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Analytical Engine
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Trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine, built by Babbage, as displayed at the Science Museum (London)[1]
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The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage.[2][3] It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer.[4] The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.[5][6] In other words, the logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as that which has dominated computer design in the electronic era.[3]
Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines due to conflicts with his chief engineer and inadequate funding.[7][8] It was not until the 1940s that the first general-purpose computers were actually built, more than a century after Babbage had proposed the pioneering Analytical Engine in 1837.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 Construction
3 Instruction set
4 Influence
4.1 Predicted influence
4.2 Computer science
5 Comparison to other early computers
6 In popular culture
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Design[edit]
Two types of punched cards used to program the machine. Foreground: 'operational cards', for inputting instructions; background: 'variable cards', for inputting data
Babbage's first attempt at a mechanical computing device, the Difference Engine, was a special-purpose machine designed to tabulate logarithms and trigonometric functions by evaluating finite differences to create approximating polynomials. Construction of this machine was never completed; Babbage had conflicts with his chief engineer, Joseph Clement, and ultimately the British government withdrew its funding for the project.[9][10][11]
During this project, he realized that a much more general design, the Analytical Engine, was possible.[9] The work on the design of the Analytical Engine started in c. 1833.[12][4]
The input, consisting of programs and data ("formulae" and "data")[13][9] was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom.[14] For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell.[9] The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. It employed ordinary base-10 fixed-point arithmetic.[9]
There was to be a store (that is, a memory) capable of holding 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits[15] each (ca. 16.2 kB). An arithmetic unit (the "mill") would be able to perform all four arithmetic operations, plus comparisons and optionally square roots.[16] Initially (1838) it was conceived as a difference engine curved back upon itself, in a generally circular layout, with the long store exiting off to one side.[17] Later drawings (1858) depict a regularized grid layout.[18] Like the central processing unit (CPU) in a modern computer, the mill would rely upon its own internal procedures, to be stored in the form of pegs inserted into rotating drums called "barrels", to carry out some of the more complex instructions the user's program might specify.[7]
The programming language to be employed by users was akin to modern day assembly languages. Loops and conditional branching were possible, and so the language as conceived would have been Turing-complete as later defined by Alan Turing. Three different types of punch cards were used: one for arithmetical operations, one for numerical constants, and one for load and store operations, transferring numbers from the store to the arithmetical unit or back. There were three separate readers for the three types of cards. Babbage developed some two dozen programs for the Analytical Engine between 1837 and 1840, and one program later.[14][19] These programs treat polynomials, iterative formulas, Gaussian elimination, and Bernoulli numbers.[14][20]
In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Federico Menabrea published a description of the engine based on a lecture by Babbage in French. In 1843, the description was translated into English and extensively annotated by Ada Lovelace, who had become interested in the engine eight years earlier. In recognition of her additions to Menabrea's paper, which included a way to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the machine, she has been described as the first computer programmer.
Construction[edit]
Henry Babbage's Analytical Engine Mill, built in 1910,[21] in the Science Museum (London)
Late in his life, Babbage sought ways to build a simplified version of the machine, and assembled a small part of it before his death in 1871.[7][1]
In 1878, a committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science described the Analytical Engine as "a marvel of mechanical ingenuity", but recommended against constructing it. The committee acknowledged the usefulness and value of the machine, but could not estimate the cost of building it, and were unsure whether the machine would function correctly after being built.[22][23]
In 1906,[24] Babbage's son Henry Prevost Babbage constructed a part of the mill and the printing apparatus, and calculated a (faulty) list of multiples of pi (published in 1910).[25] This constituted only a small part of the whole engine; it was not programmable and had no storage. (Popular images of this section have sometimes been mislabelled, implying that it was the entire mill or even the entire engine.) Henry Babbage's "Analytical Engine Mill" is on display at the Science Museum in London.[21] Henry also proposed building a demonstration version of the full engine, with a smaller storage capacity: "perhaps for a first machine ten (columns) would do, with fifteen wheels in each".[26] Such a version could manipulate 20 numbers of 25 digits each, and what it could be told to do with those numbers could still be impressive. "It is only a question of cards and time", wrote Henry Babbage in 1888, "... and there is no reason why (twenty thousand) cards should not be used if necessary, in an Analytical Engine for the purposes of the mathematician".[26]
In 1991, the London Science Museum built a complete and working specimen of Babbage's Difference Engine No. 2, a design that incorporated refinements Babbage discovered during the development of the Analytical Engine.[5] This machine was built using materials and engineering tolerances that would have been available to Babbage, quelling the suggestion that Babbage's designs could not have been produced using the manufacturing technology of his time.[27]
In October 2010, John Graham-Cumming started a "Plan 28" campaign to raise funds by "public subscription" to enable serious historical and academic study of Babbage's plans, with a view to then build and test a fully working virtual design which will then in turn enable construction of the physical Analytical Engine.[28][29] As of May 2016, actual construction had not been attempted, since no consistent understanding could yet be obtained from Babbage’s original design drawings.[30] By 2017, the "Plan 28" effort reported that a searchable database of all catalogued material was available, and an initial review of Babbage’s voluminous Scribbling Books had been completed.[31]
Instruction set[edit]
Plan diagram of the Analytical Engine from 1840
Babbage is not known to have written down an explicit set of instructions for the engine in the manner of a modern processor manual. Instead he showed his programs as lists of states during their execution, showing what operator was run at each step with little indication of how the control flow would be guided.
Allan G. Bromley has assumed that the card deck could be read in forwards and backwards directions as a function of conditional branching after testing for conditions, which would make the engine Turing-complete:
...the cards could be ordered to move forward and reverse (and hence to loop)...[14]
The introduction for the first time, in 1845, of user operations for a variety of service functions including, most importantly, an effective system for user control of looping in user programs. There is no indication how the direction of turning of the operation and variable cards is specified. In the absence of other evidence I have had to adopt the minimal default assumption that both the operation and variable cards can only be turned backward as is necessary to implement the loops used in Babbage’s sample programs. There would be no mechanical or microprogramming difficulty in placing the direction of motion under the control of the user.[32]
In their emulator of the engine, Fourmilab say:
The Engine's Card Reader is not constrained to simply process the cards in a chain one after another from start to finish. It can, in addition, directed by the very cards it reads and advised by the whether the Mill's run-up lever is activated, either advance the card chain forward, skipping the intervening cards, or backward, causing previously-read cards to be processed once again.
This emulator does provide a written symbolic instruction set, though this has been constructed by its authors rather than based on Babbage's original works. For example, a factorial program would be written as:
N0 6
N1 1
N2 1
×
L1
L0
S1
-
L0
L2
S0
L2
L0
CB?11

where the CB is the conditional branch instruction or "combination card" used to make the control flow jump, in this case backwards by 11 cards.
Influence[edit]
Predicted influence[edit]
Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency, writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, "As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science. Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise—By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?"[33]
Computer science[edit]
The incomplete Analytical Engine was put on display to the public at the 1862 International Exhibition in South Kensington, London.[34]
From 1872 Henry continued diligently with his father's work and then intermittently in retirement in 1875.[35] Percy Ludgate wrote about the engine in 1915[citation needed] and even designed his own Analytical Engine (it was drawn up in detail, but never built) about 1909.[24] Ludgate's engine would be much smaller than Babbage's of about 8 cubic feet (230 L), and hypothetically would be capable of multiplying two 20-decimal-digit numbers in about six seconds.
Despite this groundwork, Babbage's work fell into historical obscurity, and the Analytical Engine was unknown to builders of electro-mechanical and electronic computing machines in the 1930s and 1940s when they began their work, resulting in the need to re-invent many of the architectural innovations Babbage had proposed. Howard Aiken, who built the quickly-obsoleted electromechanical calculator, the Harvard Mark I, between 1937 and 1945, praised Babbage's work likely as a way of enhancing his own stature, but knew nothing of the Analytical Engine's architecture during the construction of the Mark I, and considered his visit to the constructed portion of the Analytical Engine "the greatest disappointment of my life".[36] The Mark I showed no influence from the Analytical Engine and lacked the Analytical Engine's most prescient architectural feature, conditional branching.[36] J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly similarly were not aware of the details of Babbage's Analytical Engine work prior to the completion of their design for the first electronic general-purpose computer, the ENIAC.[37][38]
Comparison to other early computers[edit]
If the Analytical Engine had been built, it would have been digital, programmable and Turing-complete. It would, however, have been very slow. Luigi Federico Menabrea reported in Sketch of the Analytical Engine: "Mr. Babbage believes he can, by his engine, form the product of two numbers, each containing twenty figures, in three minutes".[39] By comparison the Harvard Mark I could perform the same task in just six seconds. A modern PC can do the same thing in well under a billionth of a second.
Further information: History of computing hardware § Early digital computer characteristics
Name
First operational
Numeral system
Computing mechanism
Programming
Turing complete
Memory
Difference Engine
Not built until the 1990s Decimal Mechanical Not programmable; initial numerical constants of polynomial differences set physically No Physical state of wheels in axes
Analytical Engine
Not yet built Decimal Mechanical Program-controlled by punched cards Yes Physical state of wheels in axes
Bombe (Poland, UK, US)
1939 (Polish), March 1940 (British), May 1943 (US) Character computations Electro-mechanical Not programmable; cipher input settings specified by patch cables No Physical state of rotors
Zuse Z3 (Germany)
May 1941 Binary floating point Electro-mechanical Program-controlled by punched 35 mm film stock In principle Mechanical relays
Atanasoff–Berry Computer (US)
1942 Binary Electronic Not programmable; linear system coefficients input using punched cards No Regenerative capacitor memory
Colossus Mark 1 (UK)
December 1943 Binary Electronic Program-controlled by patch cables and switches No Thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) and thyratrons
Harvard Mark I – IBM ASCC (US)
May 1944 Decimal Electro-mechanical Program-controlled by 24-channel punched paper tape (but no conditional branch) No Mechanical relays[40]
Zuse Z4 (Germany)
March 1945 (or 1948)[41] Binary floating point Electro-mechanical Program-controlled by punched 35 mm film stock Yes Mechanical relays
ENIAC (US)
July 1946 Decimal Electronic Program-controlled by patch cables and switches Yes Vacuum tube triode flip-flops
Manchester Baby (UK)
1948 Binary Electronic Binary program entered into memory by keyboard[42] (first electronic stored-program digital computer) Yes Williams cathode ray tube
In popular culture[edit]
This article may contain minor, trivial or unrelated fictional references. Trivia or references unimportant to the overall plot of a work of fiction should be edited to explain their importance or deleted. (August 2012)
The cyberpunk novelists William Gibson and Bruce Sterling co-authored a steampunk novel of alternative history titled The Difference Engine in which Babbage's Difference and Analytical Engines became available to Victorian society. The novel explores the consequences and implications of the early introduction of computational technology.
There is also mention of the Analytical Engine (or the Clockwork Ouroboros as it is also known there) in The Book of the War, a Faction Paradox anthology edited by Lawrence Miles. This machine was used to calculate a way into the "Eleven Day Empire". Its use resulted in the destruction of the original Houses of Parliament.
In the novel Perdido Street Station, by British author China Miéville, engines similar to Babbage's serve as "brains" for the robotic constructs of the city of New Crobuzon. One such engine even develops sentient thought due to a recursive algorithmic loop.
The British Empire of The Peshawar Lancers by S. M. Stirling features a massive water-powered analytical engine at Oxford, used by two of the main characters. It is noted that most of the engines run on steam, and that an even larger one is under construction at the British Capital in Delhi.
In the Michael Flynn novel In the Country of the Blind, a secret society calling itself the Babbage Society secretly financed the building of Babbage Engines in the mid-19th century. In the novel, the Society uses the Babbage engines along with a statistical science called Cliology to predict and manipulate future history. In the process, they predict the rise of the Nazis and accidentally start the US Civil War.
In the Neal Stephenson novel The Diamond Age, ubiquitous molecular nanotechnology is described to make use of "rod logic" similar to that imagined by Babbage's design for the Analytical Engine.
Moriarty by Modem, a short story by Jack Nimersheim, describes an alternate history where Babbage's Analytical Engine was indeed completed and had been deemed highly classified by the British government. The characters of Sherlock Holmes and Moriarty had in reality been a set of prototype programs written for the Analytical Engine. This short story follows Holmes as his program is rebooted on modern computers and he is forced to compete against his nemesis yet again in the modern counterparts of Babbage's Analytical Engine.[43]
A similar setting is used by Sydney Padua in the webcomic The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage.[44][45] It features an alternate history where Ada Lovelace and Babbage have built the Analytical Engine and use it to fight crime at Queen Victoria's request.[46] The comic is based on thorough research on the biographies of and correspondence between Babbage and Lovelace, which is then twisted for humorous effect.
Georgia on My Mind is a novelette by Charles Sheffield which involves two major themes: being widowed and the quest for a legendary Babbage computer.
Hugh Cook's fantasy novels The Wishstone and the Wonderworkers and The Wazir and the Witch feature an Analytical Engine created by the scientist Ivan Petrov. It is used to calculate income tax.
The Orion's Arm online project features the Machina Babbagenseii, fully sentient Babbage inspired mechanical computers. Each is the size of a large asteroid, only capable surviving in microgravity conditions, and processes data at 0.5% the speed of a human brain.[47]
The flying ships in the anime Last Exile are seen to have analytical engines inside of them. Although some have more advanced technology, the common ships use analytical engines, and even some of the advanced ships are seen to have clockwork mechanisms as well.
A working version of the Analytical Engine, created by fictional inventor Ernest Harding (and based on the Babbage concept) was featured on the Murdoch Mysteries (also called The Artful Detective), in Season 5, Episode 9, Invention Convention.[48]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871. (Trial model)". Science Museum. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
Jump up ^ John Graham-Cumming (2010-10-04). "The 100-year leap". O'Reilly Radar. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Babbage Engine: The Engines". Computer History Museum. 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Bromley 1982, p. 196.
^ Jump up to: a b "Babbage". Online stuff. Science Museum. 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Let's build Babbage's ultimate mechanical computer". opinion. New Scientist. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tim Robinson (2007-05-28). "Difference Engines". Meccano.us. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
Jump up ^ Weber, Alan S. 19th Century Science, an Anthology. Google Books. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Collier 1970, p. chapter 3.
Jump up ^ Lee, John A.n. International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Google Books. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
Jump up ^ Balchin, Jon. Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the World. Google Books. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
Jump up ^ Dubbey, J. M.; Dubbey, John Michael (2004-02-12). The Mathematical Work of Charles Babbage. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 9780521524766.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Henry Babbage's Analytical Engine Mill, 1910". Science Museum. 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
Jump up ^ * Report of the Forty-Eighth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Report). London: John Murray. 1879. pp. 92–102. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
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^ Jump up to: a b Horsburg, E. M. (Ellice Martin); Napier Tercentenary Exhibition (1914 : Edinburgh, Scotalnd) (1914). Modern instruments and methods of calculation : a handbook of the Napier Tercentenary Exhibition. Gerstein - University of Toronto. London : G. Bell. p. 127.
Jump up ^ Randell, Brian (2013-12-21). "2.3. Babbage's Analytical Engine. H. P. Babbage (1910)". The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers. Springer. ISBN 9783642618123.
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Jump up ^ "The Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine -- "The Baby"". School of Computer Science, University of Manchester. April 1999. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
Jump up ^ Nimersheim, Jack (1995). "Moriarty by Modem". cheznims.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Dangerous experiments in comics". 2D Goggles. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
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Bibliography[edit]
Babbage, Charles (1864). "Chapter VIII - Of the Analytical Engine". Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. pp. 112–141.
Babbage, Charles (1889). Babbage, Henry P., ed. Babbage’s Calculating Engines - Being a Collection of Papers Relating to Them; Their History, and Construction (PDF). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-00096-3.
Bromley, Allan G. (July–September 1982). "Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1838" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (3): 197–217. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10028.
Bromley, Allan G. (1990). "Difference and Analytical Engines" (PDF). In Aspray, William. Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State University Press. pp. 59–98. ISBN 0-8138-0047-1.
Bromley, Allan G. (October–December 2000). "Babbage's Analytical Engine Plans 28 and 28a-The Programmer's Interface". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 22 (4): 5–19. doi:10.1109/85.887986.
Cohen, I. Bernard (2000). "8 - Aiken's Background in Computing and Knowledge of Babbage's Machines". Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 61–72. ISBN 9780262531795.
Collier, Bruce (1970). The Little Engines That Could've: The Calculating Machines of Charles Babbage (Ph.D.). Harvard University. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Green, Christopher D. (2005). "Was Babbage's Analytical Engine intended to be a mechanical model of the mind?" (PDF). History of Psychology. 8 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.8.1.35. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: A Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198581703.
Menabrea, Luigi Federico; Lovelace, Ada (1843). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage... with notes by the translator. Translated by Ada Lovelace". In Richard Taylor. Scientific Memoirs. 3. London: Richard and John E. Taylor. pp. 666–731.
Randell, Brian (October–December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4). doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042.
Wilkes, Maurice Vincent (1971). "Babbage as a Computer Pioneer". Proc. Babbage Memorial Meeting. London: British Computer Society. pp. 415–440.
External links[edit]
Computer programming portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Analytical Engine.
The Analytical Engine at Fourmilab, includes historical documents and online simulations
"Image of the "General Plan of Babbage's great calculating engine" (1840), plus a modern description of operational & programming features". Archived from the original on 2008-08-21.
Image of a later Plan of Analytical Engine with grid layout (1858)
First working Babbage "barrel" actually assembled, circa 2005
Special issue, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 22, Number 4, October–December 2000 (subscription required)
Babbage, Science Museum, London
"The Marvellous Analytical Engine- How It Works". 2D Goggles. 2015-05-31. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
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text:
Dickey Lee
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dickey Lee
Dickey Lee at Alpena High School, Alpena, Michigan, December 2012
Background information
Birth name
Royden Dickey Lipscomb
Born
(1936-09-21) September 21, 1936 (age 81)
Origin
Memphis, Tennessee
Genres
Country
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter
Instruments
Guitar, vocals
Years active
1957–present
Labels
Tampa, Sun, Smash, TCF Hall, RCA, Mercury
Associated acts
Razzy Bailey
Royden Dickey Lipscomb[1] (born September 21, 1936), known professionally as Dickey Lee (sometimes misspelled Dickie Lee or Dicky Lee), is an American pop/country singer and songwriter, best known for the 1960s teenage tragedy songs "Patches" and "Laurie (Strange Things Happen)."
Contents
1 Career
2 Discography
2.1 Albums
2.2 Singles
3 Notes
4 External links
Career[edit]
Lee made his first recordings in his hometown of Memphis for Tampa Records and Sun Records in 1957–58. He achieved his first chart success in 1962, when his composition "She Thinks I Still Care" was a hit for George Jones (later recorded by Elvis Presley, Connie Francis, Leon Russell and later Anne Murray as "He Thinks I Still Care"). Later that year, "Patches," written by Barry Mann and Larry Kobler and recorded by Lee for Smash Records, rose to No. 6. The song tells in waltz-time the story of teenage lovers of different social classes whose parents forbid their love. The girl drowns herself in the "dirty old river." The singer concludes: "It may not be right, but I'll join you tonight/ Patches I'm coming to you." Because of the teen suicide theme, the song was banned by a number of radio stations. However, it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.[2]
Lee had a No. 14 hit in 1963 with a song he co-wrote, a conventional rocker, "I Saw Linda Yesterday." In 1965, he returned to teen tragedy with "Laurie (Strange Things Happen)," a song related to the urban legends known as the vanishing hitchhiker and Resurrection Mary.
After the 1960s, Lee devoted his efforts to country music performing and songwriting. His 1970s country hits as a singer include two remakes of pop songs, Delaney & Bonnie's "Never Ending Song of Love" and Austin Roberts's "Rocky" (another bitter-sweet song, written by Jay Stevens of Springfield, MO – a.k.a. Woody P. Snow), in addition to original songs such as "Angels, Roses, and Rain," and "9,999,999 Tears." He also co-wrote several songs with Bob McDill, including "Someone Like You" (by Emmylou Harris), "I've Been Around Enough To Know" (first recorded by Jo-El Sonnier in 1973, but would became a #1 hit in 1984 for John Schneider), and "The Door is Always Open" (by several artists, most notably by Dave and Sugar).
He co-wrote the 1994 Tracy Byrd hit "The Keeper of the Stars," and has written or co-written songs for a number of other prominent country artists, including George Strait, Charley Pride, and Reba McEntire.
He was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1995. Lee is included as co-writer and singer on singer-songwriter Michael Saxell's 2005 album Wonky Windmill on the song "Two Men".
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
Year
Album
Chart Positions
Label
US Country
US
1962 The Tale of Patches — 50 Smash
1965 Laurie and the Girl from Peyton Place — — TCF Hall
1971 Never Ending Song of Love 12 — RCA Victor
1972 Ashes of Love 16 —
Baby, Bye Bye — —
1973 Crying Over You 42 —
Sparklin' Brown Eyes — —
1975 Rocky 8 —
1976 Angels, Roses and Rain 27 —
1979 Dickey Lee — — Mercury
1980 Again — —
1981 Everybody Loves a Winner — —
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Chart Positions
Album
US Country
US
CAN Country
CAN
1962 "Patches"
"More Or Less"
— 6 — — The Tale of Patches
1963 "I Saw Linda Yesterday" — 14 — — N/A
"Don't Wanna Think About Paula" — 68 — —
"I Go Lonely" — — — —
"Day the Sawmill Closed Down" — 104 — —
1964 "To the Aisle" — — — —
"Me and My Teardrops" — — — —
"Big Brother"
"She's Walking Away"
— 101 — —
1965 "Laurie (Strange Things Happen)" — 14 — 6 Laurie And The Girl From Peyton Place
"Girl from Peyton Place" — 73 — 23
1966 "Good Girl Goin' Bad" — — — — N/A
"Good Guy" — — — —
1968 "Red, Green, Yellow and Blue" — 107 — —
1970 "All Too Soon" — — — —
"Special" — — — — Never Ending Song of Love
1971 "The Mahogany Pulpit" 55 — — —
"Never Ending Song of Love" 8 — 31 —
1972 "I Saw My Lady" 25 — — — Ashes of Love
"Ashes of Love" 15 — — —
"Baby, Bye Bye" 31 — 15 — Baby, Bye Bye
1973 "Crying Over You" 43 — — — Crying Over You
"Put Me Down Softly" 30 — — — Sparklin' Brown Eyes
"Sparklin' Brown Eyes" 49 — — —
1974 "I Use the Soap" 46 — — — Rocky
"Give Me One Good Reason" 90 — — —
"The Busiest Memory in Town" 22 — 15 —
1975 "The Door Is Always Open" — — — —
"Rocky" 1 — 9 —
1976 "Angels, Roses and Rain" 9 — 1 — Angels, Roses and Rain
"Makin' Love Don't Always Make Love Grow" 35 — — —
"9,999,999 Tears" 3 52 3 85
1977 "If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody" 20 — 17 — N/A
"Virginia, How Far Will You Go" 22 — 12 —
"Peanut Butter" 21 — 39 —
1978 "Love Is a Word" 27 — — —
"My Heart Won't Cry Anymore" 49 — — —
"It's Not Easy" 58 — — —
1979 "I'm Just a Heartache Away" 58 — — — Dickey Lee
"He's an Old Rock 'N' Roller" 94 — — —
1980 "Don't Look Back" 61 — — —
"Workin' My Way to Your Heart" 30 — — — Again
"Lost in Love" (with Kathy Burdick) 30 — — —
1981 "Honky Tonk Hearts" 37 — — — Everybody Loves a Winner
"I Wonder If I Care as Much" 53 — — —
1982 "Everybody Loves a Winner" 56 — — —
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lee's entry on the BMI database". Broadcast Music Incorporated. Retrieved 2008-09-21. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. pp. 147–148. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
External links[edit]
Allmusic
NAMM Oral History Interview July 10, 2015
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb13896474x (data)
GND: 134441621
ISNI: 0000 0003 6796 3947
LCCN: n94111921
MusicBrainz: 3d0c6138-6a4a-4aad-a459-1d03ef7e0760
SNAC: w6hp0p6b
VIAF: 233507917
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dickey_Lee&oldid=853932358"
Categories:
1936 births
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American male guitarists
American country singers
American country singer-songwriters
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RCA Records artists
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Songwriters from Tennessee
Guitarists from Tennessee
20th-century American guitarists
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text:
Sheep (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Sheep"
Song by Pink Floyd
from the album Animals
Published
Pink Floyd Music Publishers Ltd
Released
23 January 1977 (UK)
2 February 1977 (US)
Recorded
April – May, July 1976
Genre
Progressive rock, hard rock
Length
10:20
Label
Harvest (UK)
Columbia/CBS (US)
Songwriter(s)
Roger Waters
Producer(s)
Pink Floyd
Animals track listing
"Pigs on the Wing (Part One)"
"Dogs"
"Pigs (Three Different Ones)"
"Sheep"
"Pigs on the Wing (Part Two)"
Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd track listing
26 tracks [show]
Disc one
"Astronomy Domine"
"See Emily Play"
"The Happiest Days of Our Lives"
"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)"
"Echoes"
"Hey You"
"Marooned"
"The Great Gig in the Sky"
"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
"Money"
"Keep Talking"
"Sheep"
"Sorrow"
Disc two
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts I–VII)"
"Time"
"The Fletcher Memorial Home"
"Comfortably Numb"
"When the Tigers Broke Free"
"One of These Days"
"Us and Them"
"Learning to Fly"
"Arnold Layne"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Jugband Blues"
"High Hopes"
"Bike"
"Sheep" is a song by English band Pink Floyd, released on the album Animals in 1977. In 1974, it was originally titled "Raving and Drooling". It was written by bassist Roger Waters.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Recording
3 Live performances
4 Personnel
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
During their tours in 1974, Pink Floyd played three new songs in the first half of the shows, followed by The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety. Those three new songs were "You've Got to Be Crazy" (which would later become "Dogs"), "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" and "Raving and Drooling" (which would later become "Sheep").
During performances of "Raving and Drooling", a recording of a DJ at BBC Radio called Jimmy Young was played after being cut up and reassembled randomly. This was Roger Waters' idea of a man "raving and drooling" (or being insane). The lyrics of the song at this point were quite different from the ones that were to become "Sheep".[1]
"Raving and Drooling" was originally a more jam-based song. While the basic motif was already in place—a held note from the vocalist (Waters) being crossfaded into the same note on a synthesizer, with various inhuman effects applied—Waters had yet to write anything for the sections repeating F♯7 and A7 (such as "You better watch out! There may be dogs about", and so on), and so these sections, while clearly part of the song structure, were rendered instrumentally. Ironically, while Gilmour would later state that "Dogs" in its earlier incarnation as "You've Got To Be Crazy" simply had too many words for him to sing, "Raving and Drooling" appeared to suffer more from a lack thereof.
Both "You've Got to Be Crazy" and "Raving and Drooling" were originally planned to be on the album following the tour (Wish You Were Here), but the plans were changed and they both ended up in different forms on Animals. In November 2011, versions of both tracks recorded at Wembley in 1974 were officially released as part of the Experience and Immersion versions of the Wish You Were Here album.
In live versions from 1977, backing guitarist Snowy White played bass guitar as Waters shared electric guitar duties with David Gilmour. The performance was almost identical to the album version except that it would give way to a slower ending with Richard Wright playing an organ solo.
Ian Peel, a musical columnist for The Guardian, noted the resemblance of "Sheep" to the Doctor Who theme, due to its bassline and sound effects.[2] Some critics have suggested that the song essentially reuses the bass part from "One of These Days", another track which had similarities to that same science fiction theme tune.
Recording[edit]
The song was recorded during April, May and July 1976 at the band's own Britannia Row Studios, Islington, London.
On Animals Roger played bass on "Dogs" and I played bass on "Sheep" and "Pigs." Most of the bass line on "Sheep" (apart from the ending) was what Roger had been playing onstage, as we had been performing it as "Raving and Drooling" for a couple of years. However, in the studio Roger had a rhythm guitar part he wanted to play, so we swapped roles. On "Pigs" the part and the playing are mine.
—  David Gilmour, 1998, to Karl Coryat, Bass Player
Live performances[edit]
The song was also featured on the In the Flesh tour as the show opener. Pyrotechnics were used in many venues and a huge inflated pig used for album cover shoot and jet fly over in Cleveland. It was later almost a part of the setlist for the 1987–90 tour supporting the album A Momentary Lapse of Reason, but Gilmour felt like his voice couldn't reach high enough like Waters. It wasn't performed by any Pink Floyd member until Roger Waters performed it on his The Dark Side of the Moon Live tour.
Personnel[edit]
Roger Waters – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, tape and electronic effects, vocoder
David Gilmour – lead guitar, bass guitar, echoed vocal (from "Dogs")
Richard Wright – Fender Rhodes piano, Hammond organ, ARP String Synthesizer, Minimoog
Nick Mason – drums, tape effects
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What were the original lyrics to Animals?". Ingsoc.com. Retrieved 5 March 2004.
Jump up ^ Peel, Ian (7 July 2008). "Doctor Who: a musical force?". The Guardian Music Blog. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
Fitch, Vernon (2005). The Pink Floyd Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). ISBN 1-894959-24-8.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Animals (Pink Floyd album)
[show]
v
t
e
Animals
Songs
Side one
"Pigs on the Wing (Part I)"
"Dogs"
Side two
"Pigs (Three Different Ones)"
"Sheep"
"Pigs on the Wing (Part II)"
Related articles
In the Flesh (Pink Floyd tour)
Pink Floyd pigs
Live Frogs Set 2 (Les Claypool's Frog Brigade Album)
The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
A Saucerful of Secrets
More
Ummagumma
Atom Heart Mother
Meddle
Obscured by Clouds
The Dark Side of the Moon
Wish You Were Here
Animals
The Wall
The Final Cut
A Momentary Lapse of Reason
The Division Bell
The Endless River
[show]
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Atom Heart Mother
Meddle
Obscured by Clouds
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Wish You Were Here
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The Wall
The Final Cut
A Momentary Lapse of Reason
The Division Bell
The Endless River
Live albums
Ummagumma
Delicate Sound of Thunder
Pulse
Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81
Singles
"Arnold Layne" / "Candy and a Currant Bun"
"See Emily Play" / "The Scarecrow"
"Flaming" / "The Gnome" (US)
"Apples and Oranges" / "Paint Box" (UK)
"It Would Be So Nice" / "Julia Dream"
"Let There Be More Light" / "Remember a Day" (US)
"Point Me at the Sky" / "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" (UK)
"One of These Days" / "Fearless" (US)
"Free Four"
"Money" / "Any Colour You Like" (US)
"Time" / "Us and Them" (US)
"Have a Cigar" / "Welcome to the Machine" (US) or "Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I" (Europe)
"Another Brick in the Wall (Part II)" / "One of My Turns"
"Run Like Hell" / "Don't Leave Me Now" (Europe/some US) or "Comfortably Numb" (later US)
"Comfortably Numb" / "Hey You" (US)
"Pink Floyd The Wall - Music From The Film" ("When the Tigers Broke Free" / "Bring the Boys Back Home")
"Not Now John" / "The Hero's Return (Parts 1 and 2)"
"Learning to Fly" / "Terminal Frost" and/or "One Slip"
"On the Turning Away" / "Run Like Hell (live)" (UK)
"One Slip" / "Terminal Frost" / "The Dogs of War" (UK)
"Take It Back" / "Astronomy Domine (live)" (US)
"High Hopes" / "Keep Talking" / "Marooned"
"Wish You Were Here (Live)" / "Coming Back to Life (live) / "Keep Talking (live)" (UK)
"Louder than Words"
Compilations
The Best of the Pink Floyd / Masters of Rock
Relics
A Nice Pair
A Collection of Great Dance Songs
Works
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Pantheon (religion)
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Illustration of various deities associated with polytheistic pantheons from William Cooke's The Pantheon - or, fabulous history of the heathen gods, goddesses, heroes, &c.
A pantheon (from Greek πάνθεον pantheon, literally "(a temple) of all gods", "of or common to all gods" from πᾶν pan- "all" and θεός theos "god") is the particular set of all gods of any polytheistic religion, mythology, or tradition.
Contents
[hide]
1 Significance
2 Evolution of pantheons
3 Extension of the concept into structures and celebrities
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
Significance[edit]
A pantheon of gods is a common element of polytheistic societies, although not all polytheists have such a pantheon, and not all pantheons require a polytheistic worldview. The nature of a society's pantheon can be considered a reflection of that society:
A pantheon is an overview of a given culture's gods and goddesses and reflects not only the society's values but also its sense of itself. A pantheon directed by a thunderboltwielding autocrat might suggest a patriarchy and the valuing of warrior skills. A pantheon headed by a great-mother goddess could suggest a village-based agricultural society. To confront the pantheon of the Egyptians is to confront a worldview marked by a sense of death and resurrection and the agricultural importance of the cycles of nature. The Greek pantheon is a metaphor for a pragmatic view of life that values art, beauty, and the power of the individual, and that is somewhat skeptical about human nature.[1]
Some well-known historical polytheistic pantheons include the Sumerian gods and the Egyptian gods, and the classical-attested pantheon which includes the ancient Greek religion and Roman religion. Post-classical polytheistic religions include Norse Æsir and Vanir, the Yoruba Orisha, the Aztec gods, and many others. Today, most historical polytheistic religions are referred to as "mythology",[2] though the stories cultures tell about their gods should be distinguished from their worship or religious practice. For instance deities portrayed in conflict in mythology would still be worshipped sometimes in the same temple side by side, illustrating the distinction in the devotees mind between the myth and the reality.
Evolution of pantheons[edit]
Scholars such as Jaan Puhvel, J. P. Mallory, and Douglas Q. Adams have reconstructed aspects of the ancient Proto-Indo-European religion, from which the religions of the various Indo-European peoples derive, and that this religion was an essentially naturalist numenistic religion. An example of a religious notion from this shared past is the concept of *dyēus, which is attested in several distinct religious systems.
In many civilizations, pantheons tended to grow over time. Deities first worshipped as the patrons of cities or places came to be collected together as empires extended over larger territories. Conquests could lead to the subordination of the elder culture's pantheon to a newer one, as in the Greek Titanomachia, and possibly also the case of the Æsir and Vanir in the Norse mythos. Cultural exchange could lead to "the same" deity being renowned in two places under different names, as seen with the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans, and also to the cultural transmission of elements of an extraneous religion into a local cult, as with worship of the ancient Egyptian deity Osiris, which was later followed in ancient Greece. Max Weber's 1922 opus Economy and Society discusses tendency in the ancient Greek philosophers to interpret gods worshiped in the pantheons of other cultures as "equivalent to and so identical with the deities of the moderately organized Greek pantheon".[3]
In other instances, however, national pantheons were consolidated or simplified into fewer gods, or into a single god with power over all of the areas originally assigned to a pantheon. For example, in the ancient Near East during the first millennium BCE, Syrian and Palestinian tribes worshiped much smaller pantheons than had been developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia.[4] Weber also identified the link between a pantheon of gods and the development of monotheism, proposing that the domination of a pantheon by a particular god within that pantheon was a step towards followers of the pantheon seeing that god as "an international or universal deity, a transnational god of the entire world".[3] The first known instance of a pantheon being consolidated into a single god, or discarded in favor of a single god, was with the development of the short-lived practice of Atenism in ancient Egypt, with that role being accorded to the sun god.[5] A similar process is thought to have taken place with respect to the Israelite deity Yahweh, who, "as a typical West Semitic deity... would have four or five compatriot gods in attendance as he became the national high god".[4]
The concept of a pantheon of gods has been widely imitated in Twentieth-century fantasy literature and role-playing games like Dungeons & Dragons. These uses tend to borrow heavily from historical patterns. In these contexts, it is considered important for the writer to construct pantheon of gods that fits the genre, where the characteristics of the gods are in balance so that none of them is able to overwhelm the story, and so that the actions of the characters are not overwhelmed by the machinations of the gods.[6]
Extension of the concept into structures and celebrities[edit]
A pantheon in its sense as a "temple", this one built in 2nd-century Rome
In order to avoid the difficulty of giving an exhaustive list of deities when devoting a temple or sacred building, a structure explicitly dedicated to "all deities" also came to be referred to as a "Pantheon". The most well known of such structures is the Pantheon of Rome, first built between the years 27 BCE and 14 CE. The building standing today was constructed on the same site around 126 CE. It was dedicated to "all gods" as a gesture embracing the religious syncretism in the increasingly multicultural Roman Empire, with subjects worshipping gods from many cultures and traditions. The building was later renovated for use as a Christian church in 609 under Pope Boniface IV.
Since the 16th century, "pantheon" has also been used in a secular sense to refer to the set of a society's exalted persons—initially including heroic figures, and later extending to celebrities, generally. This practice is hinted at in previous references; for example, Jove of the proto-Indo-European pantheon (whose other linguistic forms are "deus" and "divus") meant 'god, rich man'. Lord Byron drew this connection after viewing the busts of famous historical figures in the Roman Pantheon, writing in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage of how he wished to be at the center of an English Pantheon, and thereby associated with divinity.[7] The Pantheon "thus imbues the modern with the aura of the divine", and "models the interplay of ancient and modern forms of fame".[7] This trend continued into modern times, with the word "pantheon" 'of or for the gods' being reflected in the journalistic meme that refers to financial titans as "Masters of the Universe". For example: Francis Ford Coppola has been described as a member of "that revered pantheon of independent movie directors, which broke the standard Hollywood studio mould as the 1960s expired".[8]
See also[edit]
Lists of deities
List of pantheons
Mythology
Arabian
Armenian
Aztec
Celtic
Christian
Chinese
Egyptian
Greek
Guarani
Hindu
Islamic
Japanese
Jewish
Korean
Maya
Mesopotamian
Micronesian
Norse
Persian
Polynesian
Roman
Romanian
Slavic
Turkic
See also
Religion and mythology
Comparative religion
Symbolism
Theology
List of mythologies
v
t
e
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Christopher R. Fee, Gods, Heroes, & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain (2004), p. 13.
Jump up ^ Eugenie C. Scott, Evolution Vs. Creationism: An Introduction (2009), p. 58.
^ Jump up to: a b Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (1922), p. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Karl Gnuse, No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel (1997), p. 200.
Jump up ^ Robert Karl Gnuse, No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel (1997), p. 167.
Jump up ^ William Sims Bainbridge, eGods: Faith versus Fantasy in Computer Gaming (2013), p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Clara Tuite, Lord Byron and Scandalous Celebrity (2015), p. 140-141.
Jump up ^ Simon Warner, Text and Drugs and Rock 'n' Roll: The Beats and Rock Culture (2013), p. 452.
Further reading[edit]
Bouwers, Eveline G. (2012), Public Pantheons in Revolutionary Europe. Comparing Cultures of Remembrance, c. 1790-1840. PalgraveMacmillan, ISBN 978-0-230-29471-4.
Wrigley, Richard & Craske, Matthew (2004), Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0-7546-0808-5.
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values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon
Pantheon – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: مجموعة الآلهة – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon
Pantheon – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteono
Panteono – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پانتئون – Persian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Պանթեոն (դիցաբանություն) – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon
Pantheon – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פנתאון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Пантеон – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon
Pantheon – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteonas
Panteonas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon
Pantheon – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon
Pantheon – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Пантеон – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panteon
Panteon – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Пантеон (боги) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pantheon_religion rootpage-Pantheon_religion skin-vector action-view