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Konrad Lorenz
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Konrad Lorenz
ForMemRS
Born
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz
(1903-11-07)7 November 1903
Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died
27 February 1989(1989-02-27) (aged 85)
Vienna, Austria
Nationality
Austrian
Awards
ForMemRS (1964)[1]
Kalinga Prize (1969)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1973)
Scientific career
Fields
Ethology
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈloːʁɛnts]; 7 November 1903 – 27 February 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour. He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation, including his teacher Oskar Heinroth.[1]
Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in animals, especially in greylag geese and jackdaws. Working with geese, he investigated the principle of imprinting, the process by which some nidifugous birds (i.e. birds that leave their nest early) bond instinctively with the first moving object that they see within the first hours of hatching. Although Lorenz did not discover the topic, he became widely known for his descriptions of imprinting as an instinctive bond. In 1936 he met Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen, and the two collaborated in developing ethology as a separate sub-discipline of biology. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Lorenz as the 65th most cited scholar of the 20th century in the technical psychology journals, introductory psychology textbooks, and survey responses.[2]
Lorenz's work was interrupted by the onset of World War-II and in 1941 he was recruited into the German army as a medic.[3] In 1944 he was sent to the Eastern Front where he was captured and spent four years as a Soviet prisoner of war. After the war he regretted his membership in the Nazi party.[4]
Lorenz wrote numerous books, some of which, such as King Solomon's Ring, On Aggression, and Man Meets Dog, became popular reading. His last work "Here I Am – Where Are You?" is a summary of his life's work and focuses on his famous studies of greylag geese.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Ethology
3 Politics
4 Contributions and legacy
4.1 Vision of the challenges facing humanity
4.2 Philosophical speculations
5 Honours and awards
6 Works
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Biography[edit]
Lorenz in 1904 with his older brother
In his autobiographical essay, published in 1973 in Les Prix Nobel (winners of the prizes are requested to provide such essays), Lorenz credits his career to his parents, who "were supremely tolerant of my inordinate love for animals", and to his childhood encounter with Selma Lagerlöf's The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, which filled him with a great enthusiasm about wild geese. " [5]
At the request of his father, Adolf Lorenz, he began a premedical curriculum in 1922 at Columbia University, but he returned to Vienna in 1923 to continue his studies at the University of Vienna. He graduated as Doctor of Medicine (MD) in 1928 and became an assistant professor at the Institute of Anatomy until 1935. He finished his zoological studies in 1933 and received his second doctorate (PhD).[6]
While still a student, Lorenz began developing what would become a large menagerie, ranging from domestic to exotic animals. In his popular book King Solomon's Ring, Lorenz recounts that while studying at the University of Vienna he kept a variety of animals at his parents' apartment, ranging from fish to a capuchin monkey named Gloria.[6]
In 1936, at an international scientific symposium on instinct, Lorenz met his great friend and colleague Nikolaas Tinbergen. Together they studied geese—wild, domestic, and hybrid. One result of these studies was that Lorenz "realized that an overpowering increase in the drives of feeding as well as of copulation and a waning of more differentiated social instincts is characteristic of very many domestic animals". Lorenz began to suspect and fear "that analogous processes of deterioration may be at work with civilized humanity." This observation of bird hybrids caused Lorenz to believe that domestication resulting from urbanisation in humans might also cause dysgenic effects, and to argue in two papers that the Nazi eugenics policies against this were therefore scientifically justified.[7]
Lorenz as a Soviet POW in 1944
In 1940 he became a professor of psychology at the University of Königsberg. He was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1941. He sought to be a motorcycle mechanic, but instead he was assigned as a military psychologist, conducting racial studies on humans in occupied Poznań under Rudolf Hippius. The objective was to study the biological characteristics of "German-Polish half-breeds" to determine whether they 'benefitted' from the same work ethics as 'pure' Germans.[8] The degree to which Lorenz participated in the project is unknown, but the project director Hippius referred a couple of times to Lorenz as an "examining psychologist".[9]
Lorenz later described that he once saw transports of concentration camp inmates near Poznań, which made him "fully realize the complete inhumanity of the Nazis".[10]
He was sent to the Russian front in 1944 where he quickly became a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1948. In captivity he continued to work as a medic and "got quite friendly with some Russians, mostly doctors". When he was repatriated, he was allowed to keep the manuscript of a book he had been writing, and his pet starling. He arrived back in Altenberg (his family home, near Vienna) both "with manuscript and bird intact." The manuscript became his 1973 book Behind the Mirror.[11]
The Max Planck Society established the Lorenz Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Buldern, Germany, in 1950. In his memoirs Lorenz described the chronology of his war years differently from what historians have been able to document after his death. He himself claimed that he was captured in 1942, where in reality he was only sent to the front and captured in 1944, leaving out entirely his involvement with the Poznań project.[11]
In 1958, Lorenz transferred to the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Seewiesen. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries in individual and social behavior patterns" with two other important early ethologists, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. In 1969, he became the first recipient of the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.
Lorenz retired from the Max Planck Institute in 1973 but continued to research and publish from Altenberg and Grünau im Almtal in Austria.
Lorenz died on 27 February 1989 in Altenberg.
Lorenz was also a friend and student of renowned biologist Sir Julian Huxley (grandson of "Darwin's bulldog", Thomas Henry Huxley). Famed psychoanalyst Ralph Greenson and Sir Peter Scott were good friends. Lorenz and Karl Popper were childhood friends; many years after they met during the celebration of Popper's 80 years they wrote together a book entitled Die Zukunft ist offen.
Ethology[edit]
Lorenz is recognized as one of the founding fathers of the field of ethology, the study of animal behavior. He is best known for his discovery of the principle of attachment, or imprinting, through which in some species a bond is formed between a new born animal and its caregiver. This principle had been discovered by Douglas Spalding in the 19th century, and Lorenz's mentor Oskar Heinroth had also worked on the topic, but Lorenz's description of Prägung, imprinting, in nidifugous birds such as greylag geese in his 1935 book Der Kumpan in der Umwelt des Vogels ("The Companion in the Environment of Birds") became the foundational description of the phenomenon.[9]
Here, Lorenz used Jakob von Uexküll's concept of Umwelt to understand how the limited perception of animals filtered out certain phenomena with which they interacted instinctively. For example, a young goose instinctively bonds with the first moving stimulus it perceives, whether it be its mother, or a person. Lorenz showed that this behavior of imprinting is what allows the goose to learn to recognize members of its own species, enabling them to be the object of subsequent behavior patterns such as mating.[12] He developed a theory of instinctive behavior that saw behavior patterns as largely innate but triggered through environmental stimuli, for example the hawk/goose effect. He argued that animals have an inner drive to carry out instinctive behaviors, and that if they do not encounter the right stimulus they will eventually engage in the behavior with an inappropriate stimulus.[13]
Lorenz's approach to ethology derived from a skepticism towards the studies of animal behavior done in laboratory settings. He considered that in order to understand the mechanisms of animal behavior, it was necessary to observe their full range of behaviors in their natural context. Lorenz did not carry out much traditional fieldwork but observed animals near his home. His method involved empathizing with animals, often using anthropomorphization to imagine their mental states. He believed that animals were capable of experiencing many of the same emotions as humans.[12][14]
Tinbergen, Lorenz's friend with whom he conjointly received the Nobel prize, summarized Lorenz's major contribution to ethology as being the way in which he made behavior a topic of biological inquiry, considering behavior a part of an animal's evolutionary equipment.[15] Tinbergen and Lorenz contributed to making Ethology a recognized sub-discipline within Biology and founded the first specialized journal of the field "Ethology" (originally "Zeitschift für Tierpsychologie")[12]
Politics[edit]
Lorenz joined the Nazi Party in 1938 and accepted a university chair under the Nazi regime. In his application for party membership he wrote, "I'm able to say that my whole scientific work is devoted to the ideas of the National Socialists." His publications during that time led in later years to allegations that his scientific work had been contaminated by Nazi sympathies. His published writing during the Nazi period included support for Nazi ideas of "racial hygiene" couched in pseudoscientific metaphors.[16][17][18][19][20][21]
In his autobiography, Lorenz wrote:
I was frightened—as I still am—by the thought that analogous genetical processes of deterioration may be at work with civilized humanity. Moved by this fear, I did a very ill-advised thing soon after the Germans had invaded Austria: I wrote about the dangers of domestication and, in order to be understood, I couched my writing in the worst of nazi terminology. I do not want to extenuate this action. I did, indeed, believe that some good might come of the new rulers. The precedent narrow-minded catholic regime in Austria induced better and more intelligent men than I was to cherish this naive hope. Practically all my friends and teachers did so, including my own father who certainly was a kindly and humane man. None of us as much as suspected that the word "selection", when used by these rulers, meant murder. I regret those writings not so much for the undeniable discredit they reflect on my person as for their effect of hampering the future recognition of the dangers of domestication.[22]
After the war, Lorenz denied having been a party member, until his membership application was made public; and he denied having known the extent of the genocide, despite his position as a psychologist in the Office of Racial Policy.[23] He was also shown to have made antisemitic jokes on 'jewish characteristics' in letters to his mentor Heinroth.[24] In 2015 the University of Salzburg posthumously rescinded an honorary doctorate awarded to Lorenz in 1983, citing his party membership and his assertions in his application that he was "always a National Socialist", and that his work "stands to serve National Socialist thought". The university also accused him of using his work to spread "basic elements of the racist ideology of National Socialism".[25][26]
During the final years of his life, Lorenz supported the fledgling Austrian Green Party and in 1984 became the figurehead of the Konrad Lorenz Volksbegehren, a grass-roots movement that was formed to prevent the building of a power plant at the Danube near Hainburg an der Donau and thus the destruction of the surrounding woodland.
Contributions and legacy[edit]
With Nikolaas Tinbergen (left), 1978
Lorenz has been called 'The father of ethology', by Niko Tinbergen.[27] Perhaps Lorenz's most important contribution to ethology was his idea that behavior patterns can be studied as anatomical organs.[28] This concept forms the foundation of ethological research.[27][29] However, Richard Dawkins called Lorenz a "'good of the species' man",[30] stating that the idea of group selection was "so deeply ingrained"[30] in Lorenz's thinking that he "evidently did not realize that his statements contravened orthodox Darwinian theory."[30]
Together with Nikolaas Tinbergen, Lorenz developed the idea of an innate releasing mechanism to explain instinctive behaviors (fixed action patterns). They experimented with "supernormal stimuli" such as giant eggs or dummy bird beaks which they found could release the fixed action patterns more powerfully than the natural objects for which the behaviors were adapted. Influenced by the ideas of William McDougall, Lorenz developed this into a "psychohydraulic" model of the motivation of behavior, which tended towards group selectionist ideas, which were influential in the 1960s. Another of his contributions to ethology is his work on imprinting. His influence on a younger generation of ethologists; and his popular works, were important in bringing ethology to the attention of the general public.
Lorenz claimed that there was widespread contempt for the descriptive sciences. He attributed this to the denial of perception as the source of all scientific knowledge: "a denial that has been elevated to the status of religion."[31] He wrote that in comparative behavioral research, "it is necessary to describe various patterns of movement, record them, and above all, render them unmistakably recognizable."[32]
There are three research institutions named after Lorenz in Austria: the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research (KLI) was housed in Lorenz' family mansion at Altenberg before moving to Klosterneuburg in 2013 [1]; the Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle (KLF) at his former field station in Grünau; and the Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, an external research facility of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna.
Vision of the challenges facing humanity[edit]
With Nikolaas Tinbergen (right), 1978
Lorenz predicted the relationship between market economics and the threat of ecological catastrophe. In his 1973 book, Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins, Lorenz addresses the following paradox:
All the advantages that man has gained from his ever-deepening understanding of the natural world that surrounds him, his technological, chemical and medical progress, all of which should seem to alleviate human suffering... tends instead to favor humanity's destruction[33]
Lorenz adopts an ecological model to attempt to grasp the mechanisms behind this contradiction. Thus "all species... are adapted to their environment... including not only inorganic components... but all the other living beings that inhabit the locality." p31.
Fundamental to Lorenz's theory of ecology is the function of negative feedback mechanisms, which, in hierarchical fashion, dampen impulses that occur beneath a certain threshold. The thresholds themselves are the product of the interaction of contrasting mechanisms. Thus pain and pleasure act as checks on each other:
To gain a desired prey, a dog or wolf will do things that, in other contexts, they would shy away from: run through thorn bushes, jump into cold water and expose themselves to risks which would normally frighten them. All these inhibitory mechanisms... act as a counterweight to the effects of learning mechanisms... The organism cannot allow itself to pay a price which is not worth paying. p53.
In nature, these mechanisms tend towards a 'stable state' among the living beings of an ecology:
A closer examination shows that these beings... not only do not damage each other, but often constitute a community of interests. It is obvious that the predator is strongly interested in the survival of that species, animal or vegetable, which constitutes its prey. ... It is not uncommon that the prey species derives specific benefits from its interaction with the predator species... pp31–33.
Lorenz states that humanity is the one species not bound by these mechanisms, being the only one that has defined its own environment:
[The pace of human ecology] is determined by the progress of man's technology (p35)... human ecology (economy) is governed by mechanisms of POSITIVE feedback, defined as a mechanism which tends to encourage behavior rather than to attenuate it (p43). Positive feedback always involves the danger of an 'avalanche' effect... One particular kind of positive feedback occurs when individuals OF THE SAME SPECIES enter into competition among themselves... For many animal species, environmental factors keep... intraspecies selection from [leading to] disaster... But there is no force which exercises this type of healthy regulatory effect on humanity's cultural development; unfortunately for itself, humanity has learned to overcome all those environmental forces which are external to itself p44.
Regarding aggression in human beings, Lorenz states:
Let us imagine that an absolutely unbiased investigator on another planet, perhaps on Mars, is examining human behavior on earth, with the aid of a telescope whose magnification is too small to enable him to discern individuals and follow their separate behavior, but large enough for him to observe occurrences such as migrations of peoples, wars, and similar great historical events. He would never gain the impression that human behavior was dictated by intelligence, still less by responsible morality. If we suppose our extraneous observer to be a being of pure reason, devoid of instincts himself and unaware of the way in which all instincts in general and aggression in particular can miscarry, he would be at a complete loss how to explain history at all. The ever-recurrent phenomena of history do not have reasonable causes. It is a mere commonplace to say that they are caused by what common parlance so aptly terms "human nature." Unreasoning and unreasonable human nature causes two nations to compete, though no economic necessity compels them to do so; it induces two political parties or religions with amazingly similar programs of salvation to fight each other bitterly, and it impels an Alexander or a Napoleon to sacrifice millions of lives in his attempt to unite the world under his scepter. We have been taught to regard some of the persons who have committed these and similar absurdities with respect, even as "great" men, we are wont to yield to the political wisdom of those in charge, and we are all so accustomed to these phenomena that most of us fail to realize how abjectly stupid and undesirable the historical mass behavior of humanity actually is [34]
Lorenz does not see human independence from natural ecological processes as necessarily bad. Indeed, he states that:
A completely new [ecology] which corresponds in every way to [humanity's] desires... could, theoretically, prove as durable as that which would have existed without his intervention (36).
However, the principle of competition, typical of Western societies, destroys any chance of this:
The competition between human beings destroys with cold and diabolic brutality... Under the pressure of this competitive fury we have not only forgotten what is useful to humanity as a whole, but even that which is good and advantageous to the individual. [...] One asks, which is more damaging to modern humanity: the thirst for money or consuming haste... in either case, fear plays a very important role: the fear of being overtaken by one's competitors, the fear of becoming poor, the fear of making wrong decisions or the fear of not being up to snuff... pp45–47.
In this book, Lorenz proposes that the best hope for mankind lies in our looking for mates based on the kindness of their hearts rather than good looks or wealth. He illustrates this with a Jewish story, explicitly described as such.
Lorenz was one of the early scientists who recognised the significance of human overpopulation. The number one deadly sin of civilized man in his book is overpopulation, which is what leads to aggression.
Philosophical speculations[edit]
In his 1973 book Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge, Lorenz considers the old philosophical question of whether our senses correctly inform us about the world as it is, or provide us only with an illusion. His answer comes from evolutionary biology. Only traits that help us survive and reproduce are transmitted. If our senses gave us wrong information about our environment, we would soon be extinct. Therefore, we can be sure that our senses give us correct information, for otherwise we would not be here to be deceived.
Honours and awards[edit]
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art in 1964
Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1964[1]
Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science in 1969
Gold Medal of the Humboldt Society in 1972[citation needed]
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973
Honorary Doctorate, University of Salzburg, 1983, revoked in 2015 [35]
Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband) in 1984
Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art in 1984
Works[edit]
Lorenz's best-known books are King Solomon's Ring and On Aggression, both written for a popular audience. His scientific work appeared mainly in journal articles, written in German; it became widely known to English-speaking scientists through its description in Tinbergen's 1951 book The Study of Instinct, though many of his papers were later published in English translation in the two volumes titled Studies in Animal and Human Behavior.
King Solomon's Ring (1949) (Er redete mit dem Vieh, den Vögeln und den Fischen, 1949)
Man Meets Dog (1950) (So kam der Mensch auf den Hund, 1950)
Evolution and Modification of Behaviour (1965)
On Aggression (1966) (Das sogenannte Böse. Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression, 1963)
Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume I (1970)
Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume II (1971)
Motivation of Human and Animal Behavior: An Ethological View. With Paul Leyhausen (1973). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. ISBN 0-442-24886-5
Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge (1973) (Die Rückseite des Spiegels. Versuch einer Naturgeschichte menschlichen Erkennens, 1973)
Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins (1974) (Die acht Todsünden der zivilisierten Menschheit, 1973)
The Year of the Greylag Goose (1979) (Das Jahr der Graugans, 1979)
The Foundations of Ethology (1982)
The Waning of Humaneness (1987) (Der Abbau des Menschlichen, 1983)
Here I Am – Where Are You? – A Lifetime's Study of the Uncannily Human Behaviour of the Greylag Goose. (1988). Translated by Robert D. Martin from Hier bin ich – wo bist du?.
The Natural Science of the Human Species: An Introduction to Comparative Behavioral Research – The Russian Manuscript (1944–1948) (1995)
See also[edit]
Animal mobbing behavior
Imprinting (psychology)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Krebs, J. R.; Sjolander, S.; Sjolander, S. (1992). "Konrad Zacharias Lorenz. 7 November 1903 – 27 February 1989". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 38: 210–228. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1992.0011.
Jump up ^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ "Konrad Lorenz – Biographical, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". Nobel prize The Official Web Site of The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Donald T. (1975). "Reintroducing Konrad Lorenz to Psychology". In Evans, R. I. Konrad Lorenz: The Man and His Ideas. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 106. ISBN 0-15-147285-8.
Jump up ^ Alec Nisbett, Konrad Lorenz (1976), ISBN 0-15-147286-6 – page 72.
^ Jump up to: a b Lorenz, Konrad (2007). King Solomon's Ring (3rd ed.). London, England.: Routledge. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-415-26747-1.
Jump up ^ Klopfer, Peter (1994). "Konrad Lorenz and the National Socialists: On the Politics of Ethology". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 7 (4): 202–208.
Jump up ^ Deichmann, Ute (1992). Biologists under Hitler: Expulsion, Careers, Research. Frankfurt/Main, New York: Harvard University Press. pp. 261–264. ISBN 0-674-07404-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Burkhardt, R. W. (2005). Patterns of behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the founding of ethology. University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ Alec Nisbett, Konrad Lorenz (1976) , ISBN 0-15-147286-6, page 94.
^ Jump up to: a b "Konrad Lorenz – Biographical". nobelprize.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c Allen, C., & Bekoff, M. (1999). Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology. MIT Press. pp 30-31
Jump up ^ Yount, L. (2009). A to Z of Biologists. Infobase Publishing. pp. 183-4
Jump up ^ Vicedo, M (2009). "The father of ethology and the foster mother of ducks: Konrad Lorenz as an Expert on Motherhood". Isis. 100 (2): 263–291. doi:10.1086/599553.
Jump up ^ Tinbergen, N. (1963). On Aims and Methods of Ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20(4), 410-433.
Jump up ^ Eisenberg, L. (2005). "Which Image for Lorenz?". American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (9): 1760. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1760. PMID 16135651.
Jump up ^ Sax, Boria (2007). "Konrad Lorenz and the Mythology of Science". In Aftandilian, Dave; et al. What Are Animals to Us? Approaches from Science, Religion, Folklore, Literature and Art. Knoxville: U. of Tennessee Press. pp. 269–276. ISBN 1-57233-472-X.
Jump up ^ Sax, Boria (1997). "What is a 'Jewish Dog'?: Konrad Z. Lorenz and the Cult of Wildness". Society and Animals. 5 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1163/156853097X00196.
Jump up ^ Föger, B., & Taschwer, K. (2001). Die andere Seite des Spiegels: Konrad Lorenz und der Nationalsozialismus. Czernin-Verlag.
Jump up ^ Kalikow, T. J. (1983). "Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory: Explanation and ideology, 1938–1943". Journal of the History of Biology. 16 (1): 39–73. doi:10.1007/bf00186675.
Jump up ^ Kalikow, T. J. (1978). Konrad Lorenz's "brown past": A reply to Alec Nisbett.
Jump up ^ "Konrad Lorenz – Biographical". nobelprize.org.
Jump up ^ Klopfer 1994; Deichmann 1992.
Jump up ^ Klopfer 1994.
Jump up ^ Anonymous, "Austrian university strips Nobel Prize winner Konrad Lorenz of doctorate due to Nazi past," Associated Press, 17 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Uni Salzburg entzieht Konrad Lorenz die Ehrendoktorwürde". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ). 18 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Tinbergen, N. (1963). "On aims and methods of ethology". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 20 (4): 410–433. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x.
Jump up ^ Lorenz, Konrad (1937). "On the formation of the concept of instinct". Natural Sciences. 25 (19): 289–300. Bibcode:1937NW.....25..289L. doi:10.1007/BF01492648.
Jump up ^ Dawkins, Richard (1982). The Extended Phenotype. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-19-286088-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dawkins, Richard (1976). The Selfish Gene (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 72. ISBN 978-0198575191.
Jump up ^ Lorenz, Konrad (1979). The Year of the Greylag Goose. London: Eyre Methuen. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Lorenz (1979), p. 7.
Jump up ^ Gli otto peccati capitali della nostra civiltà [Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins]. Milano: Adelphi Edizioni. 1974. p. 26. The citation is translated from the Italian version of the book.
Jump up ^ LORENZ, Konrad. On Aggression. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966. Translated by Marjorie Kerr Wilson. Originally published in Austria under the title DAS SOGENANNTE BÖSE. Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression. Viena: Dr. G. Borotha-Schoeler Verlag, 1963, p. 263.
Jump up ^ FAZ 2015 (http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/titel-erschlichen-uni-salzburg-entzieht-konrad-lorenz-die-ehrendoktorwuerde-13973531.html)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konrad Lorenz.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Konrad Lorenz
Short Autobiography on the Nobel Foundation website
A chapter from On Aggression (1963)
Review of Biologists Under Hitler
Konrad Lorenz Institutes:
Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research in Altenberg
Konrad Lorenz Research Station, Grünau im Almtal
Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology
Konrad Lorenz on IMDb
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Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
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1901 Emil Behring
1902 Ronald Ross
1903 Niels Finsen
1904 Ivan Pavlov
1905 Robert Koch
1906 Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
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1908 Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich
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1910 Albrecht Kossel
1911 Allvar Gullstrand
1912 Alexis Carrel
1913 Charles Richet
1914 Róbert Bárány
1915
1916
1917
1918
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1921
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1924 Willem Einthoven
1925
1926–1950
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1928 Charles Nicolle
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1930 Karl Landsteiner
1931 Otto Warburg
1932 Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
1933 Thomas Morgan
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1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi
1938 Corneille Heymans
1939 Gerhard Domagk
1940
1941
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1946 Hermann Muller
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1948 Paul Müller
1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench
1951–1975
1951 Max Theiler
1952 Selman Waksman
1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
1955 Hugo Theorell
1956 André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
1957 Daniel Bovet
1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
1960 Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar
1961 Georg von Békésy
1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
1968 Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg
1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
1971 Earl Sutherland Jr.
1972 Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter
1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin
1976–2000
1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
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BNE: XX1642678
BNF: cb11913349z (data)
GND: 118574337
ISNI: 0000 0001 2127 2337
LCCN: n79059681
NDL: 00448032
NKC: jn19990005178
NLA: 35312986
ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\002818
SELIBR: 311748
SNAC: w6pv74fs
SUDOC: 026994402
VIAF: 34459633
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Lorenz&oldid=847735684"
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values:
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display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کنراد لورنتس – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 콘라트 로렌츠 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Կոնրադ Լորենց – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: קונראד לורנץ – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: კონრად ლორენცი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Конрад Лоренц – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: കോൺറാഡ് ലോറൻസ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: კონრად ლორენცი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: コンラート・ローレンツ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Лоренц, Конрад – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Конрад Лоренц – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Конрад Лоренц – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: کونارڈ لونٹز – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values: 康拉德·洛伦兹 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Konrad_Lorenz rootpage-Konrad_Lorenz skin-vector action-view