Reception[edit]
Upon release, Save the Light received mixed reviews. Polygon and Destructoid both praised the game's art direction, battle system, and connection to the series, but criticized the amount of bugs and glitches found at launch.[8][9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://grumpyfaceblog.tumblr.com/post/166333148928/whos-the-lovely-person-managing-this-blog-and#notes
^ Jump up to: a b c Summers, Nick (10 March 2017). "A new 'Steven Universe' RPG is headed to consoles". Engadget. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Fahey, Mike. "Steven Universe RPG Coming To Consoles This Summer". Kotaku. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.psnation.com/2017/06/19/e3-2017-hands-on-with-steven-universe-save-the-light/
Jump up ^ "Steven Universe: Save the Light Gameplay Reveal - PAX East 2017". IGN. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ https://grumpyfaceblog.tumblr.com/post/166333266113/will-you-guys-continue-to-update-and-add-more#notes
Jump up ^ http://www.gameonohio.com/e3-2017-hands-on-impressions-with-cartoon-networks-steven-universe-and-ok-k-o-games/
Jump up ^ https://www.destructoid.com/review-steven-universe-save-the-light-469673.phtml
Jump up ^ https://www.polygon.com/2017/10/31/16581842/steven-universe-save-the-light-review
[hide]
v
t
e
Steven Universe
Characters
Steven
Garnet
Pearl
Stevonnie
Episodes
Season 1
"Steven the Sword Fighter"
"Coach Steven"
"Jail Break"
Season 2
"Say Uncle"
"Cry for Help"
"The Answer"
Season 3
"Super Watermelon Island"
"Gem Drill"
"Mr. Greg"
"Bismuth"
Season 4
"Mindful Education"
Season 5
"Off Colors"
Video games
Steven Universe: Attack the Light!
Steven Universe: Save the Light
[show]
v
t
e
Cartoon Network video games
Released in
the 2000s
Ben 10: Alien Force
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Speed Skating Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Speed Skating Canada
Sport
Speed skating
Jurisdiction
Canada
Abbreviation
SSC
Founded
1887[1][2][3]
Affiliation
International Skating Union
Affiliation date
1894
Headquarters
Ottawa, Ontario[4]
President
Cathy Priestner Allinger[5]
Chief Exec
Susan Auch
Official website
www.speedskating.ca
Speed Skating Canada (commonly abbreviated to SSC) is the governing body for competitive long track and short track speed skating in Canada. It was founded in 1887,[1][2] five years before the International Skating Union[6] of which SSC later became a member in 1894.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Structure
2.1 Branches
3 References
History[edit]
In 1854, three British army officers raced on the St. Lawrence River, going from Montreal to Quebec City, which marked Canada's first recorded ice skating race. It is believed that from then on, ice skating races became a part of Canadian culture.[1][2][3]
In 1887, the Amateur Skating Association of Canada was formed. That year, the first official speed skating championships took place. At that time, figure skating and speed skating shared an organization, however the needs of the speed skaters were predominant. In 1894, the Amateur Skating Association of Canada became the first non-European organization to be a member of the International Skating Union.[1][2][3]
In 1905, short track speed skating was created and gaining popularity in Canada and the United States.[2]
In 1939, the figure skaters formed their own organization and thus the Amateur Skating Association of Canada was made up of speed skaters only. Now that it was a speed skating only organization, the name was changed to the Canadian Amateur Speed Skating Association (or CASSA) in 1960.[2]
It was not until 2000 that CASSA changed their name, yet again, to Speed Skating Canada.[1][2]
Structure[edit]
The organization is governed by the Board of Directors which is elected by the members. It is composed of the President, the Athletes Director, the Treasurer, and five Directors at Large.[7]
Branches[edit]
Speed Skating Canada is split up into thirteen branches, each representing a Canadian province or territory, as follows:
Alberta Amateur Speed Skating Association
British Columbia Speed Skating Association
Manitoba Speed Skating Association
Newfoundland & Labrador Speed Skating Association
Nunavut Speed Skating Association
NWT Amateur Speed Skating Association
Ontario Speed Skating Association
Quebec Speed Skating Federation
Saskatchewan Amateur Speed Skating Association
Speed Skate New-Brunswick
Speed Skate Nova Scotia
Speed Skate PEI
Yukon Amateur Speed Skating Association
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "About Speed Skating". Speed Skating Canada. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h J. Thomas West. "Speed Skating - Origins". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lace Up: Canada's Passion for Skating - History of Speed Skating in Canada". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. 2007-01-19. Archived from the original on 2008-01-28. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Structure". Speed Skating Canada. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Directory - Board of Directors". Speed Skating Canada. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
Jump up ^ "ISU: Member Federations". International Skating Union. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Board of Directors". Speed Skating Canada. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_Skating_Canada&oldid=821277700"
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This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 13:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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